Euthyphro of Prospalta, and Socrates are best know by the writings of who?
0a1a0568e0c4766c00b53c2311658e64
Euthyphro (prophet) Euthyphro of Prospalta ( ; Ancient Greek: Εὐθύφρων Προσπάλτιος ; fl. 400 BCE) was an ancient Athenian religious prophet ("mantis") best known for his role in his eponymous dialogue written by the philosopher Plato. The debate between Euthyphro and Socrates therein influenced generations of theologians and gave rise to the question of the relationship between God and morality known as the Euthyphro dilemma.
6590c338d624fe20588ebcd7ba988f27
Socrates Socrates ( ; Greek: Σωκράτης , "Sōkrátēs"; 470/469 – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato".
13ff331a155d7a662cd72e2cd82bac31
Alciphron Alciphron (Greek: Ἀλκίφρων ) was an ancient Greek sophist, and the most eminent among the Greek epistolographers. Regarding his life or the age in which he lived we possess no direct information whatsoever.
3d73dc1e76491d05e94dacc5fd6602bd
Hermippus of Smyrna Hermippus of Smyrna (Greek: Ἕρμιππος ὁ Σμυρναίος ), a Peripatetic philosopher, surnamed by the ancient writers the "Callimachian" (Greek: ό Καλλιμάχειος ), from which it may be inferred that he was a disciple of Callimachus about the middle of the 3rd century BC, while the fact of his having written the life of Chrysippus proves that he lived to about the end of the century. His writings seem to have been of very great importance and value. They are repeatedly referred to by the ancient writers, under many titles, of which, however, most, if not all, seem to have been chapters of his great biographical work, which is often quoted under the title of "Lives" ("Bioi"). The work contained the biographies of a great many ancient figures, including orators, poets, historians, and philosophers. It contained the earliest known biography of Aristotle, as well as philosophers such as Pythagoras, Empedocles, Heraclitus, Democritus, Zeno, Socrates, Plato, Antisthenes, Diogenes, Stilpo, Epicurus, Theophrastus, Heraclides, Demetrius Phalereus, and Chrysippus. The work has been lost, but many later "Lives" extensively quote it.
7e956ad1a5e9b502947335e6b6612128
Cleanthes Cleanthes ( ; Greek: Κλεάνθης "Kleanthēs"; c. 330 BC – c. 230 BC), of Assos, was a Greek Stoic philosopher and successor to Zeno of Citium as the second head ("scholarch") of the Stoic school in Athens. Originally a boxer, he came to Athens where he took up philosophy, listening to Zeno's lectures. He supported himself by working as a water-carrier at night. After the death of Zeno, c. 262 BC, he became the head of the school, a post he held for the next 32 years. Cleanthes successfully preserved and developed Zeno's doctrines. He originated new ideas in Stoic physics, and developed Stoicism in accordance with the principles of materialism and pantheism. Among the fragments of Cleanthes' writings which have come down to us, the largest is a "Hymn to Zeus". His pupil was Chrysippus who became one of the most important Stoic thinkers.
39a8ff95d68908ab70d19232adf45370
Eryxias (dialogue) Eryxias ( ; Greek: Ἐρυξίας ) is a Socratic dialogue attributed to Plato, but which is considered spurious. It is set in the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios, and features Socrates in conversation with Critias, Eryxias, and Erasistratus (nephew of Phaeax).
c7c35b362b8cbb7c3faab2fd6fa0eab8
Hisdosus Hisdosus (fl. c. 1100), also known as Hisdosus Scholasticus, was a writer and scholar who lived in the early 12th century. Nothing is known about his life. His first name is unknown, but he states that "I call myself Hisdosus, taken from the name of my father." A Latin commentary by him on Calcidius' translation of Plato's "Timaeus" survives in manuscript. He comments on the passage in the "Timaeus" (34b–36d) that deals with the World Soul. The commentary depends on the glosses by the French scholastic philosopher William of Conches on the "Timaeus", and it has been supposed that he may have been a pupil of William of Conches. The commentary of Hisdosus is probably most famous for being the only source (albeit in Latin paraphase) for Heraclitus' comparison of the soul to a spider and the body to the spider's web (DK 22B 67a).
