diff --git "a/ami_Latn/mala_000002_remove.jsonl" "b/ami_Latn/mala_000002_remove.jsonl" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/ami_Latn/mala_000002_remove.jsonl" @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%27Icep","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"’Icep (檳榔)\n\nPakaynien i tilid no mitiliday to kaci’icepan no Taywan i, i tira i 17 nu suki, mihawikidan no Holanta (荷蘭) tayni Taywan malo sapaloma’, tahamatini saan a ci’icep ku Taywan. Miingiday ho tu fa^detay pala, mirangiay tu caciyaw nu Formosa; tata’angaytu, mimingaytu a kanatal (島), sahtu u mi’icepay ku tamdaw nu Yincumin (原住民).\n\nPi’icep nu Matu’asay\nI tiya ho u matu’asay nu Yingcumin|Yingcumin, anu talaumah tu, kanca mi’adup tu, pa^deng saan mitafu tu ’icep, fila’ atu ’apul a pacacidek; caay ka ’anuf a mitatuy. Nawhani, adihay i umaumahan atu lutulutukan ku ’icep atu fila’ (荖葉). Dengan u talariyaray mifuting ta misaadihay ku pitafu. Anu mi’icep, caka^ca pipa’apul (石灰), pafila’, alatek u ’akaway (荖藤), u falu ku sapakapi. Mapili’ay a tamdaw, manga’ay ka ^ca pipa’apul. Nikawrira, cangu’ut sa ko pipa’apul, cupelak, adihay ku pipa’apul, maduka’ ku nguyus. Unian ku mihaenan, adihay han ku fila’, kaedah, adihay han ku ’akaway, ^ca ka kahngang ku pi’icep. U kaemangay, maulah mikemkem, nika caay pa’apul cangra.\n\nPi’icep nu luma a finacadan\nI tini i Nangyo (南洋), i Intonisiya (印尼), Fuyliping(菲律賓), Malaysiya (馬來西亞) atu kasa’icu’icul nu kanatal, i tiraay a tamdaw i, maulah tu ma’ikesay a ’icep, ngiwngiw han nangra ku pa’enu nu ’icep, ta pa’atem han nangra ku tamaku (菸草) a miladek, mahaenay ku nuitiraay a kaulahan.\n\nMisa’icep\nCecay mihecaan kinatusa a ci fucacing ku ’icep, maedeng 6 fulad maruhemtu. Anu maruhem ku ’icep, atekak a kemkemen, tada kalimelaan a falahen. I tiyatu haw i, pecih han milatusa, milatulu a miladek, kanca ^min han milangas, pitpit han a mitangtang a mi’icang; manga’ay a matenes ku pina’ang, ta rara hantu a mi’icep. Nikawrira, u fa^luhayay mipalumaan a ’icep i, ^minen a mipinglas; caay ka fangcal a ’usawen malu sapaluma, i tiya i, sakatusatu a kaciheci, ’usaw han tahira karuheman malafuhid tu, ta manga’ay malu sapaluma. Ruma satu, anu papitefad han ku heci nu ’icep i, lumengaw i sasra a masasapal, cilacila fahal tata’ang tu a masalidung.\n\nBunka\nMasamihcahcaan ku ’icep a lumahad, satakaraway i, ma^deng tulu katatingluh nu luma’, i tiya tu haw i, ki^mi^mingtu ku heci ningra, tatiih tu a kuyakuyen a mikalic, uya ku letek han tu a mifalah? Caayay! Adihay ku mamasanga’.\n Sapisaluma’, i ti:ya ho, u eli’ ku fadahong nu luma’, malu ’anungnung(樑) nu luma’.\n Ira ku mafadalay nu rihi, u sapipahecek a mituka’.\n Pafafuyan, pa’ayaman, u talu’an i umah, i lutuk. Anu ^ca tu ka senger nu ’urad, matenes ku tapangan nu ’icep malu ’anungnung atu hecek.\nCaayay ku hatiniay aca ku epuc nu ’icep hananay, anu ira ku sa’upu nu salawinawina i, pataluma’ay tu, cipadesay tu, miingkayay tu, masamaamaanay kasa’upuan nu tireng a ngasaw i, mapali’ayaw itu a maladek ku ’icep mipatala. Pahinghing (送禮) caay pilawa tu ’icep a patayra i luma’ nu aalaen a kadafu, awaawa mihawikid tu masalalekuay a ccay ngangarapan.\n\nTu laday i, matu:mes tu ku ’icep atu fila’, mateli i tataruan nu payluma’ nu Yincumin; malu sapatala tu lafang. Matiniay ku pinangan nu pangcah a tamdaw.\n\nTayra i palapalaan misanga’ tu palu’malu tipid, pisadakan mipateli tu dateng, patenas han tu ra’ilen (小辣椒), wa:ta ku kaeso’ nu kaen. Ira ku malalukay a tamdaw, pudac han ira ku katul nu palu’ malu patafua. U ruma satu, anu takaraw tu ku tapangan nu ’icep, leteken miala ku dungec, sakuhawen, kesiren kanca simanta’ han malu sala, awa ku pitulasan a kumaen.\n\nAnu i salawacan nu luma’ mipaluma tu ’icep; mangalef safalucu’en a misamuecel, fangcal a manengneng, macakat ku lihoc (風景) nu niyaru’; rumakat sa i lalan, matiya ira:ay tu ku pa’adingay a mituur i ka’ayaw atu kaikur isu. Nikawrira, anu i ’apilipilisan nu lutuk paluma i, i ’ayawen ku pifariw, mipitaw a misulinga’ misafangcal ta paluma han ku sapaluma a fuhid, mitala ho tu pinapina a fulad tu kaci cu’ungan nira, tuna pitala ita i, tatama anu sa tu faliyus atu kafudu’an (梅雨) a palapatan (季節) i, unian ku kacalemceman a demak. Nawhani, anu tata’ang tu ku ’icep, nikawrira miming ku lamit, awa ku ’icel a mikulamet tu sra, saka irasa ku fudu’, tangsul mari’ri’ ku kaitiraan nu pa’icepan. Adihay ku tatinakuen tu maselenay a niyaru’ i Taywan.\n\nSarakat, awaay ho kupa’acaay tu ’icep i, macimacian nu Taywan, matini satu, ^ca kasa’awas ira ku ccay pa’acaay tu ’icep a mapatireng, satisil saan i lalan nu maci. Nengneng han mita’elif, safalatfatsa ku Niong (霓虹燈) a matedi, u pa’acaay i, sahtu u misaidahidahiay a kayin, milimek i kaikur nu dadingu, matiya u ningkiw maru’ i laluma’, sasamisimisi saan ku heci a ma’araw tu nikacangu’ut nu sapitahpu tu tatirengan; u parakatay tu paliding atu otopay kafahalan “ki:k”(煞車聲) saca masastul tu tatihiay a paliding tu pinengnengan aca tura kaying. Naitiniay nu’amisan tahira nutimulan nu Taywan, adihay ku pa’acaay tu matafuay tu a ’icep i lawac nu lalan, kala serangawan han tu nu Taywan ku pipa’pa’ tu ’icep.\n\nKaacekan a nengnengen ku naikuran nu tupli’ (檳榔汁) atu padi’ (檳榔渣), malaklak i kasa’upuan samatiya saan u dadipis (蟑螂); anu u tupli’itu caayay ku fangcalay a manengneng, salaw ira ku lawla nu Amilika a tamdaw, “Muta’ tu lemes ku wenciyang (司機) nu Taywan, parakat ho tu paliding” saan.\n\nLisin\nI tini nutu’asan (傳統) nu Pangcah ira ku lisin tu pakayniay i ’icep \n Sa’ayaway kacifucacing a heci i, cakanga’ay malu sapaluma; lalangen ku kapah atu kaying a mi’icep, ^dengan u kinatuluay tu a mahufuc a fafahiyan ta manga’ay mi’icep.\n Cayay ku nu tireng palumaan a ’icep, aka patedu a mipipitpit; anu matrakay i sasra, aka pipudpud; anu ^ca ma’ekak kisu.\n Ci mapatayay tu ramud a tamdaw, anu caho ka ta’elif tu tulu fulad i, aka pisaeli tu ’icep nangra; miduduaw kisu a mapatay ku fafahi kanca u fa’inay. Anu pafelian tu, aka pilayap.\nNikawrira, caay kalecad ku kasa niyaruaru’.\n\nTafihafan\n\n’icep 檳榔 \nO ’icep, awaay ko ca’ang no tapangan nira, safaw tosa tangasa safaw lima ko takaraw, i teloc no tapangan enem, siwa aca ko papah, matiya o ’opih no ’ayam macinasay, o heci nira i, kohepic ko podac, talafohid sa ko heci, laloma no heci ira ko paeno, makorahay ko cengel nira.\n\nkakaenen食用 \nO kacihecian no ’icep itini i lima folad tangasa i roma mihecaan sepat folad, siwa ato moetep folad ko pitpitan. Manga’ay mipa’pa’ to heci, caay kanga’ay maenoc, o caay ho karohem ko mikemkeman, oya mipitpitan a ’icep, caho ka’ikes ko paeno nira, cisalang pa’pa’en. Ano mipa’pa’ to ’icep, sipasip han ko apol i fila, ta tafo han to ’icep a mikamkem, manga’ay caka pacomolen to fila’ ato apol, o roma a Kanatal, o maharekay to matangtang ma’icangay to mi’pa’paan nangra a ’icep. Ano mipaloma to ’icep , itini i faedetay a Kanatal, ta lomengaw ko ’icep, sepat so’ot tangasa siwa so’ot a kongce ko takaraw ko palomaan pala, ta koengel cisalang ko heci no ’icep a akaenen, fangcal ko ’aca nira. Oya caay ho kafitelak a hana no ’icep, manga’ay sakohawen, ciyanen a safelen, o kaolahan no ’Amis (Pangcah) a sinafel.\n\nHasapimaan功效 \nO ’icep, manga’ay malasapaiyo, manga’ay mifotos to isi, midawa to sipir ato miremac to caayay kahalikaen a tamdaw sa ko sowal no ising. Ira haca ko sowal i cudad no ising, misanga'ay to fitoka, piyas, sipir.\n\nLikakawa no rayray文化習俗 \nO ’icep, i Yencomin ko tadamaanay a serangawan, ano piilisinana no riyaro’i, o sinafel ko sapacakat, nikaorira, o ’icep ko satatorongay a sapacak, maskero ko fa’inayan i pilalikidan, mi’araway i liyokay a fafahiyan, ira ko kaolahan nira fa’inayan i, pateli han noya fafahiyan ko ’icep i alifo noya kaolahan nira fa’inayan. ano pataloma’ ko mamararamoday i, o sapahinghing no ciloma’ay, iar ira aca ko ’icep sapalafang, i tini mahapingan ko serangawan no ’Amis (Pangcah), i ikor ko polong no ngasaw, sa’aloman sako teloc sonasona, matiya o papah no kilang macelak.\n\nI ’orip no Pangcah, o ’icep ko tadamaanay, itini i ’orip no ’Amis (Pangcah) a tamdaw, i pilisinan to, pahanhan to, mahaholoholol to fiyafiyaw, mipalafang, caykanca o ’icep ko tadamaanay, adihay ko sapimanmaan nira, o tapangan no ’icep manga’ay misaloma’, oya palo’ nira manga’ay malakaysing ato sala, o sasalamaen no wawa, o cifar ko pitenesan to sinafel, o caki, o sapikpik,’saka o ’icep tiini i ’orip no Pangcah, o tadakalimelaan o rayray no mita.\n\nMi’icep paadadayay to ’ekang sanay 嚼檳榔致癌的爭議 \nO sowal no Wi­fopo Cienkangci(衛生福利部國民健康局), pasowal sa o ’icep mikari’angay to tatirengan, Secieweysencoce((World Health Organization, WHO;世界衛生組織), ira ko patirengan a Pikinkiwan to ^Ekang no Kalokitakti（IARC;國際癌症研究總署）,itinii 1987 a mihecaan, mahapingan to mikinkiway a makinkinw to, o mi’icepay a tamdaw, ano mi’icep to cilamlamay to tamako」anoca patokeled sa mitamako a mi’icep」makari’ang no ^ekang ko tatirengan, itini i ngoyos i takolaw ato i elol a ci^ekang. Itini i Taiwan a kanatal, ’aloman ko mi'icepay to ’icep, nawhani, ano mi'icepay a tamdaw, caay kafangcay ko tiring, matiya adada ko fowa’, mikari’ang to wadis, caay kafangcal ko rakat no remes, maso^so, mikari’ang to takolaw ato kahemaw ko tiring no dipot a wawa.\n\nO no to’as a kimad to icep’ 檳榔的傳說故事 \nkaemangan ho ci Panay maolah a romadiw, nika mafokil masakero cingra. Yo cecay a romi’ad, tayra i pa’icepan cingra, tangasa i ’ice’icepan aro sa romadiw ci Panay, manengneng nira ko papah no ’icep, siwsiw sa ko fali, samingaming sa pasifafaed, pasilaeno, pasikawanan, pasikawili, mato o kaying sa masakero kowaming saan a masakero. Salipak sa ko faloco’ ni Panay minengneng to nika iyof no fali ko papah no ’icep, o radiw nira satata’ak satata’ak sato, kafahalan sa milecad matiyaya to o papah no ’icep ko kamay nira a miwakawak, talakawanan, talakawili, pasifafaed, pasilaeno ko piwakawak, roma i mifetir to wa’ay, cahocaho miwakawak to kamay, tala’ayaw talaikor ko pi’awas, mitakonol, mica’a ko tatirengan, o radiw ato wakawak satatodong saan, oya lipahak no faloco’ maemin to matahtah a masadak.Kamatiya nira, sedak sa ko kakitaan no niyaro’ miraod, pakanengneng to nika fangcal ko radiw ko kero ni Panay, hemek sa palata’ang, licay han nira, “ Wawaaw, ona radiw ato kero na icowa kiso a minanam? ” han nira. Paca’of han ni Panay “ Kangodoan kiso faki, o radiw ako nano soni no ’ayam a minanam, o kero ako i o papah no ’icep a minanam kako ” han nira. Nano itiya, ira to ko pinangan a kero no Pangcah tangasa anini.","num_words":2292,"character_repetition_ratio":0.034,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.234,"stopwords_ratio":0.005,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.566,"perplexity_score":23805.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdel%20Fattah%20el-Sisi","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Abdel Fattah el-Sisi(阿卜杜勒-法塔赫·塞西)\n\nI 1954 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 19 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Egypt(埃及) anini i ci Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 8 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":89,"character_repetition_ratio":0.129,"word_repetition_ratio":0.075,"special_characters_ratio":0.283,"stopwords_ratio":0.034,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.988,"perplexity_score":9886.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdelaziz%20Bouteflika","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Abdelaziz Bouteflika(阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·包特夫里卡)\n\nI 1937 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Abdelaziz Bouteflika, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Algeria(阿爾及利亞) anini i ci Abdelaziz Bouteflika, patirengan a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 27 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":85,"character_repetition_ratio":0.126,"word_repetition_ratio":0.079,"special_characters_ratio":0.26,"stopwords_ratio":0.035,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.98,"perplexity_score":11737.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdrabbuh%20Mansur%20Hadi","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi(阿卜杜拉布·曼蘇爾·哈迪)\n\nI 1945 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Yemen(葉門) anini i ci Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 27 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":88,"character_repetition_ratio":0.13,"word_repetition_ratio":0.076,"special_characters_ratio":0.27,"stopwords_ratio":0.034,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.951,"perplexity_score":13111.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aciropayciyang","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Azerbaijan(亞塞拜然共和國)\n\nAciropaycyang Kapolongan Kitakit (亞塞拜然共和國)\n\nTakaray sowal (概要) \n\nO Aciropaycyang Kapolongan Kitakit (Azərbaycan Respublikası), o Aciropaylan hananay kalopangangan (Azərbaycan), o mi’awasay to Aciya ato Yoropa itiraay i Papotalay a kitakit. O contong safacoan ato Kinpo ko Pido’edoan a Kapolongan Kitakit, o kamaro’an i, o kacacofelisan no Sa’etipay Yoropa ato Sawalian Yoropa.[1] Isakwali mililisay to Kaspi Riyar (Caspian Sea, Aciropaycyang sowal: Xəzər Dənizi), isaktimol matatongod to Ilang (Posi sowal: جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎, Jomhuriye Eslâmiye Irân), isak’etip malafiyaw ato Arminiya, Torki ato Ciociya, isaka’amis malafiyaw ato Rosiya. O cila’eday a miliyasay a sakowan no Aciropayciang Nasicifan Niyahsakowan (Aciropayciang sowal: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, 5500 km2 ko kakahad) malaingiday to mamang ato sawalian no sa’etipan no Torki. \n\nO ngangan nona kitakit i, nani to’asan sowal no Posi「o sera no namal」[2] sanay ko imi nona sowal. O sera nona kitakit i, sahetoay ono Aciya, cawa ka hakowa ko itiray i Yoropa, nikawrira, o Yoropa kami sanay ko noniyah a pangangan. \n\nMapatireng ko Aciropayciyang Finawlan Kitakit i 1918 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, o sarakatay a o alomanay ko Moslim Pitooran a ihekalay a no Finawlan Kitakit.[3] \n\nO sarakatay a mipatirengay to pisifayan ato Aniniay Tata’angay Pitilidan a Moslim a kitakit.[4] I 1920 miheaca o sarakatay a patireng to Sowiaisyakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit mikapotay to Rosiya Lekatep, [5] tahira to i ’ayaw no ka tekopan no Solin i 1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 30 romi’ad milekal to Pisiiked a Niyahpikowan. \n\nI Rikec no kitakit toya Kinpo cowa ka pihapinang a mitoro’ tono malakitakit a pitooran, nikawrira, o saci’icelay i sici a mikowanay o pasitiray ihekalay a faloco’, o sa’alomanay no polong no tamdaw ato mitokeray to sifo i, sahetoay o Sinyie kasacinowas.[6] Tada takraway ko Cemahadan a Sa’osi no Tamdaw (Human Development Index), milecaday to Isa’etipay Kitakit ko katakaraw.[7] O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i, ikakaay to ifiyaway kitakit.[8] O awaay ko tayal a tamdaw cowa ka hakowa.[9] Nikawrira, o malawacoay to payso a tatiihay demak ma’edefay tona kitakit, mangalefay ko malakomoingay matayalay tono sifo a tayal.[10] I 2009 miheca toya Kapolongan Pitopa to pakayniay i Rikec no Kitakit Kinpo, mapalasawad no Finawlan Pikaikian ko tolas no kalacontong a mihecan, o aniniay a Fa’elohay a Aciropayciyang Kasafelaw (Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası) ko citodongay to Tayal no Sifo tahanini, mapacoliay to no roma a kitakit ko Salongoc no Kalotamdaw ato Mitekeday Kasafelaw a Tayal.[11]\n\nTatapangan no ngangan (名稱詞源) \nAno kadkaden a misahapinang ko tatapangan nona ngangan i, nani tiraay i saka’amis no Ilan o Tapolis ko tatapangan a Atoloppatos Tadamaanay Laloma, an (Kirisya sowal: Aτρoπάτης, o samatelangay a Posi a sowal, o mahedongan no namal sanay ko imi.)[12] ona ci Atolopatos a kakeridan no Laloma’an i, o nani tiraay i Aciminito Hontian Kitakit (Ikiris sowal: Achaemenid Empire) a malahontiay a Posi a tamdaw.[13] To ikor to i, malakakeridan ho no Alisanta Tadahonti (To’asan Kirisya sowal: Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' ὁ Μακεδών, o Alisanta hananay i, o midipotay to polong a tamdaw sanay ko imi), sa maocor tara i Miti Hontian kitakit (Median dynasty) mala honti.[14] I samatelangay a sowal no Posi o Folawaciasos (fravaši) sowal saan: âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, o mifelihan nani Awisto (Avestan) sowal: mita’ong kami to tadafangcalay a Folawaci no Atolopatos.[15]\n\nTo ikor to i, o laloma’an no Atolopatos patireng sato tono niyah a Atolopotoni Hontian Kitakit (Kirisiya sowal: Ατροπατήνη) itiraay i aniniay a kaitiraan no Ila Aciropaycyang a reked. Ona Atolopatos sanay a sowal itira i To’asan a Kirisiya sowal: 「madipotay no (gangcaly) lamal」, ano ca 「o pala no (fangcalay) lamal」sanay ko imi.[16] Ma’awas ko kasapatepatek a mihecahecaan, ona ngangan nani sarakatay a Āturpātākān kinapinapina to a mafalic to Ādharbādhagān, Ādharbāyagān ato Āzarbāydjān, ta tahini sato tono aniniay a Azerbaijan ko kafalic. Ona ngangan tonini ano do’edo’en kono aniniay a sowal no Posi, matatodong a falicen to「o pina’angan to dafong a ariri」, 「o ariri no lamal」ano ca「lamal a kitakit \/ o lamal a sera」sanay.[17]\n\nI sa’aya’ayaw ho ona「Aciropayciyang」hananay a ngangan i, o 「IlanAciropayciyang」koni toro’an, ora sa o aniniay「Aciropayciyang」a ngangan, itiraay i 1918 mihecaan yo mapatireng ko Aciropayciyang Kapolongan Kitakit a sarakatay a hangangan no kitakit, [18] to ikor to sa o ninian sato ko macacorokay a ngangan, itiya ho ona pangangan i, mapacoli malalang no Ilan sifo.\n\nRikisi (歷史)\n\nI’ayaway no kairaan no tilid ato to’ato’asan a rikisi (史前和古代歷史) \nI aikor to no fakelohan ho a mihecahecan, iraay to ko naikoran no tamdaw a ma’orip i palapalaan no Aciropayciyang, makakafikafitay ato Acuhe Dihif no Nakorna-Kalapahe.[19] (Arminiya sowal: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ, Aciropayciyang sowal: Dağlıq Qarabağ; Decdecan a sowal no Holam: 納卡).\n\nOya itiraay i Aciropayciyang a Tacirier Dihif (Tağılar), Tamtamsyali Dihif (Damdzhaly), Caer Dihif (Zar), Yataci-Yieli Dihif (Yataq-yeri), Liyalatopo (Leylatepe), Kopustan Rakarakaan Dihif ato Salatopo Tadetademan (Saraytepe) adihay a mahera ko Saikoray no Katelangay Fekelohan a Mihecahecan ato Saikoray no Karifowa a Mihecahecaan a naikoran no punka.[20]\n\nMahaop ko Scitiya Tamdaw (Kirisiya a sowal: Σκυθία, Ikiris a sowal: Scythia), oya sarakatay a maro’ itini a tamdaw, i’ayaw ni Yisoan a mihecahecan to saka 9 sici, iraay to a maro’ i Aciropayciyang.[21] Na kataynian no Scitiya Tamdaw, o Ilan a tamdaw no Miti Hontian Kitakit mikowanay to to satimolan no Alas ’Alo.[22] O kasakakaay a kacemahadan no Miti Hontian Kitakit itiraay i i’ayaw ni Yisoan a mihecahecan nani 900 ~700 miheca, itiya sato i’ayaw ni Yisoan a mihecahecan latek i 550 miheca ma’eco no Acimiyato Hontian Kitakit (Ikiris a sowal: Achaemenid Empire; Posi a sowal: اهنشاهی هخامنشی‎ Emperâturi-ye Hakhâmaneshiyan, o Posi Hontian Kitakit hananay ho a mitahidang) ko Miti Hontian Kitakit. I pikowanan no Miti a mihecahecaan i, satapangay to a matenak ko Soloyasto Pitooran (Posi a sowal: زرتشتی‌گری‎; Ikiris a sowal: Zoroastrianism; Holam a sowal: 祆教, 拜火教) itini tona palapalan.[23] To ikora to i, ma’eco ni Alisanta Honti no Maciton kona pala, malapecih ho no Saylyuko Hontian Kitakit (Kirisiya a sowal: Αυτοκρατορία των Σελευκιδών). Iaikor nonini i, ittiya i I’ayaway ni Yisoan a miheca i saka4 sici milingato a mikowan ko itiraay i sakawali no sa’etipan no Aciropayciyang a Yiencumin o Kaciyaso a Arminiya tamdaw ton apala, patireng to marecepay no punka no Arminiya a Misiikeday Kitakit.[24] Itini tona mihecahecan i, o Soloyasto Pitooran micowat a matenak tayhira i Kawciyaso ato Atolopotoni a palapalan.[25] \n\nI’ayaway ni Yisoan a miheca i saka 4 sici ~saka 3 sici, o Arminiya Tamdaw patireng to Artako Hontian Kitakit (Arminiya a sowal: Արտաշեսյան արքայատոհմ) ikatimol no saka’etipay no aniniay a Aciropayciyang, itiya to i I’ayaway ni Yisoan a miheca i saka 189 ~saka 426 miheca, o katimolay no sakawali a palapalaan (mahaop ko Nasicifan Niyahsakowan (Aciropayciang sowal: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, 5500㎢ ko kakahad) mapatateko i Tata’angay Arminiya Hontian Kitakit, o Artakosya Honti ato Asasis Honti (Posi a sowal: امپراتوری اشکانی‎, Emperâturi Ashkâniân); Holam a sowal: 安息帝國) ko cacorok sanay a mikowan.[26]\n\nI kalaloodang no Paycancin ato Sasan (Byzantine–Sasanian wars) a mihecahecan, o Arminiya Hontian Kitakit tatootoor sa ma’eco no Paycancin (ikor ni Yisoan a miheca 378 miheca) ato Posi-Sasan Honti ko Arminiya, sanoyanan sato a matekop kona kitakit. I Arminiya Hontian Kitakit iraay ko macacamolay ko masasiromromay a finacadan a Artakosi Sakowan ato Yutiko Sakowan malapala no Kawciyaso Arminiya Hontian Kitakit I 378 miheca.[27]\n\nMikasalaloma’an a mihecahecaan (Feudalism 封建時期) \nI 252 miheca, Kawciyaso Arminiya a Hontian Kitakit malamikotoday a kitakit no Sasan Hontian Kitakit, i saka 4 sici o honti no Kawciyaso Arminiya ci Wrnayl saso’elin han a pala no kitakit a pitooran ko Kristo.[28] Talacowaan makowakowan no Sasan Honti ko Kawciyaso Arminiya, nikawrira i’ayaw no saka 9 sici paka’osaway ho to mafataday a Niyahpikowan. Talacowacowa maha’eming a makowan no Sasan Honti ko Kawciyaso Arminiya, ma’osaway ko Tapang no Finawlan[29] (Monarchy). Naikoran no kalomowad no Wimaya Hontian a Kitakit no Islam ato picowat no Islam to Posi, nornor sato a ma’emin a makowan ko Kawciyaso.\n\nO Kawciyaso Arminiya paso’elin to kinatosa a malalitemod ko Wawa ni Kristo ci Javanashir ato Halifamoya (Muaviya) no Wimaya Hontian Kitakit, itiya i sakacecay a kalalitemodan (667 mihecahecan) mihai ci Halifamoya to sa’eli ni Javanashir to sapisakahemawan to kaletengay sata, nawhan i, mahapinangan to ko ‘icel ni Javanashir itini tona palapalaan, talacowa mikotoday kitakit no Halifamoya ko Kawciyaso Arminiya, nikawrira i laloma’ no niyah a sakowan i, ma’osaw ko piteked to tayal.[30] Iaikor tono Wimaya Hontian Kitakit a Halifako Apas Hontian Kitakit malowan to ko ’icel, saadihay sato a masadak ko Mamulokosotan Honti (Sulṭanat Misr al-Mamālīk \/ ed-Devletü't-Türkiyye), Sacita Honti, Salali Honti ato Powisi Honti (بویه‎ Āl-e Buye) a malaafaafas a mipecih to sakowan. Tahira to i sa’ayaway no saka 11 sici, macowat heca no nani sifo’ay Aciya a Toci (Türk). Ona Tocie tamdaw mipatireng to sarakatay a Tata’angay Sayercu Hontian Kitakit (Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu), ona kitakit i 1067 miheca tahiraay i aniniay a Aciropayciyang ko pisakakahad a micowat to pala.\n\nI’ayaw no kataynian nona Toci (anoca o Torki tamdaw) a tahini tona pala, oya itiniay to a maro’ a Arciropayciyang a tamdaw mafana’ay to somowal to pinapina a Indo-Yoropa Sasowalan, Kawali no Saka’amis no Kawciyaso sasowalan, ilaloma’ nonini i, o Arminiya[31] a sowal ato o cecay a sowal no Ilan o TelangayAsayloy Sowal (Old Azeri language) hananay i, nornor sato mafalic malaToci a sowal, ona sowal i, ono aniniay a sowal no Aciropayciyang.[32] O sapihapinangawan tona cecay a sowal no Ilan, o nani Torki-Aciropayciyang a sowal han, o Asayloy Sowal han, tangsol hananay to malo Asayloy Sowal ko pisa’osi, nawhan i, o Toci a sowal ato Toci a tamdaw i sowal no Posi misiikedan o「Asaloy」hananay a pasasi'ike'iked a misaheto. Nikawrira, ira ko papinapina o micacekiway to sasowlaen a singsi i, o IlanAciropayciyang ato ilaloma’ay no \n\nKapolongan Kitakit o somowalay to KawciyasoTati a sowal (Tat language of Caucasus) a Tati Tamdaw (Tat people) misiikedan o nano osaw a posak no Asayloy.[33] \n\nNani saka 11 sici o mikowanay tona palapalan i, o Sayercu Hontian Kitakit (aniniay Torki a sowal; Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu; Posi a sowal: دولت سلجوقیان‎), ikor to i, o Atepiko Tata’angay Laloma’an, patireng to Ayertikoci Hontian Kitakit (Eldiguzids) i Arciropayciyang, pakirayrayen i, o malamikotoday no Sayercu Sotan (o kakeridan no Tadamaanay a Laloma’an), nikawrira, ano latek o so’elinay a mikowanay i, o Atepiko. I pikowanan no Sayercu Honti, itini tona aniniay a Arciropayciyang a kitakit irako tadamaanay a mi’olicay a tamdaw ci Nicami (Posi a sowal: نظامی گنجوی‎; Arciropayciyang a sowal: Nizami Gəncəvi) ato ci Kakoni (Khaqani), ora ko saka cemahad no mi’olicay a punka no Ilan.\n\nTaha aikor to macowat no Timor Honti ko Sayercu Hontian Kitakit sanoyanan sato a matekop. Oya mikowanay to Arciropayciyang a Sirfan (Arciropayciyang a sowal: Şirvan) Honti malamikotoday no Timor Hontian Kitakit. Mapatay to ci Timor Honti i, masadak ko tosa matatokeray a Cisakowanay: o Kohetingay a Hotian Kitakit (Türkmenler Түркменлер) ato Kohecalay a Hontian Kitakit (White Sheep Turkomans). Oya sato ci Sirfan miliyaw haca a mitatoy to Sakowan a ’icel, o tadasakakaay a niyah pikowan a mikowanay. 1501 niheca macowat mapades no Safi Hontian Kitakit, iikor tono pikowan no Sirfan samatiya sato ko ka’aloman no Sinyie \n\nkasafelaw a tamdaw (Arapiya a sowal: شيعة‎, Shīʿah; Ikiris a sowal: Shia; Holam a sowal: 什葉派) to Sunni Kasafelaw a tamdaw (Arapiya a sowal: أهل السنة والجماعة‎, ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Ǧamāʿah; Holam a sowal: 遜尼派)[34].\n\nAniiay a mihecahecaan(現代) \nO aiikoray no Safi Hontian Kitakit a mikowanay tona pala i o Afesar Hontian(Ikiris a sowal:Afshar) ato Santo Hontian(Posi a sowal:سلسله زندیه；Ikiris a sowal:Zand dynasty）no Ilan, ato cowa aka halafin pacarcaray a mikowan a Kacar Hontian(Qājār dynasty), ona mikowanan no Kacar a pala no Arciropayciyang itini i,isatapangan no 19 sici a lalood i,malowid no Rosiya sa kilit han mipecih a pafeli ko Rosiya Hontian Kitakit,nikawria, yo katekopan no Santo Hontian ato sa’aya’ayaw ho pikowan no Kacar Hontian, itini tona palapalan tada adihay ko misiikeday to niyah pikowan a Kawciyaso Han Kitaki.[35]\n\nTahira to i saka 3 sici, makowan no Posi a tamdaw ko Arciropayciyang,i 642 miheca matapi’ no Arapiya Halifa(ḫalīfah\/khalīfah) o Arapiya Hontian Kitakit. Tangasa sato i saka 11 sici tahira i saka 13 sici masafaco to ko kalafinawlan, i saka 9 sici tahira i 16 sici awa ko tolas matatootoor ma’eco no Toci Tamdaw, Monko Tamdaw atp Posi Tamdaw.\n\nI saka 18 sici, o honti no Rosiya ci Pitor Tata’angay Honti(Rosiya a sowal:Пётр Алексе́евич Рома́нов) ato ci Kasalin Tata’angay(Ikiris a sowal:Catherine II ;Rosiya a sowal:Екатерина Алексеевна)，misa’icel a palowad to sakarihaday ato sakaci’icel no Rosiya, orasaka, i ikor tono sasifo’an no 18 sici satapang to mifolekok(patalaw)to saka’amis no Posi, 30 mihecaan ko kalalood to Posi, 1828 miheca oya saka’amisay a pala no Aciropayciyang ma’afas a mapatateko i Rosiya, o sakatimol a pala osaw ha malo cecay a sakowan no Posi, tona miheca matatilid ato Tokoman to kakaketonan mihapinang to lowis no Rosiya ato Posi.\n\nNani sasifo’an no 19 sici adihay ko makarkaray a simal i Pako, orasaka matongalmatongal ko kacidafong ato kacakat no ’orip itiniay tamdaw. Tahira to i 1990 a mihecahecaan malapi’arawan to kasakitakita ko Pako, makayhid ko masamamaanay a matayal tamdaw a tayni tona niyaro, ira ko masasiromaromaay a Syakaisyuki ato Makosisyuki, onini ko kasasifod no demak no ’orip no tamtamdaw.\n\n1920 miheca,ma’eco no Kahengangay Sofitay no Rosya ko Aciropayciyang, toya miheca to saka 4 folad saka 28 romi’ad patireng to Aciropayciyang Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit, saka tosa miheca i 1922 miheca saka 3 dolad saka12 romi’ad mapapolong to Cyociya(Georgia) ato Arminiya patireng to Papotalay Kawciyaso Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit, tona miheca i saka 12 folad saka 30 romi’ad mikapot ko Aolin tona Kapolongan Kitakit, tahira sato i,1936 miheca saka 12 folad saka 5 romi’ad mala no cecay no Solin Lekatep kona mipolongan a kitakit.\n\nO citanengay a tamdaw no Aciropayciyang adihay ko nipatayan ni Stalin toya Tata’angay a Pisawsaw a Demak ningra, mangalefay to pipades no Kiwsanto to mitooray to Kawas a tamdaw.\n\nItiya i 1969~1982 mihecahecan, awa to ko ’epoc no saka’orip no kalotamdaw, itini to a milekal ko sakakaay soci no Aciropayciyang Kiwsanto ci Aliyif(Rosiya a sowal:Гейда́р Али́евич Али́ев) to sapisa’icel a mikorac to maco’osay to dafong ato payso no finawlan, nikawrira, caay ka pakatena’ to tatenak no misailailaay a misapades to kalotamdaw a matayal no sifo a komuin. \n\nTahita sato i 1990 miheca masiwar no kafahekaan a kafalic no Sa’etipay Yoropa ko Aciropayciyang, caay ka pakatosa miheca macodadaf ko pisa’eli to sakasiikedaw to niyah pikowan, mitoker(o Pako niyaro’ ko pi’arawan) to pipapatay no Arminiya to tamdaw no Aciropayciyan, tongal sato ko kasafodfod nona kitkait, onini ko sakapicomod no Kahengangay Sofitay no Solin i Pako sa’aloman sato ko mapatayay a tamdaw, sa pangangan han to「To’emanay a Sakacecay Folad」(latek 147 ko mapatayan, 800 ko madoka’ay),tona pi’enec a demak malowan to ko sapisiikedaw to niyah pikowan a ’icel, tahira to i 1991 miheca, itira i Solin mafelih no sofitay ko sifo, sa ira sato ko halalan to sapisiikedaw no Aciropayciyang, 1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 30 romi’ad lekal sato to to Pisiiked a Niyah Pikowan, patireng to Aciropayciyang Nikapolongan Kitakit.\n\nNikawrira, to roma a folad i saka 9 folad, ira ko langiwngiw no ilaloma’ay no Aciropayciyagn a tamdaw, o Nakorno Kalapahe a Pala o Arminiya a tamdaw ko ’alomanay a maro’ , miliyaw heca cangra a pasowal to naifaloco’ay ko sapiliyasaw to Aciropayciyang.[36] Ona sakowan a pala ono Aciropayciyang a sera sanay ko kalokitakit, nikawrira, naka lalloodan i 1991 miheca o Arcahe Nikapolongan Kitakit(Nakorno Kalapahe Nikapolongan Kitakit, sanay ko roma a pangangan) ko maro’ay a mikowan ton apala, i 1994 miheca, matatilid to palasawad to lalood a kakaketonan, o Rihaday ato Patomaliway Saopo no Yoropa ko citodongay to pakasasowal tona fangafang,[37] itira sato i 2020 miheca telep sato kona lalood, adihay ko ma’alaay a patatiko no Aciropayciyang a sera.\n\nPalapalaan(地理) \nItiraay i katimol no Kaciyaso lotolotokan ko Aciropayciyang Nikapolongan Kitakit, isakawali i, misi’ayaway to Kaspis Riyar(Lihay),isaka’amis i,malafiyaway ato Rosiya, isaka’etip i,malafiyaway ato Arminiya ato Cyociya, isakatomol i,madado’edo ato Ilan. O pala no Aciropayciyang i, makalofatad no lotolotokan, o laylay nona lotok i, o Pasatoci ’Apocok, itiraay i Kaciyaso lotolotokan, o tongroh no riyar i,4,740 m, o itiraay i Youropa a pala ira ko 1 ofad ko㎢.\n\nKahenayay a mafalic ko kakarayan no Aciropayciyang, isasifo’an ato isakawali i,o ma’icangay ko kakarayan, ikawali no sakatimol kala’oraday. O tatapangay a tokay Pako mililisay to Kaspis Riyar, orasaka i kasi’enawan dihekoay, isakacecay a folad o lalen no fa’edet 4℃, isakapito a folad o lalen no fa’edet 25℃. Ika’amis ato isa’etip a tokotoksan si’enaway to mamang, i kaciferangan o lalen no fa’edet 12℃, i kasi’enawan a lalen no fa’edet -9℃. \n\nO ’orad no Aciropayciyang to cecay a miheca sahetoay 200 hawmi aca ko ’orad, nikawrira, ira ko pinapina a pala patinako han i takaraway tongroh no riyar no Kawciyaso lotok ato sakawali no satimolan a Lankolang dafdaf kala’oraday, cecay miheca marawisay ko 1000 hawmi ko kaadihay no ’orad. Polongen a somowal i, o palapalan no Aciropayciyang, i falawfawan ato kalaloodan o so’emetay a kakarayan, i kaciferangan o ma’icangay ko kakarayan.\n\nSici (政治) \nPakainien i rikec no kitakit to Kinpo i, o adihayay ko kasafelaw no sici, makalifataday ko Sakowan ’Icel no congtong, nikawrira, caayay ho ka o polong no finawlan ko misiwasiway to tayal no sifo, orasaka, pakaininen i「O Finawlan ko Pi’arawan a Sa’osi」(Democracy Index，民主指數) o Nisatekedan a Mikowan ko sici nona kitakit. O tapang no kitakit i,o congtong,o sakatosa a congtong i,o mido’edoay to congtong a malatapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo i,o soli(congli). O mamisang’a to rikec no kitakit i, malacafayay ko sifo ato Pikaikian no Kitakit. I 1991miheca saka 12 folad, mapalaheci ko Nikapolongan Pitopa to pisaiked a niyahpikowan, miliyas to Solin. O aniniay a congtong no Aciropayciyang i, ci Ilihamu Kaita Awkoloy Aliyief(İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev‎) , o mikapotay to Mikikawananay a Safelaw no sici. O sakaka’ay a misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit i,o Pikaikian no Finawlan.\n\nKacacofelan a Demak(外交) \nMikapotay ko Aciropayciyang i Sakanga’ay no Hekal a Lekatep(World Health \n\nOrganization, WHO), no Hekal a Kiking Lekatep(International Monetary Fund，IMF),no Hekal a Kinko(World Bank，WB),Sapicemahad a Kinko no Aciya(Asian Development Bank，ADB), Licikay no Yoropa(Council of Europe), o Sakarihaday ato Sakapapadang a Lekatep no Yoropa(Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe，OSCE), o Rihadayay a malaKapotay a Nisafacoan(Partnership for Peace， PfP),o Saka’amisay a Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO), o Hekalay malali’acaay a Lekatep(World Trade Organization, WTO),o Hekalay Dingwa a Lekatep(Fransu a sowal:Union Internationale des Télécommunications, UIT, Ikiris a sowal:International Telecommunication Union, ITU), o Toci Punka a Hekalay Lekatep(Torki a sowal:Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Teşkilatı, TÜRKSOY),o Siikeday a Kitakit a Lekatep(Rosiya asowal:Содружество Независимых Государств,CIS, o Katelangay a AmuFinawlan ato Sapicemahad to Saka’orip a Lekatep(Organization for Democracy and Economic Development), ono Tamdawan Salongoc Licikay no Linhoko(United Nations Human Rights Council).\n\nO kasaikiked a sakowan(行政區劃) \n\nO kasaikeiked a sakowan no Aciropayciyang i,ira ako 56 ko saokowan, 11 ko tokai, cecay ko Nasicifan niyahpikowan a kitakit(Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası).\n\nKicai(經濟) \nAciropayciyang a kitakita i,tada rifo’aday to kasoline simal ato kaso no palapalaan, o tatapangan a tokai Pako nani tiya ho Solin a mihecahecaan inganganay to i hekal.[38] Orasak o tatapangan a saka’orip a dafong no kalotamdaw ko kasolin ato kaso,oni pasadakan i cowacowa a kitakit pa’aca mahaop ko 90% no kalodafong, o ’etang no matayalay tono kasolin ato kaso ikakaay no polong no kitakit to 5 a kasatiwtiw ko kaadihay.\n\nTili’en ko pipolong a pisa’osi no citodongay to pilisata a demak,i’ayaw no fatad no 2021 miheca, o plong a ’eten to kafafalic to lalosidan ira ko 126.76 ok ko payso no Amirika. Silsilen i la’eno: gasoline simal(69.47%), gaso no pala(16.39%),loasay ato dateng(4.27%),dafong nani simal(2.12%),soka ato misanga’an(1.21%), takomod ato keriw(0.77%),dinki(0.54%),’enor ato dafong(0.53%), naisimalay dafong(0.53%).kilakilangan ato ’a’adopan a simal(0.13%), towaso(0.13%),sato、’odax(0.10%),’epah ato nananomen(0.09%), ociya(0.06%), ato romaroma(3.35%).\n\nTahira i 2021 miheca saka cecay a folad saka cecay a romi’ad, o nisopedan a payso no Amirika i, ira ko 495.813 ok ko kaadihay, ilalpma’ nonini i, Aciropayciyang no kitakit a kiking no simal ira ko 433.233 ok ko payso no Amirika, mahaop ko 87.4%; o tatapangan a kinko no Aciropayciyang kitakit i, 62.58 ok ko payso no Amirika, mahaop ko 12.6%, nikawrira o kiyam i, polongen ira ko 99.1 ok ko payso no Amirika.