Which modern day states were a part of the 14th century Turco-Mongol empire?
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Turco-Mongol tradition The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was a cultural synthesis that arose during the early 14th century, among the ruling elites of Mongol Empire successor states such as the Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde. These elites adopted Turkic languages and different religions such as Buddhism and Islam, while retaining Mongol political and legal institutions. Many later Central Asian states drew heavily on this tradition, including the Timurid Empire, the Kazakh Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Nogai Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Mughal Empire.
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Timurid Empire The Timurid Empire (Persian: تیموریان‎ ‎ ), self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان‎ ‎ , "Gūrkāniyān"), was a Persianate Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary Pakistan, Syria, and Turkey.
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Hephthalite Empire The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites) were a people of Central Asia who were militarily important circa 450-560. They were based in Bactria and expanded east to the Tarim Basin, west to Sogdia and south through Afghanistan to northern India. They were a tribal confederation and included both nomadic and urban, settled communities. They were part of the four major "Hunic" states known collectively as Xionites or "Hunas", being preceeded by the Kidarites, and succeeded by the Alchon Huns and lastly the Nezak Huns. The Sveta Huna or "White Huns" who invaded northern India are probably the Ephthalites, but the exact relation is not clear.
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Asian Steppe The Asian Steppe is the Asian part of the Eurasian Steppe. Some scholars wrongly use the term "Asian Steppe" to describe the vast region of steppes of Eurasia. The Pontic Steppe of western Russia and of Ukraine and the steppes of the Hungarian plain are all in Eastern Europe. The Asian Steppe itself includes mainly the Mongolian steppes and the Kazakh steppes. There are three main expanses of the Eurasian Steppe. The western steppe, central steppe and the eastern steppe. The Western Steppe begins near the mouth of the Danube and extends northeast almost to Kazan and then southeast to the southern tip of the Ural Mountains. The Central Steppe or Kazakh Steppe extends from the Urals to Dzungaria. To the south it grades off into semi-desert and desert which is interrupted by two great rivers, the Amu Darya (Oxus) and Syr Darya (Jaxartes) which flow northwest into the Aral Sea and provide irrigation agriculture. The eastern steppe covering the area of present-day Mongolia, was the first home of the Turks, Huns, and the Mongols.
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Dayan Khan Dayan Khan (Mongolian: Даян Хаан ) (given name: "Batumöngke"; 1464–1517/1543) was a Mongol khan who reunited the Mongols under Chinggisid supremacy in the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. His reigning title, "Dayan", means the "Great Yuan", as he enthroned himself as Great Khan of the Great Yuan, though the Yuan dynasty, the principal khanate of the Mongol Empire, had already been overthrown by the Chinese Ming dynasty a century earlier (1368).
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Dagestan Oblast The Dagestan Oblast (Russian: Дагестанская область ) was an oblast (province) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day southeastern Dagestan. It was created in 1860 out of the territories of the former Caucasian Imamate.
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Chulyms The Chulyms, also Chulym Tatars, (self-designation: "Чулымнар, Татарлар, Öс кижилер, Пестын кижилер") are a Turkic people in the Tomsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia.
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Baku Khanate Baku Khanate (Persian: خانات باکو‎ ‎  — "Khānāt-e Baku"), was an autonomous Muslim principality under Iranian suzerainty, which existed between 1747 and 1806. Originally a province of Safavid empire, it became practically independent after the assassination of Nadir shah and weakening of central authority in Iran due to the struggle for power. Its territory now lies within present-day Azerbaijan,
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Tartary Tartary (Latin: "Tartaria") or Great Tartary (Latin: "Tartaria Magna") was a name used from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate the great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, settled mostly by Turko-Mongol peoples after the Mongol invasion and the subsequent Turkic migrations.
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Greater Iran Greater Iran (Persian: ایران بزرگ‎ ‎ , "Irān-e Bozorg"), also referred to as Greater Persia (سرزمین پارس , "Sarzamin-e Pārs"), is a term used to refer to the regions of the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia that has significant Iranian cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various Iranian (Persian) empires (such as those of the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanians, Samanids, Safavids, and Afsharids and the Qajar Empire), having considerable aspects of Persian culture due to extensive contact with the various Empires based in Persia (e.g., those regions and peoples in the North Caucasus that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of Iranic peoples who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of South Asia, Bahrain and China). It roughly corresponds to the territory on the Iranian plateau and its bordering plains. The Encyclopædia Iranica uses the term "Iranian Cultural Continent" for this region.
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History of Tuva The territory currently known as Tuva has been occupied by various groups throughout its history. Sources are rare and unclear for most of Tuva's early history. Archeological evidence indicates a Scythian presence possibly as early as the 9th century BC. Tuva was conquered relatively easily by the succession of empires which swept across the region. It was most likely held by various Turkic khanates until 1207. It was then ruled by Mongols until the 18th century, when it submitted to Manchu rule under the Qing dynasty. Slow Russian colonization during the 19th century led to progressive annexation of the region to Russia in the 20th century. The region was then controlled by tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union before finally joining the Russian Federation in 1992. Throughout this whole time, the borders of Tuva have seen very little modification.
