Which international organization helped Egypt improve its macroeconomic performance In the 1990s
decea294ece7371ab3f27843ba713274
Economy of Egypt The economy of Egypt was a highly centralized planned economy focused on import substitution under President Gamal Abdel Nasser. In the 1990s, a series of International Monetary Fund arrangements, coupled with massive external debt relief resulting from Egypt's participation in the Gulf War coalition, helped Egypt improve its macroeconomic performance.
19f9b1de5e931d3dad8dc16b8e5e4a2b
International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. s of 2016 , the fund had SDR477 billion (about $668 billion).
a1e4b19180c04c90147896a888fa0974
Oxford Policy Management Oxford Policy Management (OPM) is an international development consulting firm which aims to help low- and middle-income countries achieve growth and reduce poverty and disadvantage through public policy reform.
76dda07d0330074f065a283fde0c9c3d
OECD Better Life Index The OECD Better Life Index, launched in May 2011 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development following a decade of work on this issue, is a first attempt to bring together internationally comparable measures of well-being in line with the recommendations of the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress also known as the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission. The recommendations made by this Commission sought to address concerns that standard macroeconomic statistics like GDP failed to give a true account of people’s current and future well-being. The OECD Better Life Initiative includes two main elements: "Your Better Life Index" and "How's Life?"
6c542aad1acaabbc92a7e9127a7beeb9
Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques
3a3e643b203c86df84330b26f5d74293
Foreign relations of Cameroon Cameroon's noncontentious, low-profile approach to foreign relations puts it squarely in the middle of other African and developing country states on major issues. It supports the principles of non-interference in the affairs of third world countries and increased assistance to underdeveloped countries. Cameroon is an active participant in the United Nations, where its voting record demonstrates its commitment to causes that include international peacekeeping, the rule of law, environmental protection, and Third World economic development. In the UN and other human rights fora, Cameroon's non-confrontational approach has generally led it to avoid criticizing other countries.
edaaf37b02eb41faa03cdffa13d6d363
International Input-Output Association The International Input-Output Association (IIOA) is a scientific, nonprofit, membership organization founded in 1988 with the objective of facilitating further development of input–output analysis with respect to both economics and more interdisciplinary areas of inquiry.
9fc46b4f064401d4d1a817b19269ac32
Praxis Ethiopia Praxis Ethiopia is an international organisation whose goal is to apply professional expertise to the problems of extreme poverty in Ethiopia. The word "Praxis" comes from the Greek language, and meaning the application of knowledge to solve problems. The organization is composed of educators, scientists, entrepreneurs, and technical advisors.
7d5b0aee59478f10bee7ef808f354cde
Foreign aid to Thailand Foreign Aid to Thailand On July 31, 2003, Thailand repaid its outstanding obligations under a standby arrangement made with the International Monetary Fund designed to help it recover from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The payment was made four years ahead of schedule, reflecting Thailand's achievement of macroeconomic and balance-of-payments stability.
78f349c45b6c22841e0b79be72de5ccd
United States–Zambia relations The diplomatic relationship between the United States of America and Zambia can be characterized as warm and cooperative. Several U.S. administrations cooperated closely with Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda, in hopes of facilitating solutions to the conflicts in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. The United States works closely with the Zambian Government to defeat the HIV/AIDS pandemic that is ravaging Zambia, to promote economic growth and development, and to effect political reform needed to promote responsive and responsible government. The United States is also supporting the government's efforts to root out corruption. Zambia is a beneficiary of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The U.S. Government provides a variety of technical assistance and other support that is managed by the Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development, Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) Threshold Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Treasury, Department of Defense, and Peace Corps. The majority of U.S. assistance is provided through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), in support of the fight against HIV/AIDS.
1b38b9bbe3fdf4da7c729e245fbf8f59
International Commission for Central American Recovery and Development International Commission for Central American Recovery and Development
5c43870a4df9eb5fc028fb4e42b06ad2
International Iranian Economic Association The International Iranian Economic Association (IIEA) is a private, non-profit, and non-political organization of scholars interested in the study of economic issues concerning Iran, in the broadest sense of the term.
ad6dfddb982aa200421fcd7dbfa8370d
International Institute of Public Finance The International Institute of Public Finance, or IIPF, is a global organization of economists specializing in public finance. It was founded in Paris in 1937.
f56853f3b7b6f5b99a713d5bee2be4a7
International monetary systems International monetary systems are sets of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions, that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states. They provide means of payment acceptable buyers and sellers of different nationality, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, they need to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. The systems can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic factors spread over several decades. Alternatively, they can arise from a single architectural vision as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944.
