The Triangle of reference was a book published by what was often referred to as what?
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Triangle of reference The triangle of reference (also known as the triangle of meaning and the semiotic triangle) is a model of how linguistic symbols are related to the objects they represent. The triangle was published in "The Meaning of Meaning" (1923) by Ogden and Richards. While often referred to as the "Ogden/Richards triangle" the idea is also expressed in 1810, by Bernard Bolzano, in his "Beiträge zu einer begründeteren Darstellung der Mathematik". However, the triangle can be traced back to the 4th century BC, in Aristotle's "Peri Hermeneias" (often referred to in its Latin translation "De Interpretatione", second book of his "Organon"). The Triangle relates to the problem of universals, a philosophical debate which split ancient and medieval philosophers (mainly realists and nominalists).
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I. A. Richards Ivor Armstrong Richards (26 February 1893 – 7 September 1979), known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, and rhetorician whose work contributed to the foundations of the New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory, which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self-contained, self-referential æsthetic object.
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Einstein synchronisation Einstein synchronisation (or Poincaré–Einstein synchronisation) is a convention for synchronising clocks at different places by means of signal exchanges. This synchronisation method was used already by telegraphers in the middle 19th century, but was popularized by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein who applied it to light signals and recognized its fundamental role in relativity theory. Its principal value is for clocks within a single inertial frame.
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Bartlett's Familiar Quotations Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, often simply called Bartlett's, is an American reference work that is the longest-lived and most widely distributed collection of quotations. The book was first issued in 1855 and is currently in its eighteenth edition, published in 2012.
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Isotype (picture language) Isotype (International System Of TYpographic Picture Education) is a method of showing social, technological, biological and historical connections in pictorial form. It consisted of a set of standardized and abstracted pictorial symbols to represent social-scientific data with specific guidelines on how to combine the identical figures using serial repetition. It was first known as the Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics ("Wiener Methode der Bildstatistik"), due to its having been developed at the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum in Wien (Social and economic museum of Vienna) between 1925 and 1934. The founding director of this museum, Otto Neurath, was the initiator and chief theorist of the Vienna Method. Gerd Arntz was the artist responsible for realising the graphics.The term Isotype was applied to the method around 1935, after its key practitioners were forced to leave Vienna by the rise of Austrian fascism.
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Isaac Newton in popular culture Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, natural philosopher, theologian, alchemist and one of the most influential scientists in human history. His "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" is considered to be one of the most influential book in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics by describing universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus.
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Current Biography Current Biography is an American monthly magazine published by the H. W. Wilson Company of The Bronx, New York, a publisher of reference books, that appears every month except December. "Current Biography" contains profiles of people in the news and includes politicians, athletes, businessmen, and entertainers. Published since 1940, the articles are annually collected into bound volumes called Current Biography Yearbook. A December issue of the magazine is not published because the staff works on the final cumulative volume for the year. Articles in the bound volumes correct any mistakes that may have appeared in the magazine and may include additional relevant information about the subject that became available since publication of the original article. The work is a standard reference source in American libraries and the publisher keeps in print the older volumes. Wilson also issues cumulative indexes to the set, and an online version is available as a subscription database.
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Thomas Aquinas Dictionary The Thomas Aquinas Dictionary is a collection of quotations by medieval philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas, indexed by keywords contained within the quotations. Most of the quotations are taken from the "Summa Theologica", with additional material from the "Summa contra Gentiles". The quotations are listed without additional commentary or explanatory notes, although the volume does contain an introduction to the work of Thomas Aquinas written by Theodore E. James. Scholarly reviews were critical of the work when it was published, particularly in terms of the selection and arrangement of material. The book does, however, still appear in bibliographies of reference material on Thomas Aquinas.
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Social Theory and Social Structure Social Theory and Social Structure ("STSS") was a landmark publication in sociology by Robert K. Merton. It has been translated into close to 20 languages and is one of the most frequently cited texts in social sciences. It was first published in 1949, although revised editions of 1957 and 1968 are often cited. In 1998 the International Sociological Association listed this work as the third most important sociological book of the 20th century.
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Spieker circle In geometry, the incircle of the medial triangle of a triangle is the Spieker circle, named after 19th-century German geometer Theodor Spieker. Its center, the Spieker center, in addition to being the incenter of the medial triangle, is the center of mass of the uniform-density boundary of triangle. The Spieker center is also the point where all three cleavers of the triangle (perimeter bisectors with an endpoint at a side's midpoint) intersect each other.
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Hannah Mary Bouvier Peterson Hannah Mary Bouvier Peterson (1811-1870) wrote books on science, astronomy and cookery. Most of her works were published anonymously or under her maiden name. "Bouvier's familiar astronomy: or, An introduction to the study of the heavens", "for the use of schools, families and private students", went through multiple editions in the United States and England and was highly acclaimed. "Familiar science", originally credited to her husband, was also popular and adopted in schools. Cookbooks such as "The national cook book" and "The young wife's cook book" were widely reprinted. Her books share a common focus on writing for an American audience.
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Spieker center In geometry, the Spieker center is a special point associated with a plane triangle. It is defined as the center of mass of the perimeter of the triangle. The Spieker center of a triangle ABC is the center of gravity of a homogeneous wire frame in the shape of triangle ABC. The point is named in honor of the 19th-century German geometer Theodor Spieker. The Spieker center is a triangle center and it is listed as the point X(10) in Clark Kimberling's Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers.
