What was the crime that Alfred Drefus was charged for that Émile Zola helped exonerate?
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Émile Zola Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola ( ; ] ; 2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in the renowned newspaper headline "J'accuse". Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902.
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Alfred Dreyfus Alfred Dreyfus (] ; 9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French Jewish artillery officer whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French history with a wide echo in all Europe. Known today as the Dreyfus affair, the incident eventually ended with Dreyfus's complete exoneration.
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Maurice Rajsfus Maurice Rajsfus (born 9 April 1928) is a French writer, journalist, historian and anti-establishment militant. He is the author of numerous books which address themes such as the Jewish genocide in France, the police, and attacks on civil liberties.
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Mucyo Commission The National Independent Commission Charged With Gathering Evidence to Show the Implication of the French Government in the Genocide Perpetrated in Rwanda in 1994, commonly referred to as the Mucyo Commission after its Chairman, is a Rwandan government commission established by Paul Kagame in order to ascertain the nature of French involvement in the 1994 genocide. It released a report in August 2008, 331 pages in total, claiming to detail that France was not only complicit, but had engaged in actions on the level of conspiracy to genocide. Allegations included covert weapons dealing and training of interahamwe militants before and during the genocide, providing protection and shelter for some of the worst "genocidaires", illegitimate humanitarian aims during Operation Turquoise and even French black ops on the ground of Rwanda during the genocide. This report, however, has been subject to great controversy and skepticism in the international community. It has been accused of being politically charged to benefit the Rwandan Patriotic Front.
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Robert Jan Verbelen Robert Jan Verbelen (5 April 1911, Herent, Belgium – 28 August 1990, Vienna, Austria) was a Belgian Nazi collaborator. During the last years of the War, Verbelen was head of the "De Vlag Veiligheidscorps", a Nazi SS security force in Belgium. In that function he assassinated Alexandre Galopin, director of the Société Générale de Belgique, and tried to murder Albert Devèze, Minister of State, Charles Collard-de Sloovere, Attorney General, and Robert de Foy, former State Security director. He was sentenced to the death penalty by a Belgian court in 1947, who found him responsible for the deaths of 101 Belgian resistance fighters.
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After the Truth After the Truth (German: Nichts als die Wahrheit ) is a 1999 German film depicting the fictional trial of Dr. Josef Mengele, known as the "death angel of Auschwitz".
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Edward William Pritchard Edward William Pritchard (6 December 1825 – 28 July 1865) was an English doctor who was convicted of murdering his wife and mother-in-law by poisoning them. He was also suspected of murdering a servant girl, but was never tried for this crime.
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Emma Cunningham Emma Augusta Hempstead Cunningham (1818–1887) was a young woman from New York City who was embroiled in a scandalous relationship that ended in a crime of murder. She was arrested for murder and fraud, and was sent to trial in one of the most famous cases in the Victorian-era.
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Vel' d'Hiv Roundup The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (French: "Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver", commonly called the "Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv: "Vel' d'Hiv Police Roundup / Raid"") was a Nazi-directed raid and mass arrest of Jews in Paris by the French police, code named " Opération Vent printanier "("Operation Spring Breeze"), on 16 and 17 July 1942. The name "Vel' d'Hiv Roundup" is derived from the nickname of the "Vélodrome d'hiver" ("Winter Velodrome"), a bicycle velodrome and stadium where a majority of the victims were temporarily confined. The roundup, assisted by the French Milice, a Nazi-supported parallel police force, was one of several aimed at eradicating the Jewish population in France, both in the occupied zone and in the free zone. According to records of the " Préfecture de Police", 13,152 Jews were arrested, including more than 4,000 children. They were held at the "Vélodrome d'hiver" in extremely crowded conditions, almost without food and water, and with no sanitary facilities, as well as at the Drancy, Pithiviers, and Beaune-la-Rolande internment camps, then shipped in rail cattle cars to Auschwitz for their mass murder.
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La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret (1875) is the fifth novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series "Les Rougon-Macquart". Viciously anticlerical in tone, it follows on from the horrific events at the end of "La Conquête de Plassans", focussing this time on a remote Provençal backwater village.
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Oskar Daubmann Oskar Daubmann (originally "Ignaz Karl Hummel"; March 9, 1898 – January 20, 1954) was a Swiss-German con man whose case attracted international attention in 1932.
