What language were books being translated into during the era of Haymo of Faversham?
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Haymo of Faversham Haymo of Faversham, O.F.M. ( c. 1243 ), was an English Franciscan scholar. His scholastic epithet was Inter Aristotelicos Aristotelicissimus (Latin for "Most Aristotelian among the Aristotelians"), referring to his stature among the Scholastics during the Recovery of Aristotle amid the 12th- and 13th-century Renaissance. He acquired fame as a lecturer at the University of Paris and also as a preacher when he entered the Order of Friars Minor, probably in 1224 or 1225. He served as the Minister Provincial for England (1239–1240) and as the Minister General of the Order (1240–c. 1243 ).
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Recovery of Aristotle The "Recovery of Aristotle" (or Rediscovery) refers to the copying or re-translating of most of Aristotle's books (of ancient Greece), from Greek or Arabic text into Latin, during the Middle Ages, of the Latin West. The Recovery of Aristotle spanned about 100 years, from the middle 12th century into the 13th century, and copied or translated over 42 books (see: Corpus Aristotelicum), including Arabic texts from Arabic authors, where the previous Latin versions had only two books in general circulation: "Categories" and "On Interpretation" ("De Interpretatione").
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Timotheus of Gaza Timotheus of Gaza (Greek: Τιμόθεος ὁ Γαζαῖος ), sometimes referred to as Timothy of Gaza, was a Greek grammarian active during the reign of Anastasius, i.e. 491-518. He is the author of a book on animals which may have been one of the sources of the Arabic "Nu'ut al-Hayawan". He also wrote a work in four volumes titled "On unusual foreign birds and serpents".
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Institutes of the Christian Religion Institutes of the Christian Religion (Latin: "Institutio Christianae Religionis" ) is John Calvin's seminal work of Protestant systematic theology. Highly influential in the Western world and still widely read by theological students today, it was published in Latin in 1536 (at the same time as Henry VIII of England's Dissolution of the Monasteries) and in his native French language in 1541, with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French). It was a landmark in the elaboration of the French language in the 16th century to become a national language.
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Book of Nunnaminster The Book of Nunnaminster (London, British Library, Harley MS 2965) is a 9th-century Anglo-Saxon prayerbook. It was written in the kingdom of Mercia, using an "insular" hand (as used in the British Isles), related to Carolingian minuscule. It was probably later owned by Ealhswith, wife of Alfred the Great. It is related to, but of an earlier date than, the Book of Cerne, and also to the Royal Prayerbook and the Harleian prayerbook. Like Cerne it contains the Passion narratives of the four Gospels and a collection of non-liturgical prayers, many of which relate to the Passion. The Book of Nunnaminster shares some poems with the Book of Cerne. The Book of Nunnaminster includes some Decorated initials.
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George Joye George Joye (also Joy and Jaye ) (c. 1495 – 1553) was a 16th-century Bible translator who produced the first printed translation of several books of the Old Testament into English (1530–1534), as well as the first English Primer (1529).
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Gilbert Hay (poet) Gilbert Hay (b. c. 1403; last mentioned in 1456) or Sir Gilbert the Haye, Scottish poet and translator, was perhaps a kinsman of the house of Errol.
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Albinus (abbot) Albinus (died 732) was an abbot of St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. He assisted Bede in the compilation of his "Historia Ecclesiastica", and what we know concerning him is chiefly derived from the dedicatory epistle at the beginning of that work. Albinus was a pupil of Archbishop Theodore and his coadjutor Adrian of Canterbury, abbot of St. Peter's. Through the instructions of the latter he became not only versed in the Scriptures, but likewise a master of Greek and Latin (Chron. G. Thorne). On the death of Adrian, Albinus succeeded to the abbacy, being the first native Englishman who filled that post. Bede in his epistle says that he was indebted to Albinus for all the facts contained in his history relating to the Kentish church between the first conversion of the English and the time at which he was writing. Much of this information was collected by the presbyter Nothelm, who, at the instigation of Albinus, undertook a journey to Rome and searched the archives there. Nothelm was the medium of communication between Bede and Albinus, for it does not appear that the two ever met. Albinus died in 732, and was buried beside his master Adrian.
