How did the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact impact the land of Tinutul Jiu?
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Ținutul Jiu Ținutul Jiu (or Ținutul Olt) was one of the ten Romanian "ținuturi" ("lands") founded in 1938, after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. Roughly corresponding to the historical region of Oltenia and named after the Jiu River and after Olt River, it had its capital in the city of Craiova. Ținutul Jiu ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania to the Axis powers and the king's abdication in 1940.
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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact, the German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact or the Nazi German-Soviet Pact of Aggression (officially: "Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"), was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, respectively. The pact was followed by the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940.
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German–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact The German–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact was signed in Berlin on June 7, 1939.
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The Holocaust in Lithuania The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Lithuania resulted in the near total destruction of Lithuanian Jews (Litvaks), living in "Generalbezirk Litauen" of Reichskommissariat Ostland within the Nazi-controlled Lithuanian SSR. Out of approximately 208,000-210,000 Jews, an estimated 190,000–195,000 were murdered before the end of World War II (wider estimates are sometimes published), most between June and December 1941. More than 95% of Lithuania's Jewish population was massacred over the three-year German occupation — a more complete destruction than befell any other country affected by the Holocaust. Historians attribute this to the massive collaboration in the genocide by the non-Jewish local paramilitaries, though the reasons for this collaboration are still debated. The Holocaust resulted in the largest-ever loss of life in so short a period of time in the history of Lithuania.
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Soviet–Albanian split The Soviet–Albanian split refers to the worsening of relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, which occurred in the 1955–1961 period as a result of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's rapprochement with Yugoslavia along with his "Secret Speech" and subsequent de-Stalinization policies, including efforts to extend these policies into Albania as was occurring in other Eastern Bloc states at the time. The Albanian leadership under Enver Hoxha perceived Khrushchev's policies as contrary to Marxist–Leninist doctrine and his denunciation of Joseph Stalin as an opportunistic act meant to legitimize revisionism within the international communist movement. Occurring within the context of the larger split between China and the USSR, the Soviet–Albanian split culminated in the rupturing of relations in 1961.
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Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu was voicing disagreements with the government policies of Communist Romania during the totalitarian rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Because of the strong secret police (the Securitate) and harsh punishments, open dissent was rare. Notable acts of dissent include Paul Goma's 1977 letters to Ceaușescu, the founding of SLOMR (an independent workers' union) in 1979 and a number of work conflicts, such as the Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 and the Braşov Rebellion of 1987.
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Systematization (Romania) Systematisation (Romanian: "Sistematizarea" ) in Romania refers to a program of urban planning carried out under Nicolae Ceaușescu's communist regime. Ceaușescu was impressed by ideological mobilisation and mass adulation in North Korea's Juche ideology during his Asia visit in 1971, and began the campaign shortly afterwards.
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Transnistria (geographical region) Transnistria (Romanian: ] ) - region in the east Europe. The PMR controls a narrow strip of territory to the east of the River Dniester, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank, in the historical region of Bessarabia.
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Formation of the Eastern Bloc The Eastern Bloc is a collective term for the former Stalinist puppet countries and colonies in Central and Eastern Europe. This generally encompasses the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
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Ținutul Timiș Ținutul Timiș was one of the ten Romanian "ținuturi" ("lands"), founded in 1938 after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. It comprised the Romanian Banat and part of Transylvania, and was named after the Timiș River; its capital was the city of Timișoara. Ținutul Timiș ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania to the Axis powers and the king's abdication in 1940.
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Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 The Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 refers to the re-occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. During World War II Latvia was first occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940 and then was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941–1944 after which it was re-occupied by the Soviet Union.
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Baltic Entente The Baltic Entente was based on Treaty of Good-Understanding and Co-operation signed between Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia on September 12, 1934 in Geneva. The main objective of the agreement was joint action in foreign policy. It also included commitments to support one another politically and to give diplomatic support in international communication. The endeavour was ultimately unsuccessful, as the combined strength of the three nations and their statements of neutrality were insubstantial in the face of the massive armies of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
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Transnistrian referendum, 1989–1990 A referendum on the formation of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was held in Transnistria between 1989 and 1990. The first voting took place in Rîbnița on 3 December 1989. In Tiraspol voting was held on 28 January. After the June congress of the local Soviet, voting was held in the districts of Bender, Dubăsari, Sloboza, Camenca and Grigoriopol. The overall total showed 95.8% voting in favour. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was declared at the second meeting of the Soviet on 2 September 1990.
