Who invented the cipher that was breakable with the codebooks Tony Fasson recovered?
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Tony Fasson Lieutenant Francis Anthony Blair Fasson, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (17 July 1913 – 30 October 1942), known as Tony Fasson, was a British Royal Navy officer. He was posthumously awarded the George Cross "for outstanding bravery and steadfast devotion to duty in the face of danger" when on 30 October 1942 in action in the Mediterranean Sea he captured codebooks vital for the breaking of the German naval "Shark" Enigma cipher from the sinking  .
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Enigma machine The Enigma machines were a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II. Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models, having a plugboard, were the most complex. Japanese and Italian models were also in use.
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Cyclometer The cyclometer was a cryptologic device designed, "probably in 1934 or 1935," by Marian Rejewski of the Polish Cipher Bureau's German section (BS-4) to facilitate decryption of German Enigma ciphertext.
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FROG In cryptography, FROG is a block cipher authored by
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Polish Enigma double A Polish Enigma "double" was a machine produced by the Polish Cipher Bureau that replicated the German Enigma rotor cipher machine. The Enigma double was one result of Marian Rejewski's remarkable achievement of determining the wiring of the Enigma's rotors and reflectors.
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Giovanni Soro Giovanni Soro (died 1544) was an Italian professional code-cracker. He was the Renaissance's first outstanding cryptanalyst and the Western world's first great cryptanalyst. Soro is known as the father of modern cryptography.
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Passphrase A passphrase is a sequence of words or other text used to control access to a computer system, program or data. A passphrase is similar to a password in usage, but is generally longer for added security. Passphrases are often used to control both access to, and operation of, cryptographic programs and systems, especially those that derive an encryption key from a passphrase. The origin of the term is by analogy with "password". The modern concept of passphrases is believed to have been invented by Sigmund N. Porter in 1982.
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Polybius square In cryptography, the Polybius square, also known as the Polybius checkerboard, is a device invented by the Ancient Greek historian and scholar Polybius, for fractionating plaintext characters so that they can be represented by a smaller set of symbols.
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Conjugate coding Conjugate coding is a cryptographic tool, introduced by Stephen Wiesner in the 1960s. Because its publication has been surprisingly rejected, it was developed to the world of public-key cryptography in the 1980s as Oblivious Transfer, first by Rabin and then by Even.
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The Ciphers of the Monks The Ciphers of the Monks: a Forgotten Number-notation of the Middle Ages is a book by David A. King.
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Cipher runes Cipher runes, or cryptic runes, are the cryptographical replacement of the letters of the runic alphabet.
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SSS (cipher) In cryptography, SSS is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Gregory Rose, Philip Hawkes, Michael Paddon, and Miriam Wiggers de Vries. It includes a message authentication code feature. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not selected for focus nor for consideration during Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
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Molniya (explosive trap) Certain buried or otherwise concealed containers used by the KGB to cache items, such as shortwave radio receivers, cryptographic materials, and allegedly even suitcase nuclear devices, were booby-trapped with an explosive device known as Molniya ("lightning" in Russian). A sequence of specific actions had to be taken in the correct order to render the device safe prior to moving or opening the container, or the device would automatically detonate. This detonation was designed to be lethal to anyone in its immediate proximity, as well as being sufficient to destroy all materials in the cache.
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Black (code) The Black Code (more formally, Military Intelligence Code No. 11) was a secret code used by US military attachés in the early period of World War II. The nickname derived from the color of the superencipherment tables/codebook binding. The code was compromised by Axis intelligence, the information leak costing a great many British lives.
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Davies' attack In cryptography, Davies' attack ["sic"] is a dedicated statistical cryptanalysis method for attacking the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The attack was originally created in 1987 by Donald Davies. In 1994, Eli Biham and Alex Biryukov made significant improvements to the technique. It is a known-plaintext attack based on the non-uniform distribution of the outputs of pairs of adjacent S-boxes. It works by collecting many known plaintext/ciphertext pairs and calculating the empirical distribution of certain characteristics. Bits of the key can be deduced given sufficiently many known plaintexts, leaving the remaining bits to be found through brute force. There are tradeoffs between the number of required plaintexts, the number of key bits found, and the probability of success; the attack can find 24 bits of the key with 2 known plaintexts and 53% success rate.
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Akelarre (cipher) Akelarre is a block cipher proposed in 1996, combining the basic design of IDEA with ideas from RC5. It was shown to be susceptible to a ciphertext-only attack in 1997.
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Okito box The okito box is a cylindrical box fitted to the size of a coin, used to perform coin magic. Invented by Tobias Bamberg, better known by the Stage name "Okito", who first discovered the effect using a pill box for indigestion tablets. In effect, one or more coins placed in the box seems to vanish, appear and penetrate the box. This is used to achieve tricks such as "Coin Through the Box and Hand" as well as "Okito box, Coin and Handkerchief", in which a signed coin transports from the box into the knot of a handkerchief.
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HC-9 The HC-9 was a mechanical cipher device manufactured by Swedish company AB Transvertex. The HC-9 was designed after World War II and likely remained in use up to the 1970s. The machine was used for low-level communications.
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Polyalphabetic cipher A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.
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3-Way In cryptography, 3-Way is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Joan Daemen. It is closely related to BaseKing; indeed, the two are variants of the same general cipher technique.
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Coda (board game) Coda is a code-breaking board game for two to four players, invented by Eiji Wakasugi. The objective is to guess the code of other players while preventing the discovery of your own code. The game has been marketed under the titles "Da Vinci Code" and "Da Vinci Code The Game". In spite of this, it has no connection to the novel The Da Vinci Code.
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Pike (cipher) The Pike stream cipher was invented by Ross Anderson to be a "leaner and meaner" version of FISH after he broke FISH in 1994. It's name is supposed to be a humorous allusion to the Pike fish.