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Ælfric of Eynsham Ælfric of Eynsham (Old English: "Ælfrīc" ; Latin: "Alfricus", "Elphricus" ) (  955 – c. 1010 ) was an English abbot, as well as a consummate, prolific writer in Old English of hagiography, homilies, biblical commentaries, and other genres. He is also known variously as "Ælfric the Grammarian" ("Alfricus Grammaticus"), "Ælfric of Cerne", and "Ælfric the Homilist". In the view of Peter Hunter Blair, he was "a man comparable both in the quantity of his writings and in the quality of his mind even with Bede himself." According to Claudio Leonardi, he "represented the highest pinnacle of Benedictine reform and Anglo-Saxon literature".
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Pantheon (book) The Liber universalis ("universal book") is a work of Gottfried von Viterbo (c. 1120 – c. 1196). In this work, completed in 1185, he chronicles world history from the creation of the world to the time of Heinrich VI (Henry VI). The "liber" was written around 1185 and is an extended version of the previous Memoria seculorum ("remembrance of the ages") by the same author which again builds on the Speculum regum ("mirror for kings/princes") dated to around 1185. It is subdivided into 20 „particulae” ("(small) parts"), the last of which is the so-called "Gesta Friderici"' ("Frederics achievements") first dedicated to Heinrich VI but ultimately to Pope Gregory VIII. The famous prosimetrum Pantheon builds upon the liber universalis and exists in 3 editions (1187,1188,1191). The Pantheon manuscript enjoyed a wide distribution in the late middle ages.
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William of Moerbeke William of Moerbeke, O.P. (Dutch: "Willem van Moerbeke" ; Latin: "Gulielmus de Moerbecum" ; 1215-35 – 1286), was a prolific medieval translator of philosophical, medical, and scientific texts from Greek language into Latin, enabled by the period of Latin rule of the Byzantine Empire. His translations were influential in his day, when few competing translations were available, and are still respected by modern scholars.
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Early Irish literature Early Irish literature is the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe. The earliest existing examples of the written Irish language are Ogham inscriptions dating from the 4th century. Extant manuscripts do not go back farther than the 8th century. Two works written by Saint Patrick, his "Confessio" and "Letter to Coroticus" were written in Latin some time in the 5th century, and preserved in the "Book of Armagh".
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Richard Parry (bishop) Richard Parry (1560–1623) was a Bishop of St Asaph and translator of the Bible to the Welsh language. He was born in 1560, the son of John ap Harri, from Pwllhalog, Cwm, Flintshire, and Ruthin, and his wife, Elen ferch Dafydd ap John, a lady from Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd, near Ruthin, North Wales.
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Jerusalem Bible The Jerusalem Bible ("JB" or "TJB") is an English-language translation of the Bible that was first introduced to the English-speaking public in 1966 and published by Darton, Longman & Todd. As a Catholic Bible, it includes the traditional 73 books found in most English translations until the mid 19th century: the 39 books shared with the Hebrew Bible, along with the seven deuterocanonical books as the Old Testament, and the 27 books shared by all Christians as the New Testament. It also contains copious footnotes and introductions.
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Bible translations into Belarusian The first translation into Belarusian was by Francysk Skaryna. He printed his first book titled "The Psalter", in the Old Belarusian recension of Church Slavonic on August 6, 1517 in Prague. He continued his printing work in Vilnius. The culmination of his life's work was a printing of the Bible in the Old Belarusian recension of Church Slavonic. From 1517 to 1519 he printed 23 books of the Bible. Belarusian bible was the first translation in an Eastern Slavic language and one of the first among European languages.
