For what reason was the character portrayed by Paul Kalkbrenner in "Berlin Calling" institutionalized?
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Paul Kalkbrenner Paul Kalkbrenner (] ) (born 11 June 1977) is a German live act, producer of electronic music, and actor from Berlin. Because he breaks down his tracks into elements that are reassembled onstage, Kalkbrenner is considered a live act, as opposed to a DJ. He is most known for his single “Sky and Sand,” which sold over 200,000 copies, went platinum, and was highly charted in countries such as Belgium and Germany. He is also known for portraying the main character Ickarus in the movie, “Berlin Calling” written and directed by Hannes Stöhr, which ran for several years at Kino Central in Berlin.
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Berlin Calling Berlin Calling is a 2008 German tragicomedy directed by Hannes Stöhr. The movie depicts the events following DJ and producer Ickarus's (Paul Kalkbrenner) institutionalization for drug abuse.
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Hitler's Chancellery Hitler's Chancellery, officially known as the Kanzlei des Führers der NSDAP ("Chancellery of the Führer of the Nazi Party"; abbreviated as KdF) was a Nazi Party organization. Also known as the "Privatkanzlei des Führers" ("Private Chancellery of the Führer"), the agency served as the private chancellery of Adolf Hitler, handling different issues pertaining to matters such as complaints against party officials, appeals from party courts, official judgments, clemency petitions by NSDAP fellows and Hitler's personal affairs.
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Walter Schreiber Dr. Walter Paul Emil Schreiber (21 March 1893 – 5 September 1970) was a German medical military officer in World War I, a brigadier-general ("Generalarzt") of the Medical Service of the Wehrmacht and a key witness against Hermann Goering during the Nuremberg Trials.
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Albert Paul Weiss Albert Paul Weiss (September 15, 1879 – April 3, 1931) was a German American behavioral psychologist, theorist, scientist, and experimentalist. He was born in Steingrund, Germany. His family moved to the United States shortly after his birth and lived in St. Louis, MO. He was raised in a household of scholarly and philosophical interests although neither of his parents were highly educated. He attended University of Missouri for both undergraduate and graduate school and eventually earned his PhD there in 1916. Weiss initially planned on majoring in physics, mathematics, and philosophy until he was inspired by his professor Max Meyer to become a psychologist. After earning his PhD, he went to Ohio State University where he did research and taught up until his death. While in school, Weiss became interested in the physiological and sociological aspects of philosophy. He was interested in the role of language in human behavior and used biology, physics, and chemistry to examine human behaviors. He died of heart disease in 1931.
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Karzer A Karzer (German: "Karzer" ) was a designated lock-up or detention room to incarcerate students as a punishment, within the jurisdiction of some institutions of learning in Germany. Karzers existed both at universities and at gymnasiums (similar to a grammar school) in Germany until the beginning of the 20th century. Marburg's last Karzer inmate, for example, was registered as late as 1931.
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The Sleepwalkers (Broch novel) The Sleepwalkers (original title "Die Schlafwandler,") is a 1930s novel in three parts, by the Austrian novelist and essayist Hermann Broch. Opening in 1888, the first part is built around a young Prussian army officer; the second in 1903 around a Luxembourger bookkeeper; and the third in 1918 around an Alsatian wine dealer. Each is in a sense a sleepwalker, living between vanishing and emerging ethical systems just as the somnambulist exists in a state between sleeping and waking. Together they present a panorama of German society and its progressive deterioration of values that culminated in defeat and collapse at the end of World War I.
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New institutionalism New institutionalism or neo-institutionalism is a theory that focuses on developing a sociological view of institutions — the way they interact and the way they affect society. It provides a way of viewing institutions outside of the traditional views of economics by explaining why and how institutions emerge in a certain way within a given context. One of the institutional views that has emerged has argued that institutions have developed to become similar (showing an isomorphism) across organizations even though they evolved in different ways, and has studied how institutions shape the behavior of agents (i.e. people, organizations, governments) (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983).
