when does countertransference occur
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Counter-Transference in Therapy Updated March 07, 2016. In psychoanalytic theory, counter-transference occurs when the therapist begins to project his own unresolved conflicts onto the client. Freud, in 1910, was the first to discuss this topic. Transference of the client’s conflicts onto the therapist is a normal part of psychodynamic therapy. However, it's the therapist’s job to recognize counter-transference and do what's necessary to remain neutral.
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Major Events That Led to the American Revolution The following timeline discusses the events that led to the American Revolution beginning with the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. It follows the thread of increasingly unpopular British policies against the American colonies until the colonists' objections and actions led to open hostility.The war itself would last from 1775 with the Battles of Lexington and Concord until the official end of hostilities in February, 1783.t follows the thread of increasingly unpopular British policies against the American colonies until the colonists' objections and actions led to open hostility. The war itself would last from 1775 with the Battles of Lexington and Concord until the official end of hostilities in February, 1783.
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Understanding Antidumping & Countervailing Duty Investigations Antidumping and countervailing duty investigations are conducted under title VII of the law. The USITC conducts the injury investigations in preliminary and final phases. When: After the simultaneous filing of a petition with the USITC and the U.S. Department of Commerce, the USITC conducts a preliminary phase injury investigation.
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What is the meaning of Purchase ledger and the Sales ledger duties in an international trading company? What is a contra entry in the sales ledger control account? A contra entry occurs when one business both buys goods from, and sells goods to, one other business. Rather than making a payment for the full amount owed, and receiving a p…ayment for the full amount due, only the difference between the two amounts actually exchanges hands; this is known as contra accounting.
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- Nondisjunction occurs during the Anaphase stage of Meiosis. In this stage, the sister chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. However, in Nondisjunction one or m … ore set(S) of chromosomes move to the same side of the cell.
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- Sorry, something has gone wrong. Best Answer: A time lag (usually just called lag) in a population occurs when the population responds to an independent variable, but not right away.
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- As much of a temptation as is to redefine the terms ground, radials, and counterpoise, I'm afraid we are stuck with what is currently being used. Unfortunately that is a mixed bag. Probably the majority of people use the word counterpoise to refer to something similar to an elevated radial system (but not everyone does).
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- The Timeline of Dominique Strauss-Kahn's Weekend Christopher Dickey May 19, 2011. In addition, the government has collected $15.31 billion in dividends and reaped $9.28 billion for selling warrants in the banks. When the NSA intercepts and records a communication, it has “collected” or “acquired” it. Usually the leaf buds, or scion, are collected while the fruit tree is dormant in the winter.
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- Collusion most often takes place within the market structure of oligopoly, where the decision of a few firms to collude can significantly impact the market as a whole. Collusion which is overt, on the other hand, is known as tacit collusion, and is legal. Variations
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Countertransference, an overview To understand countertransference, it helps to tackle transference first. Transference was a word coined by Sigmund Freud to label the way patients transfer feelings from important persons in their early lives, onto the psychoanalyst or therapist.
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Optician Salary The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated the median annual wage of opticians to be $32,940 in May 2010. Indeed.com currently estimates the national average salary for opticians at around $33,000.The numbers referenced above reflect median wage. The bottom 10 percent of opticians earned less than $21,070 in 2010 while the top 10 percent earned more than $50,780 in 2010.As you can see, an optician salary can vary depending on a few different factors. You can also find your state specific median salaries in a table at the bottom of this page.he Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated the median annual wage of opticians to be $32,940 in May 2010. Indeed.com currently estimates the national average salary for opticians at around $33,000.
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Department ofTransportation When an accident occurs congestion quickly builds up and chances of a secondary incident increases. The sooner incidents are detected, the sooner safety personnel can respond to the incident and clear it from the roads thereby allowing traffic lanes to re-open and traffic to return to normal conditions.
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What is âheating under refluxâ? The maximum amount of heat or mass transfer that can be obtained is higher with countercurrent than co-current (parallel) exchange because countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient (usually temperature or concentration difference).
