Mennonites are traditionally multilingual with which Low Prussian dialect of East Low German, with Dutch influence language was their first?
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Russian Mennonite The Russian Mennonites (German: "Russlandmennoniten" occasionally Ukrainian Mennonites) are a group of Mennonites of German language, tradition and ethnicity, who are descendants of German-Dutch Anabaptists who settled for about 250 years in West Prussia and established colonies in the south west of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) beginning in 1789. Since the late 19th century, many of them have come to countries throughout the Western Hemisphere. The rest were forcibly relocated, so that few of their descendants now live at the location of the original colonies. Russian Mennonites are traditionally multilingual with Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low German) as their first language and lingua franca. The term "Russian Mennonite" refers to the country where they resided after the split from Germany and not to their ethnic heritage. In 2014 there are several hundred thousand Russian Mennonites: about 200,000 in Germany, 100,000 in Mexico, 70,000 in Bolivia, 40,000 in Paraguay, 10,000 in Belize and tens of thousands in Canada and the US and a few thousand in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
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Plautdietsch language Plautdietsch or Mennonite Low German, was originally a Low Prussian dialect of East Low German, with Dutch influence, that developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Vistula delta area of Royal Prussia. The term "Plautdietsch" literally translates to 'Low German', "plaut" meaning 'flat' (referring to the plains of northern Germany), and the term "Dietsch" originally meaning "of the Tribe", and referring to all the continental West Germanic peoples and their languages (i.e. Low German, Dutch, High German). In other Low German dialects, the word for Low German is usually realised as "Plattdütsch" or "Plattdütsk" , but the spelling "Plautdietsch" is used to refer specifically to the Vistula variant of the language.
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Franconian languages Franconian (German: "Fränkisch" ; Dutch: "Frankisch" ) includes a number of West Germanic languages and dialects possibly derived from the languages and dialects originally spoken by the Franks from their ethnogenesis in the 3rd century AD. The languages that evolved in the northern and eastern lands of Francia included Low Franconian, of which present-day Dutch is the primary member, the West Central German Rhine Franconian and Central Franconian dialects (including Luxembourgish), as well as transitional High Franconian German dialects. Linguists have different views about whether these languages and dialects have descended from a single Franconian proto-language, also known as Istvaeonic.
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Hebrew language Hebrew ( ; , "Ivrit " ] or ] ) is a Northwest Semitic language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language.
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Romansh people The Romansh people (also spelled Romansch, Rumantsch, or Romanche; Romansh:    , "rumàntsch",    or    ) are a people and ethnic group of Switzerland, native speakers of the Romansh language. They are usually multilingual, also speaking German (both the standard variety and the local Swiss German) and sometimes Italian, which are the other official languages of Graubünden, the canton where they are concentrated.
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East Anglian English East Anglian English is a dialect of English spoken in East Anglia. This easternmost area of England was probably home to the first-ever form of language which can be called Modern English. East Anglian English has had a very considerable input into the formation of Standard English, and probably contributed to the development of American English; it has also experienced multilingualism on a remarkable scale. However, it has received little attention from the media and is not easily recognised by people from other parts of the UK. The UEA linguist Peter Trudgill has written at length about the Norfolk dialect in his work, and is a member of the "Friends of Norfolk Dialect" group.
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Mohawk Dutch Mohawk Dutch is a now extinct Dutch-based creole language mainly spoken during the 17th century west of Albany, New York in the area around the Mohawk River, by the Dutch colonists who traded with or to a lesser extent mixed with the local population from the Mohawk nation.
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East Flemish East Flemish (Dutch: "Oost-Vlaams" , French: "flamand oriental" ) is a collective term for the two easternmost subdivisions ("true" East Flemish, also called Core Flemish, and Waaslandic, as well as their transitional and city dialects) of the so-called Flemish dialects, a group of dialects native to the southwest of the Dutch language area, which also includes West Flemish. Their position between West Flemish and Brabantian has made the East Flemish dialects be grouped also with the latter. They are mainly spoken in the province of East Flanders and a narrow strip in the southeast of West Flanders in Belgium and eastern Zeelandic Flanders in the Netherlands. Even though the dialects of the Dender area are often discussed together with the East Flemish dialects because of their location, the latter dialects are actually South Brabantian.
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Low German Low German or Low Saxon (Low German Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Nedderdüütsch; Platduuts, Nedderduuts ; German: "Plattdeutsch, Niederdeutsch" ; Dutch: "Nedersaksisch" or "Nederduits" ) is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in northern Germany and the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in the German diaspora worldwide (called the Plautdietsch), by ethnic Frisians wherever Friso-Saxon dialects are spoken, and in Southern Denmark.
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Eigenheim Mennonite Church Eigenheim Mennonite Church is a Mennonite church in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan which built the first Mennonite Church building in the province.
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Central German Central German (German: "Mitteldeutsche Dialekte" ) is a group of High German dialects spoken from the Rhineland in the west to the former eastern territories of Germany.
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Boeraans Boeraans is a dialect of Afrikaans which is one of the 11 official languages in South Africa, and is one of the youngest Germanic languages with official status.
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Mennonite The Mennonites are Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496–1561) of Friesland (which today is a province of the Netherlands). Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The early teachings of the Mennonites were founded on the belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus, which the original Anabaptist followers held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority of these followers survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believer's baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism.
