The line surrounding the Sambor Ghetto was established during which war?
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Sambor Ghetto Sambor Ghetto (Polish: "getto w Samborze" ) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in March 1942 by the "Schutzstaffel" ("SS") in the prewar Polish city of Sambor in the south-eastern region of Kresy (now Sambir, Ukraine). Sambor was occupied by Nazi Germany twice, first during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, and again, after the 1941 Operation Barbarossa. Before the war, Sambor was a county seat in the Lwów Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic. The invading Germans handed the town over to the Soviets in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland. Sambor was annexed to the Ukrainian SSR along with the entire region in the atmosphere of intimidation, and the NKVD terror. In 1941 the city was overrun again by the Wehrmacht army in the course of the German attack on the Soviet positions behind the Curzon Line (see map, marked in red), and incorporated it into their own "Distrikt Galizien". According to the Polish census of 1931 Jews constituted nearly 29 percent of the town's inhabitants, most of whom were killed during the Holocaust. Sambor (Sambir) is not to be confused with the much smaller Old Sambor (Stary Sambor, now Staryi Sambir) located close-by, although their Jewish history is inextricably linked together.
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Curzon Line The history of the Curzon Line, with minor variations, goes back to the period following World War I. It was drawn for the first time by the Supreme War Council as the demarcation line between the newly emerging states, the Second Polish Republic, and the Soviet Union. The proposal was put forward by British Foreign Secretary George Curzon, to serve as a diplomatic basis for the future border agreement, and in that form, it never materialized because the war went on.
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Polish–Lithuanian War The Polish–Lithuanian War was an armed conflict between newly independent Lithuania and Poland in the aftermath of World War I. The conflict primarily concerned territorial control of the Vilnius Region, including Vilnius, and the Suwałki Region, including the towns of Suwałki, Augustów, and Sejny. The conflict was largely shaped by the progress in the Polish–Soviet War and international efforts to mediate at the Conference of Ambassadors and later the League of Nations. There are major differences in Polish and Lithuanian historiography regarding treatment of the war. According to Lithuanian historians, the war was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and spanned from spring 1919 to November 1920. According to Poland, the war included only fighting over the Suwałki Region in September–October 1920 and was part of the Polish–Soviet War.
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Mius-Front The Mius-Front was a heavily fortified defensive line created by the Germans in October 1941 under direction of General Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist along the Mius River during World War II.
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Mannerheim Line The Mannerheim Line (Finnish: Mannerheim-linja , Swedish: Mannerheimlinjen ) was a defensive fortification line on the Karelian Isthmus built by Finland against the Soviet Union. During the Winter War it became known as the Mannerheim Line, after Field Marshal Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim. The line was constructed in two phases: 1920–1924 and 1932–1939. By November 1939, when the Winter War began, the line was by no means complete.
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1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine The 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine was the first phase of the 1948 Palestine war. It broke out after the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption of the Partition Plan for Palestine.
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Line of contact The Line of Contact marked the farthest advance of Canadian, American, British and Soviet Armies into German controlled territory at the End of World War II in Europe. (In general "Line of Contact" refers to the demarcation between any two armies, or more, and this contact can be between belligerent or between allied armies.)
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Abraham Gancwajch Abraham Gancwajch (1902 — possibly killed in 1943, Warsaw) was a prominent Nazi collaborator in the Warsaw Ghetto during the occupation of Poland in World War II, and a Jewish "kingpin" of the ghetto underworld. Opinions about Gancwajch's activities in the ghetto are controversial, although modern research concludes unanimously that he was an informer and collaborator motivated chiefly by personal interest.
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Budapest Ghetto The Budapest Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto set up in Budapest, Hungary, where Jews were forced to relocate by a decree of the Hungarian Government during the final stages of World War II. The ghetto existed only from November 29, 1944, until January 17, 1945.
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Westerbork transit camp The Westerbork transit camp (Dutch: "Kamp Westerbork" , German: "Durchgangslager Westerbork" ) was a World War II Nazi refugee, detention and transit camp in Hooghalen, ten kilometres (6.2 miles) north of Westerbork, in the northeastern Netherlands. Its function during the Second World War was to assemble Romani and Dutch Jews for transport to Nazi extermination camps and other concentration camps.
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Lwów pogrom (1918) The Lwów pogrom (Polish: "pogrom lwowski" , German: "Lemberg pogrom" ) was a pogrom of the Jewish population of the city of Lwów (since 1945 Lviv, Ukraine) that took place on November 21–23, 1918 during the Polish–Ukrainian War, in the aftermath of World War I. The Ukrainian National Council proclaimed the formation of the Ukrainian Republic on November 1, 1918 with Lviv as its capital. The Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland declared Poland's independence a week later and formed the government on 14 November 1918. The battle of Lwów lasted until 21 November 1918. In the course of the following three days of unrest in the city, an estimated 52–150 Jewish residents were killed and hundreds injured, with widespread looting carried out by Polish soldiers, and those only pretending to be so, as well as lawless civilians, and local criminals. According to Norman Davies, two hundred and seventy more Ukrainians were killed during this time as well; historian Christoph Mick stated that not a single Ukrainian was murdered. The Poles did not stop the pogrom until two days after it began. Over a thousand people, including some soldiers, were arrested by Polish authorities during and after the pogrom. Some early accounts of the pogrom, listing multiple thousands of casualties, were likely exaggerated.
