The Born rule was formulated by German physicist Max Born, who was instrumental in the development of what?
a74e98fe09d6e0fc815915fce10707a5
Born rule The Born rule (also called the Born law, Born's rule, or Born's law) formulated by German physicist Max Born in 1926, is a law of quantum mechanics giving the probability that a measurement on a quantum system will yield a given result. In its simplest form it states that the probability density of finding the particle at a given point is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the particle's wavefunction at that point. The Born rule is one of the key principles of quantum mechanics. There have been many attempts to derive the Born rule from the other assumptions of quantum mechanics, see Geometry of Quantum Theory, by V.S. Varadarajan for a rigorous derivation.
50b961e4248088ce7bbe8f820d20620a
Max Born Max Born (] ; 11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function".
9077c0047ed92c7cd4dbdd5b48f4cea1
August W. Eichler August Wilhelm Eichler, also known under his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus Eichler (22 April 1839 – 2 March 1887), was a German botanist who developed a new system of classification of plants to reflect the concept of evolution.
1235840df8a5cbc2e470a160e5f73496
Wilhelm Altar Wilhelm Altar (August 27, 1900 - 1995) was an Austrian-born theoretical physicist whose significant contributions led to the development of the magneto ionic theory. Altar was not credited with his contribution to Appleton's research until decades after Edward received his Nobel Prize.
7bcee372cc22a7e1629724b620def200
Three-component theory of stratification The three-component theory of stratification, more widely known as Weberian stratification or the three class system, was developed by German sociologist Max Weber with class, status and power as distinct ideal types. Weber developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige and power.
b640756a089a8ecec6981e23128ef89d
Hertha Sponer Hertha Sponer (1 September 1895 – 27 February 1968) was a German physicist and chemist who contributed to modern quantum mechanics and molecular physics and was the first woman on the physics faculty of Duke University.
f2715a1986805665304407d66d1c1106
Albert Paul Weiss Albert Paul Weiss (September 15, 1879 – April 3, 1931) was a German American behavioral psychologist, theorist, scientist, and experimentalist. He was born in Steingrund, Germany. His family moved to the United States shortly after his birth and lived in St. Louis, MO. He was raised in a household of scholarly and philosophical interests although neither of his parents were highly educated. He attended University of Missouri for both undergraduate and graduate school and eventually earned his PhD there in 1916. Weiss initially planned on majoring in physics, mathematics, and philosophy until he was inspired by his professor Max Meyer to become a psychologist. After earning his PhD, he went to Ohio State University where he did research and taught up until his death. While in school, Weiss became interested in the physiological and sociological aspects of philosophy. He was interested in the role of language in human behavior and used biology, physics, and chemistry to examine human behaviors. He died of heart disease in 1931.
47e23d2cc868c5eaa74c88b35c082a09
The Three Types of Legitimate Rule "The Three Types of Legitimate Rule" ("Die drei reinen Typen der legitimen Herrschaft") is an essay written by Max Weber, a German economist and sociologist, explaining his tripartite classification of authority. Originally published in the journal "Preussische Jahrbücher" 187, 1-2, 1922, an English translation, translated by Hans Gerth, was published in the journal "Berkeley Publications in Society and Institutions" 4(1): 1-11, 1958. Weber also refers to the three types of legitimate rule in his famous essay "Politics as a Vocation."
ef6a47a51a0ee65f11aa5b5b5d414435
Vilfredo Pareto Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (] ; born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher, now also known for the 80/20 rule, named after him as the Pareto principle. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices. He was also responsible for popularising the use of the term "elite" in social analysis.
6f853d176eb09c0c3d3528e480d1c5c8
Born–von Karman boundary condition Born–von Karman boundary conditions are periodic boundary conditions which impose the restriction that a wave function must be periodic on a certain Bravais lattice. (Named after Max Born and Theodore von Kármán). This condition is often applied in solid state physics to model an ideal crystal. Born and von Karman
ea8893afdecb1d8b6491c95915a642f5
Johannes Rydberg Johannes (Janne) Robert Rydberg (8 November 1854 – 28 December 1919) was a Swedish physicist mainly known for devising the Rydberg formula, in 1888, which is used to predict the wavelengths of photons (of light and other electromagnetic radiation) emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
061be4635a897b0cead911fb136289a1
David Bohm David Joseph Bohm FRS (December 20, 1917 – October 27, 1992) was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind.
f2de5a34584e35bca0f921e24e2d1f38
Born–Mayer equation The Born–Mayer equation is an equation that is used to calculate the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound. It is a refinement of the Born–Landé equation by using an improved repulsion term.
5f27100b3d3c1c4b8c3ff9a898e3085d
Carl Bergmann (anatomist) Carl Georg Lucas Christian Bergmann (18 May 1814 – 30 April 1865) was a German anatomist, physiologist and biologist who developed the Bergmann's rule.
5c48fef27d39f31dd29b093d3c94b5e3
Ideal type Ideal type (German: "Idealtypus" ), also known as pure type, is a typological term most closely associated with sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920). For Weber, the conduct of social science depends upon the construction of abstract, hypothetical concepts. The "ideal type" is therefore a subjective element in social theory and research, and one of the subjective elements distinguishing sociology from natural science.
11dec47696f0a2406dc9b765ddedaab6
History of calculus Calculus, known in its early history as "infinitesimal calculus", is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz independently discovered calculus in the mid-17th century. However, each inventor claimed the other stole his work in a bitter dispute that continued until the end of their lives.
134bbe0be9a4462a47a5139c920e6299
Erwin Chargaff Erwin Chargaff (11 August 1905 – 20 June 2002) was an Austro-Hungarian biochemist that immigrated to the United States during the Nazi era and was a professor of biochemistry at Columbia University medical school. Through careful experimentation, Chargaff discovered two rules that helped lead to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
984d2c97be9434af32915cbdeea89fe6
Walter Heitler Walter Heinrich Heitler (] ; 2 January 1904 – 15 November 1981) was a German physicist who made contributions to quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory. He brought chemistry under quantum mechanics through his theory of valence bonding.
d67009f5e815ced183c5f436f4db5f0b
Cosmobiology Historically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to the natural sciences".
5dcc49964375aa2cf4f13e5c5fb0489f
Heinz-Jürgen Kluge Heinz-Jürgen Kluge, known as Jürgen Kluge (born 25 April 1941), is a physicist probably best known for the development of ion-storage devices and methods for accurate measurements of nuclear masses.
55191195bcb71493e4d66a4546640f74
Logical atomism Logical atomism is a philosophical belief that originated in the early 20th century with the development of analytic philosophy. Its principal exponents were the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, the early work of his Austrian-born pupil and colleague Ludwig Wittgenstein, and his German counterpart Rudolf Carnap.
21a14de25bb9f47b31f04d1f7391b2eb
Edmund Husserl Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl ( ; ] ; 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938) was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology. In his early work, he elaborated critiques of historicism and of psychologism in logic based on analyses of intentionality. In his mature work, he sought to develop a systematic foundational science based on the so-called phenomenological reduction. Arguing that transcendental consciousness sets the limits of all possible knowledge, Husserl re-defined phenomenology as a transcendental-idealist philosophy. Husserl's thought profoundly influenced the landscape of twentieth-century philosophy, and he remains a notable figure in contemporary philosophy and beyond.