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Reciprocal inhibition this may occur during physical activities such as running during which muscles that oppose each other are engaged and disengaged sequentially to produce coordinated movement reciprocal inhibition facilitates ease of movement and is a safeguard against injury
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Biscayne Aquifer - Saltwater Intrusion Saltwater intrusion occurs when large amounts of saltwater move into an aquifer's freshwater supply and create brackish water.Generally, it occurs when the water level of an aquifer is lowered and freshwater is being withdrawn at faster rate than at which it is being replenished.The rate at which saltwater intrusion occurs depends upon the water level of the aquifer and the rates of replenishment and withdrawal. certain amount of mixing between freshwater and saltwater in a coastal aquifer is natural. This happens in an area know as a zone of dispersion. The overall flow of freshwater in the aquifer moves toward the ocean. This movement keeps the saltwater from intruding.
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Transference and countertransference Countertransference is defined as redirection of a therapist's feelings toward a patient, or more generally, as a therapist's emotional entanglement with a patient. A therapist's attunement to their own countertransference is nearly as critical as understanding the transference.
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Countertransference By the last third of the century, a growing consensus appeared on the importance of 'a distinction between personal countertransference (which has to do with the therapist) and diagnostic response - that indicates something about the patient...diagnostic countertransference'.
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Consulting Services Cross Connection Control Surveys. Backflow Prevention Services, LLC offers cross connection control surveying services to commercial, industrial, and municipal clients. Louisiana Revised Statute 40:4.12 requires certain industrial customers to have cross connection surveys performed every five (5) years. BPS surveys target both isolation and containment protection at a facility to identify potential and actual cross connections.
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countertraction count·er·trac·tion. The resistance, or back-pull, made to traction or pulling on a limb; for example, in the case of traction made on the leg, countertraction may be effected by raising the foot of the bed so that the weight of the body pulls against the weight attached to the limb. Synonym(s): counterextension.
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Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Beta Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Beta. The Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Beta was an pre-retail version of the game available from November 30, 2011 until the full retail release of the game on August 21, 2012.
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- There are two main factors that seem to occur continuously within deindividuation: there is a presence of anonymity and a large group size. In a larger group, one’s own self image is based primarily on what the group represents instead of their own personal identity.eindividuation can occur when we lose our sense of identity and become part of a large group as has been seen in Abu Ghraib, the Ku Klux Klan and Nazis during the Holocaust. Even though deindividuation has been proven to cause aggression, it is also believed by some researchers to reduce and prevent aggression.
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Countercurrent multiplication Countercurrent multiplication was originally studied as a mechanism whereby urine is concentrated in the nephron. Initially studied in the 1950s by Gottschalk and Mylle following Werner Kuhn's postulations, this mechanism gained popularity only after a series of complicated micropuncture experiments.
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"Introduction Groundwater Depletion Prevention Get Involved Poster ResumeCauses Areas Being Affected President Bush's Policy Video Description Homepage ReferencesBack to HomepageWhat is saltwater intrusion?Salt water intrusion occurs in coastal freshwater aquifers when the different densities of both the saltwater and freshwater allow the ocean water to intrude into the freshwater aquifer. These areas are usually supporting large populations where the demanding groundwater withdrawals from these aquifers is exceeding the recharge rate. Figure 2 gives a rough illustration of what an overdrawn aquifer may look like. This can cause lateral and vertical intrusion of the surrounding saltwater, and evidence of saltwater intrusion has been found throughout the eastern seaboard of the U.S. ( USGS, 2007 ). The encroaching seawater will encounter an area known as the zone of dispersion, where the freshwater and saltwater mix and form an interface, as illustrated in Figure 3. This