[39]\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI 2009 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw no Aciropayciyang, silsilen ko kasasiroma:\n\nPitooran (宗教) \nO ikakaay a pitooran no Aciropayciyang a kitakita i, o Islam a pitooran, o polong no tamdaw nona kitakit mahaop ko 97% a tamdaw o Moslin[40](o Sinyi a saiked mahaop ko 85%,Sonni a saiked mahaop ko 15%),[41] itini i hekal o sakatosa a kitakit ko ka’aloman no Sinyi a saiked.[42] I Aciropayciyang adihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, kasasiromaroma ko pitooran nangra, do’edoen ko Tatapangan Rikec no Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay i, o Aciropayciyang a kitakit i,no Hekalan a Kitakit, orasaka, paifaloco’ay ko kapitoor. I nani 2006 miheca tara 2008 miheca a Kailopo Pikadkad i,[43] o tadamaanay a cecay no saka’orip no niyam to romi’ami’ad ko pitooran sanay a tamdaw i, o ’edengan 21% ko sa’osi, orasaka, itini i hekal o caay ka tada mirecep i demak no ’orip ko pitooran a Islam a kitakit, o pakainiay i punka yo sanay a Moslin, cowa ko pakainiay i faloco’ ko pitooran.\n\nO roma a pitooran itini tona kitakit i, ira ho Kristo pitooran ato Yotaya pitooran.\n\nTahapinangan a Tilid (註) \n[1] 亞塞拜然可以被認為是亞洲或歐洲國家。聯合國將其分在西亞地區，CIA世界概況 CIA.gov和NationalGeographic.com以及大英百科全書以及中華人民共和國外交部也認為亞塞拜然屬於亞洲國家。也有來源認為亞塞拜然屬於歐洲國家的：BBCNEWS.bbc.co.uk和Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary以及 Worldatlas.com。\n\n[2] Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences. U.S. Library of Congress. [2006-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-12）.\n\n[3] Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3, ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3 and Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN 978-1-86064-822-9, ISBN 978-1-86064-822-9.\n\n[4] E. Cornell, Svante. The Politicization of Islam in Azerbaijan. Silk Road Paper. 2006: 124, 222, 229, 269–270.\n\n[5] Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. 哥倫比亞大學出版社. 1995: 69, 133 [2015-01-31]. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-17）; Pipes, Richard. The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917–1923 2nd. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1997: 218–220, 229. ISBN 978-0-674-30951-7.\n\n[6] Cornell, Svante E. Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. 2010: 165, 284. Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity, an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam.... The government, for its part, has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values... Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle.... Unlike Turkey, Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism... the conflict with Armenia has bred frustration that is increasingly being answered by a combined Islamic and nationalist sentiment, especially among younger people... All major political forces are committed to secularism and are based, if anything, on a nationalist agenda.\n\n[7] Human Development Index and its components (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. [2015-02-03]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-01-05）.\n\n[8] Literacy rate among schoolchildren in Azerbaijan is 100% – UN report （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – News.Az – Published 28 October 2011.\n\n[9] CIA The World Factbook. CIA. [2014-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-06）.\n\n[10] Azerbaijan and the 2013 presidential election UK Parliament briefing paper, 25 October 2013; Transparency International CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012. [2015-02-03]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-28）.\n\n[11] Introduction: Azerbaijan. CIA World Factbook. [2014-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-17）; Human Rights Watch: Azerbaijan. Human Rights Watch. [2014-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-14）.\n\n[12] Houtsma, M. Th. First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 reprint. BRILL. 1993. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4.; Schippmann, Klaus. Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1989: 221–224. ISBN 978-0-933273-95-5. \n\n[13] Minahan, James. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1998: 20F. ISBN 978-0-313-30610-5.; Chamoux, François. Hellenistic Civilization. John Wiley and Sons. 2003: 26. ISBN 978-0-631-22241-5.; Bosworth A.B., Baynham E.J. Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction. 牛津大學出版社. 2002: 92. ISBN 978-0-19-925275-6.\n\n[14] Chaumont, M. L. Atropates. Encyclopædia Iranica 3.1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1987 [2015-02-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）; Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8108-3550-4.\n\n[15] Darmesteter, James. Frawardin Yasht. Avesta Khorda Avesta: Book Of Common Prayer reprint. Kessinger Publishing. 2004: 93 [2015-02-02]. ISBN 978-1-4191-0852-5. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-29）\n\n[16] Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences. U.S. Library of Congress. [2006-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-12）.\n\n[17] Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences. U.S. Library of Congress. [2006-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-12）.\n\n[18] Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. 2004: 129. ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8.\n\n[19] Azakov, Siyavush. National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan (PDF). Institute of Physics. 亞塞拜然國家科學院. [2007-05-27]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-11-16）.\n\n[20] Musabeyli, Nacaf. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Boosts Azerbaijani Archaeology. Visions of Azerbaijan. 2007年, 2 (3): 48–53頁 [2015-03-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.\n\n[21] Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences. U.S. Library of Congress. [2006-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-12）\n\n[22] Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8108-3550-4.\n\n[23] Chaumont, M. L. Albania. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1984 [2015-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-26）.\n\n[24] Encyclopædia Britannica. Azerbaijan. Chapter History （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n\n[25] Chaumont, M. L. Albania. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1984 [2015-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-26）.\n\n[26] Maps and accompanying commentary in Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001: map 19 (奧龍特斯王朝, p. 33), map 20 (提格蘭二世統治時期, p. 34, map 21 (阿爾塔克西王朝, p. 35), map 27 (阿薩息斯王朝, p. 45; A. E. Redgate. The Armenians. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. Maps 2.1, 7.2, 8.2.\n\n[27] Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 102.; Robert H. Hewsen. Ethno-history and the Armenian influence upon the Caucasian Albanians. Classical Armenian culture: Influence and creativity, Scholars press, Philadelphia, 1982, p.33.\n\n[28] Kalankatuatsi Movses; Traducido del antiguo armenio por Sh. V. Smbatian. 亞美尼亞國立古籍館 , 編. History of the Land of Aluank. 葉里溫. 1984年: 27頁.\n\n[29] Chaumont, M. L. Atropates. Encyclopædia Iranica 3.1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1987 [2015-02-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.\n\n[30] Gurbanov, Abbas. The Spread of islam. Visions of Azerbaijan. 2010年: 62–66頁 [2015-06-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.\n\n[31] Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, map Caucasian Albania.; Robert H. Hewsen, \"Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, \" in Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity, ed. Thomas J. Samuelian (Philadelphia: Scholars Press, 1982), p. 45; Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 32–33, map 19 (shows the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the Orontids Kingdom of Armenia); Моисей Хоренский. Армянская География VII в. Перевод Патканова К.П. СПб., 1877. стр. 40, 17.; Hewsen, Robert H. \"The Kingdom of Artsakh, \" in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983.\n\n[32] Yarshater, E. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan. Encyclopædia Iranica III\/2. 1987 [2015-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-17）.\n\n[33] Ludwig, Paul. Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies 1 Nicholas Sims-Williams (ed.). Cambridge: Wiesbaden: Reichert. 1998. ISBN 978-3-89500-070-6.; Roy, Olivier. The new Central Asia: geopolitics and the birth of nations reprint. I.B. Tauris. 2007: 6. ISBN 978-1-84511-552-4.\n\n[34] R. Ward, Steven. Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces. Georgetown University Press. 2009: 43. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.; Malcolm Wagstaff, John. The evolution of middle eastern landscapes: an outline to A.D. 1840, Part 1840. Rowman & Littlefield. 1985: 205 [2015-08-30]. ISBN 978-0-389-20577-7. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.\n\n[35] Bertsch, Gary Kenneth. Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Routledge. 2000: 第297頁. ISBN 978-0-415-92273-9.; Nafziger, E. Wayne; Stewart, Frances; Väyrynen, Raimo. War, Hunger, and Displacement: Analysis. Oxford University press. 2000: 第406頁 [2015-08-30]. ISBN 978-0-19-829739-0. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.; Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh. Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies. May 1997, 29 (2): 第210頁. doi:10.1017\/s0020743800064473.; Baddeley, John Frederick. The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. Harvard University: Routledge. 1908: 第71頁 [2015-08-30]. ISBN 978-0-7007-0634-1. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.; Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin. The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. 1991: 第126頁. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.\n\n[36] Zürcher, Christoph (2007). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-8147-9709-9.\n\n[37] 聯合國. Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года. [2015-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-30）（俄語）; 聯合國. Резолюция СБ ООН № 853 от 29 июля 1993 года. [2015-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-30）（俄語）; 聯合國. Резолюция СБ ООН № 874 14 октября 1993 года. [2015-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-30）; 聯合國. Резолюция СБ ООН № 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года. [2015-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-30）.\n\n[38] 石油史话 巴库油田的兴衰. 中國石油. [2021-06-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-14）.\n\n[39] 2020年阿塞拜疆宏观经济指标. 中華人民共和國商務部. 駐亞塞拜然共和國大使館經濟商務處. [2021-06-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-04）.\n\n[40] Mapping The Global Muslim Population (PDF). [2011-05-22]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-05-19）.\n\n[41] Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion Archived 2011-08-21 at WebCite. (PDF) . Retrieved on 1 July 2017.\n\n[42] Mapping the Global Muslim Population | Pew Research Center （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Pewforum.org (7 October 2009). Retrieved on 1 July 2017.\n\n[43] GALLUP – What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – data accessed on 19 August 2014","num_words":8273,"character_repetition_ratio":0.064,"word_repetition_ratio":0.063,"special_characters_ratio":0.267,"stopwords_ratio":0.012,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.989,"perplexity_score":7829.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akihito","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Akihito(明仁)\n\nI 1933 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc ci Akihito, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Japan anini i ci Akihito, patirengan a romi’ad i 1989 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 7 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":66,"character_repetition_ratio":0.107,"word_repetition_ratio":0.07,"special_characters_ratio":0.275,"stopwords_ratio":0.045,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":37153.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alassane%20Dramane%20Ouattara","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Alassane Dramane Ouattara(阿拉薩內·德拉馬納·瓦塔拉)\n\nI 1942 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Alassane Dramane Ouattara, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Cote d'ivoirie(象牙海岸) anini i ci Alassane Dramane Ouattara, patirengan a romi’ad i 2010 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 4 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":89,"character_repetition_ratio":0.134,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.256,"stopwords_ratio":0.034,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.799,"perplexity_score":13073.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almazbek%20Atambayev","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Almazbek Atambayev(阿爾馬茲別克·沙爾舍諾維奇·阿坦巴耶夫)\n\nI 1956 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc ci Almazbek Atambayev, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Kazakhstan, Kurgyzstan anini i ci Almazbek Atambayev, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":77,"character_repetition_ratio":0.123,"word_repetition_ratio":0.059,"special_characters_ratio":0.245,"stopwords_ratio":0.039,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.986,"perplexity_score":24510.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amis.Pangach","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ngangan no ’Amis a Finacadan\n“’Amis”, o sa’amisan saanay ko tatodong no nini a sowal, ano sa no holamen i, 阿美斯 hanen ko pitilid, o tatapangan a pangangan toni i, notiya ho i saka safaw pito a sici (世紀) tini i Olanta(荷蘭) a mihecahecaan, ira ko pitahidang no kakeridan no sofitay no Olanta to kakita'an no Yincuminco itini niyaro' no Puyumaan a mikayki, o matahidangay a kakita'an no Yincuminco i, o italiyokay no Puyuma a kasasiromaroma a finacadan, ira ko Iwatan, Paywan, ono 'Amis i,o lilis no niyar i sawali, o sa'etipay tahiraay i Kohkoh. Ona kayki i, o sapipatirengaw i sawaliyan to kaitilian np sofitay no Olanta,patokered ha a misanga’ to sapirikec to niyaro’ a tatapangan. Tahira sa ko 'Amis a tamdaw i kasaopoan i o naniamisay kami han nangra a pangangan ko niyah a tireng, mitengil to ko Puyuma(卑南族) a tamdaw i, o 'Amis han to a mitahidang. o 'AMIS a finacadan ano pangangan to niyah a tireng i, o pasitiraan ko pangangan, patinako han, o itiraay i lilis no riyar a finawlan ano pangangan to niyah a tireng i, o Sawli kako sanay, o i ka'etipay no lotok i o Sa'etip kako sanay. Yo tahira i niyaro' no Puyuma ko 'Amis a finacadan nani'amisay kami han nangra ko pitiliday to ngangan itira i pikaykian, o maro'ay i kaamis no Puyuma a finacadan(北方的民族) , sanoyanan sato a maalangangan to sapitahidan, kalo ngangan han to no 'Amis a finacadan konini taha nini. \n\nYo miliyas toko Olanta, o Cinping(淸朝) to ko tayniay mikowan to Yincumin a kasasiromaroma a finacadan i Taywan,do'edo sa i, o Dipong to ko tayniay a mikowan to Yincumin,'aloman ko mikakinkiway tono a demak , miala tono Kaping ho a pangangan a misilsil a pangangan, o ’Amis hananay to a miketon ko ngangan.\n\nPangcah (蕃人) hananay a pangangan \nYo itira ho i sa'etip no satimolan, i Taynan ko mi'ecoan no Cinping(清朝) i Taywan mikowan, o polong no sawalinan no Sifo'ay-Lotok(中央山脈) cowa kono niyam a pala korira, cowa ho ka tahira ko sakowan no honti no Cinping saan ko pilekal no sifo no Cinping, orasaka, o maro'ay itira a sano 'a'adopen a tamdaw(蕃人) cowa kono niyam a tamdaw sanay. Nikawrira,tahira to i 1811miheca patireng to Kavalan Sakowan(噶瑪蘭廳) itini i aniniay a YilanSyien(宜蘭縣) satapang a mikowan to itiraay a matiyaay 'a'adopen a tamdaw(蕃人), o niyaro i, o Pangsya(蕃社) hananay ngara a pangangan, o maro'ay itira a tamdaw i, o Fana(蕃人) hananay a mitahidang. Ira to ko Dipong a tayni i, toor hananay to a miala kora nipanganganan no Cinping.Nikawrira, sano Dipongay to ko pitahidang, o niyaro' i, o蕃社(バンシャ) hananay a mipangangan, o tamdaw no niyaro' i o 蕃人 (バンジン) hananay ko pangangan.O pitahidang to kapolongan a Yincumin ko nini, o teked to a mitahidang to 'Amis i, o アミ族 hananay a mitahidang. To ikor to i, o miriniay a ngiha' ko maalaay no ka'ami'amis a 'Amis a tamdaw o 蕃人 (バンジン) a ngiha' ko maalay ta Pangcah(パンツァハ) ko pitahidan tono niyah a tireng, matiya o バンジン kami hato sananay. \n\nYo itira ho i sa'etip no satimolan, i Taynan ko mi'ecoan no Cinping(清朝) i Taywan mikowan, o polong no sawalin no Sifo'ay Lotok(中央山脈) cowa kono miyam a pala korira, cowa ho ka tahira ko sakowan no honti no Cinping saan ko pilekal no sifo no Cinping, orasaka, o maro'ay itira a sano 'a'adopen a tamdaw(蕃人) cowa kono niyam a tamdaw sanay. Nikawrira,tahira to i 1811miheca patireng to Kavalan Sakowan(噶瑪蘭廳) itini i aniniay a YilanSyien(宜蘭縣) satapang a mikowan to itiraay a matiyaay 'a'adopen a tamdaw(蕃人), o niyaro i, o Pangsya(蕃社) hananay ngara a pangangan, o maro'ay itira a tamdaw i, o Fana(蕃人) hananay a mitahidang. Ira to ko Dipong a tayni i, toor hananay to a miala kora nipanganganan. \n\nNikawrira, sano Dipongay to ko pitahidang, o niyaro' i, o蕃社(バンシャ, Pangsya)[1] hananay a mipangangan, o tamdaw no niyaro' i o 蕃人 (バンジンPangcin)[2] hananay ko pangangan.O pitahidang to kapolongan a Yincumin ko nini, o teked to a mitahidang to 'Amis i, o アミス族 hananay a mitahidang, ano ca oアミ族[3] hananay. To ikor to i, o miriniay a ngiha' ko maalaay no ka'ami'amis a 'Amis a tamdaw o Pangcah (パンツァハ) , matiya o バンジン(蕃人) kami hato sananay.\n\nOrasaka, itini i nipasadakan i citing no Dipong, nengnengen koアミ hananay a tilid i,o パンツァハ(蕃人)[4] sanay ko imi nona tilid, kilim to koパンツァハi, o 蕃人[5] sanay ko imi.\n\nAdihay ho i romaroma a nitilidan a matiri’ ko Pangcah(パンツァハ，蕃人) sanay a sowal. Itini i polong a kasaniyaroaro’ no ‘Amis iikoray to a malalamlam tono roma a finacadan ko pasawali,iikor no Kalinko ko pasawali a masiwar no roma a punka, orasaka, adihayay ho ko ma’osaway a no to’asan a sowal, oninian ko o ‘Amis kami sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng i Posong ato lilis no riyar a pasawali, itini sato i ka’ami’amis no Kalinko nalikay a micomod ko Payrang ato Dipong, orasaka, nalikay a mirecep ko pinangan no Payrang ato Dipong, itira to a masiwar ko pinangan no ‘orip nangra, cato ka pakapo’elac a mafana’ to nani cowaay kongangan to Pangcah hananay a tahanini, nanam sanay to pangangan to niyah to a tireng to Pangcah(パンツァハ，蕃人) sanay, caay to ka adadaen to matiniyay misereray a pangangan. itini i ka'ami'amis a niyaro' o malitengay o lofang hananay mitahidang, o lofang sa i, o 老蕃(lofang) konini a sowwal.\n\nTamdaw no ’Amis\n’Amis hananay i tini i Taywan, sa’alomanay i tini i Yincomin a finawlan, napakayra i 2020–miheca misa’osi, malawit to tosa polo’ a ’ofad; sa’alomanay a nika sa’opo, i tini i Kalingko, Tayto a kanakaransa, i tini i masaaro’aro’ay a enar i riyariyaran enar iratoay, cayto ka papi:na pakayni i Manso. Sakasaan dadahal kina nisakanatan, masomad ko sowal o losid ato kakawaw, cayto kalecad, masomowad to konisimsim, caay to Pitodong tono tao, tangsa nika tayni no Ripon. O Ripon ci Torii Ryūzō, 1897–miheca to Taywan, nakamayan noheny to ma’ma’an, o Tarawadaw-'alo (秀姑巒溪) ko terong no Pangcah, nika latosahan ko Pangcah. Soelinay o wayway no Pangcah, o niwinaay-faco ko siyakay(母系社會) hananay. Babahi (fafahi) hananay, i loma’, babainay hananay mikadabo’, o alalbo no loma’ a terong o babahy. O babahy hananay nika saayawy a nika boladan i, kabana’anto ko nika masakapahayto kiso saan, babainayan hato i, ano kasingisngisanto i, matoasayto kiso saan, han ko nika somowal tiniyan a demak. Irato ko nikaselasela no babainaysa, o ’Amis a nika dadodod i, tolosa, cacaysa Pangcahsa kakitiliansa, cayka dapoda:posa ato tawo, 1970–miheca no Taywan caykakapah ko kidaysa, ’aloman koya Pangcah a milaliway tiniyay i kakitiliay no ’orip, misapatas toni simsim. Tadaniyaro’ a Pangcah i, ira ko taraniyaro’ hananay maoripsa. Alomna ko citangalay a Pangcahsa, matiya ci , ci , micomin ko Taywan ira ko malahakasiay terong no mitasa, siboissay a malahitaisa, ila ko kilemelay a mimalisa.\n\nU suwal nu i ’amisay a Pangcah\nU Pangcah hanay a niyaru’, u masaniyaru’ay i Taywan, paniyaru’sa i Kalingku atu Pusung tangasa i wali mitepar tu riyariyaran, ira hen ku usawl i Mutan nu Pintung atu Mancu a paniyaru’, tangasa i 2016 a miheca tu sepatay a bulad, u bulung nu tamdaw i 204,189 ku nika’aluman. U sa’alumanay ku tamdaw nu Pangcah a finacadan i Taywan a payniyaru’an. U nipangangan tu “Pangcah” hanay miseng tu suwal nu Hulam “pangca”(番人) patatudung sa a pabana’, ira ku “tamdaw” atu ”payniyaru’” sanay a nipabana’. Ira u ’Amis sanay a nipingangan i, u Palangaw atu Paliwan ku miangangay, pasuwal sa namaka ’amis a miliyas tangasa i satimulan a mikihatiya tu i timulay a Iwatan a nipingangan kiyari, sisa ira ku ’amis sanay a nipasubana’.\n\nSapacefad a tilid \n[1] 安倍明義編，《蕃語研究》，昭和12年(1937)， 蕃語研究會，臺北。263頁。\n\n[2] 安倍明義編，《蕃語研究》，昭和12年(1937)，蕃語研究會，臺北。264頁。\n\n[3] 安倍明義編，《蕃語研究》，昭和12年(1937)，蕃語研究會，臺北。265頁。\n\n[4] 小川尚義編，《アミ語集》，昭和8 年(1933)，臺灣總督府，花蓮港廳。13頁。\n\n[5] 小川尚義編，《アミ語集》，昭和8 年(1933)，臺灣總督府，花蓮港廳。301頁。\n\nTalihafan \n 吳惠芳. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.\n 中文維基百科 https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/阿美族\n 李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。\n 黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。\n 達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。\nU suwal nu i ’amisay a Pangcah","num_words":1736,"character_repetition_ratio":0.055,"word_repetition_ratio":0.214,"special_characters_ratio":0.248,"stopwords_ratio":0.013,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":21168.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arminiya","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Armenia(亞美尼亞共和國)\n\nArminiya Nikapolongan kitakit(亞美尼亞共和國)\n\nTakaray sowal(概略) \nO Arminiya Nikapolongan Kitakit(Arminiya sowal:Հայաստանի \n\nՀանրապետություն，Roma tilid:Hayastani Hanrapetutyun; Holam:亞美尼亞), itiraay isaka’etipay no Aciya a Katimolay Kawciaso(South Caucasus), o Ipapotaray Kawciyaso hananay ho a mipangangan(Transcaucasia), nano latek o kinakerit no Sa’etipay Yoropa hananay. [1]\n\nItiraay i kalala’edan no Kohetingay Riyar (Black Sea) ato Kaspi Riyar(Acirpayciang sowal: Xəzər dənizi，Posi sowal:ریای مازندران\/دریای خزر‎，Rosiya sowal:Каспийское море), o ikemoday no karopaw a kitakit, isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Torki, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Cilciya, ikawali malafiyaw ato Acirpayciang, ikatimol malangiid ato Ilan, onikowanan no Acirpayciyang a sakowan Nasiciwa Niyahpikowan (Acirpayciyang sowal: Respublikası；Naxçıvan Muxtar;Yaminiya sowal: Նախիջեվան；Rosiya sowal:Нахичеванская Автономная Республика）. O syoto tatapangan tokai Yielion niyaro’. Itiya ho nao mikapotay to Solin, i 1991 mihecaan na matadtad ko ka Lekatep no Solin a misateked a malaniyahpikowan a kitakit. I sowal no Arminiya o Hayastan(Հայաստան，Hayastan) hananay nangra a pangangan.\n\nItiya ho i 4 sici(301 mihecaan),o sakacecay a kitakit to mitoroan ko Kristo Pitooran malokitakitan a pitooran.[2] Orasaka cilacila masowal ko Arciriya o “sarakatay a kristo a kitakit” hananay.[3] O saadihayay ko tamdaw no polong no kitakit to mitooray to Sawaliay a So’elinay Kyokai(Oriental Orthodoxy) no Kristo Pitooran. Nikawrira, mataliyok no Islam Kitakit, adihay ho ko kacacoli ato fiyaw a kitakit to pakayniay i ngangan no kasala’edan, malolalengatan sato no rawraw i Kawciaso, samatiya sato o ‘ariri no ’afet itini.\nAnini, Arminiya ato Acirpayciyang ci fangafangay ho tono pala a montay,nani 1988 miheca, caay ka pitolas a milekal ko Arminiya to o pala niyam kona ikatimolay no Acirpayciyang a Nakerno-Kalapahe (Arminiya sowal:Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ;Acirpayciyang sowal:Dağlıq Qarabağ; Holam sakamoto han:納卡), o tamdaw no itiniay sahetoay o mitooray to Kristo a Arminiya tamdaw. Corcoren no Arminiya ko maro’ay itini a tamdaw mitaoy to kowang a mico’is to Acirpayciyang, mihai ho to miliyas to Acirpayciyang a \n\na tomireng no Arcahe Nikapolongan Kitakit, (coaw ka haien no i hakalay kitakit), onini ko sakalalood no Arminiya ato Acirpayciyang i 1990 miheca ato 2020 miheca.\nCifangafang ho ato Torki pakayni i 1915 miheca to pihadefek a mipatay to tamdaw no Arminiya, cowa ka pihai ko Torki to matiniyay a rikisi no Aosman Hontian Kitakit a mihadefekay a mipatay to tamdaw no Armoniya sanay a rikisi, aniniay to i mipapalafang ko kakeridan nona tosa a kitakit, hato sasonga’ay sanay to ko kalawidan, ira to ko kasasowasowalan a demak. O kapot no Yoropa Licijay(Ikiris sowal:Council of Europe; Fransu sowal:Conseil de l'Europe）ato cefang no Kapolongan sakarihaday a Leketep a Kakaketonan (CSTO ;Rosiya sowal:Организация Договора о Коллективной Безопасности，sakamoto’ han: ОДКБ, i 1992 miheca saka 5 folad saka 15 romi’ad a matatilid to mapapadang ko sofitay a lekatep).\n\nRikisi (歷史)\n\nO katelangan ho a Arminiya(早期的亞美尼亞) \nItiraay i masahefohefongay a tokotokosan ko Arminiya a kitakit, ira ko palatohay itini i Fancalay Cudad o pahiceraan ni Noa a tamina yo \n\nno fodo’ sanany. O kato’as no rikisi tahiraay to ‘ayaw no 2500 mihecaan ko katelang, o dadahal no mikowanan a pala mahaopay ko polong taliyok no Kawciaso ato sa’etipan no Torki. Ikor to adihay to ko micowatay a roma a finacadan, samiming sato ko pala no Arminiya, nikawrira 1000 mihecaan ko kahalafin no piteked a pikowan, ano irairaay ko Roma tamdaw,Posi tamdaw ato Monku tamdaw a micowat tona kitakit, caay ka lahedaw koArminiya.\n\nMacikcik no roma a finacadn(外族入侵割據時期) \nI’ayaw no siyien 331 miheca.o honti no Maciton ci Alisanta Tata’angay Honti 3 malowid ningra ko nipatirengan no Posi a tamdaw a kitakit , nano cecay a pecih no sakowan no Posi ko Arminiya, malapala tono Maciton Hontian Kitakit. Mapatay sato ci Alisanta malikatolo a marakrak ko Maciton Hontian Kitakit, o cecay ona kalitolo o Arminiya i,o Sayliw Katelangan Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay. I’ayaw no siyien 198 mihecaan, malowid no Roma ko Sayliw Katelangan Hontian Kitakit, patokeled sa miliyas to Maciton malamisileday to a kitakit.\n\nTahira to i ’ayaw no siyien 95 miheca- 65 miheca,makapah ko pikowan no honti ci Kelan saktosa, cakat sato ko ’icel no Armoniya i saka’etipay a Aciya, o mikowan a pala nani Kaspi Riyar (Ikiris sowal:Caspian Sea；Rosiya sowal:Каспийское море;Holam sowal:Lihay), Sifoay Riyar matatongod tahira i Aiciputo. Nikawrira, to ikor to nonini i, cosafaw to cecay patek ko mihecaan ko picowat no romaroma kitakit to Arminiya, nikacaay ka peleng kona Arminiya a kitakit.\n\nO sa’ayaway a Kristo kitakit i Hekal(世界上第一個基督教國家) \nO sa’ayaway a micowatay i, Potiya Hontian Kitakti (Posi sowal:امپراتوری اشکانی‎，Emperâturi Ashkâniân; Holam sowal:安息帝國）ato Roma Hontian Kitakit kona tosa a kitakit i sanoalapit han a milood ko Arminiya, o honti no Arminiya ciArtasen Honti caka pakacecay a miheca matekop to, malasakowan no Roma ko Arminiya,to ikor malanidipotan no Roma a kotakit.\n\nI 301 miheca, o honti no Arminiya ci Tlitati sakatolo honti,lekalen ningra ko finawlan pala no kitakit a pitooran ko Kristo, ta caay ka mikitira to pitooran no Posi o Mita’ongay to Namal (Posi sowal:زرتشتی‌گری‎；Ikiris sowal:Zoroastrianism; Holam sowal:祆教,拜火教), ta malasarakatay a ‘edengan o Kristo ko pitooran a kitakit i hekal. Nikawrira, o isakawaliay a Arminiya makowan no Posi to tosa a so’ot ko mihecaan ko kahalafin. I 450 miheca ato 482 miheca kinatosa ko isakawaliay a Arminiya a tamdaw mico’is a milood to Posi, sa sodod sato ko Posi, maala a patatikol ko niyahpikowan no Arminuya, sa matelek ho kono Kristo a pitooran. O saci’icelay a milood toPosi i, o tata’angay a lalomaan Mamikoniyang.\n\nMapatangic a mifalic mitoor to Islam(被迫改信伊斯蘭教) \nI 680 miheca, malowad no Arapiya ko Posi, comod sato ko Arapiya i Arminiya,mapaci’eci no Arapiya ko Arminiya tamdaw mifalic to pitooran pasitira i Islam Pitooran,nikawrira, cakapakafilo ko Arapiya. I 885 miheca ci Asoto Sakaceay miliyaw heca a patireng to Pakolatito Honti(Arminiya sowal: Բագրատունյաց Արքայական Տոհմ; Holam sowal:巴格拉提德王朝, nani 884 miheca tahira i 1045miheca ko pikowanan) no Arminiya Hontian Kitakit. Latek i 1000 miheca, masaalapiten ho no Tata’angay Sayrco Hontian Kitakit (Aniniay Torki sowal:Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu；Posi sowal: دولت سلجوقیان‎ ;Holam sowal:大塞爾柱帝國）ato Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitaki (Paycantin, Latin sowal:Imperium Romanum；Kirisiya sowal:Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων；Holam sowal:拜占庭帝國), tahira to I 1064 miheca, malowid to ko Arminiya aro’ han to no Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitaki ko Arminiya. Yo milaliw to ko Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitaki i 1071 miheca, o Tata’angay Sayrco Hontian Kitakit to ko mikowanay to Arminiya. I 1220 miheca o Monkolo Hontian Kitakit to ko mikowanay, i 1260 miheca, o mido’edo’edoay Yirhan Kitakit (Monkolo sowal:ᠬᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠨᠤᠯᠤᠰ，Silil tilid:Хүлэгийн улс；Ikiris sowal:Ilkhanate; Holam sowal:伊兒汗國）.\n\nMapalahedaw no roma a finacadan ko Arminiya Kitakit(亞美尼亞帝國的隕落) \nI 1454 miheca, o Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitakit(Paycantin) malowid no Aosman Torki tamdaw ko Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitaki, laheci sato a malahedaw ko salongoc no Arminiya. I sasifo’an no 15 sici, mapatateko no Otoman Hontian Kitakit ko Arminiya, oya kakahaday ko pala a Arminiya kitakit halafin sato makowan no Torki a tamdaw, oya sa mitooray to Kristo a Arminiya a tamdaw,mapenec no Torki Hontian Kitakit.\n\nMa’emin a patayen ko Arminiya tamdaw(種族大屠殺) \nItiya sato i sakatosa kalaloodan no kanatal a ma’emin, macemcem to kapico’isaw no Arminiya a tamdaw ko OsmanTorki sifo nani 1915 miheca tara 1917 amihecan sapihadekan a mipatay Arminiya a tamdaw(亞美尼亞種族滅絕Ikiris sowal:Armenian Genocide；Arminiya sowal:Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն；Torki sowal:Ermeni Soykırımı; Holam sowal:亞美尼亞種族滅絕）.o ’osi no maptayay tamdaw masasiromay, ira ko 100 ofad ko tamdaw sanay, ira ko 150 ofad ko tamdaw sanay a piso’osi, saofaofad sa ko milaliway tayra i roma a kitakit.[4]\n\nPatireng to Arminiya Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit(亞美尼亞蘇維埃共和國) \n1918 miheca sak 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, misaiiked nani ＂Papotaray Kaociaso a finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit＂ a patireng to niyah sakowan a kitakit ko Arminiya a tamdaw, 1920 miheca saka 9 folad,matatilid ko Otoman Hontian Kitakit ato Fransu ato Ikiris to ”Sofor Katatelekan＂,mapapolong a milekal i katimolay mo Fan Fanaw a pala malo Arminiya to a sakowan. Caho ka halafin malood ho Torki ko Arminiya, ira sa ko pipadang no sofitay no Rosiya, caka rahoday ko pilood no sofitay no Torki matekop to ko Armoniya, tokeled sa tona lalood ko Rosiya a micowat micomod i PotarayKaociaso, Ciociya matateko ato Porsinwiko Tang no Arminiya mifelih to sifo no Arminiya i 1920-1921mihecan,i 1920 miheca da’edo sa a patireng to Arminiya Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit (Arminiya a sowal:Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն; Rosiya sowal:Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика;Holam a sowal:亞美尼亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國）ato ato Ciorcia Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit(Ciociya asowal:საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა; Rosiya a sowal:Грузинская Советская Социалистическая Республика; Holam a sowal:喬治亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國）mikapot to Rosiya a Nipatatekoan Kitakit.[5]\n\nMikapot a malocecay no Rosiya Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit(成為蘇聯加盟共和國之一) \n\n1921 miheca saka 3 folad, matatilid ko Rosiya ato Torki to＂Kars a katatelekan＂(Rosiya a sowal:Карсский договор; Holam a sowal:卡爾斯條約）, alaen no Rosiya a patatikol koya Patong a pala (Ciociya a sowal:ბათუმი，sano Latin a tilid:Batumi; Holam a sowal: 巴統) pafli i Ciociya,onninan pala i,nami’afasan no Rosiya yo matatilid to Polisto- Litawfoseko Katatelekan(Rosiya a sowal:Брестский мир；Toic a sowal:Friedensvertrag von Brest-Litowsk；Holam a sowal:布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約). Mihai ho ko Rosiya oya Artahan ato Karso pala ono Torki a pala sanay.1922 miheca malaheci ko pikapot no Arminiya i Solin, malocecay no Papotaray Kawciyaso Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit. Tahira to i 1936 mihecaan, laheci sato ko pikapot no Armoniya i Rosiya Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit,[6] Malocecay nona Lekatep.\n\nAniniay a Arminiya(現代) \n\nYo mikapot to i Solin ko Arminiya, i 1988 miheca saka 12 folad saka 7 romi’ad ira ko sakapelengaw sanay ko hekal a ’atoray, ira ko 2 ofad ira ko 5000 patek a tamdaw ko mapatayay,50 ofad ko away to ko pinokayan, adihay ko mapelengay a nipatirengan a tata’angay loma’, toya miheca ira heca ko fodfod i Nakorno-Kalapahe(Arminiya a sowal:Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ、Acirpayciang a sowal:Dağlıq Qarabağ; Holam a sowal:納卡),tongal sa ko kanikaw no ‘orip no Arminiya a tamdaw. Itiya adihay ko pipadang no icowacoway a kitakit.[7] \n\nI 2020 miheca, milekal ko Arminiya to piliyas to Solin a misiied, toya miheca a saka12forad saka 21 romi’ad tangsolsol sa amikapot to Misiikeday Kitakit a Lekatep.\n\nKasa'isal no Sakowan(行政區劃) \nmo'etepay ko sakowan(Ikiris a sowal:marz；Arminiya a sowal:մարզ) ato cecay a nikowanan no Takaraway Sifo oYerevan(Arminiya a sowal:Երևան; sano Roma tilid:Yerevan; Holam a sowal: 葉里溫)\n\nlaleko no pala ato kakarayan(地形及氣候) \nitiraay i katimol no sa’etipay aciya a Papotalay Kaociaso,ka’amis no sakawali no Kaociaso Dahetal, o sekal i,29800㎢. I sa’etip malafiyaw ato Torki, i saka’amis malafiyaw ato Ciociya,kawali o Acilopayciang ko fiyaw, i \n\nmadao’edo ato Ilang. O pala nona kitakit sahetoay o takaraway a tokotokosan, mahaop ko 90% a rekad nani tongroh no riyar. O takraway a tokotokoan pasado’edo tahira i Torki. O satakaraway a kadiping o Alakaci Tokos(Arminiya a sowal:Արագած）, ira ko 4090 m nani tongfoh no riyar. I kawali ira ko Sayfan Dasdas, o masafanaway a Sayfan Fanaw o sekal i,1360㎢ ko dadahal no nanom, i laloma’ no Arminiya o sakakahaday fanaw. O ikakaay ’alo o Alas ’alo (Arminiya a sowal:Արաքս，Posi a sowal:ارس‎，Torki a sowal:Aras Nehri）.\n\nO kakarayan i, o fala’efaay a lotolotokan ko kakarayan itini,o si’enaway o mahoracay ko siiked no kakarayan. O lalen no fa’edet i -2~12°C isakaccy forad, i sakapito folad 24~26°C ko lalen no fa’edet.