Which chemical archaically called diamidogen was used in the Viking rocket engines?
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Viking (rocket engine) The Viking rocket engines were members of a series of bipropellant engines for the first and second stages of the Ariane 1 through Ariane 4 commercial launch vehicles, using storable, hypergolic propellants, N2O4/UH 25 (mixture 75% UDMH and 25% Hydrazine.)
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Hydrazine Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula N2H4 (also written H2NNH2 ), archaically called diamidogen. A simple pnictogen hydride, it is a colorless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odour. Hydrazine is highly toxic and dangerously unstable unless handled in solution. , approximately 120,000 tons of hydrazine hydrate (corresponding to a 64% solution of hydrazine in water by weight) were manufactured worldwide per year. Hydrazine is mainly used as a foaming agent in preparing polymer foams, but significant applications also include its uses as a precursor to polymerization catalysts and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, hydrazine is used in various rocket fuels and to prepare the gas precursors used in air bags. Hydrazine is used within both nuclear and conventional electrical power plant steam cycles as an oxygen scavenger to control concentrations of dissolved oxygen in an effort to reduce corrosion. Anhydrous hydrazine is corrosive towards glass, in a manner similar to hydrofluoric acid.
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Viking Beer Viking Beer is an Icelandic brand, brewed by Vifilfell hf. The brewery is located in Akureyri, Iceland, a small town just south of the Arctic Circle.
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Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether, or (2-methoxymethylethoxy) propanol, is an organic solvent with a variety of industrial and commercial uses. It finds use as a less volatile alternative to propylene glycol methyl ether and other glycol ethers. Propylene glycol monomethyl ether marketed as Dowanol™ DPM by Dow Chemical Company.
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Napier Scorpion The Napier Scorpion was a British liquid-fuelled rocket engine developed and manufactured by Napier. It used hydrogen peroxide / kerosene propellant chemistry.
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Dalälven The Dal River (Swedish: "Dalälven" ) is a river in central Sweden that flows from the north of Dalarna and runs into the sea in northern Uppland; it is commonly considered to be the southern border of Norrland, however only the last part correlates with Limes Norrlandicus (the biological Norrland border). The northern part is split into two rivers: Österdalälven and Västerdalälven. The two connect in Djurås. It is over 520 km long — the second longest river in Sweden, and has a hydropower potential of 1420 megawatts, of which 2/3 is utilized. The largest power plant is located at the Trängslet Dam. Dalälven has been significant historically as a raft transport route.
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Chlordane The name Chlordane, or chlordan, is commonly used as both a specific chemical (with trans-and cis- isomers) and as a mixture of compounds (main components- heptachlor, chlordane, and nonachlor). This mixture, more specifically called technical chlordane, was first produced in the 1940s by Julius Hyman. Technical chlordane development was by chance, during a search for possible uses of a by-product of synthetic rubber manufacturing. By chlorinating this by-product, persistent and potent insecticides were easily and cheaply produced. The chlorine atoms, 7 in the case of heptachlor and 8 in chlordane, and 9 in the case of nonachlor, surround and stabilize the cyclodiene ring and thus these compounds are referred to as cyclodienes. Other members of the cyclodiene family of organochorine insecticides are aldrin and its epoxide, dieldrin, as well as endrin, which is a stereoisomer of dieldrin. These highly chlorinated cyclodienes are both resistant to degradation in the environment and in humans/animals and readily accumulate in lipids (fats) of human/animals. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has compiled a list of symptoms for both acutely and chronically exposed persons Symptoms and Treatment
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Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT; brand name Oral Turinabol) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS). It is the 4-chloro-substituted derivative of metandienone (dehydromethyltestosterone; Dianabol). CDMT was the first original product of Jenapharm, an East German pharmaceutical company. The patent registration took place in 1961. The idea of combining the structures of 4-chlorotestosterone (clostebol) and metandienone originated from the chemist Albert Stachowiak. At the time this represented a unique dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effects after oral administration. The product had been introduced for clinical use in 1965.
