What years was this campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union occurring, during which Yakov Ganetsky was executed?
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Yakov Ganetsky Yakov Stanislavovich Ganetsky (also transliterated as Hanecki), also known as Jakub Fürstenberg (Fuerstenberg) (15 March 1879 — 26 November 1937) was a prominent Old Bolshevik and close associate of Vladimir Lenin, famous as one of the financial wizards who arranged, through his close working relationship with Alexander Parvus, the secret German funding that saved the Bolsheviks. After the October Revolution of 1917, Ganetsky served as Chief Soviet banker, trade representative and Ambassador to Latvia. On behalf of the Soviet government he signed the Peace of Riga and Treaty of Kars. His last post was that of a director of the Museum of the Revolution of the USSR, presently the State Historical Museum. He was executed during the Great Purge and was rehabilitated posthumously.
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Great Purge The Great Purge or the Great Terror (Russian: Большо́й терро́р ) was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants and the Red Army leadership, widespread police surveillance, suspicion of "saboteurs", "counter-revolutionaries", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. Mobile gas vans were invented to execute people without trial. In Russian historiography, the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called Yezhovshchina (Russian: Ежовщина ; literally, "Yezhov phenomenon", commonly translated as "times of Yezhov" or "doings of Yezhov"), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, the NKVD, who was later killed in the purge. It has been estimated that 600,000 people died at the hands of the Soviet government during the Purge.
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Stanislav Redens Stanislav Frantsevich Redens (Russian: Станислав Францевич Реденс , Polish: "Stanisław Redens" ; May 17, 1892 – January 21, 1940) was a Soviet secret police official, one of those responsible for conducting mass repressions under Joseph Stalin. Redens was himself executed in 1940, after being arrested at the end of the Great Purge in 1938.
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Sergei Ogoltsov Sergei Ivanovich Ogoltsov ("Сергей Иванович Огольцов" in Russian; August 29, 1900 – October 26, 1976) was a Russian member of the Soviet NKVD from 1936 until it was reorganized as the MGB in 1946. He served in the MGB until his arrest in 1953. He was the Deputy Director of State Security (MGB) from July 14, 1951 to August 9, 1951. By the time he was arrested in 1953 he had risen to the rank of Lieutenant General in the NKVD. He was released from prison in 1953 after a short arrest and he retired from the MGB. He died in 1976.
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Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union Throughout the history of the Soviet Union (1922–1991), there were periods where Soviet authorities suppressed and persecuted various forms of Christianity to different extents depending on State interests. Soviet Marxist-Leninism policy consistently advocated the control, suppression, and ultimately, the elimination of religious beliefs, and actively encouraged atheism in the Soviet Union. However, most religions were never officially outlawed.
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Soviet–Afghan War The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups known as the mujahideen fought against the Soviet Army and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Between 562,000 and 2,000,000 civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. The war is considered part of the Cold War.
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Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war
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Leonty Ugryumov Leonty Ugyumov (1887 – August 14, 1937) was a Soviet komkor (corps commander). He was born in what is now Usolye, Usolsky District, Perm Krai. He fought for the Imperial Russian Army during World War I before going over to the Bolsheviks during the subsequent civil war. During the Great Purge, he was arrested on May 21, 1937 and later executed. After the death of Joseph Stalin, he was rehabilitated on May 23, 1956.
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MVD special camp MVD Special camps of the Gulag (Russian: Особые лагеря МВД, особлаги , "osobye lagerya", osoblags) was a system of labor camps established addressing the February 21, 1948 decree 416—159сс of the USSR Council of Ministers by the February 28 decree 00219 of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs exclusively for a "special contingent" of political prisoners, convicted according to the more severe sub-articles of Article 58: treason, espionage, terrorism, etc., for various real political opponents, such as Trotskyites, "nationalists", white émigré, as well as for fabricated ones.
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Pavel Bulanov Pavel Petrovich Bulanov (1895 – March 15, 1938) was a NKVD officer and one of the defendants in the Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites". He was secretary to Genrikh Yagoda, who became head of the NKVD in July 1934. In September 1936, Yagoda, who has being removed from his post at the NKVD, ordered Bulanov to spray poison on the walls of the office of his successor, Nikolai Yezhov. Yezhov had implicated Yagoda in the December 1, 1934 assassination of Sergei Kirov. On March 29, 1937, both Yagoda and Bulanov were arrested on Yezhov's orders. Both were put on trial with 19 others on March 2, 1938. On March 13, 1938, all defendants were found guilty. Bulanov, Yagoda and 16 others were executed two days later. Although Bulanov was rehabilitated after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1956, Yagoda was never rehabilitated.
