Q: Relying on État second, writers such as Julio Cortázar are known for founding which literary movement?
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État second État second (French for "Second State") refers to the state of mind into which some writers go when writing short stories. It mixes abstraction and concentration at the same time, ironically telling sometimes more facts than in conscious writing. The Argentine writer Julio Cortázar often used this method to write, as he called it "the moment of maximum creativity".
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Julio Cortázar Julio Cortázar, born Jules Florencio Cortázar (] ; August 26, 1914 – February 12, 1984), was an Argentine novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the Latin American Boom, Cortázar influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking readers and writers in the Americas and Europe.
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Jose Maria Sison José María Canlás Sison (born February 8, 1939) is a Filipino writer and activist who founded the Communist Party of the Philippines and added elements of Maoism to its philosophy.
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First Portuguese Republic The First Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: "Primeira República Portuguesa" ; officially: "República Portuguesa", Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May "coup d'état" of 1926. The last movement instituted a military dictatorship known as "Ditadura Nacional" (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist "Estado Novo" (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.
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National Renewal Movement National Renewal Movement (in Spanish: "Movimiento de Renovación Nacional"), was a political party in Peru. It was founded by Julio Bedoya Villacorta in 1947.
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Argentine literature Argentine literature, i.e. the set of literary works produced by writers who originated from Argentina, is one of the most prolific, relevant and influential in the whole Spanish speaking world, with renowned writers such as Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, Leopoldo Lugones and Ernesto Sabato.
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Joan Comorera Joan Comorera i Soler (or Juan Comorera y Soler; 5 September 1894 – 7 May 1958) was a left-wing Spanish politician from Catalonia who spent several years in Argentina before returning to Spain in 1931 at the start of the Second Spanish Republic. He was a Catalan nationalist, and was elected chairman of the Socialist Union of Catalonia in 1933. In 1936 he became Secretary General of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), in alliance with the Spanish Communist Party. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) he built up his party into a major political force during the struggles among the supporters of the Republic between Socialists, Stalinists, Trotskyists and Anarcho-syndicalists. After the Republicans were defeated by the right-wing forces led by Francisco Franco he went into exile, living in Mexico and then in France. In 1949 he was expelled from the Communist party for his Catalan nationalism, and survived an assassination attempt. In 1951 he moved back to Catalonia using a false name. He was arrested in 1954 and died in prison four years later.
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Peronism Peronism (Spanish: "Peronismo" ) or Justicialism ("Justicialismo") is an Argentinian political movement based on the political ideology and legacy of former President Juan Domingo Perón and his second wife, Eva Perón. The Justicialist Party ("Partido Justicialista") derives its name from the concept of social justice (Spanish: "justicia social" ).
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Cartonera Cartonera is a social, political and artistic publishing movement that began in Argentina in 2003 and has since spread to countries throughout Latin America and, more recently, to Europe and Africa. The founders, Washington Cucurto, Javier Barilaro, and Fernanda Laguna started Eloísa Cartonera in Buenos Aires in response to the 2001 economic crisis during which the Argentine peso plummeted to one third of its value. The tough economic conditions led to an increase in the number of cartoneros, people who make their living collecting and selling salvaged materials to recycling plants.
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62: A Model Kit 62: A Model Kit (translated from "62/Modelo para armar") is a novel by Julio Cortázar published in 1968.
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Generación del 45 The Generation '45 (Spanish: Generación del 45 ) was a group of writers, mainly from Uruguay, who had a notable influence in the literary and cultural life of their country and region. Their name derives from the fact that their careers started out mainly between 1945 and 1950.
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Los autonautas de la cosmopista Los autonautas de la cosmopista ("The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute") is a book written by Julio Cortázar in collaboration with Carol Dunlop, who died shortly before it was published. It narrates the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille during the months of May and June 1982.
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Fetasiano group The Fetasiano group were a group of writers from the Canary Islands between the 1950s and the 1970s. It included Rafael Arozarena (1923–2009), Antonio Bermejo (1926–1987), José Antonio Padrón (1932–1993) and Isaac de Vega (1920-2014). It is named after the novel "Fetasa" (1957) by Isaac de Vega. It was a literary movement that broke with the social and committed literature of the period, and took a more dreamy and symbolic direction.
