Irwin Stone originally published the hypothesis that which vitamin can be used as a supplement to treat and prevent scurvy?
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Irwin Stone Irwin Stone (1907–1984) was an American biochemist, chemical engineer, and author. He was the first to use ascorbic acid in the food processing industry as a preservative, and originated and published the hypothesis that humans require much larger amounts of Vitamin C for optimal health than is necessary to prevent scurvy.
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Vitamin C Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and -ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent scurvy. Evidence does not support use in the general population for the prevention of the common cold. It may be taken by mouth or by injection.
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Duesberg hypothesis The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg, that various noninfectious factors such as but not limited to, recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is merely a harmless passenger virus. The most prominent supporters of this hypothesis are Duesberg himself, biochemist and vitamin proponent David Rasnick, and journalist Celia Farber. The scientific community contends that Duesberg's arguments are the result of cherry-picking predominantly outdated scientific data and selectively ignoring evidence in favor of HIV's role in AIDS. The scientific consensus is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect and that HIV is the cause of AIDS.
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Calcium erythorbate Calcium erythorbate is a food additive. Chemically, it is the calcium salt of erythorbic acid, with the chemical formula Ca(CHO). As an antioxidant structurally related to vitamin C, it helps improve flavor stability and prevents the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines.
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Wimberger's ring sign Wimberger's ring sign refers to a circular calcification surrounding the osteoporotic epiphyseal centers of ossification, which may result from bleeding. It is seen in cases of scurvy.
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Homer Smith Dr Homer William Smith (January 2, 1895 – March 25, 1962) was an American physiologist and an advocate for science, who spent most of his career at New York University School of Medicine. His research work focused on the kidney and he discovered inulin at the same time as A.N. Richards. Dr. Smith authored several books including "From Fish to Philosopher", "Man and His Gods", and "The Kidney: Structure and function in health and disease’'.
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Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People was a late 19th to early 20th-century patent medicine containing ferrous sulfate and magnesium sulfate. It was produced by Dr. Williams Medicine Company, the trading arm of G. T. Fulford & Company. It was claimed to cure chorea, referenced frequently in newspaper headlines as "St. Vitus' Dance," as well as "locomotor ataxia, partial paralyxia, seistica, neuralgia rheumatism, nervous headache, the after-effects of la grippe, palpitation of the heart, pale and sallow complexions, [and] all forms of weakness in male or female."
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Nutritional neuroscience Nutritional neuroscience is the scientific discipline that studies the effects various components of the diet such as minerals, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, fats, dietary supplements, synthetic hormones, and food additives have on neurochemistry, neurobiology, behavior, and cognition.
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Michael R. Rose Michael R. Rose is a Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Irvine. His Ph.D. advisor was Brian Charlesworth. His main area of work has been the evolution of aging, approached both theoretically and empirically via the technique of experimental evolution. In 1991, he published "Evolutionary Biology of Aging" exploring a view of the subject based on antagonistic pleiotropy, the hypothesis that aging is caused by genes that have two effects, one acting early in life and the other much later. The genes are favored by natural selection as a result of their early-life benefits, and the costs that accrue much later appear as incidental side-effects that we identify as aging. Dr. Rose has also suggested that aging can stop in a latter stage of life. The field of aging biology is divided between those who think that it will be very difficult to develop technology to postpone human aging and those who expect breakthroughs in this field in the near future. Rose is an outspoken advocate for the former position.
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Homeopathy Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on his doctrine of "like cures like" ("similia similibus curentur"), a claim that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people would cure similar symptoms in sick people. Homeopathy is a pseudoscience – a belief that is incorrectly presented as scientific. Homeopathic preparations are not effective for treating any condition; large-scale studies have found homeopathy to be no more effective than a placebo, indicating that any positive effects that follow treatment are only due to the placebo effect, normal recovery from illness, or regression toward the mean.
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Probiotic Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that are believed to provide health benefits when consumed. The term probiotic is currently used to name ingested microorganisms associated with benefits for humans and animals. The term came into more common use after 1980. The introduction of the concept (but not the term) is generally attributed to Nobel laureate Élie Metchnikoff, who postulated that yogurt-consuming Bulgarian peasants lived longer lives because of this custom. He suggested in 1907 that "the dependence of the intestinal microbes on the food makes it possible to adopt measures to modify the flora in our bodies and to replace the harmful microbes by useful microbes". A significant expansion of the potential market for probiotics has led to higher requirements for scientific substantiation of putative benefits conferred by the microorganisms.