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Pere Marsili Pere Marsili (also known as Peter Marsili) was a Dominican friar, chronicler, translator, and royal ambassador during the 13th and 14th centuries. In 1314 King James II of Aragon ordered him to make a Latin adaptation of a now-lost autobiography of James I of Aragon, the "Llibre dels feyts." The Catalan language original famously recounted the heroics of James I, known as the "Conqueror," and was a project in which the King himself had reputedly been involved. Marsili completed the four-part work in 1322 and titled it "Commentarioum de gestis Regis Jacobi primi" or "Commentary on the Deeds of King James I" (at times called the "Liber gestorum" or "Book of Deeds", in reference to the original). Some historians believe he may also have written other extant works traditionally ascribed to a Pere Martell.
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Deruvian Deruvian (Medieval Latin: "Deruvianus" ), also known by several other names including Damian, was a possibly legendary 2nd-century bishop and saint, said to have been sent by the pope to answer King Lucius's request for baptism and conversion to Christianity. Together with his companion St Fagan, he was sometimes reckoned as the apostle of Britain. King Lucius's letter (in most accounts, to Pope Eleutherius) may represent earlier traditions but does not appear in surviving sources before the 6th century; the names of the bishops sent to him does not appear in sources older than the early 12th century, when their story was used to support the independence of the bishops of St Davids in Wales and the antiquity of the Glastonbury Abbey in England. The story became widely known following its appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudohistorical "History of the Kings of Britain". This was influential for centuries and its account of SS Fagan and Deruvian was used during the English Reformation to support the claims of both the Catholics and Protestants. Geoffrey's account is now considered wholly implausible, but Christianity was well-established in Roman Britain by the third century. Some scholars therefore argue the stories preserve a more modest account of the conversion of a Romano-British chieftain, possibly by Roman emissaries by these names.
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In Lebor Ogaim In Lebor Ogaim ("The Book of Ogams"), also known as the Ogam Tract, is an Old Irish treatise on the ogham alphabet. It is preserved in R.I.A. MS 23 P 12 308–314 (AD 1390), T.C.D. H.3.18, 26.1–35.28 (AD 1511) and National Library of Ireland MS G53 1–22 (17th century), and fragments in British Library Add. 4783. It does not bear a title in the manuscripts, but it is mentioned in the "Auraicept na n-Éces" (2813f.) as "amal isber in leapar ogaim", whence the commonly used title. The Ogham Tract is independent of the Auraicept, and is our main source for the Bríatharogaim.
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Tiberian Hebrew Tiberian Hebrew is the canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh committed to writing by Masoretic scholars living in the Jewish community of Tiberias in ancient Judea  750–950 CE . They wrote in the form of Tiberian vocalization, which employed diacritics added to the Hebrew letters: vowel signs and consonant diacritics (nequdot) and the so-called accents (two related systems of cantillation signs or te'amim). These together with the marginal notes masora magna and masora parva make up the Tiberian apparatus.
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Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library The Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library (est. 2010) is a series of books published by Harvard University Press in collaboration with the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. It presents editions of texts originally written in medieval Latin, Byzantine Greek, and Old English, with facing-page translations into modern English. The aim is to make such texts accessible to English-speaking scholars and general readers.
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Bible translations into Arabic Translations of the Bible into Arabic are known from the early Christian churches in Syria, Egypt, Malta and Spain. Some of these translations are from Syriac (the Peshitta), Coptic or Latin. The earliest fragment of the Old Testament in Arabic is a text of Psalm 77, found in the Umayyad Mosque, dating from the 8th century.
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Chronicon (Jerome) The Chronicle (or Chronicon or "Temporum liber", "The Book of Times") was a universal chronicle, one of Jerome's earliest attempts at history. It was composed c. 380 in Constantinople; this is a translation into Latin of the chronological tables which compose the second part of the "Chronicon" of Eusebius, with a supplement covering the period from 325 to 379. Despite numerous errors taken from Eusebius, and some of his own, Jerome produced a valuable work of universal history, if only for the example which it gave to such later chroniclers as Prosper of Aquitaine, Cassiodorus, and Victor of Tunnuna to continue his annals. In conformity with the "Chronicon" of Eusebius (early 4th century), Jerome dated Creation to 5201 BC.