In what year was the chess master, whose ideas of approach to the centre were challenged by Hypermodernism, born?
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Hypermodernism (chess) Hypermodernism is a school of chess that emerged after World War I. It featured challenges to the chess ideas of central European masters, including Wilhelm Steinitz's approach to the centre and the rules established by Siegbert Tarrasch. The Hypermoderns demonstrated their new ideas with games and victories. Aron Nimzowitsch showed that games could be won through indirect control of the center, breaking with Tarrasch's view that the center must be occupied by pawns. Nimzowitsch advocated controlling the center of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting the opponent to occupy the center with pawns, which can then become targets of attack. This was part of the hypermodern framework, which Nimzowitsch encapsulated in his seminal book "My System", which greatly influenced many chess players. It introduced and formalized concepts of the pawn chain, overprotection, undermining, prophylaxis, restraint, rook on the seventh rank, knight outposts, the dynamics of the isolated queen's pawn, and other areas of chess.
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Wilhelm Steinitz Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz (May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian and later American chess master, and the first undisputed world chess champion, from 1886 to 1894. He was also a highly influential writer and chess theoretician.
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Jude Acers Jude Frazier Acers (born April 6, 1944 Long Beach, California) is a chess master, showman (simultaneous exhibitor), and chess author/writer.
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Nicolai Hartmann Nicolai Hartmann (] ; 20 February 1882 – 9 October 1950) was a Baltic German philosopher. He is regarded as a key representative of critical realism and as one of the most important twentieth century metaphysicians.
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Georges Renaud Georges Renaud (8 January 1893, Nancy – 28 July 1975, Peille) was a French chess master, theoretician and organizer.
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Hans Müller (chess player) Hans Müller (1 December 1896, Vienna – 28 February 1971, Vienna) was an Austrian chess player, theoretician and author of books.
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Max Euwe Machgielis "Max" Euwe, PhD (] ; May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch chess Grandmaster, mathematician, author, and chess administrator. He was the fifth player to become World Chess Champion (1935–37). Euwe served as President of FIDE, the World Chess Federation, from 1970 to 1978.
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Fernando Silva (chess player) Fernando Ribeiro da Silva (born 4 August 1950) is a Portuguese chess champion who earned the title of International Master in 1975.
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Jonathan Penrose Jonathan Penrose, OBE (born 7 October 1933, in Colchester) is an English chess Grandmaster and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1983) who won the British Chess Championship ten times between 1958 and 1969. He is the son of Lionel Penrose, a world-famous professor of genetics, the grandson of the physiologist John Beresford Leathes, and brother of Roger Penrose and Oliver Penrose. He is a psychologist and university lecturer by profession, with a PhD.
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Boris Katalymov Boris Nikolaevich Katalymov (Russian: Борис Николаевич Каталымов ; 13 June 1932 – 1 February 2013), also spelled Katalimov, was a Kazakh and Soviet chess International Master. The Katalymov Variation of the Sicilian Defence is named after him.
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Nigel Short Nigel David Short (born 1 June 1965) is an English chess grandmaster, chess columnist, chess coach and chess commentator. Short earned the Grandmaster title at the age of 19, and was ranked third in the world by FIDE from January 1988 to July 1989. In 1993 he became the first English player to play a World Chess Championship match, when he qualified to play Garry Kasparov in the World Chess Championship 1993 in London (Kasparov won, 12.5 to 7.5). As of March 2017, he is the oldest player ranked among FIDE's top 100 players and is ranked #55.
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Aron Nimzowitsch Aron Nimzowitsch (Latvian: "Ārons Ņimcovičs" , Russian: Аро́н Иса́евич Нимцо́вич , "Aron Isayevich Nimtsovich"; born Aron Niemzowitsch; 7 November 1886 – 16 March 1935) was a Russian-born, Danish leading chess master and a very influential chess writer. He was the foremost figure amongst the "hypermoderns".
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Alan Sokal Alan David Sokal ( ; born January 24, 1955) is a professor of mathematics at University College London and professor of physics at New York University. He works in statistical mechanics and combinatorics. He is best known to the wider public for his criticism of postmodernism, after the Sokal affair in 1996 when his deliberately nonsensical paper was published by Duke University's "Social Text". He also works to counter faulty scientific reasoning, as seen with his involvement in criticising the critical positivity ratio concept in positive psychology.
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Edmar Mednis Edmar John Mednis (Edmārs Mednis) (March 22, 1937 – February 13, 2002) was an American International Grandmaster of chess (awarded in 1980) born in Riga, Latvia. He was also a popular and respected chess writer.
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Thomas Rayner Dawson Thomas Rayner Dawson (28 November 1889 Leeds – 16 December 1951) was an English chess problemist and is acknowledged as "the father of Fairy Chess". He invented many fairy pieces and new conditions. He introduced the popular fairy pieces grasshopper, nightrider, and many other fairy chess ideas.
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Boris de Greiff Boris de Greiff Bernal (13 February 1930 – 31 October 2011) was a Colombian chess master and writer, born in Medellín and son of the Colombian poet León de Greiff.
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Semyon Furman Semyon Abramovich Furman (December 1, 1920 – March 17, 1978) was a Soviet chess Grandmaster and trainer. He is best known for developing Anatoly Karpov into a World Chess Champion, but was a formidable player himself, as well as a successful coach for several other world-class players. His name is sometimes written as Semen or Semion Furman.
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Vladislav Artemiev Vladislav Mikhailovich Artemiev (Russian: Владислав Михайлович Артемьев ; born 5 March 1998 in Omsk) is a Russian chess grandmaster and a chess prodigy.
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Hypermodernity Hypermodernity (supermodernity) is a type, mode, or stage of society that reflects an inversion of modernity in which the function of an object has its reference point in the form of an object rather than function being the reference point for form. Hypermodernism stipulates a world in which the object has been replaced by the attributes of the object. The new attribute-driven world is driven by the rise of technology and aspires to a convergence between technology and biology and more importantly information and matter. Hypermodernism finds its validation in emphasis on the value of new technology to overcome natural limitations and emphasizes a dismissal of an object-driven past in favor of a flexible, attribute-driven heuristic.
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Guy West Guy West (born 7 September 1958) is a chess International Master, and a former Australian Chess Champion.
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Alexander Kotov Alexander Alexandrovich Kotov (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Ко́тов; 12 August [O.S. 30 July] 1913 – 8 January 1981) was a Soviet chess grandmaster and author. He was a Soviet champion, a two-time world title Candidate, and a prolific chess author. Kotov served in high posts in the Soviet Chess Federation and most of his books were written during the period of Cold War between the US and the USSR.
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Leonid Shamkovich Leonid Aleksandrovich Shamkovich (Russian: Леони́д Алекса́ндрович Шамко́вич; June 1, 1923 – April 22, 2005) was a chess Grandmaster, and chess writer.