What do Karl Marx and Christopher Hitchens have in common?
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Political views of Christopher Hitchens Christopher Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was a British-American author, polemicist, debater, and journalist. In his youth, he took part in demonstrations against the Vietnam War, joined organisations such as the International Socialists while at university, and began to identify as a socialist. After the 11 September attacks, however, Hitchens no longer regarded himself as a socialist, and his political thinking became largely dominated by the issue of defending civilization from terrorists and against the totalitarian regimes that protect them. He nonetheless continued to identify as a Marxist, endorsing the materialist conception of history, but believed that Karl Marx had underestimated the revolutionary nature of capitalism. He sympathized with libertarian ideals of limited state interference but considered libertarianism not to be a viable system. In the 2000 US presidential election, he supported the independent candidate Ralph Nader. After 9/11, Hitchens advocated the invasion of Iraq. In the 2004 election, he very slightly favored the incumbent Republican President George W. Bush or was neutral, and in 2008 he favored the Democratic candidate Barack Obama.
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Karl Marx Karl Marx ( ; ] ; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, political theorist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist.
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Christopher Phillips Christopher Phillips (born July 15, 1959) is an American author, educator, and pro-democracy advocate. He is best known for his 2001 book "Socrates Café". Public Radio International called Phillips the "Johnny Appleseed of Philosophy."
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Geoffrey Keynes Sir Geoffrey Langdon Keynes ( ; 25 March 1887, Cambridge – 5 July 1982, Cambridge) was an English surgeon and author. He was the younger brother of the economist John Maynard Keynes.
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Theomachist Theomachist is a term used to refer to an individual who resists God or the divine will. The term comes from the Greek words "theos", meaning God and "machē", meaning battle. Karl Marx was considered by many to be a theomachist. The atheists who established the Cult of Reason in Revolutionary France have also been described with this term.
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For Marx For Marx (French: "Pour Marx" ) is a 1965 book by Louis Althusser, a leading theoretician of the French Communist Party. Althusser reinterprets the work of Karl Marx, proposing an epistemological break between the young Hegelian Marx, and the old Marx, the author of "Capital". One of Althusser's chief works, "For Marx" was first published in 1965, with an English translation in 1969. The work has been criticized by many scholars, and also by Althusser himself, who later believed he had neglected the class struggle.
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Ronald L. Meek Ronald Lindley ("Ron") Meek (27 July 1917 – 18 August 1978) was a Marxian economist and social scientist known especially for his scholarly studies of classical political economy and the labour theory of value.
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Steve Keen Steve Keen (born 28 March 1953) is an Australian-born, British-based economist and author. He considers himself a post-Keynesian, criticising neoclassical economics as inconsistent, unscientific and empirically unsupported. The major influences on Keen's thinking about economics include John Maynard Keynes, Karl Marx, Hyman Minsky, Piero Sraffa, Augusto Graziani, Joseph Alois Schumpeter, Thorstein Veblen, and François Quesnay. Hyman Minsky's financial instability hypothesis forms the main basis of his major contribution to economics which mainly concentrates on mathematical modelling and simulation of financial instability. He is a notable critic of the Australian property bubble, as he sees it.
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Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany (German: "Revolution und Konterrevolution in Deutschland") is a book by Friedrich Engels, with contributions by Karl Marx. Originally a series of articles in the "New York Daily Tribune" published from 1851 to 1852 under Marx's byline, the material was first published in book form under the editorship of Eleanor Marx Aveling in 1896. It was not until 1913 that Engel's authorship was publicly known although some new editions continued to appear incorrectly listing Marx as the author as late as 1971.
