When was the award for scientific acomplishments won by Soviet scientist Mikhail Borisovich Golant and named after an infamous Soviet ruler created?
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Mikhail Golant Mikhail Borisovich Golant (Russian: Михаи́л Бори́сович Го́лант ; 3 February 1923 – 7 February 2001) was a Soviet and Russian scientist and engineer. Best known as a leader of Soviet design of backward-wave tubes, he was awarded the Lenin Prize, the USSR State Prize, and the State Prize of the Russian Federation. He worked with Nikolay Devyatkov on the application of EHF therapy.
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Lenin Prize The Lenin Prize (Russian: Ленинская премия , "Leninskaya premiya") was one of the most prestigious awards of the Soviet Union, presented to individuals for accomplishments relating to science, literature, arts, architecture, and technology. It was created on June 23, 1925 and was awarded until 1934. During the period from 1935 to 1956, the Lenin Prize was not awarded, being replaced largely by the Stalin Prize. On August 15, 1956, it was reestablished, and continued to be awarded on every even-numbered year until 1990. The award ceremony was April 22, Lenin's birthday.
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Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II or Nikolai II (Russian: Николай II Алекса́ндрович , "Nikolay II Aleksandrovich" ; 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Due to the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, the violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, the execution of political opponents and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War, he was given the nickname Nicholas the Bloody by his political adversaries. Soviet historiography portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader, whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects.
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Science and technology in Russia Science and technology in Russia developed rapidly since the Age of Enlightenment, when Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg State University and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov founded the Moscow State University, establishing a strong native tradition in learning and innovation.
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Government of Vladimir Lenin Under the leadership of Russian communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik Party seized power in the Russian Republic during a coup known as the October Revolution. Overthrowing the pre-existing Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks established a new administration, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"), with Lenin appointed as its governing chairman. Ruling by decree, Lenin’s Sovnarkom introduced widespread reforms confiscating land for redistribution among the peasantry, permitting non-Russian nations to declare themselves independent, improving labour rights, and increasing access to education.
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Roy Medvedev Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev (Russian: Рой Алекса́ндрович Медве́дев ; born 14 November 1925, Tbilisi, Georgia) is a Russian political writer, author of the dissident history of Stalinism, "Let History Judge" (Russian: "К суду истории" ), first published in English in 1972. Medvedev became a prominent Russian public figure and served as a consultant to Mikhail Gorbachev.
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Nikolay Kochetkov Nikolay Konstantinovich Kochetkov (Russian: Никола́й Константи́нович Кочетко́в ; May 18, 1915 in Moscow – 2005) was a Soviet chemist and academician (1979). Awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1994.
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Alexander Kazantsev Alexander Petrovitch Kazantsev (Russian: Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Каза́нцев ; 2 September 1906 – 13 September 2002) was a popular Soviet science fiction writer and ufologist.
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Mikhail Kalashnikov Lieutenant-General Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (Russian: Михаи́л Тимофе́евич Кала́шников ; ] ; 10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian general, inventor, military engineer, writer and small arms designer. He is most famous for developing the AK-47 assault rifle and its improvements, the AKM and AK-74, as well as the PK machine gun and RPK light machine gun.
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Yevgeny Zababakhin Yevgeny Ivanovich Zababakhin Russian: Евгений Иванович Забабахин , January 16, 1917, Moscow, USSR – December 27, 1984) was a Soviet physicist, one of the chief designers of nuclear weapons in USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Eng. Lt. Gen. of Soviet Air Force. Lenin and Stalin Prizes (1949, 1951 and 1953, Hero of Socialist Labor (1953).
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Vladimir Dilman Vladimir Mikhailovich Dilman (19 July 1925 – 21 May 1994) was a prominent Russian scientist and physician.
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Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian-born Soviet revolutionary and political leader. Governing the Soviet Union as its dictator from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, he served as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1953. Ideologically a Marxist and a Leninist, Stalin helped to formalise these ideas as Marxism–Leninism while his own policies became known as Stalinism.
