The city of Gavle received its charter during which era?
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Gävle Gävle ] is a city in Sweden, the seat of Gävle Municipality and the capital of Gävleborg County. It had 99,576 inhabitants in September 2016, which makes it the 13th most populated city in Sweden. It is the oldest city in the historical Norrland (Sweden's Northern Lands), having received its charter in 1446 from Christopher of Bavaria. However, Gävle is far nearer the greater Stockholm region than it is to the other major settlements in Norrland.
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Christopher of Bavaria Christopher of Bavaria (26 February 1416 – 5/6 January 1448) was King of Denmark (1440–48, as Christopher III), Sweden (1441–48) and Norway (1442–48) during the era of the Kalmar Union.
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Norwegian patriciate The Norwegian patriciate (in Norwegian "borgerskap" or "patrisiat") was a social class in Norway from the 17th century until the modern age; it is typically considered to have ended sometime during the 19th or early 20th century as a distinct class. Jørgen Haave defines the Norwegian patriciate as a broad collective term for the civil servants (embetsmenn) and the burghers in the cities who were often merchants or ship's captains, i.e. the non-noble upper class. Thus it corresponds to term patriciate in its modern, broad generic sense in English. The patricians did not constitute a legally defined class as such, although its constituent groups, the civil servants and the burghers held various legal privileges, with the clergy "de jure" forming one of the two privileged estates of the realm until 1814.
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History of Málaga The history of Málaga, shaped by the city's location in the south of Spain on the western shore of the Mediterranean Sea, spans about 2,800 years, making Málaga one of the oldest cities in the world. The first inhabitants to settle the site may have been the Bastetani, an ancient Iberian tribe. The Phoenicians founded the colony of "Malaka" here about 770 BC, and from the 6th century BC it was under the hegemony of ancient Carthage in north Africa. From 218 BC the city was ruled by the Roman Republic and then at the end of the 1st century during the reign of Domitian it was federated with the Roman Empire as "Malaca" (Latin). Thereafter it was governed under its own municipal code of law, the "Lex Flavia Malacitana", which granted free-born persons the privileges of Roman citizenship.
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Georgian feudalism Georgian feudalism, or patronqmoba (Georgian: პატრონყმობა from "patroni", "lord", and qmoba, "slavery", "serfdom"), as the system of personal dependence or vassalage in ancient and medieval Georgia is referred to, arose from a tribal-dynastic organization of society upon which was imposed, by royal authority, an official hierarchy of regional governors, local officials and subordinates. It is thought to have its roots into the ancient Georgian, or Iberian, society of Hellenistic period.
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History of Ireland (800–1169) The history of Ireland 800–1169 covers the period in the history of Ireland from the first Viking raids to the Norman invasion. The first two centuries of this period are characterised by Viking raids and the subsequent Norse settlements along the coast. Viking ports were established at Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick, which became the first large towns in Ireland.
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Seven Noble Houses of Brussels The Seven noble houses of Brussels (French: "sept lignages de Bruxelles" , Dutch: "zeven geslachten van Brussel" ) were the seven families of Brussels whose descendants formed the patrician class of that city, and to whom special privileges in the government of that city were granted until the end of the Ancien Régime.
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Government of Saginaw, Michigan The Government of Saginaw, Michigan is a council-manager form of government with a mayor selected from members of the city council by members of the city council. Saginaw is classified as a home rule city under the Michigan Home Rule Cities Act which permits cities to exercise "home rule" powers, among which is the power to frame and adopt its own city charter which serves as the fundamental law of the city, in a manner similar to a constitution for a national or state government. The present charter was adopted in 1935 and took effect on January 6, 1936.
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Charter of 1814 The French Charter of 1814 was a constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration. The Congress of Vienna demanded that Louis bring in a constitution of some form before he was restored.
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Charter of the city of Moscow Charter of the City of Moscow (Russian: Устав города Москвы ) is the basic law of the federal city and capital of Russia, Moscow. In the hierarchy of normative acts of the city, the charter has supreme legal force: other city laws and other regulations should not contradict the charter, and in the case of such a conflict, the charter is the supreme.
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Annals of Lund The Annals of Lund (Danish: "Lundeårbogen", Latin: "Annales Lundenses") is a Latin manuscript written in Lund around 1250-1307. Several copies have survived to the modern day. "The Annals of Lund" are composed of two parts. The first part is based on earlier works, including the "Chronicon Lethrense", and discusses events from antiquity to 1256. The second part includes events from every year until 1307. This portion is unique to the "Annals of Lund" and primarily deals with Danish politics. The topics include the Norwegian King Erik’s offensive in Denmark and Erik Menved's marriage with Ingeborg of Sweden in 1296. Additionally, the Battle of Gestilren in Sweden in 1210 and the 1256 destruction of Refshaleborg fort on Lolland are described.
