Austrofascism was led by which Austrian Patriotic Front statesman?
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Austrofascism Austrofascism (German: "Austrofaschismus" ) was the authoritarian rule installed in Austria with the May Constitution of 1934, which ceased with the annexation of the newly founded Federal State of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938. It was based on a ruling party, the Fatherland Front ("Vaterländische Front") and the Heimwehr (Home Guard) paramilitary militia. Leaders were Engelbert Dollfuss and, after Dollfuss's assassination, Kurt Schuschnigg, who were previously politicians of the Christian Social Party, which was quickly integrated into the new movement.
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Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (German: "Engelbert Dollfuß" , ] ; 4 October 1892 – 25 July 1934) was an Austrian Christian Social and Patriotic Front statesman. Having served as Minister for Forests and Agriculture, he ascended to Federal Chancellor in 1932 in the midst of a crisis for the conservative government. In early 1933, he shut down parliament, banned the Austrian Nazi party and assumed dictatorial powers. Suppressing the Socialist movement in February 1934, he cemented the rule of “austrofascism” through the authoritarian "First of May Constitution". Dollfuss was assassinated as part of a failed coup attempt by Nazi agents in 1934. His successor Kurt Schuschnigg maintained the regime until Adolf Hitler's annexation of Austria in 1938.
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Baron Alexander von Bach Baron Alexander von Bach (German: "Alexander Freiherr von Bach"; 4 January 1813, Loosdorf, Austria - 12 November 1893, Schöngrabern, Austria) was an Austrian politician. His most notable achievement was instituting a system of centralized control at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.
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Ignaz Aurelius Fessler Ignaz Aurelius Fessler, aka Feßler (Hungarian: Fessler Ignác Aurél ; May 18, 1756 – December 15, 1839) was a Hungarian ecclesiastic, politician, historian and freemason.
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Ludwig Windthorst Baron Ludwig Windthorst (17 January 1812 – 14 March 1891), was a German politician and leader of the Catholic Centre Party, the most notable opponent of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck during the Prussian-led unification of Germany and the Kulturkampf. Anderson argues that he was "Imperial Germany's greatest parliamentarian," one who bears comparison with Irishmen Daniel O'Connell and Charles Stewart Parnell "in his handling of party machinery and his relation to the masses."
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István Friedrich István Friedrich (1 July 1883 – 25 November 1951) was a Hungarian politician, footballer and factory owner who served as Prime Minister of Hungary for three months between August and November in 1919. His tenure coincided with a period of political instability in Hungary immediately after World War I, during which several successive governments ruled the country.
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Carl Giskra Carl Giskra (29 January 1820, in Mährisch-Trübau – 1 June 1879, in Baden bei Wien) was a statesman of the Austrian Empire.
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Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck Otto Christian Archibald, Prince von Bismarck (25 September 1897 in Schönhausen, Brandenburg – 24 December 1975) was a German politician and diplomat, and the Prince of Bismarck from 1904 to his death.
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List of Ministers-President of Austria The Minister-President of Austria was the head of government of the Austrian Empire from 1848, when the office was created in the course of the March Revolution. Previously, executive power rested with an Austrian State Council, headed by the Emperor himself, from 1821 under the chairmanship of State Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich. The offices of Minister-President was not refilled from 1852, when Emperor Franz Joseph resumed control of the government affairs, and was replaced by a coordinating Chairman of the Austrian Minister's Conference.
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Ignaz Seipel Ignaz Seipel (19 July 1876 – 2 August 1932) was an Austrian prelate and politician of the Christian Social Party (CS), who served as Federal Chancellor twice during the 1920s.
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Alfred Frauenfeld Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld (18 May 1898 in Vienna – 10 May 1977 in Hamburg) was an Austrian Nazi leader. An engineer by occupation, he was associated with the pro-Nazi Germany wing of Austrian Nazism.
