While LGBT rights have evolved dramatically in the UK, one small member country bordering the Republic of Ireland has lagged behind and was the last to legalise what?
ab1a1be8adfbf17b2c7db1e2b2d1ef96
LGBT rights in Northern Ireland Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Northern Ireland are the least advanced in the United Kingdom and Ireland, lagging behind Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland respectively. It was the last country in the United Kingdom to legalise same-sex sexual activity, the last to end a lifetime ban on blood donations by men who have sex with men and since 2015 is the only part of western Europe to prohibit same-sex marriage. Progress on LGBT rights has mostly been achieved during direct rule by the Government of the United Kingdom or through court action rather than local legislative reform, due to the veto power wielded by the anti-LGBT Democratic Unionist Party and its allies under Northern Ireland's power-sharing system. ILGA rates Northern Ireland as the worst place in the United Kingdom for LGBT people, with 74% equality of rights compared to 86% LGBT equality in the United Kingdom overall and 92% equality in Scotland. LGBT rights campaigner Peter Tatchell describes Northern Ireland as "the most homophobic place in western Europe".
2e7f34f2311e10b0ff58d423fa5ffd5d
LGBT rights in the United Kingdom Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the United Kingdom have evolved dramatically over time.
5f723cb52a17b770b24638ec704032f1
LGBT history in China The history of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in China spans thousands of years. Unlike the histories of European and European-ruled polities in which Christianity formed the core of heavily anti-LGBT laws until recent times, non-heterosexual states of being were historically treated with far less animosity in historic Chinese states. For a period of the modern history of both the Republic of China and People's Republic of China in the 20th century, LGBT people received more stringent legal regulations regarding their orientations, with restrictions being gradually eased by the beginning of the 21st century. However, activism for LGBT rights in both countries has been slow in development due to societal sentiment and government inaction.
e2d9ac92b8dccf7d96695d31d56241c4
LGBT history in the Netherlands The history of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in the Netherlands has reflected the shades of tolerance or rigidity which were utilized by the rulers of the country at various periods in its history. Since World War II, the movement for LGBT rights has been galvanized by both events abroad and increasing liberalization domestically.
ec708e9f0be27a3fabe1bee933fee788
Dudgeon v United Kingdom Dudgeon v the United Kingdom (1981) was a European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case, which held that Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 which criminalised male homosexual acts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland violated the European Convention on Human Rights. The case was significant
cdde8b326f17776298cae5ff152104bd
LGBT rights in Belgium Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Belgium have been seen as some of the most progressive in Europe and in the world. Same-sex sexual activity was legalized in 1795, with an equal age of consent, except from 1965 until 1985. After granting same-sex couples domestic partnership benefits in 2000, Belgium became the second country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage in 2003. Same-sex adoption was completely legalized in 2006 and is equalized with that of opposite-sex adoption. Lesbian couples can get access to IVF as well. Discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, and public and private accommodations have also been enacted since 2003 and on gender identity/expression since 2014. Transgender people have been allowed to change their legal gender under certain circumstances since 2007.
4e0b2801640f971411f470b57bad9af2
Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform The Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform was an organisation set up to campaign for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in the 1970s. Its most prominent leader was David Norris, an English studies lecturer in Trinity College, Dublin, Joycean scholar and from the 1980s to the present a member of Seanad Éireann.
8cdef6d33c09c8bc1561369a4c91c11e
European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland) The European Communities Act 1972 (No. 27 of 1972) is an act of the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas, that incorporates the treaties and law of the European Union into the domestic law of the Republic of Ireland. The Act did not just incorporate the law of the European Communities which existed at the time of its enactment, but incorporates legislative acts of the Community enacted subsequently. The Act also provides that government ministers may adopt statutory instruments (SIs) to implement EU law, and that those SIs are to have effect as if they were acts of parliament.
1be977bf9e098f00ff7ff51520a6b83c
Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland permitted the state to join the European Communities and provided that European law would take precedence over the constitution. It was effected by the Third Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1972 which was approved by referendum on 10 May 1972 and signed into law on 8 June of the same year.
d8ea1b6cb15d4a3ad1133d63eec18385
LGBT history in New York New York, a state in the Northeastern region of the United States, possesses a long history of presence of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people residing in, and often being convicted in, the state. Sexual relations between persons of the same gender (variously described as "sodomy", "buggery" or "sins of carnal nature") was illegal for most of the history of New York from its days as a Dutch colony through its colonization and independence from British rule as a state in the Union, until such relations were legalized by judicial action in 1981. Activism for the rights of LGBT people in the state began with the rise of protest actions by the first "homophile" organizations in the 1950s and 1960s, although LGBT activism was propelled into a watershed moment in the 1969 Stonewall riots and the later protests against the apathy of civil and political institutions to the AIDS/HIV crisis. Various organizations were established for LGBT people to advocate for rights and provide human services, the impact of which was increasingly felt at state level.
03ce8d1907f6384b921625093c2e3a2b
LGBT rights in Turkey Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons in Turkey face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT persons. Same-sex sexual activity was legalized in the Ottoman Empire (predecessor of Turkey) in 1858 and in modern Turkey, homosexual activity has always been a legal act since the day it was founded in 1923. LGBT people have had the right to seek asylum in Turkey under the Geneva Convention since 1951, but same-sex couples are not given the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Transsexuals have been allowed to change their legal gender since 1988. Although discrimination protections regarding sexual orientation and gender identity or expression have been legally debated, they have not yet been legislated. Public opinion on homosexuality has generally been conservative, and LGBT people have been widely reported to experience discrimination, harassment and even violence in recent years.
