The Chinese compendium that contains the "Neiye" is traditionally attributed to what statesman?
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Neiye The c. 350 BCE Neiye 內業 or Inward Training is the oldest Chinese received text describing Daoist breath meditation techniques and "qi" circulation. After the "Guanzi" political and philosophical compendium included the "Neiye" around the 2nd century BCE, it was seldom mentioned by Chinese scholars until the 20th century, when it was reevaluated as a "proto-Daoist" text that clearly influenced the "Daode jing", "Zhuangzi", and other classics. "Neiye" traditions also influenced Chinese thought and culture. For instance, it had the first references to cultivating the life forces "jing" "essence", "qi" "vital energy", and "shen" "spirit", which later became a fundamental concept in Daoist "Neidan" "internal alchemy", as well as the Three Treasures in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Guanzi (text) The Guanzi () is an ancient Chinese political and philosophical text that is named for and traditionally attributed to the 7th century BCE statesman Guan Zhong, who served as Prime Minister to Duke Huan of Qi. At over 135,000 characters long, the "Guanzi" is one of the longest early Chinese philosophical texts. The Han Dynasty scholar Liu Xiang edited the received "Guanzi" text circa 26 BCE. It contains a wide variety of material from many different authors over several successive centuries, largely associated with the 4th century BCE Jixia Academy in the Qi capital of Linzi, but it might not have been compiled until after the Han Feizi.
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Gongsun Hong Gongsun Hong (公孫弘; Wade–Giles: Kung-sun Hung; 200 – 121 BCE), born Kingdom of Lu, Zichuan (part of present-day Shandong province), was a Chinese statesman in the Western Han dynasty under Emperor Wu. He was one of the earliest proponents of Confucianism along with famous Confucian scholar Dong Zhongshu, setting in motion its emergence under the Han court. The ideals they promoted, together with Gongsun's decrees, would come to be seen as values-in-themselves, becoming the "basic elements, or even hallmarks" of Confucianism. While first proposed and more ardently promoted by Dong, the national academy (then considered radical) and Imperial examination did not come into existence until they were supported by Gongsun. Their establishment set a precedent that would last into the twentieth century.
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Ch'ien Mu Ch'ien Mu, (; 30 July 1895 – 30 August 1990), was a Chinese historian, educator, philosopher and Confucian. He is considered to be one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China. Ch'ien Mu together with Lü Simian, Chen Yinke and Chen Yuan as the "Four Greatest Historians" of Modern China.
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Yan Liben Yan Liben () ("c." 600–673), formally Baron Wenzhen of Boling (博陵文貞男), was a Chinese painter and official of the early Tang Dynasty. His most renowned work is the "Thirteen Emperors Scroll". He also painted the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion, under Emperor Taizong of Tang, commissioned in 643 to commemorate 24 of the greatest contributors to Emperor Taizong's reign, as well as 18 portraits commemorating the 18 great scholars who served Emperor Taizong when he was the Prince of Qin. Yan's paintings included painted portraits of various Chinese emperors from the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) up until the Sui Dynasty (581–618) period. His works were highly regarded by the Tang writers Zhu Jingxuan and Zhang Yanyuan, who noted his paintings were "works among the glories of all times".
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Liu An Liú Ān (, c. 179–122 BC) was a Han dynasty Chinese prince and an advisor to his nephew, Emperor Wu of Han (武帝). He is best known for editing the (139 BC) "Huainanzi" compendium of Daoist, Confucianist, and Legalist teachings. Early texts represent Liu An in three ways: the "author-editor of a respected philosophical symposium", the "bumbling rebel who took his life to avoid arrest", and the successful Daoist adept who transformed into a "xian" and "rose into the air to escape prosecution for trumped-up charges of treason and flew to eternal life."
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Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty) Luo Rufang(, 1515–1588), also Weide (courtesy name, "zì") or Jinxi (art pseudonym, "hào"), was a Chinese philosopher of the Ming Dynasty.
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History of Ming The History of Ming, "History of the Ming", or "The Ming History" (Míng Shǐ) is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the Twenty-Four Histories of China. It consists of 332 volumes and covers the history of the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1644. It was written by a number of officials commissioned by the court of Qing Dynasty, with Zhang Tingyu as the lead editor. The compilation started in the era of the Shunzhi Emperor and was completed in 1739 in the era of the Qianlong Emperor, though most of the volumes were written in the era of the Kangxi Emperor.
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Han Yu Han Yu (; 76825 December 824) was a Chinese writer, poet, and government official of the Tang dynasty who significantly influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism. Described as "comparable in stature to Dante, Shakespeare or Goethe" for his influence on the Chinese literary tradition, Han Yu stood for strong central authority in politics and orthodoxy in cultural matters.
