The Social Contract is a book which Jean-Jacques Rousseau identified in which earlier book?
d6839a0cbcfc3926275e36da38c515cd
The Social Contract The Social Contract, or Of the Social Contract, or Principles of Political Law (French: "Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique" ; 1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is a book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society, which he had already identified in his "Discourse on Inequality" (1754).
bcac3bc2de9cf73eca64b501a074bd41
Discourse on Inequality Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (French: "Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes" ), also commonly known as the "Second Discourse", is a work by philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
369150d8383e75ce2a272445b5c36a52
Social Theory and Social Structure Social Theory and Social Structure ("STSS") was a landmark publication in sociology by Robert K. Merton. It has been translated into close to 20 languages and is one of the most frequently cited texts in social sciences. It was first published in 1949, although revised editions of 1957 and 1968 are often cited. In 1998 the International Sociological Association listed this work as the third most important sociological book of the 20th century.
648879970960c3ae1f3d75dda9d0f8a1
Kantian ethics Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maximthe principle behind itis duty to the moral law. Central to Kant's construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative, which acts on all people, regardless of their interests or desires. Kant formulated the categorical imperative in various ways. His principle of universalizability requires that, for an action to be permissible, it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction occurring. His formulation of humanity as an end in itself requires that humans are never treated merely as a means to an end, but always also as ends in themselves. The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will, while Kant's concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom. Kant also distinguished between perfect and imperfect duties. A perfect duty, such as the duty not to lie, always holds true; an imperfect duty, such as the duty to give to charity, can be made flexible and applied in particular time and place.
118fd070272c1e23bdea0f52c7eae042
The Social Construction of Reality The Social Construction of Reality is a 1966 book about the sociology of knowledge by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann.
6993e777933e847b274d02e509cf9217
The History of Sexuality The History of Sexuality (French: "" ) is a three-volume study of sexuality in the western world by the French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault, in which the author examines the emergence of "sexuality" as a discursive object and separate sphere of life and argues that the notion that every individual has a sexuality is a relatively recent development in Western societies. The first volume, "The Will to Knowledge" ("La volonté de savoir"), was first published in 1976; an English translation appeared in 1978. "The Use of Pleasure" ("l'usage des plaisirs"), and "The Care of the Self" ("le souci de soi"), were published in 1984.
6f68eca099b6d68a2f1ffe655c5519b7
The Inclusion of the Other The Inclusion of the Other (German: "Die Einbeziehung des Anderen. Studien zur politischen Theorie" ) is 1996 book by German philosopher Jürgen Habermas.
24028dd939b3641b84ed4799aae68ab2
Two Treatises of Government Two Treatises of Government (or Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government) is a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The "First Treatise" attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's "Patriarcha", while the "Second Treatise" outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory.
385ffe898a78bfc0c8254fd73db99597
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (German: "Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus" ) is a book written by Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician. Begun as a series of essays, the original German text was composed in 1904 and 1905, and was translated into English for the first time by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1930. It is considered a founding text in economic sociology and sociology in general.
42c79ef941b0a4e62aefc085aa8cb096
History of evolutionary psychology The history of evolutionary psychology began with Charles Darwin, who said that humans have social instincts that evolved by natural selection. Darwin's work inspired later psychologists such as William James and Sigmund Freud but for most of the 20th century psychologists focused more on behaviorism and proximate explanations for human behavior. E. O. Wilson's landmark 1975 book, "", synthesized recent theoretical advances in evolutionary theory to explain social behavior in animals, including humans. Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby popularized the term "evolutionary psychology" in their 1992 book "The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and The Generation of Culture". Like sociobiology before it, evolutionary psychology has been embroiled in controversy, but evolutionary psychologists see their field as gaining increased acceptance overall.
370a892d62e84280eb19bcbc15acedb5
States and Social Revolutions States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China is a 1979 book by political scientist and sociologist Theda Skocpol, published by Cambridge University Press and explaining the causes of revolutions through the structural functionalism sociological paradigm comparative historical analysis of the French Revolution of 1789 through the early 19th century, the Russian Revolution of 1917 through the 1930s and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 through the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s. Skocpol argues that these three cases, despite being spread over a century and a half, are similar in the sense that all three were social revolutions.
