What prize did the man who used the ideas of Lars Onsager in 1957 to describe the magnetic phase diagram of type-II superconductors in 2003?
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Quantum vortex In physics, a quantum vortex represents a quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity. In most cases quantum vortices are a type of topological defect exhibited in superfluids and superconductors. The existence of quantum vortices was predicted by Lars Onsager in 1947 in connection with superfluid helium. Onsager also pointed out that quantum vortices describe the circulation of superfluid and conjectured that their excitations are responsible for superfluid phase transitions. These ideas of Onsager were further developed by Richard Feynman in 1955 and in 1957 were applied to describe the magnetic phase diagram of type-II superconductors by Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov. In 1935 Fritz London published a very closely related work on magnetic flux quantization in superconductors. London's fluxoid can also be viewed as a quantum vortex.
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Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (Russian: Алексе́й Алексе́евич Абрико́сов ; 25 June 1928 – 29 March 2017) was a Soviet, Russian and American theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003.
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Herbert Kroemer Herbert Kroemer (born August 25, 1928), a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage for a career in research on the physics of semiconductor devices. In 2000, Kroemer, along with Zhores I. Alferov, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics". The other co-recipient of the Nobel Prize was Jack Kilby for his invention and development of integrated circuits and micro-chips.
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Ernst Helmut Brandt Ernst Helmut Brandt was German theoretical physicist working on the Abrikosov vortex lattice in type-II superconductors, particularly with the ideal lattice, its nonlocal elastic response, lattice defects, pinning, and geometrical effects in the electromagnetic response of superconductors.
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Superconductivity Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911, in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of "perfect conductivity" in classical physics.
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Karlqvist gap The Karlqvist gap or Karlqvist Field is an electromagnetic phenomenon discovered in 1953 by the Swedish engineer Olle Karlqvist (1922-1976) which is important in magnetic storage for computers.
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Lanthanum barium copper oxide Lanthanum barium copper oxide, or LBCO, was discovered in 1986 and was the first high temperature superconductor. Johannes Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in physics for its discovery.
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Vladimir Prokofiev Vladimir Konstantinovich Prokofiev (Russian: Владимир Константинович Прокофьев , 1898–1993) USSR scientist, PhD, specialist in Optics and Spectroscopy, USSR State Prize winner.
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International Kim Il-sung Prize The International Kim Il-sung Prize (Korean: 국제김일성상 ) is an award conferred for contributions in the study and proliferation of the "Juche" idea. The prize was instituted by Vishwanath, the former Director-General of the International Institute of the "Juche" Idea, on March 19, 1992. It is named in honor of Kim Il-sung, the first supreme leader of the North Korea, credited with creation of the "Juche" idea.
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Gustav S. Christensen Prof. Gustav Stroem Christensen; (born April 1, 1929 Laesoe, Denmark), was an academic mathematician and engineer. He was the second youngest of 9 children and first worked as a radio operator in the Danish merchant marine. Later he was Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Alberta in Edmonton for 27 years. In 1957 he won the Engineering Institute of Canada's prize and the Henry Birks Gold Medal in Engineering. He received a B.Sc. in Engineering Physics from the University of Alberta, Edmonton in 1958 and a M.A.Sc. from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver in 1960. Later he obtained a Ph.D. in 1966, also in electrical engineering, from the University of British Columbia. Christensen wrote over 140 scientific papers, co-authored four books and four chapters.
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Mahendra Singh Sodha Mahendra Singh Sodha, popularly known as M. S. Sodha, is an Indian physicist specialising in Plasma, Optics and Energy and a former vice chancellor of Lucknow University, Devi Ahilya University and Barkatullah University. A 1974 winner of the highest Indian science award, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, Sodha was honoured by the Government of India again in 2003 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.
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Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American astronomer, 1978 Nobel laureate in physics, who with Arno Allan Penzias discovered in 1964 the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). The award purse was also shared with a third scientist, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, for unrelated work.
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Theo Rasing Theodorus "Theo" Henricus Maria Rasing (born 26 May 1953) is a Dutch professor of experimental physics at Radboud University Nijmegen. His expertise lies in the field of magneto-optics. He was a winner of the 2008 Spinoza Prize.
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Philip Warren Anderson Philip Warren Anderson (born December 13, 1923) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism, symmetry breaking (including a seminal paper in 1962 discussing symmetry breaking in particle physics, leading to the development of the Standard Model around 10 years later), and high-temperature superconductivity, and to the philosophy of science through his writings on emergent phenomena.
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Alexander Balankin Alexander Balankin (born March 3, 1958) is a Mexican scientist of Russian origin () whose work in the field of fractal mechanics and its engineering applications won him the UNESCO Science Prize in 2005.
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Meissner effect The Meissner effect (or Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect) is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state. The German physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered this phenomenon in 1933 by measuring the magnetic field distribution outside superconducting tin and lead samples. The samples, in the presence of an applied magnetic field, were cooled below their superconducting transition temperature, whereupon the samples cancelled nearly all interior magnetic fields. They detected this effect only indirectly because the magnetic flux is conserved by a superconductor: when the interior field decreases, the exterior field increases. The experiment demonstrated for the first time that superconductors were more than just perfect conductors and provided a uniquely defining property of the superconductor state.
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Ivar Giaever Ivar Giaever (Norwegian: "Giæver" , ] ; born April 5, 1929) is a Norwegian-American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson "for their discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in solids". Giaever's share of the prize was specifically for his "experimental discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in superconductors". Giaever is an institute professor emeritus at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a professor-at-large at the University of Oslo, and the president of Applied Biophysics.
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Mind &amp; Brain Prize The Mind & Brain Prize was established in 2003 and aims at honouring the most relevant researchers in the field of cognitive science, as well as to recognize outstanding achievement in advancing knowledge about mind and brain by persons whose work contributed to the growth and development of the discipline.
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Vladimir Baryshevsky Vladimir Grigoryevich Baryshevsky (Russian: Владимир Григорьевич Барышевский ; Belarusian: Уладзімір Рыгоравіч Барышэўскі ; born 1 July 1940) is a Soviet and Belarusian physicist, Honored Scientist of the Republic of Belarus, Winner of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus.
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Klaus von Klitzing Klaus von Klitzing (born 28 June 1943, Schroda) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.
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Horst Ludwig Störmer Horst Ludwig Störmer (born April 6, 1949) is a German-born American physicist, Nobel laureate and emeritus professor at Columbia University.
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Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science The Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science (Swedish: "Skytteanska priset" ) was established in 1995 by the Johan Skytte Foundation at Uppsala University. The foundation itself goes back to the donation in 1622 from Johan Skytte (1577-1645), politician and chancellor of the university, which established the Skyttean professorship of Eloquence and Government. The prize, 500,000 Swedish kronor (approximately $70,000) is to be given "to the scholar who in the view of the Foundation has made the most valuable contribution to political science". Since its creation in 1995, the Johan Skytte Prize has garnered a prestigious reputation within the social science community, earning the moniker "the Nobel Prize for Political Science."