What was the nationality of the philosopher who had a mental breakdown due to a horse being whipped?
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The Turin Horse The Turin Horse (Hungarian: A torinói ló ) is a 2011 Hungarian philosophical drama film directed by Béla Tarr and Ágnes Hranitzky, starring János Derzsi, Erika Bók and Mihály Kormos. It was co-written by Tarr and his frequent collaborator László Krasznahorkai. It recalls the whipping of a horse in the Italian city Turin which is rumoured to have caused the mental breakdown of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. The film is in black-and-white, shot in only 30 long takes by Tarr's regular cameraman Fred Kelemen, and depicts the repetitive daily lives of the horse-owner and his daughter.
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Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( ; ] ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history. He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in 1869, at the age of 24. He resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life, and he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and a complete loss of his mental faculties. He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother until her death in 1897, and then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, and died in 1900.
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Jean Philibert Damiron Jean-Philibert Damiron (] ; 10 January 1794 – 11 January 1862) was a French philosopher.
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Christian von Ehrenfels Christian von Ehrenfels (also "Maria Christian Julius Leopold Freiherr von Ehrenfels"; 20 June 1859 – 8 September 1932) was an Austrian philosopher, and is known as one of the founders and precursors of Gestalt psychology.
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Alastair Hannay Alastair Hannay (born 1932) is Professor emeritus at the University of Oslo. Educated in Edinburgh, where his early interest in philosophy was roused by John Macmurray, and London, where he studied under A. J. Ayer and Bernard Williams. In his published doctoral dissertation "Mental Images - A Defence" (1971) Hannay argues that visual images, like physical portraits, resemble visible objects. As a kind of sensation a mental image has material properties of its own which allow it to picture. He thus contradicts Gilbert Ryle and Daniel Dennett. Hannay has translated Søren Kierkegaard, and written an intellectual biography and a monograph about his philosophy. Under Hannay's direction (managing editor 1962-71, editor 1971-2002), "Inquiry" grew into a widely read philosophical journal. In "Human Consciousness" (1990), Hannay reviews contemporary theories of human consciousness while maintaining a characteristic conservatism. Hannay argues that consciousness and the first-person point of view cannot be analysed or displaced by scientific materialism, nor can they be explained functionally, a view close to that of Thomas Reid, William Hamilton, and Ferrier. Hannay's book "The Public" (2004) brings several Kierkegaardian insights to bear on contemporary political life and examines the roles of the 'public' as audience as well as political participant. Hannay is also a member of a team translating Kierkegaard's complete journals and notebooks.
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Boethius Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, commonly called Boethius (English: ; also Boetius ; 480–524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, "magister officiorum", and philosopher of the early 6th century. He was born four years after Odoacer deposed the last Roman Emperor and declared himself King of Italy, and entered public service under Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great, who later imprisoned and executed him in 524 on charges of conspiracy to overthrow him. While jailed, Boethius composed his "Consolation of Philosophy", a philosophical treatise on fortune, death, and other issues, which became one of the most popular and influential works of the Middle Ages.
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Gwilym Ellis Lane Owen Gwilym Ellis Lane Owen (18 May 1922 – 10 July 1982), who published as G. E. L. Owen, was a British philosopher, concerned with the history of Ancient Greek philosophy. He was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. where his undergraduate career was interrupted by five years of military service. He became the foremost authority on Aristotle in his generation, at least in the English-speaking world.
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Pierre Hadot Pierre Hadot (] ; February 21, 1922 – April 24, 2010) was a French philosopher and historian of philosophy specializing in ancient philosophy, particularly Neoplatonism.
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Émile Bréhier Émile Bréhier (] ; 12 April 1876, Bar-le-Duc – 3 February 1952, Paris) was a French philosopher. His interest was in classical philosophy, and the history of philosophy. He wrote a "Histoire de la Philosophie", translated into English in seven volumes.
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John Millar (philosopher) John Millar of Glasgow (22 June 1735 – 30 May 1801) was a Scottish philosopher, historian and Regius Professor of Civil Law at the University of Glasgow from 1761 to 1800.
