Which company markets Melarsomine as Immiticide in order to treat a small thread-like worm that causes filariasis in dogs, mainly, but also cats, ferrets, bears, sea lions, and coyotes?
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Melarsomine Melarsomine (melaminylthioarsenate) is a trypanocidal agent. In the U.S., it is marketed under the trade names "Immiticide" (Merial) and "Diroban" (Zoetis), and is approved by the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine for the treatment of adult heartworm ("Dirofilaria immitis") infection in dogs. It is not approved for treatment in cats, or dogs in late-stage infection.
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Dirofilaria immitis Dirofilaria immitis, the heartworm or dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes. The heartworm is a type of filarial worm, a small thread-like worm, that causes filariasis. The definitive host is the dog, but it can also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes, and other animals, such as ferrets, bears, sea lions and even, under very rare circumstances, humans. The parasite is commonly called "heartworm"; however, adults often reside in the pulmonary arterial system (lung arteries), as well as the heart, and a major effect on the health for the animal is a manifestation of damage to the lung vessels and tissues. Occasionally, adult heartworms migrate to the right heart and even the great veins in heavy infections. Heartworm infection may result in serious disease for the host, with death typically as the result of congestive heart failure.
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Envenomation Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected into some animal by the bite (or sting) of a venomous animal. Many kinds of animals, including mammals (e.g., the northern short-tailed shrew, "Blarina brevicauda"), reptiles (e.g., the king cobra), spiders (e.g., black widows), and insects (e.g., wasps, honey bees, ants and caterpillars), employ venom for hunting and for self-defense. Most venoms are administered by biting the skin of the victim, but some venoms are applied externally, especially to sensitive tissues such as those that surround the eyes. In some reptiles, such as the Gila monster, venom in the saliva enters prey through bites of grooved teeth, but many animals have specialized organs such as hollow teeth (fangs) and tubular stingers that penetrate the prey's skin after which muscles attached to the attacker's venom reservoir forcibly squirt venom deep within the victim's body tissue. Death may occur as a result of bites or stings. The rate of envenoming is described as the likelihood of venom successfully entering a system upon bite or sting.
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Melletes Melletes, the butterfly sculpins, is a genus of sculpins native mostly to the northern Pacific Ocean, Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, and the Arctic Ocean.
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Levamisole Levamisole, sold under the trade name Ergamisol among others, is a medication used to treat parasitic worm infections. Specifically it is used for ascariasis and hookworm infections. It is taken by mouth.
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Tritrichomonas foetus Tritrichomonas foetus is a species of single-celled flagellated parasites that is known to be a pathogen of the bovine reproductive tract as well as the intestinal tract of cats. In cattle, the organism is transmitted to the female vagina and uterus from the foreskin of the bull where the parasite is known to reside. It causes infertility, and, at times, has caused spontaneous abortions in the first trimester. In the last ten years, there have been reports of "Tritrichomonas foetus" in the feces of young cats that have diarrhea and live in households with multiple cats.
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Chrysaora melanaster The northern sea nettle (Chrysaora melanaster), also called a brown jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish native to the northern Pacific Ocean and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean. (It is sometimes referred to as a Pacific sea nettle, but this name is also used for "Chrysaora fuscescens"; the name Japanese sea nettle was used for this species, but that name now exclusively means "Chrysaora pacifica". This jelly's medusa can reach 60 centimeters in length with tentacles growing up to three meters. The number of tentacles is up to 24 (8 per octant). It dwells at depths of up to 100 meters, where it feeds on copepods, larvaceans, small fish, large zooplankton, and other jellies. The sting is mild, although can cause serious skin irritation and burning.
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Mexican mole lizard The Mexican mole lizard (Bipes biporus), commonly known as the five-toed worm lizard, or simply as Bipes, is a species of amphisbaenian, which is endemic to the Baja California Peninsula. It is one of four species of amphisbaenians that have legs. It should not be confused with the axolotl, a salamander ("Ambystoma mexicanum"), which is usually called "ajolote" in Spanish. It is commonly found in Baja California.
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FAMACHA FAMACHA (FAffa MAlan CHArt) is a method whereby only certain sheep or goats in a flock are selected for treatment against wireworm (also known as barbers pole worm, "Haemonchus contortus"). Sheep are selected for treatment based on the degree of anaemia they are displaying in their mucous membranes. In turn, the degree of anaemia is assessed through a colour guided chart.
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Burt's Bees Burt's Bees is an American personal care products company that markets its products internationally. The company is a subsidiary of Clorox that describes itself as an "Earth friendly, Natural Personal Care Company"
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Paramphistomum Paramphistomum is a genus of parasitic flat worms belonging to the digenetic trematodes. It includes tiny flukes which are mostly parasitising livestock ruminants, as well as some wild mammals. They are responsible for a serious disease called paramphistomiasis (or classically amphistomosis), especially in cattle and sheep. Its symptoms include profuse diarrhoea, anaemia, lethargy, and often result in death if untreated. They are found throughout the world, and most abundantly in livestock farming regions such as Australia, Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Russia.
