define confounding.
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3.5 - Bias, Confounding and Effect Modification Confounding: A situation in which a measure of association or relationship between exposure and outcome is distorted by the presence of another variable.
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- confound verb [T]. › to ​confuse and very much ​surprise someone, so that they are ​unable to ​explain or ​deal with a ​situation: An ​elderly man from Hull has confounded ​doctors by ​recovering after he was ​officially ​declared ​dead. The ​singer confounded her ​critics with a ​remarkable ​follow-up ​album.
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3.5 - Bias, Confounding and Effect Modification The first two of these conditions can be tested with data. The third is more biological and conceptual. Confounding masks the true effect of a risk factor on a disease or outcome due to the presence of another variable.
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- Full Definition of CAUSATION. 1. a: the act or process of causing b: the act or agency which produces an effect. 2. : causality.
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confabulation the fabrication of experiences or situations, often recounted in a detailed and plausible way to fill in and cover up cognitive impairment or memory loss, which may be caused by alcoholism, especially in people with Korsakoff's psychosis; head injuries; dementia; or lead poisoning. Also called fabrication.
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- “confound”: synonyms and related words: 1  addle. 2  baffle. 3  bemuse. 4  bewilder. 5  blind sb with science idiom. 6  blur. 7  cloud. 8  flummox. 9  fox. 10  fuddle. 11  knock/throw sb for a loop idiom. 12  mix. 13  mix sb up. 14  muddy. 15  muddy the waters idiom. 16  puzzle. 17  throw sb off balance idiom. 18  tie. 19  tie sb (up) in knots idiom. 20  unbalance.
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Confabulation Confabulation - Description. 1  Confabulation is distinguished from lying as there is no intent to deceive and the person is unaware the information is false. Although individuals can present blatantly false information, confabulation can also seem to be coherent, internally consistent, and relatively normal.
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conundrum conundrum (plural conundrums or conundra) 1  A difficult question or riddle, especially one using a play on words in the answer. 2  A difficult choice or decision that must be made.
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flesh out expound - add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way, usually in writing; She elaborated on the main ideas in her dissertation. elaborate, expatiate, lucubrate, dilate, exposit, flesh out, enlarge, expand.
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- Translations for 'conundrum'. British English: conundrum NOUN. A conundrum is a problem or puzzle which is difficult or impossible to solve....this theological conundrum of the existence of evil and suffering in a world created by a good God. Brazilian Portuguese: enigma.
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- 1 Bias and Confounding. . 2  Bias. is a systematic error in a study and cannot be fixed. . 3  Confounding may lead to errors in the conclusion of a study, but, when confounding variables are known, the effect may. be fixed.
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- con·fab·u·la·tion. The making of bizarre and incorrect responses, and a readiness to give a fluent but tangential answer, with no regard whatever to facts, to any question put; seen in amnesia, presbyophrenia, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
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- Dick’s Last Resort, located at 4700 U.S. 17 S. at Barefoot Landing in North Myrtle Beach, will host a Mardi Gras parade and party on Tuesday, March 4. Prizes will be awarded for the best and worst floats.
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- trepidation (uncountable) 1  A fearful state; a state of hesitation or concern. 2  An involuntary trembling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, but usually caused by terror or fear; quaking; quivering.
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expound Expound is defined as to explain further or in more detail. An example of expound is someone explaining the meaning of evolution to another. to set forth point by point; state in detail.
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- Full Definition of CAUSATION. 1. a: the act or process of causing b: the act or agency which produces an effect.
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conundrum Because of the sand which is there.”) 2a : a question or problem having only a conjectural answer … the political conundrums involved, particularly the problem of how the richer areas … can be made to subsidize the poorer.
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flummox Verb. 1. confound-be confusing or perplexing to; cause to be unable to think clearly; These questions confuse even the experts; This question completely threw me; This question befuddled even the teacher. befuddle, confuse, discombobulate, fox, bedevil, fuddle, throw.
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IFRS Vs GAAP: Investments in Associates Definition. IFRS: An associate is an entity over which the investor has significant influence – that is, the power to participate in, but not control, an associate’s financial and operating policies.S GAAP does not include unincorporated entities, although these would generally be accounted for in a similar way. Equity Method. IFRS: An investor accounts for an investment in an associate using the equity method. The investor presents its share of the associate’s post-tax profits and losses in the income statement.
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- University of Michigan School of Public Health Office of Public Health Practice. Definition: A confounder is a third variable that can make it appear (sometimes incorrectly) that an observed exposure is associated with an outcome.
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3.5 - Bias, Confounding and Effect Modification We must also be aware of potential bias or confounding in a study because these can cause a reported association (or lack thereof) to be misleading. Bias and confounding are related to the measurement and study design. Let 's define these terms: 1  Bias: A systematic error in the design, recruitment, data collection or analysis that results in a mistaken estimation of the true effect of the exposure and the outcome.
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- Confounding occurs when the experimental controls do not allow the experimenter to reasonably eliminate plausible alternative explanations for an observed relationship between independent and dependent variables. Consider this example. A drug manufacturer tests a new cold medicine with 200 volunteer subjects - 100 men and 100 women. The men receive the drug, and the women do not. At the end of the test period, the men report fewer colds.
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- Contemporary Examples. 1  But it is unfounded fear by an American public at minimal risk of contracting the illness that is confounding those efforts. Quarantine Turns Ebola Heroes Into Pariahs Russell Saunders October 27, 2014. 2  They were simply seen as easy, wealthy targets, confounding local conventions of the time.
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confound 2. to throw into confusion or disorder. 3. to throw into increased confusion or disorder. 4. to treat or regard erroneously as identical; mix or associate by mistake: truth confounded with error. 5. to mingle so that the elements cannot be distinguished or separated. 6. to damn (used in mild imprecations): Confound it! 7. to contradict or refute.
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Statistics Illustration of a simple confounding case: in this graphical model, given Z, there is no association between X and Y. However, not observing Z will create spurious association between X and Y. In the latter case, Z is called a confounding factor.
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- Full Definition of CAUSATION. 1. a: the act or process of causing b: the act or agency which produces an effect. 2. : causality. See causation defined for English-language learners. ADVERTISEMENT.
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Confounding Confounding - Definition. 1  Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model (as in the Figure above). 2  Let P ( y  3  ( x ) ) {\displaystyle P (y\mid (x))} be the probability of event Y = y under the hypothetical intervention X = x. 4  P ( y  5  ( x ) ) = P ( y  6  x ) {\displaystyle P (y\mid (x))=P (y\mid x)}.