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Strepsils Strepsils is a line of throat lozenges, used to relieve discomfort in mouth and throat infections. It is manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser and is one of the Boots Healthcare International brands that Reckitt Benckiser acquired in 2006. The primary active ingredients are dichlorobenzyl alcohol and amylmetacresol, with some formulations containing ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Inactive ingredients include menthol, tartaric acid, and propylene glycol.
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Prenatal vitamins Prenatal vitamins are vitamin and mineral supplements intended to be taken before and during pregnancy and during postnatal lactation. Although not intended to replace a healthy diet, prenatal vitamins provide women of child bearing age with nutrients recognized by the various health organizations including the American Dietetic Association as helpful for a healthy pregnancy outcome. It may be appropriate to start taking prenatal vitamins once the female enters childbearing age.
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Douglas McAlpine Archibald Douglas McAlpine (19 August 1890 – 4 February 1981) was a British neurologist who pioneered research into multiple sclerosis. His book "Multiple sclerosis", published first time in 1955, has since his death been published with the title "McAlpine's Multiple Sclerosis", and has become the standard reference for multiple sclerosis researchers.
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Roger J. Williams Roger John Williams (August 14, 1893 – February 20, 1988), was an American biochemist who spent his academic career at the University of Texas at Austin. He is known for isolating and naming folic acid and for his roles in discovering pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, lipoic acid, and avidin. He served as the founding director of the Clayton Foundation Biochemical Institute from 1941 to 1963, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1946, and served as the president of the American Chemical Society in 1957. In his later career he spent time writing for a popular audience on the importance of nutrition. His brother Robert R. Williams was also a distinguished chemist and is known for discovery of thiamine (vitamin B1). Roger Williams is credited for emphasizing the "Biochemical Individuality" of each person with respect to their metabolic makeup and micronutrient needs. It is also the title of one of his well known books that emphasizes the uniqueness of nutritional requirements from person to person based on their genetic makeup, lifestyle, medical history, diet, etc.
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Renal physiology Renal physiology (Latin "rēnēs", "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.
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Sho-saiko-to Sho-Saiko-To or SST (), also known as Minor Bupuleurum Formula and "Xiao Chai Hu Tang" in Chinese小柴胡汤, is a herbal supplement, believed to enhance liver health. Sho-Saiko-To is a widely used prescription drug in China and is a listed formula in China. There are currently ongoing clinical trials for Sho-Saiko-To at University of California, San Diego and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The active ingredients of Sho-Saiko-To discovered so far include: Baicalin, Baicalein, Glycyrrhizin, Saikosaponins, Ginsenosides, Wogonin, Gingerol.
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Amurca Amurca is the bitter-tasting, dark-colored, watery sediment that settles out of unfiltered olive oil over time. It is also known as "olive oil lees" in English. Historically, amurca was used for numerous purposes, as first described by Cato the Elder in De Agri Cultura, and later by Pliny the Elder. Cato mentions its uses as a building material (128), pesticide (91, 92, 96, 98), herbicide (91, 129), dietary supplement for oxen (103) and trees (36, 93), food preservative (99, 101), as a maintenance product for leather (97), bronze vessel (98), and vases (100), and as a treatment for firewood in order to avoid smoke (130).
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Oxipurinol Oxipurinol (INN, or oxypurinol USAN) is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. It is an active metabolite of allopurinol and it is cleared renally. In cases of renal disease, this metabolite will accumulate to toxic levels. By inhibiting xanthine oxidase, it reduces uric acid production. High serum uric acid levels may result in gout, kidney stones, and other medical conditions.
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Commelina ensifolia Commelina ensifolia, commonly known as scurvy weed, scurvy grass or wandering Jew, is an annual herb native to Australia, India, and Sri Lanka.
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Howard Sachs (scientist) Howard Sachs (July 12, 1926 – December 6, 2011), was a biochemist who helped pioneer the study of neuroendocrinology. His discoveries concerning the production of the hormone vasopressin laid the foundation for the field of hormone biosynthesis.
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Frederick William Pavy Frederick William Pavy (29 May 1829 – 19 September 1911) was a British physician and physiologist and the discoverer of Pavy's disease, a cyclic or recurrent physiologic albuminuria.