Sir Thomas Little Heath works of what ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician?
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Thomas Little Heath Sir Thomas Little Heath ( ; 5 October 1861 – 16 March 1940) was a British civil servant, mathematician, classical scholar, historian of ancient Greek mathematics, translator, and mountaineer. He was educated at Clifton College. Heath translated works of Euclid of Alexandria, Apollonius of Perga, Aristarchus of Samos, and Archimedes of Syracuse into English.
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Aristarchus of Samos Aristarchus of Samos ( ; Greek: Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ Σάμιος , "Aristarkhos ho Samios"; c. 310 – c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it (see Solar system). He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but Aristarchus identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and he put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit further away from Earth. He was also the first one to deduce the rotation of earth on its axis. His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the incorrect geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Nicolaus Copernicus had attributed the heliocentric theory to Aristarchus.
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Nicoteles of Cyrene Nicoteles of Cyrene (Greek: Νικοτέλης ὁ Κυρηναῖος ) (c. 250 BCE) was a Greek mathematician from Cyrene.
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Ahmad ibn Yusuf Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Tammam al-Siddiq Al-Baghdadi (835–912), known in the West by his Latinized name Hametus, was an Arab mathematician, like his father Yusuf ibn Ibrahim (Arabic: يوسف بن ابراهيم الصدَيق البغدادي‎ ‎ ).
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Ptolemy's theorem In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's theorem is a relation between the four sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral (a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a common circle). The theorem is named after the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). Ptolemy used the theorem as an aid to creating his table of chords, a trigonometric table that he applied to astronomy.
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John Couch Adams John Couch Adams FRS (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer.
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Hippocrates of Chios Hippocrates of Chios (Greek: Ἱπποκράτης ὁ Χῖος ) was an ancient Greek mathematician, geometer, and astronomer who lived c. 470 – c. 410 BC.
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Astronomica (Manilius) The Astronomica (] or ]), also known as the Astronomicon, is a Latin didactic poem written in hexameters and divided into five books about celestial phenomena. The "Astronomica" was penned c. AD 10– 20 by a Roman poet whose name was likely Marcus Manilius; little is known of Manilius, and although there is evidence that the "Astronomica" was read by many other Roman writers, no surviving works quote him. The poem was rediscovered c. 1416– 1417 by the Italian humanist and scholar Poggio Bracciolini, who had a copy made from which the modern text derives.
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Hephaestio Hephaestio of Thebes (b. AD 380) was an ancient writer on astrology. He wrote the "Apotelesmatics", which relies heavily on the work of Ptolemy and Dorotheus of Sidon.
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Gerald J. Toomer Gerald James Toomer (born 23 November 1934) is a historian of astronomy and mathematics who has written numerous books and papers on ancient Greek and medieval Islamic astronomy. In particular, he translated Ptolemy's "Almagest" into English.
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Callippus Callippus ( ; Ancient Greek: Κάλλιππος ; c. 370 BC – c. 300 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician.
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Hugh Percy Wilkins Hugh Percy Wilkins (4 December 1896 –23 January 1960) was a Welsh-born engineer and amateur astronomer.
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Taxiles Taxiles (in Greek Tαξίλης or Ταξίλας; lived 4th century BC) was the Greek chroniclers' name for a prince or king who reigned over the tract between the Indus and the Jhelum (Hydaspes) Rivers in the Punjab at the time of Alexander the Great's expedition. His local name was Ambhi (or Ambhika, Greek: Omphis), and the Greeks appear to have called him Taxiles or Taxilas, from the name of his capital city of Taxila, near the modern city of Attock, Pakistan.
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Xenocrates Xenocrates ( ; Greek: Ξενοκράτης ; c. 396/5314/3 BC ) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC. His teachings followed those of Plato, which he attempted to define more closely, often with mathematical elements. He distinguished three forms of being: the sensible, the intelligible, and a third compounded of the two, to which correspond respectively, sense, intellect and opinion. Unity and duality he considered to be gods which rule the universe, and the soul is a self-moving number. God pervades all things, and there are daemonical powers, intermediate between the divine and the mortal, which consist in conditions of the soul. He held that mathematical objects and the Platonic Ideas are identical, unlike Plato who distinguished them. In ethics, he taught that virtue produces happiness, but that external goods can minister to it and enable it to effect its purpose.