interface moves back and forth naturally because of fluctuations in the recharge rate of freshwater back into these coastal aquifers ( Ranjan, 2007 ). Aquifers are naturally replenished by precipitation and surface waters that saturate into the ground and work their way through the soil and geologic material to the water table.Figure 2. Water Ways  ( St. Johns River Water Management District, 2008)Figure 3. Groundwater Flow Patterns  ( Ranjan, 2007)What causes saltwater intrusion?When groundwater levels in aquifers are depleted faster than they can recharge. This is directly related to the position of the interface and determines the amount of saltwater that can intrude into the freshwater aquifer system. Since saltwater intrusion is directly related to the recharge rate of the groundwater, this allows for other factors that may contribute to the encroachment of seawater into the freshwater aquifers. Climatic variables, such as precipitation, surface runoff, and temperature can play a big role in affecting saltwater intrusion. With lower precipitation amounts and warmer temperatures, the recharge rate will be much less due to lack of groundwater present and increased evaporation ( Ranjan, 2007 ). Along with this, other factors may influence the groundwater recharge rate indirectly. An example of this would be the rising carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. Increasing carbon dioxide levels can lead directly to an increase in average surface temperatures, indirectly increasing the evaporation rate and affecting the recharge of freshwater into the coastal aquifers.Figure 4 illustrates a situation where major pumping of well water has lead to a cone of depression in the water table.Figure 4 illustrates a situation where major pumping of the well water has lead to a cone of depression in the water table. When this occurs, it will move the saltwater freshwater interface inland, resulting in a higher saline concentration in the aquifers' water, rendering it useless for human consumption, unless it is treated.Figure 4. Saltwater Intrusion Situation  ( University of Florida, 2000))Another factor that directly affects coastal aquifer depletion is land use planning and management. Different activities such as irrigating crops and industrial processing can require a substantial amount of freshwater resources to be withdrawn. Figure 5 shows the groundwater withdrawals for the southeastern U.S. region in 1985 ( Miller, 2002 ). If certain wells are relying on these coastal aquifers to provide enough freshwater to support agricultural, industrial, municipal, and residential demands, then the recharge rate of the aquifer must be able to keep up. The over-pumping of these coastal aquifers has decreased the underground water table level and decreased the abundance, pressure, and storage capacity of the freshwater aquifer. This will cause the zone of dispersion to move inland and drastically reduce the freshwater that is available from the well and it may result in contamination of the freshwater aquifer and eliminate it as a potential freshwater source.Figure 5. Fresh Groundwater Withdrawals  ( Miller, 2002)Coastal populations continue to grow larger as our freshwater sources slowly decline with the increasing demand for freshwater resources. Coastal areas of the contiguous United States make up only 17% of the land area of our country. Within this small portion of land, over half of the nationâs population resides in these designated âcoastal areasâ. From 1980 to 2003, the coastal population of the United States increased by 28% or over 33 million people. Also in 2003, it was reported that 23 out of 25 of the most densely populated counties in the U.S. were defined as being coastal regions ( NOAA, 2007 ).What are the problems associated with groundwater depletion?Declining Water TablesProbably the most detrimental effect that groundwater depletion causes is the lowering of the water table. The water table is the area underneath the ground that is completely saturated with freshwater and can be drilled into and extracted as a freshwater resource. As the water level declines, extraction of water may prove to be more difficult. If the water level drops below the well, then it must be re-drilled and set at a lower depth. This can be quite an expensive procedure, especially for a residential consumer with an independent well system. As the water table declines, extraction of the freshwater becomes more difficult and expensive, and the rate of water that can usually be pumped out of the well will decline ( USGS, 2005 ). Keeping this in mind, if water tables continue to decrease, extraction of groundwater for all different activities will become increasingly more expensive as time progresses.Currently in Vermont, the price of well drilling is going up. On average, a 250 foot well will cost somewhere around $4,000 ( Helmich, 2000 ). However, the more complicated the project gets due to location, underground geological rock formation, and lower water tables, the higher the cost of drilling a well becomes. If this is true for a non coastal, lightly populated