Boots that rise to the knee and were originally made of leather, can be made of a synthetic rubber that exhibits good chemical stability, and is produced by the polymerization of what?
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Knee-high boot Knee-high boots are boots that rise to the knee, or slightly thereunder. They are generally tighter around the leg shaft and ankle than at the top. Originally made of leather, versions made of a synthetic rubber (PVC, Neoprene, etc.), they are used by fishermen, dairy workers, stable hands, duck hunters, clammers, etc. to protect the feet from water, mud, manure, etc. and to provide traction on slippery surfaces. Most slip on, but there are varieties with buckles and those that lace up.
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Neoprene Neoprene or polychloroprene is a family of synthetic rubbers that are produced by polymerization of chloroprene. Neoprene exhibits good chemical stability and maintains flexibility over a wide temperature range. Neoprene is sold either as solid rubber or in latex form, and is used in a wide variety of applications, such as laptop sleeves, orthopedic braces (wrist, knee, etc.), electrical insulation, liquid and sheet applied elastomeric membranes or flashings, and automotive fan belts.
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Foam rubber Foam rubber (also known as cellular, sponge, or expanded rubber) refers to rubber that has been manufactured with a foaming agent to create an air-filled matrix structure. Commercial foam rubbers are generally made of either polyurethane or natural latex. Latex foam rubber, used in mattresses, is well known for its endurance.
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Saddle shoe The saddle shoe is a low-heeled casual Oxford shoe (hence the alternative name "saddle oxford"), characterized by a plain toe and distinctive, saddle-shaped decorative panel placed mid foot. Saddle shoes are typically constructed of leather and are most frequently white with a black saddle, although any color combination is possible.
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Plasticizer Plasticizers (UK: plasticisers) or dispersants are additives that increase the plasticity or viscosity of a material. Over the last 60 years more than 30,000 different substances have been evaluated for their plasticizing properties. Of these, only a small number – approximately 50 – are today in commercial use. The dominant applications are for plastics, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The properties of other materials are also improved when blended with plasticizers including concrete, clays, and related products. According to 2014 data, the total global market for plasticizers was 8.4 million metric tonnes including 1.3 million metric tonnes in Europe.
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Ethylene propylene rubber Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR, sometimes called EPM referring to an ASTM standard) is a type of synthetic elastomer that is closely related to EPDM rubber. Since introduction in the 1960s, annual production has increased to 870,000 metric tons.
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Spherulite (polymer physics) In polymer physics, spherulites (from Greek sphaira = ball and lithos = stone) are spherical semicrystalline regions inside non-branched linear polymers. Their formation is associated with crystallization of polymers from the melt and is controlled by several parameters such as the number of nucleation sites, structure of the polymer molecules, cooling rate, etc. Depending on those parameters, spherulite diameter may vary in a wide range from a few micrometers to millimeters. Spherulites are composed of highly ordered lamellae, which result in higher density, hardness, but also brittleness of the spherulites as compared to disordered polymer. The lamellae are connected by amorphous regions which provide certain elasticity and impact resistance. Alignment of the polymer molecules within the lamellae results in birefringence producing a variety of colored patterns, including Maltese cross, when spherulites are viewed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope.
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Sheepskin boots Sheepskin boots are boots made from sheepskin. The wool on sheepskin has good insulating properties and so such boots are commonly worn when it is cold.
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LITE Leather The LITE Leather (Low Impact to Environment Leather) label is a certificate that can be attached to any product that is manufactured with especially low energy consumption and water usage. The certification is based on a product's CO footprint, which involves documenting the carbon dioxide emissions for each square meter of leather produced. LITE standards are based on calculations by the LWG (Leather Working Group) for average energy and water consumption in the industry — LITE products are produced with roughly 35% less energy and 50% less water. To accelerate the process of making leather production environmentally sound, this project is being funded by the German Investment Corporation (DEG) with funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Renowned manufacturers including Timberland, New Balance, Hush Puppies, Reef, or Keen Footwear market shoes using LITE leather. The LITE leather label was initialized by the German-Sino leather producer ISA TanTec, who have three tanneries in Saigon, Vietnam, Heshan, China, and the newly opened one in Mississippi, USA. LITE is a trademark of ISA Tantec, a privately owned German company in Asia.
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Inorganic polymer Inorganic polymers are polymers with a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms in the backbone. Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybrid polymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber. Inorganic polymers offer some properties not found in organic materials including low temperature flexibility, electrical conductivity, and nonflammability. Inorganic polymers focus on 1-dimensional polymers, not heavily crosslinked materials such as silicate minerals. Inorganic polymers with tunable or responsive properties are sometimes called smart inorganic polymers. A special class of inorganic polymers are geopolymers, which may be anthropogenic or naturally occurring.
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Poly(ethylene succinate) Poly(ethylene succinate) (PES) is an aliphatic synthetic polyester with a melting point from 103–106 °C. It is synthesized from dicarboxylic acids; either by ring-opening polymerization of succinic anhydride with ethylene oxide or by polycondensation of succinic acid and ethylene glycol. Thermophilic "Bacillus" sp. TT96 is found in soil and can degrade PES. Mesophilic PES degrading microorganisms were found in the "Bacillus" and "Paenibacillus" species; strain KT102; a relative of "Bacillus pumilus" was the most capable of degrading PES film. The fungal species NKCM1003 a type of "Aspergillus clavatus" also degrades PES film.