3e90ff8aff908df7bb08f08c8793c330
Seneca the Younger Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD65), fully Lucius Annaeus Seneca and also known simply as Seneca ( ), was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and—in one work—humorist of the Silver Age of Latin literature. As a tragedian, he is best-known for his "Medea" and "Thyestes".
ab6810ec6ed9d72d29a9f415d449e950
Aristo of Chios Aristo of Chios (Greek: Ἀρίστων ὁ Χῖος "Ariston ho Chios"; fl. c. 260 BC) was a Stoic philosopher and colleague of Zeno of Citium. He outlined a system of Stoic philosophy that was, in many ways, closer to earlier Cynic philosophy. He rejected the logical and physical sides of philosophy endorsed by Zeno and emphasized ethics. Although agreeing with Zeno that Virtue was the supreme good, he rejected the idea that morally indifferent things such as health and wealth could be ranked according to whether they are naturally preferred. An important philosopher in his day, his views were eventually marginalized by Zeno's successors.
f5fc28d9bf3731685b942373dd0479a2
Antiphon (epic poet) Antiphon (Ancient Greek: Ἀντιφῶν ) of Athens, according to the Suda, was an interpreter of signs, epic poet and sophist, surnamed "logomageiros" (λογομάγειρος). None of his works are extant, and he is only attested in the Suda.
a87037284acd5a148de6320f1c83f90b
Erymneus Erymneus (Greek: Ἐρυμνεύς ; fl. c. 110 BC) was a Peripatetic philosopher in Ancient Greece.
7c904937c4864eebf4ad733e34d5525d
Callicles Callicles ( ; Greek: Καλλικλῆς ; c. 484 – late 5th century BCE) was an ancient Athenian political philosopher best remembered for his role in Plato’s dialogue "Gorgias", where he "presents himself as a no-holds-barred, bare-knuckled, clear-headed advocate of "Realpolitik". While he provides a counter-argument to Plato’s philosophical ideas, there is belief that he may be no more than a character created by Plato for the dialogue. Another idea proposed is that Callicles is a fragment of what Plato may be, had he not Socrates to guide him. He is the antithesis to Socrates.
4ff2f195694d8bf0e4acfa007f9d3343
Dio Chrysostom Dio Chrysostom ( ; Greek: Δίων Χρυσόστομος "Dion Chrysostomos"), Dion of Prusa or Dio Cocceianus (c. 40 CE – c. 115 CE), was a Greek orator, writer, philosopher and historian of the Roman Empire in the 1st century. Eighty of his "Discourses" (or "Orations"; Λόγοι ) are extant, as well as a few Letters and a funny mock essay "In Praise of Hair", as well as a few other fragments. His surname "Chrysostom" comes from the Greek "chrysostomos" (χρυσόστομος), which literally means "golden-mouthed". He should not be confused with the Roman historian Cassius Dio, nor with the 4th-century bishop John Chrysostom of Constantinople.
c5887deac16a4cd19f356e304bc1c01f
Sappho Sappho ( ; Aeolic Greek Ψάπφω , "Psappho" ] ; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) was an archaic Greek poet from the island of Lesbos. Sappho wrote lyric poetry and is best known for her poems about love and women. Most of Sappho's poetry is now lost, and what is extant has survived only in fragmentary form, except for one complete poem – the "Ode to Aphrodite". As well as lyric poetry, ancient commentators claimed that Sappho wrote elegiac and iambic poetry. Three epigrams attributed to Sappho are extant, but these are actually Hellenistic imitations of Sappho's style.
79b00b471aabad958f22429a6c92fac3
Timocrates of Lampsacus Timocrates of Lampsacus (Greek: Τιμοκράτης ) was a renegade Epicurean who made it his life's mission to spread slander about Epicurus' philosophy and way of life. He was the elder brother of Metrodorus, Epicurus' best friend and most loyal follower, who was born in Lampsacus in the late 4th century BC. He studied with his brother in the school of Epicurus, but some time c. 290 BC, he broke with the school, apparently because he refused to accept that pleasure was the supreme good of life. The dispute became quite bitter; Philodemus quotes Timocrates saying "that he both loved his brother as no one else did and hated him as no one else." In a much quoted letter, Metrodorus, in exaggerated fashion, took Timocrates to task for not making the stomach the standard in everything relating to the prime good. Metrodorus wrote at least one work against Timocrates; and Epicurus also wrote an "Opinions on the Passions, against Timocrates". In response, Timocrates wrote a polemic against Epicurus, whereby he claimed that Epicurus was not a genuine Athenian citizen, and that he was slovenly, weak, ignorant, rude, and vomited twice a day from overindulgence.
