The Doctrine of Chances was the first textbook on probability theory written by a mathematician who fled France to escape the persecution of French Protestants who follow what?
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The Doctrine of Chances The Doctrine of Chances was the first textbook on probability theory, written by 18th-century French mathematician Abraham de Moivre and first published in 1718. De Moivre wrote in English because he resided in England at the time, having fled France to escape the persecution of Huguenots. The book's title came to be synonymous with "probability theory", and accordingly the phrase was used in Thomas Bayes' famous posthumous paper "An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances", wherein a version of Bayes' theorem was first introduced.
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Huguenots Huguenots (English pronunciation or ; French: "Les huguenots" , ] ) are the ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition.
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François-Napoléon-Marie Moigno François-Napoléon-Marie Moigno, known in his later life as the Abbé Moigno, (15 April 1804 – 14 July 1884) was a French Catholic priest and one time Jesuit, as well as a physicist and author. He considered himself a student of Cauchy.
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Émile Léonard Mathieu Émile Léonard Mathieu (] ; 15 May 1835, Metz – 19 October 1890, Nancy) was a French mathematician. He is most famous for his work in group theory and mathematical physics. He has given his name to the Mathieu functions, Mathieu groups and Mathieu transformation. He authored a treatise of mathematical physics in 6 volumes.
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Émile Borel Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel (] ; 7 January 1871 – 3 February 1956) was a French mathematician and politician. As a mathematician, he was known for his founding work in the areas of measure theory and probability.
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Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius ( ; 10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot (] ) or Hugo de Groot (] ), was a Dutch jurist. Along with the earlier works of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili, Grotius laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. A teenage intellectual prodigy, he was imprisoned for his involvement in the intra-Calvinist disputes of the Dutch Republic, but escaped hidden in a chest of books. He wrote most of his major works in exile in France.
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Bayesian statistics Bayesian statistics, named for Thomas Bayes (1701–1761), is a theory in the field of statistics in which the evidence about the true state of the world is expressed in terms of "degrees of belief" known as Bayesian probabilities. Such an interpretation is only one of a number of interpretations of probability and there are other statistical techniques that are not based on 'degrees of belief'. One of the key ideas of Bayesian statistics is that "probability is orderly opinion, and that inference from data is nothing other than the revision of such opinion in the light of relevant new information."
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Jean-Baptiste Duvoisin Jean-Baptiste Duvoisin" (19 October 1744 - 9 July 1813)" was a Roman Catholic priest, theologian and writer, who was Bishop of Nantes from 1802 until his death in 1813. He was praised by the Napoleon I for being, in theological matters, "a torch of which he did not wish to lose sight," and was often consulted by the Emperor on religious questions.
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Marian exiles The Marian Exiles were English Protestants who fled to the continent during the reign of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary I and King Philip. They settled chiefly in Protestant countries such as the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, and also in France, Italy and Poland.
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John Edmund Kerrich John Edmund Kerrich (1903–1985) was a mathematician noted for a series of experiments in probability which he conducted while interned in Nazi-occupied Denmark in the 1940s.
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Ramism Ramism was a collection of theories on rhetoric, logic and pedagogy based on the teachings of Petrus Ramus, a French academic, philosopher and Huguenot convert who was murdered in 1572 during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August.
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Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples or Jacobus Faber Stapulensis (c. 1455 – 1536) was a French theologian and humanist. He was a precursor of the Protestant movement in France. The "d'Étaples" was not part of his name as such, but used to distinguish him from Jacques Lefèvre of Deventer, a less significant contemporary, a friend and correspondent of Erasmus. Both are also sometimes called by the German version of their name, Jacob/Jakob Faber. He himself had a sometimes tense relationship with Erasmus, whose work on Biblical translation and in theology closely paralleled his own.
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Jean-Baptiste Pérès Jean-Baptiste Pérès (1752–1840) was a French physicist best known for his 1827 pamphlet "Grand Erratum", a polemical satire, translated into many European languages, that attempted "in the interest of conservative theology, to reduce to an absurdity the purely negative tendencies of the rationalistic criticism of the Scriptures then in vogue" (as Frederick W. Loetscher described what he called "the celebrated pamphlet" in "The Princeton Theological Review" 1906) through humorously suggesting ways in which the history of Napoleon Bonaparte could be shown to be an expression of an ancient sun myth.
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Nicolas Sarrabat Fr. Nicolas Sarrabat or Sarabat (February 7, 1698 – April 27, 1739), also known as Nicolas Sarrabat de la Baisse, was an eighteenth-century French mathematician and scientist. He was born in Lyon, the son of the painter Daniel Sarrabat (1666–1748), and the nephew of engraver Isaac Sarrabat. The Sarrabats had been a prosperous Protestant bourgeois family of clock- and watchmakers, though Nicolas's father had converted to Catholicism.
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Victor Cousin Victor Cousin (] ; 28 November 1792 – 14 January 1867) was a French philosopher. He was the founder of "eclecticism," a briefly influential school of French philosophy that combined elements of German idealism and Scottish Common Sense Realism. As the administrator of public instruction for over a decade, Cousin also had an important influence on French educational policy.
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Sebastian Castellio Sebastian Castellio (also Sébastien Châteillon, Châtaillon, Castellión, and Castello) (1515 – December 29, 1563) was a French preacher and theologian; and one of the first Reformed Christian proponents of religious toleration, freedom of conscience and thought.
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Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain (] ; 1 April 1776 – 27 June 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father's library including ones by Leonhard Euler and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss. One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of prejudice against her sex, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life. Before her death Gauss had recommended that she be awarded an honorary degree, but that never occurred. At the centenary of her life, a street and a girls school were named after her. The Academy of Sciences established the Sophie Germain Prize in her honor.
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Johann Euler Johann Albrecht Euler (27 November 1734 – 17 September 1800) was a Swiss-Russian astronomer and mathematician. Also known as "Johann Albert Euler" or "John-Albert Euler", he was the first child born to the great Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), who had emigrated [for the first time] to Saint-Petersburg on 17 May 1727. His mother was Katharina Gsell (1707–1773) whose maternal grandmother was the famous scientific illustrator Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) and whose father was the Swiss Baroque painter Georg Gsell (1673–1740) who had emigrated to Russia in 1716. Katharina married Leonhard Euler on 7 January 1734 and Johann Albert would be the eldest of their 13 children (only 5 of whom survived childhood).
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Joseph Saurin Joseph Saurin (1 September 1659, Courthézon – 29 December 1737, Paris) was a French mathematician and a converted Protestant minister. He was the first to show how the tangents at the multiple points of curves could be determined by mathematical analysis. He was accused in 1712 by Jean-Baptiste Rousseau of being the actual author of defamatory verses that gossip had attributed to Rousseau.
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Thomas Bayes Thomas Bayes ( ; c. 1701 7 April 1761) was an English statistician, philosopher and Presbyterian minister who is known for having formulated a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes' theorem. Bayes never published what would eventually become his most famous accomplishment; his notes were edited and published after his death by Richard Price.
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Henri Grenier Henri Grenier (20 May 1899 – 5 May 1980) was a French Canadian priest, theologian, and philosopher. He was the author of a manual of Thomistic philosophy, once widely used in Roman Catholic seminaries.
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Joseph Galien Joseph Galien OP (born 1699, Saint-Paulien, France) was a Dominican professor of philosophy and theology at the University of Avignon, meteorologist, physicist, and writer on aeronautics.