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Ten Crimes of Qin Confucian historians condemned the emperor Qin Shi Huang in the Ten Crimes of Qin, a list that was compiled to highlight his tyrannical actions. The famous Han poet and statesman Jia Yi concluded his essay The Faults of Qin () with what was to become the standard Confucian judgment of the reasons for Qin's collapse. Jia Yi's essay, admired as a masterpiece of rhetoric and reasoning, was copied into two great Han histories and has had a far-reaching influence on Chinese political thought as a classic illustration of Confucian theory. He explained the ultimate weakness of Qin as a result of its ruler's ruthless pursuit of power, the precise factor which had made it so powerful; for as Confucius had taught, the strength of a government ultimately is based on the support of the people and virtuous conduct of the ruler.
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Shi Nai'an Shi Nai'an (, ca. 1296–1372) was a Chinese writer from Suzhou. "Water Margin", one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, is attributed to him.
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Fan Li Fan Li () from the Spring and Autumn period, is a prominent Chinese statesman, military strategist, economist, philanthropist, Taoist, a founder of Chuism (楚学), and the founding father of the Chinese commercial business. He was born in 517 BC. He is considered the most wealthiest Chinese in the five thousand years of the Chinese civilization. He famously became super wealthy three times, and each time gave away everything he had, and is knowns as the first and most charitable person in the Chinese history. He is a prominent member of the Fan family, and is worshipped as a "God of Wealth" by the Chinese. The most beautiful Chinese woman of all time Xi Shi is said to be his lover/wife.
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Qu Hongji Qu Hongji (瞿鸿禨; 1850 －1918), style name Zijiu (子玖), and art name Zhi'an (止庵), was a politician of the Chinese Qing Dynasty who served several ministerial positions.
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Wang Niansun Wang Niansun () (1744 - 1832), courtesy name: Huaizu (懷祖) was a Chinese scholar of the Qing Dynasty.
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Zhang Ge Zhang Ge (張格), courtesy name Chengzhi (承之), nickname Yishi (義師), was a politician of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Former Shu, serving two stints as chancellor. Zhang was instrumental in persuading Former Shu's founding emperor Wang Jian into designating his youngest son Wang Zongyan as his heir.
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Keying (official) Keying (21 March 1787 – 29 June 1858), also known by his Chinese name Qiying and his Manchu name Kiyeng, was a Manchu statesman during the Qing dynasty of China. An imperial clansman of the house of Aisin Gioro, he began his career in the Imperial Clan Court. He conducted several peace treaties with Western powers, beginning with the Treaty of Nanking, which ended the First Opium War with Britain in 1842. Keying was sent to negotiate again in 1858 to settle the Arrow War with Britain and France, but the settlement was repudiated by the Daoguang Emperor and he was forced to commit suicide. He was well regarded in the Western world and well received in Hong Kong.
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Nanyue Huisi Nanyue Huisi (, 515-577), was an eminent Chinese Buddhist monk, traditionally regarded as the third patriarch of the Tiantai school.
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Bu Shang Bu Shang (; 507–420? BC), commonly known by his courtesy name Zixia (), was a prominent disciple of Confucius who was considered one of the most accomplished in cultural learning. He was one of the five disciples who took chief responsibility for the transmission of Confucius' teachings. He played a significant role in the transmission of such classics as the "Book of Poetry" and the "I Ching". He established his own school, and taught Marquess Wen of Wei, ruler of Wei, the most powerful state of the early Warring States period.
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Yang Sifu Yang Sifu (楊嗣復) (783–848), courtesy name Jizhi (繼之), nickname Qingmen (慶門), formally Count Xiaomu of Hongnong (弘農孝穆伯), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Wenzong and (briefly) the reign of Emperor Wenzong's brother Emperor Wuzong. He was considered one of the leaders of the Niu Faction in the Niu-Li Factional Struggles.
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Ji Kang Ji Kang (223–262), sometimes referred to as Xi Kang, courtesy name Shuye, was a Chinese writer, poet, Taoist philosopher, musician and alchemist of the Three Kingdoms period. He was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove who engaged in separating themselves from the dangerous political situation of third century China in favour of devoting themselves to a life of art and leisure. Ji Kang is noted as an author and famous for having been a composer and zither-player.
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Zheng Xie Zheng Xie () (1693–1765), commonly known as Zheng Banqiao () was a Chinese painter from Jiangsu. He began life in poverty, but rose in the exam system to become a magistrate at Shandong. However, after 12 years, he became critical of the life of an official as he refused to ingratiate himself with senior officials. When he was reportedly criticized for building a shelter for the poor, he resigned. After that, he expressed himself in art and became one of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou. He was noted for his drawing of orchids, bamboo, and stones. In 1748 he briefly resumed an official career as "official calligrapher and painter" for the Qianlong Emperor.
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Wang Yangming Wang Yangming (31 October 1472 – 9 January 1529), courtesy name Bo'an, was a Chinese idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general during the Ming dynasty. After Zhu Xi, he is commonly regarded as the most important Neo-Confucian thinker, with interpretations of Confucianism that denied the rationalist dualism of the orthodox philosophy of Zhu Xi. Wang was known as "Yangming Xiansheng" and/or "Yangming Zi" in literary circles: both mean "Master Yangming".