Carl Daniel Ekman (March 17, 1845 – November 3, 1904) was a Swedish chemical engineer who invented the form of the sulfite process of wood pulp manufacturing which was first established on a firm commercial basis, helping to replace rags as the main raw material of paper with wood pulp, he opened the Ekman Pulp and Paper Company mill in Northfleet, Kent near the mouth of the Thames River in 1886, Kent is a county in South East England and is how many of the home counties?
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Carl Daniel Ekman Carl Daniel Ekman (March 17, 1845 – November 3, 1904) was a Swedish chemical engineer who invented the form of the sulfite process of wood pulp manufacturing which was first established on a firm commercial basis, helping to replace rags as the main raw material of paper with wood pulp. The process was developed at Bergvik, Sweden from 1871–1874, In 1879, he emigrated to England, and opened the Ekman Pulp and Paper Company mill in Northfleet, Kent near the mouth of the Thames River in 1886. He was also a consulting engineer and helped establish mills in Lachendorf, Celle, Germany, Dieppe, France, Rumford, Rhode Island, St. Petersburg, Russia, Korfu and Italy. After contracting malaria in French Guiana and losing a lawsuit on pollution of a Northfleet limestone quarry, he died bankrupt in Gravesend, Kent.
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Kent Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south west. The county also shares borders with Essex along the estuary of the River Thames, and with the French department of Pas-de-Calais along the English Channel. The county town is Maidstone.
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Gilman Paper Company The Gilman Paper Company was a paper producer that was started in the 1880s by Isaac Gilman in Gilman, Vermont. In the 1940s his son Charles Gilman built an additional mill in St. Mary's, Georgia. The company was capable of producing 2.6 million pounds of paper per day, employed 1,100 workers and 1,500 independent contractors, with an office in at 111 West 50th Street, New York. At the death of Charles Gilman in 1967, the company was run by his two sons, Charles (Chris) Gilman Jr and Howard Gilman. During this period the photography collection was started by Chris's wife Sondra Gilman, with the support of Chris and Howard. At the death of Charles Jr, in January 1982, Howard bought the balance of the company from Charles's estate and both Gilman Paper and Sondra Gilman continued to collect photographs. Howard Gilman died of a heart attack at his White Oak Plantation in Yulee, Florida in 1998. The paper mill was subsequently sold to Durango Products of Mexico. In 2002, Durango entered into bankruptcy, and the paper mill was shut down in September, 2002.
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Barber–Colman Company The Barber–Colman Company was a manufacturer of textile and milling machinery from its founding in 1894 until the 1980s. Howard Colman organized the company in Rockford, Illinois with capital from W. A. Barber. Early successes with their Hand Knotter and Warp Tying Machine allowed the company to expand internationally, manufacturing goods in five states and three countries. The company moved to Loves Park in the 1950s, but struggled following the death of Walter Colman in 1983. Eurotherm Controls, Inc. currently holds the rights to the company name.
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Steelmaking Steelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron ore and scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel. Limiting dissolved gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, and entrained impurities (termed "inclusions") in the steel is also important to ensure the quality of the products cast from the liquid steel.
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E. B. Eddy Company The E. B. Eddy Company was a Canadian pulp and paper company, now a division of Domtar Inc. It was originally incorporated in 1886 as The E. B. Eddy Manufacturing Company with Ezra Butler Eddy as its president. Eddy had begun business in 1854 making and selling wooden matches out of his home in Hull, Quebec. The company expanded into pulp and paper. In 1891, it was renamed to the E. B. Eddy Company.
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Bark mill Bark mills were water, steam, horse, ox or wind-powered edge mills used to process the bark, roots, and branches of various tree species into a fine powder known as tanbark, used for tanning leather. This powdering allowed the tannin to be extracted more efficiently from its woody source material. A barker would strip the bark from trees so that it might be ground in such mills, and the dried bark was often stored in bark houses.
