According to an encyclopedia on the history of Switzerland that aims to take into account the results of modern historical research in a manner accessible to a broader audience, what was a far right political party in Switzerland that flourished during the 1930s?
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National Front (Switzerland) The National Front was a far right political party in Switzerland that flourished during the 1930s. At its peak the group had at most 9,000 members, according to the "Historical Dictionary of Switzerland", and "may have had a membership of 25,000 or so", according to the Simon Wiesenthal Center.
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Historical Dictionary of Switzerland The Historical Dictionary of Switzerland is an encyclopedia on the history of Switzerland that aims to take into account the results of modern historical research in a manner accessible to a broader audience.
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Freiwirtschaft Freiwirtschaft (German for "free economy") is an economic idea founded by Silvio Gesell in 1916. He called it "Natürliche Wirtschaftsordnung " (natural economic order). In 1932, a group of Swiss businessmen used his ideas to found the WIR Bank (WIR).
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Christian Social Party (Austria) The Christian Social Party (German: "Christlichsoziale Partei" , CS) was a major conservative political party in the Cisleithanian crown lands of Austria-Hungary and in the First Republic of Austria, from 1891 to 1934. The party was also affiliated with Austrian nationalism that sought to keep Catholic Austria out of the state of Germany founded in 1871, that it viewed as Protestant Prussian-dominated, and identified Austrians on the basis of their predominantly Catholic religious identity as opposed to the predominantly Protestant religious identity of the Prussians. It is a predecessor of the contemporary Austrian People's Party.
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Liberal Party of Switzerland The Liberal Party of Switzerland (German: "Liberale Partei der Schweiz" , French: "Parti liberal suisse" , Italian: "Partito Liberale Svizzero" , Romansh: "Partida liberala svizra" ) was a party with economically liberal policies. It was known as a party of the upper class. On 1 January 2009 it merged with the larger Free Democratic Party (FDP) to establish FDP.The Liberals.
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Austrian People's Party The Austrian People's Party (German: "Österreichische Volkspartei" ; ÖVP) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Austria. A successor to the Christian Social Party of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is similar to the CDU/CSU of Germany in terms of ideology, with both operating as catch-all parties of the centre-right. The Austrian People's Party was founded immediately following the reestablishment of the Republic of Austria in 1945, and since then has been one of the two largest Austrian political parties with the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ). In federal governance, the ÖVP is currently the smaller partner in a coalition government with the SPÖ since 2007, with the ÖVP party leader as Vice-Chancellor of Austria.
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Social Democratic Party of Saarland The Social Democratic Party of Saarland (German: "Sozialdemokratische Partei des Saarlands" , abbreviated SPS) was a political party existing between 1946 and 1956 in the Saar Protectorate. It had a short-lived predecessor, the Social Democratic Regional Party of the Saar Territory (German: "Sozialdemokratische Landespartei des Saargebiets" , abbreviated SPdS) existing between 1933 and 1935 in the Saar Territory.
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Neu Beginnen Neu Beginnen (English: "[to] begin anew") was an anti-fascist opposition group formed in 1929 by left-wing members of the Social Democratic Party. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, the members of the small group discussed what the future of Germany should be after the Nazis. The conclusion was a left-wing coalition government consisting of Social Democrats, Socialists and Communists. The leaders of the group saw disunity among the left as one of the key reasons the NSDAP had been able to seize power. They produced illegal pamphlets to advocate their ideas but failed to unite enough anti-fascists to take a significant hold. As a consequence, its loosely organised followers had all either been killed, left the party or been arrested by 1936.
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National Union (Netherlands) The National Union (Dutch: "Nationale Unie" ) was a Dutch fascist political party active during the 1920s and 1930s.
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Swiss referendums, 1938 Six referendums were held in Switzerland during 1938. The first four were held on 20 February; the first on amending articles 107 and 116 of the constitution to make Romansch an official language, which was approved by over 90% of voters and all cantons. The second was on a popular initiative "on urgent federal resolutions and the protection of people's rights" and was rejected by 85% of voters. The third was on a popular initiative on the private arms industry, and was also rejected by a wide margin, whilst the fourth was on a counter-proposal to the arms industry question, and was approved by voters. The fifth referendum was held on 3 July on the penal code, and was approved. The sixth and final referendum of the year was held on 27 November on a federal resolution on the transient order of the federal budget, and was approved by 72% of voters.