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Applied economics Applied Economics is the application of economic theory and econometrics in specific settings. As one of the two sets of fields of economics (the other set being the "core"), it is typically characterized by the application of the "core", i.e. economic theory and econometrics, to address practical issues in a range of fields including demographic economics, labour economics, business economics, industrial organization, agricultural economics, development economics, education economics, health economics, monetary economics, public economics, and economic history. The process often involves a reduction in the level of abstraction of this core theory. There are a variety of approaches including not only empirical estimation using econometrics, input-output analysis or simulations but also case studies, historical analogy and so-called common sense or the "vernacular". This range of approaches is indicative of what Roger Backhouse and Jeff Biddle argue is the ambiguous nature of the concept of applied economics. It is a concept with multiple meanings. Among broad methodological distinctions, one source places it in neither positive nor normative economics but the "art of economics", glossed as "what most economists do".
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Aristaeus the Elder Aristaeus the Elder (Greek: Ἀρισταῖος ὁ Πρεσβύτερος ; 370 – 300 BC) was a Greek mathematician who worked on conic sections. He was a contemporary of Euclid, though probably older. Practically nothing of his life is known except that the mathematician Pappus of Alexandria refers to him as Aristaeus the Elder which presumably means that Pappus was aware of another later mathematician also named Aristaeus. Pappus gave Aristaeus great credit for a work entitled "Five Books concerning Solid Loci" which was used by Pappus but has been lost. He may have also authored the book "Concerning the Comparison of Five Regular Solids". This book has also been lost; we know of it through a reference by the Greek mathematician Hypsicles.
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Common knowledge Common knowledge is knowledge that is known by everyone or nearly everyone, usually with reference to the community in which the term is used. Common knowledge need not concern one specific subject, e.g., science or history. Rather, common knowledge can be about a broad range of subjects, such as science, literature, history, and entertainment. Often, common knowledge does not need to be cited. Common knowledge is distinct from general knowledge. The latter has been defined by differential psychologists as referring to "culturally valued knowledge communicated by a range of non-specialist media", and is considered an aspect of ability related to intelligence. Therefore, there are substantial individual differences in general knowledge as opposed to common knowledge.
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Dow theory The Dow theory on stock price movement is a form of technical analysis that includes some aspects of sector rotation. The theory was derived from 255 Wall Street Journal editorials written by Charles H. Dow (1851–1902), journalist, founder and first editor of "The Wall Street Journal" and co-founder of Dow Jones and Company. Following Dow's death, William Peter Hamilton, Robert Rhea and E. George Schaefer organized and collectively represented Dow theory, based on Dow's editorials. Dow himself never used the term "Dow theory" nor presented it as a trading system.
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Funk &amp; Wagnalls Funk & Wagnalls was an American publisher known for its reference works, including "A Standard Dictionary of the English Language" (1st ed. 1894), and the "Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia" (25 volumes, 1st ed. 1912).
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Johnson circles In geometry, a set of Johnson circles comprises three circles of equal radius "r" sharing one common point of intersection "H". In such a configuration the circles usually have a total of four intersections (points where at least two of them meet): the common point "H" that they all share, and for each of the three pairs of circles one more intersection point (referred here as their 2-wise intersection). If any two of the circles happen to osculate, they only have "H" as a common point, and it will then be considered that "H" be their 2-wise intersection as well; if they should coincide we declare their 2-wise intersection be the point diametrically opposite "H". The three 2-wise intersection points define the reference triangle of the figure. The concept is named after Roger Arthur Johnson.
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The central science Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences, which include chemistry, with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and engineering. The nature of this relationship is one of the main topics in the philosophy of chemistry and in scientometrics. The phrase was popularized by its use in a textbook by Theodore L. Brown and H. Eugene LeMay, titled "Chemistry: The Central Science", which was first published in 1977, with a thirteenth edition published in 2014.
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Muscle reading Muscle reading, also known as "Hellstromism", "Cumberlandism" or "contact mind reading", is a technique used by mentalists to determine the thoughts or knowledge of a subject, the effect of which tends to be perceived as a form of mind reading. The performer can determine many things about the mental state of a subject by observing subtle, involuntary responses to speech or any other stimuli. It is closely related to the ideomotor effect, whereby subtle movements made without conscious awareness reflect a physical movement, action or direction which the subject is thinking about. The term "muscle reading" was coined in the 1870s by American neurologist George M. Beard to describe the actions of mentalist J. Randall Brown, an early proponent of the art.
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The Science of Life The Science of Life is a book written by H. G. Wells, Julian Huxley and G. P. Wells, published in three volumes by The Waverley Publishing Company Ltd in 1929–30, giving a popular account of all major aspects of biology as known in the 1920s. It has been called "the first modern textbook of biology" and "the best popular introduction to the biological sciences." Wells's most recent biographer notes that "The Science of Life" "is not quite as dated as one might suppose."
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The Roots of Reference The Roots of Reference is a 1974 book by philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine, in which Quine expands on his earlier concepts about the inscrutability of reference and examines problems with traditional empiricism, arguing for a naturalized epistemology based on holism.