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Chromoxylography Chromoxylography was a colour woodblock printing process, popular from the mid-19th to the early-20th century, commonly used to produce illustrations in children's books, serial pulp magazines, and cover art for yellow-back and penny dreadfuls. In the 19th century the art of relief engraving and chromoxylography was perfected by engravers and printers, most notably in England by Victorian engraver and printer Edmund Evans. A wide range of hues and tones were produced by the color mixing of the chromoxylography process—a technique that was complicated, requiring intricate engraving and printing for good results. Less expensive products, such as covers for pulp magazines, were coloured with as few colours as possible, often only two or three, whereas more intricate and expensive books and reproductions of paintings used as many as a dozen or more colors. For each colour a separate woodblock had to be carved.
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Ernst Mahler Ernst Mahler (October 17, 1887 – July 30, 1967) was an Austrian chemist and leader of the Kimberly-Clark Corporation in Wisconsin. Mahler developed, refined, and commercialized various popular products and processes of papermaking. He was also instrumental in the foundation of the Institute of Paper Science and Technology (IPST) as well as the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI).
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Samuel Osborn &amp; Company Samuel Osborn and Company was a steelmaker and engineering tool manufacturer situated in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
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William A. Tilden Sir William Augustus Tilden (15 August 1842 – 11 December 1926) was a British chemist. He discovered that isoprene could be made from turpentine. He was unable to turn this discovery into a way to make commercially viable synthetic rubber.
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Guston, Kent Guston is a village and civil parish in the Dover district of Kent, in South East England. The village lies about a quarter of a mile north of the campus of the Duke of York's Royal Military School, near Martin Mill. In the 1950s the village was the site of a public house, a post office, a Saxon church and approximately one-hundred homes. There is also a windmill present, which has been converted into a house. Nearby villages include Whitfield, East Langdon, Pineham and Buckland. The River Dour is approximately 2.71 km away from Guston, and there is easy access to main roads, with the A2 and A258 running around and through the village.
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Filtered beer Filtered beer refers to any ale, lager, or fermented malt beverage in which the sediment left over from the brewing process has been removed. Ancient techniques included the use of straw mats, cloth, or straws, and frequently left some sediment in the drink. Modern filtration, introduced at the end of the 19th century, uses a mechanical process that can remove all sediment, including yeast, from the beer. Such beer is known as bright beer and requires force carbonation before bottling or serving from a keg. In the United Kingdom a beer which has been filtered in the brewery is known as "brewery-conditioned," as opposed to unfiltered cask ales
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Kemsley Paper Mill Kemsley Paper Mill is a paper mill located in the village of Kemsley near Sittingbourne in the English county of Kent.
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KOS Media KOS Media is a multimedia company based in the county of Kent in South East England. The company operates local newspapers and internet sites throughout the county.
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Bleached Chemi-ThermoMechanical Pulp Bleached Chemi-ThermoMechanical Pulp (BCTMP) is a pulp product used by the paper industry as a less expensive alternative for Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK).
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Elemental chlorine free Elemental chlorine free (ECF) is a technique that uses chlorine dioxide for the bleaching of wood pulp. It does not use elemental chlorine gas during the bleaching process and prevents the formation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, carcinogens. The traditional ECF sequence is DEopDEpD using the common letter symbols for bleaching stages, though many improved sequences are available.
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Charles Sylvester Charles Sylvester (1774–1828) was a chemist and inventor born in Sheffield, in the Kingdom of Great Britain. He worked on galvanization, public building heating and sanitation, and railroad friction amongst other things. A book, "Industrial Man: The Life and Works of Charles Sylvester" by Ian Inkster, Ph.D., of Nottingham University, and Maureen S. Bryson, B.S., published in 1999 is a comprehensive work covering his life, his extended family and pedigree, and his published works; including "Poems on Various Subjects", 1797; "The Epitome of Galvanism", 1804; "Appendix of the Elementary Treatise on Chemistry", 1809; "Philosophy of Domestic Economy", 1819; "On a Method of expressing Chemical Compounds by Algebraic Characters", 1821; "On the Motions produced by the Difference in the Specific Gravity of Bodies", 1822; "Report on Rail-roads and Locomotive Engines", 1825; and "On the best method of Warming and Ventilating Houses and other Buildings", 1829.
