What Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement had a hand in the disillusionment of Nasser al-Bahri?
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Nasser al-Bahri Nasser al-Bahri (1972 – December 26, 2015), also known by his "kunya" or "nom de guerre" as Abu Jandal – "father of death", was a member of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan from 1996 to 2000. He gave his bayat (secret oath of allegiance) to Osama bin Laden in 1998, an experience he describes in detail in his memoir. He was in al-Qaeda for four years, first as one of bin Laden's twelve bodyguards, and then as head of Osama bin Laden's security detail. A citizen of Yemen born in Saudi Arabia, Al-Bahri was radicalized in his teens by dissident Saudi Ulemas and participated in clandestine political activities which were funded in part by people trafficking. Having determined to become a jihadist he went first to Bosnia and then, briefly, to Somalia before arriving in Afghanistan in 1996 in the hope of joining Al-Qaeda, which he soon did. After four years, al-Bahri became "disillusioned", largely because bin Laden consolidated al-Qaeda's relationship with the Taliban by giving his bayat to its leader, Mullah Omar, but also because he had married and become a father.
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Taliban The Taliban (Pashto: ‎ "ṭālibān " "students"), alternatively spelled Taleban, which refers to itself as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA), is a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan currently waging war (an insurgency, or jihad) within that country.
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Arabian Peninsula People's Union The Arabian Peninsula People's Union (Arabic: اتحاد الشعب في الجزيرة العربية‎ ‎ ) was a Nasserist political party in Saudi Arabia. The APPU was founded in 1959 by Nasir al-Sa'id whilst in exile in Beirut. Sa'id had been exiled due to his leadership of the ARAMCO strikes in 1956. The APPU was regarded as one of the most important and most diverse opposition groups.
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Nasserism Nasserism (Arabic: التيار الناصري‎ ‎ "at-Tayyār an-Nāṣṣarī") is a socialist Arab nationalist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President. Spanning the domestic and international spheres, it combines elements of Arab socialism, republicanism, nationalism, anti-imperialism, Developing world solidarity, and international non-alignment. In the 1950s and 1960s, Nasserism was amongst the most potent political ideologies in the Arab world. This was especially true following the Suez Crisis of 1956 (known in Egypt as the "Tripartite Aggression"), the political outcome of which was seen as a validation of Nasserism, and a tremendous defeat for Western imperial powers. During the Cold War, its influence was also felt in other parts of Africa, and the developing world, particularly with regard to anti-imperialism, and non-alignment.
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Arab Democratic Nasserist Party The Arab Democratic Nasserist Party () is a Nasserist political party in Egypt, styling itself as the ideological successor of the old Arab Socialist Union party of Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser.
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Shabiha Shabiha (North Levantine Arabic: شبيحة "šabbīḥa ", ] ; also romanized Shabeeha or Shabbiha ; loosely translated "spirits", "ghosts", "shadows", or "apparitions") were mostly Alawite groups of armed militia in support of the Ba'ath Party government of Syria, led by the Al-Assad family. However, in the Aleppo Governorate, Shabiha was composed entirely from the local pro-Assad Sunni tribes such as al-Berri, al-Baggara, al-Hasasne and al-Zeido. In the city of Aleppo itself it was led by a powerful Sunni Arab al-Berri tribe.
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National Liberation Front – Bahrain The National Liberation Front—Bahrain (جبهة التحرير الوطني—البحرين) is a clandestine Marxist-Leninist party in Bahrain. It was founded on 15 February 1955, the first left party in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Among the founder-members were Hassan Nezam (1922–1958), the principal founder, who was killed in Tehran in 1958 by SAVAK (this extraordinary activist was also a leading regional figure in the Tudeh Party of Iran, Khuzestan province, under the name Hassan Dorood); Erik Mansoorian, who died in Abadan after returning to Iran in 1964; Hassan M. Saleh (1926–2000), who, from the early 1960s, was in a state of a chronic mental dysfunction as a result of severe torture; Ali Madan (1932–1995); Ahmed al-Thawadi, “Saif Bin Ali” (1937–2006); and Ali Dwaigher (born 1930).
