Which early leader of the Haitian Revolution conducted a secret ceremony during which the first major slave insurrection was planned in 1791?
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Bois Caïman Bois Caïman (Haitian Creole: "Bwa Kayiman" ) is the site of the Vodou ceremony during which the first major slave insurrection of the Haitian Revolution was planned. On the night of August 14, 1791, representative slaves from nearby plantations gathered to participate in a secret ceremony conducted in the woods by nearby Le Cap in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Presided over by Dutty Boukman, a prominent slave leader and Vodou priest, the ceremony served as both a religious ritual and strategic meeting as conspirators met and planned a revolt against the ruling white planters of the colony's wealthy Northern Plain.
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Dutty Boukman Dutty Boukman (also known as Boukman Dutty) (died 7 November 1791) was an African man, enslaved in Jamaica and later in Haiti. He is considered both a maroon leader and Vodou hougan (priest) and was an early leader of the Haitian Revolution.
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Conspiracy of the Tres Antonios The Conspiracy of the Tres Antonios (1781) (Spanish: "Conspiración de los tres Antonios" ) was minor failed conspiracy against the Spanish colonial authorities in the captaincy-general of Chile, that was led by two Frenchmen, Antonio Gramusset and Antonio Berney, and a criollo, José Antonio de Rojas. It was so named because all three conspirators shared the same first name.
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Papa Legba Papa Legba is a loa in Haitian Vodou, who serves as the intermediary between the loa and humanity. He stands at a spiritual crossroads and gives (or denies) permission to speak with the spirits of Guinee, and is believed to speak all human languages. In Haiti, he is the great elocutioner. Legba facilitates communication, speech, and understanding.
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Joseph Allicocke Joseph Allicocke (alternatively Joseph Allicock or Allicoke) was an American colonist possibly of mixed African and European descent, and an early leader of the Sons of Liberty during the protests against the Stamp Act of 1765.
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François Capois François Capois (or François Cappoix; 1766 – October 8, 1806, nicknamed Capois-La-Mort, also Cappoix-la-Mort, meaning "Capois-Death") was a Haitian officer in the Haitian Revolution (1791–1794) for independence from France.
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Fugitive Slave Law Convention The Fugitive Slave Law Convention was held in Cazenovia, New York, August 21-22, 1850. Organized to oppose passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 by the United States Congress, participants included Frederick Douglass, the Edmonson sisters, Gerrit Smith, Samuel Joseph May, and Theodore Dwight Weld, among others. The convention opened at the First Congregational Church of Cazenovia (now Cazenovia College's theater building), then moved to "the orchard of Grace Wilson's School, located on Sullivan Street," to accommodate the estimated 2000 to 3000 participants. It was chaired by Douglass.
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Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet, Prince de Martigues (Paris, 23 January 1830 – 8 July 1909), was a French general, best known for having taken part in the repression of the 1871 Paris Commune. He was Minister of War in Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet at the turn of the century, which caused a controversy in the socialist movement, since independent socialist Alexandre Millerand also took part in the same government, and was thus side by side with the "Fusilleur de la Commune" (the "Commune's executioner").
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Agonglo Agonglo was a King of the Kingdom of Dahomey, in present-day Benin, from 1789 until 1797. Agonglo took over from his father King Kpengla in 1789 and inherited many of the economic problems that developed during Kpengla's reign. Because of the poor economy, Agonglo was often constrained by domestic opposition. As a response, he reformed many of the economic policies (lowered taxes and removed constrains on the slave trade) and did military expeditions to try to increase the supply for the Atlantic slave trade. Many of these efforts were unsuccessful and European traders became less active in the ports of the kingdom. As a final effort, Agonglo accepted two Portuguese Catholic missionaries which resulted in a large outcry in royal circles and resulted in his assassination on May 1, 1797. Adandozan, his second oldest son, was named the new king.
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Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795 A slave revolt took place in the Dutch colony of Curaçao in 1795, led by Tula, a local slave, and resulted in a month-long conflict on the island between escapees and the colonial government.
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Jean Sylvain Bailly Jean Sylvain Bailly (] ; 15 September 1736 – 12 November 1793) was a French astronomer, mathematician, freemason, and political leader of the early part of the French Revolution. He presided over the Tennis Court Oath, served as the mayor of Paris from 1789 to 1791, and was ultimately guillotined during the Reign of Terror.
