Chronicon terrae Prussiae, is a chronicle of the Teutonic Knights, by Peter of Dusburg, finished in 1326, the  manuscript was completed some 100 years after which titled series of 13th-century campaigns of Roman Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize the pagan Old Prussians?
dcc0f1a031e7ae0008b17a82d7919df1
Chronicon terrae Prussiae Chronicon terrae Prussiae (Latin for "The Chronicle of the Prussian Land") is a chronicle of the Teutonic Knights, by Peter of Dusburg, finished in 1326. The manuscript is the first major chronicle of the Teutonic Order in Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, completed some 100 years after the conquest of the crusaders into the Baltic region. It is a major source for information on the Order's battles with Old Prussians and Lithuanians.
2d2586a0c65b17b7e11329a84a38abe8
Prussian Crusade The Prussian Crusade was a series of 13th-century campaigns of Roman Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize the pagan Old Prussians. Invited after earlier unsuccessful expeditions against the Prussians by Polish princes, the Teutonic Knights began campaigning against the Balts in 1230. By the end of the century, having quelled several Prussian Uprisings, the Knights had established control over Prussia and administered the Prussians through their monastic state.
cfaef929bb2a0da56680f7b8b584a4ea
Pax Mongolica The Pax Mongolica (Latin for "Mongol Peace"), less often known as Pax Tatarica ("Tatar Peace") is a historiographical term, modelled after the original phrase "Pax Romana", which describes the stabilising effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. The term is used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create, and the period of relative peace that followed the Mongols' vast conquests.
20743c13acd1026abfce774c7bfafe7b
Treaties of Cölln and Mewe The Treaties of Cölln and Mewe, concluded in 1454 and 1455, transferred the Neumark (New March) from the Teutonic Order state to the Electorate of Brandenburg. The Teutonic Knights had received the area as a pawn from Brandenburg in 1402, and as a possession in 1429. Financial shortages due to the onset of the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66) forced Ludwig von Erlichshausen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, to pawn the Neumark to Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg, by the Treaty of Cölln on 22 February 1454, and to subsequently sell it by the Treaty of Mewe on 19 September 1455.
91465dfec60b9cf3f5a72215c00c4670
Saxon Wars The Saxon Wars were the campaigns and insurrections of the more than thirty years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer, to 804, when the last rebellion of disaffected tribesmen was crushed. In all, eighteen battles were fought in what is now northwestern Germany. They resulted in the incorporation of Saxony into the Frankish realm and their forcible conversion from Germanic paganism to Catholicism.
4c9b032d8c233b606f14998006bf32c6
Siege of Malbork (1454) Siege of Malbork (Siege of Marienburg) occurred during the Thirteen Years' War between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. Malbork was the capital of the state of the Teutonic Order, in particular, the residence of the Grand Master of the order. An alliance of Prussians and Poles besieged the city beginning 27 February 1454 with mercenaries from Danzig, and the necessary artillery.
439714fc02503d304f017d9a035a5600
Treaty of Vilnius (1559) The Treaty of Vilnius or Vilna was concluded on 31 August 1559, during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Order and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at Vilnius (Vilna, Wilna, Wilno). Gotthard von Kettler put the lands of the order under protection of Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus. The alliance was intended to neutralize the imminent threat of annexation of the order's lands by Russia, yet despite earning military support from Polish-Lithuanian chancellor Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Kettler was unable to prevent the occupation of most of Livonia by Russian forces. Thus, Kettler concluded a second treaty with Poland-Lithuania on 28 November 1561, transferring the remnants of the Teutonic Order State to the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, himself becoming a vassal of Sigismund II Augustus.
4372b33c1a8296c29cf1ebd57564a149
Teutoburg Forest The Teutoburg Forest (German: "Teutoburger Wald" ,    , colloquially: "Teuto ") is a range of low, forested hills in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia which was formerly believed to be the scene of Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, a decisive battle between the Germans and Romans in 9 AD. Until the 19th century the official name of the hill ridge was Osning.
c4f7b65f3773072dd19f5d3cc3b3e36a
Rastislav of Moravia Rastislav or Rostislav, also known as St. Rastislav, (Latin: "Rastiz", Greek: Ῥασισθλάϐος / "Rhasisthlábos") was the second known ruler of Moravia (846–870). Although he started his reign as vassal to Louis the German, king of East Francia, he consolidated his rule to the extent that after 855 he was able to repel a series of Frankish attacks. Upon his initiative two brothers, Cyril and Methodius sent by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III in 863, translated the most important Christian liturgical books into Slavonic in his realm. Rastislav was dethroned by his nephew Svatopluk I who handed him over to the Franks.