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Timeline of the Holocaust A timeline of the Holocaust is detailed in the events listed below. Also referred to as the Shoah (in Hebrew), the Holocaust was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Nazi Germany and its World War II collaborators. About 1.5 million of the victims were children. Two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe were murdered. The following timeline has been compiled from a variety of sources including the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC, Russian: Еврейский антифашистский комитет "Yevreysky antifashistsky komitet", ЕАК) was organized by the Jewish Bund (labor union) leaders Henryk Erlich and Victor Alter, upon an initiative of Soviet authorities, in fall 1941; both were released from prison in connection with their participation. Following their re-arrest, in December 1941, the Committee was reformed on Joseph Stalin's order in Kuibyshev in April 1942 with the official support of the Soviet authorities. It was designed to influence international public opinion and organize political and material support for the Soviet fight against Nazi Germany, particularly from the West. In 1952, as part of the persecution of Jews in the last year part of Stalin's rule (for example, the "Doctors' plot"), most prominent members of the JAC were arrested on trumped-up spying charges, tortured, tried in secret proceedings, and executed in the basement of Lubyanka Prison. Stalin and elements of the KGB were worried about their influence and connections with the West. They were officially rehabilitated in 1988.
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Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland were established during World War II in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland. Most Jewish ghettos had been created by Nazi Germany between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine and segregate Poland's Jewish population of about 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation. In smaller towns, ghettos often served as staging points for Jewish slave-labor and mass deportation actions, while in the urban centers they resembled walled-off prison-islands described by some historians as little more than instruments of "slow, passive murder," with dead bodies littering the streets.
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Reghin ghetto The Reghin ghetto was one of the Nazi-era ghettos for European Jews during World War II. It was located in the city of Reghin (Hungarian: "Szászrégen" ) in Mureș County, Transylvania, now part of Romania but administered by the Kingdom of Hungary from the 1940 Second Vienna Award's grant of Northern Transylvania until late 1944. It was active in the spring of 1944, following Operation Margarethe.
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The Holocaust in Serbia The Holocaust in Serbia was the genocide against Jews and Romani during World War II in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia supported by the puppet government led by Milan Nedić. Serbia today includes areas outside the Military Commander of Serbia's Territory in 1941 to 1945: especially the Vojvodina then made up of the Hungarian Delvidek with its major city of Novi Sad or Ujvidek and Serbian Banat, and today it also includes an area then part of Croatia, called Srem or Syrmia.
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Ghetto A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group live, typically as a result of social, legal, or economic pressure. The term was originally used in Venice to describe the part of the city to which Jews were restricted and segregated but the term has since been applied in various contexts.
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Special Prosecution Book-Poland Special Prosecution Book-Poland (German: Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen , Polish: "Specjalna księga Polaków ściganych listem gończym" ) was the proscription list prepared by the Germans immediately before the onset of war, that identified more than 61,000 members of Polish elites: activists, intelligentsia, scholars, actors, former officers, and prominent others, who were to be interned or shot on the spot upon their identification following the invasion.
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NKVD prisoner massacres The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions carried out by the Soviet NKVD secret police during World War II against political prisoners across Eastern Europe, primarily Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Bessarabia and other parts of the Soviet Union from which the Red Army was retreating following the Nazi German attack on the Soviet positions in occupied Poland, known as Operation Barbarossa.
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Šiauliai Ghetto The Šiauliai or Shavli Ghetto was a Jewish ghetto established in July 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Šiauliai (Yiddish: שאַװל‎ , "Shavl") in Nazi-occupied Lithuania during the Holocaust. The ghetto comprised two areas – one in the Kaukazas suburb and one on Trakai Street. Both were liquidated by July 1944, and their inhabitants were killed or transferred to Nazi concentration camps. In 1939, one quarter of the population of Šiauliai was Jewish, about 8,000 persons. By the end of World War II, only about 500 Jews of the city had survived.
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Vitebsk–Orsha Offensive The Vitebsk–Orsha Offensive (Russian: Витебско-Оршанская наступательная операция ) was part of the Belorussian Strategic Offensive of the Red Army in summer 1944, commonly known as Operation Bagration. During the offensive, Soviet troops captured Vitebsk and Orsha. A Soviet breakthrough during the offensive helped achieve the encirclement of German troops in the subsequent Minsk Offensive.
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Operation Reinhard Operation Reinhard or Operation Reinhardt (German: "Aktion Reinhard "or" Aktion Reinhardt "also" Einsatz Reinhard "or" Einsatz Reinhardt" ) was the codename given to the secretive German Nazi plan to massacre the majority of Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland, during World War II. The operation marked the deadliest phase of the Holocaust and the introduction of extermination camps.