\n\nO Sician Nipalafang(外交) \nNa cifangafang ko Arminiya ato Acirpayciyang to Nakorno-Kalapahe(Arminiya a sowal:Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ、Acirpayciyang a sowal:Dağlıq Qarabağ; Holam a sowal:納卡), oroma sa i,cifangafang atoTorki to pakayniay to pihadefek a mipatay to tamdaw no Arminiya,ira ho ko fangafang to pitooran,orasak o demak to pakayniay tono Sician Nipalafang pasitiraay i Rosiya a mitadi’ec, oroma sato, o polong a misakapotay no Linhoko o ‘edengan o Pakistan kitakit ko caay ka pihai to Arminiya.[8]\n\nMikapotay ko Arminiya to Linhoko, Saikeday kitakit a Lekatep (Rosiya a sowal:Содружество Независимых Государств，СНГ; Holam a sowal:獨立國家國協, sakmoto han tilid:獨立國協）, Sakakorac no Hekal a Lekatep(Ikiris a sowal: World Health Organization，縮寫sakamoto’an tilid:WHO; Holam a sowal:世界衛生組織 ), Payso a Kikinkai no Hekal(Fransu a sowal:Fonds Monétaire International，sakamoto’an tilid:FMI；Ikiris a sowal:International Monetary Fund，sakamo’an tilid:IMF;Holam a sowal:國際貨幣基金組織）,ato Kinko no ha’emin no Hekal(Ikiris a sowal:World Bank，sakamoto’an tilid:WB; Holam a sowal:世界銀行）.\n\nKicai (經濟) \nNa pisaikedan no Arminiya, malafot ko kasalaliting no kicai ato Solin(Rosiya), awaay to ko piti’eran, ira heca ko kasafodfod to sera ato kawaliay a fiyaw Acirpayciyang, orasaka taker han to no Torki ato Acirpayciyang tayraay i Arminiya a cinamalay ato kasolin simal, ngalef sa ko kanikaw no kicai no Arminiya, o ya fodfod i Nakorno-Kalapahe masa’et ko maamaan nani roma a kitakit, tongal sa ko karoray no ’orip no Arminiya a tamdaw.\n\nI 2002 mihea mikapot i Saop no Sekalay a Mafafalic to Dafong (Ikiris a sowal:World Trade Organization，sakmoto’ an tilid: WTO), 2004 miheca saharakat sato ko kalowad no kicai, o polong a nitayalan a ’epoc malawisay to mahaop ko 10.1%, to cila to a mihecaan i 2005 miheca,mihai ko sifo to no kalotamdaw a kacikatayan, saadihay sato ko mipacomodan a payso nani roma a kitakit to sakatayay,sano yanan sato ko ka cakat no kicai. Tahira to i 2013 miheca, o lalen a kaci’etan no Armoniya a tamdaw(GDP) i 3,173 ’ok no Amirika a payso, isakatimolay a tolo akitakit i,o sasafaay ko Arminiya a kitakit,’edeng mahaop ko 30% no lalen no ’emin no kitakit i hekal.\n\nO misanga’ay to dafong ko mikidkiday to demak no kicai, ira ko kakak ato masanga’ay to kikai, macemahad ko misongla’aay to kaka’enen a tayal.\n\nOno maomahay a tayal i, ira ko mipalomaay to fadisoso’ ato romaroma a losay, ‘emi ato malinso(potito). Ona liomah itiraay i ngata no Tatapangan Tokai a dasdas.\n\nOno pisalamaan a demak ikakaay ko kacemahad, 2004 miheca o tayniay a palafang i 26.27 ko oafd ko tamdaw, o kacakat to mihecahecan mahaop ko 27.5%, o ‘etan i 2.1 ‘ok ko payso no Amirika, mi’isalan to GDP i 5.9%, o pisalamalaman no lafang itiraay i Syoto Yieonli ato Sayfan Fanaw midipotan a pala.\n\nPunka (文化) \nAdhihay ko kasasiromaroma a kasasolek no punka,patinakoen ira ko punkaku, misaloma’, sakero ato radiw, ona kasasolek i mido’edo’edoay to kasasiromaroma no pala a ira.[9] O punka no Arminiya i,tadaahalafinay ceripen no pinangan no Rosiya,[10] caay ko nini heca ko misiwaray to punka no Arminiya, na o sa’yaway a Kristo Kitakit orasaka macirep no Kristo punka ato sa’etipay punka,patokeled han macirep ho Ciociya a pisasaloma’ ato Italiya a kaka’enen.\n\nIraay a mapatireng ko Citodongay to Punka a Loma’ , o mihaharatengay to palosiyang ato mitayal to pakayniay i punka a demak,o tapang no Citodongay to Punka a Loma’ i ci Hasmiko Pikohesyang,[11] pasikapah a patenak to kapah ko sifo to salimelaen ko punka sanay a demak,hahekel a mipadama ko icowacowaay a Arminiya a tamdaw.[12] Ira ho ko roma a fangcalay a demak, i Arminiya ira ko matafesiw ko 4000 a masasiromaromaay miheca a dafong,adihay ko masapunkaay a misanga’an a dafong, sa ira ko「ipapotaray a hakupucokan」hananay a pangangan.[13]\n\nFinacadan ato pitooran(民族與宗教) \nO finacadan i o Arminiya tamdaw ko ikakaay, do’edo sa o Rosiya tamdaw,Yaciti tamdaw(o \n\nno Kuto fancadan), Yasu tamdaw,Ukolan tamdaw,Kirisiya tamdaw. Ono sif oan a kapolong sowal i, o Arminiya a sowal, ono Rosiya a sowal i ma’edefay a kalasowalen.\n\nO samatelangay a Kristo kitakit ko Arminiya,nani sifo’ no sici oyanan ho a ci’icel a mitoor to Kristo, orasaka mapenec,mapatay no italiyokay a Islam a tamdaw. I laloma’ no Arminiya o sakakay a kyokai ko Niocoran Kyokai(Arminiya a sowal:Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի，sanoromaen a tilid:Hay Arakelagan Yegeghetzi, Holan a sowal:亞美尼亞使徒教會), ira ho koroma a pitooran o Arminiya Tinsukyo(Arminiya a sowal:Հայ Կաթողիկէ Եկեղեցի ，Hay Kat′oġikē Ekeġec′i）,Holam a sowal:亞美尼亞禮天主教會), Roma tinsukyo, Toncen kyokai(Kirisiya a sowal:Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία，orthódoxi ekklisía；Rosiya a sowal:Православная Церковь，sanoromaen a tilid:pravoslavnaja tserkovʹ，Holam a sowal:東正教會，sakamoto’en tilid:東正教), Yaciti kyokai ato Pahai kyokai.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI 2005 mihecaan a pisa’osi to tamdaw ira 321.57 ofad, tahira to i 2008 mihecaan a pisa’osi 3,238,000 ko tamdaw, o caay ka ‘aloman ko tamdaw a finacadan i ira ko Yasu tamdaw, Ukolan tamdaw,Kohetinngay Riyar a Kirisiya tamdaw(pako Kaociaso Kirisiya tamdaw),Kuto tamdaw,Cyawciya tamdaw ato Kohecalay Rosiya tamdaw.\n\nSowal (語言) \nI Arminiya kitakit ‘edengan o Arminiya sowal ko sifo a kapolongan sowal. Itiya ho namalacecay ato Solin kitakit, orasaka ma’edefay kalasakasasowal ko Rosiya sowal, o sakatosa a sowal no itiniay a tamdaw konini. I 2013 miheca a piciosa a pisahapinang, mahaop ko 95% tamdaw no Arminiya citanengay tono Rosiya, 40% citanengay tono Ikiris. Nikawrira, mahaop ko 50% a malitengay a tamdaw, milongoc to sapipasifana’aw to Ikiris i pitilidan no ka’emangay, mahaop ko 44% o sowal no Rosiya ko papasifa’aen sanay ko pilongoc.\n\nPihapinangan Tilid \n[1] The UN classification of world regions （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook Armenia. The World Factbook. CIA. [2010-09-02]. （原始內容存檔於2010-10-10）; Armenia. 國家地理. [2014-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-08）; Armenia. 大英百科全書. [2014-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-01）。\n\n[2] (Garsoïan, Nina. R.G. Hovannisian , 編. Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Volume 1. Palgrave Macmillan. 1997: 81.); Grousset, René. Histoire de l'Arménie 1984. Payot. 1947: 122.. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan (op.cit. p.82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.\n\n[3] Stringer, Martin D. A Sociological History of Christian Worship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005: 92. ISBN 0521819555.\n\n[4] ГЕНОЦИД АРМЯН (1915-1916 ГОДЫ): ПОДРОБНЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. [2020-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-03） （俄語）.\n\n[5] Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2014: 728– [2016-11-28]. ISBN 978-1-59884-948-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-08）.\n\n[6] Государство между Европой и Азией Источник. Планета Земля. [2020-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-29）\n\n[7] Harutyunyan, Arpi. Still Recovering: A visit to the 1988 \"center of the epicenter\". ArmeniaNow. 7 December 2007 [7 March 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-10）.\n\n[8] Opinion: «Armenia can block the cooperation between Pakistan and the EEU». Rusarminfo. [2021-03-26] （ru-RU）.\n\n[9] Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. World Business Information Catalog. Int'l Business Publications. 2013. ISBN 9781438773827.\n\n[10] Russell Padmore. Armenia in global publicity drive. BBC. 2014-09-11 [2015-02-14]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-09）.\n\n[11] Government of the Republic of Armenia. Ministry of Culture. Structure. [2015-02-07]. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-20）.\n\n[12] Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. World Business Information Catalog. Int'l Business Publications. 2013. ISBN 9781438773827.:59\n\n[13] Culture. Embassy of Armenia to Belgium. [2015-06-01]. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-17）.\n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":4910,"character_repetition_ratio":0.066,"word_repetition_ratio":0.032,"special_characters_ratio":0.232,"stopwords_ratio":0.011,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":8710.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arpaniya","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Albania(阿爾巴尼亞共和國)\n\nArpaniya Nikapolongan Kitakit (阿爾巴尼亞共和國)\n\nTakaray sowal (概要) \nO Arpaniya Nikapolongan Kitakit (Arpaniya sowal: Republika e \n\nShqipëria)i, o Arpaniya hananay a mitahidang(Arpaniya sowal :Shqipëria), itiraay i katimol no saka’etip no Yoropa, i katimol no Parkan Kanatal (Balkans Peninsula), malala,ed ato Itali to Yatoriya Riyar Ta’eman (Itali sowal: Mar Adriatico) ato Otoranto Riyar Ta’eman (Arpaniya sowal: Kanali i Otrantos；Itali sowal: Canale d’Otranto). malafiyaw ato Kirisiya i katimol, ika’amis no saka’etip malangiid ato Kosofo (Arpaniya sowal: Republika e Kosovës), ika’amis malaingid ato Momtonikoro (Momtonikoro sowal:Црна Гора／Crna Gora, o kohetingay tokos sanay ko imi nira: 黑色的山, Ikiris sowal: Montenegro). O Momtinikoro sanay kono Taywan a pangangan.\n\nItiya ho itini i laloma’ no Yoropa o cecay no tada caayay ka cemahad a kitakit, o saawaay ko ’eten no kalotamdaw, nikawrira tona pinapina a miheca manengnengay to ko kacakat no ’orip no tamtamdaw.[1]\n\nI 2009 miheca mikapot ko Arpaniya to Peitasiyang Konyie (北大西洋公約組織, Ikiris sowal: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, sakamoto’ a tilid: NATO),i 2014 miheca saka6 folad mihai to ko Lekatep no Yoropa (歐盟) to mamalakapot nangra, i 2018 miheca saka 6 folad malaheci to ko pihai tahira to i 2019 miheca saka 6 folad manga’ay to ko Arpaniya masasowal ato Lekatep no Yoropa to sapikapotaw no Arpaniya.[2] \n\nO hata (fayafay) no Arpaniya ira matilid ko tosaay ko fongoh a talangawan ’alilis, onini ’i, nani tiyaay ho i 15sici o satopa no kakeridan no Arpaniya tamdaw ci Cioci Kastorioti Sikantopi (Arpaniya sowal: Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu；Kirisiya sowal: Γεώργιος Καστριώτης \"Σκερντέμπεης\"), mikomod amitoker to picowat no Otoman Hontian kitakit, o tadamaanay a tamdaw no Arpaniya cingra, o salongan no Arpaniya tamdaw,onini ko pangangan han to「Kitakit no ’Alilis」.\n\nRikisi (歷史) \nO to’as no Arpaniya o Iliriya a finscadan, (to’asan sowal no Kirisiya: Ἰλλυριοί, Roma tilid: Illyrioi, Latin sowal: Illyrii anoca Illyri), o cecay a finacadan no to’as no Yoropa. I’ayaw no 2000 miheca, anoca i’ayaw ho nona miheca iraay to a maro’ itini tona pala.\n\nItiya ho namakowanay no Kirisiya ko Arpaniya, i’ayaw no 2146 miheca malocecay ’isal no Roma Kapolongan kitakit. I ikor no 4 sici cacorocorok sa ko Sa’etipay Roma Hontian kitakit ato Slafo Finacadan (Ikiris sowal: Slavic peoples) a mikowan, 1415 miheca satapang a makowan no Otoman Hontian Kitakit (Otoman sowal: دولت علیه عثمانیه‎, Torki sowal: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) to 500 a miheca ko kahalafin.\n\nYa siiked saho a niyahpikowan no Arpaniya (獨立初期的阿爾巴尼亞) \n\nO Parkan Pecih a Kanatal (Balkans Peninsula) i,masasifoday to ko kaadihay no kasasiromaroma no finacadan, orasaka cilacila malood sa pangangan han to 「Ariri no afet」(火藥庫). Yo malaheci ko sakakinacecay a lalood no Parkan i 1912 miheca, ira ko pipadama no Aosyong Hontian Kitakit[3] (Toic sowal:Österreich-Ungarn; Syongyali sowal: Ausztria-Magyarország) onini ko saka pilekael to Siiked a Niyahpikowan i saka 11 folad saka28 romi’ad,o patosokan nona pilekal ’i,o sapitakeraw to kasadakan tayra i Yatoriya Riyar (亞德里亞海的出海口) no Sayerwiya tamdaw\n\nI kalaloodan i sakcecay a lalood no hekal, ma’eco no Aosyong, Itali, ato Fransu, 1920 miheca saka 8 folad liyas sanay to ko Itali nani Arpaniya. \n\nI 1924 miheca saka 12 folad, keriden ni Aihamayte Muhetar Pici Cofali（Ahmet Muhtar Bej Zogolli）ko sofitay amifelih ko sifo, ikor to sepat a niheca tiring sa a malahonti,sanoyanan sato mitier to sofitay a miteked mikowan to 14 miheca ko kahalafin.[4] Tahira to satapangan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal ma’eco no Honti no Itali, 1943 miheca（Itali sowal:Regno d'Italia）mikosang to ko Itali, o Toic to ko maro’ay tona kitakit. Harateng sato ko Arpaniya tamdaw to sapitokeraw to Toic, o kakeridan no Kyosanto no Arpaniya ci Enfor Hoca（Aroaniya sowla:Enver Hoxha）malasasifoan no mitokeray tamdaw, 1944 miheca malowaid to ko Toic rahiday sato ko Arpaniya.\n\nI Syakaisyuki a mihecahecan no Arpaniya(社會主義時期的阿爾巴尼亞) \nI 1944miheca saka 10folad saka20 romi’ad patireng to Arpaniya Finawlan Sifo, 1946 miheca saka 1 folad saka 10 romi’ad, palasawaden ko Tapangan Faco falicen a patireng to Arpaniya no Finawlan a \n\nKitakit.1976 miheca saka12 folad saka 28 romi’ad falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Arpaniya Syakaisyuki no Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit（Arpaniya sowal:Republika Popullare Socialiste e Shqipërisë，kamoto’en tilid:RPSSh）, ci Enfor Hoca（Arpaniya sowla:Enver Hoxha）ko malasakaay kakeridan no kitakit,itiya to pikowanan ningra a mihecahecaan tatootora sa amisawidang to roma a Syakaisyuki a Kitakit[5](o Sawaliay a Saopo hananay ho a pangangan). Syakaisyuki Kitakit o Rosya, Paokaliya,Romaniya,Toic Kapolongan Kitakit, Syonyali,Polan CiekoSlofako,Arpanoya, oninian a kitakit i,polongen a pangangan o Sawaliay Saopo hananay, matatoker ato nikeridan no Amirika a Sa’etipay Saopo, ona tosa a Saop malali’ang to romi’ami’ad nani kaherekan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal, o 「Li’etecay Lalood」(Ikiris sowal:Cold War) hananay ko pipangangan.\n\nWataay ko pipadahof nona Sawalian Kitakit to Arpaniya, nikawrira, o Nanslaf, Rosya ato Conkolimin Kitakit masiwaray to ko lalan a pasityra i「Hontian Kitakit no Syakaisyuki」(社會帝國主義, Ikiris sowal:Social imperialism）han ni Enfor Hoca o kakeridan no Arpaniya a mikokot, to ikor to i nani 1960 miheca tayra i 1980 miheca tatootoor sa a mapisot ko kalawidang ato na tolo a kitakit. Tona a mihecahecan ma’erec no Arpaniya ko polong no sala’edan no kalokitakit, salacecay sato a masasiiked tona hekal.\n\n1990 miheca, naka herekan no Arpaniya Matayalay Tang to saka 10 liyad a kaiki, o kakeridan nona Matayalay Tang ci Lamicu Aliya（Arpaniya sowal:Ramiz Alia）satapang a milekakawa to sapisongila’ to sici ato kicai, fawahen to ko sala’edan no kalokitakit,hoka’en to ko pikedec to naifaloco’an a pili’etan, o mifelihay, pitooran ato palosyangay, malaliyaw a masongila’ ko kalawidang ato Rosya ato Amirika, i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad malaliyaw kono sifoan a tayal ato Rosya, i 1991 miheca saka 3 folad saka 15 romi’ad malaliyaw kono sifoan a tayal ato Amirika.\n\nMidemak to Adihayay Tang a Lekakawa(實行多黨制) \n1991 miheca milekal ko Matayalay Tang no Arpaniya misawad to cecay aca ko Tang a mikowan to kitakit, midemak to Adihayay Tang a Lekakawa. Tona miheca i saka 4 folad saka 26 romi’ad, mifalic to ngangan no kitakit o Arpaniya Kapolongan Kitakit hananay to, o saikoray itini i Sa’etipay Yoropa a Syakaisyuki Kitakit to misawaday to cecayay aca a Tang ko teked sanay a mikowan to kitakit, o maan ko imi nonini hokiya, mifalahay to 46 miheca ko maparariday a misateked pikowan ni Hoca. 1992 miheca sipasip hananay to koya salongan no Kyosansyuki a mataliyokay no ’ekim a limaay fo’is i hata no kitakit.\n\nNikawrira,namisatapang ho a midemak to tayal nofinawlan, tadancaay ko kicay to sapili’etan no kitakit,ira ho ko mali’angay a kasarekad, tatihih ho ko kalafiyaw ato Sayrwuiya ato Kosofo, cifangafang ho mikiti’ecay a Milimekay Tamdaw(難民),o tada karetengay ’inorong konini.\n\n1997 miheca, matalahekal ko kaco’os no malatapangay no sifo, sakalafodfod han to no laloma’ no kitakit, iikor to ’i,o Fransu, Sipanya, Kirisiya, Torki, Romaniya , Aotili ato Tanmay kona 8 a kitakit misanga’ to sakarahiday a sofitay a mipahineker tona fodfod no Arpaniya.[6]\n\nAniniay a Arpaniya (現今的阿爾巴尼亞) \n2009 miheca saka 4 folad,mikapot to ko Arpaniya to NATO, masahapinang to patalahekal to masongila’ay to ko pikopot to Sa’etipay Kasarekarekad. I 2014 miheca Yoropa Lekapet mihai to mamalakopt nangra ko Arpaniya.\n\nKasasilsil no sakowan (行政區劃) \nO dadahal no pala no Arpaniya ira ko 28,748㎢, papecihpecihen mala 12 \n\nko sakowan（Arpaniya sowal:Qarqe）, ikararem no salowan silsilen ho to 61 a niyaro’ （Arpaniya sowal:Bashkia）, tahira i 2000 miheca ira ko 36 a niyaro’ mapafeli to 12 sakowan ko mikowanay, o 「 Rrethe」hananay.[1] Ona 12 a sakowan i 2000 miheca a mapatireng mitidos toya 36 a niyaro’.[2] O sifo no Arpaniya i 2015 miheca satapang a midemak to fa’elohay a sakowan, o matatodongay a niyaro’ ’i, 61 to ko niyaro’ , o i omaomahay a niyaro’ o 「 Komuna」hananay ’i, mipalahedawan.[3] O tadamamangay a kamaro’an no tamdaw ’i, o kasa’eta’etal「 Lagje anoca Fshat」[4] hananay, o polong ira ko 2980 kasa’eta’etal. O tokai(城市) ’i, o sakacecay a sakowan no Arpaniya, o citodongay to polong a tayal no tamtadaw.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nO kamar’an no Arpaniya itiraay i katimol no kasa’etipan no Parkan Pecihan Kanatal, isaka’amis i malafiyaway ato Montikoro, ika’etip no saka’amis malafiyaw ato Kosofo, ikawali malafiyaw ato Maciton, i katimol malaliting ato Kirisya, ika’etip malala’ed to riyar a makakecor ato Itali. O sala’edan ika’etip i o Yatoriya riyar ato Aiaoniya riyar.\n\nO dadahal no sera ’i, ira ko 28,748㎢,o kasarayray i polong no kitakit ’i, isaka144 ko dadahal no sera. O kakaya’ no lilis no riyar ira ko 476 km, ano cacayay ka hakowa ko dadahal no sera no Arpaniya ’i, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no pala o takaraway tokos ato apolo, kasasa’owac, dafdaf, la’ed no lotok ato dihif. O tokotokosan nani ka’amis pasitimol a masofac(manayat), ira ko pitatayraan no misalamayay o cinganganay i hekal Alpus lotok（Ikiris sowal:Dinaric Alps）. Patahtahay ho a ira ko nanonanoman ato kinairaira no nanom, o satata’angay satelangay itini i satimolan a Yoropa a fanaw, ira ho ko milihawakay to tosa a kitakit a fanaw: Skutay fanaw(Arpaniya sowal:Liqeni i Shkodrës) ato Ohelito fanaw（Arpaniya sowal:Liqeni i Ohrit）. O no Arpaniya ko Skutay fanaw, o dadahal i 530㎢, o cecay no kalitolo itiraay i Arpaniya, o osaw to itiraay i Montinikoro, orasaka, ona Skutay fanaw mapolongay ko Arpaniya ato Montinikoro a mikowan. Ohelito fanaw（Arpaniya sowal:Liqeni i Ohrit；Pokaliya sowal:Охридско Езеро） o samatelangay fanaw i hekal.[11]\n\nAdihay heca ko ’alo no Arpaniya, sano salil ko katenak, ira ko 152 ko ’alo ato ciris,nani wali pasitira isa’etip ko rakat no nanom micomod i Atoriya riyar a ’alo ano sa’osien ira ko 8 a ’alo: Drin，Vjosë，Shkumbin，Osum，Mat、Erzen、Fan ato Seman.\n\nKakarayan (氣候) \nAno do’edoen ko pisiiked a demak ni Kopen to kakarayan(柯本氣候分類法)（Toic sowal:Effektive Klimaklassifikation）’i,limaay ko kasasiromaroma no kakarayan no Arpaniya: Ticonghay Kakarayan (Ikiris sowal:Mediterranean climate),Ma’edengay ko Kafa’edet a Mado’etay Kakarayan (Ikiris sowal:Humid subtropical climate）,Riyariyaran Kakarayan (Ikiris sowal:oceanic climate),Sa’emelay a Karopaw Kakarayan ato Skatosa Tapolo Kakarayan（subpolar climate）. Ira heca ko Ateliya riyar ato Aoniya riyar mipatatongay to kakarayan, sa i kasi’enawan caay ka patosi ko kasi’enaw i kakedalan caay ka patosi ko fa’edet no romi’ad.Nikawrira, nama’eten no tokos ko fali no riyar sa caay ka picomod i kemod no kitakit ko fali no riyar, orasaka, i kemoday a pala ’i, ikasi’enawan caay kafilo ko si’enaw, ikakedalan sa i pakakaay ko ka fa’edet no romi’ad.\n\nI Arpis Tokos ira a mahera ko sepat a no to’asan ho a so’edaan a ’alo, nani riyar so’osien 2,000 laya’ ko katakaraw, o hatiniay a so’edaan ’alo itiraay i tongroh no tokotokosan isafaw no 5,000 ko laya’ ko ka’akawang nga’ iraay ko matiniay ’alo, onini ko kakafahekaan tona sepat a so’edaan ’alo, away ko mitiniay i Yoropa.\n\nSici(政治) \nO finawlan ko cisakowanay a lekakawa ato adihayay ko saopo no sici a matayal ko faco no sici no Arpaniya a kitakit. O congtong ko tapang no kitakit, o souli ko kakeridan no sifo, o lipoing ko misinkiway to sakala kakeridan no souli. O lipoiing o fanwlan ko mitopaay ta maala malalipoin, 140 ko tamdaw, sepat miheca ko kalalipoingan. O tapang no citodongay to tayal no sifo o souli ko mitoro’ay.\n\nKinpo (憲法) \n1964 miheca sakatolo folad, o saopo no Arpaniya to misanga’ay to kinpo malaheci a misanga’ ko sa’ayaway kinpo no Arpaniya. \n\n1976 miheca saka12 folad mafalic pangangan ko kitakit to「Arpaniya Syakaisyuki kapolongan kitaki」,ikor nonini mipatatodong a milaheci misanga’ to 「kinpo no Arpaniya Syakaisyuki kapolongan kitaki」. 1990 miheca satapang midemak to adihayay ko tang no kitakit, ikor nonini misahalaka ko adihayay tang tono kapolongan a kinpo, 1991 miheca saka 5 folad, malaheci no adihayay a tang ko 「Takaray rikec no kinpo」,iikor to 7 miheca onini o pacarcaran a pitooran no sifo a matayal,i 1998 miheca saka 11 folad saka 12 romi’ad o citodongay to sinkiw a tamdaw mitopa a mipahapinang tono kinpo, o polong no citodongay to sinkiw a tamdaw mahaop ko 50.57% ko mitopaay , mahaop ko 93.5% ko mihaiay tona fa’elohay kinpo, toya miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad , oya congtong itiyaay ho ci Ricip Cimar Maytani（Arpaniya sowal:Rexhep Qemal Meidani）mitilid pangangan tona fa’elohay kinpo, songila’ sato a malaheci ko「Arpaniya a finawlan a kapolongan kitakit kinpo」.\n\nSici kasarekarekad(政黨) \nO mikikaay a tang i Arpaniya a kasarekarekad no sici a tang o polong cisafaw to 60, o mikapotay to sinkiw a tang ira ko 37 ato cecay a malekatepay a tang. O ci’icelay a tang:\n\n· Arpaniya Syakai Tang（o mikowanay anini）\n\n· Arpaniya Mincu Tang（o satata’angay a mikantokay a tang）\n\n· Arpaniya Syakai Mincu Tang \n\n· Arpaniya Mincu Konghe Tang \n\n· Arpaniya Fa’elohay Mincu Tang \n\n· Arpaniya Micu a Lekatep Tang\n\nSici a pisawidang (外交) \nItiya ho i pasatapangan no 1990 miheca itira i Sawaliay Yoropa(東歐) masanotapelik no riyar ko pisa’eli no finawlan to ka ono finawaln a nisafalo’an ko pitooran a mikowan sanany a solongoc, orasak misaima’ to a mipeleng koya ni Hocaan ho a kanaidefay a lekakawa no kitakit, mifawah to fawahan a mihamham to isowasowaay a kitakit a malawidang. Nani 1991 miheca tahanini sahetoay o mamalaheci ko paisawidang a lekakawa,i’ayawen ko pisawidang to Sa’etipay Kasaekarekad a kitakit, mikilim tohalalan to sapikapotaw to Lekatep no Yoropa,minanay to Yoropa ato Amirika to sapisongla’aw to ‘orip no fanawlan no Arpaniya.\n\nO matiniyay a pisa’icel a misawidang to roma a kitakit, tahanini cisafaw to 150 ko kitakit to malawidangay tono sician, mikapot to 48 a saopo no hekalay, 1955 miheca mikapot to Linhoko. 1992 miheca mihamon to Kalapaliw no Islam. 2009 miheca mikapot i NATO, 2014 miheca mamalakapot no Yoropa Lekatep.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI 1989 miheca misa’osi to tamdaw, 2011 mihecaan a piso’osi to tamdaw o polong i, 2,821,977 ko tamdaw, o sofoc ’i, ila’enoay ko kelis no nikalecad no sofoc.[12]( 出生率,crude birth rate,CBR) Yomalasawad ko pikowanan no Matayalay Tang a sifo i pisatapangan no 1990 miheca, aloman ko milaliway tara i romaroma a kitakit no tamdaw, tinakoen nani 1991 taha 2004 miheca ira ko 90 ofad tamdaw ko miliyasay to Arpaniya,ilaloma nonini ira ko 60 ofad ko tamdaw tayraay i Kirisiya.[13] Tahira to i 2015miheca saka cecay folad saka cecay a romi’ad a piso’osi 2,893,005 ko tamdaw no Arpaniya.[14] \n\nO fodfod no finawlan i, o tada karetengay ’inorong no Arpaniya, o piso’osi no sifo to finacadan o Arpaniya ko saalomanay, cilafas a mahaop ko 97%, o caay a aloman ko tamdaw a finacadan caay ka pakaso’elin tona misa’osian no sifo,i kaka ho ka kaaloman no niyam a tamdaw saan. Do’edoen ko sa’osi i 2011 miheca, o kasa’isal no fanacadan: [15]\n\nPakatni tona sa’osi to tamdaw, o mamidipot to mamangay a finacadan a iingkai sowal saan: ka’imer a minengneng tona sa’osi, aka ka o sa’osi aca ko nanengnengen, nawhani, malawa a ko pidipot to mamangay a \n\n.[16]\n\nToloay aca koni haian no Arpaniya a mamangay finacadan, o Kirisiya, Maciton ato Montinikoro, ato tosa pakipunkaay a mamangay fanacadan o Aroma tamdaw ato Romu tamdaw.[17] O roma amamangay finacadan i, o Porkaniyatamdaw, Koran tamdaw,Saywirya tamdaw,Parkan Aicipoto tamdaw, Posiniya ato Yutaya tamdaw.\n\nO Kirisiya a Saop caay ka fana’ hakowaay ko so’elinay kaaloman no Kirisiya tamdaw,o Kirisiya sifo a sowal i ira ko 30 ofad ko mar’ay i Arpaniya a Kirisiya tamdaw saan, nikawrira, o Sa’etipay Kitakit a pinengneng 20 ofad ko tamdaw saan.[18] Ono Arpaniya sifo sa apisa’osi ’i, ‘edeng 2,4243 tamdaw.[19] Ono misaspayay no Amirika(CIA)a pinengneng i, pihaop no Kirisiya tamdaw i Arpaniya 0.9% aca sanay.[20]\n\nSowal(語言) \nNo kapolongan ato no sifo a sowal o Arpaniya sowal. \n\nO lalekoan a somowal ato pitilid nani tosa a niyaro’an a sowal:o i’amisay a Kaike sowal(Gheg) ato ikatimolat sowal(toskë anoca toskërisht) ona tosa a sowal salofhan a patateko, ano adihadihayay kono toskë a sowal mihaiay to ko alomanay. O kalala’edan nona tosa a sowal itiraay i Senkunpin ’alo(Arpaniya sowal:Lumi i Shkumbinit). Ono Kirisiya a sowal ikamaro’an no Kirisiya tamdaw i,malahedaway to koya to’asan ho teked no sowal. O roma a sowal i Arpaniya ira ho ko Aromaniya sowal, Saywiya sowal(Српски језик),Maciton sowal,Posiniya sowal, Porukariya sowal,Kulani ato Romaniya sowal.[21] itira sakawalian no Arpaniya i Pustik \n\ntokay o Maciton sowal ko kapolongan no sifo sowal. Itiya i 2011 miheca a sa’sosi no tamdaw, iraay ko 1,765,610 tamdaw, mahaop ko 98.767% a tamdaw ono winaay sowal ko Arpaniya sowal sanay, o Arpaniya sowal i o mitoro’an to sapipasifana’ a sowal no ka’emangay ato hasasowal i loma’.\n\nO Kirisiya sowal o sakatosa a sadihayay a sakacaciyaw i Arpaniya, mahaop ko 0.5% tara 3% a tamdaw o sakacecay a sowal no tireng sanay.[22] O cecay no kalitolo no laloma’an mafa’ay a somowal to no Kirisiya sowal.[23]\n\nMangayaay ato Kirisiya ko Arpaniya, o punka to o pili’etan to adihay ko kalapaliw, orasaka i satimolan no Arpaniya aloman ko somowalay to sowal no Kirisiya.[24]\n\nO citodongay no sifo a mikakinkiw i 2017 miheca, nani 25 tahira i 64 ko mihecaan a tamdaw, mahaop ko 39.0% a Arpaniya tamdaw saawaay ira ho ko cecay kafana’an a roma a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris i mahaop ko40.0%, do’edo sa o Itali sowal, mahop ko 27.8%, o mafa’ay to Kirisiya sowal mahaop ko 22.9%.[25] Ikararem no 25 ko mihecaan a kapah tamdaw no Arpaniya, matongal ko kacifaloco’ mihatatanam to Ikiris, Toic ato Torki a sowal, o cifaloco’ay to sapihatatanam to Itali ato Frans a sowal ’i, mahineknekay. \n\nTona pinapina a mihecan o kapah tada tata’ang ko kacifaloco’ mihatatanam to sowal no Toic, orasaka matatilid ko Arpaniya ato Toic to Patomaliway Kakaketonan, ta manga’ay ko katayra no kaph no Arpaniya i Toic a mihatatanam ato konlin to kicic, ta masasonga’ ko kafana’ to punka no tihi.[26]\n\nTona pinapina a miheca kali’eki ko kacakat no ’orip no Torki, makidkid ko kacifaloco’ no kapah no Arpaniya to sapihatatanamaw to so sowal no Torki,itra i tata’angay pitilidan ira ko pihatatanaman to punka ato pikinkiw.[27] O tata’angay pitilidan Epoka masimsim o safangcalay a pasifana’ay to sowal no roma a kitaki, mihai ko sifo no Arpaniya manga’ay to a pafeli to pileponan a tilid to mitiliday.[28]\n\nPunka (文化) \nO punka no Arpaniya i cilamlamay tono Contong punka（Ikiris sowal:Middle East，Arapiyasowal:الشرق الأوسط‎，Hipray sowal:המזרח התיכון‎）ato Sa’etipay punka, malapot ko Katelang Kirisiya, Katelang Roma punka, Paycantin Hontian Kitakit punka（Latin sowal:Imperium Romanum；Kirisiya sowal:Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων）,Otoman Hontian Kitakit punka(OtonanTorki sowal:دولت علیه عثمانیه‎，Torki sowal:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Kaping sowal:鄂圖曼帝國), caay konini aca ira ho kono Arpaniya a to’asan punka.\n\nO radiw no Arpaniya iraay ko tekedan no finacadan,nano to’as caay ka keton taha nini. Ano masasiikeikeday to ka’amisay a Gheg ato katimolay a Lab ato Tosk, ona tosaay a kada’edo’edo malacecayay ko katenak. O imi no radiwa i, sahetoay o palatohay to rikisi no Arpaniya, oya kaodfodan ato tadamaanay tamdaw. Oya radiw no to’as 「Himariot Isopoly」, matoro’ no UNESCO no Linhoko o malorocok nona hekal sanay.\n\nOno to’asan ho a ca’edong itiraay i kakafahekan ato ilisin a cilosid, itira i no finacadan a ka’acangan romi’ad,no kyokai a romi’ad,paka’etiman romi’ad, masakeroay a saop. O matitengay cica’edong tono to’asan a losid. O fanges no ’a’adopen, o fanoh no siri, o keriw ko sapisanga’ to losid, tahanini ono to’asan ho a konis ko mitinooyan.\n\nPitooran (宗教) \nI’ayaw no 1900 miheca,mitooray to ko Arpaniya tandaw ci Yisoan, nikawrira namicowat a micomod ko Torki Otoman Hontian Kitakit ’i, mafalic ko pitoor pasitira i Islam, saadihay sato ko mitooray to Islam a Muslin a tamdaw, o saadihayay tamdaw i Arpaniya, nikawrira, iraay ho ko mitooray ci Yisoan a alomanay i romaroma aniyaro’.\n\nO Islam a pitooran i,toloay ko kasa'iked, ilalomaan i tosa ko tata'angay a kasa'iked: o cecay Sunni Sa'iked (Arapiya sowal:أهل السنة والجماعة‎，ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Ǧamāʿah, Kaping sowal:遜尼派)， o cecay i o \n\nTona aniniay to a mihecaan, napikowanan no Arpaniya Matayalay Tang malalang ko polong no pitorran, itiya milekal ko Arpaniya odengan itini i hekal o caayay ka pakaso’elin to kawas a kitakit sanay. Tahira to i 1990 miheca saka 11 folad ano caacaayay ka falicen ko kinpo, mihai to ko sifo to kalotamdawan a pitoor to kawas.Anini to i naifaloco’ay sanay to ko pitoor to kawas caay to pilalang ko sifo.\n\nI 2001 miheca a pisa’sosi to tamdaw, itini i Arpaniya mahaop ko 58% ko mitooray to Islan Sonni Muslin, 2% o Isalm Tasen kyokai, 10% o Tinsikyo,7% o Rosiya Toncen Ciyaw, 0.2% o roma a kyokai a Keristo, 5.5% o roma ko pitooran, 14% cowa ka hapinang ko pitooran, o caay ka pakaso’elin to kawas i 2.5% aca ko tamdaw. Ititni Yoropa o saalomanay ko mitooray to Islam a ihekalay kitakit.\n\nPakayni tona pisa’osi to tamdaw i 2011 miheca , ira ko caay ka pihai tora nipasadakan a sa’osi, nawhani, adihay ko caay ka sa’osi a mitooray to Rosiya Toncen Ciyaw,[1] o misa’osian i edeng 34% no mitooray tona pitooran sanay.[2] Orasa o miciosaay a tamdaw ’i, awaay ko minengnengay o niyah sanay a patedo a mitilid sanay. Sa oninian ko pipacoli no fanawlan.\n\nDo’edoen ko piciosa no Citodongay to Pipamatang no Linhoko a pisa’osi i 2018 miheca, mahaop ko 62.7% caay ka pitoor to masamaanay a pitooran. 37% a Arpaniya tamdaw cecayay aca ko pitooran, i laloma’ nona 37% ’i, 52.06% o Muslin, 13.82% o Tinsokyo, 13.08% o Rosiya Tongcen Ciyaw, 7.5% o Paykesin Kyokai, 1,74% o Ciolo Kai. O osaw to i manayay a paca’of to piciosa.\n\nPihapinangan Tilid \n[1] Rural poverty in Albania. [2011-01-23]. (原始內容存檔於2010-01-05); Albania Poverty and wealth, Information about Poverty and wealth in Albania; UNDP Albania Practice Area - Poverty Reduction 網際網路檔案館的存檔, 存檔日期2013-06-13.\n\n[2] 俄羅斯衛星通訊社. 歐盟: 阿爾巴尼亞和馬其頓入歐談判或於2019年6月開始. 俄羅斯衛星通訊社. 2018-06-27 [2018-06-27] (中文).\n\n[3] Malacecayay ko「aotili Hontian Kitakit」ato「Syongyali Hontian Kitakit」a mikowan, sa pangangan han to「AOSYONG Hontian Kitakit」.\n\n[4] Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 202. ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3.\n\n[5] Syakaisyuki Kitakit o Rosya, Paokaliya,Romaniya,Toic Kapolongan Kitakit, Syonyali,Polan CiekoSlofako,Arpanoya, oninian a kitakit i,polongen a pangangan o Sawaliay Saopo hananay, matatoker ato nikeridan no Amirika a Sa’etipay Saopo, ona tosa a Saop malali’ang to romi’ami’ad nani kaherekan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal, o 「Li’etecay Lalood」hananay ko pipangangan.\n\n[6] 1997年3月28日 阿爾巴尼亞發生騷亂人民網，2003.03.28\n\n[7] A Brief History of the Administrative-territorial Organization in Albania 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2015-05-24.\n\n[8] A Brief History of the Administrative-territorial Organization in Albania. reformaterritoriale.al. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-09） （英語）.\n\n[9] Ndarja administrative, njësitë vendore në lagje dhe fshatra. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-25）.\n\n[10] Ndarja administrative, njësitë vendore në lagje dhe fshatra. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-25）.\n\n[11]Lake Ohrid; Invest in Macedonia – Agency for Foreign Investments of the Republic of Macedonia. InvestInMacedonia.com. [2017-06-03]. （原始內容存檔於2008年9月14日）.\n\n[12] Albania: People, CIA World Factbook, 2012. Retrieved on 6 April 2012\n\n[13] \"Albania: Looking Beyond Borders （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\". Migration Policy Institute.\n\n[14] Population of Albania 1 January 2016. Republic of Albania Institute of Statistics. （原始內容存檔於2017年7月13日）.\n\n[15] Population and Housing Census 2011. INSTAT (Albanian Institute of Statistics). （原始內容存檔於2017-08-03）.\n\n[16] Third Opinion on Albania adopted on 23 November 2011. Advisory Committee on the Framework for the Protection of National Minorities. [2017-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-14）.\n\n[17] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Albania : Overview. UNHCR. 2005-05-11 [2013-05-05].\n\n[18] Europa Publications. The Europa World Year Book 2008. Taylor & Francis. 2008-06-24 [2012-12-22]. ISBN 978-1-85743-452-1. （原始內容存檔於2013-02-24）. ... and Greece formally annulled claims to North Epirus (southern Albania), where there is a sizeable Greek minority. ... strained by concerns relating to the treatment of ethnic Greeks residing in Albania (numbering an estimated 300,000) ...ono \n\n[19] Census 2011 Data: Resident population by ethnic and cultural affiliation. The Institute of Statistics of Republic of Albania. [2014-04-05]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-13）.\n\n[20] Albania. U.S. Department of State. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-24）.\n\n[21] The Greek language is widely spoken in Albania (H Ελληνική γλώσσα γίνεται καθομιλουμένη στην Αλβανία). Kathimerini. [2017-06-12].\n\n[22] Languages of Albania. [2010-10-31]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-23）.\n\n[23] The Second Most Spoken Languages Around the World. Kathimerini. [2017-06-12]. .5% speak it as first language.\n\n[24] Nitsiakos, Vasilēs G. Balkan Border Crossings: Second Annual of the Konitsa Summer School. LIT Verlag Münster. 2011: 150. ISBN 9783643800923 （英語）. in the Albanian south... The Greek language is spoken by an important percentage of the Albanians of the south.\n\n[25] Press release of the Adult Education Survey (PDF). Albanian Institute of Statistics. 2018-05-10 [2018-05-23].\n\n[26] Gjuha gjermane, shumë e kërkuar në Shqipëri. albinfo.ch. albinfo. 2014-04-10 [2018-05-26].\n\n[27] Në Shqipëri vazhdon të rritet interesi për gjuhën turke. voal.ch. voal. 2016-10-05 [2018-05-26].