What fungus, which is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere is related to the fungus Bloetus austroedulis?
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Boletus austroedulis Boletus austroedulis is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 2014, it is found in Australia, where it grows in groups on the ground under pink bloodwood ("Corymbia intermedia") and rose she-oak ("Allocasuarina torulosa"). It is thought to be the first member of "Boletus" section "Boletus" (commonly known as the porcini) that is endemic to Australia. Although "Boletus edulis" has previously been reported from the continent, it is always in association with introduced trees, suggesting that itself is also introduced. The type collection was made in Davies Creek National Park in Queensland.
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Boletus edulis Boletus edulis (English: penny bun, cep, porcino or porcini) is a basidiomycete fungus, and the type species of the genus "Boletus". Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere across Europe, Asia, and North America, it does not occur naturally in the Southern Hemisphere, although it has been introduced to southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Several closely related European mushrooms formerly thought to be varieties or forms of "B. edulis" have been shown using molecular phylogenetic analysis to be distinct species, and others previously classed as separate species are conspecific with this species. The western North American species commonly known as the California king bolete ("Boletus edulis" var. "grandedulis") is a large, darker-coloured variant first formally identified in 2007.
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Phloeomana Phloeomana is a bark-inhabiting agaric fungal genus that produces fuscous-colored to whitish mycenoid to omphalinoid fruit bodies in temperate forests. In addition to the type species "Phloeomana speirea", 4 other species, "P. alba", "P. clavata" (= "M. thujina", "M. phaeophylla"), "P. hiemalis" and "P. minutula" (formerly "Mycena olida"), have been placed in the genus. The genus is characterized by nonamyloid smooth, hyaline (translucent) basidiospores and tissues, poorly to moderately differentiated cheilocystidia, diverticulate pileipellis hyphae and general smooth stipe hyphae with scattered caulocystidia. It is one of several mushroom genera formerly classified most recently in "Mycena", "Omphalina", "Hydropus", or "Marasmiellus". Phylogenetically, "Phloeomana" is distant from the Mycenaceae and is closest to a clade or group that includes other former members of "Mycena" now in "Atheniella" and "Hemimycena" clearly excluded from the Mycenaceae and tentatively classified in the Porotheleaceae.
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Boletus rex-veris Boletus rex-veris, commonly known as the spring king bolete, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus "Boletus" found in western North America. The large, edible fruiting bodies known as mushrooms appear under pine trees, generally in May to June. It has a pinkish to brownish cap and its stem is often large and swollen, and the overall colour may have an orange-red tinge. As with other boletes, the size of the fruiting body is variable. "Boletus rex-veris" is edible, and may be preserved and cooked.
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Tyromyces galactinus Tyromyces galactinus is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in North America, is a plant pathogen that causes a white rot in broad-leaved trees. The fungus was first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1847. The type was collected near Waynesville, Ohio, where it was found growing on rotting trunks. Although originally placed in genus "Tyromyces" by Russian mycologist Appollinaris Semenovich Bondartsev in 1953, the name is invalid as it did not confirm to the rules for naming species. Josiah Lincoln Lowe transferred the fungus to "Tyromyces" validly in 1975.
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Tylopilus Tylopilus is a genus of over 100 species of mycorrhizal bolete fungi separated from "Boletus". Its best known member is the bitter bolete ("Tylopilus felleus"), the only species found in Europe. More species are found in North America, such as the edible species "T. alboater", and the tropics. Australia is another continent where many species are found. All members of the genus form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. Members of the genus are distinguished by their pinkish pore surfaces.
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Heliocybe Heliocybe is an agaric genus closely allied to "Neolentinus" and the bracket fungus, "Gloeophyllum", all of which cause brown rot of wood. Heliocybe sulcata, the type and sole species, is characterized by thumb-sized, tough, revivable, often dried, mushroom fruitbodies, with a tanned symmetric pileus that is radially cracked into a cartoon sun-like pattern of arranged scales and ridges, distant serrated lamellae, and a scaly central stipe. Microscopically it differs from "Neolentinus" by the absence of clamp connections. Like "Neolentinus", it produces abundant, conspicuous pleurocystidia. "Heliocybe sulcata" typically fruits on decorticated, sun-dried and cracked wood, such as fence posts and rails, vineyard trellises in Europe, branches in slash areas, and semi-arid areas such on sagebrush or on naio branches in rain shadow areas of Hawaii, or in open pine forests.
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Physalacriaceae The Physalacriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Species in the family have a widespread distribution, ranging from the Arctic, ("Rhizomarasmius"), to the tropics, e.g. "Gloiocephala", and from marine sites ("Mycaureola") and fresh waters ("Gloiocephala") to semiarid forests ("Xerula").
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Hydnellum auratile Hydnellum auratile is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Fruit bodies of the fungus consist of closely grouped, funnel-shaped caps up to 5 cm in diameter. The caps are initially bright orange with a white rim, and have a felt-like surface. On the cap underside, the hymenium has hanging orange spines with whitish tips. These spines extend a ways down the length of the short stipe. The flesh is orange in both the cap and stipe. In mass, the spores are brown. Microscopically, they measure 4–5 by 3.5–4.5 µm and have short, rounded tubercles on the surface. The widespread "Hydnellum aurantiacum" is a close lookalike, but can be distinguished by having a white to buff cap, dull orange to brown flesh, and white spines.
