What was the nickname of this Romanian and authoritarian politician under whose regime the chief rabbi of Romania Alexandru Șafran succeeded in saving Jews during the Holocaust?
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Alexandru Șafran Alexandru Şafran (or Alexandre Safran; September 12, 1910 – July 27, 2006) was a Romanian and, after 1948, Swiss rabbi. As chief rabbi of Romania (1940–1948), he intervened with authorities in the fascist government of Ion Antonescu in an unusually successful attempt to save Jews during the Holocaust.
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Ion Antonescu Ion Victor Antonescu (] ; June 15, 1882 – June 1, 1946) was a Romanian soldier and authoritarian politician who, as the Prime Minister and "Conducător" during most of World War II, presided over two successive wartime dictatorships. After the war, he was convicted of war crimes and executed.
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Raffaele Cantoni Raffaele Cantoni (1896–1971) was an anti-fascist Italian Jew who is best known for his efforts, perhaps daring, in saving Italian Jews from the Holocaust. He was a DELASEM executive before and during the German occupation of World War II. He was also President of the pro-Zionist UCEI (Unione delle Comunità Ebraiche Italiane) or Union of Italian Jewish Communities. He was a Mason and a socialist.
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Filimon Sârbu Filimon Sârbu (August 10, 1916 – July 19, 1941) was a Romanian communist activist and anti-fascist militant executed by the pro-Nazi authorities during World War II. After the war, he was acclaimed as a hero by the communist government.
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Untermensch Untermensch (] , "underman", "sub-man", "subhuman"; plural: "Untermenschen") is a term that became infamous when the Nazis used it to describe non-Aryan "inferior people" often referred to as "the masses from the East", that is Jews, Roma, and Slavs - mainly ethnic Poles, Serbs, and later also Russians. The term was also applied to most Blacks, and persons of color, with some particular exceptions. Jewish people were to be exterminated in the Holocaust, along with Romani people, and the physically and mentally disabled According to the "Generalplan Ost", the Slavic population of East-Central Europe was to be reduced in part through mass murder in the Holocaust, with a majority expelled to Asia and used as slave labor in the Reich. These concepts were an important part of the Nazi racial policy.
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National Peasants' Party The National Peasants' Party ("Partidul Național Țărănesc" or "PNȚ") was a Romanian political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion of the Romanian National Party ("Partidul Național Român" ) from Transylvania and the Peasants' Party ("Partidul Țărănesc" ) from the prewar kingdom. It was in power for most of the time between 1928 and 1933 with longtime leader Iuliu Maniu as prime minister. A moderately conservative party, with some left-wing corporatist views (supporting, for instance, voluntary cooperative farming), it remained staunchly pro-monarchy.
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Iosif Jumanca Iosif Jumanca (December 23, 1893 – June 26, 1950) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician.
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Alexandru Bădărău Alexandru A. Bădărău (April 9, 1859–March 27, 1927) was a Romanian politician, academic and journalist.
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Sfarmă-Piatră Sfarmă-Piatră (literally "Stone-Crusher" or "Rock-Breaker", named after one of the "Uriași" characters in Romanian folklore; ] ) was an antisemitic daily, monthly and later weekly newspaper, published in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s. One in a series of publications founded by Nichifor Crainic (better known as the head of "Gândirea" magazine), with support from "Universul" editor-in-chief Stelian Popescu, it attempted to regroup the various fascist and pro-fascist movements around Crainic's "ethnocratic" principle. The editorial staff comprised a group of far right intellectuals; alongside the editor-in-chief Alexandru Gregorian, they included Ovidiu Papadima, Vintilă Horia, Dan Botta, Dragoș Protopopescu, Toma Vlădescu, and Pan M. Vizirescu. It notably hosted contributions by writers Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești, Radu Gyr and Ștefan Baciu.
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Ilie Ceaușescu Ilie Ceaușescu (8 June 1926 – 1 October 2002) was a Romanian army general and communist politician who served as Deputy Defence Minister of Communist Romania during the rule of his older brother, Nicolae Ceaușescu.
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Gheorghe Apostol Gheorghe Apostol (May 16, 1913 – August 21, 2010) was a Romanian politician, deputy Prime Minister of Romania and a former leader of the Communist Party, noted for his rivalry with Nicolae Ceaușescu.