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Giovanni Gentile Giovanni Gentile (] ; 30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian idealist philosopher, educator, and fascist politician, and a peer of Benedetto Croce. The self-styled "philosopher of Fascism", he was influential in providing an intellectual foundation for Italian Fascist thought, and ghostwrote part of "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932) with Benito Mussolini. He was involved in the resurgence of Hegelian idealism in Italian philosophy and also devised his own system of thought, which he called "actual idealism" or "actualism", and which has been described as "the subjective extreme of the idealist tradition".
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Thomas Cajetan Thomas Cajetan ( ; 20 February 1469 - 9 August 1534), ), also known as Gaetanus, commonly Tommaso de Vio or Thomas de Vio, was an Italian philosopher, theologian, cardinal (from 1517 until his death) and the Master of the Order of Preachers 1508-18. He was a leading theologian of his day who is now best known as the spokesman for Catholic opposition to the teachings of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation while he was the Pope's Legate in Wittenberg, and perhaps also among Catholics for his extensive commentary on the "Summa Theologica" of Thomas Aquinas.
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Éric Weil Éric Weil (/veɪl/; French: [vɛjl]; 4 June 1904 - 1 February 1977) was a French-German philosopher noted for the development of a theory that places the effort to understand violence at the center of philosophy. Calling himself a post-Hegelian Kantian, Weil was a key figure in the 20th century reception of Hegel in France, as well as the renewed interest in Kant in that country that has continued to this day. The author of major original works, critical studies, and numerous essays in French his adopted language, as well as German and English, Weil was both an active academic as well as public intellectual. Involved in various fecund moments of French intellectual life, Weil was, for example, a participant in the famous lectures given by Alexandre Kojève on Hegel’s "Phenomenology of Spirit", and would go on to play an instrumental role at the journal "Critique" during its start and then serve as one of its editors for a number of years. An influential teacher, his students, such as Bourdieu, have noted Weil’s formative role in their intellectual development. This influence was also at the origin of the creation of the "Institut Éric Weil", a foundation and research library created by a group of his former students after his death.
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Nicolai Hartmann Nicolai Hartmann (] ; 20 February 1882 – 9 October 1950) was a Baltic German philosopher. He is regarded as a key representative of critical realism and as one of the most important twentieth century metaphysicians.
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John Cook Wilson John Cook Wilson, FBA (6 June 1849 – 11 August 1915) was an English philosopher.
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Plato Plato ( ; Greek: Πλάτων "Plátōn", ] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Others believe that the oldest extant manuscript dates to around AD 895, 1100 years after Plato's death. This makes it difficult to know exactly what Plato wrote.
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Edmund Husserl Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl ( ; ] ; 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938) was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology. In his early work, he elaborated critiques of historicism and of psychologism in logic based on analyses of intentionality. In his mature work, he sought to develop a systematic foundational science based on the so-called phenomenological reduction. Arguing that transcendental consciousness sets the limits of all possible knowledge, Husserl re-defined phenomenology as a transcendental-idealist philosophy. Husserl's thought profoundly influenced the landscape of twentieth-century philosophy, and he remains a notable figure in contemporary philosophy and beyond.
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Fyodor Dostoyevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky ( ; Russian: Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский ; ] ; 11 November 1821 – 9 February 1881), sometimes transliterated Dostoevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, journalist and philosopher. Dostoyevsky's literary works explore human psychology in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of realistic philosophical and religious themes.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( ; ] ; August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and an important figure of German idealism. He achieved wide renown in his day and, while primarily influential within the continental tradition of philosophy, has become increasingly influential in the analytic tradition as well. Although Hegel remains a divisive figure, his canonical stature within Western philosophy is universally recognized.
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Auguste Comte Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (] ; 19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.
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Thomas White (scholar) Thomas White (1593–1676) was an English Roman Catholic priest and scholar, known as a theologian, censured by the Inquisition, and also as a philosopher contributing to scientific and political debates.
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Pyrrho Pyrrho ( ; Greek: Πύρρων "Pyrrōn", c. 360 BC – c. 270 BC), was a Greek philosopher of Classical antiquity and is credited as being the first Greek skeptic philosopher.