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Clavulina cristata Clavulina cristata, commonly known as the white coral fungus or the crested coral fungus, is a white- or light-colored edible coral mushroom present in temperate areas of the Americas and Europe. It is the type species of the genus "Clavulina".
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Austrolentinus Austrolentinus is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. Segregated from the genus "Lentinus", it is monotypic, containing the single species Austrolentinus tenebrosus, which was first described by E.J.H. Corner in 1981 as "Panus tenebrosus". "Austrolentinus" was circumscribed by Norwegian mycologist Leif Ryvarden in 1991. The fungus occurs in Queensland, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, and the Malay Peninsula.
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Botrytis squamosa Botrytis squamosa (teleomorph: "Botryotinia squamosa") is a fungus that causes leaf blight on onion (often termed ‘blast’) that is distinctly characterized by the two stages – leaf spotting followed by blighting. The pathogen is an ascomycete that belongs to the family "Sclerotiniaceae" in the order "Helotiales". The lesions start out as whitish streaks and take on a yellow tinge as they mature. They cause yield losses up to 30%. This fungus is endemic to the USA and has also been reported in Europe, Asia, and Australia. Typical management of this disease includes chemical fungicides with significant efforts being made to establish a means of biological control.
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Hypomyces completus Hypomyces completus is a parasitic ascomycete in the order Hypocreales. The fungus grows on boletes, typically "Suillus spraguei" in North America, although the type collection was found on growing on "Boletinus oxydabilis" in Siberia. The color of its subiculum (a crust-like growth of mycelium) ranges from white initially to yellow-brown to greenish-brown to brown to black; the fruitbodies (perithecia) range from pale brown to dark brown to black. Spores measure 35–40 by 4–6 μm.
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Phaeocollybia Phaeocollybia is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenogastraceae. They are characterized by producing fruit bodies (mushrooms) with umbonate caps and rough brown spores. The genus is widely distributed (especially in temperate regions), and contains about 50 species. They are known for a long stipe which continues down into the ground, known as a "rooting" stipe or pseudorhiza formed as the fruitbody grows up from the subterranean colonized roots well below the organic soil layer. The genus is primarily mycorrhizal but may also be somewhat parasitic on forest trees.
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Russula crustosa Russula crustosa, commonly known as the crusty russula, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in Asia and North America.
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Lactarius vietus Lactarius vietus (commonly known as the grey milkcap) is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae, first described by Elias Magnus Fries. It produces moderately sized and brittle mushrooms, which grow on the forest floor or on rotting wood. The flattened-convex cap can vary in shape, sometimes forming the shape of a wide funnel. It is typically grey, but the colour varies. The species has crowded, light-coloured gills, which produce white milk. The spore print is typically whitish, but also varies considerably. The mushrooms typically have a strong, acrid taste and have been described as inedible, but other authors have described them as consumable after boiling. "L. vietus" feeds by forming an ectomycorrhizal relationship with surrounding trees, and it favours birch. It grows in autumn months and is fairly common in Europe, North America and eastern Asia.
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Serpula himantioides Serpula himantioides is a species of fungus that causes damage to timber referred to as dry rot. It is a basidiomycete in the order Boletales. It has been found on all continents except for Antarctica. Recent molecular work demonstrates that "S. himantioides" is a species complex including multiple cryptic lineages.
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Resinomycena Resinomycena is a genus of fungi in the mushroom family Mycenaceae. The genus contains at least eight species found in North America, Europe (including the United Kingdom and the Canary Islands) and eastern Asia (including Japan). This genus of small white to tan colored agarics is saprophytic and colonizes leaf litter, bark, small twigs and decaying monocot vegetation. The fruitbodies are small and resemble "Mycena" or "Marasmius" or "Hemimycena" and are distinguished by amyloid spores, poorly dextrinoid tissues, and the abundant oily, resinous cystidia on the pileus, lamellae edges and stipes. One recently described species, "Resinomycena fulgens" from Japan that is a synonym of "Resinomycena japonica", has luminescent fruitbodies.
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Austroboletus mutabilis Austroboletus mutabilis a species of bolete fungus found in northern Australia. Described as new to science in 2006, it grows in dry sclerophyll woodlands. The bolete is characterised by the colour change—from deep red to orange to yellow—that occurs in the cap.
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Corticioid fungi The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or patch fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus "Corticium" ("corticioid" means "Corticium"-like) and subsequently to the family "Corticiaceae", but it is now known that corticioid species are not closely related. The fact that they look similar is an example of adaptive evolution. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "corticioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers and other texts.
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Neoboletus sinensis Neoboletus sinensis, known until 2014 as Boletus sinensis, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to Hainan province in China. It is closely related to, and was previously considered a form of, "Suillellus luridus". It was transferred to the new genus "Neoboletus" in 2014.
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Mycena leptocephala Mycena leptocephala, commonly known as the nitrous bonnet, is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family. The mushrooms have conical grayish caps that reach up to 3 cm in diameter, and thin fragile stems up to 5 cm long. The gills are gray and distantly spaced. The spores are elliptical, typically measure 7–10 by 4–6 μm, and are white in deposit. When viewed under a light microscope, the gills have abundant spindle-shaped cystidia on the gill edges, but few on the gill faces. The mushroom is found in North America and Asia, where it grows singly or in groups on conifer needles, cones and sticks on the forest floor. It has a distinctive odor of bleach; the edibility is unknown. Similar species include "Mycena alcalina", "M. austera", and "M. brevipes".