What was the name of the republic overthrown by the military dictator who ruled over Spain from 1939-1975?
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Manuel Acero Manuel Acero Montoro (1875 – November 4, 1939) was a politician of the Second Spanish Republic. He was from Baeza. After the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, he was executed by the regime of Francisco Franco.
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Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (] ; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939 until his death in 1975.
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Petromocho El Petromocho was a political scandal that took place in the Principality of Asturias, Spain, in 1993. It led to the resignation of the Asturian President, Juan Luis Rodríguez-Vigil. The scandal occurred at a time when there was a need to attract productive investment to Asturias because of a declining industrial structure.
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Censorship in Francoist Spain Censorship in Francoist Spain was mandated by Francisco Franco during his reign, between 1936-1975. Under his regime, primary subjects of censorship included public display of liberal political ideology, art forms such as literature and film, as well as symbols of foreign, non-conservative ideologies. This censorship was primarily driven by Franco's vision for ideological unity in Spain. As a result, Franco called for the censorship of materials that promoted liberal ideas from abroad, particular those of European origin. Aside from censorship of foreign ideology, symbols of Spanish identity, such as Catalonia, also became primary targets of censorship. Under his authoritarian regime, censorship was imposed primarily through systemic political repression. Franco's regime repressed expression of liberal social and political ideology among the Spanish public.
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Trial of the Juntas The Trial of the Juntas (Spanish, Juicio a las Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the "de facto" military government that ruled Argentina during the dictatorship of the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional ("el proceso"), which lasted from 1976 to 1983.
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Gabriel Valdés Gabriel Valdés Subercaseaux (July 3, 1919 – September 7, 2011) was a Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat. Valdes served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile under President Eduardo Frei Montalva from 1964 to 1970. A vocal opponent of the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, which held power from 1973 to 1990, Valdés worked for Chile's transition to democracy.
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Central Region Army Group The Central Region Army Group, Spanish: "Grupo de Ejércitos de la Región Central" (GERC), was a military formation of the Spanish Republican Army during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War. It gathered the most powerful section of the republican military and would endure until the 1939 surrender. The "GERC" was under the command of general José Miaja Menant, the Defence of Madrid hero.
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Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Leopoldo Ramón Pedro Calvo-Sotelo y Bustelo, 1st Marquis of the Ría of Ribadeo, GE (] ; 14 April 1926 – 3 May 2008), known as Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo was Prime Minister of Spain between 1981 and 1982.
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José Maldonado González José Maldonado González (12 November 1900, Tineo, Asturias – 11 February 1985, Oviedo) was the last president of the Spanish Republican government in Exile. Elected in the Spanish general election, 1936 as a deputy for Oviedo province, he was a member of the party Republican Left, which was a member of the Popular Front. In 1938 he fled to France.
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Leopoldo Menéndez Leopoldo Menéndez López, 1891-1965. Spanish military officer. Before the war, he was an adviser of the prime minister Manuel Azaña. A professional officer of the Spanish Army, he supported the Republican government during the Spanish Civil War. Later he was promoted to Colonel and in the Battle of Teruel, he led the XXth Army Corps. In 1938, he led the Army of Levante in the battle of the XYZ Line. In August 1938 he was promoted to General. On February 16, 1939, he was one of the officers who said to the prime minister Juan Negrin that was impossible to continue the resistance and on March 1939 he supported Casado's "coup". At the end of the war, he fled Spain to France and later he went to exiled in Mexico and died there.
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Concordat of 1953 The Concordat of 1953 was the last classic concordat of the Roman Catholic Church. Concluded by Spain (under the regime of Francisco Franco) with the Vatican, together with the Pact of Madrid, signed the same year, it was a significant effort to break Spain's international isolation after World War II .