6c71c8f3a1e42230efdc49ddc6db4a2a
History of Gdańsk Gdańsk ( or ; ] ; Kashubian: "Gduńsk"; German: "Danzig" ) is one of the oldest cities in Poland. Founded by the Polish ruler Mieszko I in the 10th century, the city was for a long time part of Piast state either directly or as a fief. In 1308 the city became part of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights until the 15th century. Thereafter it became part of Poland again, although with increasing autonomy. A vital naval city for Polish grain trade it attracted people from all over the European continent, including Germans and Scots. The city was taken over by Prussia during the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 and subsequently lost its importance as a trading port. Briefly becoming a free city during Napoleonic wars, it was again Prussian after Napoleon's defeat, and later became part of the newly created German Empire.
ed1d6ea5444e77e552404cdb59791b4b
Siege of Niemcza The Siege of Niemcza (Polish: "Obrona Niemczy" ) took place during three weeks in August 1017, in the last phase of the German–Polish War (1002–18), when the forces of the Emperor Henry II besieged the town of Niemcza controlled by the Polish ruler Bolesław I the Brave. Despite the aid of Bohemian and Lutici allies, the Imperial attack was ultimately unsuccessful, according to medieval chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg due to the arrival of reinforcements which managed to break into the city and the illness among the German forces. The failure of the siege marked the end of Henry's campaign in Poland and led the emperor to agree to the Peace of Bautzen in 1018, which left the eastern March of Lusatia and the Milceni lands (later Upper Lusatia) under Polish control.
22e6d1eb0949fddf11b14900d2b0a0b8
Treaty of Templin The Treaty of Templin was concluded on 24/25 November 1317, ending a war between the Margraviate of Brandenburg and Denmark, the latter leading a North German alliance. During this war, Brandenburgian margrave Waldemar (also Woldemar) and his troops were decisively defeated in the 1316 , fought at Schulzendorf between Rheinsberg and Gransee. After the battle, Brandenburg was forced to negotiate a truce. The treaty of Templin was signed a year later by Danish king Erich VI Menved, his ally duke Henry II of Mecklenburg ("the Lion"), and Waldemar.
c3750737cc978bd9817b30eb3141b60b
Bartians The Bartians (also "Barthi", "Barthoni", "Bartens", or "Barti") were an Old Prussian tribe who were among the last pagans of Europe before the Northern Crusades forced their conversion to Christianity. They lived in Bartia (also "Bartenland" or "Barthonia"), a territory that stretched from the middle and lower flow of Łyna river, by the Świna river, and Lake Mamry, up to the Galindian woods. The territory is quite precisely known from description in Chronicon terrae Prussiae, dated 1326.
e9cad9b8bb69704b44efde8333ee45ac
Flag of Prussia The state of Prussia had its origins in the separate lands of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and of the Duchy of Prussia. The Margraviate of Brandenburg developed from the medieval Northern March of the Holy Roman Empire, passing to the House of Hohenzollern in 1415. The Duchy of Prussia originated in 1525 when Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a member of a cadet branch of the Hohenzollerns, secularized the eastern lands of the Teutonic Knights as a Polish fief. Prince-elector John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, inherited the Duchy of Prussia in 1618, thus uniting Brandenburg and Prussia under one ruler in a personal union; the Elector's state became known as Brandenburg-Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia formed when Elector Frederick III assumed the title of Frederick I, King in Prussia, on 18 January 1701.
e37c5c7a50a19c5d3425f69db06e923b
Chronicon Suevicum universale The Chronicon Suevicum universale (German: "Schwäbische Weltchronik" , "Swabian World Chronicle"), written around 1045 in Latin, is a chronicle of universal history in the form of annals for the years from Creation down to 1043. It was once commonly associated with the monastery of Saint Gall, but is now thought to have been composed by a monk of Reichenau. On the first hypothesis, it has been called the "Epitome Sangallense Herimanni Augiensis", a Saint Gall version of Hermann of Reichenau's chronicle. On the second, it has been called the "Reichenauer Weltchronik".
feead1a12fad37742c16e8a2b62e933a
Chronicle of the Expulsion of the Greyfriars The Chronicle of the Expulsion of the Greyfriars (Latin: "Cronica seu brevis processus in causa expulsionis fratrum minoritarum de suis cenobiis provincie Dacie" , Danish: "Krønike on Gråbrødrenes Udjagelse" , or "Gråbrødrenes Fordrivelseskrønike") is a historical writing on the Reformation in Denmark between 1527 and 1532 when the Franciscans were forced to leave Denmark.
