Hera is the goddess of women and marriage in Greek mythology and what collection of beliefs, rituals, and mythology originating in ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices?
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Hera Hera ( , ; Greek: Ἥρᾱ "Hērā", equivalently Ἥρη "Hērē", in Ionic and Homer) is the goddess of women and marriage in Greek mythology and religion. She is the daughter of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Hera is married to her brother Zeus and is titled as the Queen of Heaven. One of her characteristics is her jealous and vengeful nature against Zeus's other lovers and offspring and against the mortals who cross her.
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Ancient Greek religion Ancient Greek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs, rituals, and mythology originating in ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. These groups varied enough for it to be possible to speak of Greek religions or "cults" in the plural, though most of them shared similarities.
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Foce del Sele The Foce del Sele or "mouth of the River Sele" or Heraion at the mouth of the Sele is an archaeological site that contained an Ancient Greek sanctuary complex dedicated to the goddess Hera in Magna Grecia or southern Italy. It was originally located at the mouth of the Sele, about 9 kilometres north from the city of Paestum, then the Greek city of Poseidonia, which is famous for its three standing Greek temples. It is now in the modern commune of Capaccio-Paestum, some 50 miles south of Naples. The sanctuary is about 1.5 kilometres from the modern coast as a result of the deposition of alluvial sediment by the river.
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Gaia (mythology) In Greek mythology, Gaia ( or from Ancient Greek Γαῖα , a poetical form of Γῆ "Gē", "land" or "earth"), also spelled Gaea, is the personification of the Earth and one of the Greek primordial deities. Gaia is the ancestral mother of all life: the primal Mother Earth goddess. She is the immediate parent of Uranus (the sky), from whose sexual union she bore the Titans (themselves parents of many of the Olympian gods) and the Giants, and of Pontus (the sea), from whose union she bore the primordial sea gods. Her equivalent in the Roman pantheon was Terra.
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Charis (mythology) In Greek mythology, Charis ( ; Greek: Χάρις "grace, kindness, and life") is one of the Charites (Greek: Χάριτες ) or "Graces", goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility; and in Homer's "Iliad", Charis is the wife of Hephaestus. Charis was also known as Cale ("Beauty") or Aglaea ("Splendor").
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Alalcomenes Alalcomenes (Ancient Greek: Ἀλαλκομένης ) was in Greek mythology a Boeotian autochthon, who was believed to have given the name to the Boeotian town of Alalcomenae. He was also said to have brought-up/tutored Athena (under the epithet Athena Alalcomeneis), who was in some traditions said to have been born in that town, and to have been the first who introduced her worship. According to Plutarch, he advised Zeus to have a figure of oak-wood dressed in bridal attire, and carried about amidst hymnal songs, in order to change the anger of Hera into jealousy. The name of the wife of Alalcomenes was Athenaïs, and that of his son, Glaucopus, both of which refer to the goddess Athena.
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Mithraism Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries, was a mystery religion centred around the god Mithras that was practised in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to the 4th century CE. The religion was inspired by Persian worship of the god Mithra (proto-Indo-Iranian Mitra), though the Greek "Mithras" was linked to a new and distinctive imagery, and the level of continuity between Persian and Greco-Roman practice is debated. The mysteries were popular in the Roman military.
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Athena (disambiguation) Athena is a goddess of wisdom, strategic-war and weaving in Greek mythology. It is also a feminine given name, after the goddess.
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Thalia (nymph) In Greek mythology, Thalia (Greek: Θάλεια "Tháleia" or Θάλια "Thália", "the Joyous, the Flourishing", from θάλλειν / thállein, "to flourish, to be green") is a nymph, the child of Hephaestus. She is also given as an anthropomorphic secondary deity of plant life and shoots, possibly as the culmination of the transmission of knowledge on volcanic ash's use as a fertiliser, characteristic of ancient viticulture in volcanic soils such as those of the island of Santorini.
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Skira The festival of the Skira or Skirophoria in the calendar of ancient Athens, closely associated with the Thesmophoria, marked the dissolution of the old year in May/June. At Athens, the last month of the year was "Skirophorion", after the festival. Its most prominent feature was the procession that led out of Athens to a place called Skiron near Eleusis, in which the priestess of Athena and the priest of Poseidon took part, under a ceremonial canopy called the "skiron", which was held up by the "Eteoboutadai". Their joint temple on the Acropolis was the Erechtheum, where Poseidon embodied as Erechtheus remained a numinous presence.
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Paideia In the culture of ancient Greece, the term paideia (also spelled paedeia) ( ; Greek: παιδεία ) referred to the rearing and education of the ideal member of the polis. It incorporated both practical, subject-based schooling and a focus upon the socialization of individuals within the aristocratic order of the polis. The practical aspects of this education included subjects subsumed under the modern designation of the liberal arts (rhetoric, grammar and philosophy are examples), as well as scientific disciplines like arithmetic and medicine. An ideal and successful member of the polis would possess intellectual, moral and physical refinement, so training in gymnastics and wrestling was valued for its effect on the body alongside the moral education which the Greeks believed was imparted by the study of music, poetry and philosophy. This approach to the rearing of a well-rounded Greek male was common to the Greek-speaking world, with the exception of Sparta where a rigid and militaristic form of education known as the "agoge" was practiced.