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Moldova–Romania relations Moldova and Romania have experienced an extremely complicated relationship since Moldova's independence in 1991. Pan-Romanianism has been a consistent part of Moldovan politics, and was adopted in the Popular Front of Moldova's platform in 1992. Romania's relations with neighbour Moldova have been strained since 1994. Most of Moldova was part of Romania during the Interwar period. The official language of Moldova is Romanian. Likewise, the peoples of the two countries share common traditions and folklore, including a common name for the monetary unit – the "leu". Early signs that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule quickly faded. However, a growing unionist sentiment emerged especially in the second decade of the 21st century. While Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs and its progress towards European integration, about three quarters of Moldova's population is against the unification and is rather pro-Russian than pro-Romanian, which is a result of the Soviet annexation of Moldova. Moldova's current president, Igor Dodon, is greatly against the unification or EU membership.
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Administrative divisions of Moldavia Ţinut (pl. "ţinuturi"; sometimes translated in English as "region", "district" or "municipality") were the traditional subdivision of the Principality of Moldavia (1359-1859).
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Heim ins Reich The Heim ins Reich (] ; meaning "back home to the Reich") was a foreign policy pursued by Adolf Hitler during World War II, beginning in 1938. The aim of Hitler's initiative was to convince all "Volksdeutsche" (ethnic Germans) who were living outside Nazi Germany (e.g. in Austria, Czechoslovakia and the western districts of Poland) that they should strive to bring these regions "home" into Greater Germany, but also, relocate from territories that were not under German control, following the conquest of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact. The "Heim ins Reich" manifesto targeted areas ceded in Versailles to the newly reborn nation of Poland, as well as other areas that were inhabited by significant German populations such as the Sudetenland, Danzig, and the south-eastern and north-eastern regions of Europe after October 6, 1939.
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History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) The history of the Soviet Union between 1927 and 1953 covers the period in Soviet history from establishment of Stalinism through victory in the Second World War and down to the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. He sought to destroy his enemies while transforming Soviet society with aggressive economic planning, in particular a sweeping collectivization of agriculture and rapid development of heavy industry. Stalin consolidated his power within the party and the state and fostered an extensive cult of personality. Soviet secret-police and the mass-mobilization Communist party served as Stalin's major tools in molding Soviet society. Stalin's brutal methods in achieving his goals, which included party purges, political repression of the general population, and forced collectivization, led to millions of deaths: in Gulag labor camps and during man-made famine.
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Romanian policy referendum, November 1941 A referendum on the policies of Ion Antonescu was held in Romania on 9 November 1941. The referendum, the second that year on Antonescu's policies, were held after the extension of working hours on 2 October had been met with riots. The vote was carried out orally, with a silence taken as a "yes" vote, and was approved with 99.99% in favour.
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Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944) The Soviet Union occupied most of the territory of the Baltic states in its 1944 Baltic Offensive during World War II. The Red Army regained control over the three Baltic capitals and encircled retreating Wehrmacht and Latvian forces in the Courland Pocket where they held out until the final German surrender at the end of the war. The German forces were deported and the leaders of Latvian collaborating forces were executed as traitors . After the war, the Soviet Union reestablished control over the Baltic territories in line with its forcible annexations as communist republics in 1940.
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Polish–Romanian Alliance The Polish–Romanian Alliance was a series of treaties signed in the interwar period by the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Romania. The first of them was signed in 1921 and, together, the treaties formed a basis for good foreign relations between the two countries that lasted until World War II began in 1939.
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East Upper Silesia East Upper Silesia (German: "Ostoberschlesien" ) is a term denoting the easternmost extremity of Silesia, the eastern part of the Upper Silesian region around the city of Katowice (German: "Kattowitz" ). The term is used primarily to denote those areas that became part of the Second Polish Republic on 20 June 1922, as a consequence of the post-World War I Treaty of Versailles. Prior to World War II, the Second Polish Republic administered the area as Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. East Upper Silesia was also known as Polish (Upper) Silesia, and the German (Upper) Silesia was known as West Upper Silesia.
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Portugal during World War II Upon the start of World War II in 1939, the Portuguese Government announced, on 1 September, that the 600-year-old Anglo-Portuguese Alliance remained intact, but that since the British did not seek Portuguese assistance, Portugal was free to remain neutral in the war and would do so. In an aide-mémoire of 5 September 1939, the British Government confirmed the understanding. As Hitler's occupation swept across Europe, neutral Portugal became one of the Continent's last escape routes. Portugal managed to remain neutral throughout the war despite extraordinary pressures from both sides, notably over the strategically located Azores islands and over the wolfram (tungsten) trade.