\n\n[28] Bledi Mane. 10 universitetet me cilesore te shqiperise. gazetatema.net. TemA. 2011-09-17 [2018-05-26].\n\n[29] al:AK- Nishanit: Hiqi ‘Urdhrin e Skënderbeut’ Janullatosit, dekoro themeluesit e Kishës Autoqefale Shqiptare (LETRA) | Gazeta Tema. [2018-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-16）. Gazeta Tema. [2018-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.\n\n[30] Official Declaration: The results of the 2011 Census regarding the Orthodox Christians in Albania are totally incorrect and unacceptable. orthodoxalbania.org. [22 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2014）.","num_words":6197,"character_repetition_ratio":0.054,"word_repetition_ratio":0.035,"special_characters_ratio":0.253,"stopwords_ratio":0.015,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":12999.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Awtili","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Austria(奧地利共和國)\n\nAwtili Kapolongan Kitakit(奧地利共和國)\n\nTakaray Sowal(概況) \n\nO Awtili Kapolongan Kitakit( Toic a sowal:Österreich) kalopitahidang o Awtili hananay, i sifo’ no Yoropa a i kamoday no karapaw a kitakit,nikawrira, pakaynien i rikisi a minengeng nipasasiikedan o Sa’etipay a Citatapangay Salongoc Kitakit ato Sawaliay a Citatapangay Salongoc Kitakit. Adihayay ko kasafiyaw no Awtili kitakit,isakawali malafiyaw ato Syongyali(Syongyali a sowal:Magyarország) ato Selofako(Selofako a sowal:Slovenská republika), isakatimol o Itali ato Serowiniya(Serowiniya sowal:Republika Slovenija), isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Licitonston kitakit(Toic a sowal :Fürstentum Liechtenstein) ato Suwis Kapolongan Kitakit(Toic a sowal:Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft；Fransu a sowal:Confédération Suisse; o kalopitahidang a ngangan ono Latin a sowal:Confœderatio Helvetica), isaka’amis malafiyaw ato Toic ato Cieko(Cieko a sowal:Česká republika，kalopitahidan o Česko hananay).\n\nO syoto i satata’angay a tokai Wiyiena(Toic a sowal:Wien; Holam a sowal:維也納), o tamdaw nona tokai i,860 ’ofad.[1] O dadahal no sekalay a pala 83.855㎢, patokeled han itiraay i Arpis lotok kona kitakit, sa mapangangan to lotolotokan kitakit, o ‘edeng mahaop ko 32% a pala nani riyaran lalen i la’enoay no 500m ko ka’akawang, sahetoay takaraway a pala, o satakaraway a katokoh i 3,798 m ko ka’akawang.[2]\n\nO aniniay to a Awtili kitakit, o Pikaykian Faco , o kapolongan a kitakit, 9 ko kasapolong no sakowam.[3] O ceceay no sacipaysoay a kitakit i polong nitahepoan no kakarayan a kitakit, i 2012 miheca a pisahapinang i,o polong a ‘eten no kapolongan malawisay to ko 46,330 Amirika payso. O Cemahadan a Sa’osi no Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Human Development Index，decdec a tilid:HDI; Holam a sowal:人類發展指數或人類發展水準) i polong no sekal a kitakit o saka21 a kasarayaray(o polong ira ko 199 a kitakit), patokeled sa nani 1995 miheca o kapot tono Yoropa Lekatep,[2] o cecay no sarakatay a mipatirengay to OECD(經濟合作暨發展組織（簡稱經合組織；Ikiris a sowal:Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;Holam a sowal:經濟合作暨發展組織,簡稱經合組織）.[3] I 1995 miheca mipangangan i Sinken Kapolongan a Katatelekan(Toic a sowal:Schengener Abkommen；Fransu a sowal:Convention de Schengen；Olanta a sowal:Verdrag van Schengen；Holam a sowal:申根公約 )[4] sakalahoday no tamdaw a macacofecofel. I 1999 a mihecaan mihai to payso no Yoropa, 2002 miheca satapang a kalapaysoen ko payso no Yoropa.\n\nO Awtili a kitakit i, mikowanay to sifo’ay a Yoropa nani 650 miheca taha 1918 mihecaan, o citatodongay a mikowan i,o Hapuspaw Honti(Hapuspaw Laloma’an: Habsburg), o Syoto no Sinsie Roma Hontian Kitakit ato Awsyong Hontian Kitakit ko Wiyiena,o roma sato ’i,o kamaro’an no Awtili finacadan itiraay i kamaro’an no Lierman finacadan(Latin a sowal:Germani，Toic a sowal:Germanen; Holam a sowal:日耳曼人).\n\nO sowal i, malecaday ato Toic, Suisu ato Losinpao o Toic a sowal ko kasasowal. Pakaynien i rikisi madadecdecay ko kalalitin ato sifo’ay Yoropa, sa’etipay Yoropa a Syongyali, Cieko ato Polan a kitakit.\n\nO ngangan(名稱) \n\nSano Toicen a sowal ko Awtili i o Österreich hananay,ona ngangan i nani laheta a sowal no Toic o「Ostarrîchi」，ona tilid tonini i o matiliday i 996 miheca,[5] o「sawalian lilis no masapncahay」sanay ko imi nonini.Ona tilid i,latek itiyaayho sasifo’an sici o malecaday to Latin a tilid Marchia orientalis, oni felih nani niyaro’an sowal no Pafaliya Toic sowal. Oroma sato ’i, latek nani sowal no itiniay a tamdaw to pipangangan to cecay a tokos, o Slofaniya sowal「Ostravica」, papolo no tokos sanay ko imi, nawhani, masatono’ay ko ’apilis no tokos itini. Ono Holam a pangangan i toor hananay to kono \na sowal a mifelih.\n\nO Awtili sanay a ngangan i,o Latin a ngangan mifelihan nani Toic a pangangan, sarakatay a ma’araw i tilid ’i, itiyaay ho i 12 sici,[6] itiya ho o pala no Awtili i,itiraay aca i fafa’eday(Toic a sowal:Oberösterreich; Holam a sowal:上奧地利邦） ato la’enoay a sakowan (Toic a sowal:Niederösterreich; Holam a sowal:下奧地利) no Awtili, ono sakawaliay no Pafaliya kitakit a pala.\n\nRikisi (歷史)\n\nKatelangan ho a fakelohan mihecahecaan(舊石器時代) \nAno do’edoen ko makeraay no mikakarkaray tono to’asa a dafong,itiya ho i katelangay a o fakeloh ko saktayal a mihecahecan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini tona palapalaan. I ’ayaw ho Roma a mihecahecan, iraay to pinapina a niyaro’ no Korto Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Celt; Holan a sowal:凱爾特人) itini a ma’orip. To ikor to i, macowat no Roma Hontian Kitakit, malacecay a sakowan no Roma.\n\nFalanko Hontian Kitakit(法蘭克帝國時期) \nYo malikelon to ko ’icel no Roma, madado’edo ko Syong Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Huns; Holam a sowal:匈人）, Lonpati Tamdaw(Latin a sowal:Langobardi;Italiya a sowal:Longobardi;Holam a sowal:倫巴底人）,Tonkoto Tamdaw(Ostrogoths; Holam a sowal:東哥德人）, Pafaliya Tamdaw ato Falanko Tamdaw a micowat ton apala.\n\nO cecay a Slafo niyaro’ maforaw a tayra i Arpis Tokos,’ecoen nangra a maro’ ko aniniay a sasifo’an ato sawalian no Awtili, patireng to Kalantaniya a Hontian Kitakit. I 788 miheca, macowat ni Cali Honti (o Honti no Falanko Kitakit) kona pala,tahidangen ningra ko finawlan a tayni maforaw, patirengen ningra ko Kriato Pitooran. Naikoran ni Cali Honti i,malacinowas ko Falanko Kitakit,o Awtili a palapalan i,siiked sa malasakowan no Sawliay Falanko Hontian Kitakit, itiya ho kona palapalan i,o「marchia Orientalis」hananay a pangangan, o 「Sawaliay a Saowacan Pala」sanay ko imi nira, o Pafaliya a kakita’an ko mikowanay. 976 miheca, matoro’ ci Liawpito mala Kakita’an no Babenberger kitakit,(巴奔堡王朝）, malo misi’ayaway a mitoker to Nanslafo Tamdaw ato Syongyali Tamdaw.\n\nO Hapospaw Laloma’an a mihecahecan(哈布斯堡家族統治時期) \nSarakatay a ma’araw i tilid ko Awtili a ngangan itiyaay ho i 996 mihecaan(nengnengen ko i fafa'eday a cisu), itiya ho 「Ostarrîchi」hananay a mitilid, o「Sawaliay a Saowacan Pala」sanay ko imi,o nani katelang a Toic sowal a mifelihan konini. 1156 miheca,mapaini no Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit (Toic asowal:Heiliges Römisches Reich；Latin a sowal:Sacrum Romanum Imperium) to「Mamangay tekedan Salongoc」(Latin a sowal:Privilegium Minus) ko Awtili ta macakat malasakowan no niyaro’an a tapang; tahira sato i 1192 miheca, o Babenberger Kitakit maala ho maloniyah ko Stayliya Hotian Kitakit(Toic a sowal:Herzogtum Steiermark; Holam a sowal:史泰利亞公國 )。\n\n1246 miheca, mapatay ko honti no Awtili ci Fitili Sakatosa(Toic a sowal:FriedrichⅡ) i Layta ’Alo a lalood, lahedaw sato ko mamirocok a tamdaw, sanoyanan sato a mala mikowanan no Posimiya, ci Porimiser Awtoka Sakatosa( Přemysl Otakar II) ko honti itiya. Nilawrira,i 1278 miheca, Porimiser Awtoka Sakatosa malowid no honti no Toic ci Lotawfu Fon Hapospaw(Rudolf von Habsburg), sanoyanan sato makowan no Hapospaw Laloma’an tahira i sakacecay lalood no ’emin no nitahepoan no kakarayan(1278~1914).\n\nItiya sato i 14~15 sici pa’icel sa ko Hapospaw Laloma’an a pasipapotal a micowat to pala. 1526 miheca ma’eco to ko Posimiya ato Syongyali(ca a caay ho ka ’eco no Awtoman Hontian Kitakit), saadihay sato ko fangafang ato roma a kitakit. Oya lalood i Wiyiena i 1683 miheca saka 9 folad saka 12 folad, mikadep ato nani Polan a mamidama a sofitay, o nini ko saka lowid no Awtoman Hontian Kitakit, tona lalood mataker ko sapicowataw no Awtoman Hontian Kitakit pasitira i sasifo’an no saka’etip no Yoropa, materek ho ko Hapospaw Laloma’an a ’icel i sasifo’an Yoropa. Toikor cakapitolas ko picacowat to pala no roma a kitakit, orasaka i 1699 miheca matatilid atoAwtoman Hontian Kitakit to Kalowici Kakaketonan(Treaty of Karlowitz;卡洛維茨條約),maha’emin to no Awtili a mi’eco ko Syongyali, onian ko samatiya sato ko Hapospaw Laloma’an o Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit, ona pikowan no Hapospaw tahira i 1806 miheca i katekopan no Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit.\n\nYo macakat to ko Polosi, malengat ko Awtili ato Polosi mala’afas to pala no Toic, matokeled sa ko Awtili mapolong ato Polosi ato Rosiya kinatosa mapapecih to Polan(saka kinacecay ato sakakinatolo).\n\nAwtili Hontian a Pikowan(奧地利帝國皇帝) \n1806 miheca,matekop ko Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit,i’ayaw nonini to tosa a mihecaan, milekal ko saikoray a honti no Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit ci Francilanci II(Totic a sowal:Franz II; Holam a sowal:法蘭茲二世) o Honti no Awtili Hontian Kitakit kako saan, o mikowatan a sakowanan i, o Awtili ko sasifo’an a pasapaotal mahaop ko mikowanan pala no Hapospaw Laloma’an. Tahira sato i 1867 miheca,o sapipalasawadaw to fangafangan toya PoAw kalaloodan(Deutscher Krieg;Toic a laloma’an a lalood hananay ho a pangangan), mapaci’eci ko Hapospaw Laloma’an a misodod to Tada Kakeridan no Syongyali, mafalic ko ngangan no Awtili Hontian Kitakit to Awsyong Hontian Kitakit, yo itiraay i mikowanan no Syongyali a pala mapacakat malakitakit no Syongyali, mapatireng kono niyah a Honti,Lipoin no kitakit (soraratan no kitakit) ato milisataay to mipacomodan a dafong; o matiniay a demak i,tangasa i kalahecian no Sakacecay a Kalalood no Nitahepoan no Kakarayan a Kitakit. Malowid ko Awsyong Hontian Kitakit tona lalood, macacinowanowas masamamangay a kitakit, ilaloma’ nona adihaay a mamangay a kitakit i,oya pecih no Nailaytaniya(Cisleithania，Toic a sowal:Cisleithanien，Syongyali a sowal:Ciszlajtánia; Holam a sowal:內萊塔尼亞) mapatireng mala Sarakatay a Kapolongan Kitakit, malalang to sakatatekoaw ato Toic(oya Wima Kapolongan Kitakit,Toic a sowal:Weimarer Republik; Holam a sowal:威瑪共和國). 1938 miheca, NaciToic(Toic a sowal:Nationalsozialistische Deutschland，o sifo no Toic a pitahidang i,sano Toic a sowal: Deutsches Reich; Holan a sowal:納粹德國), malaheci no Toic a mipolng ko Toic ato Awtili, tahita i kaherekan no sakatosa a lalood no polng no kitakit.\n\nCowa ka Pisakakinih a Kitakit a Tahada’oc(永久中立國) \nYo malowid to ko NaciToic i sakatosa a lalood no polong a kitakit, o Malekatepay Kitakit (Toic a sowal:Besetztes Nachkriegsösterreich) ko mikowanay to Awtili, i 1945 miheca, yo matatilid to kaketonan ko Malekatepay Kitakit to Awtili Kitakit a Katatelekan(Austrian State Treaty; oroma a pangangan i o Austrian Independence Treaty)[7], milekal ko Awtili akitakit caay ka pisakakinih pasicowa a kitakit a taha da’oc, oya mi’ecoay to Awtili a sofitay no Malekatepay Kitakit tatootoor sato a miliyas to Awtili, sano yanan sato a Misaiked to Niyahpikowan ko Awtili taha nini. Itiya sato i 1989 miheca matekop ko Kyosanto a Sifo no Sa’etipay Yoropa, sarahoday sato ko pikapot no Awtili i Yoropa a malacecay, tokeled sa i 1995 miheca mikapot to Yoropa a Malekatepay, i 1999 miheca mikapot to kalacecay no payso no Yoropa(Eurozone;歐元區).[8]\n\nSici (政治)\n\nTosaay ko Pikaykian no Kitakit(國會兩院制) \nAdihay ko kasasiromaroma a kasafelaw(centang政黨) no Awtili, o masa’osiay i,ira ko Syakaiminsyu Kasafelaw(SPÖ), ira ko Awtili Finawlan a Rekad(ÖVP),ira ho ko Awtili Naifaloco’ay Rekad(FPÖ)，ato Langdaway Kasafelaw.\n\nO sakakaay a tapang no Awtili kitakit i, o congtong, ‘enem miheca miliyaw a mitopa a misinkiw to ongtong ko finawlan. O congtong ko mitoro’ay to mamalasoli(todongay o sincenyiencang no Taywan) a tamdaw, to hatiniay to a lafin i,o kakeridan no saalomanay ko king i Kararemay Pikaikian ko matoro’ay a malasoli. O misang’ay to rikec no kitakit a pikaikian no Awtili i tosaay, o miocoran no kahacecacecay a sakowan 46 ko tamdaw itira i Fafa'eday Pikaikian(Bundesrat:o kapolongan sakowan a pikaikian), ato o misinkiwan ko kalaking no 183 ko tamdaw i Kararemay Pikaikian(Nationalrat:fainawlan a pikaikian hananay). Ona tosaay a pikaikian i, o Kararemay Pikaikian ko ikakaay ko ’icel, nawhani, o misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit, citatodong a midemak to pisatapangan no fa’elohay a sifo a matayal, pasetek a milaheci to kasanawsawan to tayal no sifo ato matayalay a palasawad to kamaro’an. O Fafa'eday Pikaikian i,o mipasadakay to salongoc no kahacecacecay no sakowan i Kararemay Pikaikian, ano ca kapihai i,malalang ko misanga’an a sarikec,nikawrira , ano paci’eci sa ko Kararemay Pikaikian toya rikec i, tatiihay to miliyaw a milalang toya malaheciay to a sarikec.\n\nNa kalahecian no Sakatosa Nitahepoan no Kakarayan a Lalood, o pasiwiliwiliay no sasifo’an a Syakaiminsyuto(Toic a sowal:Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs，decdecan a tilid:SPÖ）, ato pasakawakawanan no sasifo’an a Awtili Finawlan a Rekad(Toic a sowal:Österreichische Volkspartei，decdecan a tilid:ÖVP) malacafay a patireng to Kapapolong a Sifo, caay ka hakowa ko matiniay a sifo i Yoropa.\n\nO SPÖ i,o saalomanay ko kiing, o sakakaay a Sician Rekad, orasak 30 ko kahalafin malakakeridan no sifo ko niocoran nona kasarekad. 2002 miheca saka 9 folad,ona mapolongay a rekad a sifo, ca kalacecay ko miharatengan ato mitayalan, orasaka, macacoliay to romo’ami’ad, oya sa to malatapangay no sifo a kakeridan no Awtili Finawlan a Rekad(ÖVP) ci Orfukang Sisayl( Wolfgang Schüssel) lekal sato to pipalasawad to Pikaikian. Toya miheca(2000) saka 11 a folad a sinkiw pakaala to 79 ko tamdaw malakiin, mahaop ko 42.3% a satopa no finawlan, miliyaw o saalomanay ko kiing i pikaikian, orasaka satanektek sato ko paranaan no SPÖ. Oya sato ya saka’aised FPÖ Rekad(Toic a sowal:Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs)，caay to kahakowa ko maalaay, ‘edeng to 18 ko kiing, mahop sa 10.1% ko satopa no finawlan.\n\n「Tata’angay a Mapolongay Sifo」(大聯合政府) \nIttiya sato i 2006 miheca saka 10 folad saka cecay romi’ad a sinkiw o SPÖ Rekad i, samisimisi sa ko kaadihay a citiwtiw ko satopa, malowid ko roma a rekad, miliyaw heca a ci’icel to demak no kitakit, onini ko sapiliyaw a mipatireng to「Tata’angay a Mapolongay Sifo」ato FPÖ Rekad.\n\nCaka halafin kona「Tata’angay a Mapolongay Sifo」, 2008 miheca macacoli kona tosaay a sician rekad macacoli to pakayniay i Yosang(o sakatatayalen a payso no kitakit), sawad sato ko ÖVP Rekad a mikapot to tayal no sifo, tona miheca i saka 9 folad saka 28 romi’ad pasaharakat sato a miliyaw a misinkiw ko Awtili to kiing no Pikaykian no Kitakit, o SPÖ Rekad ato ÖVP Rekad to toktok sa ko ‘icel a misinkiw, nikawrira, to hatiniay to a lafin o saawaay ko satopa no finawlan tona sinkiw,o SPÖ Rekad adihay ko kalowan no satopa ’edeng sato 30%, malowan to 11 tamdaw ko kiing, nikawrira, samisimisi sa ikaka to 3.3% pakalowid to ÖVP Rekad, sa halafin sato ko kasasowal nona tosa a Rekad, masasolosolol to niyah a misaharatengan a miliyaw a patireng to「Tata’angay a Mapolongay Sifo」, o kakeridan no SPÖ ci Wierna Faiman(Werner Faymann) ko malatapangay no sifo.\n\nPakaka ko kalowan no satopa no citatodongay to tayal no sifo(執政黨選票創新低) \nItiya to i 2013 miheca saka 9 folad saka 29 romi’ad a pisinkiwan i, o maalaay a satopa no ÖVP ato SPÖ, nani 200 miheca a sikiw oyanan to a malowan, malalikec i mahaopay ’edeng 24.0% ato 26.8% ko satopa, papolong han ko nini caka hakowa ko matifacay a satopa, dadengdeng sa a matafesiw ko fatad no polong a kiing no pikaykian a pakapatireng to「Mapolongay Sifo」, nani katomirengan no Sakatosa a Kapolongan Sifo o sasafaay ko ’icel nona aniniay a sifo. Oya caay ho ka laheci a mikaykic a terangan a montay,o kasanawsawan to kalacecay no Yoropa cowa ka pakafilo amisanga’ay to saka’orip no tamdawdaw, o katata’ang a kafalic no Sa’etipay a Yoropa, o maforaway atamdaw mi’eco to itiratiraay aca a maro’ a tamdaw makadkad ko samaamaany a fangafang,micowat pasiwali ko Yoropa, adihay ko matiniay a montay o lalowadan no rawraw konini, orasaka milekop a miliyas ko finawlan to ÖVP ato SPÖ a pasitira i pakakaay ko pasikawananay a kasafelaw(rekad), onini ko macakat ko pidama no finawlan to pasikawananay a kasafelaw no Awtili Naifaloco’ay Kasafelaw(Toic a sowal:Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs，decdecan a tilid:FPÖ）) i 2013 miheca a sinkiw pakaala to 21% a satopa, ngata han to ko mipatireng to sifo a kasafelaw(rekad). Caay ko nini aca ko kalacemceman no mitayalay to sici, ira ko maro’ay i Kanata a tada cipaysoay a Awtili a tamdaw ci Frank Stronach mipatireng tono niyah a kasafelaw, caho ka samiheca mikapot tona sikiwa pakaala to 5.7% a satopa, 10 ko tamdaw to malakiingay, sa itini to a mahapinang ko miharatengan no tamdaw no Awtili, ma’esamen to aniniay a sici ato kicai pasitira sanay to i milekopay ko faloco’.\n\n2017 miheca saka 10 folad saka 15 folad a sinkiw, ÖVP a kasfelaw maala ko 62 tamdaw a kiing no 183 a kiing, oya icilaay a sinkiw a sakakay ko mialaan a kiing o SPÖ, tona aniniay a sinkiw 52 aca ko maalaay a kiing, matefad mala sakatosa ko rayray, o FPÖ a kasafelaw 51 ko maalaay a kiing, o sakakaay to ko ÖVP a kasafelaw i pikaykian no kitakit. Malaheci to kona sinkiw, o kakeridan no ÖVP ci Kuerci tangsoosol sa a patireng to「Mapolongay Sifo」ato FPÖ,ta malatapang no sifo ci Kuerci ,itini rikisi no Awtili o saka’emangay ko mihecaan ni Kuerci. Nikawrira, tosa mihwca cifangafang ko FPÖ ato Rosiya, mapalasawad ko 「Mapolongay Sifo」, mapalasawad ko kalatapng ni Kuerci. Tona miheca a sinkiw mala o sakakaay ko ÖVP, tangsol sa patireng to「Mapolongay Sifo」ato Langdaway Kasafelaw.\n\nKaa’isal no sakowan(行政區劃) \nSiwaay ko tata’angay sakowan(Bundesland), ikararem nona sakowan micikcikan ho to 84 a kalosakowan(Bezirk), ikararem ho nonini o tata’angay niyaro’(Stadt) ato kaloniyaro’(Gemeinde):\n\n2005 mihecan a so’osi, nani Awtili pisa’osiay.\n\nPalapalaan(地理) \n\nO Awtili i, ikemoday no paraopaw a kitakit,nani sa’etipan pasawali a masa’apilis, o Alpis a lotolotokan pasado’edo ko sakwali ato sa’etip nona kitakit,onini ko kacingangan no Awtili to kakahemekan no misalamaay i kasi’enawan. O dadahal no lotok i, mahaopay ko 70% no polong no sera no kitakit, o satakaraway a ’apocok nona lotok i, o Tata’angay Korokona Lotok(Großglockner), o takaraw i, nani tongroh no riyar 3798m ko akawang. I ka’amis no sawalian i, o masadangahay a pala a Wiena, katimol no sawalian ato ka’amis i, o tapohopohokan a pala. Tonaw ’Alo pasika’amis no sawalian ko rakat no nanom,ilaloma’ no Awtili 350 km ko kato’edaw nona ’alo. Isakatimol nona kitakit ira ko Mula ’Alo(Mura) ato Tolawa ’Alo(Delaware River), isak’etip ira ko In ’Alo(Inn) ato Salcahe ’Alo(Salzach). O polong no Awtili i, o kafafalican no sa’emelay a riyariyaran a kakarayan (Temperate marine climate) ato o masengeray a karapawan a kakarayan, orasaka, kasi’enawan ki’etecay kaciferangan sa’emaelay.\n\nO Kilakilangan no Awtili mahaop ko 46.7% ko katahepoh no polong no kitakit.[9] O syoto tatapangan a tokai Wiena itiraay i lawac no Tonaw ’Alo. O roma a tokai i ira ko Salspaw(Salzburg), ira ko Insporoko(Innsbruck), Kolaci tokai(Graz) ato Lici tokai(Linz).\n\nO polong a kakahad no pala no Awtili i 83883㎢.\n\nKicai(經濟) \nO mafafalicay to dafong a kicai(market economy) no Awtili i,tada cemahaday,o ’orip no kalotamdaw tadarihadayay.Patokeled han cemahaday ko misanga’ay to dafong, ira ko \n\n, ira ko misanga’ay to kikai,kasoling a simal, ira ko dagong no simal,ira ko dingki, tinooy, misakilangay, ira ho ko nanom a dingki. O nipahafayan i, o kolong ato diyong. O liomah i, o potato, dateng, kalo’emi ato ’alilay.\n\nO kicai no Awtili i, tada kodemet ko kalalitiliting ato Yoropa Lekatep,mangalef ko kanga’ay ato Toic. Na pikapotan no Awtili i Yoropa Lekatep tangsol sa a malacecay ko kakafalic to dafong ato Yoropa a kitakit,orasaka matongal ko kaadihay no micomoday a payso to sapitayal to maamaan a demak. I 2006 mihecaan a kapolongan ’etan(GDP)macakat to 3.3%.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nMahaop ko 92% o Awtili a Finacadan kako sanay ko Awtili a tamdaw. Tahira to i 1990 mihecaan, aloman ko maforaway nani Naslafo a tamdaw, sa cilamlam sato to roma a finacadan. Ona finacadan no Awtili i, ano pasasi’ike’ikeden a misaheto o Kaciaso a Finacadan(Caucasian race, Caucasoid), o Yoropa Finacadan hananay ho a mitahidan.\n\n(Europid), ono Alpis a siiked, ’edeng sato mahaop ko 10% cowa ko nano Awtili a Finacadan, oninian a tamdaw i o maforaway nani taliyokay a kitakit, patosiay ko nani Kasa’etipay a Yoropa a maforaway tayni a tamdaw.\n\nOroma sato ira ko cecay ofad cisafaw to falo a patek a maforaway a tayni a Slofaniya Kitakit a Tamdaw(Republika Slovenija), saopo sanay amaro’ i Kalinsiya ato Stiliya Sakowan.\n\nO Awtili i o kacacefelifelisan no tata’angay a finacadan no Yoropa(Lerman Finacadan, Slafo Finacadan ato Latin Finacadan) itini, o kapolongan no Lerman a Aleman Tamdaw, Pafaliya Tamdaw ato Frangko Tamdaw ko Awtli a tamdaw, mialaay ho to saiteked no Macaer Tamdaw, Syongnu Tamdaw, Slafo Tamdaw ato mala Romaay Tamdaw a yuencumin. Ona tamtamdaw i ano milecalecaday to Toic ko To’as ato sowal, iraay kono niyah a saiteked a mala no niyahan a finacadan.\n\nMatafesiw ko fatad a tamdaw no Awtili mitooray to Kristo a Pitooran,[12] ilaloma’ no nini i, mahaop ko 59.9% a tamdaw o RomaTinsikyo, 6% o Mo’ecelay Kyokai, 3.5% o Loto Kyokai, 4% o roma a misafa’elohay a pitooran. Oroma a pitooran ira ho ko Islam Pitooran(65), Pukyo(Mipaypayay) ato Indo Pitooran.\n\nItiyaho ’alomanay ko Yotaya a tamdaw maro’ itini, 1930 mihecaan i, cisafaway to mo’etep ofad ko ka’aloman no Yotaya a tmadaw,nikawrira, masiwar no Sakatosa a Lalood no Kanatal a Ma’emin, safahal a marowan ko tamdaw no Yotaya.1900 a pisa’osi i, o polong ira ko 6,003,845 ko tamdaw, tahira sato i 2017miheca saka 3 folad saka 14 romi’ad a pisa’osi i, o polong ira ko 8,598,375 ko tamdaw no Awtili.\n\nSowal (語言) \nOno sifoan a sowal i,o Toic a Sowal,o kalocaciyaw to romo’ami’ad i, o Ifafa’eday Toic Sowal: La’enoay Alomani sowal, Sasifoa’an Pafaliya Sowal, La’enonay Pafaliya Sowal, tata’angat ko kasasiroma ato mitilidan. Ono Awtili a lalekoan no Toic sowal ato lalekoan no Toic a sowal no itiraay i Toic a tamdaw caay ka lalen.\n\nKyoiku(教育) \nItiya ho i 1774 a mihecaan,o pecih ho a sakowan no Sinsie Hontian Roma Kitakit ko Awtili, milingato to ko Kakita’an ci Maliya Tolisiya a misanga’ to Sapipasifana’ a Faco, o kapolongan sifo ko mikowanay to kyoiku no Awtili,6~15 ko mihecaan a ka’emangay i, 9 ko mihecaan ko nipaci’ecian a kyoiku, o polong a faco no kyoiku 4 ko kasalowis: no wawa a pihatatanam, o sarakatay a pihatatanam, sasifo’ay pihatatanam ato sakakaay a pihatatanam.\n\nPunka (文化) \nTada ’aloman ko itiniay ko sofoc a misanga’ay to rariw:\n Hayton(Franz Joseph Haydn)\n Mocalto(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)\n Supoto(Franz Seraphicus Peter Schubert),\nira ho ko romaroma atamdaw; o tadatata’angay ko ngangan a tadamaanay tamdaw:mikakinkiway to wli ci Pociman(Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann) ato ci Sietingko(Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger); Tapang no Naci Toic ci Hitora(Adolf Hitler),o mikakinkiway to kakarayan ci Payerpahe(Georg von Peuerbach), o mikakinkiway to niharatengan no tamdaw ci Wikenstan(Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein), o mikakinkiway to pisa’osi ci Kotoer(Kurt Friedrich Gödel), o mifafohatay to ifaloco’ay ci Foroito(Sigmund Freud), o mi’alolicay ci Rosaykoer(Peter Rosegger) ato micokaay ci Kolinmo(Gustav Klimt)。\n\nTo’as a Ilisinan (傳統節日)\n\nPisalalaan no lafang(觀光) \n\nO tadamaanay a sakacidafongan ko Pisalamaan no Lafang a tayal no Awtili, o kaci’etan no dafong i, mahaop ko 9% no GDP no Awtili.[13] O mipalafangay a tamdaw i, masawkeday i kacifwrangan ato kasi’enawan, o kasaopoan no lafanga i, itiraay i sakatosa afolad ato nani sakapito a folad tahira i sakafalo a folad. I 2007 miheca o Lacal no Kanatal a Ma’emin a ’etan o sakafalo a rayray ko Awtili,o polong a ’etan i, 189 ’ok ko payso no Amirika.[15]\n\nO palacalay a miholol no kanatal a ma’emin o saka12 ko rayray ko Awtili, ira ko 2080 ofad ko palafangay a tayni.[16] O pipalafangan a tokai caay ka o ’edeng o Sarspaw ato Wiyiena, o pitaparan no Alpis tokos o kakahemakan no mihololay.o ni safulo a mitilidan konini.\n\nTahapinangan Tilid \n[1] Austria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 May 2009 [31 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔於10 June 2009）; Lonnie Johnson 17; Probezählung 2006 – Bevölkerungszahl (PDF). Statistik Austria. 31 October 2006 [27 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-06-20）德語）.\n[2] Austria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 May 2009 [31 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔於10 June 2009）; Jelavich 267.\n[3] Austria About. OECD. [20 May 2009].（原始內容存檔於6 May 2009）.\n[4] Austria joins Schengen. Migration News. May 1995 [30 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2009-07-07）.\n[5] University of Klagenfurt. [2 October 2009].（原始內容存檔於13 May 2011）; Bischof, Günter; Pelinka, Anton (編). Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. 1997: 20–21 [14 June 2018]. ISBN 978-1-56000-902-3.（原始內容存檔於14 June 2018）.\n[6] Brauneder, Wilhelm. Österreichische Verfassungsgeschichte 11th. Vienna: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung. 2009: 17. ISBN 978-3-214-14876-8.\n[7] 廖福特.國際法對於戰時中立及永久中立國之規範.台灣國際研究學會.2015-11-29.\n[8] Countries, languages, currencies. Interinstitutional style guide. the EU Publications Office. [2 February 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-17）.\n[9] （簡體中文）糧食組織森林面積及其變化[1][永久失效連結]\n[10] Tony Judt（東尼賈德）. Ill Fares the Land（厄運之地－給崩世代的建言）. 臺灣新北市: 遠足文化事業有限公司. 2014年1月: 64. ISBN 978-986-5727-00-0 （中文）.\n[11] Sankar, Pamela. MEDLINE definitions of race and ethnicity and their application to genetic research. Nature Genetics. June 2003, 34 (2): 119. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 12776106. S2CID 8927634. doi:10.1038\/ng0603-119 （英語）.\n[12] Tony Judt（東尼賈德）. Ill Fares the Land（厄運之地－給崩世代的建言）. 臺灣新北市: 遠足文化事業有限公司. 2014年1月: 64. ISBN 978-986-5727-00-0 （中文）.\n[13] TOURISMUS IN ÖSTERREICH 2007 (PDF). BMWA, WKO, Statistik Austria. May 2008 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-12-18） （德語）.\n[14] TOURISMUS IN ÖSTERREICH 2007 (PDF). BMWA, WKO, Statistik Austria. May 2008 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-12-18） （德語）.\n[15] UNTWO World Tourism Barometer, Vol.6 No.2 (PDF). UNTWO. June 2008 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-08-19）.\n[16] UNTWO World Tourism Barometer, Vol.6 No.2 (PDF). UNTWO. June 2008 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-08-19）.","num_words":6143,"character_repetition_ratio":0.048,"word_repetition_ratio":0.038,"special_characters_ratio":0.237,"stopwords_ratio":0.017,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":10567.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belarus","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Belarus（kuwaping a sowal：白俄羅斯）\n\nPayworos Kapolongan a Kitakit白俄羅斯共和國\n\nTakaray a Sowal(概略) \nO ngangan no Payworos Kapolongan a Kitakit（Rosiya a sowal: Беларусь，Romaan:Biełaruś）, ono kapolongan a pangangan i,「Payoros」ano ca 「Payow」hananay ko pitahidang.[1],[2],[3] ona kitakit i,itiraay i Sa’etipay-Yoropa cowa ka pingata to riyar a kitakit,[4] o syoto tatapangan a tokai ’i,o Misko.\n\nPayworos-Sowiai-Siyakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit(Payworos a sowal:Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка，Rosiya a sowal:Белорусская Советская Социалистическая РеспубликаHolam a sowal:白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國)misiiked nani Rosiya i 1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 25 romi’ad, toya miheca saka 9 folad saka 19 romi’ad falicen ko pangangan to 「Payworos Kapolongan a Kitakit」. Isakawali ato isaka’amis no Payworos i, malafiyaway ato Rosiya, isakatimol madado’edo’ay ko sera ato Wukolan, sika’etip malafiyaw to Polan, Litaowan ato Latowiya.\n\nO kakahad no sera 207.600㎢, o tamadw 950 ko ofad(2018 a sa’osi),[5] sahetoay i syoto Misko ato ingataay a toaki,mahaop ko 80% o itinitiniay ko sofoc a tamdaw. O mamangay a finacadan i, silsil han ira ko Rosiya, Polan ato Wukolan. Iaikor tono 1995 a miheca, o sowal no Payworos ato sowal no Rosiya polong hananay a mala no sifoan a sowal, i Rikec no Kitakit ato Kinpo awaay ko piketon to tilid to no Kitakit a Pitooran,sahetoay o mitooray to Toncen-Ciyaw(Kirisiya asowal:Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία，orthódoxi ekklisía；Rosiya a sowal:Православная Церковь，Romaan a tilid:pravoslavnaja tserkovʹ ; Holam a sowal:正教會 anoca東正教會，簡稱東正教), do’edo sa i, o Tinsokyo, o mitooray ci Kristoan i,adihay ko masamaamaanay a lisin( tinako:Kalomowadan nani Patay) mala o pahanhanay a romi'ad no kitakit.\n\nTatapangan no Nangan(辭源) \nO Payowros(Белару́сь;白俄羅斯) hananay i,itira i sowal no Payworos to ihekalay a imi ira i,「o kohecalay a Ros」,ora「Ros」hananay i,nani tiraay o katelangay a Kumos a sowal \n\n, o imi nonini i,o「miiwasay」, o cecay no Wicin(Katelangay a sowal no Kunos:víkingr) a finacadan o Falongko(Lowitin a sowal:Varjager;Rosiya asowal:Варяги, Varyagi; Holam a sowal:瓦良格人,瓦里亞基人). Latek itiyay ho i saka7 ato saka 8 sici ona Falangko a tamdaw looden nangra ko Sa’etipay Slafu Fnacadan(o aniniay a Payworos, Wukolan ato Rosiya a kapolongan a ngangan), ikoray to i,patireng sato to Liwliko Hontian Kitakit itini tona pala no Sa’etipay Slafu, pangangan han to「Ros」, o tatapangan a niraro’(syoto) itiraan i Kifu no Wukolan, sa itini i rikis i,o「Kifu-Ros」hananay kopitahidang. Itini i pala no Sa’etipay Slafu(Payworos a sowal:Усходнія славяне; Rosiya a sowal:Восточные славяне; Wukolan a sowal:Східні слов'яни）i,o sa’ayaway a malacecayay a Hontian Kitakit konini, orasaka, 700 ko mihecaan ko pikowan ton apala, oninian to ko nornor sato o「Ros a tamdaw」kako sanay to koya maro’ay a Sa’etipay Slafu a tamdaw.\n\nI sasifo’an no 17 sici, nani kawali ko Monko a tamdaw mitekop to Kifu-Ros, ’edeng o i aniniay a Payworos ko pakatokeray to sapi’ecoaw no Monko a sofitay, sa ira ho ko cowa ko mamada’econg no Tatan-Monko sanay a roma a imi no「Payworos」. \n\nIra ko masasiromaromaay a pifelih to sano Kuwaping a sowal to Payworos( Белару́сь), sa’ayaway o 「別洛露西亞」hananay, ono aniniay to i,o「白俄羅斯」hananay,itini i sowal no Slafu,o「Бела」a imi i, o kohecalay sanay, orasaka,「白俄羅斯」han to ko pangangan. I’ayaw no pisiikedan nona kitakit a pangangan no Ikiris i, misiiked to a miniyahpikowan ko Byelorussia (Белору́ссия) i, pangangan hananay to Belarus.[6]\n\nOra「kohecal;白」sanay i ngangan no Payworos, ira ko pinapina a tatapangan a sowal:\n\n1.Itiya ho i 13 sici tahira i 14 sici,o maro’ay i tona aniniay a Payworos a etal o sahetoay o mitooray to Kristo a Slafu a tamdaw, o Payworos tamdaw hahany no i Sa’etipan a Yoropa a tamdaw a pangangan. O isa’etipay a Poloti a tamdaw(Latowiya a sowal:Balti; Litawan asowal: baltai; Holam a sowal:波羅的人), oroma a finacadan konini sa o「kohetingay Ros」hananay a mitahidang,o itiraay sa i sakawaliay a Wukolan a tamdaw o「kohengangay Ros」hananay a mipangangan.\n\n2. o itiniay a maro’ a Slafu a tamdaw, maolahay a ciriko’ to kahecalay, sa pangangan han to kohecalay Ros.[7],[8]\n\n3.o caay ka cilamlam to ’ilang no Tatan a tamdaw(Monko a tamdaw) i,o 「kohecalay Ros a Tamdaw」.\n\n4. I’ayaw no 1267 miheca yo caayay ho ka cowat no Hontian Monko a Ros Tamdaw o 「kohecalay Ros a Tamdaw」hananay. Sa ira ko sowal no Matayalay i Congko a Tarokos no Payworos, iraay ko tadamaanay a imi nona Payworos, o「Misiikeday Pikowan、Naifaloco’ay、ya caay ka cowat no Tatan a palakoli」sanay. \n\n2018 miheca,saka3 folad saka16 romi’ad, o pakamaro’an i Congko a Tarokosan a Loma’ patalahekal to sowal:「nani sowal to nani imi no sowal to, ano mifalic to ngangan no kitakit no niyam i, o『Kohecalay Ros』(白羅斯)han ko pangangan ta matatodong, omaan ko nini han i,oya aniniay a ngangan sipasipen koya『Wo』(俄)a tilid, sa caka sasifod ato Rosiya「俄羅斯」ko pangangan」.Milekal to o so’elinay a ngangan nangra i,o 『Kohecalay Ros』(白羅斯),[9]. Nikawrira, Congko ato Conghwaminko a Citodongay to Sakalaholo a Demak(Waiciyawpu) oyanan ho o Payworos(白俄羅斯) ko pangangan taha nini caay ho ka falicen.\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nKifu-Ros a kitakit nipatirengan no Wicin a tamdaw(維京人建立基輔羅斯) \nItiyaho i saka 9 sici tahira i saka11 sici, o aniniay a Payworos a sera sahetoay o nipatirengan no Wicin a tamdaw i 862 mihecaan a Kifu-Ros kitakit, onini i \n\nWicin (Katelangay a sowal no Kunos:víkingr; Holam a sowal:維京人) a finacadan o Falongko hananay(Lowitin a sowal:Varjager;Rosiya asowal:Варяги, Varyagi; Holam a sowal:瓦良格人,瓦里亞基人). Latek itiyay ho i saka7 ato saka 8 sici ona Falangko a tamdaw looden nangra ko Sa’etipay Slafu a Fnacadan(東斯拉夫人:o aniniay a Payworos, Wukolan ato Rosiya a \n\na ngangan), ikoray to i,patireng sato to Liwliko Hontian Kitakit itini tona pala no Sa’etipay Slafu, pangangan han to「Ros」, o tatapangan a niyaro’(syoto) itiraan i Kifu no Wukolan, sa itini i rikis i,o「Kifu-Ros」hananay kopitahidang. Itini i pala no Sa’etipay Slafu(Payworos a sowal:Усходнія славяне; Rosiya a sowal:Восточные славяне; Wukolan a sowal:Східні слов'яни）i,o sa’ayaway a malacecayay a Hontian Kitakit konini, orasaka, 700 ko mihecaan ko kahalafin a mikowan ton a pala, oninian to ko nornor sato a malaklak a patireng to mamamamangay a no Kakita’an a Kitakit(Latin a sowal:Magnus Dux; Toic a sowal:Großherzogtum; Holam a sowal:公國).\n\nItiya ho i 13 ~14 sici ona malopisakay a Kakita’an a Kitakit mapapolong ato Litawan Tata’akay a Kakita’an a Kitakit(Latin a sowal:Magnus Ducatus Lituania，Litawan a sowal:Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė; Holam a sowal:立陶宛大公國).Nikawria i 13 sici ma’eco no Monko ko Rosiya, o Payworos macowat no Cinca-Hanko(Ikiris a sowla: Golden Horde; Monko a sowal:Алтан Орд; Holoam a sowal:欽察汗國), talaen ko katayni no Litawan Tata’akay a Kakita’an a Kitakit mi’eco to Kifu, sacaacaay aca ka tekop no Monko a Hontian Kitakit.[10]\n\nPatireng to Litawan Kakita’an ato Polan(成立波蘭立陶宛聯邦) \nI 1386 miheca saka 2 folad saka 2 romi’ad mapapolong ko Litawan Tata’akay a Kakita’an a Kitakit ato Polan, onika lalamod no sawara’an nona tosaay kitakit,[11] ikor to i, matatilid to Lopulin-Nikapolong(Litawan a sowal:Liublino unija; Polon a sowal:Unia lubelska; Holam a sowal:盧布林聯合）a patireng to Polan-Lopulin a kitakit. Tahira to i 1696 a miheca maceror no Polan a sowal ko sowal no Payworos malasifoan a sowal, patokeled sa a milekal caay to katatodong i rikec no kitakit ko sowal no Payworos saan.