7f2ea3c2fbb69d844d4b1f73f90afa1d
Energy Sector Management Assistance Program The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the World Bank. Its mission is to assist low- and middle-income countries to increase know-how and institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth.
653499d1977c0a55617b8c1f24688f97
International Development Association The International Development Association (IDA) is an international financial institution which offers concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest developing countries. The IDA is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. It was established in 1960 to complement the existing International Bank for Reconstruction and Development by lending to developing countries which suffer from the lowest gross national income, from troubled creditworthiness, or from the lowest per capita income. Together, the International Development Association and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development are collectively generally known as the World Bank, as they follow the same executive leadership and operate with the same staff.
1db67f86a4e258a88ba5494a7167db70
United Nations Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations United Nations Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations
ad5ad2487944066fc3463e8ed8f27e25
Foreign trade of the Soviet Union Soviet foreign trade played only a minor role in the Soviet economy. In 1985, for example, exports and imports each accounted for only 4 percent of the Soviet gross national product. The Soviet Union maintained this low level because it could draw upon a large energy and raw material base, and because it historically had pursued a policy of self-sufficiency. Other foreign economic activity included economic aid programs, which primarily benefited the less developed Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) countries of Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam, and substantial borrowing from the West to supplement hard-currency export earnings.
79aaf3ae67c5b8a25500f91d53ed2285
Balance of payments The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated B.O.P., of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country. It is an important issue to be studied, especially in international financial management field, for a few reasons. First, the balance of payments provides detailed information concerning the demand and supply of a country's currency. For example, if Mauritius imports more than it exports, then this means that the supply of rupees is likely to exceed the demand in the foreign exchanging market, "ceteris paribus". One can thus infer that the Mauritius rupee would be under pressure to depreciate against other currencies. On the other hand, if Mauritius exports more than it imports, then the rupee would be likely to appreciate. Second, a country's balance-of-payment data may signal its potential as a business partner for the rest of the world. If a country is grappling with a major balance-of-payment difficulty, it may not be able to expand imports from the outside world. Instead, the country may be tempted to impose measures to restrict imports and discourage capital outflows in order to improve the balance-of-payment situation. On the other hand, a country experiencing a significant balance-of payment surplus would be more likely to expand imports, offering marketing opportunities for foreign enterprises, and less likely to impose foreign exchange restrictions. Third, balance-of-payments data can be used to evaluate the performance of the country in international economic competition. Suppose a country is experiencing trade deficits year after year. This trade data may then signal that the country's domestic industries lack international competitiveness. To interpret balance-of-payments data properly, it is necessary to understand how the balance of payments account is constructed.
8e74b9f6ef48686cca15c29786e0982f
Zayed Center for Coordination and Follow-Up Based in Abu Dhabi, the center hosted lectures by notable personalities such as former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter, former U.S. Vice-President Al Gore, former U.S. Secretary of State James Baker, and former French President Jacques Chirac. The think-tank, however, became embroiled in controversy when it became known that it also disseminated and provided a platform for anti-American, anti-Semitic, and extreme anti-Israel views. As a result of international outcry, Sheikh Zayed shut down the center in August 2003, saying that the think-tank ""had engaged in a discourse that starkly contradicted the principles of interfaith tolerance.""
a0548999a5d01433676685ef02a42fa2
Economists for Peace and Security Economists for Peace and Security (EPS) is a United Nations-registered, New York-based NGO which links economists interested in peace and security issues. Inspired by International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, it was founded in 1989 as "Economists Against the Arms Race" (ECAAR), before becoming "Economists Allied for Arms Reduction" (ECAAR) in 1993. It adopted its present name in 2005. Stockbroker Robert J. Schwartz led its creation.
4a70da40ce674fee21f7079eb92dfaff
Commission of Experts on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System Commission of Experts on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System