15f78d60f0c434e6285121224f5889fa
Kingdom of Germany The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom (Latin: "Regnum Teutonicum" , "Teutonic Kingdom"; German: "Deutsches Reich" ) developed out of the eastern half of the former Carolingian Empire. Like Anglo-Saxon England and medieval France, it began as "a conglomerate, an assemblage of a number of once separate and independent... "gentes" [peoples] and "regna" [kingdoms]." East Francia ("Ostfrankenreich") was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, and was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911, after which the kingship was elective. The initial electors were the rulers of the stem duchies, who generally chose one of their own. After 962, when Otto I was crowned emperor, the kingdom formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire, which also included Italy (after 951), Bohemia (after 1004) and Burgundy (after 1032).
591aadfc5168e816775d97204bad3fcb
Second Margrave War The Second Margrave War (German: "Zweiter Markgrafenkrieg" ) was a conflict in the Holy Roman Empire between 1552 and 1555. Instigated by Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and Brandenburg-Bayreuth, it involved numerous raids, plunderings and the destruction of many towns and castles in the empire, especially in Franconia. Other towns in other areas where also affected, such as Mainz, Worms, Oppenheim, Metz, Verdun, Frankfurt, and Speyer.
93598ddae5adc1fac2076358eda96bd7
Knights Templar and popular culture The original historic Knights Templar were a Christian military order, the Order of the Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, that existed from the 12th to 14th centuries to provide warriors in the Crusades. These men were famous in the high and late Middle Ages, but the Order was disbanded very suddenly by King Philip IV of France, who took action against the Templars in order to avoid repaying his own financial debts. He accused them of heresy, ordered the arrest of all Templars within his realm, and had many of them burned at the stake. The dramatic and rapid end of the organization led to many stories and legends developing about them over the following centuries. The Order and its members increasingly appear in modern fiction, though most of these references portray the medieval organization inaccurately.
d8f35b26a2a5a82cd7b1a83b2340e4c0
Peter the Deacon Peter the Deacon (French: "Pierre le Diacre" ) was the librarian of the abbey of Montecassino and continuator of the "Chronicon Monasterii Casinensis", usually called the Montecassino Chronicle in English. The chronicle was originally written by Leo of Ostia. According to both Chalandon and Lord Norwich, Peter is a poor historian and writer, much inferior to Leo.
974e7c7316f1e73d340e0384c2b63a67
Imperial Knight The Free Imperial knights (German: "Reichsritter" Latin: "Eques imperii" ) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, whose direct overlord was the Emperor. They were the remnants of the medieval free nobility ("edelfrei") and the ministeriales. What distinguished them from other knights, who were vassals of a higher lord, was the fact that they had been granted Imperial immediacy, and as such were the equals in most respects to the other individuals or entities, such as the secular and ecclesiastical territorial rulers of the Empire (margraves, dukes, princes, counts, archbishops, bishops, abbots, etc.) and the Free Imperial cities, that also enjoyed Imperial immediacy. However, unlike all of those, the Imperial knights did not possess the status of Estates ("Stände") of the Empire, and therefore were not represented, individually or collectively, in the Imperial Diet.
fc1edcd0f98c1cc3784667d137356e21
House of Griffins The House of Griffins or House of Pomerania (German: "Greifen" ; Polish: "Gryfici" ), also known as "House of Greifen", was a dynasty of dukes ruling the Duchy of Pomerania from the 12th century until 1637. The name "Griffins" was used by the dynasty after the 15th century and had been taken from the ducal coat of arms. Wartislaw I (around 1091 – died August 9, 1135) was the first historical ruler of the Duchy of Pomerania and the founder of the Griffin dynasty. The most prominent Griffin was Eric of Pomerania, who became king of the Kalmar Union in 1397, thus ruling Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The last Griffin duke of Pomerania was Bogislaw XIV, who died during the Thirty Years' War, which led to the division of Pomerania between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden. Duchess Anna von Croy, daughter of Duke Bogislaw XIII and the last Griffin, died in 1660.