[12]\n\nIfan Tata’angay Honti a pikowan(伊凡大帝統治時期) \n\nI 1486 miheca o Tata’angay Mosko a Kakita’an a Kitakit (Rosiya a sowal:Великое Княжество Московское; Romaan a tilid:Velikoe Knjažestvo Moskovskoe; Ikiris a sowal:Grand Duchy of Moscow; Holam a sowal:莫斯科大公國) a tamdaw ci Ifan III Wasiliyiewici (Rosiya a sowal:Иван III Васильевич，Roman a tilid:Ivan III Vasil’evič; Holan a sowal:伊凡三世·瓦西里耶維奇, kalopangang o Ifan Tata’angay Honti;伊凡大帝) cifaloco’ to sapipalacecayaw to polong a「Ros Kitakit」, isa’ayaway a nisafalo’an i o pisapipolongan to sera no Payworos,Wukolan ato isa’etipay a sera no Rosiya.[13] Tahira to i 1795 miheca o Rosiya Hontian a Kitakit, Porosi ato Awtili cifaloco’ to sapicikcikaw a mipecih to Polan, ta mapalasawad ko kalalekatep no Polan ato Litawan.[14] Tona kala’afa’afasan to sera no Polan, o sera no Payworos mala no cecay a pala no Rosiya Hontian a Kitakit, i kala Honti no Rosiya ci Nikola I Paporowici( Rosiya a sowal:Николай I Павлович，Holam a sowal:尼古拉一世·巴甫洛維奇) ato ci Alisanta III (Rosiya a sowal:Алекса́ндр III; Holam a sowal:亞歷山大三世·亞歷山德羅維奇) i, ma’enec a mapalasawad ko punka no Polan ato Payworos, oninian ko sakatalipa’elal no falco’ no tamtamdaw no Payoros i 19sici.\n\nDamaen no Toic a patireng to Nikapolongan no Finawlan a Kitakit(德國扶植成立白俄羅斯人民共和國) \n\nI Sakacecay a Ha’emin no Kitakit a Lalood, yo masasowal ho to Sakarihaday a Kakaketonan a Polisto-Litawan(Rosiya a sowal:Брестский мир; Toic a sowal:Friedensvertrag von Brest-Litowsk; Holan a sowal:布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約),o sofita no Toic milood a micowat to Payworos, Wukolan ato Polotihay a Kitakit,milonok a milekal to Pisiiked to Niyah a Pikowan ko Payworos,damaen no Toic a patireng to Nikapolongan no Finawlan a Kitakit(Payworos a sowal:Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка; Ikiris a sowal:Belarusian National Republic; Holam a sowal:白俄羅斯人民共和國).[15] Nikawria, tangsosol sa a malalood ko Polan ato Rosiya, ona ihoniay ho a tomireng a Nikapolongan no Finawlan a Kitakit tado han to no Rosiya Sowiay-Syakaisyuki Nikapolongan Kitakit (Rosiya a sowal:Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика; Romaan a tilid:Rossiyskáya Sovetskáya Federatívnaya Socialistícheskaya Respublika; Holam a sowal:俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯邦) ato Sakatosa a Nikapolongan a Kitakit no Polan malalikel a mi’eco. Tahira to i 1922 miheca saka 12 folad saka 30 romi’ad, patireng to Payworos Sowiay-Syakaisyuki Nikapolongan Kitakit(Payworos a sowal:Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Rosiya a sowal:Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика; Holam a sowal:白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國), malacecay no mikapotay to Solin a kitakit.[16]\n\nI Sakatosa a Polong no Kitakit a Lalood(二戰時期) \nI Sakatosa ’Emin no Kitakit a Lalood, 1944 miheca saka 6 folad saka 22 romi’ad ’edef han no Nacui-Toic amicowat ko Solin, oya isifo’ay a sofitay no Toic i ma’aro to ngara ko Tata’angay a Tokai o Misko no Payworos,papapolong han no Toic ko Payworos ato Polotihay a Kitakit mala Sakawaliay a Mikowanan no Sotok a Etal (Reichskommissariat Ostland，RKO;東方總督轄區）1944 miheca misa’icel to ko Solin a mipaco’ay a milood to Toic sa malowid to ko Toic. Tona lalood i, matekop no Toic ko 209 a niyaro’, 90 to ko maosaway nona lalood, o misanga’ay to dafong a katayan mahadefek ko 85%, 100 ofad ko mapelengay a loma’.[17] Ikor to no lalood kahenay a cemahad, o katayalan a kofa ‘aloman to ko matayalay, malakahiceraan to no isaka’etipay no Solin, onini to ko alanokanokat sato koya ‘alomanay a maforaw a Woros Tamdaw patatiko minokay i Payworos .[18]\n\nConopi Nikapades(車諾比核事故) \n\n1986 miheca,mapakohac ko Misanga’ay to Dinki a Heneng i Wukolan o Conopi Nikapades((Rosiya a sowal:Авария на Чернобыльской АЭС; Wukolan a sowal:Чорнобильська катастрофа; Ikiris a sowal:Chernobyl nuclear disaster; Holam a sowal:車諾比核事故), o mingata’ay mihafhafay to fali ko kaitiraan no Payworos, orasaka, tata’ang ko kacengel a mapakadit no ’edil no Lintokin no Henen itini i Komili Sakowan(Payworos a sowal:Гомельская вобласьць; Rosiya a sowal:Гомельская область; Holam a sowal:戈梅利州) ato Mocilyawfu Sakowan(Payworos a sowal:Магілёўская вобласьць; Holam a sowal:莫吉廖夫州), tangsol a mapatay ko tamdaw ato ’a’adopen, cowa to kalengaw ko losay ato maamaan.\n\nO aniniay a Payworos(現代白俄羅斯) \n1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 25 romi’ad ira ko pidama no Kyosanto no Payworos a mifalic to ngangan no kitakit nani「Payworos Sowiay-Syakaisyuki Nikapolongan Kitakit」falic han o「Nikapolongan a Kitakit」(白俄羅斯共和國) hananay to ko ngangan nona kitakit.[19] \n\nMatekop to ko Solin i 1991miheca saka 8 folad saka 25 romi’ad lekal sato to Teked a Niyahpikowan. Ikor to tolo a miheca nami siiked to i,kina tosa a misinkiw to congtong i 1994 miheca saka 6 folad saka24 romi’ad ato saka 7 folad saka 10 romi’ad,[20] oya sa awaay ko ngangan i laloma’ no kitakit ci Alisanta-Lokasinko itira i sakacecay a liyad a pitopa i,mahaop ko 45% a satopa,cowa ho ka ‘edeng ko sakalacongtong a satopa, miliyaw ho to saka kinatosa aliyad a mitopa maala ko 80% a satopa,[21] o sakalalifet ningra ci Wiyacilafu-Folancaywici-Kopici i,mahaop ko 14% aca ko satopa. To ikor to a sinkiw i 2001,2006,ato 2015 a miheca, patokitok a matosin ci Alisanta-Lokasinko malacongtong. O \n\nto no Tamdawan Salongoc a Saopo,[22](Ikiris a sowal:Human Rights Watch，Decdec a tilid:HRW) ato Ha’emin no Kitakit a Saopo to papipalasawadaw to Ci’efoay (Ikiris a sowal:Amnesty International，Decdec a tilid: AI),cisowal san i, o Nisatekedan ko Pikowan ni Alisanta-Lokasinko sanay, ona Nisatekedan ko Pikowan i, cato paka’em’em ko finawlan tonini sa i 2020 miheca mafodfod ko finawlan,o matiniay a fodfod i, tona 26 a miheca awaay ho ko hatiniay a kasafodfod no kitakit.\n\nSici (政治) \nO congtong a foco ko sici no Payworos,o Nikapolongan a Kitakit, o faco no sifo i,o congtong ato Pikaykian noKitakit, do’edo’en ko 1994 miheca a Rikec no Kinpo i, 5 miheca misinkiw to congtong, nikawrira, i 1996 miheca mafalic ko rikec oya 5 mihecan ko kamaro’an no congtong i, panayalan to 7 to ko mihecaan ko kalacongtong to kinacecay. O Pikaykian no Kitakit to La’enoay a Pikaykian ira ko 110 ko kiing, o i Fafa’eday a Pikaykian 46 ko kiing. Ano mitinitiniay aca ko rikec i, o sici no Paywors o Nisatekedan ko Pikowan, o sakowan a ‘icel i,sahetoay o congtong ko mitatoyay, o sinkiw han i,cowa ko nifaloco’ay ko pitopa, oya sa o Misawkitay a Loma’ cowa ka misiiked ko tayal.[23] \n\n Kasasilsil no Sakowam(行政區劃) \n\nO polong no Payworos pasasilsil hananay to 7 a sakakaay a sakowan, mahaop ko 6 a kasaetal(вобласць) ato misiikeday sakowan o syoto Misko.\n\nPalapalan (地理) \nItini i 53 00 N, 28 00 E, noYoropi ko Belarus.\nPolong no sekalay i 207,600 sq km “saka 86 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 202,900 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,700 sq km ” \nPolong i 9,570,376 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 43.70%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 42.70%, malo no roma to a sera 13.60%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [[[Minsk]](明斯克) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 3 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Alexander Lukashenko(亞歷山大·格里戈里耶維奇·盧卡申科), patirengan a romi’ad i 1994 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 20 a romi’ad.\n\nKasilsil no Sakowam(行政區劃) \nO polong no Payworos pasasilsil hananay to 7 a sakakaay a sakowan, mahaop ko 6 a kasaetal(вобласць) ato misiikeday sakowan o syoto Misko.\n\nKicai(經濟) \n2019 miheca o Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GDP ira ko ,625.72 ok kono Amirika a payso,[24] o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw to cecay miheca(per capita disposable income ;GNI), o katongal to kalomihecan mahaop ko 1.2%, itini i rayray no hekal a kitakit i, o saka 84 ko rayray. Itini i laloma,an no kitakit a mili’etanay a demak i,sahetoay ono kitakita a katayalan, i 2015 miheca o matayalay i katayalan kofa a matayalay i mahaop ko 39.3% ko tamdaw.[25] \n\nO katayalan no Payworos nani Solin a mihecahecan natektekay to ko paranaan, o katayalan i o misang’ay to tosiya, o isanga’ay to kikai, o misolinga’at a misanga’ to ’ekim, o misang’ay to sakatayalay a lalosidann, tadacemahaday ko ko taneng ato kicic no Tinsi ato Lintokin a kicic, IT a katayalan malecaday to a cemahad, o maomahay ato paka’enay to ’a’adopen malecaday to a cemahad, orasaka, o malinso,o dateng ato dangka o sa’adihayay i laloma’ no Siikeday Kitakit a Lekatep(Rosiya a sowal:Содружество Независимых Государств, СНГ ;Holam a sowal:獨立國協)’\n\nO kicai no Payworos i,kodefetay tomenekay ko kalalitiliting ato Rosiya, i 2019 miheca kali’aca to dafong nona tosa a kitakit i,mahaop ko nipa’acaan talapapotal \n\na dafong no Payworos to 46.3% ato 54.2% ko ka’adihay; o pasadakan a kalali’aca ato Congko kali’ekiay a cemahad, i 2019 miheca itini i polong no kitakit a rayray o saka lima a nipasadakan to dafong a malali’aca ato saka tolo a rayray ko Congko to nipacodan a dafong a malali’aca, orasaka,2010 miheca, itini i Minsko mapatireng to kapolongan a misanga’ay to dafong a etal no Payworos ato Congko(Payworos a sowal:Кітайска-Беларускі парк, anoca:Kitajska-Bielaruski park; Rosiya a sowal:Китайско-Белорусский индустриальный парк; Holam a sowal:中國-白俄羅斯工業園), o sakali’aca a payso i,o payso no Payworos a Payworos Lopu(Payworos a sowal:Беларускі рубель; Holam a sowal:白俄羅斯盧布) .\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nItini tona aniniay a miheca(2021) a pisa’osi, o Payworos a tamdaw 934,96 ofad ko tamdaw, nikawrira, \n\npinapina amihecaan malikelonay ko kaadihay no Payworos a tamdaw, o tatapangan a finacadan a Payworos finacadan mahahop ko 84.9%, o Rosiya a fanacadan mahahop ko 7.5%, o Polan a fanacadan mahaop ko3.1%, o Wukolan a finacadan mahahop ko 1.7%, o roma a finacadan mahahop ko 2.8%.\n\nPitooran(宗教) \nO pitooran no Payworos i Kristo a Pitooran, o Tongcen-Ciyaw(Kirisiya a sowal:Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία，orthódoxi ekklisía；Rosiya a sowal:Православная Церковь; Romaan a tilid:pravoslavnaja tserkovʹ ; Holam a sowal:東正教）ko satata’angay a Kristo Kasi’eked, nama sawsaw no Kitakitan a Awaay ko Kawas(Ikiris a sowal:State atheism; Holam a sowal:國家無神論）sanay a harateng,orasaka, ’aloman ko caay ka pakaso’elin to Kawas a tamdaw no Payworos tahanini. Na matekop to Solin oya cowa ko nano to’asan ato fa’elohay a \n\nsamatiya sato o tefo’ ko kaadihay a masadak naikoran no ’orad. Tili’en ko tokian no Nincenpu i 2011 miheca a safa’elohay a sa’osi i, o mitooray to Tongcen-Ciyaw(東正教) i,mahahop ko 48.3%, o caay ka pakaso’elin to Kawas i,mahahop ko 41.1%, 7.1% o Tinsikiw, o roma a pitooran i,3.5%.[28]\n\nPunka(文化) \nO punka no Payworos i, tada adihay ko kala palalafang ato picerep ato taliyokay a kitakit, mangalefay itiya ho to 100 ko mihecaan, o ‘orip no kalotamdaw no Payworos i,mitodong to Rosiya a lekakawa a malarosiya ko wayway, onini to ko sakalahedawan sato ko punka no Payworos. O to’asan a ca’edong no Payworos i,marecep no Kifu-Ros a laleko, to ikor masolot ho no Polan, Litawan, Latowiya,Woros ato romaroma a kitakit no Yoropa ko faco no ca’edong. Caay ka o punka aca no Rosiya ko mirecepay to ’orip no Payworos,o pisacacak a taneng miringiay to Litawan, onini haw i,sahetoay ono roma a kitakit a lekakawa, orasaka, awaay a mahapingan ko ono Payworos a punka snanay a tekedan.\n\nRocok no Punka(文化遺產) \nO rocok no punka i sasera a ma’emin no Payworos ira ko sepat:\n\n1. Mir-Piki’adingan a Masarakaday a Loma’(Paywors a sowal:Мірскі замак; Ikiris a sowal: Mir Castle Complex ; Holam asowal:米爾城堡建築群). 2000miheca saka 12 fokad matoro’ no Citodongay to Punka a Saopo no Linheko malarocok no punka i sasera a ma’emin.\n\n2. Niswiru Piki’adingan a Tata’akay Loma’(Paywors a sowal:Нясвіжскі замак, Niasvižski zamak; Rosiya a sowal:Несвижский замок, Nesvizhskiy zamok; Ikiris a sowal: Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh; Holam a sowal:涅斯維日城堡)\n\n3. Piyawowiyieca a Kilakilangan(Payworos a sowal:Белавеская пушча; Polan a sowal:Puszcza Białowieska; Ikiris a sowal:Białowieża Forest; Holam a sowal:比亞沃維耶扎原始森林).\n\n4. Stoluwi Tahapinangan a Mifakciw to Cikiw(Ikiris a sowal: Struve Geodetic Arc; Holam a sowal:斯特魯維測地弧)\n\nKyoiku(教育) \nTada cemahaday ko ktoiku no Payworos, o kalopitilidan to 12 a mihecaan cowa ka papaysoen. O tata’angay a pitilidan a faco i,4~5 ko pihatatanaman a mihecaan, tosaay ko kasasiroma a faco o cecay i,cowa ka papaysoen o roma i,papasoay. I 2005 miheca o nipasadakan no kitakit a yosan a payso i,mahaop ko 2.08% no polong a nipasadakan a yosan. Ano matini ira ko 4,128 ko kaadihay no citodongay to nipasifana’ay a demak(ono ma’emangay ho a wawa i,ira ko siwa a ofad ko ka’emangay), 4221 kono pitilidan no kocong ato kaocong(128 ofad ko mitiliday ho ka’emangay), 253 ko sinmon a pitilidan, 55 ko tata’angay lotilidan(ono kitakita nipatirengan ira ko 43 Tata’angay Pitlidan, ira ko 12 o kalo Tata’angay a Pitilidan). Ira ko pisa’osi, o matayalay pakayni i kocong ato kaocong i,ira ko 15 ofad ko tamdaw, i laloma’ nonini i,o singsi ira ko 14 ofad ko tamdaw, itiraay i tata’angay pitilidan a matayalay ira ko 2 ofad ko tamdaw. \n\nO tata’angay ko nganganay a Tata’angay Pitilidan o Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Payworos Taykaku( Ikiris a sowal:Belarusian State University; Holam a sowal:白俄羅斯國立大學,decdecan a tilid:BSU), i 1921 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 14000 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 1610 miheca; Payworos Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Kicic Taykaku, i 1920 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 21000 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 1560 ko tamdaw; Payworos Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Sihang Taykaku,i 1914 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 14586 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 1038 ko tamdaw; Payworos Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Kicai Taykaku, ,i 1933 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 15000 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 700 ko tamdaw; Payworos Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Nimaomahay Taykaku, ,i 1940 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 9106 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 630 ko tamdaw;Misko Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Sowalan a Taykaku, i 1948 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 4500 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 537 ko tamdaw.[29]\n\nTahapinagan aTilid (參考文獻) \n[1] 該名稱未獲得中華人民共和國政府(白俄罗斯国家概况. [2019-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-21）. 及中華民國政府(白俄羅斯共和國. [2020-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-15）使用。\n\n[2] “白罗斯”而不是“白俄罗斯’. 白羅斯共和國駐華大使館. 2018-03-17 [2018-03-17]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-17） （中文（簡體）.\n\n[3] 白罗斯共和国概况. 白羅斯共和國官方網站. [2019-05-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-12）.\n\n[4] UN Statistics Division. Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49). United Nations Organization. 2010年4月1日 [2010年4月22日]. （原始內容存檔於2010年4月17日）.\n\n[5] 中国外交部. [2004-04-08]. （原始內容存檔於2004-03-02）。\n\n[6] Zaprudnik 1993，第4-5頁。\n\n[7] Zaprudnik 1993，第2頁。\n\n[8] James Minahan. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Greenwood. 1998年: 35頁 [2015-10-24]. ISBN 0-313-30610-9. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-03）.\n\n[9] 去俄羅斯化？ 白羅斯正名「白羅斯」. 自由時報. 2018-03-17 [2020-01-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-27）。\n\n[10] Charles Henry Robinson. The Conversion of Europe. Longmans, Green. 1917年: 第491–492頁.\n\n[11] Plokhy, Serhii. The Origins of the Slavic Nations. Cambridge University Press. 2006年: 第94–95頁. ISBN 0-521-86403-8.\n\n[12] \"Belarusian （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\", UCLA Language Materials Project\n\n[13] Nowak, Andrzej. The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation. Sarmatian Review XVII. Rice University. 1997-01-01 [2007-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2007-12-18）.\n\n[14] Scheuch, E. K.; David Sciulli. Societies, Corporations and the Nation State. BRILL. 2000年: 187頁. ISBN 90-04-11664-8.\n\n[15] Ioffe, Grigory. Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2008-02-25: 57 [2014-07-03]. ISBN 0-7425-5558-5. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-05）.\n\n[16] Marples, David. Belarus: A Denationalized Nation. Routledge. 1999: 5 [2014-07-03]. ISBN 90-5702-343-1. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-21）.\n\n[17] Axell, Albert. Russia's Heroes, 1941–45. Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2002: 247. ISBN 0-7867-1011-X.\n\n[18] 白俄罗斯历史文化. iExplore.com. [2006-03-26]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-09）.\n\n[19] Belarus – Prelude to Independence. Library of Congress. Countrystudies.us. [2013-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）.\n\n[20] World Factbook: Belarus. Central Intelligence Agency. 1994-10-20 [2007-12-21]. （原始內容 (TXT)存檔於2013-07-26）.\n\n[21] Fedor, Helen. Belarus – Prelude to Independence. Belarus: A Country Study. Library of Congress. 1995 [2007-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）.\n\n[22] Essential Background – Belarus. Human Rights Watch. 2005 [2006-03-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-07-13）.\n\n[23] Burkhardt F. (2016). \"Belarus\". In Fruhstorfer A.; Hein M. (eds.). Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. Springer VS. pp. 463–493. doi:10.1007\/978-3-658-13762-5_19. ISBN 978-3-658-13761-8.\n\n[24] World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. [13 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25）\n\n[25] Belarus in Figures, 2016. [2020-08-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-31）.\n\n[26] World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. [13 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25）\n\n[27] Belarus in Figures, 2016. [2020-08-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-31）.\n\n[28] Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus (PDF). Mfa.gov.by. November 2011 [2017-01-10]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-10-14）\n\n[29] 中国外交部. [2004-04-08]. （原始內容存檔於2004-03-02）.\n\nPikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) \n· 白俄羅斯總統府網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n\n· 白俄羅斯政府網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n\n· 白俄羅斯國家銀行網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n\n· 白俄羅斯外交部網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n\n· 白俄羅斯國防部網站\n\n· 白俄羅斯華人論壇\nCIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":6283,"character_repetition_ratio":0.067,"word_repetition_ratio":0.117,"special_characters_ratio":0.266,"stopwords_ratio":0.014,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":6139.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhutan","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Bhutan（不丹）\n\nPutan Hontian Kitakit (不丹王國) \nTakaray a sowal (概略)\nO ila’eday no Congko ato Indo a kitakit, ilaloma’ay no karopaw ko aro’nona kitakit,i sakawaliay a ’apilis no Simalaya a tokos (ཧིམཱལཡ himālaya，喜馬拉雅山脈), isaka’etip madado’edo ato nikowanan no Indo a Sicin \n\n(Latin a tilid:Sikkim) malala’ed ato Nipol, isakatimol madado’edo ato o Monciyala Sakowan(Monciyala a sowal:পশ্চিম বঙ্গ；Ikiris a sowal:West Bengal）no Indo ato Asamu Sakowan(Asamu a sowal:অসম ; Ikiris a sowal:Assam).\nO syuto ato satata’angay a tokai o Sinpo(Thimphu), itini i sowal no Conngo, o「Cukoyi」hananay a mipangangan ko Putan,o kakeleng, o kangic sanay ko imi. Ora to「Putan」hananay i,o nanitiraay o telang a sowal no Indo「भोट-अन्त」[1] (Fan a sowal:संस्कृता वाक्；Ikiris a sowal:Sanskrit; Kuwaping a sowal:梵語）),o imi nira i, o「Salawacan no Tofan」[2] sanay. Matiya o milingosay to o salawacan i katimol ko katenak no punka no Sicang hato sanay. [3] O finacadan no Putan nano tiraay no to’as a Sicang a tamdaw, o malecaday ko karengawan ato Sicang a Monpa finacadan ko to’as no Putan a tamdaw.\nItini i 27 30 N, 90 30 E, no Aciya ko Bhutan.Polong no sekalay i 38,394 sq km “saka 137 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 38,394 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” \nPolong i 750,125 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 13.60%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 85.50%, malo no roma to a sera 0.90%.\n\nsiyoto(首都) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 17 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck(吉格梅·凱薩爾·納姆耶爾·旺楚克), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 14 a romi’ad.\n\nRikisi (歷史)\n\nSalawacan no Tofan (吐蕃的邊陲) \nI saka 8 sici mala o cecay a niyaro’ no Tofan ko Putan, o citodongay a mikowanan o Syiencenyien(宣政院)[4] no Yien-Caw(Monkolu Hontian Kitakit; Mongol Empire;蒙古帝國)[5], tahira to i Cin-Caw[6](Tata’angay Cin Hotian Kitakit;大清帝國) nga’ siiked sato to Niyahpikowan.\n\nMapahinaker ko aniniay a Putan(奠定現代不丹) \n\nI 1616 miheca , malaheci a mapalacecay no Sicang a tamdaw ci Syacong-awang-lang(Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal) ko Putan, mafana’ amisopsop to tamdaw,orasaka, kinalima a palowid to Kolu Kasafelaw(Pining no Sicang:Gelug ano ca Gelug-pa)sa lahedaw sato ko kamaro’an ngara itini. Syacong-awang-lang ko patomenekay to pala, finacadan ato pitooran no Putan.\n\nMicowat ko Ikiris (英國入侵) \nI 1772 miheca, micowat ko Ikiris a tayni,tahira to i 1865 miheca paci’eci han no Ikiris ko Putan a matatilid to「Sincula Kakaketonan Tilid」, ma’enec ko Putan a mikerit to 2000㎢ a sera pafili to Ikiris. 1907 miheca patedo sa ci GCIE(Ugyen Wangchuck;烏顏·旺楚克爵士) a malahonti a patireng to Putan Hontian Kitakit, iaikor ira ko Ikiris a micoker padama. Yo misiiked to Indo Niyahpikowan, milaliw to ko Ikiris, oya sa Putan tado han to no Indo malanoniyah a mikotoday a sakowan.\n\nMalamicongacongay no Indo (印度的附屬國) \nNikawria, i 1910 miheca saka 1 folad matatilid ho ko Ikiris ato Putan to「Punaka Kakaketonan Tilid」, pasetek to macacofelay a demak ato roma a kitakit i,tengilen ko sowal no Ikiris sanay. I 1949 miheca saka8 folad matatilid ko Indo ato Putan to \n\n「tahada’oc ko karihaday ato kalawidan a kakaketonan」, pasetek to macacofelay a demak ato roma a kitakit i,tengilen ko sowal no Indo, o tatapangan no Putan ko Indo, manga’ay pakamaro’ ko Indo to sofitay i Putan.\n\nAniniay a Putan (現代不丹) \n1971 miheca haien ho no Indo nga’ mikapot i Linhoko. To cila a miheca(1972)ci Cikomi-Sinko-Wancuko（Congo a sowal:འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་; THL：Jigme Singye Wangchuck; Kuwaping a sowal:吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克）mirocok a malahonti, o sakasepat a honti. Tahira to i 2006 miheca, patododen ningra ko wawa mirocok malahonti, o aniniay a honti ci Cikomi-Kaisaer-Namuyier-Wancuko（Congo a sowal:འཇིགས་མེད་གེ་སར་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་དབང་ཕྱུག，THL：Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck ; Kuwaping a sowal:吉格梅·凱薩爾·納姆耶爾·旺楚克）\n\n2008 miheca saka 3 folad saka 24 romi’ad, o sarakatay a pisinkiw to kiing no Misanga’ay to Rikec Pikaikian(Bhutanese National Assembly election), ’aloman ko kasasiromaroma a palikoay, ona sinkiw ko pahinakeran i saka 4 folad tomireng ko sarakatay a nano nisinkiwan a sifo, nikawrira, o honti ko mitatoyay to sakakaay sakowan ’icel. 2013 miheca sakakinatosa a pisinkiw, o Finawlanan Centang( Congo a sowal:མི་སེར་དམངས་གཙོའི་ཚོགས་པ; Kuwaoing a sowal:人民民主黨）paka’alaay to sinkiw, onin i,o sarakatay kafalic no Centang to citodongay to \n\nno sifo.\n\nSieci(政治)\n\nMilekal ko Honti to ’Edef no Kitakit a Sinkiw (國王宣布舉行大選) \nO Pikaikian no kitakit no Putan tosaay ko kasasiroma, o cecay i,o Iinkai no Kitakit(Gyelyong Tshogde); o roma i, o Pilaikian no Finawlan (Gyelyong Tshogdu). Iinkai no Kitakit ira ko 25 ko kiing, ilaloma’ no nini to 20 a kiing o misingkiwan no finawlan, o ma’alaay to singkiw i,toro’en ho no honti ta malaheci ko kalakiing, oninian a kiing tatiihay o mikapotay tono siecian a tamdaw; o Pilaikian no Finawlan a kiing i,sahetoay o nani siecian a tamdaw ko mamalakiing. O mamalakiing nona tosa a Pikaikian no Kitakit i,o malaheciay to ko pitilid i Taikaku ko sa’eli. \n\nI 2006 mheca saka 1 folad saka 18 romi’ad, milekal ko honti ci Cikomi SinKo Wngcuko( Sowal no Cunngo:འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་; THL：Jigme Singye Wangchuck; Kuwaping a sowal:吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克) tahira to i, 2008 miheca misatapang to \n\n’Edef no Kitakit a Sinkiw, o laheci no sinkiw ko oido’edo’an a patireng tono Pikaikian Faco a kitakit.2007 miheca Fafa'eday Pikaikian, 48 ko masadakay to sinkiw a tamdaw, 20 ko mama’ala malakiing.\n\nSarakatay o Finawlan ko mitopaay a sinkiw(首次直接民選) \nTahira sato i 2008 miheca mitayal to sarakatay nano kairaan no rikisi no Putan a Fafa'eday Pikaikian,o finawlan to ko mamitopa,adihay ko masasiromaay a centan a pasadak to mamalakiing,nikalahecian nona sinkiw i,mapatireng ko sarakatay a o misinkiwan a kiiing ko mamisanga’ to sifo,[7] mapalahedaw kono Sawara'an Kitaki a Faco. Ano o hogtihongti ko Sarawa’an no kitakit i, o Citodongay to Tayal no kitakit i,o Congli ato Tapang no Kasasiromaroma no Katayaln no Sifo, o Pikaikian to ko misanga’ay to rikec. Tona sinkiw i,oya miingiday to salawinawina no hongti a siecian a kasafelaw o 「Paparahoday a pacemahad to Putan a Centang」(Druk Phuensum Tshogpa;不丹和平與繁榮黨) ko pakalowiday to romaroma a centang, 47 ko mama’ala to singkiw ma’ala nona centang ko 45 ko kiing.\n\nkacacofelan a demak (外交) \nImatini ira ko 54 a kitakit ko kacacofelan a demak no Putan. Mafaker no Indo ko tayal, orasak, ano sapipacacofelaw to \n\na kitakit ko Putan miwawanik ho ko Putan to pifafaker no Indo. Onini ko sakaca ka cacofel ato Limaay a Maraliday a Lici no Linhoko, o itiraay sa i Indo a matayalay ko mitokeleday to tayal pakaini ato Putan.\n\nI 2012 miheca saka 6 folad saka 21 romi’ad,malalitemoh i Liyielonoylu(Potawya a ssowal:Rio de Janeiro)Tokai no Pasi a masasowal ko Congli no Congko ato Sosyang no Putan ci Cikomi Tinli, pasowal sa ko Congli no Congko ci Wenciyapaw: o Congko misasidangay to fiyafiyaw, itini pahinaker i「limaay lekakawa no sakarihaday」a mangalay a patireng to so’elinay a kacacofelan a demak ato Putan, ta nalikay a pahapinang a mifakekiw to kalala’edan no kitakit, manga’ay to ko kalawidang.[8] \n\nO Putan ato Indo tada kodefetay ko kakakafit nona tosa a kitakit. O pasipapotalay a tayal no Putan o Indo ko misetekay to soal, ira ko sofitay no Indo a maro’ i Putan. \n\nI 1990 miheca mitayal to「misolac to finacadan」sanay a demak,laplapen ko maro’ay i Putan a Locang Finacadan, ona Locang a Finacadan o teloc no nanoto’asan ho maro’ay to itini i Putan a Nipol( Ikiris a sowal:Nepali; Kuwaping a sowal:尼泊爾語為) tamdaw, latek ira ko 24 ofad ko tamdaw.\n\nKicai (經濟) \nItini i polong a akitakit o cecaya a「Cowa ho ka Cemahad a Kitakit」（Ikiris a sowal:Least developed country，decdecay a tililid:LDC、LDCs; Kuwaping a sowal:最低度開發國家或未開發國家）. Oninian i, itiyaay i 1971 miheca a misetek to tilid ko Linhoko:\n\n1.o lalen a ‘etan no kalotamdaw to cecay a miheca 100 kono Amirika a payso.\n\n2. Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GNP ’edeng haop sa ko 10%\n\n3. o mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw haop saca ko 20%.\n\nOno Putan a GNP ’edeng 1400 a payso no Amirika. O sakakaay a mili’etanan i, mipa’aca i Indo to Nanomay Dinki.\n\nO Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(Human Development Index) itini i polong to 192 a kitakit o rayray no Putan i,i saka 134, itini to mahapinang ko katadanca no ’orip.\n\nI 1992 miheca pasadak ko honti ci Cimiko Sinko Wangcuko to「Sa’osi no Kapolongan a Rihaday no Polong a Tamdaw」(Gross National Happiness，decdecay tilid:GNH; Kuwapin a sowal:國民幸福總值) a Sowal, o sapipalalan to sakacemahad no kitakit. Patatili’ han tono payso a pili’etan, ono faloco’ay a rihaday koni haenan no Putan a tamdaw, cowa ka sarocod sa o payso aca ko ‘epoc sanay a harateng.\n\nI 2012 miheca saka 4 folad saka 2 romi’ad, mikaiki ko Linhoko to pakainiay o「Rihaday ato Lipahak:Misetek to Sowal tono Fa’elohay a Faco no Kicai」, o Putan a kitakit ko milengatay tona sowal ato demak, sa’osi han to i,「Rihaday ato Lipahak」tini i polong to 192 a kitakit o rayray no Putan ca ka paka’ala to ka’ayaway itiniay i saka 90 ko rayray.\n\nItini tona pinapina a mihecaan ma’ainainal to ko tamdaw a mi’aca tono roma a kitakit a dafong, ‘aloman to ko misatokayay, ca sato ka’edeng ko noniyah a mitayal a ma’orip, ‘aloman to ko awaay ko tayal a tamdaw, sakaleteng sato ko ’inolong no sifo a midipot to finawlan. \n\nItini i Putan irako ’Adicaw a fokeloh ato Taliso. O mitahepoan no kilakilangan a pala mahaop ko 72%, o makapahay a hana cinganganay itini i cowacowa a kitakit, o tadamanay a kilang ira ko Puti Kilan( Pippala;菩提樹),ira ko Calamay, ira ho ko Caleng. O misanga’an a dafong i,sahetoay o dafong to romi’ami’ad ato kakaenen, orasaka awaay ko tata’angay a misanga’ay to dafong a kofa.\n\nO maomahay ato misakilangay ko ’alomanay, o 72% no tamdaw misaomahay. pakaenay to ‘a’adopen ato misakilangay. O misaomahay i,kinacecayay a mipanay, miketef to ariray, ato ’emi to cecay a miheca. \n\nO nanom ko sapisang’ay to dinki (Ikiris a sowal:Hydro-power; Kuwaping a sowal:水力發電), o masanga’ay to dinki mahaop ko 72% nipaliwalan i Indo,o Putan sa i,ono palapalaan ko sapiparakat to maamaan a kinairaira no pala(kandaway a saparakat to maamaan a kinairaira no pala), cowa ka sikitang ato simal ko sapisanga’ to dinki.[9] \n\nO pipalafangan ho roma a tata’angay a tayal no Putan, o ’orip no Putan a tamdaw, cowa ka pikihar to icowacowaay a kitakit, nikawrira, i 1974 miheca satapang a mihamham to palafangay, i Putan matafesiw ko 150 a L yokokaysya matayl to sapipasalam to lafang, ano ca’aca’ayay ka faker to ka’aloman no tayniay a lafang, nikawrira, o lafang i,o’edeng o mihaian no sifo a pisalamaan ko katayraan, tatolo ko tamdaw ano ca ikaka to tatolo, cecay a tamdaw nipasata to 200 no Amirika a payso to sapipa’ading to pala ato to’asan ho a punka.[10] [11] \n\nO to’edaw no lalan ira ko 3000 km, o tokosay kolong(Bos grunniens;氂牛),o lopa, o ’efa ko sapicolo’.\n\nO saikoray ira ko tilipi ato wanglu WIFI a kitakit ko Putan.\n\nKaitiraan (地理) \nItiraay i satimol no Aciya ko kaitiraan no Putan, O ila’eday no Congko ato Indo a kitakit, ilaloma’ay no karopaw ko aro’,i sakawaliay a ’apilis no Simalaya a tokos (ཧིམཱལཡ himālaya，喜馬拉雅山脈), isaka’etip madado’edo ato nikowanan no Indo a Sicin Sakowan (Latin a tilid:Sikkim;錫金邦), malala’ed ato Nipol; isakatimol madado’edo ato Monciyala Sakowan(Monciyala a sowal:পশ্চিম বঙ্গ；Ikiris a sowal:West Bengal）no Indo ato Asamu Sakowan(Asamu a sowal:অসম ; Ikiris a sowal:Assam).\n\nO syuto ato satata’angay a tokai o Sinpo(Thimphu), itini i sowal no Congo, o「Cukoyi」hananay a mipangangan ko Putan,o kakeleng, o kangic sanay ko imi no nini a ngangan. Ora to「Putan」hananay i,o nanitiraay i telang a sowal no Indo「भोट-अन्त」 (Fan a sowal:संस्कृता वाक्；Ikiris a sowal:Sanskrit; Kuwaping a sowal:梵語）),o imi nira i, o「Salawacan no Tofan」sanay. Matiya o milingosay to o salawacan i katimol ko katenak no punka no Sicang hato sanay. O finacadan no Putan nano tiraay no to’as a Sicang a tamdaw, o malecaday ko karengawan ato Sicang a Monpa finacadan ko to’as no Putan a tamdaw.\n\nO pala i,nani ka’amis pasitimol sa a ma’apilis, ka’amis a kakarayan si’enaway, cocw ka citolas ko kaciso’eda ko tolos itini; isasifo’an a sa’owa’owacan dihekoay ko kakarayan; ikatimol i,o kidefetay a kilakilangan. O taporoporoan a dafdaf mado’etay a fa’edet ko kakarayan, o satimolan tono Aciya a etal. o kilakilangan matahepo ko 72% no kitakit, o sakakaay i satimolan a Aciya. O sa’akawangay a ’apocok no tokos i,itiraay i kalala’edan no Putan ato Congko a Kankopenson( Pining no Sicang:Kanggarbünsum; Kuwaping a sowal:岡嘎本孫峰), nani tongroh no riyar 7570 m.\n\nKasasilsil no Sakowan(行政區劃) \nO polong no Putan sepatay ko kasasilsil no etal: Sa’etipay etal, sasifo’ay etal, satimolan rtal ato sawalian etal, i la’eno nonini i, mipecihan ho 20 a Cong. O tata’angay a takai i,o syuto Sinpo, Poro(Wili a sowal:sPa-ro \/ sPa-gro) ato Pokana(Wili a sowal: sPu-na-kha).\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nO polong ira ko 831,920 tamdaw(2020 mihecaan a sa’osi)[12], o samatakaray itini i hekal ko tamdaw. O fainayan mahaop ko 53%, fafahiyan mahaop ko 47% ko tamdaw.\n\nToloay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan no Putan:\n\n1.Canglo Finacadan:I sakawaliay no Putan a Yuencumin;\n\n2.Kolong Finacadan:I sa’etipay no Putan a maro’ a teloc no maforaway a Sicang a Finacadan.\n\n3.Losamupo Finacadan anoca o Locang a tamdaw hananay a pangangan:o maforaway nani Nipol i 19 sici, o Nipol ko sowal.\n\nSowal (語言) \nO Conke sowal ato Ikiris sowal kono sifoan a sowal, o Locang a tamdaw ono Nipol ko sowal. Tada kidefetay ko kalakiting no Conke sowal ato Sicang a sowal.\n\nPitooran(宗教) \nO polong a tamdaw no Putan mitooray to Fociyaw(mipaypayay), o nitoro’an no kitakit a pitooran i o Cangcuwan Fociyaw(Sicang a tilid:བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན།，Wili atilid:bod brgyud nang bstan; Monko a sowal:Төвөдийн Буддын шашин; Kuwaping a ssowal:藏傳佛教),o ikakay i,o Koci Kasacinowas(Sicang a tilid:བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་པ་，Pining no Sicang:Kagyu\/Kagyupa; Kuwaping a sowak:噶舉派). Ira ho ko roma to 25% mitooray to Indo a pitooran. O sarakatay a Pipaypayan i 637 miheca a mapatireng. O Indo a pitooran itiraay i sakatimol no Putan, kasacinowas ira ko Sipo Cinowas(Fan a sowal:शैव पंथ, śaiva paṁtha; Ikiris asowal:Shaivism,Shaivam;Kuwaping a sowal:濕婆);ira ko Fansinu Cinowas(Vaisnava dharma; Ikiris a sowal:Vaishnavism; Kuwaping a sowal:毗濕奴派); ira ho ko Sakota Cinowas(Fan a sowal:शाक्तं,Śāktaṃ；Kuwaping a sowal:沙克達教,性力派).\n\nI 2008 miheca a Kinpo Rikec no Kitaki,mihosyoway to paiteked a mitoor to pitooran, nikawrira,milalangay ko sifo to cowa ko Fociyaw(佛教) a pitooran patenak to sowal no Kawas,milalang a pacomod to cowa ko Fociyaw a patenakay to soal no Kawas a tamdaw, milalang a patireng to cowa kono Fociyaw a loma’, milalang to cowa kono Fociyaw a lisin.\n\nPunka (文化) \nO pitilidan, o paisingan sahetoay o cowa ka papaysoen. Ira ko pisa’icel a misetek no sifo to sowal, o kalotamdaw ano matayal, o mitiliday aka ca ka ciriko’ tono to’asan a riko’ ta ma’osaw ko Punka no to’as. O fainayan kaciriko’ to「Ko」(o tahiraay i tosol a cawing), o fafahiyan i,kaciriko’ to「Kira」(o kakaya’ay a cawing ato kohepicay a kiping); o maamaan to Nipatirengan do’edoen kono to’as a faco a mipatireng, o paisingang to, o kinko to, o pitilidan to ato loma’ to, o sapatireng a lalosidan ano o kilang to, ano amoto to, ano solafo to, todongen kono to’as a pinangan. Ano mahaenhaen ko pirikec no sifo i,awaay a ma’osaw kono tada no to’as a nipatirengan.