Who was the author of Anti-intellectualism in American life, who argued that American tradition were based on it colonial European and Evangelical Protestant heritage?
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Anti-intellectualism in American Life Anti-intellectualism in American Life is a book by Richard Hofstadter published in 1963 that won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. In this book, Hofstadter set out to trace the social movements that altered the role of intellect in American society. In so doing, he explored questions regarding the purpose of education and whether the democratization of education altered that purpose and reshaped its form. In considering the historic tension between access to education and excellence in education, Hofstadter argued that both anti-intellectualism and utilitarianism were consequences, in part, of the democratization of knowledge. Moreover, he saw these themes as historically embedded in America's national fabric, an outcome of its colonial European and evangelical Protestant heritage. Anti-intellectualism and utilitarianism were functions of American cultural heritage, not necessarily of democracy.
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Tradition A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes (like lawyers' wigs or military officers' spurs), but the idea has also been applied to social norms such as greetings. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of years—the word "tradition" itself derives from the Latin "tradere" literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is commonly assumed that traditions have ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural, over short periods of time. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways.
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Anti-Western sentiment Anti-Western sentiment, also known as Anti-Atlanticism refers to broad opposition or hostility to the people, culture, values, or policies of the Western World. In many modern cases the United States and the United Kingdom are the subject of discussion or hostility, though for the most part historically it was fueled by anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism. Anti-Western sentiment occurs in many countries, even from the West itself – especially European countries. Broad anti-Western sentiment also exists in the Muslim world against Europeans. Another factor is the ongoing support by some Western governments—notably the United States—for Israel.
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James L. Farmer Sr. James Leonard Farmer Sr. (June 12, 1886 – May 14, 1961), known as J. Leonard Farmer, was an American author, theologian, and educator. He was a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and an academic in early religious history as well as theology.
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The Western Heritage The Western Heritage is an American history textbook used for the study of Western civilization and European history. It was published in 1979, and has gone through ten editions. It was written by Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. It soon became a "standard survey text" and is published in two volumes.
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Individualist anarchism in the United States Individualist anarchism in the United States was strongly influenced by Josiah Warren, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Lysander Spooner, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Max Stirner, Herbert Spencer, and Henry David Thoreau.
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Anti-Tom literature Anti-Tom literature refers to the 19th century pro-slavery novels and other literary works written in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin". Also called plantation literature, these writings were generally written by authors from the Southern United States. Books in the genre attempted to show either that slavery was beneficial to African Americans or that the evils of slavery as depicted in Stowe's book were overblown and incorrect.
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Benjamin Constant Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (] ; 25 October 1767 – 8 December 1830), or simply Benjamin Constant, was a Swiss-French political activist and writer on politics and religion. He was the author of a partly biographical psychological novel, "Adolphe". He was a fervent liberal of the early 19th century, who influenced the Trienio Liberal movement in Spain, the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, the Greek War of Independence, the November Uprising in Poland, the Belgian Revolution, and Liberalism in Brazil and Mexico.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.
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Reinhold Niebuhr Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr ( ; June 21, 1892June 1, 1971) was an American theologian, ethicist, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years. Niebuhr was one of America's leading public intellectuals for several decades of the 20th century and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964. A public theologian, he wrote and spoke frequently about the intersection of religion, politics, and public policy, with his most influential books including "Moral Man and Immoral Society" and "The Nature and Destiny of Man", the second of which Modern Library ranked one of the top 20 nonfiction books of the twentieth century. Andrew Bacevich labelled Niebuhr's book "The Irony of American History" "the most important book ever written on U.S. foreign policy." Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. described Niebuhr as "the most influential American theologian of the 20th century" and "Time" posthumously called Niebuhr "the greatest Protestant theologian in America since Jonathan Edwards."
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Anti-Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers is the collective name given to works written by the Founding Fathers who were opposed to or concerned with the merits of the United States Constitution of 1787. Starting on 25 September 1787 (8 days after the final draft of the US Constitution) and running through the early 1790s, these anti-Federalists published a series of essays arguing against a stronger and more energetic union as embodied in the new Constitution. Although less influential than their written counterparts, "The Federalist Papers", these works nonetheless played an important role in shaping the early American political landscape and in the passage of the US Bill of Rights.
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Neoabolitionism Neoabolitionist (or neo-abolitionist or new abolitionism) is a term used in historiography to characterize historians of race relations motivated by the spirit of racial equality typified by the abolitionists who fought to abolish slavery in the mid-19th century. They write especially about African-American history, slavery, the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era.