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Aluminium sulfacetate Aluminium sulfacetate is a chemical compound of aluminium with formula Al2SO4(CH3CO2)4 . It is a double salt of aluminium sulfate and aluminium acetate. It can be used as a mordant, which is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics that typically contains a polyvalent metal ion like aluminium or iron, In mixtures with basic aluminium diacetate or aluminium sulfacetate, aluminium triacetate has been used as a mordant with alizarin dye. In 1899, Albert Ganswindt recommended that the use of impure sulfacetates that are empyreumatic liquids "should be abandoned" in favour of pure preparations. Empyreuma is an obsolete chemical and medical term referring to "the smell and taste associated with burning vegetable and animal matter", and likely results in this case from the use of pyroligneous acid (wood acid) or wood acid lime in the preparation of the mordant.
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Norse mythology in popular culture The Norse mythology, preserved in such ancient Icelandic texts as the Poetic Edda, the Prose Edda, and other lays and sagas, was little known outside Scandinavia until the 19th century. With the widespread publication of Norse myths and legends at this time, references to the Norse gods and heroes spread into European literary culture, especially in Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain. In the later 20th century, references to Norse mythology became common in science fiction and fantasy literature, role-playing games, and eventually other cultural products such as Japanese animation.
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Diethylenetriamine Diethylenetriamine (abbreviated DETA and also known as 2,2’-Iminodi(ethylamine)) is an organic compound with the formula HN(CHCHNH). This colourless hygroscopic liquid is soluble in water and polar organic solvents, but not simple hydrocarbons. Diethylenetriamine is structural analogue of diethylene glycol. Its chemical properties resemble those for ethylene diamine, and it has similar uses. It is a weak base and its aqueous solution is alkaline. DETA is a byproduct of the production of ethylenediamine from ethylene dichloride.
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Boranes In chemistry, boranes comprise a large group of the group 13 hydride compounds with the generic formula of BH. Due to the high affinity of boron for oxygen, these compounds do not occur in nature. Many of the boranes readily oxidise on contact with air, the lighter explode violently. The class is named after the parent chemical called "borane" itself, chemical formula BH. This compound is only known to exist as a transient intermediate since it dimerises to form diborane, BH. The larger boranes all consist of boron clusters that are polyhedral. In addition to the charge-neutral boranes, a large number of anionic boron hydrides are known. The most important boranes are diborane BH and two of its pyrolysis products, pentaborane BH and decaborane BH. The development of the chemistry of boron hydrides led to new experimental techniques and theoretical concepts. Boron hydrides have been studied as potential fuels, for rockets and for automotive uses, but the only commercial applications involve derivatives of borane.
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Thial A thial or thioaldehyde is a functional group in organic chemistry which is similar to an aldehyde, RC(O)H, in which a sulfur (S) atom replaces the oxygen (O) atom of the aldehyde (R represents an alkyl or aryl group). Thioaldehydes are even more reactive than thioketones. Unhindered thioaldehydes are generally too reactive to be isolated — for example, thioformaldehyde, HC=S, condenses to the cyclic trimer 1,3,5-trithiane. Thioacrolein, HC=CHCH=S, formed by decomposition of allicin from garlic, undergoes a self Diels-Alder reaction giving isomeric vinyldithiins. While thioformaldehyde is highly reactive, it is found in interstellar space along with its mono- and di-deuterated isotopologues. With sufficient steric bulk, however, stable thioaldehydes can be isolated.
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RD-0216 The RD-0216 and RD-0217 are liquid rocket engines, burning NO and UDMH in the oxidizer rich staged combustion cycle. The only difference between the RD-0216 and the RD-0217 is that the latter has a heat exchanger to heat the pressuring gasses for the tanks. Three RD-0216 and one RD-0217 were used on the first stage of the UR-100 ICBM. The engines were manufactured until 1974 and stayed in operational use until 1991. More than 1100 engines were produced.
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TM65 TM65 is a rocket engine developed by Copenhagen Suborbitals. TM65 uses Ethanol and liquid oxygen as propellants in a pressure-fed power cycle.