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National Front (East Germany) The National Front of the German Democratic Republic (German: "Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik" , NF), until 1973 the National Front of Democratic Germany German: "Nationale Front des Demokratischen Deutschlands" ), was an alliance (Popular Front) of political parties and mass organisations in East Germany (also known as a "Blockpartei"). The NF was controlled by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and was formed to stand in elections to the East German parliament, the Volkskammer ("People's Chamber").
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Socialist Workers' Party of Germany The Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (German: "Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands" , SAPD) was a centrist Marxist political party in Germany. It was formed by a left-wing party with around 20,000 members which split off from the SPD in the autumn of 1931. In 1931, the remnants of USPD merged into the party, and in 1932 some Communist Party dissenters joined the group too, as well as a part from the Communist Party Opposition. Nevertheless, its membership remained small. From 1933, the group's members worked illegally against National Socialism.
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Blutendes Deutschland Blutendes Deutschland (English "Bleeding Germany") is a German documentary/propaganda film. Two versions were made, a shorter version in December 1932 and a second one that was released shortly after the Nazi seizure of power in late March 1933. Presented in montage form, sources for the film included old photographs, documents and newsreels. A second section, entitled "Germany Awakens" traced the history of the Nazi party up to the German federal election, March 1933. The film traced the history of Germany from the Franco-Prussian War, the founding of the Second Reich, the First World War, the occupation of the Ruhr, the martyrdoms of Albert Leo Schlageter, Horst Wessel and others, the rise of Hitler, the foundation of the Harzburg Front and their eventual victory.
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Far-right politics Far-right politics is a term used to describe politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of more extreme nationalist, and nativist ideologies, as well as authoritarian tendencies.
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Fascism Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and control of industry and commerce, that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before it spread to other European countries. Opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.
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Alliance of Independents The Alliance of Independents, Ring of Independents, or National Ring of Independents, (German: "Landesring der Unabhängigen (LdU)" , French: "Alliance des Indépendants (AdI)" , Italian: "Anello degli Indipendenti" ) was a social liberal political party in Switzerland that existed between 1936 and 1999.
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National Democratic Party of Germany The National Democratic Party of Germany (German: "Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands" , NPD) is a far-right and ultranationalist political party in Germany.
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Federal State of Austria The Federal State of Austria (Austrian German: "Bundesstaat Österreich " ; colloquially known as the "Ständestaat ", "Corporate State") was a continuation of the First Austrian Republic between 1934 and 1938 when it was a one-party state led by the clerico-fascist Fatherland Front. The "Ständestaat " concept, derived from the notion of "Stände " ("estates" or "corporations"), was propaganda advocated by leading regime politicians such as Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. The result was an authoritarian government based on a mix of conservative Catholic and Italian Fascist influences.
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National Socialist Party (Romania) The National Socialist Party (formally Nationalist-Socialist Party of Romania; Romanian: "Partidul Național-Socialist din România", PNSR) or Steel Testudo ("Pavăza de Oțel") was a mimetic Nazi political party, active in Romania during the early 1930s. It was led by Colonel Ștefan Tătărescu, the brother of Gheorghe Tătărescu (twice Prime Minister of Romania during that interval), and existed around the newspaper "Crez Nou". One of several far-right factions competing unsuccessfully against the Iron Guard for support, the group made little headway, and existed at times as a satellite of the National-Christian Defense League.
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Republikanischer Schutzbund The Republikanischer Schutzbund (] , "Republican Protection League") was an Austrian paramilitary organization established in 1923 by the Social Democratic Party (SDAPÖ) to secure power in the face of rising political radicalization after World War I.
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Liberal Party of Geneva The Liberal Party of Geneva (French: "Parti Libéral Genevois" ), abbreviated PLG, was a classical liberal political party in the Canton of Geneva. It was the cantonal branch of the Liberal Party of Switzerland until 1 January 2009, when the federal party merged with the Free Democratic Party to form FDP.The Liberals. On 30 May 2011, the party merged with the Radical Party of Geneva – the Free Democrats' cantonal branch – to form a single cantonal branch of the FDP.
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Deutsche Rechtspartei The German Right Party (German: "Deutsche Rechtspartei" , DRP) was a right-wing political party that emerged in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany after the Second World War.