Because these areas have tribal sovereignty what proposal was approved by 51.51% of the voters on November 5, 1996 by the state of Michigan?
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Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act The Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act, passed by Michigan voters in 1996 as Proposal E and then expanded and signed into law as the Public Act 69 of 1997, allows non-Native American casino gaming in Michigan. The proposal was approved by 51.51% of the voters on November 5, 1996.
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Native American gaming Native American gaming comprises casinos, bingo halls, and other gambling operations on Indian reservations or other tribal land in the United States. Because these areas have tribal sovereignty, states have limited ability to forbid gambling there, as codified by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988. As of 2011, there were 460 gambling operations run by 240 tribes, with a total annual revenue of $27 billion.
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University-Cultural Center Multiple Resource Area The University-Cultural Center MRA (Multiple Resource Area) is a pair of multiple property submissions to the National Register of Historic Places which were approved on April 29 and May 1, 1986. The structures included are all located in Midtown, near Woodward Avenue and Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. The two submissions are designated the University-Cultural Center MRA Phase I, containing five properties, and the University-Cultural Center MRA Phase II, containing three properties.
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Isabella Indian Reservation The Isabella Indian Reservation is the primary land base of the federally recognized Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation, located in Isabella County in the central part of the U.S. state of Michigan. The tribe also has some small parcels of off-reservation trust land in Standish Township, Arenac County, near Saginaw Bay and southeast of the city of Standish. Tribal lands are held in trust by the federal government on behalf of the nation.
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Metro Detroit The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is a major metropolitan area in Southeast Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and its surrounding area. There are several definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, a federal agency of the United States. Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, and sports. The area includes a variety of natural landscapes, , and beaches, with a recreational coastline linking the Great Lakes. It is one of the nation's largest metropolitan economies, with seventeen Fortune 500 companies.
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Moroccan constitutional referendum, 1996 A constitutional referendum was held in Morocco on 13 September 1996. The new constitution created a bicameral Parliament by adding the Assembly of Councillors to the existing Assembly of Representatives. The 270-seat Assembly of Councillors would be indirectly elected by local councillors (162 seats), chambers of commerce (81), and trade unions (27), whilst the 325-seat Assembly of Representatives would now be entirely directly elected. The changes were approved by 99.5% of voters, with an 85% turnout. Fresh elections were held the following year.
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Nunavut creation referendum, 1992 A referendum on the creation of the territory of Nunavut was held on 5 November 1992 in the territory set to become the new territory. It was approved by 69% of voters. On 10 June 1993 the federal government passed two laws dividing the Northwest Territories and providing for the formation of Nunavut on 1 April 1999.
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Cecilia Fire Thunder Cecilia Fire Thunder (born Cecilia Apple; October 24, 1946) is a nurse, community health planner and tribal leader of the Oglala Sioux. On November 2, 2004, she was the first woman elected as president of the Tribe. She served until being impeached on June 29, 2006, several months short of the two-year term. The major controversy was over her effort to provide for women on the reservation needing family planning services after the South Dakota legislature banned most abortions throughout the state. The tribal council impeached her for proceeding without gaining their consensus.
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Shiawassee River The Shiawassee River in the U.S. state of Michigan drains an area of 1,201 sqmi within Oakland, Genesee, Livingston, Shiawassee, Midland and Saginaw counties. It flows in a generally northerly direction for about 110 mi from its source to its confluence with the Tittabawassee River creating the Saginaw River, which drains into the Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron.
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List of U.S. state and tribal wilderness areas List of wilderness areas designated by U.S. state and tribal governments. Eight states had designated wilderness programs in 2002 while some other states had designated wildernesses. In 2002, the 9 state programs had 74 wilderness areas with a total protected area of 2,668,903 acres (10,800.7 km²). Florida had had 10 wilderness areas but their authorizing legislation was repealed in 1989.
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Michigan State Asylum Michigan State Asylum may refer to any number of early mental institutions in the state. Michigan became a state in 1837 and five years later accepted that the principal caring for the mentally afflicted was a state problem. In 1848 a joint resolution required an annual return from the adviser of the number of insane, deaf, dumb, and blind in the state. In that same year the legislature set aside 5000 acre of land for buildings, next year nearly double that amount, and in 1850, 16000 acre . Not until 1853 was money, $20,000, appropriated out of the general fund of the state treasury. Many hospitals/prisons have been referred to as ""Michigan State Asylum"". There were once 16 State-operated psychiatric facilities in Michigan. Between 1987 and 2003 Michigan closed three quarters of its 16 state psychiatric facilities. Here is a partial list.
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Winona LaDuke Winona LaDuke (born August 18, 1959) is an American environmentalist, economist, and writer, known for her work on tribal land claims and preservation, as well as sustainable development. In 1996 and 2000, she ran for Vice President as the nominee of the Green Party of the United States, on a ticket headed by Ralph Nader. In the 2016 presidential election, she became the first Native American woman to receive an electoral vote for Vice President of the United States.