18a95e20a0d5a22c7267448a0c4ba76e
Emile, or On Education Emile, or On Education or Émile, or Treatise on Education (French: "Émile, ou De l’éducation" ) is a treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered it to be the "best and most important" of all his writings. Due to a section of the book entitled "Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar", "Emile" was banned in Paris and Geneva and was publicly burned in 1762, the year of its first publication. During the French Revolution, "Emile" served as the inspiration for what became a new national system of education.
a55361fbe228d63e6db40a67bcc26a0d
Letter to M. D'Alembert on Spectacles Letter to M. D'Alembert on Spectacles (French: "Lettre a M. D'Alembert sur les spectacles" ) is a 1758 essay written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in opposition to an article published in the "Encyclopédie" by Jean d'Alembert, that proposed the establishment of a theatre in Geneva. More generally, it is a critical analysis of the effects of culture on morals, that clarifies the links between politics and social life. Rousseau relates the issue of a theatre in Geneva to the broader social context, warning of the potential the theatre has to corrupt the morality in society.
354082cb01f5dbc03f3307b5c42e9143
The Order of Things The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (French: "Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines" ) is a 1966 book by the French philosopher Michel Foucault. It was translated into English and published by Pantheon Books in 1970. (Foucault had preferred "L'Ordre des Choses" for the original French title, but changed the title because it had been used by two structuralist works published immediately prior to Foucault's).
6332c2c04d3d2ac19bb36490a7ec9bb6
The Poverty of Philosophy The Poverty of Philosophy ( "Misère de la philosophie") is a book by Karl Marx published in Paris and Brussels in 1847, where he lived in exile from 1843 until 1849. It was originally written in French as an answer to the economic and philosophical arguments of French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon set forth in his 1846 book "The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty."
b6c5e26b5f0645e1fa55ba4d900e8349
Social ecology Social ecology is a critical social theory founded by American anarchist and libertarian socialist author Murray Bookchin. Conceptualized as a critique of current social, political, and anti-ecological trends, it espouses a reconstructive, ecological, communitarian, and ethical approach to society. This version advocates a reconstructive and transformative outlook on social and environmental issues, and promotes a directly democratic, confederal politics. As a body of ideas, social ecology envisions a moral economy that moves beyond scarcity and hierarchy, toward a world that reharmonizes human communities with the natural world, while celebrating diversity, creativity and freedom. Bookchin suggests that the roots of current ecological and social problems can be traced to hierarchical modes of social organization. Social ecologists claim that the systemic issue of hierarchy cannot be resisted by individual actions alone such as ethical consumerism but must be addressed by more nuanced ethical thinking and collective activity grounded in radically democratic ideals. The complexity of relationships between people and nature is emphasized, along with the importance of establishing more mutualistic social structures that take account of this.
c6887d00e1f16502a96c35fef034dafe
Freud and Philosophy Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation (French: "De l'interprétation. Essai sur Sigmund Freud" ) is a 1965 book about Sigmund Freud by the philosopher Paul Ricœur. Sometimes grouped with works such as Jürgen Habermas's "Knowledge and Human Interests" (1968), "Freud and Philosophy" has received praise, but critics have argued Ricœur provides a mistaken interpretation of Freud.
73282fb7585303393f4b549cf908c044
Desiring-production Desiring-production (French: "machine désirante" , "desire-machine") is a term coined by the French thinkers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their book "Anti-Œdipus" (1972). They oppose the Freudian conception of the unconscious as a representational "theater", instead favoring a productive "factory" model: desire is not an imaginary force based on lack, but a real, productive force. They describe the mechanistic nature of desire as a kind of "desiring-machine" that functions as a circuit breaker in a larger "circuit" of various other machines to which it is connected. Meanwhile, the desiring-machine is also producing a flow of desire from itself. Deleuze and Guattari imagine a multi-functional universe composed of such machines all connected to each other: "There are no desiring-machines that exist outside the social machines that they form on a large scale; and no social machines without the desiring machines that inhabit them on a small scale." Desiring-production is explosive, "there is no desiring-machine capable of being assembled without demolishing entire social sectors".
9f521f8de40fb5a03531a38cba41118f
Timeline of Karl Marx Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being "The Communist Manifesto" (1848) and "Das Kapital" (1867–1894).
0f40d348c0bb1f473fd46a0f838a14cf
Émile Gautier Émile Jean-Marie Gautier (19 January 1853 – 1937) was an anarchist and later a journalist. He coined the term "social Darwinism".
ef4463af0f3828f3cee168b778449ae1
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 essay collection by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical "The Nineteenth Century" between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against the competition-centred theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest. "Mutual Aid" is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.
70e731d3687d058073858731f4f1a182
Ethics of justice Ethics of justice, also known as morality of justice, is the term used by Carol Gilligan in "In a Different Voice" to describe the ethics and moral reasoning common to men and preferred by Kohlberg's stages of moral development. The ethics of justice deals with moral choices through a measure of rights of the people involved and chooses the solution that seems to damage the least number of people. Rooted in a respect for the legal system , it applies in the Western democracy ideas like social contract theory to everyday moral decisions.