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Republican League (Argentina) The Republican League (Liga Republicana) was a fascist movement in Argentina founded by Roberto Laferrere and Rodolfo Irazusta in 1929. The party borrowed heavily from the ideology and structure of the French integrist movement "Action Française" whose ideas had been disseminated in Argentina by polemicists such as Juan Carulla.
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First Biennium The First Biennium, also known as the Social-Azañist Biennium, the Reformist Biennium, or the Transformer Biennium, was the period between the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931, and the 1933 Spanish general election.
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Washington Cucurto Santiago Vega (born in 1973 in Quilmes, Provincia de Buenos Aires), better known as Washington Cucurto, is an Argentinian writer of fiction, prose and poetry. He is the self-proclaimed creator of "realismo atolondrado" ('headlong realism'). His writing shares tendencies of American authors like Charles Bukowski, William S. Burroughs and Henry Miller. Because of his subject matter and style, he is a cult author, especially among young readers. His work deals with negritude, poverty, homosexuality, and other fringe cultures. In 2002 he founded Eloísa Cartonera, an extremely successful non-profit publishing house specializing in handmade and affordable books from recycled materials.
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Getúlio Vargas Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (] ; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician, who served as President of Brazil during two periods: the first was from 1930-1945, when he served as interim president from 1930-1934, President from 1934-1937, and dictator from 1937-1945. After being overthrown in a 1945 coup, Vargas returned to power as the democratically elected president in 1951, serving until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the longest of any President, and second in Brazilian history only to Emperor Pedro II among heads of state. He favored nationalism, industrialization, centralization, social welfare and populism – for the latter, Vargas won the nickname "The Father of the Poor". Vargas is one of a number of populists who arose during the 1930s in Latin America, including Lazaro Cardenas and Juan Peron who promoted nationalism and pursued social reform. He was a proponent of workers' rights as well as a staunch anti-communist.
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Jorge Isaacs Jorge Isaacs Ferrer (April 1, 1837 – April 17, 1895) was a Colombian writer, politician and soldier. His only novel, "María", became one of the most notable works of the Romantic movement in Spanish-language literature.
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Young Turks Young Turks (Turkish: "Jön Türkler" , from French: "Les Jeunes Turcs" ) was a Turkish nationalist party in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers. They favoured the replacement of the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. Later, their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. With this revolution, the Young Turks helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, ushering in an era of multi-party democracy for the first time in the country's history.
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Alceu Amoroso Lima Alceu Amoroso Lima (Petrópolis, December 11, 1893 – Rio de Janeiro, August 14, 1983) was a writer, journalist, activist from Brazil and founder of the Brazilian Christian Democracy. He adopted the pseudonym "Tristão de Ataíde" in 1919. In 1928 he converted to Catholicism and eventually became head of Catholic Action in Brazil. Although he initially had some sympathy for certain aims of Brazilian Integralism he became a strong opponent of authoritarianism in general and Fascism in particular. That came in part through the influence of Jacques Maritain. He was a staunch advocate for press freedom during the period of military dictatorship.
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Estado Novo (Portugal) The Estado Novo (] , "New State"), or the Second Republic, was the corporatist authoritarian regime installed in Portugal in 1933, often considered to be fascist. It evolved from the "Ditadura Nacional" formed after the "coup d'état" of 28 May 1926 against the democratic and unstable First Republic. Together, the "Ditadura Nacional" and "Estado Novo" are recognized as the Second Portuguese Republic. The "Estado Novo", greatly inspired by conservative and authoritarian ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, chairman of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, when he fell ill and was replaced by Marcello Caetano.
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Gonzalo de Quesada y Aróstegui Gonzalo de Quesada (December 15, 1868 - January 9, 1915) was a key architect of Cuba's Independence Movement with José Martí during the late 19th century. He received the National Order of the Legion of Honour of France.