What does the perennial rainforest shrub containing an active alkaloid also found in Voacanga africana and Tabernaemontana undulata induce in large doses?
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Tabernanthe iboga Tabernanthe iboga or simply iboga is a perennial rainforest shrub and psychedelic, native to western Central Africa. Iboga stimulates the central nervous system when taken in small doses and induces visions in larger doses. In parts of Africa where the plant grows, the bark of the root is chewed for various pharmacological or ritualistic purposes. Ibogaine, the active alkaloid, is also used to treat substance abuse disorders and depression. A small amount of ibogaine, along with precursors of ibogaine, are found in "Voacanga africana".
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Ibogaine Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the Apocynaceae family such as "Tabernanthe iboga", "Voacanga africana" and "Tabernaemontana undulata". It is a psychedelic with dissociative properties.
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Tasmannia Tasmannia is a genus of woody, evergreen flowering plants of the family Winteraceae. The 40 species of "Tasmannia" are native to Australia, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Borneo, and the Philippines. The Winteraceae are magnoliids, and are associated with the humid Antarctic flora of the Southern Hemisphere. The members of the family generally have aromatic bark and leaves, and some are used to extract essential oils. The peppery-flavored fruits and leaves (especially dried) of this genus are increasingly used as a condiment in Australia. The peppery flavour can be attributed to polygodial.
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Solanum seaforthianum Solanum seaforthianum, the Brazilian nightshade, is a flowering evergreen vine of the Solanaceae family native to tropical South America. As a member of the Solanum genus, it is related to such plants as the tomato and potato. It is characterized by clusters of four to seven leaves and can climb to a height of 6 m given enough room. It blooms in the mid to late summer with clusters of star-shaped purple inflorescence followed by scarlet marble-sized berries. The plant is highly heat resistant, but cannot tolerate frost conditions. The plant contains modest amounts of various tropane alkaloids such as atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine and should be considered mildly toxic and inedible.
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Piscarinine Piscarinines are bioactive alkaloid isolates of "Penicillium piscarium NKM F-961" and "Penicillium piscarium Westling" that belong to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines.
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Erythroxylum Erythroxylum ("Erythroxylon") is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Erythroxylaceae. Many of the approximately 200 species contain the drug cocaine; "Erythroxylum coca", a native of South America, is the main commercial source of cocaine and of the mild stimulant coca tea. Another species, "Erythroxylum vacciniifolium" (also known as Catuaba) is used as an aphrodisiac in Brazilian drinks and herbal medicine.
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Tabernaemontana ventricosa Tabernaemontana ventricosa (commonly known as forest toad-tree or small-fruited toad-tree) is a plant in the family Apocynaceae. It grows as a shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 30 cm . Its fragrant flowers feature white lobes with a pale yellow corolla. The fruit is dark green, with two ellipsoids, up to 10 cm in diameter. Its habitat is forests from sea-level to 1850 m altitude. Local medicinal uses include the treatment of wounds, fever and hypertension. The plant is native to tropical central and southern Africa.
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Psychotria capensis The Bird-berry ("Psychotria capensis" ) is a southern African evergreen shrub or small tree. It belongs to a genus which is used medicinally in many regions, 'Psychotria' being from the Greek for 'rejuvenating', in reference to the healing properties of certain species. Kew lists some 2,000 species of "Psychotria" growing throughout the warmer regions of both hemispheres, but only two of them occur in southern Africa, namely "P. capensis" and "P. zombamontana".
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Tasmannia stipitata Tasmannia stipitata, commonly known as the Dorrigo pepper or northern pepperbush is a rainforest shrub of temperate forests of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. Leaves are fragrant, narrow-lanceolate to narrow-elliptic, 8–13 cm long. Dark bluish to mauve berries follow the flowers on female shrubs. The species is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.
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Anhalinine Anhalinine is a naturally occurring bio-active alkaloid which can be isolated from "Lophophora williamsii". It is structurally related to Mescaline.
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Tabernaemontana muricata Tabernaemontana muricata is a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It is endemic to the State of Amazonas in northwestern Brazil. The species is listed as endangered.