\n\n2004 miheca saka 12 folad saka 17 romi’ad, milekal ko sifo milalang to tamako i ’edef no Putan a kitakit, o matiniay a pi’edef a milalang to tamako o sarakatay ho i polong a kitakit, i laloma’ to, i papotal to cowa ka nga’ay a mitamako. O patiyamay no Putan tatiih a pa’aca to tamako, ano ira ko miihangay patefoc to 225 payso no Amirika (ma’edeng 7000 paso no Taywan) to kalokinacecay riyad, ano kinapinapina to a miihang i,maposiyaw ko paya no patiyamay, oni ko sakakeror no mitamakoay a tamdaw, ma’eden haop sa ko 1% ko tamdaw.[13] \n\nMilalang ho ko sifo a paiteked sa a miletek to kilang, mi’adop ato mi’ala to tadamaanay a fokeloh, taiih a micukaymas to soka. \n\nItira i 1980 miheca, mipatalahekal ko sifo to「rikec no kalalamod」, misetek to cecay ko lamod sanay a faco, nikawria, ano pakaynien i pinangan no to’as ato nano rikisi a wayway, itini i Putan iraay ho ko cecay a fainayan cikapi to pinapina a fafahiyan ano ca cecay a fainayan cikapi to pinapina a fafahiyan, o matiniay a kitakit ko Putan hananay, ano mihai ho kona tatosaay a tamdaw awaay to ko milalangay[14] to sakalalamodaw nangra.\n\nTahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) \n[1] Sanskrit. Ethnologue. 2008-11-03 [2008-11-03]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-30） （英語）.\n\n[2] 在藏語中「ཆེན་པོ་」（chen po）的意思是「大」。「བོད་」（bod）則是該國的國號，與今「西藏」一詞的藏語詞彙相同。\n\n[3] Chakravarti, Balaram. A Cultural History of Bhutan 1. Hilltop. 1979: 7 [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-29）. Taylor, Isaac. Names and Their Histories; a Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. Gale Research Co. (Detroit), 1898. Accessed 24 September 2011.\n\n[4] 初名總制院，是元朝統治中國時期設立的一個直屬中央政府管轄的國家機構，負責掌管全國佛教事宜並統轄吐蕃（今西藏）地區的軍政事務。\n\n[5] 《中國文明史 元代》〈第一章 雙重體制的政治〉: 第3頁－第10頁.\n\n[6] 由於清朝建立的過程存在幾個重要的時間點，有關清朝的起始時間，存在不同的說法。主要有1616年說（後金建立）、1636年說（正式定國號為大清並稱帝）、1644年說（清軍入關並遷都北京）[參 5]。\n\n[7] 不丹國王自廢君主制. 環球網. [2008-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-12） （中文）\n\n.[8] 温家宝:中国愿同不丹建立正式外交关系早日划定两国边界. 國際在線. 2012年6月22日 [2012年6月21日]. （原始內容存檔於2017年6月12日） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[9] Hydro-Electric Power Projects of Bhutan. 不丹新聞在線. 2005年5月5日 [2008年3月25日]. （原始內容存檔於2010年7月6日）.\n\n[10] Bhutan Tourism Policy （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），Ancient Bhutan Tours & Treks\n\n[11] The way to bhutan （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），International Tours and Treks Pvt. Ltd., Bhutan.\n\n[12] 存档副本. [2020-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）.\n\n[13] CNN報導[失效連結]\n\n[14] 馮侖. 不丹的幸福. 經理世界網. [2012-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-15）.\n\nkakafitan i Papotal(外部連接) \n\n （英文）不丹旅遊局網（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n （英文）Bhutan Portal（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）不丹政府網站\n （英文）Department of Tourism, BHUTAN（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）不丹政府旅遊部網站\n （英文）CIA_World_Factbook（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n （英文）開放式目錄計劃中和不丹相關的內容\n （英文） 維基媒體的不丹地圖集 \n （中文）維客旅行上的不丹（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n OpenStreetMap上有關不丹的地理資訊\n\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":4532,"character_repetition_ratio":0.047,"word_repetition_ratio":0.088,"special_characters_ratio":0.248,"stopwords_ratio":0.016,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":7786.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolivia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Bolivia（玻利維亞）\n\nPolipiya Adihayay Kasasiromaroma ko Finacadan a Kitakit(玻利維亞多民族國)\n\nTakaray sowal(概略) \nO Polipiya a kitakit i,tada adihayay ko kasasiromaroma ko Finacadan a malamlam maro’ itini.\n\nO Polipiya hananay(Sipanya a sowal:Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia; Kiciwa a sowal:Wuliwiya Mamallaqta; Aymara a sowal:Wuliwya Suyu; Kuwalani a sowal:Tetã Volívia; Kuwaping a sowal:玻利維亞)Polipiya a kitakit itiraay i laloma’ no karopaw a kitakit i Katimolay Amirika Kanatal, o kapot no Katimolay Amirika Kanatal a Lekatep. Malafiyaway ato Pasi, Piru, Cili, Arkuntin ato Palakui tona lima a kitakit, o Syuto i,Sokeloy, nikawria, o kaitiraan no sifo i,itiraay i Lapas, ona Lapas a tokai nani tongroh no riyar matafesiway ko 3,600 m ko ka’akawang, o sa’akawangay itini i hekal a kitakit.\n\nI’ayaw no picowat a mikowan ko Yoropa a tamdaw,o Antis Etal no Polipiya o nano Inka Hontian Kitakit, o sakakaay a kitakit itini. 16 sici, mapecoh no Sipanya \n\nKitakit kona pala. Itiya i Picoeatan Mikowan, ona pala i,o「Fafa’eday a Piru」hananay a pangangan, o Piru Congtu Kasadefak ko citodongay a mikowanay.1890 miheca milekal to Pisiiked Niyahpikowan, nikawrira , 16 ko mihecaan a malalood ato Sipanya i 1825 miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 romi’ad patireng to Nikapolongan Kitakit, mingangan ci Simon Poliwa a pangangan tona kitakit, tano kapatireng tono niyah a kitakit, sanoyanan sa o Nisatekedan a Mikowan, cowa ka hinaker ko sieci cowa ka nga’ay ko katayalan ato ‘orip.\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nTo’asan ho a mihecaheca(早期) \nI kahelekan no saka 15 sici mapecoh no Sipanya ko Polipiya, malamicongacongay no Lapulata Congto Sakowan(Sipanya a sowal:Virreinato del Río de la Plata; Kuwaping a sowal:拉布拉他總督轄區) no Sipanya. \n\nI saka 19 sici a mihecahecaan malalifelifet ko Latin Amirika Karopaw to Sapisiikedaw, itiya ho o「Fafa’eday a Piru」hananay a pangangan, ona ngangan tonini i,o minganganay to tadaki’emelay a tadaw no Winoyloyla Lakalasu ci Simon Poliwa, o mitedalay to kasefet no Polipiya nani Sipangya i 1809 miheca ta Misaiiked nani pikowan no Sipanya, o sapikinin tona tamdaw ko pangangan to Polipiya kitakit. \n\nI 1825 miheca malaheci ko kapisiiked nani pikowan no Sipanya, nikawrira, cilacila a malalood ato kasafiyaw a kitakit, orasaka malowan ko fatad a sera no kitakit, ilaloma’ ira ko isaka’amisay no Cili a Antis Lotolotolan a pala, lilis no riyar a etal, isaktimolay no Pasi ato isaka’amisay no Palakui. Mangaled itiya i nani 1879 tahira i 1883 miheca a Syawsi Lalood(Sipanya a sowal:Guerra del Salitre;Kuwaping a sowal:硝石戰爭; oroma ho apangangan:Sipanya a sowal:Guerra del Pacífico; Kuwaping a sowal:太平洋戰爭), mapalahedaw ko o’edengan a milislisay to riyar a sakowan ato ikakaay a minato Antofaciyasita(Sipanya a sowal:Antofagasta; Kuwaping a sowal:安托法加斯塔),sanoyanan sato a mala ilaloma’ay no karopaw a kitakit ko Polipiya.[1] \n\nNa pisiikedan to no Polipiya,o teloc no nani Yoropaay a kohecalay tamdaw ato cilamlamay to ’irang no Yoropa a Mitiso tamdaw mapolong a mipatireng to sifo, halafin o Sofitay a Nisatekedan Pikowan(Sipanya asowal:Caudillo) ato Nisatekeday a Cefan ko Sieci. O roma sato 'i, miwanikan ko ’alomanay a Intian Yuiencumin, sanga’ sa to rikec to sapi’enecaw to niyaro’ no Intian a tamdaw, ta lahoday to ko pi’afas to sera no Intian. 1900 miheca,o polong a tamdaw no Polopiya ira ko 1600 ofak ko ka’aloman, nikawria, ’edeng 3~4 ofad ko iraay ko ’icel no sinkiw. \n\n1898 miheca,malaheci ko Lapas malasyuto tatapangan taokai no kitakit, o ci’icelay to sakowan i,mafalic to a tayra i citanengay ato cipaysoay a tamdaw.\n\nAniniay Miheca (當代) \nI 1953 miheca masanga’ ko rikec to sapipalahedaw to Faco no Milikotan a Liomah, mifalic to sakiomah a fa’elohay faco. 1984 miheca, malepon ko Sofitay a Nisatekedan Pikowan, o sinkiw to ko pi’aeawan to kaira no fa’elohay sifo. 2003 miheca cifangafang to no Palaan Kaso, mifaker ko polong tamdaw no kitakit, orasaka, tatootoor sa a misawad ko congton ci Sangcisu ato mitayliay malacongtong ci Misa, laliw sato tara i roma a kitakit. \n\n2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad misinkiw to congtong,o Aimala Finacadan ci Molalis paka’ala to 53.75% a satopa, to cila a miheca i 2006 saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad satapang a matayal tono congtong a demak, cingra i,o sa’ayaway o yiencumin no Amirika Karopaw malacongtongay, o Syakaisyuki ko kahinakeran a halateng to sapipalowadaw to Polipiya.\n\n2009 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad patalahekal to saka 16 a Kinpo Rikec no Kitakit, oninian i,o polong no fainawlan ko mitopaay to pihai, mahaop ko 61.8 % ko mihaiay ta malaheci. Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan to sakakaay a rikec to sapifalicaw to ngangan no kitakit nani「República de Bolivia;玻利維亞共和國 falicen to 改為「El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia;玻利維亞多民族國」, miliyaw sato misinkiw i,ira ko 64.2% ko mitopaay ta palalid a malacongton.\n\n2019 miheca a sinkiw i,ci Molalis congtong mapakokot misamangahay to sinkiw saan, mapaci’eci a malaplap a milaliw tara i roma a kitakit.[2]\n\nPalapalan(地理) \nIsa’amisay apala no Polipiya o dafdaf, sasifo’an o sakawaliay a apilis no Antis Lotok; isaka’etipay a pala o Antis Lotok ato Polipiya taporo. 4000 m ko kaitongroh no riyar, o matiyayay awaay ko tolas a takaraway dahetal. O sa’etipay no Antis Lotok nani ka’amis pasi timol ko kasado’edo, kalacinamalay kona tokos. O sakakaay ko takaraw a poco’ no lotok o IimaniPoco’（Sipanya a sowal:Montaña de Illimani; Kuwaping a sowal:伊宜馬尼峰）6.438 m nani tongroh no riyar.\n\nHa’eminen a minengneng takaraway ko ka’etip masala’eno sanay i tarawali. Ora takaraway i ka’etip itiraay i Antis Lotok, o masala’enoay i kawali itiraay Amasin Kilakilangan. O itiraay i hefong koao’ o OroSakowan(Oruro;奧魯羅省) . O satakaraway ko kaitiraan a Titikaka-Fanaw(Sipanya a sowal:Titicaca Lago，Aymara a sowal:Titiqaqa; Holam a sowal:的的卡卡湖)itiraay i kalala’edan no Piru ato Polipiya,o dadahal 8290 ㎢, o lalen a tangongol 140~180m, Uyuni-Cinahay-Fanaw(Kiciwa a sowal:Uyuni kachi qucha; Sipanya a sowal:salar de Uyuni; Holam a sowal:烏尤尼鹽沼）o dadahal i,10.58㎢,o kakaya’ nani ka’etip pasiwali 250km.\n\nO sato’edaway ’alo no Polipiya o cipas no Amasin ’Alo o Mamoloy ’Alo(Sipanya asowal:Río Mamoré; Holam a sowal:馬莫雷河), pasarayray han pakayni i dadahal: \n\n1. Amacon ’Alo (Amazon;亞馬遜河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 70.67㎢, mahaop ko 64% a pala no Polipiya.\n\n2. Parana ’Alo (Paraná; 巴拉那河, o cipas no Lapulata ’Alo拉普拉塔河支流), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 24.51㎢.\n\n3. Titikaka-Tesakuwalo ’Alo (Titicaca-Desaguadero;的的喀喀湖-德薩瓜德羅河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 6.17㎢.\n\n4. Kankoso ’Alo (Cancoso;堪克索河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 2.02㎢ ko pala.\n\nItini i 17 00 S, 65 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko Bolivia.Polong no sekalay i 1,098,581 sq km “saka 28 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 1,083,301 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,280 sq km, Polong i 10,969,649 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 34.30%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 52.50%, malo no roma to a sera 13.20%.siyoto(首都),O Sokoloy(蘇克雷) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad.Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 6 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Foan Aywo Molalis(Evo Morales;Juan Evo Morales Ayma胡安·埃沃·莫拉萊斯·艾瑪), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad.\n\nKakarayan(氣候) \nO tosa no kalitolo a pala no Polipiya itiraay i Fa’edetay kakaraya ato Fala'efaay kakarayan[3], sahetoay o ma’icangay a sa’emel ko romi’ad; o ’orad nani sawalian no ka’amis tara sa’etip 2000mm lowan sa tahira i 100mm.\n\nSieci(政治) \nO congtong no Polipiya o kapolongan no fainawlan a mitopa to sinkiw, 5 miheca kinacecay a misinkiw to congtong. O misanga’ay to rikec a Pikaikian no Kitakit o 「Kapolongan no Kasasiromaroma Finacadan Tata’angay Pikaikian」(Sipanya a sowal:Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional; Holam a sowal:多民族立法大會), tosaay ko kasasilsil:o Fafa'eday Pikaikian ato Kararemay Pikaikian, Fafa'eday Pikaikian 36 ko kiing,o Kararemay Pikaikian 130 ko kiing, malecad ato congtong 5 miheca kinacecay a sinkiwen.\n\n2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad misinkiw to congtong,o Aimala Finacadan ci Molalis paka’ala to 53.75% a satopa, to cila a miheca i 2006 saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad satapang a matayal tono congtong a demak, cingra i,o sa’ayaway o yiencumin no Amirika Karopaw malacongtongay, o Syakaisyuki ko kahinakeran a halateng to sapipalowadaw to Polipiya.\n\n2009 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad patalahekal to saka 16 a Kinpo Rikec no Kitakit, oninian i,o polong no fainawlan ko mitopaay to pihai, mahaop ko 61.8 % ko mihaiay ta malaheci. Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan to sakakaay a rikec to sapifalicaw to ngangan no kitakit nani「República de Bolivia;玻利維亞共和國 falicen to 改為「El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia;玻利維亞多民族國」, miliyaw sato misinkiw i,ira ko 64.2% ko mitopaay ta palalid a malacongton.\n\n2019 miheca a sinkiw i,ci Molalis congtong mapakokot misamangahay to sinkiw saan, mapaci’eci a malaplap a milaliw tara i roma a kitakit.\n\nKasasilsil Sakowan(行政區劃) \nO pisilsil to katayalan a kasasa'er : 9 ko Sakakaay Sa’er(Sipanya a sowal:departamento), o mikowanan nonini ira ko 112 ko Sakatosa Sa’er Sakowan(Sipanya a sowal:provincial), o kahacecacecay no Sakatosa Sa’er Sakowan silsilen ho pinapina a Siyang ato Cen(Sipanya a sowal:municipio) , i la’eno nonini i, silsilen ho to pinapina aniyaro’(localidad).\n\n9 Sakakaay Sa’er Sakowan(九個省及其首府):\n\nTamdaw ato Finacadan (人口與民族)\n\nKatenakan(分布) \nNano to’asan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ i ’edef no Polipiya, i kapolongan a faco no sera o takaraway a dahetal ato kasala’ed no tokos cowa ka ’aloman ko tamdaw a maro’, ano o cihenehenekay ko sera itini i,’edengan sa o mi’aopay a finacadan ko maro’ay itini, nawhani, cowa ka hakowa ko mama’ala to hakakaenen, o roma sa i,o mingata’ay to riyar ato isasifo’an a takaraway a dahetal no Piru a masopsop ko tamdaw a maro’, itini mahecaday to cowa ko cihenekay a sera caay ka tatodong sakaomahen, nikawrira, kakahad ko pipakaenan to ’a’aopen,ira heca ko adihayay a ma’osaw a tatafokeloh, orira to ko saka haneknek no aro’ no tamdaw itini.[4]\n\nFinacadan (民族) \n\nItiya i 2010 miheca a pisa’osi ira ko 1012.5 ofad ko polong a tamdaw, adihay ko kasasiromaroma a finacadan, Indian-Yuiencumin mahaop ko 60% ko tamdaw, o cilamlamay to ’irang no Yoropa o Mitiso hananay i,mahaop ko 26%, o Yoropa a kohecalay tamdaw ato roma a finacadan mahaop ko 14%. O Indian-Yuiencumin i,ira ho ko 36 ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, ilaloma’ no nini i,o satata’angay a finacadan o Kiciwa Finacadan ato Aymara Finacadan(艾馬拉族), ona tosa a fainacadan mahaop ko 85% no Indian-Yuiencumin no Polipiya.\n\nPitooran (宗教) \nO malacinowasay ko sieci ato pitooran a kitakit ko Polipiya, o rikec no Kinpo:「mingodo mipa’ading ko kitakit to paiteked a mitoor ato naifaloco’ay a pakaso’elin, matiya o nikalacecay tono dohaw nisaharatengan, misiiked ko kitakit nani pitooran.」\n\nNengnengen ko sa’osi no mitokiay a mikinkiwaay no citodongay tona demak no Polipiya kitakit i 2001 miheca, o polong tamdaw no Polipiya mahaop ko 78% mitooray to Tisikiw, o roam mahaop ko19%, o cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas i,’engan 3%. O roma a pisa’osi no Katelang Sa’osi no Pitooran Iinkay a kirok, 2010 miheca o misakristoay i,92% ko mahaopay, ono to’asan a pitooran i,3.1%, Pahai Pitooran 2.2%, o cowa ka pitooran to kawas i,ilalem ho no 0.1%.\n\nKicai (經濟) \nO matayalay no sifo no Polipiya sahetoay o malawacoay, ira heca ko pikowan no Sipanya, orasaka, o tadamanikaway itini i Satimolan Amirika Karopaw. O manikaway a tamdaw i,mahaop ko 66.4% no polong tamdaw no Polipiya, o tada o horac to ko kaawa a tamdaw i,45% ko mahaopay. o roma sa ’i, o ciseraay a tamdaw ira ko 90%, o caay ka papina a kohecalay tamdaw ato cilamlamay ko ’irang a tamdaw.\n\nAdihay ko kinairaira no gasolin simal ato kaso no pala,itini i Satimolan Amirika Karopaw o mido’edo’ay to Winoylyla ko kaadihay no kaso no pala, ira ho Tadafokeloh, sa pangangan ha to「oya maro’ay i ’ekim a ’adengan a miki’a’amay」.\n\nIra ho nalacolan no Inka-Hotinan Kitakit, o tadamaanay a rocokan no punka. \n\nO misanga’ay to dafong a kofa ira ko misanga’ay to kakaenen, ira ko mililecay a tayal,misanga’ay to sikal no[5] katol,o ‘epah, o tamako a kahirahira. Cowa ko nini aca, ira ho ko misamaladnay, cinganganay itini i kalokitakit.\n\nOni pasadakan a paliwal a dafong i,ira ko nanisimalay dagong, tadafokeloh,misanga’an dafong ato dafong no saliomah. O sakakaay a ci’epocay a losay ira ko Limay a kowal(quinoa;藜麥), ariray, moki, konga ato kalitang. \n\nO Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( GDP)nani 2005 miheca a 95.25 ok Amirika payso tahira to i 2009 miheca 172.17 ok Amirika Payso; Lalen a 'Etan no kalotamdaw( per capita disposable income ,GNI ) nani 1010 Amirika Payso matongal tahira i 1683 Amirika Payso.\n\nTahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) \n[1] How Bolivia Lost Its Hat (2012). [2015-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11）\n\n[2] 存档副本. [2019-11-11]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-11）.\n\n[3] Herbert S. Klein. 玻利維亞史. 上海: 東方出版中心. 2016年6月: 1. ISBN 978-7-5473-0814-1 （中文）.\n\n[4] Herbert S. Klein. 玻利維亞史. 上海: 東方出版中心. 2016年6月: 1–2. ISBN 978-7-5473-0814-1 （中文）\n\n[5] 玻利维亚国家概况. [2013-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2013-03-07）.\n\nKakafitan i Papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":3047,"character_repetition_ratio":0.053,"word_repetition_ratio":0.148,"special_characters_ratio":0.251,"stopwords_ratio":0.018,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":14916.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnia%20and%20herzegovina","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Bosnia and herzegovina（波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納）\n\nPosiniya ato Hesaykowina（波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納）\n\nTakaray Sowal (概要) \nO Posiniya ato Hesaykowina(Posiniya a sowal:Bosna i Hercegovina／Босна и Херцеговина; Holam a sowal:波赫)[1] [2] o itiraay i satimolan no Yoropa, isaka’etip no Parkan-Peci-Kanatal, o lotolotokan ko ’edef no kitakit. O syuto i,o Salayiefo ( Posiniya a sowal:Sarajevo; Holam a sowal:塞拉耶佛).\n\nO nano cecay no enem a mikapotay no itiyaay ho a Nanslafo-Syakaisyuki- Lekatepay- Kapolongan-Kitakit( Sayrwiya-Koroaysiya Latin a Tilid:ocijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija；Maciton a sowal:Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија; Holam a sowal:南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國), ona kitakit toninian i,o malakapotay a Maciton, Sayrwiya, Posiniya ato Hesaykowina,Koroaysiya, Slopakiya ato Momtonikoro a enem kitakit, o syuto i. o Pierkolo, nani 1945 miheca tahira i 1992 miheca ko kairaan nona kitakit.\n\nItiya 1990 a mihecahecaan, i kalaloodan no Nanslafo a misiiked a patireng to kitakit kona Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, oninian i,o mido’edo’edoan ko「Tayton Kakaketonan」(Dayton Agreement) a mihai ko ha’emin no kitakit o「Misiikeday a Cisalongacay Kitakit」ko Posiniya ato Hesaykowina. \n\nO Pikaikian no Kitakit no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina o sakakaay tarokos no Yoropa Pikaikian ko mikantokay. Itini i tayal no kitakit i,tosaay ko kasasilsil:o cecay i, Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Malekatepay Kitakit(o roma angangan i, Muslin ato Koroaysiya Malekatepay Kitakit); o cecay i, Sayrwiya Finacadan Kapolngan Kitakit[3] (Sayrwiya a sowal: Република Српска; Romaan tilid:Republika Srpska; Holam a sowal:塞族共和���).\n\n2000 miheca, patireng to Polciko Siikeday Etal(Brčko), malecad kono sakowan a ’icel ato yatosaay a kasasilsil, matiya kalatolo sanay to kona kitakit, nikawrira, o kasasilsil no sakowan i,cowa ko pala ko sapiptahidang to kitakit, o Finacadan ko pangangan,o Posiniya Finacadan ato Koroaysiya Finacadan(Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Malekatepay Kitakit), o roma i, Sayrwiya Finacadan(Sayrwiya Finacadan Kapolngan Kitakit).\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nSarakatay Miheca(早期) \nItiya ho i katelanagan a fokelohan a mihecahecaan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ i Pohe Etal, o tahapinangan no nini i,itira i Stolacipatanci-Dihif nalacolan ira to ko 12000 ko mihecaan, o samatelangay itini i kawali no satimolan no Yoropa. O roma sa i, Pohe Etal ma pecoh no Roma Hontian Kitakit i 168 miheca. O satimolan no aniniay a Posiniya ato Hesaykowina o nano cecay a pala no Paycantin(Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitakit).\n\nItira i saka 6 sici ato saka 7 sici satapang a micomod i Parkan-Pecihkanatal. Toikor to mihecahecaan, malamikotoday a kitakit no kasasiromaroma a kitakit i taliyok ko Posiniya ato Hesaykowina. Tahira to i 1377 miheca nga’ mapatirang ni Tofoltoko-Kotoromannici(Tvrtko Kotromanić) ko masasiikeday a Posiniya Hontian Kitakit, nikawrira, caho ka haneknek ko katomireng nona kitakit, ma’eco tono Otoman Hontian Kitakit i 1463 miheca, mapolong no Otoman ko Posiniya. \n\nPikowan no Otoman Hontian Kitakit(鄂圖曼帝國統治時期) \n\nO kowang, pitooran ato sa’osi a tamdaw ko pasata ko pikowan no Otoman to Sayrwiya ato Koroaysiya a tamdaw. Misetek ho to sowal, ono Muslim ho a tamdaw manga’ay to a maro’ i fafa’eday no syakai; o maomahay a tamdaw ano mifalic a mitoor to Islam Pitooran malowan ko sata.[4] \n\nO kaemangay a wawa i, paliyasen to wama ato wina, saopen a pakamaro’ i pikonlingan, o mamalasofitay no Otoman, o pifalic ho faloco’ ato harateng mala Tocian a tamdaw. Oya maro’ay tamdaw i mi’ecoan a pala pasatisilen to kasasa'er no 'orip, painien to masasiromaromaay a tongasoc, o mipadangay a mikowan a tamdaw, sofitay ato ciseray painien to ’akawangay a tisil, roma sa i, oya mitooray ho to Kristo a Sayrwiya ato Koroaysiya a tamdaw o la’enoay ko tisil a kalotamdaw, o「Laya」hananay a pangangan. \n\nKalaloodan i Sakatosa a Lalood(第二次世界大戰時期)\n\nItiya i kalaloodan i Sakatosa a Lalood no ‘Emin no Kitakit, mapatekop no Tokod Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:Axis power; Toic a sowal:Die Achsenmächte ; Holam a sowal:軸心國)ko Nanslafo Hontian Kitakit. Yo mipecoh ko Toic,Italy, Syongyali,ato Powciliya, i Nanslafo ira ko mitokeray kasafelaw toya mi’ecoay a kitakit, o kakeridan nona mitokeray kasafelaw ci Yosifo-Poloci-Tito (Silil a sowal:Јосип Броз Тито; Latin a tilid:Josip Broz Tito; Holam a sowal:約瑟普·布羅茲·狄托), keridaen ningra ko Yucitoy (游擊隊\/guerrilla) a milood, 1943 miheca pasitira to a mikosang ko Italy i,mihai ko Malekatepay Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:Allies of World War II；Rosiya asowal:Антигитлеровская коалиция; Holam a sowal:同盟國) to kalakakeridan no Nanslafo mikapot a mitoker a milood,[5] saadihay han to no Malekatepay Kitakit a padama to sapilood a maamaan dafong ko Nanslafo, oya nikeridan ni Tito a Kiwsanto a sifo, mala o’edengan a sifo no Nanslafo.1945 miheca saka 3 folad, patireng to Kapolongan Sifo ko「Mitedalay to Finacadan a Iingkai」, tona mihea saka 11 folad saka 29 romi’ad, patireng to ci Tito tono Kiwsanto tekedan a sifo, o「Nanslafo Lekatepay a Kapolongan no Finawlan Kitakit」han pangangan kona nipatirengan ho a kitakit, 1963 miheca saka 4 folad saka 7 romi’ad, malaheci to fa’elohay a Rikec no Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay, liyawen heca a panganga ko kitakit to「Naslafo Syakaisyuki Lekatepay Kapolongan Kitakit」.Yo kara’iringan no Sa’etipan ato Sawalian kitakit tora「Li’etecay Lalood」a mihecahecan, masasiroma ko pisafaco ni Tito ato Sa’etipay-Yoropa a kitakit, o paitekeday ko katayal, cowa ka pikecec ko sieci, patahtahay somal, cowa ka pikapot to Amirika ko kakeridan a「Saka’amisay Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep」, cowa ka pikapot to Rosiya ko kakeridan a「Huasa Kakaketonan a kapot」(Rosiya a sowal:Организация Варшавского Договора;Holam a sowal:華沙公約組織),mawilih ko pasitira i Indo,Aycipto,Inni ato Latin-Amirika ko pasacefang ni Tito, patireng sa to「Cowa ka pikapot a Lekatep」[6], 120 ko kitakit to mikakpotay toni a Lekatep, malakakeridan nona Lekatep ci Tito.\n\nItiya i 70 mihecahecaan, mihai ko sifo no Nanslafo to「oya somowaslay to sowal no Sayrwiya-Koroaysiya a mitooray to Muslim」o Muslim a Finacadan han to, onini ko katongal no finacadan no Nanslafo to cecay malaenem sato ko finacadan.\n\nPisiikedan ato Laloma’ay Lalood (獨立與內戰) \n\n1992 miheca saka 2 folad saka 19 romi’ad mitayal to Kapolongan Pitopa to sakapisiikedaw no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, mahaop ko 62.8% ko mihaiay to sapisiikiedaw a patireng to niyah a kitakit. Do’edoedo sa i saka 3 folad saka3 romi’ad lakal sato ko Pikaikian no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina to kalaheci a misiiked. I saka 4folad saka 6 romi’ad mihai ko Yoropa Lekatep to pisiiked no「Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit」, tona romi’ad oya osaw to a limaay Sarwiya Niyahsakowan mapapolong a milekal patireng to「Sayrwiya Finacadan a Kapolongan Kitakit」, misiiked to「Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit」,ona matinay a pisiiked no Sayrwiya tangsol sa ma’enec no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, o lalengatan no laloma’ay lalood no kitakit. \n\n1995 miheca saka 11 folad saka 21 romi’ad masasowal to a matatilid to Sakrahoday a Kaketonan, itini to malepong ko laloma’ay lalood no kitakit,tona lalood ira ko 20 ofad ko mapatayay, 200 ofad ko maforaway.\n\nAniniay a miheca(現代) \n\n2006 miheca saka 10 folad saka 1 romi’ad misinkiw to kapolongan a sinkiw.[7] I saka 10 folad saka 18 romi’ad milekal ko citodongay to sinkiw, ci Hakis-Silaycici(Haris Silajdžić) no Posiniya Finacadan, ci Nipoisa-Latomahawici (Nebojša Radmanović) no Sayrwiya Finacadan, ato Celiko-Komusici no Koroaysiya Finacadan ko masinkiway a malakapot no mikowanay. O Pikaikian no Kitakit 42 ko kiing.[8] 2007 miheca saka 2 folad saka 9 romi’ad, o Sa’ayaway Tamdaw no Tapang ci Nikola- Sinpilici milekal to fa’elohay a sifo.[9]\n\nSieci (政治) \nTatoloay ko tamdaw no Mikomoday Rekad no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina a kitakit, o cecay a finacadan cecay ko tamdaw, malalikel ko Posiniya atamdaw, Sayrwiya tamdaw ato Koroaysiya tamdaw. 4 miheca ko katayalan, tona 4 miheca macacaliw a mala tatapangan nona mikomoday rekad. O mamalatamdaw nona Mikomoday Rekad o nisinkiwan no finawlan, itira i Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit sinkiwen ko Posiniya tamdaw ato Koroaysiya tamdaw, roma sa i,itira i Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit sinkiwen ko Sayrwiya a tamdaw.\n\nO tapang no citodongay to demak no sifo toro’aen ho no Mikomoday Rekad ko ta haien no Pikaikian no Kitakit, ona tapang no citodongay to demak no sifo ko mamitoro’ to mamalakakeridan no kasilsil no demak no sifo.\n\nO Pikaikian Loma’ Posiniya ato Hesaykowina o citodongay to mamisanga’ to rikec no kitakit, tosa ko kasasiroma no Pikaikian, o cecay i,o Finawlan-Pikaikian, 15 ko kiing, o cecay a finacadan nona tolo finacadan ala 5 ko kiing; o roma i, o Niocoran-Pikaikian, o tosa no kalitolo a kiing nani Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit, o cecay no kalitolo a kiing nani Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit.\n\nO Kinpo Pisawkitan no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit ko Sakaay Pisawkitan, sasiwa ko Saypankang mamisawkit, tona sasiwa o sasepat a Saypankang o nisinkiwan no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit, o tatosa a Saypankang o nisinkiwan no Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit, o osaw to tolo a Saypankang o nisinkiwan no Yoropa Nikalatamdaw Pisawkitan( Ikiris a sowal:European Court of Human Rights; ECtHR), o roma sato i, tatiihay a sinkiwen ko tamdaw no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit, anoca o tamdaw ho no fiyaw a kitakit tatiih a sinkiwen no Yoropa Nikalatamdaw Pisawkitan.\n\nKasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃) \n\nDo’edo’en ko ko katatilidan i 1995miheca saka 11 folad saka 21 romi’ad a《Tayton Katatelekan》(Dayton Peace Agreement)[10] ilaloma’ no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit kalitosaan a misilsilan: Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit ato Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit, alamikowanay to pecih no kitakit, ira kono niyah a syoto,sifo, hata, tahapinangan no kitakit, contong ato pikaian. O itiraay I ka’amis no sakawali no Posiniya a Tekedan Porciko(Posiniya asowal:Brčko district;Sayrwiya a sowal:Брчко дистрикт; Koroaysiya a sowal:Brčko district), o Niyah-Sakowan, o Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit ko mikowanay tonini.\n\nPosiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit:\n\nPalapalan (地理) \nO itiraay i satimolan no Yoropa, isaka’etip no Parkan-Peci-Kanatal, o lotolotokan ko ’edef no kitakit. O syuto i,o Salayiefo ( Posiniya a sowal:Sarajevo; Holam a sowal:塞拉耶佛), malafiyaway ato Koroaysiya, Sayrwiya ato Montokoro Kapolongan Kitakit. O lotolotokan ko ’edef no kitakit, mahaop ko 90% a masahefohefongay a pala, palociwa pasi’etip ko Tinala \n\n(Dinara;迪納拉山) o sa’akawangay i Koroaysiya nani tongroh no riyar 728 m ko ka’akawang,[11] [12] malala’ed ato lislisa no riyar no Koroaysiya, katimol no saka’etip o ’apo’apolan ’ongcoy a dahetal; o dafdafa a pala o’edengan i salawacan no ’alo. Sawa ’Alo (cipas no Tonaw ’Alo) o kalala’edan ato Koroaysiya i ka’amis. Misi’ayaway to Atoliya Riyar(Italy a sowal:Mar Adriatico;Holam a sowal:亞得里亞海)i katimolay, nikawrira, ’edengan itira i Nimu(Sayrwiya a sowal: Неум) 20 km ko milislisay i lawac no riyar, o ’edengan kasadakan tara papotal。\n\nSaheto no kitakit o Fala’faay a Karopaw Kakarayan, roma sa i,ikatimol o Fala’efaay a Fa’edet ko kakarayan(Ikiris a sowal: Mediterranean climate; Holam a sowal: 地中海型氣候).\n\nO tata’angay tokai ira ko Salayiefo(Posiniya sowal:Sarajevo;塞拉耶佛), Paniyaloka(Sayrwiya a sowal:Бања Лука;巴尼亞盧卡) , Tocila(Posiniya sowal: Tuzla ato Mostal; Holam a sowal:圖茲���) ato Mostal(Posiniya sowal:Mostar; Holam a sowal:莫斯塔爾).\n\nKicai(經濟) \nO itiya ho i Nanslafo Kitakit a mihecahecaan, o cecay no saawaay ko maamaan ko Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, yo \n\nNiyah Pikowan i,ira heca ko kalalood i laloma’ nona kitakit, itira to a malahedaw ko maamaan. Anini sato nornor sa a manga’ay ko katayalan, falicen koya mikececay a Misafacoay a Kicay tara Nipaliwalay a Kicay.\n\nO payso no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina i, o Mako(konvertibilna marka) ko sa’osi, tatinakoan 1:1 ato Toic Mako(Deutsche Mark) ko kali’aca no payso. Na maceror to no Yoropa a Payso(Euro;歐元) oyanan to malinadaw ko kali’aca to payso.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI laloma’ no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, o Posiniko a tamdaw( Posiniya a sowal:Bošnjak ; Holam a sowal:波士尼亞克人) mahaop ko 48% ko tamdaw, o Sayrwiya a Finacadan[13](Sayrwiya a sowal:Срби ; Holam a sowal: 塞爾維亞族) mahaop ko 37.1% ko tamdaw, o Koroaysiya tamdaw mahaop ko 14.3 % ko tamdaw.\n\npitooran (宗教) \nO kasasilsil no pitooran i laloma’ no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, o Islam Pitooran latek mahaop ko 46%, o Toncen Ciyaw[14](Kirisiya tilid:Ὀρθοδοξία；Slafo tilid:Православиѥ; Holam a sowal:東正教）latek mahaop ko 36%, o Tinsikiw latek mahaop ko 14%, ona toloay pitooran o sakakaay a pitooran no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina no tamtamdaw.\n\nTahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) \n[1] 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2019-08 [2020-04-02] （中文（中國大陸））\n\n[2] 波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納. 中華民國外交部. [2020-04-02] （中文（台灣））.\n\n[3] 国家概况 — 中华人民共和国外交部. www.fmprc.gov.cn. [2020-12-17].\n\n[4] Bringa, Tone. Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton University Press. 1995: 14-18. ISBN 0-691-00175-8.\n\n[5] 李浩維, 族群衝突的理論與實證：以前南斯拉夫聯邦解體為例, 淡江大學歐洲研究所, 2006\n\n[6] NAM Members & Observers - 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. Tehran. 26–31 August 2012 [24 August 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-08）.\n\n[7] 何毅，波赫舉行全國大選 登記選民約275.5萬人，新華網。\n\n[8] 連國輝，王海昉，波赫全國大選最終結果揭曉，新華網>\n\n[9] 連國輝，王海昉，波赫新政府宣誓就職，新華網。\n\n[10] Summary of the Dayton Peace Agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina. www1.umn.edu. 30 November 1995 [16 January 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-17）.\n\n[11] \"Dinara\" on Peakbagger.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Retrieved 1 October 2011\n\n[12] Geography of Croatia on Europeaklist （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Gives a topographic prominence of 728 based on an elevation of 1,831 m. Retrieved 1 October 2011\n\n[13] 中華人民共和國駐塞爾維亞共和國大使館經濟商務參贊處. 塞尔维亚民族、语言、宗教. [2016-01-16].\n\n[14] 1054 miheca malacinowas ko misakristoay,itiyaay a patireng kona Kasafelaw ni Kyokai.\n\nkakafitingan i Papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\nNeum官方網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (克羅埃西亞語與英語)\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":3440,"character_repetition_ratio":0.107,"word_repetition_ratio":0.031,"special_characters_ratio":0.225,"stopwords_ratio":0.015,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":6850.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Botswana","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Botswana（波札那）\n\nPocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國)\n\nTakaray a sowal(概要) \n\nPocana Kapolongan Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Botswana; Pocana a sowal:Lefatshe la Botswana; Holam a sowal:波札那共和國), o Pocana hananay kalopitahidang(Botswana;波札那). Itiraay i satimolan no Afrika a ilalomaay no karopaw a kitakit.\n\nO polong no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit Sahetoay o ma’icangay a taporo ko faco no sera,isakatimol malafiyaw ato Katimolay-Afrika Kitaktit(Ikirisa a sowal:Republic of South Africa), isakawali o Namipiya a kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Namibia), isaka’atip no sakwali malala’ed ato Sinpawi(Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Zimbabwe), isak’amis o kalala’edan ato Canpiya kitakit (Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Zambia) i Witoliya-Cascas.\n\nItiya i 1966 miheca a miliyas to Ikiris a misaimed ptireng to niyahpikowan a kitakit,sanoyaan sa awa ko masamaamaanay a fangafang no kitakit, ma’osaw ko Nicowatan-Sakowan a demak no kitakit to sieci, no paysoan a faco, adihay ko Taiya(Diamond) a tadamaanay a fokeloh itini, orasaka, o sanga’ayay a pili’etanan kona kitakit to Taiya; itini i Afrika o masowalay to ka nga’ay no paitekedan no kalotamdaw, no sinpon a paiteked ato niyah a paiteed to dafong.