evolutionary history of related organisms
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DFJHS Science Phylogeny. The evolutionary history of a group of genetically related organisms is called a phylogeny. It includes ancestor species and descendant species. A phylogeny is usually represented by a tree diagram called a phylogenetic tree. cladogram shows how species may be related by descent from a common ancestor. A classification of organisms on the basis of such relationships is called a phylogenetic classification. A phylogenetic classification involves placing organisms in a clade with their common ancestor. Consider the cladogram in Figure below.
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The Origin of Invertebrates It is hardly surprising, then, that we have so many gaps in the evolutionary history of life, gaps in such key areas as the origin of the multicellular organisms, the origin of vertebrates, not to mention the origins of most invertebrate groups.
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The Evolution of Fish The Acanthodii were successful for much longer than the Placoderms, and they remain in the fossil record for 175 million years, up until about 275 MYA. About 20 million years after the first appearance of these two now extinct groups the ancestors of modern fish come into the fossil record at about 210 MYA.
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- Biologists then recognized that all organisms are related to one another through descent from common ancestors – ancestors that evolved at various times in the long (3-billion-plus) year history of life. They visualized a great 'tree of life' full of millions and even billions of branches (equating to species).
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- All animals, from sponges to jellyfish to vertebrates [animals with a backbone], can be traced to a common ancestor. So far, molecular and fossil evidence indicate that animals evolved at least 600 million years ago. The fossil record does not reveal what the first animals looked like or how they lived.
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- Comparative anatomy is the study of the relatedness of species through examining anatomical structures. Some structures, like homologous structures indicate two organisms shared a recent common ancestor, like the arm bones in humans, bats, whales and birds.
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- Hoverflies (Diptera). Many hoverfly species mimic wasp colouration to avoid attack by birds and other predators. This is an example of Batesian mimicry, where harmless species mimic dangerous species, gaining protection from visually searching natural enemies. Over 250 species have been recorded in the UK, and more than 85 species have been found in a single garden.
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Analogous Structures This can lead to analogous structures in different species that occupy the same type of niche and environment in different locations. When Carolus Linnaeus first began classifying and naming species with taxonomy, he often grouped similar looking species into similar groups.nalogous structures do not have to have the same evolutionary path. One analogous structure may have come into existence long ago, while the analogous match on another species may be relatively new.
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Marine life All organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool. Current species are a stage in the process of evolution, with their diversity the product of a long series of speciation and extinction events.
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- Similarities Among Living Organisms. One type of evidence for evolution (evidence that organisms are related, descended from a few common ancestors, and change to adapt to their environments) is that organisms are similar to each other, but not exactly the same.
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Evolution All life on Earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago, although a study in 2015 found remains of biotic life  from 4.1 billion years ago in ancient rocks in Western Australia.
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- The end of the Cambrian witnessed the evolution of the very first vertebrate animals. The Ordovician period (488-443 million years ago) saw an increasing diversification of undersea life, including tiny bryozoans, brachiopods, bivalves and trilobites.
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- The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and fossil organisms have evolved since life appeared on the planet, until the present day. Earth formed about 4.5 Ga (billion years ago) and life appeared on its surface within 1 billion years.evertheless, the great majority of animals, plants, fungi and protists reproduce sexually. There is strong evidence that sexual reproduction arose early in the history of eukaryotes and that the genes controlling it have changed very little since then.
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Homologous structures (evolutionary biology) Structures derived from a common ancestor or same evolutionary or developmental origin. Supplement. Homologous structures may not necessarily perform the same function but they share a common ancestral origin. For instance, the forelimbs of humans and bats are homologous structures.Although they are used differently, the basic skeletal structure is the same and they are derived from the same embryonic origin.or instance, the forelimbs of humans and bats are homologous structures. Although they are used differently, the basic skeletal structure is the same and they are derived from the same embryonic origin.
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Different Patterns of Evolution Convergent evolution is the process in which species that are not closely related to each other independently evolve similar kinds of traits. For example, dragonflies, hawks, and bats all have wings. None of these organisms owes its wings to genes inherited from any of the others.
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- Among the great apes, our closest relatives are the chimpanzees and bonobos (Figure 1). The fossil record, along with studies of human and ape DNA, indicate that humans shared a common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos sometime around 6 million years ago (mya).or our lineage, this requires that we try and reconstruct the Last Common Ancestor of humans and chimpanzees (marked A in Figure 1). The Human-Chimpanzee Last Common Ancestor (HC-LCA) is the species from which the hominin lineage and the chimpanzee & bonobo lineage diverged.
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- The topic typically focuses on the evolutionary history of the primates —in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominids (or great apes)—rather than studying the earlier history that led to the primates.omo habilis lived from about 2.8 to 1.4 Ma. The species evolved in South and East Africa in the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, 2.5–2 Ma, when it diverged from the australopithecines. Homo habilis had smaller molars and larger brains than the australopithecines, and made tools from stone and perhaps animal bones.
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- In other words, groups of related organisms have. evolved in response to changes in the environment through. natural selection. This process has been in effect ever since. life began from simple organic molecules in water, over four. Earth.book_12_27 1/23/02 10:26 AM Page 32.
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Tycho Brahe Tycho was born at his family's ancestral seat of Knutstorp Castle (Danish: Knudstrup borg; Swedish: Knutstorps borg), about eight kilometres north of Svaloev svalöv in Then Danish, scania Now, swedish To Otte (brahe of The brahe) family And Beate (bille of The bille). familyhere, from 1600 until his death in 1601, he was assisted by Johannes Kepler who later used Tycho's astronomical data to develop his three laws of planetary motion. His body has been exhumed twice, in 1901 and 2010, to examine the circumstances of his death and to verify what material his artificial nose was made of.
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- Functionally similar features arising through convergent evolution are termed analogous, in contrast to homologous structures or traits, which have a common origin but not necessarily a similar function.
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Timeline: The evolution of life Around the same time, the first clear fossils of trilobites appear. These invertebrates, which look like oversized woodlice and grow to 70 centimetres in length, proliferate in the oceans for the next 200 million years. 520 million years ago. Conodonts, another contender for the title of “earliest vertebrate“, appear.
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MADMAN BIOLOGY A phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of species. They separate organisms by evolutionary relationships (clades), based on comparative cytology and the comparison of DNA, morphological characters, and shared ancestral and derived characters.
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- So it is with cladograms: in many lineages, a “related” species can live before, during or after its relatives did. In the case of the archosaur family tree, so-called primitive forms are shown having appeared later than advanced ones, the uncle born after his nephew or niece.
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Mimicry Functionally similar features arising through convergent evolution are termed analogous, in contrast to homologous structures or traits, which have a common origin, but not necessarily similar function.onvergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function, but that were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups. The cladistic term for the same phenomenon is homoplasy, from Greek for same form. The recurrent evolution of flight is a classic example of convergent evolution.
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Common descent Biologists have evidence that all life developed from a common ancestor that lived just under 4 billion years ago, and the concept is accepted by virtually all scientists working in the field. The structures and functions of all living organisms are encoded in the same basic nucleic molecules, DNA and RNA.
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- Red algae. Phylogenetics /faɪlɵdʒɪˈnɛtɪks/ (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον - phyle, phylé = phylon, tribe, clan + race - γενετικός = genetikos, genetikós, origin) – source birth – in biology is the study, of phylogenesis or the, evolutionary history development and relationships among groups (of.organisms. e, g species). or populationshe result of a phylogenetic study is a phylogeny – a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of taxonomic groups. Evolution is a process whereby populations are altered over time and may split into separate branches, hybridize together, or terminate by extinction.