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Estonia under Swedish rule Estonia under Swedish rule signifies the time between 1558 and 1710, when parts of present-day Estonia (and after 1645 all of the present-day country) were under Swedish rule. In the wake of the breakup of the State of the Teutonic Order, the Baltic German local aristocracy in the areas of Harrien (Harjumaa) and Wierland (Virumaa), as well as the city of Reval (Tallinn) in June 1561 (and somewhat later Jerwen (Järvamaa)) asked for and were granted protection by the Swedish king Eric XIV, leading to Swedish involvement in the Livonian War. At the conclusion of hostilities in 1583, Sweden was in control of the northern parts of modern Estonia and Hiiumaa island; this territory was created the Duchy of Estonia. Following renewed wars between Poland and Sweden, the southern parts of present-day Estonia (then Livonia) were incorporated into Sweden by the Treaty of Altmark in 1629. In 1645, Sweden also conquered the island of Ösel (Saaremaa) from Denmark, and were thus in control of all of present-day Estonia.
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Sheep letter The Sheep Letter (Faroese: "Seyðabrævið", Old Norse: "sauðabréfit") is the oldest surviving document of the Faroe Islands. It is a Royal Decree enacted on the 28 June 1298 by Duke Haakon who later became King of Norway. It deals principally with sheep husbandry, but also dealt with other matters and functioned as a kind of constitution, removing most administrative power from the local Thing to the king and his representatives. it was drafted on the advice of Bishop Erlend in Kirkjubøur and of Sigurd the Lawman of Shetland, whom Duke Haakon had sent to the Faroes to consider the deficiencies in the agricultural law.
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Golden Bull of 1242 The Golden Bull of 1242 was a golden bull or edict, issued by King Béla IV of Hungary to the inhabitants of Gradec (part of today's Zagreb, the capital of Croatia) during the Mongol invasion of Europe. By this golden bull, King Béla IV proclaimed Gradec a royal free city. The document was issued on 16 November 1242 in Virovitica and reaffirmed in 1266. The original is written on a piece of parchment 57 by in size, and is kept in strictly controlled conditions in the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb, while a copy is exhibited in the Zagreb City Museum.
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Rule of the Dukes The Rule of the Dukes was an interregnum in the Lombard Kingdom of Italy (574/5–584/5) during which Italy was ruled by the Lombard dukes of the old Roman provinces and urban centres. The interregnum is said to have lasted ten years according to Paul the Deacon, but all other sources—the "Fredegarii Chronicon", the "Origo Gentis Langobardorum", the "Chronicon Gothanum", and the Copenhagen continuator of Prosper Tiro—accord it twelve. Here is how Paul describes the dukes' rule:
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IFK Gävle IFK Gävle is a sports club in Gävle, Sweden. It was founded on 12 March 1897 and the club used the old spelling of their home town's name, "IFK Gefle", until 1943.
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Grup d'Acció Valencianista The Grup d'Acció Valencianista (GAV) (Group of Valencianist Action) is a blaverist organization which was created in 1977. They
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Charter city In the United States, a charter city is a city in which the governing system is defined by the city's own charter document rather than by state, provincial, regional or national laws. In states where city charters are allowed by law, a city can adopt or modify its organizing charter by decision of its administration by the way established in the charter. These cities may be administered predominantly by residents or through a third-party management structure, because a charter gives a city the flexibility to choose novel types of government structure. Charter cities are similar in administrative structure to special administrative regions.
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Landrecht (medieval) The Landrecht (] , "customary law of the region", plural: "Landrechte") was the law applying within an individual state in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages and Early Modern times. The state laws that emerged in the territories of the empire from the 12th century onwards had been developed from the older tribal laws of the Saxons, Swabians, Bavarians and Bohemians. Through privileges and laws passed by the territorial princes as well as the jurisprudence of the "Landgerichte" or state courts, these ancient rights were supplemented and developed. Later Roman law was also accepted and incorporated into the "Landrechte". The "Landrecht" was only applied to the burghers of a town in a secondary way, because they came primarily under municipal law and the autonomous jurisdiction of their communities.
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Bayonne Statute The Bayonne Statute (Spanish: "Estatuto de Bayona" )—also Bayonne Constitution (Spanish: "Constitución de Bayona" ) or Bayonne Charter (Spanish: "Carta de Bayona" ) and, officially in French, "Acte Constitutionnel de l’Espagne"—was a constitution or a royal charter (Spanish: "carta otorgada" ) approved in Bayonne, France, 6 July 1808, by Joseph Bonaparte as the intended basis for his rule as king of Spain.
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Levant Company The Levant Company was an English chartered company formed in 1592. Its initial charter, awarded on 11 September 1581, was good for seven years. It was granted to Edward Osborne, Richard Staper, Thomas Smith and William Garret with the purpose of regulating English trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Levant. The Company remained in continuous existence until being superseded in 1825. A member of the Company was known as a Turkey Merchant. Its charter was approved by Elizabeth I of England as a result of the merger between the Venice Company (1583) and the Turkey Company (1581), following the expiration of their charters, as she was anxious to maintain trade and political alliances with the Ottoman Empire.
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Commune Veneciarum The Commune Veneciarum (Latin for "City of Venice") is the title with which the government of the city of Venice and its Republic was designated from 1143. The municipality, similar to other medieval municipalities, was based on the popular power of the assembly called Concio in Venice. It represented the free people of the city with a system of assemblies including the Great Council, Minor Council, Council of Pregadi and the Council of Forty.