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Arab Unity Party The Arab Unity Party (Arabic: حزب الوحدة العربية‎ ‎ ) was a political party in Iraq. The party was founded around late 1967 or 1968, as the group around Sobhi Abdul Hamid, Khalid Ali as-Salah and Khiruddin Hassib broke away from one of the factions of the Arab Socialist Movement. The activity of the party inside Iraq was ended by the July 17, 1968 revolution. But a smaller group of the party continued to function in exile. The party was disbanded in 1971, as Sobhi Abdul Hamid withdrew from his political activities.
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Islamic Dawa Party The Islamic Dawa Party, also known as the Islamic Call Party (Arabic: حزب الدعوة الإسلامية‎ ‎ "Ḥizb Al-Daʿwa Al-Islāmiyya"), is a political party in Iraq. Dawa and the Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council are two of the main parties in the religious-Shiite United Iraqi Alliance, which won a plurality of seats in both the provisional January 2005 Iraqi election and the longer-term December 2005 election. The party is led by Nouri al-Maliki, who was Prime Minister of Iraq between 20 May 2006 and 8 September 2014. The party backed the Iranian Revolution and also Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini during the Iran–Iraq War and the group still receives financial support from Tehran despite ideological differences with the Islamic Republic.
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Islamic Dawa Party in Lebanon The Islamic Dawa Party in Lebanon(Arabic حزب الدعوة الإسلامية "Ḥizb al Daʿwa al-Islāmiyya") was an Islamist Shia party in Lebanon. A twin party of the larger Islamic Dawa Party of Iraq, it was founded by Najaf-educated Shia clerics returning to Lebanon. Its spiritual guide was Shiekh Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah.
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Sunni Islam Sunni Islam ( or ) is the largest denomination of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the exemplary behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the choice of Muhammad's successor and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions.
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Political Islam "Political Islam" is a recently developed term. It is used to label the wide-scale activities of individuals or organizations heading towards the transformation of the state and entire society according to "Islamic" rules. It is based on Islam which is a complex of political persuasion and fundamental Islamic books – Koran, Sira (the biography of Mohammed), and Hadith (Mohammed’s traditions). The term is often used in connection with the movements which represent the current political powers in the name of Islam, emerging at the end of 20th century. It is also used as a term describing political activities stemming from basic Islamic books aiming predominantly at non-Muslims.
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Popular Mobilization Forces The People's Mobilization Forces (PMF), also known as the Popular Mobilization Units (PMU) (Arabic: الحشد الشعبي‎ ‎ "Al-Hashd Al-Sha'abi"), is an Iraqi state-sponsored umbrella organization composed of some 40 militias, which are mainly Shia Muslim groups, but also including Sunni Muslim, Christian, and Yazidi individuals as well. The People's Mobilization was formed upon a non-sectarian fatwa by the Iraqi top Shia cleric Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani calling for national moblization against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The organization was formed by uniting existing militias under the "People's Mobilization Committee" of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior in June 2014. The Popular Mobilization Units has been accused of human rights violations against Sunni civilians and sectarian bloodletting but the Iraqi officials have described these violations as sporadic and took immediate punitive measures and Iraqi Shia clerics immediately urged the members to avoid war crimes.
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Couch Party Couch Party (Arabic: حزب الكنبة, ALA-LC: "Ḥizb al-Kanabah") is a political term widely used in Egyptian politics referring to the millions of Egyptians who avoid participating in protests and have no political affiliation. It started to appear during and after the 2011 revolution that toppled President Hosni Mubarak. People who self-describe or are described by others as belonging to this imaginary "party" have been the target of many political forces in the country due to their number that could easily influence electoral process by changing the balance in favor of a particular vote. Many have accused them of being supportive of Mubarak's regime and were displeased with the demonstrations against him, while others said they supported anti-regime protests but chose to watch the events on television instead of participating. The general description however, is that they are the silent majority that either opposes all political entities or prefers to follow events while isolating itself without taking part in any political process the country goes through. Despite this, some of those described as being part of the Couch Party made their first move during the June 2013 Egyptian protests with masses rarely taking to the streets against newly elected President Mohamed Morsi and called for his resignation following his temporary constitutional declaration of 22 November 2012 which sparked months of protests. Many of them simply say they want stability in their country and call for an end to the economic downfall and the rise of criminal activity which became rampant following Mubarak's resignation.