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Kapo (concentration camp) A kapo or prisoner functionary (German: "Funktionshäftling" , see ) was a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks. Also called "prisoner self-administration", the prisoner functionary system minimized costs by allowing camps to function with fewer SS personnel. The system was designed to turn victim against victim, as the prisoner functionaries were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the favor of their SS overseers. If they were derelict, they would be returned to the status of ordinary prisoners and be subject to other kapos. Many prisoner functionaries were recruited from the ranks of violent criminal gangs rather than from the more numerous political, religious and racial prisoners; those were known for their brutality toward other prisoners. This brutality was tolerated by the SS and was an integral part of the camp system.
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Barracks communism Barracks communism (German: "Kasernenkommunismus" ) is the term coined by Karl Marx to refer to a "crude," authoritarian, forced collectivism and communism, where all aspects of life are bureaucratically regimented and communal. Originally, Marx used the expression to criticise the vision of Sergey Nechayev, outlined in the "Fundamentals of the Future Social System."
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Berlin Operating Base Berlin Operating Base, or B.O.B., was the CIA station in West Germany during the Cold War. The station was run by legendary CIA officer William Harvey. His main subordinate was CIA officer Henry Hecksher.
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Kahler-Kreis Kahler-Kreis (Kahler Circle) refers to the circle, lasting from 1939 to the early 1970s, of intellectual friends of Erich Kahler and his second wife, Alice (Lili or Lilly) Loewy Kahler.This group, named the "Kahler-Kreis" by Charles Greenleaf Bell, had its physical center at the Kahlers' house, One Evelyn Place in Princeton, New Jersey. Erich Kahler, a scholar, author, and lecturer, arrived in Princeton in 1939 as a financially destitute Jewish refugee from the Nazi regime. One Evelyn Place welcomed Jewish intellectual refugees from Europe and was filled with visitors, boarders, and cultural conversation. The Einstein family, the Thomas Mann family, and Hermann Broch were close friends of the Kahlers. The Kahler circle of friends also included Erwin Panofsky, Hetty Goldman, Ernst Kantorowicz, Kurt Gödel, and the painter Ben Shahn.
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The Wannsee Conference (film) The Wannsee Conference (German: "Die Wannseekonferenz" ) is a 1984 German TV film portraying the events of the Wannsee Conference, held in Berlin in January 1942. The script is derived from the minutes of the meeting. Since no verbatim transcription of the meeting exists, the dialogue is necessarily fictionalised. The main theme of the film is the bureaucratic nature of the genocide.
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Frobenius Institute The Frobenius Institute (originally: Forschungsinstitut fur Kulturmorphologie) is Germany's oldest anthropological research institute. Founded in 1925, it is named after Leo Frobenius. The institution is located at Gruneburgplatz 1 in Frankfurt am Main. An autonomous organization, it is associated with the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, and works in collaboration with two other organizations, the Institut für Ethnologie, and the Museum der Weltkulturen. It carries out ethnological and historical research. Originally established in Munich and known as the Forschungsinstitut fur Kulturmorphologie, it was renamed by Adolf Ellegard Jensen, its director after the 1938 death of Frobenius.
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Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: "Kongokonferenz" ) or West Africa Conference ("Westafrika-Konferenz"), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. The conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.
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Otto Rank Otto Rank ( ; born Otto Rosenfeld; April 22, 1884 – October 31, 1939) was an Austrian psychoanalyst, writer, and teacher. Born in Vienna, he was one of Sigmund Freud's closest colleagues for 20 years, a prolific writer on psychoanalytic themes, editor of the two most important analytic journals, managing director of Freud's publishing house and a creative theorist and therapist. In 1926, Otto Rank left Vienna for Paris. For the remaining 14 years of his life, Rank had a successful career as a lecturer, writer and therapist in France and the United States.
