What was the ethnic origin for the man whose philosophical work included The Phenomenology of Spirit?
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The Phenomenology of Spirit Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807) is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's most widely discussed philosophical work. Hegel's first book, it describes the three-stage dialectical life of Spirit. The title can be translated as either The Phenomenology of Spirit or The Phenomenology of Mind, because the German word "Geist" has both meanings. The book's working title, which also appeared in the first edition, was "Science of the Experience of Consciousness". On its initial publication (see cover image on right), it was identified as Part One of a projected "System of Science", of which the "Science of Logic" was the second part. A smaller work, titled "Philosophy of Spirit" (also translated as "Philosophy of Mind"), appears in Hegel's "Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences", and recounts in briefer and somewhat altered form the major themes of the original "Phenomenology".
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ( ; ] ; August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and an important figure of German idealism. He achieved wide renown in his day and, while primarily influential within the continental tradition of philosophy, has become increasingly influential in the analytic tradition as well. Although Hegel remains a divisive figure, his canonical stature within Western philosophy is universally recognized.
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Lazarus Geiger Lazarus Geiger (1829–1870) was a German Jewish philosopher and philologist.
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George Berkeley George Berkeley ( ; 12 March 168514 January 1753) — known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne) — was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory denies the existence of material substance and instead contends that familiar objects like tables and chairs are only ideas in the minds of perceivers and, as a result, cannot exist without being perceived. Berkeley is also known for his critique of abstraction, an important premise in his argument for immaterialism.
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Christian von Ehrenfels Christian von Ehrenfels (also "Maria Christian Julius Leopold Freiherr von Ehrenfels"; 20 June 1859 – 8 September 1932) was an Austrian philosopher, and is known as one of the founders and precursors of Gestalt psychology.
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19th-century philosophy In the 19th century the philosophies of the Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect, the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau influencing new generations of thinkers. In the late 18th century a movement known as Romanticism began; it validated strong emotion as an authentic not of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and terror and awe. Key ideas that sparked changes in philosophy were the fast progress of science; evolution, as postulated by Vanini, Diderot, Lord Monboddo, Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, Goethe, and Charles Darwin; and what might now be called emergent order, such as the free market of Adam Smith within nation states. Pressures for egalitarianism, and more rapid change culminated in a period of revolution and turbulence that would see philosophy change as well.
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Xenocrates Xenocrates ( ; Greek: Ξενοκράτης ; c. 396/5314/3 BC ) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC. His teachings followed those of Plato, which he attempted to define more closely, often with mathematical elements. He distinguished three forms of being: the sensible, the intelligible, and a third compounded of the two, to which correspond respectively, sense, intellect and opinion. Unity and duality he considered to be gods which rule the universe, and the soul is a self-moving number. God pervades all things, and there are daemonical powers, intermediate between the divine and the mortal, which consist in conditions of the soul. He held that mathematical objects and the Platonic Ideas are identical, unlike Plato who distinguished them. In ethics, he taught that virtue produces happiness, but that external goods can minister to it and enable it to effect its purpose.
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Wilhelm Dilthey Wilhelm Dilthey (] ; 19 November 1833 – 1 October 1911) was a German historian, psychologist, sociologist, and hermeneutic philosopher, who held G. W. F. Hegel's Chair in Philosophy at the University of Berlin. As a polymathic philosopher, working in a modern research university, Dilthey's research interests revolved around questions of scientific methodology, historical evidence and history's status as a science. He could be considered an empiricist, in contrast to the idealism prevalent in Germany at the time, but his account of what constitutes the empirical and experiential differs from British empiricism and positivism in its central epistemological and ontological assumptions, which are drawn from German literary and philosophical traditions.
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Anthony Kenny Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 16 March 1931) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion. With Peter Geach, he has made a significant contribution to Analytical Thomism, a movement whose aim is to present the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas in the style of modern philosophy of traditional Thomism. He is one of the executors of Wittgenstein's literary estate. He is a former President of the British Academy and the Royal Institute of Philosophy.
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Semyon Frank Semyon Lyudvigovich Frank (Russian: Семён Лю́двигович Франк ; 1877–1950) was a Russian philosopher. Born into a Jewish family, he became a Christian in 1912.
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Tran Duc Thao Trần Đức Thảo (Từ Sơn, Bắc Ninh, 26 September 1917 – Paris, 24 April 1993) was a Vietnamese philosopher. His work (written primarily in French) attempted to unite phenomenology with Marxist philosophy. His work had some currency in France in the 1950s and 1960s, and was cited favorably by Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard and Louis Althusser.