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Guaco Guaco, huaco, or guao, also vejuco and bejuco are terms applied to various vine-like Central American, South American, and West Indian climbing plants, reputed to have curative powers. Several species in the genus "Mikania" are among those referred to as guaco. Even though it is not a vine "guaco" is also used to refer to "Cleome serrulata", the Rocky Mountain beeplant.
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Lippia substrigosa Lippia substrigosa is a plant from the Verbenaceae family that is native to Central and South America. It can grow as either a shrub or a tree up to 7 m tall and can be burned to produce fuel. Its essential oil may have pharmaceutical or cosmetic uses.
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Lespedamine Lespedamine is an indole alkaloid and substituted tryptamine present in the plant "Lespedeza bicolor". The alkaloid bears a close structural resemblance to the psychedelic alkaloid dimethyltryptamine and was speculated to have psychoactivity by Alexander Shulgin. No reports on lespedamine's biological activity have been published.
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Uvaria chamae Uvaria chamae, commonly known as finger root or bush banana is a climbing large shrub or small tree native to tropical West and Central Africa where it grows in wet and dry forests and coastal scrublands. The common name refers to the fruit growing in its small bunches; the fruit is edible and widely eaten. "U. chamae" is a medicinal plant used throughout its range to treat fevers and has antibiotic properties.
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Solanidine Solanidine is a poisonous steroidal alkaloid chemical compound that occurs in plants of the Solanaceae family, such as potato and "Solanum americanum". Human ingestion of solanidine also occurs via the consumption of the glycoalkaloids, α-solanine and α-chaconine, present in potatoes. The sugar portion of these glycoalkaloids hydrolyses in the body, leaving the solanidine portion. Solanidine occurs in the blood serum of normal healthy people who eat potato, and serum solanidine levels fall markedly once potato consumption ceases. Solanidine from food is also stored in the human body for prolonged periods of time, and it has been suggested that it could be released during times of metabolic stress with the potential for deleterious consequences. Solandine is responsible for neuromuscular syndromes via cholinesterase inhibition.
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Devil's club Devil's club or devil's walking stick (Oplopanax horridus, Araliaceae; syn. "Echinopanax horridus", "Fatsia horrida") is a large understory shrub endemic to the arboreal rainforests of the pacific northwest, but also disjunct on islands in Lake Superior. It is noted for its large palmate leaves and erect, woody stems covered in noxious and irritating spines. It is also known as Alaskan ginseng and similar names, although it is not a true ginseng.
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Dihydrosanguinarine Dihydrosanguinarine is an alkaloid found in the herb "Corydalis adunca".
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Ibotenic acid Ibotenic acid or ("S")-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)acetic acid, also referred to as ibotenate, is a chemical compound and psychoactive drug which occurs naturally in "Amanita muscaria" and related species of mushrooms typically found in the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere. It is a conformationally-restricted analogue of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and due to its structural similarity to this neurotransmitter, acts as a non-selective glutamate receptor agonist. Because of this, ibotenic acid can be a powerful neurotoxin, and is employed as a "brain-lesioning agent" through cranial injections in scientific research.
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Kopsanone Kopsanone is a bio-active alkaloid isolated from "Aspidosperma".
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Salvinorin A Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in "Salvia divinorum", a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans. Salvinorin A is considered a dissociative.
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Halostachine Halostachine (also known as "N"-methylphenylethanolamine) is a natural product, an alkaloid first isolated from the Asian shrub "Halostachys caspica" (synonym "Halostachys belangeriana"), and structurally a β-hydroxy-phenethylamine (a phenylethanolamine) related to its better-known "parent" biogenic amine, phenylethanolamine, to the adrenergic drug synephrine, and to the alkaloid ephedrine. The pharmacological properties of halostachine have some similarity to those of these structurally-related compounds, and "Halostachys caspica" extracts have been included as a constituent of certain OTC dietary supplements, but halostachine has never been developed as a prescription drug. Although it is found in nature as a single stereoisomer, halostachine is more commonly available as a synthetic product in the form of its racemate (see below). In appearance it is a colorless solid.