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Bahá'í Faith in Haiti The Bahá'í Faith in Haiti began in 1916 when `Abdu'l-Bahá, the head of the religion, cited Haiti as one of the island countries of the Caribbean where Bahá'ís should establish a religious community. The first Bahá'í to visit the island was Mrs. Harriet Gibbs Marshall, from 1922-1928. Another early Bahá'í to visit Haiti was Leonora Armstrong in 1927. After that, others visited Haiti, and by January 1937 Louis George Gregory visited the island and cited the presence of a small community of Bahá'ís. The first long term pioneers, Ruth and Ellsworth Blackwell, arrived in 1940. Following their arrival the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Haiti was formed in 1942 in Port-au-Prince. From 1951 the Haitian Bahá'ís participated in regional organizations of the religion until 1961 when Haitian Bahá'ís elected their own National Spiritual Assembly and soon took on goals reaching out into neighboring islands. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 23,000 Bahá'ís in Haiti in 2005.
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Haitian Declaration of Independence The Haitian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1804 in the port city of Gonaïves by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, marking the end of 13-year long Haitian Revolution. The declaration marked Haiti's becoming the first independent nation of Latin America and only the second in the Americas after the United States. Notably, the Haitian Declaration of Independence signalled the culmination of the only successful slave revolution in history. Only two copies of the original printed version exist. Both of these were discovered by Julia Gaffield, a Duke University postgraduate student, in the British Archives in 2010 and 2011. They are currently held by the National Archives, Kew.
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Kruščica rebellion In 1808 a short-lived rebellion aimed at national and social liberation broke out in the Banat region in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy, stirred by the First Serbian Uprising in the Sanjak of Smederevo of the Ottoman Empire. Led by Serbs and Romanians, it followed a short-lived Serb rebellion in Syrmia in 1807. The initiators were Orthodox priest Dimitrije Georgijević (or Đorđević) from Kruščica, former Free Corps members, captain Marijan Jovanović (or Josipović) and oberstlieutenant Pivu Žumanka (or Šumanka), and young lieutenant Toma Skripeće (or Stipeće). The organizers were in contact with the Serbian rebel leaders Milenko Stojković, Luka Lazarević and Petar Dobrnjac. The rebellion was planned in the Wallachian-Illyrian Regiment. The Serbs and Romanians each sought the liberation of their people. Dimitrije Georgijević repeated to his followers that the main goal was the restoration of the Serbian Empire.
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Grégoire Orlyk Grégoire Orlyk, also Hryhor Orlyk (Ukrainian: Григор Пилипович Орлик , November 5, 1702, Baturyn – November 14, 1759, Minden), was a French military commander, special envoy and member of Louis XV's secret intelligence service. Grégoire Orlyk was born in Ukraine, the son of Ukrainian hetman in exile Pylyp Orlyk received good education in Sweden, served in Poland and Saxony, participated in secret efforts of France to restore on the Polish throne Stanisław Leszczyński. He later commanded the king's regiment of "Royal suedois". For his intelligence work and military exploits was given the title of a "comte" and promoted to the general's rank of Maréchal de camp. Grégoire Orlyk was an acquaintance of French philosopher Voltaire, championed Ukrainian cause in France and other countries.
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Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy (Russian: Серге́й Петро́вич Трубецко́й ; 29 August 1790 – 22 November 1860) was one of the organizers of the Decembrist movement. Close to Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov in his views, he was declared the group's leader on the eve of the December 26 uprising in 1825 but failed to appear, and instead sought refuge in the Austrian embassy.
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Jean-Claude Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier (] ), nicknamed “Baby Doc” (Haitian Creole: "Bebe Dòk" ) (3 July 19514 October 2014), was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986. He succeeded his father François "Papa Doc" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after the latter's death in 1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency. He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle (including a state-sponsored US$  2million wedding in 1980) while poverty among his people remained the most widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere.
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Areopagus Lodge The Areopagus Lodge, (also known as Areopagus in Itambé) was the first Masonic lodge in Brazil and the first secret society in Pernambuco. It was founded in 1796 in Itambé, Pernambuco by Manuel Arruda da Câmara, a former Carmelite friar who had been educated in France. It was inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution including the Conspiracy of Suassuna which aimed to create an independent republic allied to Napoleon Bonapart. The failure of this attempted coup meant that the Lodge was closed in 1802.
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Jacques-Victor Henry Jacques-Victor Henry, Prince Royal of Haiti (3 March 1804 – 18 October 1820) was the heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Haiti.
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Philippe Guerrier Jean-Jacques Louis Philippe Guerrier (December 19, 1757 – April 15, 1845) was a career officer and general in the Haitian Army who became President of Haïti on May 3, 1844. He died in office on April 15, 1845.
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Victor Hugues Jean-Baptiste Victor Hugues sometimes spelled Hughes (born in Marseille July 20, 1762 and died in Cayenne August 12, 1826) was a French politician and colonial administrator during the French Revolution, who governed Guadeloupe from 1794 to 1798, emancipating the island's slaves under orders from the National Convention.
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Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir (10 May 1749 Passais-la-Conception - 1783) was a secret French envoy to the American colonies, in 1775.