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Georg Friedrich Daumer Georg Friedrich Daumer (Nuremberg, March 5, 1800 - Würzburg, December 14, 1875) was a German poet and philosopher. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native city, at that time directed by the famous philosopher Hegel. In 1817 he entered the University of Erlangen as a student of theology, but abandoned that study for philosophy. For a number of years Daumer was professor at the gymnasium of Nuremberg; owing to ill-health he was pensioned in 1832 and henceforth devoted himself entirely to literary work. While at Erlangen he came strongly under the influence of Pietism. Soon, however, he became sceptical and exhibited decided leanings towards pantheism. From an orthodox Protestant he gradually became a bitter enemy of Christianity, which he attacked in a number of writings and for which he strove to substitute a new religion "of love and peace", formulated in his work "Religion des neuen Weltalters" (Hamburg, 1850). Karl Marx and Frederick Engels joined in writing a critical review of Daumer's "Die Religion des Neuen Weltalters" in January through February 1850 which was published in the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Politisch-Ökonomische Revue". Marx and Engels criticized Daumer's theory of history from class point of view. Instead of a struggle between economic classes in society, Daumer saw only a struggle between "coarseness" and "culture."
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Atheism in Christianity Atheism in Christianity (German: "Atheismus im Christentum" ) is a 1968 book by Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch. The book offers a third way to the Christian/atheist either/or debate. Gareth Jenkins from Socialist Review says that Bloch "argues that there are liberatory, 'atheist' elements within Christianity with which socialists should make common cause."
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Culture industry The term culture industry (German: "Kulturindustrie" ) was coined by the critical theorists Theodor Adorno (1903–1969) and Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), and was presented as critical vocabulary in the chapter "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception", of the book "Dialectic of Enlightenment" (1944), wherein they proposed that popular culture is akin to a factory producing standardized cultural goods—films, radio programmes, magazines, etc.—that are used to manipulate mass society into passivity. Consumption of the easy pleasures of popular culture, made available by the mass communications media, renders people docile and content, no matter how difficult their economic circumstances. The inherent danger of the culture industry is the cultivation of false psychological needs that can only be met and satisfied by the products of capitalism; thus Adorno and Horkheimer especially perceived mass-produced culture as dangerous to the more technically and intellectually difficult high arts. In contrast, true psychological needs are freedom, creativity, and genuine happiness, which refer to an earlier demarcation of human needs, established by Herbert Marcuse. (See "Eros and Civilization", 1955).
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The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx is a 1969 book by the political scientist David McLellan.
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Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence is a 1978 book by Gerald Cohen, the culmination of his attempts to reformulate Karl Marx's doctrines of alienation, exploitation, and historical materialism. Cohen, who interprets Marxism as a scientific theory of history, applies the techniques of analytic philosophy to the elucidation and defence of Marx's materialist conception of history.
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Barbara Marx Hubbard Barbara Marx Hubbard (born Barbara Marx; December 22, 1929) is a futurist, author and public speaker. She is credited with the concepts of ‘The Synergy Engine’ and the 'birthing' of humanity.
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The Poverty of Philosophy The Poverty of Philosophy ( "Misère de la philosophie") is a book by Karl Marx published in Paris and Brussels in 1847, where he lived in exile from 1843 until 1849. It was originally written in French as an answer to the economic and philosophical arguments of French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon set forth in his 1846 book "The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty."
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The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London (in German as "Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei") just as the revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the "Manifesto" was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political documents. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and then-present) and the problems of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms.
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Karl Miller Karl Fergus Connor Miller FRSL (2 August 1931 – 24 September 2014) was a British literary editor, critic and writer.
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A Brief History of Crime A Brief History of Crime is the third book by conservative author and journalist Peter Hitchens. Originally published in 2003, it was reissued in 2004 under the new title "The Abolition of Liberty". The book was described in 2012 by "The American Conservative" magazine as "a must-read for anyone on either side of the Atlantic".
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Freudo-Marxism Freudo-Marxism is a loose designation for philosophies that have been informed by or have attempted to synthesize the works of Karl Marx and the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud.
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Harry Cleaver Harry Cleaver Jr. (21 January 1944) is an American scholar, Marxist theoretician, and professor emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin. He is best known as the author of "Reading Capital Politically", an autonomist reading of Karl Marx's "Capital". Cleaver is currently active in the Zapatista movement in Chiapas, Mexico.
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Historical materialism Historical materialism is a methodological approach of Marxist historiography that focuses on human societies and their development over time. This was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818–1883) as the materialist conception of history. It is principally a theory of history according to which the material conditions of a society's way of producing and reproducing the means of human existence or, in Marxist terms, the union of its productive capacity and social relations of production, fundamentally determine its organization and development.