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Dress boot Dress boots are short leather boots worn by men. Built like dress shoes, but with uppers covering the ankle, versions of the boots are used as an alternative to these in bad weather or rough outdoor situation, and as a traditional option for day time formalwear.
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Ring-opening polymerization In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminal end of a polymer chain acts as a reactive center where further cyclic monomers can react by opening its ring system and form a longer polymer chain (see figure). The propagating center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as norbornene or cyclooctadiene can be polymerized to high molecular weight polymers by using metal catalysts. ROP continues to be the most versatile method of synthesis of major groups of biopolymers, particularly when they are required in quantity.
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Chain walking In polymer chemistry, chain walking or chain running is a mechanism that operates during some alkene polymerization reactions. This reaction gives rise to branched and hyperbranched hydrocarbon polymers. This process is also characterized by accurate control of polymer architecture and topology. The positions of branches on the polymers are controlled by the choice of a catalyst. The potential applications of polymers formed by this reaction are diverse, from drug delivery to phase transfer agents, nanomaterials, and catalysis.
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Latex Latex is a stable dispersion (emulsion) of polymer microparticles in an aqueous medium. It is found in nature, but synthetic latexes can be made by polymerizing a monomer such as styrene that has been emulsified with surfactants.
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Recoil pad A recoil pad is a piece of rubber, foam, leather, or other soft material usually attached to the buttstock of a rifle or shotgun. Recoil pads may also be worn around the shoulder with straps, placing the soft material between the buttstock and the shoulder of the person firing the gun. The purpose of this device is to provide additional padding between the typically hard buttstock surface and the user's shoulder, to reduce the amount of felt recoil of the firearm, and to prevent slippage on the shooter's clothing while aiming.
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Zeoform Zeoform is a new material developed and patented by an Australian company "Zeo IP Pty". It is derived from cellulose and Water, transforming lignocellulosic fibres from industrial biomass into a structural material suitable for various applications in the industrial sector. It is claimed to be non toxic, biodegradable and could be used as a replacement for many forms of hard plastics, as well as synthetic and chemical composites.
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Nanofabrics Nanofabrics are textiles engineered with small particles that give ordinary materials advantageous properties such as superhydrophobicity (extreme water resistance, also see "Lotus effect"), odor and moisture elimination, increased elasticity and strength, and bacterial resistance. Depending on the desired property, a nanofabric is either constructed from nanoscopic fibers called nanofibers, or is formed by applying a solution containing nanoparticles to a regular fabric. Nanofabrics research is an interdisciplinary effort involving bioengineering, molecular chemistry, physics, electrical engineering, computer science, and systems engineering. Applications of nanofabrics have the potential to revolutionize textile manufacturing and areas of medicine such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Jump boot Jump boots are standard footgear for Paratroopers and Airborne Forces featuring calf-length lacing and rigid toe caps. The style is a type of combat boot and versions were developed in many countries simultaneously with the adoption of airborne infantry forces during World War II. Modern jump boots are earned in some countries and therefore have become a mark of achievement and distinction, mainly worn as dress and parade boots. The uppers are generally made of smooth black leather with toe-caps and heel counters that accept a high polish ("spit-shine" or "spittle-shine"). It is also a paratrooper tradition to lace jump boots in a "ladder" or "cobweb" style which increases ankle support during a parachute jump,
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Synthetic membrane An artificial membrane, or synthetic membrane, is a synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or in industry. Synthetic membranes have been successfully used for small and large-scale industrial processes since the middle of twentieth century. A wide variety of synthetic membranes is known. They can be produced from organic materials such as polymers and liquids, as well as inorganic materials. The most of commercially utilized synthetic membranes in separation industry are made of polymeric structures. They can be classified based on their surface chemistry, bulk structure, morphology, and production method. The chemical and physical properties of synthetic membranes and separated particles as well as a choice of driving force define a particular membrane separation process. The most commonly used driving forces of a membrane process in industry are pressure and concentration gradients. The respective membrane process is therefore known as filtration. Synthetic membranes utilized in a separation process can be of different geometry and of respective flow configuration. They can also be categorized based on their application and separation regime. The best known synthetic membrane separation processes include water purification, reverse osmosis, dehydrogenation of natural gas, removal of cell particles by microfiltration and ultrafiltration, removal of microorganisms from dairy products, and Dialysis.
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Living cationic polymerization Living cationic polymerization is a living polymerization technique involving cationic propagating species. It enables the synthesis of very well defined polymers (low molar mass distribution) and of polymers with unusual architecture such as star polymers and block copolymers and living cationic polymerization is therefore as such of commercial and academic interest.
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Polymer chemistry Polymer chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline that deals with the structures, chemical synthesis and properties of polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics and elastomers. Polymer chemistry is related to the broader field of polymer science, which also encompasses polymer physics and polymer engineering.