Arab Spring was a revolutionary wave of what illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military?
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Arab Spring The Arab Spring, (Arabic: الربيع العربي‎ ‎ "ar-Rabīʻ al-ʻArabī") also referred to as Arab revolutions (Arabic: الثورات العربية‎ ‎ "aṯ-'awrāt al-ʻarabiyyah"), was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East that began on 17 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution.
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Coup d'état A coup d'état (    ; ] ), also known simply as a coup ( ), a putsch ( ), golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus.
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Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War refers to political, military and operational support to parties involved in the ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011, as well as active foreign involvement. Most parties involved in the war in Syria receive various types of support from foreign countries and entities based outside Syria. The ongoing conflict in Syria is widely described as a series of overlapping proxy wars between the regional and world powers, primarily between the U.S. and Russia as well as between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
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Human rights in Tunisia The issue of Human rights in Tunisia, is complex, contradictory, and, in some regards, confusing in the wake of a revolution that began in January 2011 and overthrew the longstanding dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. While the immediate months after the revolution were characterized by significant improvements in the status of human rights, some of those advances have since been reversed. The entire situation, however, remains in a state of considerable flux, with different observers sometimes providing virtually irreconcilable accounts of the current status of human rights in that country.
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Arab Organization for Industrialization The Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI) ("Arabic: الهيئة العربية للتصنيع‎ ‎ ") is an Egypt-based Arab military organization established in 1975 by Egypt, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar state to supervise the collective development of the Arab defense industry. Following a gradual deterioration in relations between the AOI member-states, Egypt became sole owner of AOI in 1993. As well as meeting the requirements of the Egyptian military, AOI directs spare capacity to civilian programmed, including civilian transport and sanitation equipment, AOI has stated its intention of entering the wind power sector. ==
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Ukrainian crisis A prolonged crisis in Ukraine began on 21 November 2013, when then-president Viktor Yanukovych suspended preparations for the implementation of an association agreement with the European Union. This decision resulted in mass protests by its proponents, known as the "Euromaidan". After months of such protests, Yanukovych was ousted by the protesters on 22 February 2014, when he fled the Ukrainian capital city of Kiev. Following his ousting, unrest enveloped the largely Russophone eastern and southern regions of Ukraine, from where he had drawn most of his support. An ensuing political crisis and Russian military intervention in the Ukrainian autonomous region of Crimea resulted in the annexation of Crimea by Russia on 18 March 2014. Subsequently, unrest in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine evolved into a war in Donbass between the post-revolutionary Ukrainian government and pro-Russian insurgents, supported and often assisted by the Russian military and Russian special forces.
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1961 Syrian coup d'état The Syrian coup d'état of 1961 was an uprising by disgruntled Syrian Army officers on September 28, 1961, that resulted in the break-up of the United Arab Republic and the restoration of an independent Syrian Republic.
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Jordanian intervention in the Syrian Civil War The Jordanian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War began on 22 September 2014, with air strikes on Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) targets, and escalated after the murder on Muath al-Kasasbeh, a captured Jordanian pilot, by ISIL, in early 2015.
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2011 Khuzestan protests The 2011 Khuzestan protests, known among protesters as the Ahvaz Day of Rage, relates to violent protests, which erupted on 15 April 2011 in Iranian Khuzestan, to mark an anniversary of the 2005 Ahvaz unrest, and as a response to the regional Arab Spring. The protests lasted for 4 days and resulted in 12 to 15 protesters killed and many wounded and arrested. 1 security officer was killed as well, and another wounded. Crackdown on Arab political opposition in the area continued since with arrests and executions.
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Capture of Damascus (1920) The 1920 capture of Damascus was the final stage of the Franco-Syrian War, when French forces captured Damascus with little resistance. The Kingdom of Syria was brought to an end and the French mandate of Syria was put into effect. Shortly after, in September 1920, Damascus was established as the capital of the State of Damascus under French Mandate.
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Arab Revolt The Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية‎ ‎ , "al-Thawra al-‘Arabiyya "; Turkish: "Arap İsyanı" ) or Great Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية الكبرى‎ ‎ , "al-Thawra al-‘Arabiyya al-Kubrā ") was officially initiated by Sherif Hussein bin Ali at Mecca on 10 June 1916 (9 Sha'ban of the Islamic calendar for that year) although his sons ‘Ali and Faisal had already initiated operations at Medina starting on 5 June with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.
