What is the name of this series of mass executions during World War II, which, along with Sambor Ghetto, was anenexed to the Ukranian SSR?
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Sambor Ghetto Sambor Ghetto (Polish: "getto w Samborze" ) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in March 1942 by the "Schutzstaffel" ("SS") in the prewar Polish city of Sambor in the south-eastern region of Kresy (now Sambir, Ukraine). Sambor was occupied by Nazi Germany twice, first during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, and again, after the 1941 Operation Barbarossa. Before the war, Sambor was a county seat in the Lwów Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic. The invading Germans handed the town over to the Soviets in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland. Sambor was annexed to the Ukrainian SSR along with the entire region in the atmosphere of intimidation, and the NKVD terror. In 1941 the city was overrun again by the Wehrmacht army in the course of the German attack on the Soviet positions behind the Curzon Line (see map, marked in red), and incorporated it into their own "Distrikt Galizien". According to the Polish census of 1931 Jews constituted nearly 29 percent of the town's inhabitants, most of whom were killed during the Holocaust. Sambor (Sambir) is not to be confused with the much smaller Old Sambor (Stary Sambor, now Staryi Sambir) located close-by, although their Jewish history is inextricably linked together.
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NKVD prisoner massacres The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions carried out by the Soviet NKVD secret police during World War II against political prisoners across Eastern Europe, primarily Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Bessarabia and other parts of the Soviet Union from which the Red Army was retreating following the Nazi German attack on the Soviet positions in occupied Poland, known as Operation Barbarossa.
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Dominopol massacre Dominopol (Ukrainian: Доминополь ) no longer exists. On July 11, 1943, at the height of the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia, the village was attacked by a death squad of Ukrainian Insurgent Army aided by the Ukrainian peasants, and all ethnic Poles regardless of age and gender were tortured and murdered. Before World War II, Dominopol was a village in the Eastern regions of the Second Polish Republic, located in the Gmina Werba, Powiat Włodzimierz of the Wołyń Voivodeship. The area was invaded by the Soviet Union in 1939 and during Operation Barbarossa annexed by Nazi Germany into "Reichskommissariat Ukraine" in 1941. The Dominopol location is now in the area of Volodymyr-Volynskyi Raion of the Volyn Oblast in sovereign Ukraine.
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Polish resistance movement in World War II The Polish resistance movement in World War II, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistances in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, covering both German and Soviet zones of occupation. The Polish defence against the Nazi occupation was an important part of the European anti-fascist resistance movement. The Polish resistance is most notable for disrupting German supply lines to the Eastern Front, providing military intelligence to the British, and for saving more Jewish lives in the Holocaust than any other Western Allied organization or government. It was a part of the Polish Underground State.
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The Holocaust in Latvia The Holocaust in Latvia refers to the war crimes of Nazis and Nazi collaborators victimizing Jews during the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany.
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Lobor concentration camp The Lobor concentration camp or Loborgrad camp (Croatian: "Koncentracioni logor Lobor" ) was a concentration camp established in Lobor, Independent State of Croatia (modern-day Croatia) in the deserted palace of Keglevich family. It was established on 9 August 1941, mostly for Serb and Jewish children and women. The camp was established and operated by Ustaše, with 16 of its guards being members of the local Volksdeutsche community. Its inmates were subjected to systematic torture, robbery and murder of "undisciplined" individuals. All younger female inmates of the Lobor camp were subjected to rapes. More than 2,000 people were inmates of this camp, at least 200 died in it. All survived children and women were transported to Auschwitz concentration camp in August 1942 where they all were killed.
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Pidkamin massacre The Pidkamin massacre or the Podkamień massacre of 12 March 1944 was the massacre of Polish civilians committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) under the command of Maksym Skorupsky (Maks), in cooperation with a unit of the 14th SS-Volunteer Division "Galician". The victims were ethnic Polish residents of the Eastern Galician village of Podkamień in the occupied Second Polish Republic's Tarnopol Voivodeship (now Pidkamin, Brody Raion, Ukraine). During the war the area was administratively part of the Nazi German "Reichskommissariat Ukraine" (now Ternopil oblast). Estimates of victims include 150, more than 250 and up to 1000.
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Banjica concentration camp The Banjica concentration camp (German: "KZ Banjica" ) was a German concentration camp in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia during World War II. Located in the Banjica neighborhood of Dedinjea suburb of Belgradeit was originally used by the Germans as a center for holding hostages. The camp was later used to hold Serbs, Jews, Roma, captured Partisans, Chetniks and other opponents of Nazi Germany. By 1942, most executions occurred at the firing ranges at Jajinci, Marinkova Bara and the Jewish cemetery.
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Budapest Ghetto The Budapest Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto set up in Budapest, Hungary, where Jews were forced to relocate by a decree of the Hungarian Government during the final stages of World War II. The ghetto existed only from November 29, 1944, until January 17, 1945.
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Alikianos executions The Alikianos executions (Greek: εκτελέσεις στον Αλικιανό ) refer to the mass execution by firing squad of mostly male civilians from Alikianos and nearby villages in Crete, Greece by German paratroopers on 2 June and 1 August 1941 during World War II. The executions were ordered by Generaloberst Kurt Student, commander of the XI Air Corps, in reprisal for the active participation of Cretan civilians in the Battle of Crete.