[1]\n\nKaitiraan(地理位置) \nItini i 22 00 S, 24 00 E, noAfilika ko Botswana.\nPolong no sekalay i 581,730 sq km “saka 48 ko rayray no ngangan. O \n\nno sera i, 566,730 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,000 sq km .Polong i 2,209,208 ko tamdaw.\n\nsiyoto(首都)O Kaporni(Gaborone;嘉柏隆里) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日):Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 30 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Ian Khama(伊恩·卡馬), patirengan a romi’ad i 2008 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.\n\nRikisi (歷史) \nO lalengawan no to’as i,ira ko pipawacay i saka 3 sici tahira i saka 6 sici, i Pocana a palapalaan maro’ay to ko Panto a tamdaw,13~14 sici,maforaw a tayni ko Cewana a tamdaw. Itiya i 1885 mihecaan, lacemcem to sapicowataw no satimolan a fiyaw o Katimolay Afrika a Poer-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Boer), tahidang han ko Ikiris mipatireng to「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」\n\n(Bechuanaland Protectorate;BP. Holam a sowal:貝專納保護國) ,mala o cecay a pecih no Kapolongan Hontian Kitakit no Ikiris. \n\nI 1966 miheca saka 9 folad saka 30 romi’ad malaheci ko piliyas to Ikiris a Misiiked-Pikowan,oya katelang a ngangan「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」falicen to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國), midemak to Finawlan-Sici, misafaloco’ay to sakarihaday no polong a tamdaw. \n\nPatahtah to tadaaanay fokeloh, mangaled ko tayamonto, mahaop ko 80% no nipasadakan a paliway no polong no dafong no kitakit, onini ko sakacemahad no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit itini i Afrika. O roma sato i,na misa’icel to pisawidang to romaroma a kitakit, sa mapatireng ko pa’adingay to ’a’adopen a Koin, o pisalaan no lafang(Ikiris a sowal:Tourism; Holam a sowal:旅遊或旅遊業) onini ko saka’aloman no lafang a tayni palafang.\n\nO Syoto no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit i, o Ciapolonli(Gaborone), i 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi ira ko 231,626 tamdaw, iitiraay i sakatimol a kasalaed, itiya ho i saka 19 sici ira a makarkar ko tadafokeloh onini ko lalengatan a mala sakakaay niyaro’.\n\nSieci(政治) \nItini i Afrika-Karopaw o samatelangay a kitakit to midemakay to Finawlan-Sieci ko . \n\n Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit, o Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay i,o hadado’edoen a mikowan to tayal no kitakit a rikec, ato sapipa’ading to salongoc no tamdaw no Pocana. O faco no sieci i,midemakay to Adihayay-Centang(多黨制) a kapolongan kitakit, o congtong i, o Sarawa’an no kitakit ato Kakeridan no sifo, o no Kitakit-Pikaikian ko mamikantok to tayal no sifo. Nikawrira, o sifo to, o Kitakit-Pikaikian to iraay ko ‘icel no sakowan a misanga’ to rikec. \n\nInacilaay a saka 11 riyad a pisinkiw i, itiraay i 2019 miheca saka 10 folad saka 23 romi’ad, nani pisiikedan oyanan to o Pocana Kapolongan-Centang( Ikiris a sowal:Botswana Democratic Party, decdec:BDP; Holam a sowal:波札那民主黨）ko mikomoday. \n\nI’ayaway a contong ci Ien-Kama(Ian Khama;伊恩·卡馬) i 2008 miheca saka 4 folad satapang a malacontong, 2014 miheca saka 10 folad miliyaw heca a malacontong. O aniniay i ci Mokuyci-Masisi(Ikiris a sowal:Mokgweetsi Masisi; Holam a sowal:莫貴茨·馬西西), i 2015 miheca saka 7 folad maala no sinkiw malakakeridan no Pocana Kapolongan-Centang, 2017 miheca saka 7 folad miliyaw heca a pakaala to sinkiw a palalid mala kakeridan, 2018 miheca saka 4 folad maala to sinkiw malacontong, mala sakakaay kakeridan no Pocana Kapolongan-Centang.\n\nI 2012 miheca a Finawlan ko Pi’arawan a Sa’osi(Democracy Index;民主指數), itini i 167 ko kitakit i saka 30 ko rayray. Do’edo’edoen ko pisahapinang no《Kanasal no kalokitakit Saopo》(Ikiris a sowal:Transparency International）a piciwsa to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit o sacaayay ka ’engid ko sifo, miingiday to Potawya ato Hanko ko rayray.\n\nKaitiraan (地理位置) \nO kakahad no pala no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit i,ira ko 581,730㎢, saka 48 ko rayray i polong a kitakit, matiya o Matakaskar Kanatal anoca o Fransu ko kakahad no pala.\n\nO faco no sera i,sahetoay o panahalay a dafdaf, iray ko mamang a masakefokefongay sera, o ’akawang no sera i,sahetoay itongroh no riyar 800~1100 m. I sasifo’an ato katimol no saka’etip o Kelahali Kohkoh(Ikiris a sowal:Kalahari Desert; Holam a sowal:喀拉哈里沙漠), itiraay i Masadangahay a Kelahali, o kakahad i,ira ko 900,000㎢, matahepo ko 70% a pala no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit. Itiraay i ka’amis no saka’etip a Okawanko-Sena’sena’an(Okavango Delta; 歐卡萬哥沼澤) o sakakay a Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal i hekal, adihay ho Rengorengosan Dafdaf ato Cicinahay a Sena’sena’an, ilaloma’ o Makatikati Sena’sena’an(Makgadikgadi Pan) ko sakakahaday, matahepo ko ka’amis no Pacana Kapolongan-Kitakit. O katimol no sakawali i, o posoposongan a pala.\n\nO sakakaay a ’alo o Linpopo ’Alo, o nirakatan no cipas nona ’alo i, o ikawaliay no Pocana a Notowani(Notwane),Ponwapisi(Bonwapitse),Mahalapi(Mahalapye),Locani(Lotsane),Motlawci(Motloutse) ato Syasi(Shashe). O Notowani a cipas i,mita’elif to Ciyapoli-Tada’ o hananom no i syotoay a tamdaw. O Ciyapi ’Alo itiraay i ka’amis, o kalala’edan no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit ato Namipiya. Ona Ciyawpi ’alo matatikeda ato Canpisi ’Alo i Kazungula.\n\nKakarayan(氣候) \nO polong no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit sahetoay o Fa’etat-Makedalay a Rengorengosan a Kakarayan,isaka’etip i,o kohkoh ato malifataday a kohkoh ko kakarayan. O ’orad to cecay miheca nani ka’amis no sakawali ira ko 600mm nornor sa a malowan pasitira i katimol no saka’etip to 200 mm.\n\nKinairaira no pala(生態資源) \nI Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit adihay ko kahirahira no masamaamaan a ’a’adopen ato Rengorengos ato Kilakilang a ma’orip itini. Mahaop ko Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal ato Kalahali-Kohkoh ato Fa’etay-Etal a rengorengosan, itini tona rengorengosa ira ko siri ato roma a ’a’adopen.\n\nIsaka’amis no Pocana a Etal o kitiraan no palapalan a waco, oniian waco o karacemceman a amalahedaw. Itiraay i Ciyawpi Etal a Ciyawpi Kitakitan-Koen(Chobe National Park), o sa masaopoay kono Afrika-Co, o kakahad nona koen i,ira ko 11,000㎢, ma’edeng a mikiloma’ ko 350 kasasiroma a ’ayam.\n\nO Ciyawpi Kitakitan-Koen ato itiraay i Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal a Nilalangan-Mi’adop a Etal o sakakaay kaolahan no palafangay. Ono pa’adingan etal mahaop ko itiraay i Sifo’ay Kalahali Pa’adingan to palapalan ’a’adopen no Kanci-Etal Kalahali Kohkoh; ira ho ko roma nipatirengan no kitkakit a koen, o Makgadikgadi Pans Kitakitan-Koen ato itiraay i sifo’ no Makgadikgadi Pans Kitakitan-Koen a Nxai Pan Kitakitan-Koen. \n\nIra ho kona kalotamdaw tekedan a Pa’adingan Etal, o itiraay i katatekoan no Sase- ’Alo ato Linpopo ’Alo ira ko Mashatu Game Reserve tekedan kaisya, o roma i,ingataay no Mokoloti Pala Pa’adingan Etal a tekedan a kaisya.\n\nIra ho Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan, patinako han o Khama Rhino Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,o kolong ko nipa’adingan,o Makgadikgadi Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,o Flamingko(Phoenicopteridae;紅鶴) ’Ayam koni pa’adingan.\n\nOna tosa a Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,itiraay i sasifo’an no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit.\n\nKicai (經濟) \nI 1966 miheca saka 9 folad saka 30 romi’ad malaheci ko piliyas to Ikiris a Misiiked-Pikowan,oya katelang a ngangan「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」falicen to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國), midemak to Finawlan-Sici, misafaloco’ay to sakarihaday no polong a tamdaw.\n\nPatahtah to tadaaanay fokeloh, mangaled ko tayamonto, mahaop ko 80% no nipasadakan a paliway no polong no dafong no kitakit, onini ko sakacemahad no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit itini i Afrika. O roma sato i,na misa’icel to pisawidang to romaroma a kitakit, sa mapatireng ko pa’adingay to ’a’adopen a Koin, o pisalaan no lafang(Ikiris a sowal:Tourism; Holam a sowal:旅遊或旅遊業) onini ko saka’aloman no lafang a tayni palafang.\n\nNani Pisiikedan-Pikowan tahanini, o sakali’eki’ay ko kacakat no Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw(per capita disposable income ,GNI;人均收入) , onini ko nani samanikaway a kitakit makacakat tayra i sasifo’an ko li’etan a kitakit, patinako han i, o Lalen a ’Etan no Kalotamdaw nani 1,344 no Amirika payso(1950miheca)macakat tahira i 15,015 no Amirika payso(2016miheca).\n\nNika adihay ko kinairaira no palapalaan, ira ho ko fangcalay a faco no kitakit, orasaka adihay ko pipateli to payso i katayalan sa mahinaker ko pilipayso.\n\nO citodongay to Malali’aca to Dafong ato Misanga’ to Dafong ko matayalay to sakacemahad no tayal. Nengnengen ko sa’osi no piciyosiya no Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep(International Monetary Fund，IMF;國際貨幣基金), nani 1966 miheca tahira i 1999 miheca, 9% ko lalen no kacakat no kicai. Pasatiri’ han to roma a Afrika kitakit, i kakaay ko paitekedan matayal to kicai. Ano irairaay ko maynas no yosang no kitakit i 2002 miheca ato 2003 miheca, cato ka sa’osien ko kiyam i papotal, mahaniker ko pidemak no sifo tono paysoan faco. \n\nMisiikeday ko Citodongay to Rikec a Faco cowa ka piforifor ko sieci, sa awa ko kalacemceman no mali’acaay tamdaw, onini ko sakacakat no Pipaading tono Tanengan Dafong a Tinki (Ikiris a sowal:intellectual property;Holam a sowal:智慧財產權）, i 2014 miheca a Sa’osi no Tanengan Dafong a Tinki no kalokitakit, itini i katimol no Sahala-Kohkoh a kitakit mido’edo’edoay to Katimolay-Afrika kitakit ko kafangcal.\n\nMihaiay to katayal no roma a kitakit a tamdaw ko Pocana, nikawrira, mipadetengan a miosaw ko halo tamdaw no Pocana a katayalan. O pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit, tada tata’ang ko pidama to pifalic tono kitakit a kaisya malatekedan kaisya. O kanasal no pipateli to payso to sakacemahad no katayalan i, mihai to pipanokay to payso i niyahan a kitakit, onini ko tongal sa ko kahemek no roma a kitakit a pateli to pasyso.\n\nMi’acaay ko Pocana to Masongila’ay a simal ato dinki nani Katimolay-Afrika, i Pocana iraay ko nani sikitangay a misanga’an dafong , nikawrira, cowa ka ho kowa.\n\nO sakakaay a hecek no kicai no Pocana i,o tayamonto a cara, makilatolo no polong no kitakit a mili’acaan a ’etan; do’edoe’do sa i,pisalamaan a cara. O nipasadakan a paliwal o sakakaay o tayamonto to, sota ’apol, nisanga’an nani titi no kolong, dafong no lalilecan ato sapisalof to tosiya a dofong. O nipacomodan ira ko tosiya ato dafong no kapolong pikalican, o kikai ato tinsi dafong, misang’an kakaenen ato nananomen, marad, dafong nani simal ato soka saparakat ato tamako.[2]\n\nMafafelih ato roma a kitakit ko Pocana, I 2012 miheca a Finawlan ko Pi’arawan a Sa’osi(Democracy Index;民主指數), itini i 167 ko kitakit i saka 30 ko rayray. Do’edo’edoen ko pisahapinang no《Kanasal no kalokitakit Saopo》(Ikiris a sowal:Transparency International; Holan a sowal:透明國際）[3]a pisolap ato piciwsa to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit o sacaayay ka ’engid caay ka hiranaca ko sifo, miingiday to Potawya ato Hanko ko rayray, latek mata’elif ko kaikaka to Yoropa ato Aciya a kitakit.[4]\n\nO pihinen a pasowal ko Hekalay Kicai Kasasowalan( Ikiris a sowal:World Economic Forum, decdec:WEF; Holam a sowal:世界經濟論壇), o sakakay ci’icelay to sapilifet a kitakit ko Pocana sanay, ora ko miliyaw heca ko Moti Pateliay to Payso Kaisya(Moody's Investors Service) ato Lalekoan-Poer(Ikiris a sowal:Standard & Poor's; Holan a sowal:標準普爾,簡稱標普) a mipasetek to kasasa’er to「A」a sa’er, ora to ko saawaay ko kalacemceman to pipateli to payso a mili’etan a kitakit, matatoktok ato Sifoay-Yoropa ,Kawaliay-Aciya ato Latin-Amirika a kitakit.\n\nTamdaw ato Pitooran(人口與宗教) \nO polong a tamdaw no Pocana kitakit ira ko 203 ofad(2011 miheca a sa’osi), ilaloma’ nonini i,Panto Finacadan a Ciwana tamdaw mahaop ko 90%, o sakakaay ko ka’aloman. O polong no kitakit faloay ko ikakaay a finacadan:Enwato Finacadan, Kuna Finacadan, Enwakayce Finacadan, Tawana Finacadan, Katola Finacadan, Lolong Finacadan ato Tolokuwa Finacadan. Enwato Finacadan ko sakakaay, mahaop ko 40% ko tamdaw, Yoropa tamdaw ato Aciya tamdaw latek ira ko cecay ofad. Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Ikiris, o kalosowal to romi’ami’ad i, o Cana sowal ato Ikiris sowal. \n\nO pitooran i,sahetoay o Fa’elohay Kristo Pitooran ato Tinsukiw mahaop ko 71.6%, itira i maomahay a niyaro’ ira ko mitooray tono To’asan Pitooran[5] mahaop ko 20.6%, o awaay ko pitooran mahaop ko 20.6%, oroma i,1.4%, o caay ka pacaof to licay i,0.4%.\n\nTahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) \n[1] What it's like to live in a well governed country. BBC. 2018-01-07.\n\n[2] 博茨瓦纳国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2017-02 [2017-05-22].\n\n[3] https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/impact.\n\n[4] Corruption Perceptions Index 2013. 國際透明組織. [2013-12-03]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-03）.\n\n[5] 博茨瓦纳国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2017-02 [2017-05-22].\n\nPikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n 官方網站\n 《世界概況》上有關Botswana的條目\n Botswana from UCB Libraries GovPubs\n 開放式目錄計劃中和波札那相關的內容\n Botswana from the BBC News\n 維基媒體的波札那地圖集 \n OpenStreetMap上有關波札那的地理資訊\n Key Development Forecasts for Botswana from International Futures\n\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":3234,"character_repetition_ratio":0.073,"word_repetition_ratio":0.118,"special_characters_ratio":0.232,"stopwords_ratio":0.02,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":9800.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burma","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Burma（緬甸）\n\nMientin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit (Mientin a sowal:ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံ : Kuwaping a sowal:緬甸聯邦共和國,通稱緬甸).[1]\n\nTakaray a sowal(概要) \nItiraay i katimol-Sakawaian a Pecihan-Kanatal (Fransu a sowal:Indochine; Ikiris a sowal: Indochinese Peninsula; Kuwaping a sowal:印度支那半島;中南半島). Ano patatili’aen to katimol no Sakawaian a kanatanatal i,o katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw( Ikiris a sowal:Mainland Southeast Asiahananay; Kuwaping a sowal:東南亞大陸地區),[2] [3] o kacingangan no ninian haw i,o misa’ayaway to riyar i sakawali no katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw, isaka’etip misi’ayaway to Indo-Riya a pecihan- kanatak,i katimolay no Congko, ikawaliay no Indo kokacingangan. Mahaop ko Mintin, Tayko, Cienposay, Yienan ato Malaysiya.\n\nO dahadah no sera no polong no kitakit ira ko 67.65 ofda㎢, o saka 40 a katata’ak itini i polong a kitakit i hwkal, itini i katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw o sakatos ko katata’ak, o nitahepoan no kilakilangan mahaop ko 50%.[4] O polong no tamdaw ira ko 5,567 ofad ko ka’aloman, saka26 ko rayray hekalay kitakit.[5] \n\nI katimol misi’ayaway to Antaman-Riyar (Andaman Sea;安達曼海), i ka’etip no sakatimol misi’ayaway to Monciyala-Kihaw, o to’edaw no lilis no riyar irako 2831km, makalitosa ko sala’edam konis no polong no kitakit. O stoto i, Naypito(Awkair a tilid:Neipyiṯo; Kuwaping a sowal:奈比多), i’ayaw no 2005 miheca itiraay i satata’angay a tokai Yangkuwang(Mintin a sowal nifalican mitilid: aran-kun mrui) ko syoto.\n\nTatapangan no ngangan no kitakit(國家名稱之由來) \nOna ngangan no kitakit hananay tora Miyientin(緬甸) sanay i,ora「Miyien」hananay i,ono niyah pitahidang to tireng no Miyien-Finacadan, nikawrira, sano kuwaping a sowal i,o tadamaraay sanay,orahananay i,o taliyok no niyaro’ a palapalaan. Orasak,「Miyientin」hananay i, o「tada iraay a palapalan」sanay ko imi nira. Nikawrira, itini I sowal no Miyientin i,o「Miyienma」(Myañma\/Myăma;緬馬) hananay ko pitahidang, ano caciyaw i,o Pama(㛧馬／跁馬ဗမာ Băma) hananay.\n\nYo misiiked to ko kitakit i 1948 miheca, molosifoan a sowal ko sowalno Miyien-Tin,malongangan hananay to no sifo ko ninian. Itiya sato i 1989miheca ono sofitayan a sifo no Miyien-Tin lekal sato o halo no kitakit a ngangan ko nini sato, o kalokitakit no hekal paifaloco’ sa a mifalic a pangangan, nikawrira, ira ho ko o telang ho a ngangan ko pitahidan, patinako han, o Tayko o Pama(㛧馬／跁馬) han nira a mitahidang, onini ko maalay a mitahidang to「เมียนมา Miian-maa;緬馬」.\n\nkaitiraan (地理) \nO kaitiraan no Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit itiray i saka’amisan no Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw( Ikiris a sowal:Mainland Southeast Asiahananay; Kuwaping a sowal:東南亞大陸地區), malafiyaw ato Congko, Liyawko ato Tayko, isak’etip madado’edo ato Indo , Monciyala akitakit. Ikatimol no sak’etip misi’ayaway to Monciyala-Kihaw, ikatimol misi’ayaw to Antaman-Riyar. \n\nO kakahad no pala ira ko 676,578㎢, itini i Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw o sakakahaday ko pala a kitakit. O sakatimol aca ko misi’ayaway to riyar, sahetoay mataliyokay no tokos, ika’etip o Arakan Lotolotokan(Ikiris a sowal:Arakan Mountains;Kuwaping a sowal:若開山 ano ca阿拉干山), isaka’amis o Simayala Lotolotokan (himālaya, Chomolongma;喜馬拉雅山ano ca 珠穆朗瑪峰) mahifalatay ko faco ningra, i kawali ato katimol no sakawali o takaraway a dahetal ato Tansalin Lotolotokan, isasifo’an i o hadhad.Oay isaka’amisay no Simayala Lotolotokan a Kayciyapo-Poco’ o ka’akawang nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 5881m, o sakakaay ko ’akawang i Miyen-Tin.\n\nO ikakaay a ’alo ira ko Irowati-’Alo(Ikiris a sowal:Irrawaddy River ; Kuwaping a sowal:伊洛瓦底江 ano ca大金沙江), o kato’edaw i, ira ko 2,288km, oni rakatan a pala ira ko 420,934㎢,[14] ira ko Cinton-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal:Chindwin River; Kuwaping a sowal:欽敦江), ira ko Sarwen-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal: Salween; Kuwaping a sowal:薩爾溫江), ira ho ko Sitang-’Alo. Orasaka o tamdaw no Miyen-Tin sahetoay maro’ i salawacan a pala no Irowati-’Alo, tada sakakaay a ’alo no Miyen-Tin ko nini.\n\nO kakarayan no Miyen-Tin i,o fa’edetay a kakarayan, isa’owac no ’alo modo’etay kali’oraday i kaciferangan, i laloma’ no karopaw ma’icangay. \n\nItini i 22 00 N, 98 00 E, noAsiya ko Burma.\nPolong no sekalay i 676,578 sq km “saka 40 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 653,508 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 23,070 sq km ” \nPolong i 56,890,418 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 19.2%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 48.20%, malo no roma to a sera 32.60%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO Nay Pyi Daw(奈比多)Rangoon (Yangon仰光) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay 4 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Htin Kyaw(碇喬，或譯作丁覺), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 30 a romi’ad.\n\nKasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃) \nO polong a sakowan no Miyien-Yin a kitakit i,pitoay ko Tata’akay Sakowan (Miyien-Tin a sowal:တိုင်းဒေသကြီး; Ikiris a sowal:Region)，ila’eno no nini i, misilsil han ho to pito a Finacadan-Kitakit (Miyien-Tin a sowal: ပြည်နယ်, Ikiris a spwal:State）ato cecay a Patateko’an-Kitakit a Tekedan Sakowan o Naypito.( Miyien-Tin a sowal:နေပြည်တော် ပြည်တောင်စုနယ်မြေ, Ikiris a sowal:Naypyidaw Union Territory）. O maro’ay tamdaw tona pitoay a Tata’akay Sakowan ikakaay ko Miyien-Finacadan, oroma sa i,omaro’ay tona pitoay a Finacadan-Kitakit o mamangay a finacadan ko maro’ay.\n\nRikisi(歷史) \nIra ko ma’oasaway a tilid, i’ayaw no 75 ofad ko mihecaan iraay to itini i Miyien-Tin ko tomirengay a tata’angay a lotong ma’orip itini, ira ho a makera ko Katelangay-Fokelohan Mihecaan a dafong itini, mangalefay ko kaadihay no Fa’elohay-Fokelohan Mihecaan nalacolan, patinako han isa’owacan no Ilowati-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal: Irrawaddy River;Kuwaping a sowal:伊洛瓦底江;大金沙江) a niyaro’ ira a makera ko i’ayaway to 5000 mihecan a nalacolan.\n\nNaikoran no Ikiris a micowat a mikowan i,makalitosa a mipecih o cecay i, o Fafa’eday Miyien-Tin(Miyien-Tin a sowal:အထက်မြန်မာပြည်, a-nya tha;Kuwaping a sowal:上緬甸;真緬甸) ato La’enoay Miyien-Tin(Miyien-Tin a sowal: အောက်မြန်မာပြည်,auk tha; Kuwaping a sowal:下緬甸;外緬甸). Ora kocecay a ratoh, i’ayaw ni Yiesoan to 200 a miheca, micomod ko Piyaw-Finacadan(pyū;驃人) i fafa’ed no Ilowati-’Alo, ci’icel a mikowan to lalan i kasala’ed no Congko ato Indo no malali’acaay tamdaw. \n\nIkor to 200 miheca, ira a tayni ko Mon-Finacadan i salawacan no Sitan-’Alo, itiya sato i 849 miheca ma’afas no Miyien-Tin Finacadan ko salawacan no Piyaw-’Alo a patireng to Pu-Kan Sakowan(pu.gam).\n\nI 1757 miheca makowan no Mon-Finacadan Hontian Kitakit ko Katimolay Miyien-Tin, nani 1044 miheca tahira i 1287 miheca, nani Pu-Kan Sakowan misatapang ko Honti no Miyien-Finacadan a mipasipapotak a mikowan.\n\n1824-1826 miheca i sakacecay a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris, o Ikiris ko pakalowiday. 1852 miheca sakakinatosa a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris, matongal ko kakahad no mi’ecoan no Ikiris.1885 miheca sakakinatolo a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris,malowid ko Miyien-Tin ha’emin han to no Ikiris a mi’eco ko Miyien-Tin, patatekoen i nikowanan no Ikiris a Indo malocecay no sakowan, malomicongacongay a kitakit no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep (Commonwealth of Nations;大英國協).\n\nItiya sato i 1890 miheca tahira i 1947 miheca, o Tan-Pang(撣邦) ato Wa-Pang(佤邦) tatootoor sa malanipa’adingan a kitakit no Ikiris, o Kocin-Pang(克欽邦) ato CinPang(欽邦) misaikedan a mikowan. Ocor han no Ikiris ko Congto no Indo(Ikiris a sowal:Governor-General of India; Kuwaping a sowal:印度總督) ko cacitodong a mikowan to Miyien-Tin.[6] Tahira to i 1937 miheca saka 4 folad saka 1 romi’ad, malaheci ko《Rokec no Indo-Sifo》, miliyas to ko Miyien-Tin to Indo sacecay sato mala Miyien-Tin honpo no Ikiris to picowat i Aciya. \n\n1942 miheca oya mikeridan ni Ong-San(nifalican tilid no Miyen-Tin:Aung Hcan; Kuwaping a sowal:翁山) aci Ni-Won (nifalican tilid no Miyen-Tin:Ne Win, Kuwaping a sowal:尼溫) a misiikeday a sofitay kamkamen nangra ko sofitay no Dipon, i 1943 miheca micomod a maro’ i Miyen-Tin, 1945 miheca saka 8 folad saka 1 romi’ad, milekal ko Dipon to pikai to Pisiiked-Niyahpikowan, midama a pacakat to sakacemahad no Miyen-Tin kitakit.[7] Yo kalepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal patatiko ko Ikiris tayra i Miyen-Tin, o sofitay ko mikowanay, tona miheca saka 11 folad patireng to pacarcaray a sifo, ci Ong-San ko malafukusoli(副總理), caka halafin macacoli ko laloma’ nona sifo, orasak lasawad sato kona pacarcaray a sifo.[8] \n\n1946 mihheca saka 8 folad patireng haca to sakatosa a pacarcaray sifo,ci Ong-San ko Congli(總理), nikawrira, to cila a miheca i 1947, saka 7 folad saka 19 romi’ad takawen no cima a mipatay ci Ong-San ato aenem a malatapangay no sifo a tamdaw.[9] I 1948 miheca saka 1 folad saka 4 romi’ad malaheci to no Miyen-Tin a miliyas ko Ikiris a Misiied-Niyah pikowan, milekal a patireng to Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit(緬甸聯邦共和國), ci So-Roy-Tai( Sao Shwe Thaik;蘇瑞泰) ko sarakatay malacongton.\n\n1962 miheca tahira i 1974 mihecan, afasen ni Ni-Won(尼溫) ko sakowan a ’icel no sifo, oalasawaden ningra ko tatapangan a rikec no kitakit tora kinpo hananay, oaceroren a patireng to「Mien-Tin Kapolongan Misafa’elohay a Iinkay」(Ikiris a sowal:Union Revolutionary Council (of Burma)，decdecan a tilid:URC; Kuwaping a sowal:聯邦革命委員會), milalang to sinkiw a faco, misatapang to ko sofitay a miteked a mikowan to kitakit. To ikor to i, ona 「Mien-Tin Kapolongan Misafa’elohay a Iinkay」 falicen to「Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Siyakai Syuki Nikapolongan Citodongay to Demak no Kitakit a Iinkay」, o「Mien-Tin Kapolongan」sanay a ngangan no kitakit i,falicen to「Mien-Tin.\n\nSiyakai Syuki Nikapolongan Kitakit」, malaheci a mipatireng to dengan cecay aca ko centang a mikowan sanay a faco no sieci, midemak to misa Mien-Tinay a Siyakai Syuki.\n\n1989 miheca saka 6 folad saka 18 romi’ad oya kakerida no sofitayan a sifo ci Tan-Roy (Than Shwe;丹瑞) falicen ningra koya Ikirisay a tilid「Burma」 to「Myanmar」. \n\n2011 miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 romi’ad malacongtong ci Ten-Sen (Thein Sein; 登盛). 2012 miheca saka 4 folad ska 1 romi’ad ira ko pipatongal a misinkiw to kiing no Pikaikian no kitakit to 45 ko tamdaw, o nikeridan ni Ong-San-Soci (Latin a tilid:Aung San Suu Kyi) a Polong no kitakit a Lekatep no Finawlan( National League for Democracy) pakaala to 43 ko tamdaw akiing, ci Ong-San-Soci matama malakiing.\n\nI 2015 miheca saka 11 folad saka 8 romi’ad midemak ko Mien-Tin to tata’angay a sinkiw to sarakatay to 25 a miheca ko kahalafin, pakaala ko nikeridan ni Ong-San-Soci a Polong no kitakit a Lekatep no Finawlan to kalitosa no kiing, orasaka o cefang to na Ong-San-Soci ko cacitatodong a mipatireng to sifo a matayal to demak no sifo, mapalasawad to ira ko 54 miheca ko kahalafin a pikowan no sofitay a sifo.\n\nI 2021 miheca saka 2 folad saka 1 romi’ad, mifelih ko sofitay sifo, mapalit no sofitay ci Ong-San-Soci ato papinapina na tapang no sifo,[10] maketon ko dingwa,[11] cisowal sa ko palisyangay tilifi no kitakit masamo’ay ko kikai sa maketon ko dingwa sanay,[12] to ikor to ira to ko sowal no sofitay a sifo cecay miheca ko kafafolawan no kitakit, mapalitay to ci Ong-San-Soci to nika raraw nira i 2020 miheaan a sinkiwa sato ko sowal no sofitay a sifo.[13]\n\nKicai (經濟) \nO liomah ko sakakaay a saka’orip no Miyen-Tin, o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw (per capita disposable income ,GNI) to cecay a mihecaan ira ko 1180 Amirika-Payso, o maomahay a tamdaw mahaop ko 60% no polong a tamdaw no kitakit, o nipalomaan a losay i, ira ko panay, moki, tefos. Oni tahepoan no kilakilangan to pala no kitakit mahaop ko 50%, sahetoay o ma’ikesay( ko’esitay) a kilang ato yumu(柚木).\n\nO misanga’ay to lalosidan ira ko miilangay to panay, masongila’ay kilang, mikarkar to kasoling simal, masanga’ to mamangay kikai,ato mikarkar to tadafakeloh. \n\nTahini to to aniniay a 21 sici, o ’orip no polong a tamdaw no Miyen-Tin, cowa ka samaan ko kacakat pasatatili’en ato ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood i hekal, i raremay ho. O sa’osi no mikakinkiway i,i 1936 miheca o Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( Gross Domestic Product:GDP ) marawisay to ko 121.97 Amirika-Payso, o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw (per capita disposable income ,GNI) i,ira ko 776 Amirika-Payso, nikawrira i 2004 miheca saka 11 dolad a sa’osi i, o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw edeng 356 Amirika-Payso, wataay ko kalowan.\n\n2011 miheca satapang ko Miyen-Tin sifo pateli to tata’angay a payso to sapitpatireng to maamaan a parananan, pateli to 589 ok Amirika-Payso patireng to Towa Tekedan Katayalan(土瓦經濟特區) ato talolongay minato. Imitini mapapadangay ato Tayko a matayal to pinapina ademak, to ikor to i, patosok sa a misanga’ to no nanom a dingki, no simalan dafong ato misongila’ to simal.\n\nO tamdaw ato finacadan(人口和民族)\n\nO polong a tamdaw no Miyen-Tin ira ko 5,000 ofad ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini i,o Miyen-Finacadan mahaop ko 68% ko sa’osi. O roma a mamangay a finacadan ira ko San-Finacadan(9%), ora ko Koren-Finacadan (7%),Lokay-Finacadan(3.5%),Kuwaping-Finacadan (2.5%), Mon-Finacadan (2%), Kocin-Finacadan (1.5%), Koyie-Finacadan 0.75%) ato romaroma a Finacadan (4.5%), o roma sato i,ira ho ko Indo-Tamdaw ato Monkara-Tamdaw (1.25%).\n\nNikawrira, imatini, cowa ho ka pihaien i rikec no Myien-Tin a sifo to Kuwaping-Tamdaw, Indo-Tamdaw, Monkara-Tmdaw ato Losinya-Tamdaw, caay ka o pilalang aca to Losinya-Tmadaw, patatekoen i Monkara-Tamdaw.\n\nO sowal(語言) \nOno sifoan a sowal i,o Miyien-Tin sowal, oninian a sowal i,o sowal no Miyien-Tin Finacadan a sowal ko nini,o kasasiromaroma a finacadan ilaloma’ no Miyien-Tin ono niyah a sowal ko sakawasowal to romi’ami’ad.\n\nO i kasafaleday a tamdaw i, sahetoay a mafana’ay to sowal no Ikiris. Tadahalafin ko pikowan no sofitay, matiya ko kahalafin o Miyien-Tin Finacadan ko sakakaay,orasaka malalangay ko romaroma a finacadan somowal tono niyah a finacadan a sowal i pitilidan. Onini to ko sakalahedawaw sato koninian a sowal. O nano mikowanan no Tata’akay Ikiris-Hontian kitakit ko Miyien-Tin, nika awa no pitilidan sakacaay ka tenak ko sowal no Ikiris, itini i mikowanan no Ikiris a kitakit o micidekay ko Miyien-Tin a kitakit.\n\nPitooran (宗教) \nIra ko 89% a tamdaw no Miyien-Tin mitooray to Sangcopo-Fociyaw (sowal no Pali:Theravāda; Kuwaping a sowal:上座部佛教), nikawrira, ira ho ko 5% a tamdaw pakaso’elinay tono to’asan ho kawas.roma a pitooran ira ko Islam-Pitooran, Kristo-Pitooran, Tinsikiwa-Pitooran ato Indo-Pitooran.\n\nO sakakaay ko Fociyaw o tahapinangan i Miyien-Tin, o Kristo a pitooran itiraay i saka’amis no Miyien-Tin. Itiya ho i’ayaw a miheaan malalang ko roma a pitooran, tona pinapina a mihecaan mitengil to mamang ko sifo to ngiha’ no finawlan, sa ira sato ko pipa’ading to patenak to roma a pitooran ato mitooray. Ano matinitiniay i,tahanini mapa’ekeray ho no sifo ato kalotamdaw ko Islam a pitooran, mangalefay ko pipenec to mitooray to Islam-Pitooran a Losingya a tamdaw, tadaawaay ko pikalotamdaw a pinengngen no sifo.\n\nTahapinangan a tilid (文獻參考) \n[1] Steinberg, David I. The Crises That Are Burma\/Myanmar. Burma\/Myanmar. Oxford University Press. 2013-09-26. ISBN 978-0-19-998168-7\n\n[2] 薄文澤. 东南亚大陆地区民族的源流与历史分布变化. 東南亞研究. 2006, (06): 82–86.\n\n[3] 李一平. 东南亚岛屿地区先于半岛地区沦为殖民地的原因. 南洋問題研究. 2000, (01): 48–54.\n\n[4] 国家信息. 緬甸駐中國大使館. [2020-12-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-04）.\n\n[5] Asian Development Bank–Myanmar Fact Sheet, Retrieved 8 July 2010 (PDF). [2012-02-07]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-12-26）.\n\n[6] 陳水逢.《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:252.\n\n[7] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:254.\n\n[8] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:155-256.\n\n[9] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:257-258.\n\n[10] Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. DW | 01.02.2021. DW.COM. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-01） （中文（中國大陸））.\n\n[11] 《財經��新媒體. 缅甸军方：实施为期一年的紧急状态. finance.sina.com.cn. 2021-02-01 [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-09）\n\n[12] MRTV. www.facebook.com. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-22） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[13] 立場報道 | 立場新聞. 立場新聞 Stand News. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-12） （英語）. \n\n[14] 喻菲. 中国科学家确定雅鲁藏布江等四条国际河流源头. 科學網. 2011-08-22 [2011-08-23].\n\nPikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) \n\n 緬甸概況 - 新華網\n 緬甸中文網---緬甸第一中文媒體（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n 《世界概況》上有關Burma的條目 （英文）\n 開放式目錄計劃中和緬甸相關的內容 （英文）\n 維客旅行上的緬甸（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）（英文）\n 維基媒體的緬甸地圖集 （英文）\n OpenStreetMap上有關緬甸的地理資訊\n 谷歌地圖\n\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis\nKitakit\nBurma\nAsiya","num_words":3847,"character_repetition_ratio":0.064,"word_repetition_ratio":0.034,"special_characters_ratio":0.26,"stopwords_ratio":0.016,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":6424.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burundi","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Burundi（蒲隆地）\n\nPulongti kapolongan kitakit(蒲隆地共和國)\n\nTakaray sowal: \n\nO Pulongti hananay a kitakit(Fransu sowal: République du Burundi), o kalopanganga a mitahidang o Pulongti(Fransu sowal:Burundi; Kuwaping sowal:蒲隆地). Itiraay i sakawali no Afrika a ilaloma’ay no karopow a kitakit, ikamis o Loanta, ikawali o Tanangniya, isaka’etip o Kangko ko fiyaw, mataliyokay nona tolo a kitakit, o kasala’ed ato Kangko malitosaay ko kalala’edan i Tankoniko-Fanaw(Ikiris sowal: Lake Tanganyika; Frensu sowal: Lac Tanganyika; Kuwaping sowal:坦噶尼喀湖).\n\nO syoto tatapangan tokay o Citoka(Kolonti sowal:Gitega), o satata’angay a tokay i, o Posongpula(Fransu sowal:Bujumbura; Kuwaping sowal:布松布拉) o itiraay i salawacay no Tankoniko-Fanaw ko aro’ nona tokay. \n\nToloay kono sifo a sowal, kahaop ko sowal no Ikiris, Fransu ato Kolonti a sowal.\n\nO cecay no samanikaway a kitakit itini i sasekal, o Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GDP, Cemahadan a Sa’osi no \n\n(Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw, kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc GNP) itini i sasekalan o isaikoray ko sa’osi, o cowa ho kacemahad a kitakit hananay no Linhoko. \n\nNaw matira saan i,o lalood i laloma’ no kitakit,maco’os to payso ko malatapangay ato ikararemay ko pitilidan, ’aloman ko ciadada ho Aicupin(Ikiris sowal:acquired immune deficiency syndrome，decdecay tilid:AIDS).[1]\n\nKaitiraan pala(地理) \nItiraay i sakwaki no Afrika a kakapela’an no Afrika karopaw, mataliyokay no roma a kitakit, ira ko masamaan a palapala,oya sa’akawangay a tokos i,o kalacinowasan no tata’angay ’alo no Afrika Nilo’alo ato Kanko ’alo, pacingangan han to 「faloco’ no Afrika」, o polong a sera ira ko 27,830 km² ko kakahad.[2]\n\nKasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃)\n\nO polong a kasasilsil no sakowan ira ko 17 sakowan, I 2000 miheca o Sonpula sakowan mikalitosan to Posongpolasi ato Posongpola mamangay \n\n.\n\nNipili’etan kicai(經濟) \n\nO kofi ato ociya ko sakakaay a sapili’etan to payso no roma a kitakit, nikawrira, o kakarayan toya mihecaan ko pi’arawan to kaci’etan anoca ko kasipon,ano ira ko cipadesay matongal ko kasipon toya mihecaan. O pawli, alilay ato falisan ko kalimeaan a losay,o pawli i o sakamo’etep i hekal ko kaadihay.[3]\n\nOroma a kalimelaan a losay ira ko takomod, kiyasafa,kalitang,kodasing,malinso,’emi, tamako, panay ato nanges.\n\nO nipakaenan a ‘a’adopen ira ko ta’edaway ko wawa’ a kolong ato siri. O mifotingay a tayal itiraay aca i Tangkaniko Fanaw a masaopo, i 2005 miheca a nifotingan a foting ira ko 14200 ton ko kaadihay.[4]\n\nO misanga’ay to dafong a tayal satapang sanay ho, o’edeng o misongila’ay to kafi ato amoto, i 2007 miheca o polong a masanga’ay tinki ira ko 9200 ko ofad a tu.[5]\n\nMicolo’ay (交通) \n\nTadancaay ko micolo’ay a demak itini tona kitakit, away ko cilamalay, ono tosiya a lalan i, ira ko 12,322 km[6], ilaloma’ nonini i,’edeng 1286 km ko asfaloto a lalan, o mamangay a lalan ira ko 3700km ko kato’edaw, orama sato i,sahetoay o lalan no niyaro’.[7] O polong nona lalan i,caay ka ’imeren, ano maorad sa i,malapota’ay cowa ka nga’ay a rakaten.o polong a tosiya ira ko 48000 ko tosiya.[8]\n\nO ka’eferan no hikoki o Pusongpula a ka’eferan, ira ko hikoki ma’efer tayra i Yoropa, Kangko kitakit ato Sakawaliay Arika.