What does Paul Georgescu and Ion Antonescu have in common?
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Paul Georgescu Paul Georgescu (] ; November 7, 1923 – October 15, 1989) was a Romanian literary critic, journalist, fiction writer and communist political figure. Remembered as both a main participant in the imposition of Socialist Realism in its Romanian form and a patron of dissenting modernist and postmodern literature, he began his career in politics during World War II, when he sided with the anti-fascist groups and the underground Romanian Communist Party in opposition to the Axis-aligned Ion Antonescu regime. During the first twenty years of Communist Romania, Georgescu assisted Leonte Răutu in exercising Stalinist control over local literature, but also published young nonconformist authors, beginning with Nichita Stănescu and Matei Călinescu, in his "Gazeta Literară". Sidelined over his own incompatibility with the Socialist Realist dogma, and returning to public life during the 1960s liberalization enforced by Nicolae Ceauşescu, he became openly adverse to Ceauşescu's variety of national communism and clandestinely cultivated the prohibited ideology of Trotskyism.
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Ion Antonescu Ion Victor Antonescu (] ; June 15, 1882 – June 1, 1946) was a Romanian soldier and authoritarian politician who, as the Prime Minister and "Conducător" during most of World War II, presided over two successive wartime dictatorships. After the war, he was convicted of war crimes and executed.
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Ion Constantinescu Ion Constantinescu (born 1896, date of death unknown) was a Romanian brigadier general during World War II.
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Nicolae Xenopol Nicolae Dimitrie Xenopol (] ] , also Nicu Xenopol; Francized "Nicolas Xenopol"; October 11, 1858 – December 1917) was a Romanian politician, diplomat, economist and writer, the younger brother of historian Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol and, like him, a member of "Junimea" society. Initially inspired by "Junimea" leader Titu Maiorescu, he was later a dissident of "Junimism", a Positivist and a supporter of literary realism. Politically, Xenopol also moved away from conservatism and was embraced by the liberal current, serving as editor of two liberal newspapers: "Românul" and "Voința Națională". He had a successful career in electoral politics, which began within the National Liberal Party and later saw him joining the Conservative-Democratic Party. In 1912, he was Minister of Commerce, and helped create an Academy of Economic Studies.
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Gabriel Liiceanu Gabriel Liiceanu (] ; b. May 23, 1942, Râmnicu-Vâlcea) is a Romanian philosopher.
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Constantin I. Nicolaescu Constantin I. Nicolaescu (February 3, 1861–May 20, 1945) was a Romanian politician.
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Neculai Munteanu Neculai Constantin Munteanu (n. 16 November 1941, Pufești, Vrancea County) is a Romanian anti-communist dissident. Through his shows on Radio Free Europe he became known for condemning Nicolae Ceauşescu's regime, which lasted until 1989. His shows were secretly listened to by millions of Romanians.
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Andrei Popescu Andrei Popescu (born 1948) is a Romanian lawyer and a judge at the General Court of the European Union.
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Nicolae Fleva Nicolae Fleva (] ; also known as Nicu Fleva, Francized "Nicolas Fléva"; 1840 – August 4, 1920) was a Wallachian, later Romanian politician, political journalist and lawyer. Known especially for his involvement in political incidents, and for a stated patriotism bordering on demagogy, he tested all political formulas that Romania's two-party system would allow. His activity in the public sphere brought a decades-long presence in the Assembly of Deputies and a mandate as Mayor of Bucharest between 1884 and 1886.
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Symphony No. 5 (Enescu) Symphony No. 5, in D major is a large-scale composition for orchestra, tenor soloist, and female choir by the Romanian composer George Enescu, using a text by the Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu. Drafted in 1941 and partially orchestrated at some later date, the symphony was left unfinished at Enescu's death, but has been completed posthumously, first partially by in 1970–72 and 1990, then in complete form by Pascal Bentoiu in 1995.
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Dimitrie Paciurea Dimitrie Paciurea (] ; 2 November (1873 or 1875) – 14 July 1932) was a Romanian sculptor. His representational and symbolic style contrasts strongly to the more abstract style of his contemporary and co-national Constantin Brâncuși.
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Gheorghe Apostol Gheorghe Apostol (May 16, 1913 – August 21, 2010) was a Romanian politician, deputy Prime Minister of Romania and a former leader of the Communist Party, noted for his rivalry with Nicolae Ceaușescu.