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We Are All Murderers We Are All Murderers (French: "Nous sommes tous des assassins" , also known as "Are We All Murderers?") is a 1952 French film written and directed by André Cayatte, a former attorney. It tells the story of René, a young man from the slums, trained by the French Resistance in World War II to kill Germans. He continues to kill long after the war has ended, as it is all he knows.
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Georges-Alexandre Sarret Georges-Alexandre Sarret (born Giorgio Sarrejani; 23 September 1878 – 10 April 1934) was an Italian-born French criminal who was the last person to be executed in Aix-en-Provence. He was guillotined for double murder in a notorious case that involved him dissolving the bodies of his victims in sulphuric acid. Sarret's crimes reportedly inspired English serial killer John George Haigh, known as the Acid Bath Murderer.
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Madeleine Férat Madeleine Férat is an 1868 novel by the French writer Émile Zola.
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Diminished responsibility in English law In English law, diminished responsibility is one of the partial defences that reduce the offence from murder to manslaughter if successful (termed "voluntary" manslaughter for these purposes). This allows the judge sentencing discretion, e.g. to impose a hospital order under section 37 of the Mental Health Act 1983 to ensure treatment rather than punishment in appropriate cases. Thus, when the "actus reus" (Latin for "guilty act") of death is accompanied by an objective or constructive version of "mens rea" (Latin for "guilty mind"), the subjective evidence that the defendant did intend to kill or cause grievous bodily harm because of a mental incapacity will partially excuse his conduct. Under s.2(2) of the Homicide Act 1957 the burden of proof is on the defendant to the balance of probabilities. The M'Naghten Rules lack a volitional limb of "irresistible impulse"; diminished responsibility is the volitional mental condition defence in English criminal law.
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Rape of Belgium The Rape of Belgium was the German mistreatment of civilians during the invasion and subsequent occupation of Belgium during World War I. The term initially had a propaganda use but recent historiography confirms its reality. One modern author uses it more narrowly to describe a series of German war crimes in the opening months of the war (August–September 1914).
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Fernand Labori Fernand-Gustave-Gaston Labori (April 18, 1860 – March 14, 1917) was a French attorney. He was born in Reims. In his professional life, he defended the accused in some of the most prominent political cases of his day. Among his noted clients was Alfred Dreyfus, who was eventually acquitted of treason. During the Dreyfus trial, Labori was the victim of an assassination attempt which hospitalized him for a week. The attacker was never identified.
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Frank J. Wilson Frank John Wilson (1887 – June 22, 1970) was best known as the Chief of the United States Secret Service and a former agent of the Treasury Department's Bureau of Internal Revenue, later known as the Internal Revenue Service. Wilson most notably contributed in the prosecution of Chicago mobster Al Capone in 1931, and as a federal representative in the Lindbergh kidnapping case.
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Bloody Sunday (1887) Bloody Sunday took place in London on 13 November 1887, when a march against unemployment and coercion in Ireland, as well as demanding the release of MP William O'Brien, was attacked by the Metropolitan Police and the British Army. The demonstration was organised by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League. Violent clashes took place between the police and demonstrators, many "armed with iron bars, knives, pokers and gas pipes". A contemporary report noted that 400 were arrested and 75 persons were badly injured, including many police, two policemen being stabbed and one protester bayonetted.
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Alfred Rouse Alfred Arthur Rouse (6 April 1894 – 10 March 1931) was a British murderer known as the Blazing Car Murderer who was convicted and subsequently hanged at Bedford Gaol for the November 1930 murder of an unknown man in Hardingstone, Northamptonshire in a murder case which became known as the "Blazing Car Murder".
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Edward J. Adams Edward J. "Eddie" Adams (1887 – November 22, 1921) was a notorious American criminal and serial killer in the Midwest. He murdered seven people–including three policemen—during a period of around 14 months, and wounded at least a dozen others. At age 34, Adams was surrounded and then killed by police in Wichita, Kansas.
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August Miete August Wilhelm Miete (born 1 November 1908) was an SS functionary of Nazi Germany. He worked at the Grafeneck and Hadamar Euthanasia Centres, and then at Treblinka extermination camp. Miete was arrested in 1960 and tried in West Germany for participating in the mass murder of at least 300,000 people. In 1965, he was found guilty and sentenced to the maximum penalty, life imprisonment.