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2011 Lebanese protests The 2011 Lebanese protests were seen as influenced by the Arab Spring. The main protests focused on calls for political reform especially against confessionalism in Lebanon. The protests initiated in early 2011, and dimmed by the end of the year. In another aspect of the Arab Spring, Lebanese pro and anti-Assad factions descended into sectarian violence, which culminated in May–June 2012.
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Six-Day War The Six-Day War (Hebrew: מלחמת ששת הימים , "Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim"; Arabic: النكسة , "an-Naksah", "The Setback" or حرب ۱۹٦۷ , "Ḥarb 1967", "War of 1967"), also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria.
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Arab separatism in Khuzestan Arab separatism in Khuzestan refers to a decades-long separatist movement in the western part of Iranian Khuzestan, which seeks to establish a separate independent state for its Arab residents, from what they define as "Iranian occupation". The struggle is often defined as an ethno-religious dispute between predominantly Arabs from the western part of Khuzestan and the Iranian Revolutionary Shi'a government. The Iranian government denies that ethnic discrimination or conflict exist in the country.
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Military A military is a force authorized to use lethal or deadly force and weapons to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens. It typically consists of an Army, Navy, Air Force, and in certain countries the Marines and Coast Guard. The task of the military is usually defined as defense of the state, and its citizens, and the prosecution of war against another state. The military may also have additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within a society, including, the promotion of a political agenda, protecting corporate economic interests, internal population control, construction, emergency services, social ceremonies, and guarding important areas. The military may also function as a discrete subculture within a larger civil society, through the development of separate infrastructures, which may include housing, schools, utilities, logistics, health and medical, law, food production, finance and banking. In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often treated synonymously, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include both its military and other paramilitary forces. "Armed force" is the use of armed forces to achieve political objectives. There are various forms of irregular military forces, not belonging to a recognized state; though they share many attributes with regular military forces, they are less often referred to as simply "military".
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Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا‎ ‎ "Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki – Qutr Suriya"), officially the Syrian Regional Branch (Syria being a "region" of the Arab nation in Ba'ath ideology), is a neo-Ba'athist organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi. It was first the regional branch of the original Ba'ath Party (1947–1966) before it changed its allegiance to the Syrian-dominated Ba'ath movement (1966–present) following the 1966 split within the original Ba'ath Party. The party has ruled Syria continuously since the 1963 Syrian coup d'état which brought the Ba'athists to power.
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Damascus offensive (2013) The Damascus offensive (2013) refers to a series of rebel operations that began in early February 2013 in and around the city of Damascus.
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2011 Omani protests The 2011 Omani protests were a series of protests in the Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the "Arab Spring".
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2012 Arab League summit The 23rd Arab League Summit was the third one held in Baghdad and the first one since 1990, before the start of the Gulf War. The decision to grant the host rights to Iraq was made at the previous summit in Sirte. Among the subjects discussed were the Iraqi debts to its neighbors and the uprising in Syria. The summit marked the first time since the Invasion of Kuwait that an acting Emir (Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah) paid a visit to Iraq. The summit was also notable as being the first held since the beginning of the Arab Spring, during which the governments of several member states were overthrown by popular revolutions.
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Ramadan Revolution The Ramadan Revolution, also referred to as the 8 February Revolution and the February 1963 coup d'état in Iraq, was a military coup by the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi-wing which overthrew the Prime Minister of Iraq, Abd al-Karim Qasim in 1963. Qasim's former deputy Abdul Salam Arif (who was not a Ba'athist) was given the largely ceremonial title of President, while prominent Ba'athist general Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was named Prime Minister. The most powerful leader of the new government was the secretary general of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, Ali Salih al-Sa'di, who controlled the National Guard militia and organized a massacre of hundreds—if not thousands—of suspected communists and other dissidents following the coup.
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The Three Revolutions The Three Revolutions refers to a political theory of Gamal Abdel Nasser highlighted during a speech to the National Union (NU) in Cairo on July 9, 1960. The three revolutions were first a "national revolution" which involves the overthrow of colonialism, second, the "Arab revolution" which involves the defeat of division and false frontiers created by outsiders, and third the "social revolution" which involves the creation of an "honorable living" in "fulfilment of social equality" for every member of Arab society.
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Revolutionary wave A revolutionary wave is a series of revolutions occurring in various locations in a similar time period. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves may inspire current ones, or an initial revolution inspires other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims.