The polymath who described the Rufus snake-eel in 1810 was self-educated in what country?
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Rufus snake-eel The Rufus snake-eel (Ophichthus rufus) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1810, originally under the genus "Echelus". It is a marine, subtropical eel which is known from throughout the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including Algeria, Albania, Croatia, Egypt, France, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Israel, Montenegro, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Monaco, Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia, the Syrian Arab Republic, and Turkey. It inhabits mud sediments on the continental shelf. Males can reach a maximum total length of 60 cm .
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Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840), was a nineteenth-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimately settling in Ohio in 1815, where he made notable contributions to botany, zoology, and the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America. He also contributed to the study of ancient Mesoamerican linguistics, in addition to work he had already completed in Europe.
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Sarah Bradford Ripley Sarah Bradford Ripley (July 31, 1793-July 26, 1867) was an American educator and noted scholar at a time when women were rarely admitted to universities. She acquired most of her knowledge of the classics, philosophy, modern languages, botany, astronomy, and chemistry through independent study. She was reputedly "one of the most learned women of the nineteenth century."
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Robert Hooke Robert Hooke FRS ( ; 28 July [O.S. 18 July] 1635  – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath.
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Sven Ingemar Ljungh Sven Ingemar Ljungh, also spelled Liungh (5 June 1757, Björkö, Jönköping County – 12 September 1828, Bälaryd, Jönköping County) was a Swedish civil servant, naturalist and collector. During his schooling in Jönköping, he was a private student of the lexicographer Håkan Sjögren from whom he learned the Latin language. At high school in Växjö, he received a good education in botany. He attended the gymnasium in Växjö and went to Uppsala in 1775, graduating in 1777 with a degree in theology. He then started to study medicine but fell ill to malaria. After recovery he joined the civil services. He took up a position in the Swedish civil service as a clerk in the judicial system and in 1778 became the Deputy Crown Bailiff in North and South Vedbo. He took an interest in natural history and was a visitor to the home of Carolus Linnaeus and was taught briefly by Linnaeus the younger.
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David Dickson (surgeon) Sir David James Hamilton Dickson MD RN OSV FRSE FRCSE FRCPE FLS (1780–1850) was a Scottish naval surgeon, medical author and amateur botanist, serving during the Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812 between Britain and the United States.
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Charles Wyville Thomson Sir Charles Wyville Thomson {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'FRSE FRS FLS FGS FZS', '4': "} (5 March 1830 – 10 March 1882) was a Scottish natural historian and marine zoologist. He served as the chief scientist on the Challenger expedition; his work there revolutionised oceanography and led to his knighthood.
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Charles Nicholson Sir Charles Nicholson, 1st Baronet (23 November 1808 – 8 November 1903) was an English-Australian politician, university founder, explorer, pastoralist, antiquarian and philanthropist. The Nicholson Museum at the University of Sydney is named after him.
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Thomas C. Jerdon Thomas Caverhill Jerdon (12 October 1811 – 12 June 1872, Upper Norwood) was a British physician, zoologist and botanist. He was a pioneering ornithologist who described numerous species of birds in India. Several species of plants (including the genus "Jerdonia") and birds including the rare Jerdon's courser are named after him.
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Heinrich G. F. Schröder Heinrich Georg Friedrich Schröder (28 September 1810 – 12 May 1885) was a German natural scientist (physicist, chemist), mathematician and educator.
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Alexander John Ellis Alexander John Ellis, FRS (14 June 1814 – 28 October 1890) was an English mathematician and philologist, who also influenced the field of musicology. He changed his name from his father's name Sharpe to his mother's maiden name Ellis in 1825, as a condition of receiving significant financial support from a relative on his mother's side. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.
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Henry Holmes Croft Henry Holmes Croft (March 6, 1820 in London – March 1, 1883 in San Diego, California) was a British scientist and educator.
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Rasmus Rask Rasmus Kristian Rask (] ; born Rasmus Christian Nielsen Rasch; sometimes rendered as Erasmus Rask; 22 November 1787 – 14 November 1832) was a Danish linguist and philologist. He wrote several grammars and worked on comparative phonology and morphology. Rask traveled extensively to study languages, first to Iceland, where he wrote the first grammar of Icelandic, and later to Russia, Persia, India, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Shortly before his death, he was hired as professor of Eastern languages at the University of Copenhagen. Rask is especially known for his contributions to comparative linguistics, including an early formulation of what would later be known as Grimm's Law.
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Albert Günther Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther FRS, also Albert Charles Lewis Gotthilf Günther (3 October 1830 – 1 February 1914), was a German-born British zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. Günther is currently ranked the second-most productive reptile taxonomist (after George Albert Boulenger) with more than 340 reptile species described.
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Adolph Modéer Adolph Modéer (1738–1799) was a Swedish surveyor, economic historian and naturalist. As a naturalist he was mainly interested in malacology and entomology. He also worked on jellyfish. As an economic historian, he wrote on the history of Sweden's trade.
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Peter Anthony Lawrence Lawrence was educated at Wennington School in Wetherby, and then at St Catharine's College, Cambridge on a Harkness Fellowship; he gained his doctorate as a student of Vincent Wigglesworth for work on "Oncopeltus fasciatus" (milkweed bug)
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Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (March 6, 1784 – June 4, 1838) was a French zoologist and author. He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest and father of Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest. Desmarest was a disciple of Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, and in 1815, he succeeded Pierre André Latreille to the professorship of zoology at the "École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort ". In 1820 he was elected to the Académie Nationale de Médecine.
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Louis Pierre Gratiolet Louis Pierre Gratiolet (] ; 6 July 1815 – 16 February 1865) was a French anatomist and zoologist who was a native of Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Gironde. He succeeded Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805-1861) as professor of zoology to the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Paris.
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James Hamilton Shegogue James Hamilton Shegogue (sometimes styled Shégogue) (February 22, 1806– April 7, 1872) was an American painter. He was described as a "man of unusual education, a proficient linguist, and a scientific explorer" by one contemporary.
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John Gould John Gould FRS ( ; 14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist and bird artist. He published a number of monographs on birds, illustrated by plates that he produced with the assistance of his wife, Elizabeth Gould, and several other artists including Edward Lear, Henry Constantine Richter, Joseph Wolf and William Matthew Hart. He has been considered the father of bird study in Australia and the Gould League in Australia is named after him. His identification of the birds now nicknamed "Darwin's finches" played a role in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Gould's work is referenced in Charles Darwin's book, "On the Origin of Species".
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Richard Livingstone Sir Richard Winn Livingstone (23 January 1880 in Liverpool – 26 December 1960 in Oxford) was a British classical scholar, educationist, and academic administrator. He promoted the classical liberal arts.
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James Edwards Sewell James Edwards Sewell (1810 – 29 January 1903) was an English academic, Warden of New College, Oxford from 1860.