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Flubendazole Flubendazole is an anthelmintic. Its brand name is Flutelmium which is a paste manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. used by veterinarians for protection against internal parasites and worms in dogs and cats. Other brand names are Flubenol, Biovermin, and Flumoxal.
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Taenia rileyi Taenia rileyi is a tapeworm of the genus "Taenia" from the United States. Adults infect bobcats ("Lynx rufus") and feral domestic cats ("Felis silvestris catus"), but larvae have been found in rodents such as the cotton mouse ("Peromyscus gossypinus"), the marsh rice rat ("Oryzomys palustris") in Florida, and the hispid cotton rat ("Sigmodon hispidus") in Florida and Georgia. These rodents may serve as intermediate hosts.
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Ascaricide Ascaricides are drugs to treat ascariasis that is caused by infections with parasitic nematodes ("roundworms") of the genus "Ascaris" ("giant intestinal roundworms"). The large roundworm of pigs ("Ascaris suum") typically infects pigs while "Ascaris lumbricoides" affects human populations, typically in sub-tropical and tropical areas with poor sanitation. Ascaricides belong to the group of drugs collectively called anthelmintics which expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host.
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Pumiliotoxin 251D Pumiliotoxin 251D is a toxic organic compound. It is found in the skin of poison frogs from the "Dendrobates", "Epipedobates", "Minyobates", and "Phyllobates" genera and toads from the "Melanophryniscus" genus. Its name comes from the pumiliotoxin family (PTXs) and its molecular mass of 251 Daltons. When the toxin enters the bloodstream through cuts in the skin or by ingestion, it can cause hyperactivity, convulsions, cardiac arrest and ultimately death. It is especially toxic to arthropods (e.g. mosquitoes), even at low (naturally occurring) concentrations.
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Dog flea The dog flea ("Ctenocephalides canis") is a species of flea that lives as an ectoparasite on a wide variety of mammals, particularly the domestic dog and cat. It closely resembles the cat flea, "Ctenophalides felis", which can live on a wider range of animals and is generally more prevalent worldwide.
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Surplus killing Surplus killing, also known as excessive killing and henhouse syndrome, is a common behavior exhibited by predators, in which they kill more prey than they can immediately eat and then cache or abandon the remainder. The term was invented by Dutch biologist Hans Kruuk after studying spotted hyenas in Africa and red foxes in England. Other than humans, surplus killing has been observed among zooplankton, damselfly naiads, predaceous mites, martens, weasels, honey badgers, wolves, orcas, red foxes, leopards, lions, spotted hyenas, spiders, brown and black and polar bears, coyotes, lynx, mink, raccoons, dogs, and house cats.
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Eimeria Eimeria is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry, and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. "Eimeria" species are considered to be monoxenous because the life cycle is completed within a single host, and stenoxenous because they tend to be host specific, although a number of exceptions have been identified. Species of this genus infect a wide variety of hosts. Thirty-one species are known to occur in bats (Chiroptera), two in turtles, and 130 named species infect fish. Two species ("E. phocae" and "E. weddelli") infect seals. Five species infect llamas and alpacas: "E. alpacae", "E. ivitaensis", "E. lamae", "E. macusaniensis", and "E. punonensis". A number of species infect rodents, including "E. couesii", "E. kinsellai", "E. palustris", "E. ojastii" and "E. oryzomysi". Others infect poultry ("E. necatrix" and "E. tenella"), rabbits ("E. stiedae") and cattle ("E. bovis", "E. ellipsoidalis", and "E. zuernii"). For full species list, see below.
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Ascaris Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the "small intestinal roundworms", which is a type of helminth (parasitic worm). One species, "Ascaris lumbricoides", affects humans and causes the disease ascariasis. Another species, "Ascaris suum", typically infects pigs. "Parascaris equorum", the equine roundworm, is also commonly called an "Ascarid".
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Canine leishmaniasis Canine leishmaniasis (LEESH-ma-NIGH-ah-sis) is a zoonotic disease (see human leishmaniasis) caused by "Leishmania" parasites transmitted by the bite of an infected phlebotomine sandfly. Canine leishmaniasis was first identified in Europe in 1903, and in 1940, 40% of all dogs in Rome were determined to be positive for leishmaniasis. Traditionally thought of as a disease only found near the Mediterranean basin, 2008 research claims new findings are evidence that canine leishmaniasis is currently expanding in continental climate areas of northwestern Italy, far from the recognized disease-endemic areas along the Mediterranean coasts. Cases of leishmaniasis began appearing in North America in 2000, and, as of 2008, "Leishmania"-positive foxhounds have been reported in 22 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.
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Imepitoin Imepitoin ( ), sold under the brand name Pexion, is an anticonvulsant which is used in veterinary medicine in Europe to treat epilepsy in dogs. It is not approved in the United States. The drug also has anxiolytic effects. It was originally developed to treat epilepsy in humans, but clinical trials were terminated upon findings of unfavorable metabolic differences in smokers and non-smokers.
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Pemafibrate Pemafibrate, marketed as Parmodia, is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist. It is developed and marketed by Kowa Pharmaceuticals.