What event brought seven Catholic cantons of Switzerland together to create a federal constitution?
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Switzerland as a federal state The rise of Switzerland as a federal state began on 12 September 1848, with the creation of a federal constitution in response to a 27-day civil war in Switzerland, the "Sonderbundskrieg". The constitution, which was heavily influenced by the United States Constitution and the ideas of the French Revolution, was modified several times during the following decades and wholly replaced in 1999. The constitution represents the first time that the Swiss were governed by a strong central government instead of being simply a collection of independent cantons bound by treaties.
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Sonderbund War The Sonderbund War (German: "Sonderbundskrieg" ) of November 1847 was a civil war in Switzerland, then still a relatively loose confederacy of cantons (states). It ensued after seven Catholic cantons formed the "Sonderbund" ("separate alliance") in 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power. The war concluded with the defeat of the Sonderbund. It resulted in the emergence of Switzerland as a federal state, concluding the period of political "restoration and regeneration" in Switzerland.
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Mandatory referendum The mandatory referendum (German: "obligatorisches Referendum" , French: "référendum obligatoire" , Italian: "referendum obbligatorio" , Romansh: "referendum obligatoric" ) is an instrument of direct democracy in Switzerland. It is a mechanism that holds mandatory votation of some decisions of the federal, cantonal, or municipal parliament and/or government, such as modifications of the Constitution or adhesion to supranational communities on a federal or cantonal level, or for example substantial financial decisions decreed by cantonal and/or communal executive and/or legislative bodies.
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Swiss referendums, 1962 Four referendums were held in Switzerland in 1962. The first was held on 1 April on a popular initiative to ban nuclear weapons, and was rejected by 65% of voters. The second and third were held on 27 May on an amendment to the constitution regarding nature conservation and a federal law amending pay at the federal level. The constitutional amendment was approved, but the law on pay was rejected. The final referendum was held on 4 November on another constitutional amendment on the method of election of the National Council, and was approved by voters.
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Swiss referendums, 1949 Four referendums were held in Switzerland during 1949. The first two were held on 22 May on revising article 39 of the federal constitution concerning the Swiss National Bank and a federal law amending a 1928 law on measures against tuberculosis, with both rejected by voters. The third was held on 11 September on a popular initiative "for the recurrence to direct democracy" and was narrowly approved. The final one was held on 11 December on a federal law to amend the employment status of federal civil servants, and was also approved.
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Swiss referendums, 1983 Four referendums were held in Switzerland in 1983. The first two were held on changes to fuel tax and the article in the Swiss Federal Constitution on energy. Whilst they were both approved by voters, the constitutional amendment failed to receive the support of a majority of cantons, so was rejected. The last two were held on 3 December on changes to the civil rights regulations, which were approved, and on allowing certain types of naturalisation, which was rejected.
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Three Leagues The Three Leagues was the alliance of 1471 of the League of God's House, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions and the Grey League, leading eventually to the formation of the Swiss canton of Graubünden. Most of the lands of Graubünden were part of the Roman province Raetia in 15 BC. The area later was part of the lands of the Bishopric of Chur.
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Pfaffenbrief The Pfaffenbrief is a contract dated to October 7, 1370, between six states of the Old Swiss Confederacy, Zürich, Lucerne, Zug, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden (with Bern and Glarus missing).
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Swiss referendums, 1990 Ten referendums were held in Switzerland in 1990. The first six were held on 1 April on four popular initiatives, a federal resolution on viticulture and an amendment to the federal law on the organisation of the federal judiciary. The four popular initiatives were all related to roadbuilding; "Stop the concrete – for a limitation on road making," "for an autobahn-free countryside between Murten and Yverdon," "for an autobahn-free Knonauer Amt," and "for a free Aarelandschaft between Biel and Solothurn/Zuchwil." All six were rejected by voters.
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Swiss federal election, 2007 Elections to the Swiss Federal Assembly, the federal parliament of Switzerland, were held on Sunday, 21 October 2007. In a few cantons, a second round of the elections to the Council of States was held on 11 November, 18 November, and 25 November 2007. For the 48th legislative term of the federal parliament (2007–2011), voters in 26 cantons elected all 200 members of the National Council as well as 43 out of 46 members of the Council of States. The other three members of the Council of States for that term of service were elected at an earlier date.
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Constitutional Convention (United States) The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention, the Federal Convention, or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia) took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States.
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Swiss referendums, 1997 Five referendums were held in Switzerland during 1997. The first three were held on 8 June on two popular initiatives "EU accession talks in front of the people" and "for a ban on arms exports" and a federal resolution on ending the federal monopoly on producing and selling gunpowder. The two popular initiatives were both rejected, whilst the end of the gunpowder monopoly was approved.
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Swiss federal election, 1854 Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 29 October 1854. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council, winning 80 of the 120 seats.
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Conseil d'État (Switzerland) In Switzerland, Conseil d'État is the name of the council constituting the cantonal government of French-speaking cantons. It is not to be confused with the "Conseil des États" (or Council of "States") which is a chamber of the Swiss parliament.
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Federal Chancellery of Switzerland The Federal Chancellery of Switzerland (German: "Bundeskanzlei" , French: "Chancellerie fédérale" , Italian: "Cancelleria federale" ) is a department-level agency of the federal administration of Switzerland. It is the staff organisation of the federal government, the Federal Council. As of 2016, it is headed by Federal Chancellor Walter Thurnherr of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland.
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Swiss referendums, 1974 Four referendums were held in Switzerland in 1974. The first was held on 20 October on a popular initiative "against foreign infiltration and overpopulation", and was rejected by voters. The next three were held on 8 December on an amendment to the federal budget (rejected), restricting federal expenditure (approved) and a popular initiative (and counterproposal) on social health insurance (both of which were rejected).
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Federal administration of Switzerland The federal administration of Switzerland (German: "Bundesverwaltung" , French: "Administration fédérale" , Italian: "Amministrazione federale" , Romansh: "" ) is the ensemble of agencies that constitute, together with the Swiss Federal Council, the executive branch of the Swiss federal authorities. The administration is charged with executing federal law and preparing draft laws and policy for the Federal Council and the Federal Assembly.
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Swiss constitutional referendum, 1872 A constitutional referendum was held in Switzerland on 12 May 1872. The new constitution was rejected by 50.5% of voters and a majority of cantons.
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Helvetic Consensus The Helvetic Consensus (Latin: "Formula consensus ecclesiarum Helveticarum" ) is a Swiss Reformed symbol drawn up in 1675 to guard against doctrines taught at the French Academy of Saumur, especially Amyraldism.
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Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss The Church of Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss (Italian: "Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri" ) is a Roman Catholic oratory in Vatican City. The church was built by Pope Pius V in 1568 to serve as private chapel for the Pontifical Swiss Guards, whose barracks are located next to Porta San Pellegrino, close to the Apostolic Palace. It is considered the national church of Switzerland in Rome.
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Federal Department of Justice and Police The Federal Department of Justice and Police (German: "Eidgenössisches Justiz- und Polizeidepartement" , French: "Département fédéral de justice et police" , Italian: "Dipartimento federale di giustizia e polizia" , Romansh: "" ) is one of the seven departments of the Swiss federal government. It is headed by a member of the Swiss Federal Council, the Swiss justice minister. Until 1979, the department was known as the Department of Justice and Police.
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Cantonal Council of Zürich The Cantonal Council of Zürich (German: "Züricher Kantonsrat" ) is the legislature of the canton of Zürich, in Switzerland. Zürich has a unicameral legislature. The Cantonal Council has 180 seats, with members elected every four years.