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Gilbert Tennent Gilbert Tennent (5 February 1703 – 23 July 1764) was a pietistic Protestant evangelist in colonial America. Born in a Presbyterian Scots-Irish family in County Armagh, Ireland, he migrated to America as a teenager, trained for pastoral ministry, and became one of the leaders of the Great Awakening of religious feeling in Colonial America, along with Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. His most famous sermon, "On the Danger of an Unconverted Ministry," compared contemporary anti-revivalistic ministers to the biblical Pharisees described of the Gospels, resulting in a division of the colonial Presbyterian Church which lasted 17 years. While engaging divisively via pamphlets early in this period, Tennent would later work "feverishly" for reunion of the various synods involved.
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Albert Chavannes Albert Chavannes (February 23, 1836 – May 3, 1903) was a Swiss-born American author, philosopher, and sociologist, active primarily in the late 19th century. He is best known for his two utopian novels, "The Future Commonwealth" and "In Brighter Climes", which discuss a fictional futuristic society, "Socioland," where the economy is governed by socialist ideals rather than capitalism, and where morality is based on social scientific experimentation, rather than traditional religion. Chavannes was also one of the earliest social theorists to extensively discuss exchange theory, and his ideas on "magnetism" (magnetation) influenced writers such as J. William Lloyd and Ida C. Craddock.
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Caroline Lee Hentz Caroline Lee Whiting Hentz (June 1, 1800, Lancaster, Massachusetts – February 11, 1856, Marianna, Florida) was an American novelist and author, most noted for her opposition to the abolitionist movement and her widely read "The Planter's Northern Bride", a rebuttal to Harriet Beecher Stowe's popular anti-slavery book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin". She was a major literary figure in her day, and helped advance women's fiction.
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Notions of the Americans Notions of the Americas; Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor is a 1828 semi-nonfictional travel narrative by James Fenimore Cooper. The work takes the form of letters between a fictional bachelor traveling in the United States to his European friends. Cooper wrote the work while in Europe, and originally published the work anonymously, to conceal his identity and be more convincing to European audiences. The book persuasively argues for the virtue of American values and democracy in comparison to the aristocratic values of Europe.
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Josephus Flavius Cook Josephus Flavius Cook (1838–1901), commonly known as Joseph Cook, was an American philosophical lecturer, a descendant of Pilgrims who started his ascent to fame by way of Monday noon prayer meetings in Tremont Temple in Boston that for more than twenty years were among the city's greatest attractions. In them, Cook attempted to convey recent developments in European science and philosophy in a way that reconciled them to Protestant belief; his commentary stressed social amelioration and civic responsibility. He later travelled the world; his lectures were published and translated into several languages.
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The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (published 1994) is a book by evangelical Christian scholar Mark A. Noll, who is currently Francis A. McAnaney Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame. As a critique of the waning influence of intellectual pursuits within the American evangelical community, the book is both a scholarly analysis of evangelical anti-intellectualism and "an epistle from a wounded lover" by an intellectual who feels betrayed by evangelical Christianity's neglect of "sober analysis of nature, human society, and the arts". "Scandal" was named "Book of the Year" by "Christianity Today", the popular neo-evangelical Christian magazine. In 2004, ten years after its initial publication, "Christianity Today" claimed that the book had "arguably shaped the evangelical world (or at least its institutions) more than any other book published in the last decade".
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George Arthur Buttrick George Arthur Buttrick (March 23, 1892 – January 23, 1980) was an English-born, American-based Christian preacher, author and lecturer.
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Anti-Protestantism Anti-Protestantism is bias, hatred or distrust against some or all branches of Protestantism and its followers.
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James Ralph James Ralph (1705 – 24 January 1762) was an American-born English political writer, historian, reviewer, and Grub Street hack writer known for his works of history and his position in Alexander Pope's "Dunciad B." His "History of England" in two volumes (1744–46) and "The Case of the Authors by Profession" of 1758 became the dominant narratives of their time.
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Thomas Craven Thomas Craven (January 6, 1888 – February 27, 1969) was an American author, critic and lecturer, who promoted the work of American Regionalist painters, Thomas Hart Benton, John Steuart Curry and Grant Wood, among others. He was known for his caustic comments and being the “leading decrier of the School of Paris.”