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On the Universe De mundo (Greek: Περὶ Κόσμου ), known in English as On the Universe, is the work of an unknown author who wrote under the name of Aristotle. Because of this, the author is referred to as a Pseudo-Aristotle. The date of the work is uncertain; it has been argued that it was composed before 250 BC or between 350 and 200 BC. It is found under the Bekker numbers 391–401. It should not be confused with "On the Heavens".
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Heliodorus (philosopher) Heliodorus (Greek: Ἡλιόδωρος ) is cited as the author of a work titled "Commentary" (dated 564 AD), which has been preserved, on the "Introduction" or "Rudiments" of Paulus Alexandrinus, the 4th century Alexandrian astrologer. The name "Heliodorus" appears only on the later of two groups of manuscripts, and so is somewhat doubtful. Leendert Westerink has argued that the commentary consists of notes of lectures, most likely given by the 6th-century philosopher and astrologer, Olympiodorus, in 564 AD. The Greek text of his commentary on Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" has been published in vol. 19.2 of "Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca" (CAG).
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Richard Dunthorne Richard Dunthorne (1711 – 3 March 1775) was an English astronomer and surveyor, who worked in Cambridge as astronomical and scientific assistant to Roger Long (master of Pembroke Hall and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry), and also concurrently for many years as surveyor to the Bedford Level Corporation.
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Geoffrey Kirk Geoffrey Stephen Kirk, DSC, FBA ( ; 3 December 1921 – 10 March 2003) was an English classicist known for his writings on Ancient Greek literature and mythology. He was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1974 to 1984.
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Olinthus Gregory Olinthus Gilbert Gregory (29 January 1774 – 2 February 1841) was an English mathematician, author and editor.
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Heraclides Ponticus Heraclides Ponticus (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικός "Herakleides"; c. 390 BC – c. 310 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who was born in Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey, and migrated to Athens. He is best remembered for proposing that the Earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours. He is also frequently hailed as the originator of the heliocentric theory, although this is doubted.
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Catasterismi Catasterismi (Greek Καταστερισμοί "Katasterismoi", "placings among the stars") is an Alexandrian prose retelling of the mythic origins of stars and constellations, as they were interpreted in Hellenistic culture. The work survives in an epitome assembled at the end of the 1st century CE, based on a lost original with some possible relation to the work of Eratosthenes of Cyrene; thus the author is alluded to as Pseudo-Eratosthenes. The pseudepigraphic attribution to Eratosthenes presumably was meant to bolster the work's credibility, but while the "Catasterismi" describes constellations, it is more concerned with the mythological narrative attached to each than with the mathematical tradition of astronomy. Although there is no absolute distinction between astronomy and astrology in antiquity, intellectual circles in Alexandria during the 1st BCE began to distinguish between astrology for making predictions and astronomical observation for scientific conjecture.
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Hephaestion of Thebes Hephaestion, Hephaistion, or Hephaistio of Thebes (Ancient Greek: Ἡφαιστίων , "Hēphaistíōn") was a Hellenized Egyptian astrologer of late Antiquity who wrote a Greek treatise known as the "Apotelesmatics" or "Apotelesmatika" around  415. Much of the work appears to be an attempt to synthesize the earlier works of the 1st century astrologer Dorotheus of Sidon and the 2nd century astrologer Claudius Ptolemy. Hephaestion is seen mainly as one of the later compilers of the Hellenistic tradition of astrology since he mainly draws from earlier astrologers, including Antiochus of Athens, and he summarizes large portions of Ptolemy and Dorotheus, which is helpful to modern scholars since we have no other record of many of the authorities that he quotes.