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Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution The Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution (Persian: جمعیت ایثارگران انقلاب اسلامی‎ , "Jam`iyat-e Isargaran-e Enqelab-e Eslami " ‎ ) is a conservative Iranian political party. It is informally referred to as the "Isargaran", a word which connotes altruism in Persian and is associated with other political movements. Many members of the party are veterans of the Iran-Iraq War.<ref name="RFE/RL"> </ref> It is one of the most powerful and least discussed movements in Iran.
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Nasserist Socialist Vanguard Party The Nasserist Socialist Vanguard Party (Arabic: الحزب الطليعي الاشتراكي الناصري‎ ‎ ) is a Nasserist political party in Iraq. It is led by Mowaffaq al-Ani.
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Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq The Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI or SIIC) (Arabic: المجلس الأعلى الإسلامي العراقي‎ ‎ Al-Majlis Al-A'ala Al-Islami Al-'Iraqi), (previously the party was known as the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI)) is an Iraqi Shia Islamist Iraqi political party. It was established in Iran in the 1980s and today its political support comes from Iraq's Shia Muslim community.
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Islamic State of Iraq The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI; Arabic: دولة العراق الإسلامية‎ ‎ "Dawlat al-ʿIrāq al-ʾIslāmiyyah ") (commonly referred to as al-Qaeda in Iraq) was a militant Islamist group that aimed to establish an Islamic state in Sunni, Arab-majority areas of Iraq during the Iraq War.
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Party of Socialist Revolution (Lebanon) The Party of Socialist Revolution (Arabic: حزب الثورة الإشتراكية | "Hizb al-Thawra al-Ishtirakiyya") was a communist party in Lebanon, emerging as a seemingly pro-Chinese split from the Lebanese Communist Party. The party was founded in 1964. The formation of the party was announced in early September 1964, with Youssef Moubarek as party chairman and Moustafa Chaker as general secretary. The group published "Ila amam" ('Forward'). The group did not fully support the line of Mao Zedong, but notably did not support the Soviet Union in their dispute with China. The group argued that the mainstream of the Lebanese Communist Party had become too supportive of Nasser, and accused Khalid Bakdash of 'revisionism'. The group argued that solely through people's war could Israel be defeated.
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Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Saalih ibn Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Abd Al Rahman Al Uthaymeen Al Tamimi (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن صالح بن محمد بن سليمان بن عبد الرحمن العثيمين التميمي) (March 9, 1925 – January 10, 2001) was a Sunni scholar of Saudi Arabia who was considered "a giant within conservative Salafi Islam".
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National Union Front (Iraq) The National Union Front (Jabhat al-Ittihad al-Watani) was an Iraqi nationalist political alliance formed in 1956 as a coalition of the Ba'ath Party, the Iraqi Communist Party, the Iraqi Independence Party, the National Democratic Party and later the Kurdistan Democratic Party. The alliance supported various Arab nationalist and liberation movements across the world, supporting the governments in Egypt and Syria and supporting the Algerian liberation movement. The party splintered and dissolved in the aftermath of the 1958 revolution led by Abd al-Karim Qasim after division across between Arab nationalists and Iraqi communists.
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Sadrist Movement The Sadrist Movement (Arabic: التيار الصدري‎ ‎ "al-Tayyār al-Sadri ") is an Iraqi Islamic national movement led by Muqtada al-Sadr. The movement draws wide support from across Iraqi society and especially from the Shi'a poor in the country. The most important person in setting the goals and the philosophy of the movement was Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr. A prominent preceding influence had also been Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr. The movement is religious and populist. Its goal is a society ordered by a combination of religious laws and tribal customs. The Islamic Virtue Party is a smaller, rival branch of the Sadrist movement.