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Joan Comorera Joan Comorera i Soler (or Juan Comorera y Soler; 5 September 1894 – 7 May 1958) was a left-wing Spanish politician from Catalonia who spent several years in Argentina before returning to Spain in 1931 at the start of the Second Spanish Republic. He was a Catalan nationalist, and was elected chairman of the Socialist Union of Catalonia in 1933. In 1936 he became Secretary General of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), in alliance with the Spanish Communist Party. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) he built up his party into a major political force during the struggles among the supporters of the Republic between Socialists, Stalinists, Trotskyists and Anarcho-syndicalists. After the Republicans were defeated by the right-wing forces led by Francisco Franco he went into exile, living in Mexico and then in France. In 1949 he was expelled from the Communist party for his Catalan nationalism, and survived an assassination attempt. In 1951 he moved back to Catalonia using a false name. He was arrested in 1954 and died in prison four years later.
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Anastasio Somoza Debayle Anastasio "Tachito" Somoza DeBayle (] ; 5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was a Nicaraguan politician and officially the 73rd and 76th President of Nicaragua from 1 May 1967 to 1 May 1972 and from 1 December 1974 to 17 July 1979. As head of the National Guard, he was de facto ruler of the country from 1967 to 1979. He was the last member of the Somoza family to be President, ending a dynasty that had been in power since 1936. After being overthrown in an insurrection led by the FSLN, he fled Nicaragua and power was ceded to the Junta of National Reconstruction. He was eventually assassinated while in exile in Paraguay.
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Iberian Pact The Iberian Pact ("Pacto Ibérico"), formally the Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression was a non-aggression pact signed at Lisbon on 17 March 1939 by the nationalist governments of Portugal and Spain. At the time, Spain was in the midst of the final stage of the Civil War. By 1 April all of Spain was under the control of—and most of the international community had recognised the authority of—General Francisco Franco. Portugal under António de Oliveira Salazar had lent tacit support to Franco during the Civil War.
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Bombing of Guernica The bombing of Guernica (26 April 1937) was an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. It was carried out at the behest of Francisco Franco's nationalist government by its allies, the Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, under the code name Operation Rügen. The town was being used as a communications center behind the frontline. The operation opened the way to Franco's capture of Bilbao and his victory in northern Spain.
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Fernando Álvarez de Miranda Fernando Álvarez de Miranda y Torres (14 January 1924 – 7 May 2016) was a Spanish politician, lawyer, and university professor of Christian democratic and monarchist ideology. He was president of the Congress of Deputies from 1977 to 1979, the first after Spain's transition to democracy. From 1994 to 1999 he was Ombudsman of Spain.
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Symbols of Francoism The symbols of Francoism were iconic references to identify Francisco Franco’s regime in Spain between 1936 and 1975.
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David Padilla David Padilla Arancibia (13 August 1927 – 25 September 2016) was a military general and "de facto" president of Bolivia. He ruled his country from November 1978 to August 1979.
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First Portuguese Republic The First Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: "Primeira República Portuguesa" ; officially: "República Portuguesa", Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May "coup d'état" of 1926. The last movement instituted a military dictatorship known as "Ditadura Nacional" (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist "Estado Novo" (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.
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Flag of the Second Spanish Republic The flag of the Second Spanish Republic, known in Spanish as "la tricolor ", was the official flag of Spain between 1931 and 1939 and the flag of the Spanish Republican government in exile until 1977.
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Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War The final offensive of the Spanish Civil War took place between 26 March and 1 April 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War. On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro rose against the Socialist prime minister Juan Negrín and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council ("Consejo Nacional de Defensa" or "CND") in order to negotiate a peace deal. Negrín fled to France but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a civil war within the civil war. Casado defeated them and started peace negotiations with the Nationalists. Francisco Franco, however, was prepared to accept only an unconditional surrender. On 26 March the Nationalists started a general offensive and by 31 March they controlled all Spanish territory. Hundreds of thousands of Republicans were arrested and interned in concentration camps.
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Spanish Republican Army The Spanish Republican Army, Spanish: "Ejército de la República Española" , was the main branch of the Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939.