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Darugha Darugha (Bashkir: даруга , Tatar: даруга , "daruğa " , from Mongol: "daru-", 'to press, to seal') was a territorial subdivision in the Mongol Empire. A "darugha" was ruled by "darughachi".
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Zakarid Armenia Zakarid Armenia (Armenian: Զաքարյան Հայաստան "Zakaryan Hayastan"), was an Armenian principality between 1201 and 1360, ruled by the Zakarian dynasty. The city of Ani was the capital of the princedom. The Zakarids were vassals to the Kingdom of Georgia until 1236 when they became vassals to the Mongol Empire. Their descendants continued to hold Ani until the 1330s, when they lost it to a succession of Turkish dynasties, including the Kara Koyunlu, who made Ani their capital.
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Russian Turkestan Russian Turkestan (Russian: Русский Туркестан , "Russkiy Turkestan") was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire (administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship), comprising the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh steppes, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva.
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Baurchuk Art Tekin Baurchuk Art Tekin (known also as "Idikut Baurchuk", "Idikut Barchuq") was a ruler, with a title of Idikut, of the Buddhist Uyghur Kara-Khoja Kingdom (856-1389) in Beshbalik (near present-day Urumqi), Kara-Khoja (near present-day Turpan, known also as "Idikut"-"Shahri") and Kumul between 1208 and 1235. As a result of his policies, Uyghuria joined the Mongol Empire as its fifth Ulus (district) in 1211.
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Tusi Tusi () often translated "headmen" or "chieftains", were hereditary tribal leaders recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era Chinese governments. They ruled certain ethnic minorities in southwest China and Indochinese peninsula, nominally on behalf of the central government. This arrangement is generally known as the "Tusi System" or "Native Chieftain System". It has been described on at least one occasion as sharing similarities with the "U.S. federal government's recognition of some Native American tribes as in some ways sovereign entities." Tusi were located primarily in the province of Yunnan and in the regions of Guizhou, Tibet, Sichuan and Chongqing, Xiangxi Prefecture of Hunan, and Enshi Prefecture of Hubei. Tusi also existed in the historic dependencies of China in what is today northern Myanmar, Laos, and northern Thailand. Vietnam also implemented a tusi system under the Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945).
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Military history of Georgia The country of Georgia has known a rich military history, both as a battlefield of empires and as an independent political and military power. The strategic significance and natural wealth of its territory made it the target of many invasions, and the country's independence was preserved against multiple enemies by a succession of states. Before the unification of the country by the Bagrationi dynasty in the 10th century, several states, such as Iberia and Colchis had managed to subsist between the Roman empire (later Byzantine Empire in the West) and the Sassanid Empire (later replaced by the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates). Between the 11th and 15th centuries, the Kingdom of Georgia was a major regional power, which withstood invasions by the Great Seljuk Empire, Mongol Empire, and Timurid Empire, before its fragmentation and submission to the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. Many Georgians fought in the armies of the empires that ruled the country from the 16th century, be it the Safavids (and successive Afsharids and Qajars), the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, and the nation kept a reputation for military valour and skill. Since 1991, the newly independent Georgia has taken part in many conflicts: its conflicts with Russia culminated in the 2008 South Ossetia war, while its alliance with the United States led to Georgia's participation in the Afghan and Iraq wars.
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Central Asian confederations Central Asian confederations were a separate confederations located largely in Central Asia in different time periods. The term includes Mongols, Uyghurs, Kereits, Merkits, Naimans and others that co-existed with each other for a while during the 12th century usually with feuding before the unification by Genghis Khan. The term doesn't only refer to these groups, instead many that existed earlier and possibly later ones. They weren't part of a central and unified administration.
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Grand Duchy of Moscow The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Russian: Великое Княжество Московское, "Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye" ), or Grand Principality of Moscow (also known in English simply as Muscovy), was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.
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Barga Mongols The Barga (Mongol: Барга; ) are a subgroup of the Mongol people which gave its name to the Baikal region – "Bargujin-Tukum" (Bargujin Tökhöm) – “the land’s end”, according to the 13th-14th centuries Mongol people’s conception.
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Battle of the Sit River The Battle of the Sit River was fought in the northern part of the present-day Sonkovsky District of Tver Oblast of Russia, close to the selo of Bozhonka, on March 4, 1238 between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Rus' under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal during the Mongol invasion of Rus. After the Mongols sacked his capital of Vladimir, Yuri fled across the Volga northward, to Yaroslavl, where he hastily mustered an army. He and his brothers then turned back toward Vladimir in hopes of relieving the city before the Mongols took it, but they were too late. Yuri sent out a force of 3,000 men under Dorozh to scout out where the Mongols were; whereupon Dorozh returned saying that Yuri and his force was already surrounded. As he tried to muster his forces, he was attacked by the Mongol force under Burundai and fled but was overtaken on the Sit River and died there along with his nephew, Prince Vsevolod of Yaroslavl. The battle marked the end of unified resistance to the Mongols and inaugurated two centuries of the Mongol domination of modern day-Russia and Ukraine
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Melikdoms of Karabakh The Five Melikdoms of Karabakh were Armenian feudal entities that existed on the territory modern Nagorno Karabakh and neighboring lands from the times of the dissolution of the Principality of Khachen in the 15th century and up to the abolition of ethnic feudal formations in the Russian Empire in 1822.