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Walter Grundmann Walter Grundmann (21 October 1906, Chemnitz - 30 August 1976, Eisenach) was a German Protestant theologian and anti-Semitic Nazi and Stasi collaborateur during the Third Reich and GDR. Grundmann served both German dictatorships. He was a member of the Nazi party from 1930 onwards, and from 1933 onwards an active member of the German Christians and prospered as a state-antisemitism supporting theologian and professor for "ethnic theology". In 1939, he was made head of the newly founded Instituts zur Erforschung jüdischen Einflusses auf das deutsche kirchliche Leben in Jena, which was meant to serve state anti-semitism by the "Entjudung" (dejudifying) of the Bible and giving anti-Semitic theological training and arguments for Nazi propaganda. Despite his past Nazi activities, Grundmann regained some prestige as an evangelic theologian in East Germany; in 1959 he published his comments on the Gospels, which by the 1980s had become standard popular literature. However, Grundmann also prospered as a "Secret Informer" ("Geheimer Informator") to the Ministry for State Security ("Stasi"). He spied on (high ranking) theologians in Eastern and Western Germany. His cover name was "GM Berg" ("GM Mountain") after the Sermon on the Mount ("Bergrede") to which he referenced in his inaugural speech 1939 at the Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life, set up under him in Jena.
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Responsibility for the Holocaust Responsibility for the Holocaust is the subject of an ongoing historical debate that has spanned several decades. The debate about the origins of the Holocaust is known as Functionalism versus intentionalism. Intentionalists such as Lucy Dawidowicz argue that Adolf Hitler planned the extermination of the Jewish people as early as 1918, and that he personally oversaw its execution. However, Functionalists such as Raul Hilberg argue that the extermination plans evolved in stages, as a result of initiatives by bureaucrats who were responding to other policy failures. The debate has settled to a large degree as historians have conceded that both positions have merit.
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Konitz affair The Konitz affair was an accusation of Jewish ritual murder, based on the unexplained murder of the student Ernst Winter in Konitz, West Prussia. Winter, the son of an architect of Prechlau, attended the gymnasium of Konitz. Although only nineteen years old, he was known for his licentiousness. On March 11, 1900, he left his boarding-house after dinner, and did not return. It was immediately thought probable that the young man had fallen through the ice while skating on the lake. Accordingly, the lake was searched, and on March 15 parts of his body were discovered. His right arm was found in the cemetery, where someone had thrown it over the fence; and on April 15 his head was recovered from a pool. The body had been dismembered by someone possessing a knowledge of anatomy; and therefore suspicion first turned against the local butchers, especially against the Christian butcher Hoffmann, whose daughter had been frequently seen in Winter's company, and a member of whose household had been heard to express threats against Winter on account of his attention to the young woman.
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Psikhushka Psikhushka (Russian: психу́шка ; ] ) is a Russian ironic diminutive for psychiatric hospital. In Russia, the word entered everyday vocabulary. This word has been occasionally used in English, since the Soviet dissident movement and diaspora community the West used the term. In the Soviet Union, psychiatric hospitals were often used by the authorities as prisons, in order to isolate political prisoners from the rest of society, discredit their ideas, and break them physically and mentally. As such, psikhushkas were considered a form of torture. The official explanation was that no sane person would be against socialism.
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Karl Genzken Karl August Genzken (born June 8, 1885 in Preetz, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia – October 10, 1957 in Hamburg, Germany) was a Nazi physician who conducted human experiments on prisoners of several concentration camps. He was a "Gruppenführer" (Major General) of the Waffen-SS and the Chief of the Medical Office of the Waffen-SS. Genzken was tried as a war criminal in the Doctors' Trial at Nuremberg.
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Paul Kruger Stephanus Johannes Paulus "Paul" Kruger ( ; ] ; 10 October 1825 – 14 July 1904) was one of the dominant political and military figures in 19th-century South Africa, and President of the South African Republic (or Transvaal) from 1883 to 1900. Nicknamed "Oom Paul" ("Uncle Paul"), he came to international prominence as the face of the Boer cause—that of the Transvaal and its neighbour the Orange Free State—against Britain during the Second Boer War of 1899–1902. He has been called a personification of Afrikanerdom, and remains a controversial and divisive figure; admirers venerate him as a tragic folk hero, while critics view him as the obstinate guardian of an unjust cause.