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Federal State of Austria The Federal State of Austria (Austrian German: "Bundesstaat Österreich " ; colloquially known as the "Ständestaat ", "Corporate State") was a continuation of the First Austrian Republic between 1934 and 1938 when it was a one-party state led by the clerico-fascist Fatherland Front. The "Ständestaat " concept, derived from the notion of "Stände " ("estates" or "corporations"), was propaganda advocated by leading regime politicians such as Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. The result was an authoritarian government based on a mix of conservative Catholic and Italian Fascist influences.
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Ferdinand von Rosenzweig Ferdinand Freiherr Rosenzweig von Drauwehr (July 11, 1812 – September 4, 1892) was an Austrian military officer.
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Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky Count Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky (] ; Czech: "František Antonín Kolovrat-Libštejnský" ; 31 January 1778 – 4 April 1861) was Bohemian noble and Austrian statesman from the House of Kolowrat. As a moderate liberal politician, he was one of the major opponents of State Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich during the "Vormärz" era. In the March Revolution of 1848, Kolowrat became the first constitutional Minister-President of Austria, however, he resigned after one month in office.
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Bosnian crisis The Bosnian crisis of 1908–09, also known as the Annexation crisis or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted when on 8 October 1908, Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formally within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire. This unilateral action—timed to coincide with Bulgaria's declaration of independence (5 October) from the Ottoman Empire—sparked protestations from all the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbours, Serbia and Montenegro. In April 1909 the Treaty of Berlin was amended to reflect the "fait accompli" and bring the crisis to an end. The crisis permanently damaged relations between Austria-Hungary on one hand and Serbia, Italy and the Russian Empire on the other. The Italian historian Luigi Albertini regarded it as laying the grounds for World War I. Although the crisis ended with what appeared to be a total Austro-Hungarian diplomatic victory, Russia became determined not to back down again and hastened its military build-up. Austrian–Serbian relations became permanently stressed.
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Vincenz Liechtenstein Vincenz Liechtenstein (30 July 1950 in Graz – 14 January 2008 in Deutschfeistritz, Styria) was an Austrian politician (ÖVP). He was a grandson of Charles I of Austria, the last Austrian Emperor. He was born a Prince of Liechtenstein and never renounced his right of succession to that monarchy's throne, but since the nobility in Austria was officially abolished in 1919 after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he did not use his princely title or honorific ("Serene Highness") in his Austrian civic life.
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Prince William of Baden (1829–1897) Prince Louis "William" Augustus of Baden (German: "Ludwig Wilhelm August Prinz von Baden" ; 18 December 1829 – 27 April 1897) was a Prussian general and politician. He was the father of Prince Maximilian of Baden, the last Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia and last Chancellor of the German Empire. Wilhelm was a Prince of Baden, and a member of the House of Zähringen.
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Karl Joseph von Firmian Karl Joseph von Firmian (Trento, 15 August 1716 - Milan, 20 July 1782) was an Austrian noble, who served as Plenipotentiary of Lombardy to the Austrio-Hungarian Empire. His proper name was Karl Gotthard von Firmian, and in Italy known as "Carlo Giuseppe di Firmian". He was the nephew of Leopold Anton von Firmian.
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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and was the brother of Marie Antoinette. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. Joseph was a proponent of enlightened absolutism; however, his commitment to modernizing reforms subsequently engendered significant opposition, which eventually culminated in an ultimate failure to fully implement his programmes. He has been ranked, with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia, as one of the three great Enlightenment monarchs. His policies are now known as Josephinism. He died with no sons and was succeeded by his younger brother, Leopold II.
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György Majláth (1786–1861) György Majláth (April 2, 1786 – April 11, 1861), also known by his German name Georg von Majláth, was a Hungarian statesman.
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Georg von Trapp Corvette Captain Georg Johannes Ritter von Trapp (4 April 1880 – 30 May 1947), often incorrectly referred to as Baron (Freiherr) von Trapp, was an Austro-Hungarian Navy officer. His naval exploits during World War I earned him numerous decorations, including the prestigious Military Order of Maria Theresa. Under his command, the submarines SM "U-5" and SM "U-14" sank 13 Allied ships totaling about  gross register tons (GRT) .
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Klemens von Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein (15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859) was a German diplomat and statesman and one of the most important of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.