Marina Petrella  is a former member of the Red Brigades that operated during which an era known as what ?
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Marina Petrella Marina Petrella (born 23 August 1954) is a former member of the terrorist Italian left wing group the Red Brigades.
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Red Brigades The Red Brigades (Italian: "Brigate Rosse" ] , often abbreviated "BR") was a left-wing paramilitary organization, based in Italy, responsible for numerous violent incidents, including assassinations, kidnapping and robberies during the so-called "Years of Lead".
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The Great Terror The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties is a book by British historian Robert Conquest, published in 1968. It gave rise to an alternate title of the period in Soviet history known as the Great Purge. Conquest's title was also an evocative allusion to the period that was called the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution (French: "la Terreur", and, from June to July 1794, "la Grande Terreur", the Great Terror).
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SS Petrella SS "Petrella" was a German merchant ship, which was torpedoed and sunk on 8 February 1944, north of Souda Bay, Crete, killing some 2,670 of the Italian POWs aboard.
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International Brigades order of battle The International Brigades (IB) were volunteer military units of foreigners who fought on the side of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. The number of combattant volunteers has been estimated at between 32,000–35,000, though with no more than about 20,000 active at any one time. A further 10,000 people probably participated in non-combattant roles and about 3,000–5,000 foreigners were members of CNT or POUM. They came from a claimed "53 nations" to fight against the Spanish Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by German and Italian forces.
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Francesca Marinaro Francesca Marinaro, is an Italian politician. From 1984-1989 she served as a Member of the European Parliament, representing Italy for the Communist Party
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Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War The final offensive of the Spanish Civil War took place between 26 March and 1 April 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War. On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro rose against the Socialist prime minister Juan Negrín and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council ("Consejo Nacional de Defensa" or "CND") in order to negotiate a peace deal. Negrín fled to France but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a civil war within the civil war. Casado defeated them and started peace negotiations with the Nationalists. Francisco Franco, however, was prepared to accept only an unconditional surrender. On 26 March the Nationalists started a general offensive and by 31 March they controlled all Spanish territory. Hundreds of thousands of Republicans were arrested and interned in concentration camps.
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Redshirts (Italy) Redshirts (Italian Camicie rosse) or Red coats (Italian Giubbe Rosse) is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the color of their shirts or loose fitting blouses (complete uniforms were beyond the finances of the Italian patriots).
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Red Guards (Finland) The Red Guards (Finnish: "Punakaarti" , Swedish: "Röda gardet" ) were a paramilitary units of the Finnish labour movement in the early 1900s. The first Red Guards were established during the 1905 general strike, but disbanded a year later. After the Russian 1917 February revolution the Red Guards were re-established and in the 1918 Finnish Civil War they formed the army of Red Finland. The combined strength of the Red Guard was about 30,000 at the beginning of the Civil War, peaking at 90,000-120,000 during the course of the conflict. The number included more than 2,000 members of the Women's Guards. In May 1918, up to 80,000 Reds were captured by the victorious Whites, 12,000–14,000 of them died in the prison camps of executions, disease and malnutrition. Majority of the Reds were finally pardoned in late 1918.
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Supermarina Supermarina was the supreme command of the Regia Marina during World War II, activated on 1 June 1940. Its Army and Air Force equivalents were Superesercito and Superaereo. Supermarina depended directly on the Supreme Command of the Italian armed forces ("Comando Supremo"), controlling all the units of the Italian Royal Navy.
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Goryani The Goryani movement (Bulgarian: Горянско движение ) or Goryanstvo (Bulgarian: горянство : Goryanism) was an active guerrilla resistance against the Bulgarian communist regime. It began immediately after the Ninth of September "coup d'état" in 1944 which opened the way to communist rule in Bulgaria, reached its peak between 1947 and 1954, subsided by the late Fifties and ended by the early Sixties. The movement covered the entire country, including urban areas and is known to have been the first organised anti-Soviet armed resistance in eastern Europe as well as the longest lasting.
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Ustaše The Ustaše (), also known as Ustashe, Ustashas, and Ustashi, were members of the Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement (Croatian: "Ustaša – Hrvatski revolucionarni pokret" ), a Croatian fascist, racist, ultranationalist and terrorist organization, active, in its original form, between 1929 and 1945. Its members murdered hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews, Roma (Gypsies) as well as political dissidents in Yugoslavia during World War II.
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Republican Police Corps The Republican Police Corps (Italian: "Corpo di Polizia Repubblicana") was a police force of the Italian Social Republic during the Italian Civil War.
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Squadrismo Squadrismo [skwaˈdrizmo] consisted of fascist squads, mostly from rural areas, who were led by the "ras" from 1918–1924. As a movement, it grew from the inspiration many "squadistsi" leaders found in Benito Mussolini, but was not directly controlled by Mussolini, and each squad tended to follow their own local leader. The "squadrismo" has been described as a “very undisciplined set of local bosses” where Mussolini attempted to assert some type of leadership control, although he had “not appointed” them nor had he usually met them. According to historian Stanley G. Payne, the "new mass Fascism had not been created by Mussolini," but the "squadrismo" had sprung up around him in rural areas, first starting in northern Italy.
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Fascism Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and control of industry and commerce, that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before it spread to other European countries. Opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.
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Greek Operation of the NKVD The Greek Operation (Russian: Греческая Операция , translit. Grecheskaya Operatsiya; Ukrainian: Грецька операція ) was an organised mass persecution of the 450,000 Greeks of the Soviet Union that was ordered by Joseph Stalin. Greeks often use the term "pogrom" (πογκρόμ) for this persecution, though this term usually refers to mob violence rather than persecution by police acting under direct orders, as this one was. It began on December 15, 1937 and marked the beginning of the repressions against Greeks went on for 13 years.
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Spanish Republican Army The Spanish Republican Army, Spanish: "Ejército de la República Española" , was the main branch of the Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939.
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Seven Enemy Offensives The Seven Enemy Offensives () is a group name used in Yugoslav historiography to refer to seven major Axis military operations undertaken during World War II in Yugoslavia against the Yugoslav Partisans.
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Italian Partisan Republics The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by Italian partisans from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic in 1944 during the Second World War. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic.
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Greek Civil War The Greek Civil War (Greek: ο Eμφύλιος [Πόλεμος] "o Emfýlios [Pólemos]", "the Civil War") was fought in Greece from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek government army (backed by the United Kingdom and the United States), and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE, the military branch of the Greek Communist Party (KKE), backed by Yugoslavia and Albania as well as by Bulgaria), most probably the first Proxy war of the Cold War. The fighting resulted in the defeat of the Communist insurgents by the government forces. Founded by the Communist Party of Greece and funded by Communist nations such as Yugoslavia, the Democratic Army of Greece included many personnel who had fought as partisans against German and Italian occupation forces during the Second World War of 1939–1945.
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Italian Army in Russia The Italian Army in Russia ("Armata Italiana in Russia", or ARMIR) was an army-sized unit of the Italian Royal Army ("Regio Esercito Italiano") which fought on the Eastern Front during World War II. The ARMIR was also known as the 8th Italian Army and initially had 235,000 soldiers.
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Red Terror (Hungary) The Red Terror in Hungary (Hungarian: "vörösterror" ) was a period of heightened political tension and suppression in 1919 during the four-month period of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, primarily towards anti-communists. It received its name in reference to the name of the Red Terror of Soviet Russia. It was soon followed by the White Terror against communists.