area such as Vermont, you can extrapolate the costs of well drilling in a densely populated, coastal area such as coastal South Carolina and Georgia, where the water table is extremely low.Changing the InterfaceAnother problem that takes place when saltwater intrusion occurs in coastal freshwater aquifers is the changing of the saltwater- freshwater interface. Also known as the zone of dispersion or transition zone, this is the area where the body of saltwater and freshwater meet and form a hydrologic barrier. The natural hydrologic movement of the underground freshwater towards the ocean usually prevents the seawater from intruding into the coastal aquifer system ( Ranjan, 2007 ). Over-pumping of these coastal aquifers will cause a fluctuation in the amount of freshwater moving towards the coastal discharge areas and will allow for the oceanic water to move inland, into the aquifer system. This will result in higher chlorinated concentrations of water and less available storage space for the freshwater in the aquifer. Figure 6 accurately shows how the saltwater freshwater interface can intrude into the confined coastal aquifer. When the interface moves inland, the deeper wells will begin to withdraw saline contaminated freshwater. This means that the water must be treated before human consumption. The other option is to stop using this well until the natural recharge rate of the aquifer can force the saltwater freshwater interface back to its normal position. This process can take a long time and it reduces the freshwater availability of this region.Figure 6. Seawater Intrusion in Wells  ( Washington State Department of Ecology, 2007)What areas are currently experiencing saltwater intrusion?Currently in the U.S., many coastal aquifers are experiencing different degrees of saltwater intrusion. The most commonly studied coastal area experiencing saltwater intrusion on the eastern seaboard of the U.S. is the surficial aquifer system of the southeastern U.S. This aquifer system covers most of Florida and the coastal areas of South Carolina and Georgia (Figure 7). The average thickness of the surficial aquifer is around 50 feet, however, in some places such as St. Lucie County in Florida, it can reach a depth of over 400 feet ( Miller, 2002 ). The Biscayne aquifer is a surficial aquifer located in southeastern Florida. This is the most heavily used water source for Florida, and it spans over 3,000 square miles. In many areas, the Biscayne aquifer has been contaminated by industrial discharge, landfills, and saltwater intrusion ( University of Florida, 2003 ). In 1985, the Biscayne aquifer was providing 786 million gallons of water a day, where public water supply withdrawals were around 569 million gallons a day ( Miller, 2002 ). A combination of large groundwater withdrawals and a new drainage canal system has allowed the freshwater level to decline, promoting the landward movement of the saltwater into the freshwater aquifer and canal systems ( Miller, 2002 ).Figure 7. Surficial aquifer system  ( Miller, 2002)The chart in Figure 8 shows monthly average water levels from 1964 to 2003, for a well in Cook County, Georgia. This well is used for a variety of anthropogenic activities such as agricultural irrigation and municipal and domestic water supply purposes. This image offers a good visual representation of the continuous groundwater declines due to excessive pumping of the local aquifers. Figure 8 can be considered as a general representation of the decreasing water levels of the aquifers located in the southeast region of the United States.Figure 8. Cook County, Georgia Water Depletion  ( USGS, 2005 ).What can be done to prevent saltwater intrusion?People in the Los Angeles basin have been relying on groundwater aquifers as a source of freshwater for a growing population for over a hundred years. There are over 10 million people who reside in Los Angeles County that need these underground freshwater sources. Just around the 1950s, Los Angeles made effort to prevent ongoing saltwater intrusion by developing a series of injection wells. These injection wells were strategically placed with the idea that if they added freshwater into the aquifers at a given location, then they might be able to develop barriers to prevent further intrusion of the saltwater ( USGS, 2005 ). These barriers proved to only be partially effective, and only prevented further saltwater encroachment into the freshwater aquifer. Figure 9 is a basic visual representation of how injection wells function. Once the saltwater intrusion problem has been identified, a series of closely spaced injection wells are designed as a coastal barrier to prevent the intruding saltwater. High quality freshwater is pumped through the injection wells into the aquifer creating a hydraulic pressure ridge that should hinder the further intrusion of saltwater into the freshwater aquifer ( USGS, 2005 ).Figure 9. What is Saltwater Intrusion?  ( USGS, 2005)Other solutions to prevent saltwater in coastal aquifers is being developed. One of the new technologies that are being developed overseas uses what scientists are calling crystallization technology. This is a relatively new approach to preventing saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers, and has only been implemented in test projects. The basic theory behind this ""CRYSTECHSALIN"" process is that you reduce the permeability of the geological rock formations that act as a barrier for the coastal aquifer. By artificially inducing a crystallized solution of slightly soluble minerals from over saturated solution, we can change the porosity of the rock formations and prevent the saltwater from seeping through the rock into the aquifer. This crystallization process interacts with soil and geologic rock formations turning into a grout like binding agent. This over saturated crystallized solution has flow and seal properties that allow it to penetrate through the soil and rock layers while creating a seal that diminishes the permeability of the rock barriers, hence preventing saltwater from intruding into the aquifer ( Geoservice, 2006 ).What is President Bush's position on the issue of saltwater intrusion?Figure 10. George W. Bush's Manifest Destiny  ( Reidblog, 2007) Figure 11. Cowboy?  ( White, 2007)The Clean Water Act was passed in 1972 with the sole purpose "" to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nationâs waters."" T he Clean Water Act has provided federal protection against polluting or destroying the streams, ponds, lakes, rivers, coastal areas, and other waters that American citizens may rely on for activities such as: drinking water, fishing, recreation, fish and wildlife habitat, and many other uses ( Earthjustice, 2008). This was a monumental step in reducing and preventing further water pollution.In the summer of 2005, President George W. Bush signed and passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005. This new law was developed to change the energy policy of the United States by providing loan guarantees and tax incentives for various types of energy production. This act promotes a wide variety of innovating technologies to be applied to energy production. One aspect of the of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 is to increase our ethanol production in the U.S. in order to help combat rising gasoline prices and reduce harmful automobile emissions to the environment. Even though this seems like a great idea, it resulted in a huge increase in corn production. The additional corn being harvested for ethanol production requires a substantial amount of freshwater for irrigation purposes, which puts even more stress on the depleting Ogallala Aquifer of the central U.S. In addition to corn irrigation, ethanol production requires three to six gallons of freshwater to produce just one gallon of ethanol ( Neuzil, 2008 ). How can we support this so called ""greener policy"" if it is reducing fossil fuel consumption, yet drastically increasing the demand for freshwater resources that aren't readily available in areas like the central United States?How do I get involved?One of the most productive ways to get involved and try to make a change is by writing an action letter to an associated group or government authority. The first letter is addressed to the Governor of Florida, Charlie Crist. It simply outlines the current saltwater intrusion problems that the Upper Floridian aquifer is experiencing and briefly talks about a study done on two wells that tap into this aquifer. The study shows increasing chloride concentrations in this freshwater aquifer over the past few years, for which data is available for this region. If you would like to know what Florida's Governor Charlie Crist is planning to do about this ongoing problem, please click here to contact the governor and let him know that he must take action!The second action letter is addressed to the Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger. In this letter, the pathways of saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers are briefly mentioned and the possible solutions are brought to light. This letter talks about past attempts of installing freshwater injection wells and their success. It also asks the governor to reply and let us know what his future plans are to slow down or eliminate this problem. To contact Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and let him know how you feel about this situation, click here .ReferencesEarthjustice, 2008. House Rejects Bush Administration's Misguided Water Policy. Retrieved on April 3, 2008 from http://www.earthjustice.org/our_work/policy/2004/bush_administration_launches_effort_to_dismantle_clean_water_act.htmlGeoservice, 2006. CRYSTECHSALIN Project. Retrieved on May 6, 2008 from http://www.geoservice.gr/engspace/research/CRYSTECHSALIN/crystech.htmHelmich, Portland, 2000. Drill Bit from âBusiness Peopleâ. Retrieved on May 6, 2008 from http://www.chevalier-drilling.com/businessarticle.htmMiller, James A., United States Geological Survey, 2002. Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina HA 730-G. Retrieved on April 2, 2008 from http://capp.water.usgs.gov/gwa/ch_g/index.htmlNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2007 . Population Trends Along the Coastal United States: 1980-2008. Retrieved on May 5, 2008 fromhttp://marineeconomics.noaa.gov/socioeconomics/assessment/population.htmlNeuzil, Mark, 2008. Growing Fuel. Retrieved on May 5, 2008 from http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2008/01/08/509/despite_the_hype_experts_question_corn_ethanols_environmentally_friendly_imageRanjan, Priyantha, 2007. Effect of Climate Change and Land Use Change on Saltwater Intrusion. Retrieved on February 13, 2008 fromhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Effect_of_climate_change_and_land_use_change_on_saltwater_intrusionReidblog, 2007. George W. Bush's Manifest Destiny. Retrieved on May 6,2008 from http://blog.reidreport.com/2007_05_01_archive.htmlScott, David, 2005. Sinking Coastline May Precede Large Subduction Zone Quakes. Retrieved on February 4, 2008 fromhttp://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/01/20_marshes.shtml.St. Johns River Water Management District, 2008. WaterWays: More about Water Below the Ground. Retrieved on February 5, 2008 fromhttp://sjr.state.fl.us/education/waterways/students/lesson5/index.html .Unites States Geological Survey, 2007. Freshwater-Saltwater Interactions Along the Atlantic Coast. Retrieved on February 5, 2008 fromhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/saltwater/.Unites States Geological Survey, 2005. Groundwater Depletion. Retrieved on February 14, 2008 from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/gwdepletion.htmlUnited States Geological Survey, 2007. Groundwater Depletion Across the Nation. Retrieved on February 14, 2008 from http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-103-03/United States Geological Survey, 2005. Saltwater Intrusion in Los Angeles Area Coastal Aquifers- The Marine Connection . Retrieved on February 19, 2008 from http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs030-02/United States Geological Survey, 2005. Southern California Salt-Water Intrusion. Retrieved on May 5, 2008 from http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/cabrillo/casa/University of Floridaâ Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2000. Landscape Drought Recommendations . Retrieved on February 14, 2008 fromhttp://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/old/programs/fyn/publications/landscape_drought_recommendations.htmUniversity of Florida, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, and Bureau of Invasive Plant Management, 2003. Aquifers. Retrieved on May 6, 2008 from http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/aquifers.html#aqudrinkW ashington State Department of Ecology, 2007. Rising Sea Level. Retrieved on May 5, 2008 from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/risingsealevel_more.htmWhite, Frank, 2007. Proof7 News and Events. Retrieved on May 6, 2008 from http://www.proof7.com/p7nyc/politics_as_usual/" Another problem that takes place when saltwater intrusion occurs in coastal freshwater aquifers is the changing of the saltwater-freshwater interface.Also known as the zone of dispersion or transition zone, this is the area where the body of saltwater and freshwater meet and form a hydrologic barrier.hen this occurs, it will move the saltwater freshwater interface inland, resulting in a higher saline concentration in the aquifers' water, rendering it useless for human consumption, unless it is treated. Figure 4. Saltwater Intrusion Situation(University of Florida, 2000)).
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Penalty (ice hockey) Coincidental (or matching) minor penalties occur when an equal number of players from each team are given a minor penalty at the same time. The permission of a substitute player depends on the league and the situation at the time of the infractions.
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Counterculture Prominent examples of countercultures in Europe and North America include Romanticism (1790–1840), Bohemianism (1850–1910), the more fragmentary counterculture of the Beat Generation (1944–1964), and perhaps most prominently, the counterculture of the 1960s (1964–1974), usually associated with the hippie subculture.ypically, a fringe culture expands and grows into a counterculture by defining its own values in opposition to mainstream norms. Countercultures tend to peak, then go into decline, leaving a lasting impact on mainstream cultural values.
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Equinox Equinoxes occur twice a year, around 21 March and 23 September. The equinoxes are the only times when the subsolar point (the place on Earth's surface where the center of the Sun is exactly overhead) is on the Equator, and, consequently, the only times when the Sun is at zenith over the Equator.quinoxes occur twice a year, around 21 March and 23 September. The equinoxes are the only times when the subsolar point (the place on Earth's surface where the center of the Sun is exactly overhead) is on the Equator, and, consequently, the only times when the Sun is at zenith over the Equator.