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Moscow Trials The Moscow Trials were a series of show trials held in the Soviet Union at the instigation of Joseph Stalin between 1936 and 1938 against so called trotskyists and members of right Opposition of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
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Lishenets A lishenets (Russian: лишенец ; ] ), лишение "deprivation" + -ец "-ee"; "disenfranchised"; plural lishentsy, Russian: лишенцы ) was a person stripped of the right of voting in the Soviet Union of 1918–1936. Disfranchisement was a means of repression of the categories of population that were classified as "enemies of the working people".
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1922 Moscow Trial of Socialist Revolutionaries The Moscow Trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries was a political trial in the Soviet Union, beginning on June 8, 1922. The trial was ordered by Lenin, and was in many ways a precursor to the later show trials under Stalin, although without the death sentences that were the almost guaranteed outcome of the later trials.
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Polish Operation of the NKVD The Polish Operation of the Soviet NKVD security service in 1937–1938 was a mass operation of the NKVD carried out against purported Polish agents in the Soviet Union during the period of the Great Purge. It was ordered by the Politburo against the so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by the NKVD officials as relating to "absolutely all Poles". It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and summary executions of 111,091 ethnic Poles, as well as those accused of working for Poland. The operation was implemented according to NKVD Order № 00485 signed by Nikolai Yezhov. The majority of the victims were ethnically Polish but not all, according to Timothy Snyder. The remainder were 'suspected' of being Polish, without further inquiry. In order to speed up the process the NKVD personnel reviewed local telephone books and arrested persons with Polish-sounding names.
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State Committee on the State of Emergency The State Committee on the State of Emergency (Russian: Государственный комитет по чрезвычайному положению, ГКЧП , "Gosudarstvennyi Komitet po Chrezvechainomu Polozheniyu", GKChP), also known as the "Gang of Eight", was a group of eight high-level officials within the Soviet government, the Communist Party, and the KGB, who attempted a coup against Mikhail Gorbachev on 19 August 1991. The coup ultimately failed, with the provisional government collapsing by 22 August 1991 and several of the conspirators being prosecuted by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
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Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian-born Soviet revolutionary and political leader. Governing the Soviet Union as its dictator from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, he served as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1953. Ideologically a Marxist and a Leninist, Stalin helped to formalise these ideas as Marxism–Leninism while his own policies became known as Stalinism.
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Taganka Prison Taganka Prison (Russian: Таганская тюрьма) was built in Moscow in 1804 by Alexander I, emperor of Russia. It gained notoriety for its use as a prison for political prisoners, both by the ruling tsars and during the years of the Soviet Union, by the Communist Party. During the Great Purge, the prison housed foreign enemies of the state, such as the German communist, Gustav Sobottka, Jr., as well as Russians. The prison became immortalized in poems and songs dating from before the October Revolution in 1918. The prison was razed in the 1950s.
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Aleksei Stetskii Aleksei Ivanovich Stetskii (January 15, 1896 – August 1, 1938) was a Russian journalist and member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, the Central Committee elected by the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Orgburo. He was head of the Leninist Culture and Propaganda Department (Agitprop) from February 10, 1934 to May 13, 1935. During the Great Purge, he was arrested on April 26, 1938 on charges of counter-revolution and later executed by firing squad. After the death of Joseph Stalin, he was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.
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Seit Devdariani Seit Devdariani (Georgian: სეით დევდარიანი ) (1879, in Kutaisi — September 21, 1937, in Tbilisi) was a Georgian philosopher and political activist who was executed during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.
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Mikhail Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский ; February 16 [O.S. February 4] 1893  – June 12, 1937) was a leading Soviet military leader and theoretician from 1918 to 1937. He commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Soviet-Polish War of 1920–1921 and served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the People's Commissariat of Defense after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He contributed to the modernization of Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s and became instrumental in the development of aviation, mechanized, and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind Soviet development of the theory of deep operations. The Soviet authorities accused him of treason and had him shot during the military purges of 1937–1938, but rehabilitated his reputation in the 1960s.
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Art and culture in the Gulag labor camps Art and culture took on a variety of forms in the forced labor camps of the Gulag system that existed across the Soviet Union during the first half of the twentieth century. Theater, music, visual art, and literature played a role in camp life for many of the millions of prisoners who passed through the Gulag system. Some creative endeavors were initiated and executed by prisoners themselves (sometimes in secret), while others were overseen by the camp administration. Some projects benefited from prisoners who had been professional artists; others were organized by amateurs. The robust presence of the arts in the Gulag camps is a testament to the resourcefulness and resilience of prisoners there, many of whom derived material benefits and psychological comfort from their involvement in artistic projects.
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Maksim Mager Maksim Petrovich Mager (1897 – October 16, 1941) was a Soviet komkor. He was born in what is now Belarus. He fought in the Soviet Red Army during the Russian Civil War. He was a recipient of the Order of Lenin (February 22, 1938) and the Order of the Red Banner. During the Great Purge, he was arrested on September 10, 1938 and released on February 9, 1940. He was later re-arrested on April 28, 1941. As part of the Purge of the Red Army in 1941, he was sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union and executed during the Battle of Moscow.