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Reaction Motors XLR99 The Reaction Motors XLR99 engine was the first large, throttleable, restartable liquid-propellant rocket engine. Development began in the 1950s by the Reaction Motors Division of Thiokol Chemical Company to power the North American X-15 hypersonic research aircraft. It could deliver up to 57,000 pounds force (254 kN) of thrust with an I of 279 seconds (239 seconds sl). Thrust was variable from 50 to 100 percent, and the restart capability allowed it to be shut down and restarted during flight when necessary.
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Fuel surrogate Fuel surrogates are mixtures of one or more simple fuels that are designed to emulate either the physical properties (vapor pressure) or combustion properties (laminar flame speed, heating value, etc.) of a more complex fuel. While surrogate mixtures can demonstrate more than one characteristic of the desired fuel, more often than not different components are required in order to emulate the wide variety of properties that are of interest to researchers. Jet fuel is an example of a fuel requiring a surrogate for experimental research and numerical modelling due to its complexity and high content variability from one batch to the next. Neat hydrocarbon jet fuel surrogate components include decane, dodecane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene. Gasoline surrogate components include n-heptane and iso-octane. Hexadecane is a diesel surrogate component. Biodiesel surrogate components include methyl butyrate and methyl decanoate.
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Ronald Ronald ( ) is a masculine given name derived from the Old Norse "Rögnvaldr". In some cases "Ronald" is an Anglicised form of the Gaelic "Raghnall", a name likewise derived from "Rögnvaldr". The latter name is composed of the Old Norse elements "regin" ("advice", "decision") and "valdr" ("ruler"). "Ronald" was originally used in England and Scotland, where Scandinavian influences were once substantial, although now the name is common throughout the English-speaking world. A short form of "Ronald" is "Ron". Pet forms of "Ronald" include "Roni", and "Ronnie". A feminine form of "Ronald" is "Ronalda". "Rhona", a modern name apparently only dating back to the late nineteenth century, may have originated as a feminine form of "Ronald". The names "Renaud"/"Renault" and "Reynold"/"Reinhold" are cognates from French and German, respectively.
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Two-stroke diesel engine A two-stroke diesel engine is a diesel engine that works in two strokes. A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that operates using the Diesel cycle. Invented in 1892 by German engineer Rudolf Diesel, it was based on the hot-bulb engine design and patented on February 23, 1893. During the period of 1900 to 1930, four-stroke diesel engines enjoyed a relative dominance in practical diesel applications. Charles F. Kettering and colleagues, working at the various incarnations of Electro-Motive and at the General Motors Research Corporation during the 1930s, advanced the art and science of two-stroke diesel technology to yield engines with much higher power-to-weight ratios than the two-stroke diesels of old. This work was instrumental in bringing about the dieselisation of railroads in the 1940s and 1950s.
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Diatomic carbon Diatomic carbon (systematically named ethenediylidene and dicarbon("C"—"C")), also called dicarbon, is an inorganic chemical with the chemical formula C=C (also written [C2] or C2 ). It is a gas that only exists above 3642 C , below which it aggregates into graphite or fullerenes. It occurs in carbon vapor, for example in electric arcs; in comets, stellar atmospheres and the interstellar medium; and in blue hydrocarbon flames.
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Diesel fuel Diesel fuel in general is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. (Glow plugs, grid heaters and heater blocks help achieve high temperatures for combustion during engine startup in cold weather.) Diesel engines have found broad use as a result of higher thermodynamic efficiency and thus fuel efficiency. This is particularly noted where diesel engines are run at part-load; as their air supply is not throttled as in a petrol engine, their efficiency still remains very high.
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Triethylene glycol Triethylene glycol, TEG, or triglycol is a colorless odorless viscous liquid with molecular formula HOCHCHOCHCHOCHCHOH. It is used as a plasticizer for vinyl polymers. It is also used in air sanitizer products, such as "Oust" or "Clean and Pure". When aerosolized it acts as a disinfectant. Glycols are also used as liquid desiccants for natural gas and in air conditioning systems. It is an additive for hydraulic fluids and brake fluids and is used as a base for "smoke machine" fluid in the entertainment industry.