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Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (] ; November 8, 1901 – March 19, 1965) was a Romanian communist politician who governed Romania from 1947 to 1965 as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party.
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De-Stalinization in Romania The De-Stalinization in Romania was a process of removing policies and Stalin's cult of personality between 1959 and 1965. Implemented by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, it included the marginalization of Stalinist communists, such as Ana Pauker and a large-scale amnesty of thousands of political prisoners. A number of political and cultural figures from the 19th century fight for independence were rehabilitated and writers formerly considered "bourgeois decadent" (like Tudor Arghezi) were allowed to publish again.
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Mihail Roller Mihail Roller (] , first name also "Mihai", also known as Rolea or Rollea; May 6, 1908 – June 21, 1958) was a Romanian communist activist, historian and propagandist, who held a rigid ideological control over Romanian historiography and culture in the early years of the communist regime. During his training in engineering, he rallied with the communist cells in Romania and abroad, joining the Romanian Communist Party while it was still an underground group. He collaborated with the Agitprop leaders Leonte Răutu and Iosif Chișinevschi, spent time in prison for his communist activity, and ultimately exiled himself to the Soviet Union, where he trained in Marxist historiography.
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Ștefan Pirogan Ştefan Pirogan (born in Rădoaia) was a Romanian politician. He served as Mayor of Bălţi (1922–1924, 1927, 1929, 1931–1932). After the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Pirogan was arrested on June 13, 1941 and deported. Ştefan Pirogan was 52 when he died at Ivdel.
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Romanian Front The Romanian Front (Romanian: "Frontul Românesc" , FR) was a moderate fascist party created in Romania in 1935. Led by former Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, it originated as a right-wing splinter group from the mainstream National Peasants' Party (PNȚ). It had a generally xenophobic program of positive discrimination, being implicitly (and eventually explicitly) antisemitic. The FR was subsumed to the policies of King Carol II, maneuvering between the mainstream National Liberals, the PNȚ's left-wing, and the more radically fascist Iron Guard. Vaida tried to compete with the former two and appease the latter, assuming fascist trappings such as the black-shirted uniform.
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Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod (February 27, 1872 – March 19, 1950) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician who was a supporter and promoter of the union of Transylvania (before 1920 part of Hungary) with the Romanian Old Kingdom; he later served 28th Prime Minister of Romania.
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Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski (also Stefański or Ștefanski; 1897-1937) was a Polish communist politician, active in Poland and in the Soviet Union. From 1931 to 1936, he oversaw the activities of Romanian communists in exile to the Soviet Union, and served as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (PCdR). During the period, he was seconded by Elena Filipescu, who was also his lover.
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Badea Cârțan Badea Cârțan (roughly: "Brother Cârțan" – the common nickname of Gheorghe Cârțan; 24 January 1849 – 7 August 1911) was a self-taught ethnic Romanian shepherd who fought for the independence of the Romanians of Transylvania (then under Hungarian rule inside Austria-Hungary), distributing Romanian-language books that he secretly brought from Romania to their villages. In all he smuggled some 200,000 books for pupils, priests, teachers and peasants; he used several routes to pass through the Făgăraş Mountains.
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Pavel Krushevan Pavel Aleksandrovich Krushevan (Russian: Павел Александрович Крушеван ; Romanian: "Pavel Cruşeveanu" ) (27 January [O.S. 15 January] 1860 – 18 June [O.S. 5 June] 1909 ) was a journalist, editor, publisher and an official in the Imperial Russia. He was an active Black Hundredist and was known for his far-right, ultra-nationalist and openly antisemitic views and was the first publisher of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion".
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Mugur Isărescu Constantin Mugur Isărescu (] ; born 1 August 1949) is the Governor of the National Bank of Romania, a position he held since September 1990, with the exception of an eleven months period (22 December 1999 to 28 November 2000), during which he served as Prime Minister of Romania. He is a member of the Romanian Academy. He wrote informative notes before 1989 using the pseudonim "Manole" for Ceausescu Internal Secret Service Securitate regarding work colleagues and foreigners. He is using a loophole in the 2008 legislation in order to avoid being formally accused (a sample of the CNSAS informant file in Romania Libera Newspaper, March 2017 [7]
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Moses Rosen Moses Rosen (known in Hebrew as David Moshe Rosen, ) (July 23, 1912 – May 6, 1994) was Chief Rabbi (Rav Kolel) of Romanian