53a5a75ed0eb89b56c40914eb65e0454
Scotland Scotland ( ; Scots: ] ; Scottish Gaelic: "Alba" ] ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
1a2c3379171e9ee4ffe5d60bc3aeccb9
Stonewall (charity) Stonewall (officially Stonewall Equality Limited) is a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights charity in the United Kingdom named after the "Stonewall Inn" of Stonewall riots fame in New York City's Greenwich Village. Now the largest LGBT rights organisation not only in the UK but in Europe, it was formed in 1989 by political activists and others lobbying against section 28 of the Local Government Act. Its founders include Sir Ian McKellen, Lisa Power MBE and Lord Cashman (CBE).
90eba8fea4d5974c106f95d7d7833336
Prostitution in Northern Ireland Prostitution in Northern Ireland is governed by the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Criminal Justice and Support for Victims) Act (Northern Ireland) 2015, which makes it illegal to pay for sex in Northern Ireland. Prior to the act coming into effect, prostitution in Northern Ireland was regulated by the same or similar laws to those in England and Wales, as it is elsewhere in the United Kingdom. At that time, prostitution in Northern Ireland was legal subject to a number of restraints which controlled certain activities associated with prostitution, such as soliciting, procuring, living on the proceeds of prostitution (pimping), exploitation of prostitutes, under-age prostitution, and keeping a brothel. However, devolution provided the opportunity for separate legislation in Northern Ireland.
56faf64c375c6f68df81038057f3829f
Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands The Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands (also known as The Gay Kingdom of the Coral Sea - for example on postage stamps) was established as a symbolic political protest by a group of gay rights activists based in Australia. Declared in 2004 in response to the Australian government's refusal to recognise same-sex marriages, it was founded on Australia's external overseas Territory of the Coral Sea Islands, a group of uninhabited islets east of the Great Barrier Reef. It is an expression of queer nationalism.
d518f0022445eee612dcc30742ce6a5c
LGBT rights in Georgia (country) Georgia is one of only few countries in the former Soviet space (others being EU-member Baltic states) that directly prohibits discrimination against LGBT people in legislation, labor-related or otherwise, and considers crimes committed on the grounds of one's sexual orientation an aggravating factor in prosecution. Despite this, homosexuality is considered a major deviation from highly traditional Orthodox Christian values prevalent in the country, where public discussions of sexuality in general tend to be shunned. Consequently, homosexuals are often targets of abuse and physical violence.
0dc1d7103585aaeadfae42fd0963b054
LGBT rights in Europe Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. Thirteen out of the twenty one countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe; a further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples. Austria and Switzerland are considering legislation to introduce same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage was enacted in Finland by March 2017. Slovenia has carried out a referendum to legalise same-sex marriage in December 2015 which failed to succeed. In July 2017, both Malta and Germany passed laws on same-sex marriage and went into effect a couple of months later. Both Armenia and Estonia are the only two countries within Europe that recognises legally performed same-sex marriages overseas, but does not perform them. Constitutions of Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine recognizes marriage only as a union of one man and one woman.
7bbcce704a8d9cfcb6003bba10796101
LGBT rights in South Africa South Africa has a complex and diverse history regarding the human rights of LGBTI people. The legal and social status of between 400,000 - over 2 million lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming South Africans has been influenced by a combination of traditional South African mores, colonialism, and the lingering effects of apartheid and the human rights movement that contributed to its abolition.
5b09d6445372138de00c09744ee1574b
LGBT rights in Jersey Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the Jersey have become substantially more liberal since the early 1990s. Most acts of male homosexuality on the island ceased to be contrary to the law in 1990. LGBT people have been given many more rights in the law, such as the right to enter into civil partnerships and the right to adopt children (2012) and very board anti-discrimination and legal protection on the basis of "sexual orientation, gender reassignment and intersex status" (2015). Jersey is the only part of the UK that for the first time explicitly includes "intersex status" within the anti-discrimination law. Same-sex marriages from abroad is treated as a civil partnership within Jersey since 2012. However, same-sex marriage is not recognised. On 14 July 2015 the Chief Minister submitted a proposal to parliament. The States are asked to decide once again whether they agree, in principle, that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. It was approved on 22 September 2015 on a vote of 37 to 4 with 1 abstention. Legislation to bring the law into effect is scheduled to be introduced by January 2017. Ongoing delays by Jersey Ministers have pushed the drafting of the gay marriage legislation until December 2018.
8e584a830fe57a5e2a6fb06eb4d05812
Beer in Northern Ireland Beer in Northern Ireland has been influenced by immigration, especially from Scotland and the drinking habits in Ireland until the partition of Ireland. Whiskey drinking was always a tradition with Guinness from Dublin being a strong influence in the style of beer drunk in the 19th and 20th centuries. Brewing traditions almost ceased to exist as smaller breweries closed, or were taken over, and then the large breweries in turn closed down their facilities. The Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) was founded in 1971 however it was 10 years before the first new brewery, Hilden Brewing, opened its doors. The industry has been saved by the recent boom in microbreweries.
74685258eac4b35e4884fc4bdc5b66ab
Demography of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four countries
54917594178aed3f132cbc4d210b635f
LGBT rights in Italy Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Italy have evolved significantly over the course of the last years, although LGBT persons still face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Despite this, public opinion on homosexuality is generally regarded as increasingly culturally liberal, with same-sex unions being legal since June 2016.