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Polish Operation of the NKVD The Polish Operation of the Soviet NKVD security service in 1937–1938 was a mass operation of the NKVD carried out against purported Polish agents in the Soviet Union during the period of the Great Purge. It was ordered by the Politburo against the so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by the NKVD officials as relating to "absolutely all Poles". It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and summary executions of 111,091 ethnic Poles, as well as those accused of working for Poland. The operation was implemented according to NKVD Order № 00485 signed by Nikolai Yezhov. The majority of the victims were ethnically Polish but not all, according to Timothy Snyder. The remainder were 'suspected' of being Polish, without further inquiry. In order to speed up the process the NKVD personnel reviewed local telephone books and arrested persons with Polish-sounding names.
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Untermensch Untermensch (] , "underman", "sub-man", "subhuman"; plural: "Untermenschen") is a term that became infamous when the Nazis used it to describe non-Aryan "inferior people" often referred to as "the masses from the East", that is Jews, Roma, and Slavs - mainly ethnic Poles, Serbs, and later also Russians. The term was also applied to most Blacks, and persons of color, with some particular exceptions. Jewish people were to be exterminated in the Holocaust, along with Romani people, and the physically and mentally disabled According to the "Generalplan Ost", the Slavic population of East-Central Europe was to be reduced in part through mass murder in the Holocaust, with a majority expelled to Asia and used as slave labor in the Reich. These concepts were an important part of the Nazi racial policy.
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Łuck Ghetto The Łuck Ghetto (a.k.a. the Lutsk Ghetto, Polish: "getto w Łucku" , German: "Ghetto Luzk" ) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the "Schutzstaffel" ("SS") in the prewar Polish city of Łuck (now Lutsk, Ukraine) occupied by Germany after Operation Barbarossa, in the south-eastern region of Kresy. Łuck was the capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39) in the Second Polish Republic before the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939. The invading Soviets annexed the city to the Ukrainian SSR in 1939 along with the entire region, an renamed it as Луцьк (Lutsk).
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Częstochowa Ghetto uprising The Częstochowa Ghetto uprising was an insurrection in Poland's Częstochowa Ghetto against German occupational forces during World War II. It took place in late June 1943, resulting in some 2,000 Jews being killed.
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Jäger Report The so-called Jäger Report (full title: "Complete tabulation of executions carried out in the Einsatzkommando 3 zone up to December 1, 1941") was written on 1 December 1941 by Karl Jäger, commander of "Einsatzkommando" 3 (EK 3), a killing unit of "Einsatzgruppe" A which was attached to Army Group North during the Operation Barbarossa. It is the most detailed and precise surviving chronicle of the activities of one individual "Einsatzkommando", and a key record documenting the Holocaust in Lithuania as well as in Latvia and Belarus.
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Jewish response to The Forty Days of Musa Dagh "The Forty Days of Musa Dagh" is a 1933 novel by the Austrian-Jewish author Franz Werfel. Based on the events at Musa Dagh in 1915 during the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire, the book played a role in organizing the Jewish resistance under Nazi rule. It was passed from hand to hand in Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe, and it became an example and a symbol for the Jewish underground throughout Europe. The Holocaust scholars Samuel Totten, Paul Bartrop and Steven L. Jacobs underline the importance of the book for many of the ghettos' Jews: "The book was read by many Jews during World War II and was viewed as an allegory of their own situation in the Nazi-established ghettos, and what they might do about it."
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Palmiry massacre The Palmiry massacre was a series of mass executions carried out by Nazi German forces, during the Second World War, near the village of Palmiry in the Kampinos Forest, located northwest of Warsaw.
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Lwów Ghetto The Lwów Ghetto (German: "Ghetto Lemberg" ; Polish: "getto we Lwowie" ) was a World War II Jewish ghetto established and operated by Nazi Germany in the city of Lwów (since 1945 Lviv, Ukraine) in the territory of Nazi-administered General Government in German-occupied Poland.
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Parośla I massacre The Parośla I massacre was committed during World War II by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) under the command of Hryhorij Perehijniak "Dowbeszka-Korobka" on 9 February 1943 against the ethnic Polish residents of the village of Parośla (named Parośla I) in the Nazi-controlled "Reichskommissariat Ukraine". It is considered a prelude to the ethnic cleansing of Poles in the Volhynia region by the UPA, and is recognized as the first mass murder committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the area. Estimates of the number of victims range from 149 to 173.
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Bombing of Minsk in World War II The Minsk Blitz was the heavy bombing of the city of Minsk (population was 270,000) in the USSR during the Second World War.
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Łachwa Ghetto Łachwa (or Lakhva) Ghetto was a World War II ghetto created by Nazi Germany on 1 April 1942 in the town of Łachwa in occupied eastern Poland (now Lakhva, Belarus), with the aim of persecution, terror and exploitation of the local Jews. The ghetto existed only until September 1942. It was the location of one of the first, and possibly "the" first, Jewish ghetto uprising following the Nazi–Soviet Invasion of Poland.
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Operation Reinhard Operation Reinhard or Operation Reinhardt (German: "Aktion Reinhard "or" Aktion Reinhardt "also" Einsatz Reinhard "or" Einsatz Reinhardt" ) was the codename given to the secretive German Nazi plan to massacre the majority of Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland, during World War II. The operation marked the deadliest phase of the Holocaust and the introduction of extermination camps.