Tutun
Tutunul sau tabacul este o plantă din genul Nicotiana, familia Solanaceae. În lume există peste 70 de specii de plante de tutun, cea principală din punct de vedere comercial fiind Nicotiana tabacum.

Frunzele uscate de tutun sunt fumate în țigarete, trabucuri și pipe.

Folosirea tabacului este un factor de risc pentru multe boli, în special cele ce afectează inima, ficatul și plămânii, și poate cauza apariția cancerului. Conform Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății, tutunul este cea mai importantă cauză de deces prematur în lume.

Producători majori de tutun

Consum de tutun per capita

Sursa:Helgi Library

Referințe

Bibliografie

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Benedict, Carol. Golden-Silk Smoke: A History of Tobacco in China, 1550-2010 (2011)
 Breen, T. H. (1985). Tobacco Culture. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00596-6. Source on tobacco culture in 18th-century Virginia pp. 46–55
 Burns, Eric. The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007.
 W.K. Collins and S.N. Hawks. "Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production" 1st Edition, 1993
 Fuller, R. Reese (Spring 2003). Perique, the Native Crop. Louisiana Life.
 Gately, Iain. Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization. Grove Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8021-3960-4.
 Graves, John. "Tobacco that is not Smoked" in From a Limestone Ledge (the sections on snuff and chewing tobacco) ISBN 0-394-51238-3
 Grehan, James. Smoking and "Early Modern" Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries). The American Historical Review, Vol. III, Issue 5. 2006. 22 March 2008 online
 Hahn, Barbara. Making Tobacco Bright: Creating an American Commodity, 1617-1937 (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2011) 248 pages; examines how marketing, technology, and demand figured in the rise of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco, a variety first grown in the inland Piedmont region of the Virginia-North Carolina border.
 Killebrew, J. B. and Myrick, Herbert (1909). Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture and Cure, Marketing and Manufacture. Orange Judd Company. Source for flea beetle typology (p. 243)
 Murphey, Rhoads. Studies on Ottoman Society and Culture: 16th-18th Centuries. Burlington, VT: Ashgate: Variorum, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7546-5931-0 ISBN 0-7546-5931-3
 Price, Jacob M. “Tobacco Use and Tobacco Taxation: A battle of Interests in Early Modern Europe”. Consuming Habits: Drugs in History and Anthropology. Jordan Goodman, et al. New York: Routledge, 1995 166-169 ISBN 0-415-09039-3
 Poche, L. Aristee (2002). Perique tobacco: Mystery and history.
 Tilley, Nannie May The Bright Tobacco Industry 1860–1929 ISBN 0-405-04728-2. Source on flea beetle prevention (pp. 39–43), and history of flue-cured tobacco
 Rivenson A., Hoffmann D., Propokczyk B. et al. Induction of lung and pancreas exocrine tumors in F344 rats by tobacco-specific and areca-derived N-nitrosamines.  Cancer Res (48) 6912–6917, 1988. (link to abstract; free full text pdf available)
 Schoolcraft, Henry R. Historical and Statistical Information respecting the Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1851–57)
 Shechter, Relli. Smoking, Culture and Economy in the Middle East: The Egyptian Tobacco Market 1850–2000. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2006 ISBN 1-84511-137-0

Legături externe

 International Tobacco Growers' Association
 Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Sheet - Wild tobacco
 Ottoman Back Archives and Research Centre 
 Questions on European Union partial ban on some smokeless tobacco products (i.e. snus)
 Scientists Search for Healthy Uses for Tobacco
 Timeline of tobacco history 
 The European tobacco growers website 
 The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library
 UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection
 CDC - Smoking and Tobacco Use Fact Sheet
 TobReg - WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation
 - Statistics and general information about the effects of secondhand-smoke 
 Medicinal history http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079499/

Vezi și
Schimbul columbian
Tutunul sau tabacul este o plantă din genul Nicotiana , familia Solanaceae . În lume există pestede specii de plante de tutun , cea principală din punct de vedere comercial fiind Nicotiana tabacum . Frunzele uscate de tutun sunt fumate în țigarete , trabucuri și pipe . Folosirea tabacului este un factor de risc pentru multe boli , în special cele ce afectează inima , ficatul și plămânii , și poate cauza apariția cancerului . Conform Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății , tutunul este cea mai importantă cauză de deces prematur în lume . Producători majori de tutun Consum de tutun per capita Sursa:Helgi Library Referințe Bibliografie Benedict , Carol . Golden-Silk Smoke : A History of Tobacco in China,( 2011 ) Breen , T. H. Tobacco Culture . Princeton University Press . ISBN00596-6 . Source on tobacco culture inh-century Virginia pp. 46–55 Burns , Eric . The Smoke of the Gods : A Social History of Tobacco . Philadelphia : Temple University Press , W.K. Collins and S.N. Hawks . " Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production" t Edition , Fuller , R. Reese ( Spring Perique , the Native Crop . Louisiana Life . Gately , Iain . Tobacco : A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization . Grove Press , ISBN3960-4 . Graves , John . " Tobacco that is not Smoked " in From a Limestone Ledge ( the sections on snuff and chewing tobacco ) ISBN51238-3 Grehan , James . Smoking and " Early Modern " Sociability : The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East ( Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries ) . The American Historical Review , Vol . III , IssueMarchonline Hahn , Barbara . Making Tobacco Bright : Creating an American Commodity , ( Johns Hopkins University Press;248 pages ; examines how marketing , technology , and demand figured in the rise of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco , a variety first grown in the inland Piedmont region of the Virginia-North Carolina border. Killebrew , J. B. and Myrick , Herbert Tobacco Leaf : Its Culture and Cure , Marketing and Manufacture . Orange Judd Company . Source for flea beetle typology ( p. 243 ) Murphey , Rhoads . Studies on Ottoman Society and Culture:h-18th Centuries . Burlington , VT : Ashgate : Variorum,ISBN7546-5931-0 ISBN5931-3 Price , Jacob M. “Tobacco Use and Tobacco Taxation : A battle of Interests in Early Modern Europe ” . Consuming Habits : Drugs in History and Anthropology . Jordan Goodman , et al . New York : Routledge,166-169 ISBN09039-3 Poche , L. Aristee Perique tobacco : Mystery and history . Tilley , Nannie May The Bright Tobacco Industry1929 ISBN04728-2 . Source on flea beetle prevention ( pp. 39–43 ) , and history of flue-cured tobacco Rivenson A. , Hoffmann D. , Propokczyk B. et al . Induction of lung and pancreas exocrine tumors in F344 rats by tobacco-specific and areca-derived N-nitrosamines . Cancer Res6912–6917 , ( link to abstract ; free full text pdf available ) Schoolcraft , Henry R . Historical and Statistical Information respecting the Indian Tribes of the United States ( Philadelphia,57 ) Shechter , Relli . Smoking , Culture and Economy in the Middle East : The Egyptian Tobacco Market2000 . New York : I.B. Tauris & Co . Ltd.,ISBN137-0 Legături externe International Tobacco Growers' Association Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Sheet - Wild tobacco Ottoman Back Archives and Research Centre Questions on European Union partial ban on some smokeless tobacco products ( i.e. snus ) Scientists Search for Healthy Uses for Tobacco Timeline of tobacco history The European tobacco growers website The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection CDC - Smoking and Tobacco Use Fact Sheet TobReg - WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation - Statistics and general information about the effects of secondhand-smoke Medicinal history http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079499/ Vezi și Schimbul columbian