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Masurian dialect The Masurian ethnolect (Masurian: "Mazurská gádka/Mazurská gádkia"; Polish: "Mazurski" ; German: "Masurisch" ), according to some linguists, is a dialect group of the Polish language; others consider Masurian as a separate language, spoken by Masurians in a part of East Prussia that belongs to today's Poland.
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Vogtländisch dialect Vogtländisch ( ] ; Vogtländisch: "Vuuchtländisch", ) is an East-Franconian dialect, spoken in Vogtland.
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Weert dialect Weert dialect or Weert Limburgish (natively "Wieërts", Standard Dutch: "Weerts" ] ) is the city dialect and variant of Limburgish spoken in the Dutch city of Weert alongside the Dutch language (with which it is not mutually intelligible). All of its speakers are bilingual with standard Dutch.
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Pannonian dialect group The Pannonian dialect group ("panonska narečna skupina"), or northeastern dialect group, is a group of closely related dialects of Slovene. The Pannonian dialects are spoken in northeastern Slovenia (Prekmurje, in the eastern areas of Slovenian Styria), and among the Hungarian Slovenes.
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Languages of Belgium The Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages: Dutch, French, and German. A number of non-official, minority languages and dialects are spoken as well.
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Friedrichstadt Friedrichstadt (Danish: "Frederiksstad" ) is a town in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the river Eider approx. 12 km south of Husum. It was founded in 1621 by Dutch settlers. Duke Friedrich III of Holstein-Gottorp persuaded them to invest capital and knowledge in this region in turn for freedom of their Mennonite and Remonstrant religion ("see: Arminianism") and opportunities to reclaim fen and marsh land in the vicinity of the town. One of them was Johannes Narssius. Dutch became an official language.
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Sorbs Sorbs (Upper Sorbian: "Serbja" , Lower Sorbian: "Serby" , German: "Sorben" ), known also by their former autonyms Lusatians and Wends, are an West Slavic ethnic group predominantly inhabiting their homeland in Lusatia, a region divided between Germany (the states of Saxony and Brandenburg) and Poland (the provinces of Lower Silesia and Lubusz). According to Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, Serbs from the Balkan peninsula have the same orgins as Lusatians and Kashubians. He also claims that Serbs inhabitated the areas between the rivers Elbe and Vistula, on the southern coast of the Baltic sea. They traditionally speak the Sorbian languages (also known as "Wendish" and "Lusatian"), closely related to the Polish, the Kashubian, the Czech and the Slovak. Sorbian is an officially recognized minority language in Germany. The Sorbs are linguistically and genetically closest to the Czechs and Poles. Due to a gradual and increasing assimilation between the 17th and 20th centuries, virtually all Sorbs also spoke German by the late 19th century and much of the recent generations no longer speak the language. The community is divided religiously between Roman Catholicism (the majority) and Lutheranism. An indicator of the degree of assimilation is the fact that the current Prime Minister of Saxony is a Sorb, Stanislaw Tillich – who speaks the Sorbian as well as the Polish.
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Mennonites in France The Mennonites in France are religious descendents of the Anabaptist movement. Anabaptists first appeared in the east of France during the early years of the Protestant Reformation. Strasbourg was a haven for all kinds of religious dissidents during this period. From 1528 to 1532, Pilgram Marpeck lived in Strasbourg, serving for two years as a timber supervisor and engineer, before he was expelled from the city because of his Anabaptist activity. After opposition from reformers such as Martin Bucer, all known Anabaptists were expelled from the city (Edict of 16 February 1534). But 20 years later they were again active in Strasbourg. By 1556 there was an Anabaptist congregation of about one hundred in the city. Strasbourg become a favourite location for conferences of Anabaptist ministers, with gatherings being held in 1554, 1555, 1557, 1568, 1592, and 1607. The 1554 conference was reputed to have been attended by 600 Anabaptists. As persecution continued, they tended more and more to live in the country, where there was a greater chance to live out their principles undisturbed. Their numbers were sharply reduced by emigration to America. Repeated attempts were made to expel them from Alsace.
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Multiethnolect Multiethnolect is a term originally coined by Clyne (2000) and is used by a number of linguists to define an emerging, distinct variety of language found in young, working-class urban neighbourhoods, across Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Great Britain. Multientholects appear to be less homogeneous than either dialects or sociolects and are assumed to be context-bound and transient, to the extent that they are ‘youth languages'. Wiese (2006) uses the term German Kiezdeutsch, meaning ‘neighbourhood German’, to refer to multiethnic youth language in Germany. Cheshire et al. (2011) claim that the term "Jafaican", which refers to youth language in multiethnic parts of London, a name that has close associations with hip-hop, is a type of multiethnolect. Kotsina (1988) uses the term "rinkebysvenska" (named after one such district, Rinkeby) to refer to the Swedish characteristics of multiethnolects that are spoken in districts of Stockholm. Multientholects are considered to be a type of Labovian "vernacular" that many older people claim that young people in London today sound as if they are "talking black"."The reasons for the emergence of European multiethnolects at this point in history is presumably linked to specific types of community formation in urban areas which have seen very large-scale immigration from developing countries. People of different language backgrounds have settled in already quite underprivileged neighbourhoods, and economic deprivation has led to the maintenance of close kin and neighbourhood ties. Castells (2000) writes of prosperous metropolises containing communities such as these: ‘It is this distinctive feature of being globally connected and locally disconnected, physically and socially, that makes mega-cities a new urban form’."Cheshire, Nortier, and Adger state that 'a defining characteristic is that [multiethnolects] are used by (usually monolingual) young people from non-immigrant backgrounds as well as by their bilingual peers'.