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Emperor of All Russia The Emperor or Empress of All Russia (Russian: Императоръ Всероссійскій, Императрица Всероссійская , "Imperator Vserossiyskiy", "Imperatritsa Vserossiyskaya") was the title of the ruler of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1917. It was created in connection with the victory in the Great Northern War and appeared as the adaptation of the Tsar's title under the accepted system of titling in Europe. The suffix "of All Russia" was transformed from the previous version "(Tsar) of All Rus'".
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Lebedev Physical Institute The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI RAS) (in Russian: Физи́ческий институ́т имени П.Н.Ле́бедева Российской академии наук (ФИАН) ), situated in Moscow, is one of the leading Russian research institutes specializing in physics. It is also one of the oldest research institutions in Russia: its history dates back to a collection of physics equipment established by Peter the Great in the Kunstkamera of Saint Petersburg in 1714. The institute was established in its present shape in 1934 by academician Sergey Vavilov. It moved to Moscow and was named after a prominent Russian physicist Pyotr Lebedev the same year. It is also known as Lebedev Institute of Physics or just Lebedev Institute. In Russian it is often referred to by the acronym FIAN (ФИАН) standing for "Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences".
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Nikolai Talyzin Nikolai Vladimirovich Talyzin (Russian: Никола́й Влади́мирович Талы́зин ) (born 28 January 1929 - 23 January 1991) was a Soviet statesman, economist and head of the Gosplan, or the State Planning Committee.
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Vladimir Pentkovski Vladimir Mstislavovich Pentkovski (Russian: Владимир Мстиславович Пентковский; March 18, 1946, Moscow, Soviet Union – December 24, 2012, Folsom, California, United States) was a Russian-American computer scientist, a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Ph. D., Doctor of Science, distinguished professor, winner of the highest former Soviet Union's USSR State Prize (1987), one of the leading architects of the Soviet Elbrus supercomputers and the high-level programming language El-76. At the beginning of 1990s, he immigrated to United States where he worked at Intel and led the team that developed the architecture for the Pentium III processor. According to a popular legend Pentium processors are named after Vladimir Pentkovski.
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Nikolai Simoniak Nikolai Pavlovich Simoniak (Russian: Симоняк Николай Павлович , February 17 [O.S. February 4] 1901 – April 23, 1956) was a Soviet military commander.
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List of Nobel laureates in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: "Nobelpriset i fysik" ) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.
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Yaroslav Golovanov Yaroslav Kirillovich Golovanov (Russian: Ярослав Кириллович Голованов ; 2 June 1932 in Moscow – 21 May 2003 in Peredelkino) was a Russian journalist, writer and science popularizer. He covered space exploration by the Soviet Union from its beginnings.
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Ivan Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin (Russian: Иван Дмитриевич Папанин , 26 November [O.S. 14 November] 1894 – January 30, 1986) was a Soviet polar explorer, scientist, Counter Admiral, and twice Hero of the Soviet Union, who was awarded nine Orders of Lenin.
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Genrich Altshuller Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller (Ге́нрих Сау́лович Альтшу́ллер, ] ) (born Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, USSR, 15 October 1926; died Petrozavodsk, Russia, 24 September 1998), was a Soviet engineer, inventor, scientist , journalist and writer. He is most notable for the creation of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, better known by its Russia acronym TRIZ. He founded the Azerbaijan Public Institute for Inventive Creation, and was the first President of the TRIZ Association. He also wrote science fiction under the pen-name Genrikh Altov.
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Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS) The Andrei Sakharov Prize is a prize that is to be awarded every second year by the American Physical Society since 2006. The recipients are chosen for ""outstanding leadership and/or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights"". The prize is named after Andrei Sakharov (1921-1989), Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist; as of 2007 it is valued at $10,000.