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Protected areas of Michigan The protected areas of Michigan come in an array of different types and levels of protection. Michigan has five units of the National Park Service system. There are 14 federal wilderness areas; the majority of these are also tribal-designated wildernesses. It has one of the largest state forest systems as well having four national forests. The state maintains a large state park system and there are also regional parks, and county, township and city parks. Still other parks on land and in the Great Lakes are maintained by other governmental bodies. Private protected areas also exist in the state, mainly lands owned by land conservancies.
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Tribal sovereignty in the United States Tribal sovereignty in the United States is the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States. The U.S. federal government recognizes tribal nations as "domestic dependent nations" and has established a number of laws attempting to clarify the relationship between the federal, state, and tribal governments.
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Peninsulas of Michigan The Peninsulas of Michigan are a pair of fresh water peninsulas defined by several components of the Great Lakes and their connecting waterways which together compose the U.S. state of Michigan. The Upper Peninsula to the north has a more rural and jagged landscape than the more urban and level Lower Peninsula to the south. Separating the two parts are the Straits of Mackinac which joins Lake Michigan to Lake Huron at an even flow. Persons crossing between the two landmasses had to use ferries in sometimes ice-prone conditions until the construction of the Mackinac Bridge. Long tracts of shore along both peninsulas with several Great Lakes give Michigan the largest territorial waters of any state except Alaska (which has thousands of miles of coast). The Lower Peninsula has a population that is well over an order of magnitude larger than that of the Upper Peninsula due to the presence of big cities including Detroit and Grand Rapids with histories of substantial manufacturing and technology employment. The cultural differences between the Michigan peninsulas tend to have greater meaning to residents of the Upper Peninsula than to those of the Lower Peninsula due to their reliance on forestry and mining which puts them at variance both economically and politically with the rest of the state.
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Michigan Islands Wilderness Area Michigan Islands Wilderness Area, a relatively small wilderness area of 12.5 acres (0.05 km.), consists of Pismire Island, Scarecrow Island, and Shoe Island within the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge. These three islands, which constitute part of the group of islands that make up the larger refuge, were elevated to the rank of a United States wilderness area in 1970. All three islands are noted for their infrequent human visitation and their roles as breeding grounds for freshwater wading birds, such as the great blue heron.
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West Michigan West Michigan and Western Michigan are terms for an arbitrarily selected region in the U.S. state of Michigan in its Lower Peninsula. Generally, West Michigan refers to the Grand Rapids- Muskegon- Holland area, however there is no official definition for what constitutes "West Michigan."
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Miccosukee Indian Reservation The Miccosukee Indian Reservation is the homeland of the Miccosukee tribe of Native Americans. It is divided into three sections in two counties of southern Florida, United States. Their total land area is 128.256 sq mi (332.183 km²). There was no resident population on reservation territory as of the 2000 census.
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Government of Saginaw, Michigan The Government of Saginaw, Michigan is a council-manager form of government with a mayor selected from members of the city council by members of the city council. Saginaw is classified as a home rule city under the Michigan Home Rule Cities Act which permits cities to exercise "home rule" powers, among which is the power to frame and adopt its own city charter which serves as the fundamental law of the city, in a manner similar to a constitution for a national or state government. The present charter was adopted in 1935 and took effect on January 6, 1936.
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Pure Michigan Byway A Pure Michigan Byway is the designation for a segment of the State Trunkline Highway System in the US state of Michigan that is a "scenic, recreational, or historic route that is representative of Michigan's natural and cultural heritage." The designation was created with the name Michigan Heritage Route by the state legislature on June 22, 1993, and since then five historic, seven recreational and six scenic byways have been designated by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), and another two have been proposed. These byways have been designated in both the Upper and Lower peninsulas (UP, LP) of the state. The current name was adopted on December 30, 2014, and it references the Pure Michigan tourism marketing campaign.
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Waterloo State Recreation Area Waterloo State Recreation Area is the third-largest park in Michigan, encompassing over 21000 acre of forest, lakes and wetlands. Located in northeast Jackson County and parts of Washtenaw County, the park is the largest in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and features 4 campgrounds, 11 lakes, a nature center, and over 50 mi of trails - some for horses, bicycles, hiking and cross-country skiing. Waterloo SRA includes the Black Spruce Bog Natural Area, a National Natural Landmark and borders the 11000 acre Pinckney Recreation Area on the east and the 950 acre Phyllis Haehnle Memorial Audubon Sanctuary to the west. The land preserved by the park is not all contiguous and numerous private landholdings and roads run through the park area. The area is characterized by moraines, kettle lakes, swamps and bogs left by retreating glaciers after the last ice age. The park was created by the federal government during the Great Depression and is long-term leased to the state.
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United States Senate election in Michigan, 2012 The 2012 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 6, 2012, alongside a presidential election, other elections to the United States Senate in other states, as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow was re-elected to a third term after being unopposed in the Democratic primary. The Republican nominee was former Congressman Pete Hoekstra. Stabenow defeated Hoekstra by a landslide 21% margin and by almost one million votes.