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De-Stalinization in Romania The De-Stalinization in Romania was a process of removing policies and Stalin's cult of personality between 1959 and 1965. Implemented by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, it included the marginalization of Stalinist communists, such as Ana Pauker and a large-scale amnesty of thousands of political prisoners. A number of political and cultural figures from the 19th century fight for independence were rehabilitated and writers formerly considered "bourgeois decadent" (like Tudor Arghezi) were allowed to publish again.
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Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom The Legionnaires' rebellion and the Bucharest pogrom occurred in Bucharest, Romania, between 21–23 January 1941. As the privileges of the Iron Guard paramilitary organization were being cut off gradually by the "Conducător" Ion Antonescu, its members, also known as the Legionnaires, revolted. During the rebellion and pogrom the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews, and 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels. Following this, the Iron Guard movement was banned and 9,000 of its members were imprisoned.
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Ionel Gherea Ionel Gherea, also known as Ioan Dobrogeanu-Gherea or Ion D. Gherea (Francized "J. D. Ghéréa"; 1895 – November 5, 1978), was a Romanian philosopher, essayist, and concert pianist. The son of Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, a Marxist theoretician and critic, and the brother of communist militant Alexandru "Sașa" Gherea, he discarded their political and literary influence, being more interested in the aestheticism of his brother-in-law, Paul Zarifopol. As a youth, Zarifopol took him to meet playwright Ion Luca Caragiale and his family. Gherea's debut as a writer was a 1920 novel written jointly with Luca Caragiale, which was also his only contribution to the genre.
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Pavelescu Pavelescu is a Romanian surname that may refer to:
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Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu was voicing disagreements with the government policies of Communist Romania during the totalitarian rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Because of the strong secret police (the Securitate) and harsh punishments, open dissent was rare. Notable acts of dissent include Paul Goma's 1977 letters to Ceaușescu, the founding of SLOMR (an independent workers' union) in 1979 and a number of work conflicts, such as the Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 and the Braşov Rebellion of 1987.
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Alexandru Cisar Alexandru Theodor Cisar (October 21, 1880 – January 7, 1954) was a Romanian cleric, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iaşi and archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bucharest. Born in Bucharest, he entered that city's seminary in 1892. Sent to Rome in 1899, he was ordained a priest in 1903 at the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. Upon his return to Romania, he was named secretary to Archbishop Francisc Xaveriu Hornstein and dean of students at the seminary. After a short time as parish priest at the Bucharest Bărăția and at the Craiova parish, he was named head of a school in Bucharest in 1918. In 1920, he was consecrated bishop at Saint Joseph's Cathedral and was installed in Iaşi. He reopened the seminary there that had shut down due to World War I. In 1921, the parishes of Bessarabia, recently united with Romania, were incorporated into his diocese. Following the retirement of Archbishop Raymund Netzhammer in 1924, he was named Archbishop of Bucharest. He was also interim Apostolic Administrator of Iaşi until 1925, when Mihai Robu was named bishop. He remained in office until retiring in 1948 and being named titular bishop of Nicopolis. During 1949-1953, the new communist regime forced him to live at the Franciscan monastery in Orăştie. Twice, with the authorities' approval, he was able to go to Alba Iulia to ordain priests. He was allowed to return to Bucharest in late 1953. He died soon after, and was buried in the Catholic chapel at Bellu cemetery.
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Paul Cazan Paul Cazan (born 30 September 1951 in Bucharest) is a Romanian former football player who mostly played for Sportul Studențesc of Bucharest. He is now a football coach. His son, Lucian Cazan, is also a footballer, currently playing for FC Voluntari.
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Nicolae Ionescu Nicolae Ionescu (1820 in Bradu, Neamț County – January 24, 1905 in Bradu) was a Romanian politician, jurist and publicist, brother of the agronomist Ion Ionescu de la Brad. He was leader of the Free and Independent Faction, serving several terms in Chamber and Senate, most often as a representative of Roman County, and was helped to establish several liberal coalitions in the 1860s and '70s. His career peaked just before the Romanian War of Independence, when he was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of Ion Brătianu. Ionescu ended his career in politics with the National Liberal Party. A professor of law and a rector of Iași University, he was also one of the founding members of the Romanian Academy.
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Ilie Ceaușescu Ilie Ceaușescu (8 June 1926 – 1 October 2002) was a Romanian army general and communist politician who served as Deputy Defence Minister of Communist Romania during the rule of his older brother, Nicolae Ceaușescu.
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Paul Codrea Paul Codrea (] ; born 4 April 1981 in Timişoara) is a Romanian football manager and former player, who currently manages ACS Ghiroda in Liga III. A former midfielder, he played for the Romania national football team in the group stage games at UEFA Euro 2008.