36c11e9fea3667f431bb2c6e8e83d098
Apophthegmatum opus Apophthegmatum opus is a translation of Plutarch's "Apophthegmata" by Erasmus of Rotterdam, a collection of apophthegms from classical antiquity. Many classical apophthegms repeated ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Alexander the Great. According to Speroni, "Apophthegmatum opus" is one of "the most monumental collections of classical apophthegms… ever assembled…" Here are a few samples of Erasmus' apophthegms:
b626662d06d50cab5f7c3b88e6b7d27c
Satyrus the Peripatetic Satyrus (Greek: Σάτυρος ) of Callatis was a distinguished peripatetic philosopher and historian, whose biographies ("Lives") of famous people are frequently referred to by Diogenes Laërtius and Athenaeus. He came from Callatis Pontica, as we learn from a Herculaneum papyrus. He lived earlier than the reign of Ptolemy VI Philometor (181–146 BC) when his "Lives" were epitomized by Heraclides Lembus, probably during the 3rd century BC. Athenaeus frequently refers to him as a Peripatetic, but his connection to the Peripatetic school is otherwise unknown. His biographies dealt with many eminent people including kings (Dionysius the Younger, Philip), statesmen (Alcibiades), orators (Demosthenes), poets (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides), and philosophers (Bias of Priene, Chilon of Sparta, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Zeno of Elea, Anaxagoras, Socrates, Diogenes, Anaxarchus, Stilpo). He also wrote on the population of Alexandria, and a work "On Characters" (Περὶ χαρακτήρων ). Fragments of his biography of the Athenian dramatist Euripides were found at the end of a papyrus scroll discovered at Oxyrhynchus in the early twentieth century.
18fdaf020016a4d4bde77511bef78204
Early life of Plato Plato (Ancient Greek: Πλάτων , "Plátōn", "wide, broad-shouldered"; c. 428/427 – c. 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, the second of the trio of ancient Greeks including Socrates and Aristotle said to have laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.
696900a137cedf71038b3cb1d1e47bb9
Hegias Hegias (Greek: Ἡγίας ) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th and 6th centuries. He may have been the great-grandson or great-great-grandson of Plutarch of Athens, the founder of the Neoplatonist Academy in Athens. Hegias studied under Proclus at the school in Athens, when Proclus was an old man c. 480. Proclus showed him great favour, and considered him worthy of hearing his lectures on the Chaldean Oracles.
a3b4d327fa6e5fd72661f2eb6b16f5a0
The Enneads The Enneads (Greek: Ἐννεάδες ), fully The Six Enneads, is the collection of writings of Plotinus, edited and compiled by his student Porphyry (270). Plotinus was a student of Ammonius Saccas and they were founders of Neoplatonism. His work, through Augustine of Hippo, the Cappadocian Fathers, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite and several subsequent Christian and Muslim thinkers, has greatly influenced Western and Near-Eastern thought.
1b651cfca95172cbf16da6f8f09c8b15
Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus of Cnidus ( ; Greek: Εὔδοξος ὁ Κνίδιος , "Eúdoxos ho Knídios"; c. 390– c. 337 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar and student of Plato. All of his works are lost, though some fragments are preserved in Hipparchus' commentary on Aratus's poem on astronomy. Theodosius of Bithynia's important work, "Sphaerics", may be based on a work of Eudoxus.
273eb2bad335c07745a0ee7ca04f1d6c
Euthymius the Athonite Euthymius the Athonite (Georgian: ექვთიმე ათონელი "Ekvtime Atoneli"; 955–1024) was a renowned Georgian philosopher and scholar. His feast day in the Orthodox Church is May 13.