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Homonoia (mythology) Homonoia (), in ancient Greek religion, was a minor goddess of concord, unanimity, and oneness of mind. Her opposite number was Eris (Strife).
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Hercules in ancient Rome In ancient Roman religion and myth, Hercules was venerated as a divinized hero and incorporated into the legends of Rome's founding. The Romans adapted Greek myths and the iconography of Heracles into their own literature and art, but the hero developed distinctly Roman characteristics. Some Greek sources as early as the 6th and 5th century BC gave Heracles Roman connections during his famous labors.
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Hebe (mythology) Hebe ( ; Greek: Ἥβη ) in ancient Greek religion, is the goddess of youth (Roman equivalent: Juventas). She is the daughter of Zeus and Hera. Hebe was the cupbearer for the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus, serving their nectar and ambrosia, until she was married to Heracles (Roman equivalent: Hercules); her successor was the divine hero Ganymede. Another title of hers, for this reason, is "Ganymeda". She also drew baths for her brother Ares and helped Hera enter her chariot.
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Polos The polos" crown (plural poloi"; Greek: πόλος ) is a high cylindrical crown worn by mythological goddesses of the Ancient Near East and Anatolia and adopted by the ancient Greeks for imaging the mother goddesses Rhea and Cybele and Hera. The word also meant an axis or pivot and is cognate with the English, 'pole'. It was often open at the top with hair cascading down from the sides, or it could be reduced to a ring. In the classical period, mortal women seem not to have worn poloi, but they are more commonly seen in terracotta statues of women from the Mycenaean period, thus the use in statues of goddesses can be seen as a deliberate archaism. Some poloi seem to have been made by weaving though it is not clear what material. None have been found in archaeological digs, suggesting that they were not made of metal.
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Androktasiai In Greek mythology, the Androktasiai (Ancient Greek: Ἀνδροκτασίαι ; singular: Androktasia) were the female personifications of manslaughter, and daughters of the goddess of strife and discord, Eris, . This name is also used for all of Eris' children collectively, as a whole group.
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Bona Dea Bona Dea (] "The Good Goddess") was a divinity in ancient Roman religion. She was associated with chastity and fertility in Roman women, healing, and the protection of the State and People. According to Roman literary sources, she was brought from Magna Graecia at some time during the early or middle Republic, and was given her own state cult on the Aventine Hill.
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Phallic processions Phallic processions, or Penis Parade, called "phallika" in ancient Greece, were a common feature of Dionysiac celebrations; they were processions that advanced to a cult center, and were characterized by obscenities and verbal abuse. The display of a fetishized phallus was a common feature. In a famous passage in chapter 3.3 of the "Poetics", Aristotle formulated the hypothesis that the earliest forms of comedy originated and evolved from "those who lead off the phallic processions", which were still common in many towns at his time.
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Herippe In Greek mythology, Herippe (Ἑρίππη ) was a woman from Miletus, wife of Xanthus and mother of an unnamed two-year-old child. During the celebration of Thesmophoria, she and many other women were carried off by the Gauls. Some of the captives were ransomed by their relatives, but Herippe was among those who were not, and thus was taken to Gaul. Xanthus, deeply missing his wife, turned most of his possessions into gold and headed on to the land of Celts, hoping to find and ransom Herippe. The Gaul who had abducted Herippe received Xanthus in a most hospitable manner; when Xanthus offered him one thousand pieces of gold for his wife, the host bade his guest to give only one quarter of the sum as ransom, and leave the other three quarters for himself and his family. When Xanthus had a chance to talk to Herippe, she scolded him for having promised to the barbarian a sum of money he did non possess, but Xanthus assured her that he had another two thousand to spare, hidden in his servant's shoes. Herippe then told the Gaul of the total sum of gold Xanthus had with him, and suggested that they kill him and take the money; she further confessed that she liked the Gaul and his land far more than Greece and Xanthus, and wished to stay with the Celts. The Gaul was disgusted at her words; in his eyes, such disloyalty deserved punishment by death. So the next morning he announced that a sacrifice must be made before he lets Xanthus and Herippe go; a sacrificial animal was brought, and the Gaul asked Herippe to hold it. She took the animal, as she was already accustomed to participate in Gaulish sacrificial rites. The Gaul then raised his sword and, instead of slaying the animal, beheaded Herippe. He then explained her treachery to Xanthus and let him go, telling him to leave all the gold for himself.
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Adephagia Adephagia ( , Ancient Greek: Ἀδηφαγία ) in Greek mythology was the goddess and personification of gluttony. She is only mentioned in one source, as having a temple on the island of Sicily at which she was worshipped alongside Demeter.
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Alalcomeneis Alalcomeneis (Gr. Ἀλαλκομενηίς ) was an epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, the origin of which was subject to several theories. Some derived it from the name of the hero Alalcomenes, or from the Boeotian village of Alalcomenae, where in some traditions she was said to have been born. In or near that town there was a temple of Athena Alalcomeneis that was plundered by the Roman general Sulla in the early 1st century BC. After he removed the temple's main icon, an ivory statue of the goddess, the place fell into disuse and disrepair. In the early 19th century, William Martin Leake claimed ruins of the temple could still be seen.
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Minerva Minerva ( ; ] ; Etruscan: "Menrva") was the Roman goddess of wisdom and strategic warfare, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. From the second century BC onward, the Romans equated her with the Greek goddess Athena.