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Souleymane Bachir Diagne Souleymane Bachir Diagne ] () is a Senegalese philosopher, born in 1955 in Saint-Louis, Senegal. His work is focused on the history of logic and mathematics, epistemology, the tradition of philosophy in the Islamic world, identity formation, and African literatures and philosophies.
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Western philosophy Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with Hellenic (i.e. Greek) philosophy of the Pre-Socratics such as Thales (c. 624 – c. 546 BC) and Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BC), and eventually covering a large area of the globe. The word "philosophy" itself originated from the Hellenic: "philosophia" (φιλοσοφία), literally, "the love of wisdom" (φιλεῖν "philein", "to love" and σοφία "sophia", "wisdom").
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Julius Bahnsen Julius Friedrich August Bahnsen (March 30, 1830 – December 7, 1881) was a German philosopher. Bahnsen is usually considered the originator of characterology and a real-dialectical method of philosophical reflection which he laid down in his two-volume "Contributions to Characterology" (1867) and developed forth with his following works, amongst others his opus magnum "The Contradiction in the Knowledge and Being of the World" (1880/82).
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W. D. Ross Sir William David Ross KBE FBA ( ; 15 April 1877 – 5 May 1971), known as David Ross but usually cited as W. D. Ross, was a Scottish philosopher who is known for his work in ethics. His best-known work is "The Right and the Good" (1930), and he is perhaps best known for developing a pluralist, deontological form of intuitionist ethics in response to G.E. Moore's intuitionism. Ross also , in addition to writing on Greek philosophy.
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Munich phenomenology "Munich phenomenology" (also Munich phenomenological school) refers to the philosophical orientation of a group of philosophers and psychologists that studied and worked in Munich at the turn of the twentieth century. Their views are grouped under the names realist (also realistic) phenomenology or phenomenology of essences. Munich Phenomenology represents one branch of what is referred to as the early phenomenology.
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Philosophy of the Unconscious Philosophy of the Unconscious: Speculative Results According to the Induction Method of the Physical Sciences (German: "Philosophie des Unbewussten" ) is an 1869 book by the philosopher Eduard von Hartmann. The culmination of the speculations and findings of German romantic philosophy in the first two-thirds of the 19th century, "Philosophy of the Unconscious" became famous. By 1882, it had appeared in nine editions. A three volume English translation appeared in 1884. The English translation is more than 1100 pages long. The work influenced Sigmund Freud's and Carl Jung's theories of the unconscious.
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Daniel Kolak Daniel Kolak (born 1955 in Zagreb, Croatia) is a Croatian-American philosopher who works primarily in philosophy of mind, personal identity, cognitive science, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of logic, philosophy of religion, and aesthetics. He is professor of philosophy at the William Paterson University of New Jersey and an Affiliate of the Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science (RuCCS). Kolak is the founder of the philosophical therapy known as cognitive dynamics.
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Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy has been a major influence in the development of 20th-century philosophy, especially existentialism and postmodernism. Kierkegaard was a 19th-century Danish philosopher who has been called the "Father of Existentialism". His philosophy also influenced the development of existential psychology.
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The Concept of Anxiety The Concept of Anxiety (Danish: "Begrebet Angest" ): "A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin", is a philosophical work written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1844. The original 1944 English translation by Walter Lowrie (now out of print), had the title The Concept of Dread. "The Concept of Anxiety" was dedicated "to the late professor Poul Martin Møller". He used the pseudonym Vigilius Haufniensis (which, according to Kierkegaard scholar Josiah Thompson, is the Latin transcription for “the Watchman" of Copenhagen) for "The Concept of Anxiety".
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Nicolai Hartmann Nicolai Hartmann (] ; 20 February 1882 – 9 October 1950) was a Baltic German philosopher. He is regarded as a key representative of critical realism and as one of the most important twentieth century metaphysicians.
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Karl Polanyi Karl Paul Polanyi (Hungarian: "Polányi Károly" ] ; born October 25, 1886, Vienna, Austro-Hungarian Empire – April 23, 1964, Pickering, Ontario) was an Austro-Hungarian economic historian, economic anthropologist, economic sociologist, political economist, historical sociologist and social philosopher. He is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought and for his book, "The Great Transformation", which argued that the emergence of market-based societies in modern Europe was not inevitable but historically contingent. Polanyi is remembered today as the originator of substantivism, a cultural approach to economics, which emphasized the way economies are embedded in society and culture. This view ran counter to mainstream economics but is popular in anthropology, economic history, economic sociology and political science.