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Pulper In agriculture, a pulper is a machine designed to remove pulp (I.e. the soft flesh from agricultural produce). For example, in coffee growing the ripe, red cherries are picked from the coffee bushes and prior to fermentation and later drying the soft pulp needs to be removed (otherwise a potentially uncontrollable fermentation/rot will occur). In the case of coffee the pulping is normally done in a pulper that is either hand-cranked or engine-driven; the beans are emptied into an elevated hopper and then dropped through a narrow slot within which they come into contact with a rotating spiked drum that removes the pulp or flesh. Again in the case of coffee, the sticky beans that result from this process then have to be washed, fermented, washed again and dried prior to further processing (milling to remove the parchment) and then roasting.
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Portland cement Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century, and usually originates from limestone. It is a fine powder, produced by heating limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials. Several types of Portland cement are available. The most common, called ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is grey in colour, but white Portland cement is also available. Its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone which was quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. It was named by Joseph Aspdin who obtained a patent for it in 1824. However his son William Aspdin is regarded as the inventor of "modern" Portland cement due to his developments in the 1840s.
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William Masters (botanist) William Masters (1796–1874) FHS was an English nurseryman, garden designer, and amateur botanist. Born at Canterbury on 7 July 1796, he founded a nursery in St. Peter's St., Canterbury, initially known as St Peter's Nursery Ground (Kent Gazette 1816), later as Master's Botanical Garden and Nursery Ground (Stapleton's Directory 1838), and later still as Master's Exotic Nursery. Masters specialized in the cultivation of exotic plants, and experimental hybridizations. He also founded the Canterbury Museum, of which he was Hon. Curator from 1823 to 1846. Masters replanted much of the Dane John Gardens in Canterbury with stock donated from his nursery, and also designed several of the terraces in the middle of the formal garden at Walmer Castle. However, Masters is chiefly remembered for his catalogue "Hortus duroverni" of 1831, which comprehensively listed and classified many seeds and plants. One of his introductions, the elm cultivar "Ulmus" × "hollandica" 'Superba', commonly known as the Canterbury Elm, became very popular as a street tree, notably in Germany, where it was propagated by the Spath nursery, Berlin.
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Jute trade The jute trade is centred mainly around Bangladesh and the Indian State of West Bengal. The major producing country of jute is Bangladesh, due to its natural fertile soil. Bengal Jute was taken to Europe early in the 17th century by the Dutch and the French and later by the East India Company to Britain. By the 1790s a much larger trade had developed in the Scottish city of Dundee, the European home of jute spinners. Introduced to the British by the East India Company, crude fibre was the bulk still exported from Bengal after 1790, but a thriving trade did not really begin until after 1850 through mechanised processing, to meet rising demand. Raw jute was imported from Bengal by the British East India Company. British Jute Barons grew rich processing jute and selling manufactured products made from jute. Dundee Jute Barons and the British East India Company began to set up jute mills in Bengal and by 1895 jute industries in Bengal overtook the Scottish jute trade. Many Scots emigrated to Bengal to set up jute factories. More than a billion jute sandbags were exported from Bengal to the trenches during World War I and even more during WWII and also exported to the Americas, especially the United States southern region to bag cotton and coffee. It was used in the fishing, construction, art and in the arms industry. India, China, Thailand, Myanmar also produce Jute in low quantities. India is one of the largest importers of Jute in South Asia and also produces processed jute products in the world, while Bangladesh is the largest producer and exporter of raw jute. Therefore, the local price of raw jute in Bangladesh is the international price. Ironically, the local price of jute goods produced in India set their own price.