\n\nKali’aca to Kalokitakit(國際貿易) \nO nipasadakan paliwal a dafong i 2009 mihecaan o polong a ‘etan 6800 Amirika payso,[9] o nipaliwalan a dafong o kafi, ociya, sato no tefos, takomod ato tolak no ’a’adopen.[10] O pipaliwalan a kitakit i,o Suisu, Ikiris, Pakistan,Pilisu, Luanta ato Aikipto.[11]\n\nO roma sato i, o niacaan nani roma a kitakit a dafong i 2009 miheca polongen ira ko 2.75 ok payso no amirika,[12] o niacaan a dafong ira ko kikay, \n\nato dafong no simal ato kakaenen.[13] O piacaan a kitakit i,o SautiArapo, Pilisu,Ukanta, Kenya, Congko, Fransu, Toic, Indo, Tansangniya ato Dipong.[14]ci Safulo.\n\nTahapinangan Tilid (參考文獻) \n[1] Eggers, E., Historical Dictionary of Burundi, p. xlix.\n\n[2] 中央情報局世界概況—國家面積.\n\n[3] 聯合國農業及糧食組織資料庫.\n\n[4] Earth Trend World Resource Institute—漁業產量. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-21）.\n\n[5] 國際能源總署—電力生產.[永久失效連結]\n\n[6] 中央情報局世界概況--公路.\n\n[7] 改寫自《非洲列國誌》蒲隆地--,頁273,1981年出版\n\n[8] 世界銀行資料庫--車輛數每千人. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-09）.\n\n[9] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值.\n\n[10] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值\n\n[11] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值\n\n[12] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值\n\n[13] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值\n\n[14] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值\n\nKakafitan i papotal(外部連接) \nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":1068,"character_repetition_ratio":0.052,"word_repetition_ratio":0.059,"special_characters_ratio":0.263,"stopwords_ratio":0.023,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":7222.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kanata","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Kanata（加拿大）\nKanata (Inkiris, Ferans: Canada，IPA) o no ka’amisay Amilika masafaniyotay paka’amis a kitakit, nano sakaetip ka’amis a ’apelad no hekal, kacisera nai kaetip mililisay to Taypinyang, kawali mililis to Tasiyang, ka’amis mililis to Pipinyang, ra ko sera i salaloma’an no No’amisan ’Apocok. Kawali ka’amis no Kanata masasi’ayaway to Tienmark a sera Kerinlan, o Hans ko kasasilaedan, katimol ato kaetip ka’amis masasitongod to Lasfikas no Amilika, no Ferans a sera Sen piye ato Mikeron palapalaan i kawali a palapalaan. O dadahal a sera no Kanata 998 ’ofad 4670 pinfang kongli, o sakatosa kitakit a dadahalay sera i hekal, o cemahaday ho kitakit a satata’akay sera. Oni a kitakit o Otawa ko syoto, i 2016 miheca no tokay a tamdaw madadoedo, limaay tata’akay niyaro’ o Toronto, Montalio, Kakali, Atemonton[7]. 10 a kanatal ato 3 ’etal sakapot no Kanata kitakit. O Kanata a kicay o cemahaday to, o fangcalay ko liyok no pala, 2020 miheca sai “Fosepi” o kanga’ayan kamaro’an a misawad to sakiliteng a kitakit. \n\nKanata i ’ayaw no 1400 miheca iraay to ko maro’ay a yincumin ma’orip. 15 sici, Inkiris ato Ferans macalap no mcowatay miteka misolap nai kawali no Amilika kanatal, itiya patiren to nicowatan sakowan. I 1763 miheca, tona paherek ko 7 miheca a lalood i, Ferans mapatangic polong no micowatan a sera pafeli han ko Inkiris. Ikor no pinapina mo^etep ko mihecaan i, Inkiris micowatay pasietip ko pisolap tangasa i Taypinyang a niyaro’, patireng to fa^elohay nicowatan sakowan. 1867 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, “1867 miheca kimpo rikec” mahayda, Kanata a kanatal malitosaay Ontario ato Kuepek kanatal, mikapot to Niw Polancewi, Niw Sekesiya tolo nano Inkiris ka’amisan Amilika nicowatan sakowan malakapot no Kanata nipatatekoan a kitakit. Padoedo to 100 mihecaan i, oroma to nano Inkiris a nicowatan sakowan madadoedo micomod to nipatatekoan a kitakit, sakapot aniniay a Kanata.\n\nTakaray a sowal(概要) \nKanata a kitakit o itiraay i sak’amisay no Sa’amisan Amirika Karopaw, misi’ayaway to Taypingyang i saka’etip, isakwali o Tasiyang, ika’amis o Li’etecay Riyar, ira ko \n\na aera itira i Ka’amisay Pocok no Cikiw. Isakatimol malala’ed ato Amirika, i ka’amis no saka’etip malala’eday ato Alaska, isakawali no Kanata ira ko kanatal no Fransu o Siepiay ato Mikolong(Fransu asowal:Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon; Kuwaping a sowal:聖皮埃與密克隆) polongen ira ko 206 km².\n\nO dadahal no sera no Kanata ira ko 998 ofad cisafaw to 4670 km², o sakatosa ko dadahal itini i kasakitakit, o sakakay ko kakahad ilaloma’ no Cemahaday Kitakit. O tata’angay tokai o Otawa(Ikiris a sowal:Ottawa; Kuwaping a sowal:渥太華), 10 ko sakowanetal ato tolo a kaloetal.\n\nI ‘ayaw no 1400 miheca iraay to ko yincumin a maro’ itini, saka15 sici, satapang ko picowat no Ikiris ato Fransu ton apala,ikor to i,alapatireng sa to Nicowatan Pala. I 1763 miheca malalood ko Ikiris ato Fransu, 7 miheca ko kalaloodan, malowid ko Fransu, oya nikowanan a sera pafeli han to ko Ikiris.\n\nI 1931 miheca saka 12 folad saka 11 romi’ad, mapalaheci no Ikiris ko cecay a rikec mihai to pisiiked no Kanata, nikawrira, o Sakakaay a mikomoday no kitakit o Honti no Ikiris ko \n\nci Cyoci sakalima(Ikiris a sowal:George V; Kuwaping a sowal:喬治五世), ano misiikeikeday ko Kanata o Ikiris ho ko mitatoyay to sapisalof to rikec a sakowan, tahira to i 1982 miheca saka 4 folad saka 17 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan ko Honti ci Ilisapay sakatosa i kakaketonan a tilid to pilinah to Sapisalof to Kimpo Sakowan tayra i Pikaykian no Kitakit no Kanata,itini to a mapahapinang ko kasasiiked nona tosa a kitakit.\n\nNgangan 名稱 \n“Canada” nai Sen Lolons Ilokuy a sowal “Kanata” a tilid, o todong “niyaro’” ano eca “paloma’an” sanay[11]. I 1535 miheca, maro’ay i Quebec ci a yincumin pako Ferans misolapay Yakop Kartiya keriden patayra i Setakona, itiya o Kanata han konian[12]. Ikor ci Yakop Kartiya o Canada han ko toro’ to Tonakona (o Setakona a ngangasawan) mikowanay tina niyaro’. 1545 miheca, Ilopiya ato cicu o Canada ko taypiaw nonini a kasadefadefak. I 17 sici ato 18 suci, Canada o pitoro’ to New France a St. Lawrence ’alo no niyaro’. O sapiliyang to Inkiris no 13 nicowatan sakowan finawlan, Inkiris sifo i 1774 miheca mihapiw to Quebec a rikec, onion a rikec mipadadahalay to mikowat tangasa i katimolay no limaay a fanaw a niyaro’, tahira i Ohio ’alo ko ray. Onini a sera polong nai 1783 miheca mapatorod i fa^elohay Amilika, nika limaay a fanaw ka’amis a sera, oya aniniay a Ontario kanatal a niyaro’aro’, materek no Inkiris. Nanoya o Niw Ferans macalap no Inkiris, makilatosa ko Kanata, fafaed Kanata ato laeno Kanata. 1841 miheca, fafaed ato laeno mapapolong malo Kanata kanatal[13]. \n\nI 1867 miheca, Kanata kanatal ato New Brandsway ato Nova Scotia mapapolong Kanata mikowanan[14]. Nanoya a miliyas to Inkiris ko Kanata, o sifo pasodsod sa i sifo a tilid ato tatonekan sakadademaken no Kanata. 1982 miheca, Kanata a lisin no kitakit pako niya a nikowanan Kanata romi’ad han to ko pangangan[15].\n\nYincumin a mihecahecaan(原住民時期) \nTiri’en kono To’asan Nikinkiwan ato kadado’edo no ‘Ilang, sa awaay i ‘ayaw no 24,500 mihecaan i sa’amis no Yukong ( Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal:Yukon; Kuwaping a sowal:育空) iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, o itiraay i sakatimolan Antali a tamdaw pasifafaw to 7,500 ko miheca.[1] [2] O itiraay i Ciwkoro Dafda ato Lanyi Dihif a tamdaw o samatelangay a nalacolan no tamdaw.[3] O kasasiikedan no niyaro’ no yincumin ’i, mahadekdekay ko kamaro’, maomahay, sasifed ko faco no ‘orip ato masasalilay ko kali’acaan.[4] [5] nikawrira, i’ayaw no kataynian no Yoropa a tamdaw matekopay to ko pinapina a niyaro’, anini sa to odengan o paini no pikakinkiw tono to’asan ho ko kafana’an.[6] \n\nItiya ho o tamdaw no yincumin ira ko 200 ofad, anini sato 50 ofad ko ma’osaway.[7] Away ko sapitaker a ‘icel no yincumin to nihawikidan no \n\na tamdaw a adada, madenga no masamaanay a lifong, ora ko saka lowan no tamdaw no yincumin nahaop 40% to 80%.[8] O maro’ay i Kanata a yincumin ira ko tolo kasasiroma, Sakacecay a Finacadan, Inuit ato Mitis, o Mitis hananay a finacadan ‘i, o ciramramay to ‘ilang no Teloc no Fransu a finacadan,[9] ano pasasotiri’en odengan o Inuit ko saawaay ko kasacofelis ato Yoropa a tamdaw.[10]\n\nMicowatan Sakowan no Yoropa (歐洲殖民時期) \nI naikoran ni Yiso amihecan latek i 1000 miheca, miripa’ to ko Yoropa a tamdaw to sota’ no Kanata,oya Ka’amisay Yoropa cingisngisay to kahenganay ci Ayriko(Kunos a sowal: Eiríkr hinn rauði; Kuwaping a sowal: 紅鬍子艾瑞克）mipatireng to pacalcalan a kamaro’an i Lasayaucu Rengorengosan,[11] I saka16 sici o Portokaru a mifotingay patireng itini to pacacalan a minato to pifoting to ‘iso.12] 1534 o mihahinamay a Fransu a tamdaw ci Yakokatiya（Jacques Cartier; 雅克·卡蒂亞）\n\npanganganen ningra ko Honti no Fransu a mi’eco to itiniay a pala.[13]\n\n1583 miheca o Tadamaanay a Ikiris tamdaw ci Hanfolay Cirpoto(漢弗萊·吉爾伯特;Humphrey Gilbert)，patireng to niyaro’ i Sieyohani(Saint-Jean de Terre-Neuve; 聖約翰斯), ono Ikiris a pala i Saka’amisay Amirika koni sa milekal.[14] \n\n1783 miheca matatilid to Pali Kakaketonan(《巴黎條約》;Treaty of Paris)mihay ko Fransu to kalakitakit no Amirika, o Ikiris a sifo sapinekeran to faloco’ no Ikiris tamdaw, i 1791 miheca pasadak Facoan a Kimpo, papecihan ko Kupiko sakowan to somowalay to Ikiris a Faga’eday Kanata ato somowalay to Fransu a La’enay a Kanata, alamitaoy to pisikiw ato sakowan.\n\nAniniay Kanta(現代加拿大) \n1949 miheca miteko i Kanata ko Niwfenlan Niyahsakowan,[15] matongal ko kacomahad no saka’orip no Kanata, matongal ko olah tona kitakit, onini ko sakapihay no faloco’ to ono Kanata a tamdaw kako sanay a harateng,mapatinako i 1965 miheca mihay ko finawlan o tahapinangan no hata no kitakit ko papah no Momici,[16] masaiked ko punka to maramramay ko Ikiris ato Fransu a tamdaw, orasaka, i 1969 miheca satapang ko pipasifana’ to Mahatosay Sowal a Faco no kitakit,[17] ato i 1971 miheca midemak to Kasiromaroma Punka a Faco.[18] \n\n1999 miheca malacafay ko Inuit tamdaw ato Kapolongan Sifo a milongoc, misiiked ko Nunafoto(Inuit a sowal:ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ，o sera no niyam sanay ko imi nona sowal；Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal：Nunavut; Kuwaping a sowal:努納福特指「我們的土地」.malo sakatolo a sakakaay sakowan a etal.[19]\n\nI 1976 miheca pamalowid no milongocay to sakasiikedaw no Kupiko a Kupiko Kasarekad ko sinkiw, 1980 miheca midemak to Kapolongan Pitopa to pihay to sakasiikedaw no Kupiko, malowid kona demak.i 1995 miheca miliyaw heca midemak to Kapolongan Pitopa, o maalay a satopa ira ko 49.4% cango’ot to 0.4% ta maala ko fatad no satopa. I 1997 miheca ira ko piketon no Sakakaay Pisawkitan to sapiliyasaw to Kanata a misiiked o mifelihay to Kimpo sanay, to ikor masanga’ no Sakakaay Pikaykian no kitakit ko rikec, ano ira to ko mahapinangay a nisafaloco’an no ‘alomanay tamdaw nga’ mangaay masasowal ato Kapolongan Sifo.[20]\n\nI 2001 miheca mihay ko Kanata pasadak to sofitay i Afuhan, nikawrira, yo mitahidang ko Amirika to sapiloodaw to Ilako, nihanay ko Kanata,[21] itira sato 2009 miheca tadaawaay to ko manga’ayan no kicai saka’orip, 2001 miheca o sofitay no Kanata mikihatiya to NATO micara to Lalomaay Lalood no Lipiya.[22]\n\nMatakaway wawa(失竊的一代) \nOna matakaway wawa(Ikiris a sowal:Stolen Generations，ano ca:Stolen children; Kuwaping a sowal:被偷走的一代ano ca失竊的一代). Itini i Kanata o Pilafinan a Pitlidan no \n\nWawa no Indian, o halopitilidan no ka’emangay no Sakacecay a Finacadan, Inuit ato Mitis a yincumin no Kanata,ona pitilidan ‘i, o Citodongay to Indian ato Saka’amisay Demak Sakowan no Kanata ka papaysoay to Kyokai no Kristo. I 1894 miheca tahira i 1947 miheca o cimacima to a wawa no yincumin mapaci’eci a papilafin itini.\n\nO lalengatan a patireng toni a pitilidan o sapipadang tona ka’emangay malatamdaw no kohecalay tamdaw ta ira ko sapisinkiw a salongoc yo sanay, niwrira, tada tangongol ko pisakakinih no kohecalay tamdaw to yincumin, mirecep i faloco’ no kohecalay tamdaw ko Misakakaay to Finacadan ato pikorac to punka no yincumin, ora sa o mikowanay a kyokai mipalasawad to punka ato pipaso’elin to to’as, misiwar to harateng ato wayway no ka’emangay, ta halofaloco’ a miliyas to mama ato ina mikihamon to kohecalay tamdaw ato ‘orip no Kanata.tona cecay so’ot a mihecaan ira ko kalitolo(latek150,000 wawa) ko makidkiday tayra tora pitilidan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 6000 ko mapatayay a ka’wmangay, i 2021 miheca makera ko pinapina a kapolongan tadem.\n\nI 2008 miheca saka 6 folad saka 11 romi’ad mili’ay to yincumin ko Congli(Tapang no kitakit)to yincumin,mipatireng to Kacipinangan ato Kalali’ay a Iingkay (Truth and Reconciliation Commission), mitengil to sowal no ma’oeipay ho a mitiliday,2015 miheca laheci han to no kitakit patireng ko kacipinangan ato Kalali’ay Iingkay no Kitakit(National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation), mirina to kimad no ma’oripay ho a tamdaw.2018 miheca niliyaw heca ko Congli mili’ay to yincumin.\n\nPacefafay a Tilid(註腳) \n[1] Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas (PDF). University College London 73:524–539. 2003 [2011-05-23]. doi:10.1086\/377588. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-08-21）.\n\n[2] Wright, JV. A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes. Canadian Museum of Civilization. 2009-09-27 [2011-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-21）.\n\n[3] Sonneborn, Liz. Chronology of American Indian History. Infobase Publishing. January 2007: 2–12. ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1.\n\n[4] Hayes, Derek. Canada: an illustrated history. Douglas & Mcintyre. 2008: 7, 13. ISBN 978-1-55365-259-5.\n\n[5] Macklem, Patrick. Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada. University of Toronto Press. 2001: 170 [2012-07-22]. ISBN 978-0-8020-4195-1. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）.\n\n[6] Sonneborn, Liz. Chronology of American Indian History. Infobase Publishing. January 2007: 2–12. ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1.\n\n[7] Bailey, Garrick Alan. Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in contemporary society. Government Printing Office. 2008: 285 [2012-07-22]. ISBN 978-0-16-080388-8. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）.\n\n[8] Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C. Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. 2008: 25–27 [2012-07-22]. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）.\n\n[9] What to Search: Topics. Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups. Library and Archives Canada. 2005-05-27 [2011-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2009-07-05）.\n\n[10] Tanner, Adrian. 3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'. Innu Culture. Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1999 [2011-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-21）.\n\n[11] Bailey, Garrick Alan. Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in contemporary society. Government Printing Office. 2008: 285 [2012-07-22]. ISBN 978-0-16-080388-8. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）.\n\n[12] Hornsby, Stephen J. British Atlantic, American frontier: spaces of power in early modern British America. University Press of New England. 2005: 14, 18–19, 22–23. ISBN 978-1-58465-427-8.\n\n[13] Cartier, Jacques; Biggar, Henry Percival; Cook, Ramsay. The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. 1993: 26 [2012-07-21]. ISBN 978-0-8020-6000-6. ���原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）.\n\n[14] Rose, George A. Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries. Breakwater Books. 2007-10-01: 209 [2012-07-21]. ISBN 978-1-55081-225-1. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）.\n\n[15] Summers, WF. Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica-Dominion. [2013-11-27]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-03）.\n\n[16] Mackey, Eva. The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. 2002: 57. ISBN 978-0-8020 -8481-1\n\n[17] Landry, Rodrigue; Forgues, Éric. Official language minorities in Canada: an introduction. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. May 2007, 2007 (185): 1–9. doi:10.1515\/IJSL.2007.022.\n\n[18] Esses, Victoria M; Gardner, RC. Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. July 1996, 28 (3): 145–152. doi:10.1037\/h0084934.\n\n[19] Légaré, André. Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 2008, 15 (2–3): 335–367. doi:10.1163\/157181108X332659.\n\n[20] Sorens, J. Globalization, secessionism, and autonomy. Electoral Studies. December 2004, 23 (4): 727–752. doi:10.1016\/j.electstud.2003.10.003.\n\n[21] Jockel, Joseph T; Sokolsky, Joel B. Canada and the war in Afghanistan: NATO's odd man out steps forward. Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 2008, 6 (1): 100–115. doi:10.1080\/14794010801917212.\n\n[22] Canada's military contribution in Libya. CBC. 2011-10-20 [2011-11-27]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-26）.\n\nkakafitan i Papotal (外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis\nKanata\nKitakit\nSa’amisay Amilika","num_words":3341,"character_repetition_ratio":0.046,"word_repetition_ratio":0.049,"special_characters_ratio":0.283,"stopwords_ratio":0.01,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.997,"perplexity_score":15279.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cikawasay","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Cikawasay (巫師) \n\no cicawasay (kuwaping a sowal: 巫師) hananay^ i,malecad to ising no aniniay ko tatodonng no piharateng no iti:ay’ayho a’amis a tamdaw.nawhani,o mamiadah to adadaay ko demak no cikawasay.saka ,ano ira ko adadaay a tamdaw^ i,tangsol saan a mitahidang to cikawasay a misalising a papiadah to adadaay a tamdaw. \n\nNikawrira ,onini a cikawasay^ i,caay ka o nanilongocan nira ko sakacikawas nira. O kawas ko cu^cu sanay a mirawod saan i tamdaw a pa’araw. papitodongen nira ko tamdaw a papisakero’ to kero’ nira a misatakodtakod a romadiw.ano cima ko pakatodongay a tamdaw to kero ato radiw nira^ i,o raan a tamdaw ko kaolahan nira a pasifana’ to sapitahidang noya tamdaw i cingranan a masakero.itini i pisakro’an nangra a pasifana’ ko kawas toya tamdaw tono kawas a sowal.tona ira a misaraoraod sa kona kawas toya kaolahan nira a tamdaw saka,samatiya sato o malawidongay cangra a manganga’ay. \n\nYo ira sato ko adadaay a tamdaw i paro no loma’ nira^i, tahidangen nira koya kawas a milongoc to sapiadahaw nira, saka tangsol saan a ira koya kawas a miraod i cingranan ta masakero cangra a romadiw. Ta todongen kako a misa’ir to adadaay han noya kawas.saka, todong han nira ko demak noya cikawasay^i,maadah koya adadaay.saka, salipahak sato koya tamdaw.haloya kawas a lipahak toya tamdaw.saka,itiya a mapatorod no kawas ko tamdaw to sapiadah to adadaay a'icel. Nanoya, cingra sato ko ’arawen no finawlan a papiadah to adadaay. Cingra ko sa’ayaway a cikawasay no pangcah.mahaen ko lalengatan no saki ira no cikawasay no’amis. Oya kawas^i,o’afang noya cikawasay. Saka,ano awaay ko’afang no cikawasay^i,awaay ko^poc no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay. Nikawrira.caay ka lecad ko demak no ‘afang. Saka, masasiroma' ko demak no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay. \n\nIra ko pinapina a kasasiroma no demak no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay.malecad ato demak no ising konini, nawhani,adihay ko kasasiromaroma no adada.saka, mahaen to ko nika adihay no kasasiromaroma no demak no cikawasay. Ano ira ko adadaay no loma’^i,tayra i cikawasay a mi'araw.ta o cikawasay a tamdaw ko misifdihay.onini a pisifdih^i,o pikilim to tatapangan no adada ato samaanen ko demak ta maadah sanay. Ano mahapinang to ko pisifdih noya cikawasay^i,o cikawasay ko pahapinangay to nika sasamaanen ko demak saan. \nSaka cecay^i,maralisanay.onini a maralisan hananay^i, o cifa^detay a adada. O ci^doyay a adada konini. Tatolo, sapat ko cikawasay a midemak to ci^doyay a adada. \nSaka tosa^i, pasakawihan.mapolong koya cikawasay a misaliway ta midemak tonini. \nSaka tolo^i,mipangagang. O adada no fa^lohay a mihofocan a wawa;o sapifalicaw aca pangangan toya adadaay a wawa. \nSaka sepat^i,pakirikiri.onini^i,o saki mala^caay ko adada a tamdaw.mikapot koya adadaay i cikawasay i polong no demak nangra.sairen no cikawasay cingra. \nSaka lima^i,mipalio'c.o tatodong no pipalio’c no cikawasay ko demak tonini misair a mipuhpuh to tati'ih no ciadadaay a tamdaw. \nSaka ^nem^i,talakilang.o cecay no pipakalemed to picomod to fa^lohay a loma’ \nSaka pito^i,pasa’orongan. \nSaka falo^i,mifodo’.o mitapalay to mapatayay. \nSaka siwa^i,pamalataw.adihay ko demak nonini a papimalataw hananay.o cecay^i,napakapatayay to tamdaw, ano citafaday a tamdaw ato namilooday a tamdaw^i,saerien no cikawasay cangra.o romasato,ano patireng to fa^lohay a kakomodan noniyaro’^I, pamalataw to sakafana’aw nira a paplo ato mafana’ a mikowan to niyaro’. \nSaka mo^tep^I,o pa’aw’aw.onini a pa’aw’aw hananay^I,o todong no pitahidang to’adingo no mipalafangay a wawa ato talaomahay a wawa. \nSaka safaw cecay^I,pahemay.onini a pipahemay hananay^I,o pina’ang to kinayra no omah. Tala’ayaw a mina’ang^I,ira ko demak no cikawasay.o tatodongto no pisair no cikawasay to taknawan a mipakalemed to sakacikakaenen no loma’. \nSaka safaw tosa^I,pasma^ta’.onini^I,ano tatiih ko nisatiihay^I,papisair to cikawasay ta mapalasawad koya tatiihay a demak. \nSaka safaw tolo^I,misaodo’.onini^I,pipasadak to faniw . \nSaka safaw sepa’t^I,milangaw.ano masiday ko maan a kakalimelaan a lalosidan,ano matakaw ko ^ekim ato tada^kim^I,papikilim han ko cikawasay to masidayay a maamaan. Ta ma’araw noya cikawasay ko cima ko mitakaway,ta ira icowa konini a lalosidan saan. \nSaka safaw lima^i.mifaliloh.onini^I,mifafah to tatiih no loma’.tinako sa^I,ci’iro koya loma’;mipadoka’ to cimacimaan^I,sahto o tatiihay a demak ko iraay noya loma’,ta tahidangen ko cikawasay a papifahfah to tatiih no loma’. \nSaka safaw ^nem^I,niwatid. Ano ira ko mapatayay^I, mararom sa ko faloco’ no loma’.caay ka hinom ko faloco’ tona cimapatayay ko loma’. Ta tahidangen ko cikawasay a papifahfah tonini a rarom no paro no loma’. \nSaka safaw pito^i,sakap.onini a sakap hananay^i,o halafinay a doka’ ato congras. Tahidangen ko cikawasay a papicepcep toya doka’ ano^ca’I o congras ta mapasadak noya cikawasay koya mitngeday I o^o’. \nSaka safaw falo^I,pakawas.onini a pakawas hananay^I, halafinay a adada;malawaco ko tileng to nika adada. Ta papisairen to cikawasay.pakawas hananay konini a demak. \nSaka safaw siwa^I,mifahfah.mapolong ko finawlan a masadak a midemak tonini a papifahfah to tatiihay a kawas hananay .onini^I,o carawcaraw,o tofotofo ato romaroma.saka,misoni a ma^min ko kalo loma’ a dodang ato takinkingan. Ta matalaw toya soni koya tatiihay a kawas. \nSaka tosa a polo^I,mitapohay .onini^i,mifahfah to onih no pinaloma itini i omaomahan. Sairen no cikawasay ta mapalasawad ko mikari’angay to pinaloma no omah. \nSaka tosa polo’ira ko cecay^I,pasaorongan.onini^i, awaayto ko angil tona halafin ko adada. O papatikoen cingra a paki^mel to tireng to sakatanektek no tireng. \nSaka tosa polo’ira ko tosa^I,pasawa’eran.o nika^ca ka ‘imel i pihafayan saka,malifawa ko tiyad.saka, mipohpoh tonini a adada nira. \n\nO kawas no cikawasay,oya’afang nangra^i,ci afowakay, ci cingacingaw ato romaroma. \n\nO tatatoyen no cikawasay a misair to adadaay^i, o papah no ‘adiyam ato papah no lo’oh. O siwalaan ko piparoan to ^pah to sapitoripes nangrra.","num_words":1272,"character_repetition_ratio":0.085,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.208,"stopwords_ratio":0.065,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":10359.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciwidian","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ciwidian (水璉村，基偉地岸)\n\nNaluwan ni Tiway Sayin ko Ciwidian.\n\nFarangaw 'Amis","num_words":19,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.222,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.374,"perplexity_score":3694.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columbia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Columbia (哥倫比亞）\n\nTakaray a sowal (概要) \nO Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit (哥倫比亞共和國; Sipanya a sowal: República de Colombia), kalopitahidang o Kolompiya hananay, o itiraay i ka’etipay no saka’amis mo Satimolan \n\n, o sakasepat ko tata’ang i Latin Amirika, o mikapotay to Satimolan Amirika Lekatep a kitakit (i 2018 miheca saka 8 folad miliyas). I ka’amis i, o KaropiRiyar, sakwali malala’ed ato Winoyrira, isakawal no sakatimol o Poracir, isakatimol o Miru ato Okuwato, isaka’etip o Panama ato Tasiyang Riyar. O congtong ko skakaay a tapang, ira ko 32 sakowan ato Pokota syoto misiikedan a sakowan. O ponka ningra i tadacinganganay I hekal, o kahiceraan no misanga’ay to dafong no Satimolan Amirika. I saka 19 sici ato saka 20 sici o Yoropa, o Arapiya ato Aciya a maforaway tamdaw, masongila’ ko kasasiromaroma aponka. I 1980 ato 1990 mihecahecaan, ira ko lalood ato mipaliwalay to sawarak a cefang, orasaka ‘aloman ko mipatayan ato cirarawa. Tahira to i sa’ayaw no saka 20 sici, satapang sa rahoday ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw, tahanini, o sawarak, paliwalay to sawarak, palomaay to sawarak ko adihayay a tayal no itiniay tamdaw, o tada katarawan a kitakit ko nini.\n\nRikisi (歷史) \nI noto’ato’asan ho iraay to ko Cipoca a tamdaw (穆伊斯卡人; Sipanya a sowal: Muiscas anoca o Cipoca hananay ho mitahidang (chibchas 奇布查人). Naka iraan no mihahinamay a \n\na tamdaw latek i 1500 miheca, milood, palakolien, sapanocay ato adada no Yoropa ko sapicowat to itiniay a tamdaw. Orasaka, rahoday a patireng kamaro’an, i 1717 miheca mahaop ko polong a micowatan sera no Sipanya i Sayimolan Amirika tora Fa’elohay Kolanata (新格拉納達; Sipanya a sowal: Virreinato de la Nueva Granada). \n\nO sapisiikedaw a lalood no Kolompiya i 1810 miheca misatapang, saka 7 folad saka 20 romi’ad milekal to piliyas to Sipanya, tahira to i 1819 miheca nga’ laheci sa misiiked, i 1821 miheca mikapot ato Wokuwato, Winayroyla, Panama misanga’ to Tata’angay Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit (大哥倫比亞共和國簡稱為大哥倫比亞; Sipanya a sowal:Gran Colombia). Oya han to Fa’elohay Kolanata falic han to amipangangan to Tata’angay Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit, ci Simon Poliwar ko contong itiya, tahira i 1830 miheca.\n\nTona 1830 miheca miliyas a misiiked ko Wokuwato ato Winayroyla to Tata’angay Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit, onini ko sakaliposa no Tata’angay Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit, 1886 miheca falic han to to Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit, nikawrira, I laloma’ nona kitakit i, ira ho ko masamaamaanay a masakapotay no sieci, orasaka cilacila malalood, I 1903 miheca ira ko picoker no Amirika to Panama miliyas to Kolompiya a misiiked patireng to kitakit.[1] Tahanini cifangafang ho ko Kolompiya to Mihohokay Milood ato nikatenak no sawarak.\n\nI 2006 miheca, pakaala to 63% a satopa no finawlan ci Arwaro-Wuliwi pararid malacongtong.[2] I 2010 miheca ona congtong ci Wuliwi mangalay sapifalicaw to kimpo to sapipararidaw, mataker no Sakakaay Pisawkitan kona misaharatengan ningra, do’edo sato to sowal no Pisawkitan a palaswad to nisaharatengan, toro’ han ningra ko i’ayaway a kakeridan no sofitay ci Foan-Manmuayr-Santos pasadak mikiwsin to vongtong.tona miheca i saka 6 folad saka 20 romi’ad malowid ningra ko milifetay ci Antonas-Mocikus maala malacongtong no Kolompiya.[3]\n\nI 2012 miheca, o Kupa ato Norwi a kitakit ko mamidopo a kitakit, o Winoyloyla ato Cili a kitakit ko mihinam to kasasowal no Kolompiya sifo ato Saopo no mifelihay to sifo a sofitay itira i syoto no Kupa. 2016 miheca saka 6 folad saka 23 romi’ad o congtong no Kolompiya ci Foan-Manuayr-Santos (胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯·卡爾德隆; Juan Manuel Santos Calderón)ato Saopo no mifelihay to sifo a sofitay matatilid to sakarihaday i Hafana o syoto no Kupa. O laloma’ay nona katatilidan ira ko misawad a malalood, misongila’ to niyaro’ no maomahay, mipekpek to paliwalay to sawarak, mihayi papikapot to siesi to sofitay no mifelihay to sifo, patireng to pacarcaray a pisawkitan, nikawrira, onini a mapolong i,o finawlan ko mamitopa a mihayi ta malaheci.oya sato pitopa no finawlan i saka 10 folad saka 2 romi’ad, o mihayiay 49.77%, o minaayay ira ko 50.22%, mafelih koya sakarihaday a katatilidan. Tahira to i saka 11 folad saka 24 romi’ad miliyaw haca ci Foan-Manuayr-Santos ato kakeridan no Saopo no mifelihay sofitay (哥倫比亞革命武裝力量－人民軍; Sipanya a sowal: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia–Ejército del Pueblo; decdecay a tilid: FARC或FARC-EP) ci Rotoliko-Lontoniaw matatilid to nisalifan a sakarihaday a kakaketonan, oninian i, o mihayian no Pikaykian no Kitakit, caay to ka papitoen ko finawlan laheci sanay to.\n\nMalaheci kona kakaketonan to cila a miheca, 2017 miheca saka 6 folad saka 27 romi’ad, oya Saopo no mifelihay to sifo a sofitay caay to ko cikowangay a saopo, tona miheca saka 9 folad saka 1 romi’ad, laheci sato a mafalic to “Kapolongan a misafe’lohay ‘Icel’’ , to cila a romi’ad mipatoki i sifo o mido’edoay to rikec a saopo no sieci. Nikawrira, o sakatosa a saopo to Mifelihay to sifo” Parihadayay to Finawlan Saopo’’ cowa ka pihayi tonini, samatiya ho a kali’ang to tamdaw.\n\n2018 miheca saka 8 folad, o sapipalahedawaw to mananginangay a paliwalay to sawarak ato mitakaway paliwal to dafong, misa’icel a mipekpek to Mihohokay Sofitay. Caay konini aca ko kafodfodan no Kolompiya kitakit, aloman ko milaliway a tayni nani Winoyloyla mala’inorong sato to Sakalatamdaw a Demak, ona maforaway a tayni a tamdaw ira ko 180 ofad ko ka’aloman. Ira ho ko roma a fangafang pakayni to mangalefay a kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato awaay ko maamaan a tamdaw, orasak, cilacila mikihatiya ko mitiliday ato matyalay a paci’eci pasela’ matayal.\n\nI 2012 miheca saka 4 folad saka 28 romi’ad, sapifelihaw to misalofan a sapilisata no sifo, o Saopo no Matayalay ato Mitiliday ko milengatay to ‘edef no kitakit a paci’eci pasela’ matayay, o rarawraw tahira i saka 6 folad, ‘aloman ko cidoka’ay a tayhin ato kakotamdaw, o loma’ mapeleng, pakipaysoen ira 16 fois ko sipon tona karawraw, safolafolad sa misalof ta manga’ay ko syakay, o kaaway no katayalan ato kanikaw ko caay ko rarahoday a masalof no Kolompiya a kitakit.\n\nKaitiraan (地理) \nMihifalat ko Antis-Lotolotokan I saka’etip nona kitakit, adihay ko tata’eman itini, I lawac no riyar o masa’ipocay a dafdaf, I ka’etip no saka’amis o Makotalayna-’Alo I sacepo’an nona ‘alo ira ko masadafdafay a pala; I kawali o Yamasin-’Alo ato Awlinoko-’Alo, i cecpo’ ira ko masadafdafay a pala, mahaop ko tosa no kalitolo no polong no kitakit.\n\nO Sifo'ay Konis no Cikiw mihafalatay i katimol nona kitakit,i sakatimol o dafdaf, i saka’etip o lilis no riyar, sahetoay o Fa'etay Kilakilangan Pala, tara’amis sa i, o Fa’etay Rengorengosan Kakarayan ato Ma’icangay Rengorengosan Kakarayan.\n\nO kakahad no sera ira ko 1,138,910 km², mihaopan no nanom ira ko 8.8%, o saka 25 ko ngangan i rayray i polong a kitaki.\n\nSieci (政治) \nO congtong ko tapang no kitakit ko faco no sieci no Klompiya, mihayiay to kasasiromaroma a lekatep no sieci. O sifo ko matayalay to demak no polong no kitakit. Tosaay ko Pikaikian Faco no kitakit, o Kararemay Pikaikian ato Fafa'eday Pikaikian,ona tosa i, sahetoay ira ko ‘icel a misanga’ to rikec no kitakit. O Skakaay Pisawkitan Sakowan misiiked a matayal.\n\nI 2006 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, pakaala to 63% a satopa no finawlan ci Arwaro-Wuliwi pararid malacongtong.[4] I 2010 miheca ona congtong ci Wuliwi mangalay sapifalicaw to kimpo to sapipararidaw, mataker no Sakakaay Pisawkitan kona misaharatengan ningra,do’edo sato to sowal no Pisawkitan a palaswad to nisaharatengan, toro’ han ningra ko i’ayaway a kakeridan no sofitay ci Foan-Manmuayr-Santos pasadak mikiwsin to vongtong.tona miheca i saka 6 folad saka 20 romi’ad malowid ningra ko milifetay ci Antonas-Mocikus maala malacongtong no Kolompiya.\n\nI 2016 miheca saka 6 folad saka 23 romi’ad o congtong no Kolompiya ci Foan-Manuayr-Santos (胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯·卡爾德隆; Juan Manuel Santos Calderón)ato Saopo no mifelihay to sifo a sofitay matatilid to sakarihaday i Hafana o syoto no Kupa. O laloma’ay nona katatilidan ira ko misawad a malalood, misongila’ to niyaro’ no maomahay,mipekpek to paliwalay to sawarak, mihayi papikapot to siesi to sofitay no mifelihay to sifo, patireng to pacarcaray a pisawkitan, nikawrira, onini a mapolong i,o finawlan ko mamitopa a mihayi ta malaheci.oya sato pitopa no finawlan i saka 10 folad saka 2 romi’ad, o mihayiay 49.77%, o minaayay ira ko 50.22%, mafelih koya sakarihaday a katatilidan. Tahira to i saka 11 folad saka 24 romi’ad miliyaw haca ci Foan-Manuayr-Santos ato kakeridan no Saopo no mifelihay sofitay (哥倫比亞革命武裝力量－人民軍; Sipanya a sowal: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia–Ejército del Pueblo; decdecay a tilid: FARC或FARC-EP) ci Rotoliko-Lontoniaw matatilid to nisalifan a sakarihaday a kakaketonan, oninian i,o mihayian no Pikaykian no Kitakit, caay to ka papitoen ko finawlan laheci sanay to. wa rihaday to ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw no Kolompiya nasaan ko harateng no ‘alomanay.\n\nNikawrira, o malatapangay no sifo sahetoay o maco’osay to payso, matongal ko kalapakoyoc no finawlan, orasaka o finawlan to ko sapifelihaw to sifo.\n\nI 2022 miheca saka 6 folad saka 19 romi’ad a sinkiw to congtong, o sarakatay ho a pakalowid ko Kawiliay-Kasafelaw (左派又稱左翼; Ikiris a sowal:Left-Right political spectrum)[5] [6] [7] ci Kustafo-Pitoro (Gustavo Petro), ato Sadama a congtong o teloc no Afrika ci Folansiya-Markos (fafahiyan), itini i rikisi no Kolompiya o sarakatay ho mafelih ko kalikotoday to Amirika a sifo o Kawnanay-Kasafelaw (右派)[8] [9] [10] o edeng pihayi to sowal no Amirika.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nO sa'osi i 2019 miheca o polong a tamdaw ira ko 50,539,000 ko tamdaw, o saka 29 rayray i polong no kitakit. O tamdaw no Kompiya i, cilamlamay to ‘ilang no Sipanya, Yincumin no Amirika Karopaw ato Teloc no Afrika, nikawrira, i saka 18 sici ato saka 19 sici tayniay to a maforaw ko Yoropa, Arapiya, Yotaya ato Aciya a tamdaw. Oninian ko kasasiromaroma no 'orip itini. Mitiso (cilamlamay to ’ilang no Yoropa a Yincumi) ira ko 45%, kahecalay tamdaw ira ko 42%, cmalamlamay to kohetingay ato kohecalay a tamdaw ira ko 5%, kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 2%, Yincumin no Amirika Karopaw 4% ato roma atamdaw 2%.\n\nO sakatolo ko ka’aloman no tamdaw no Kompiya i Amirika Karopaw, mito’oray to Poraciro ato Misiko. ’aloman ko maforaway tayra i takay a maomahay tamdaw, onini ko katongal no masatakayay tamdaw, i 1951 miheca ira ko 57% matongal i 1994 miheca to 74% ko tamdaw.o cisafaway to mo’etep ofad ko tamdaw a tata’angay niyaro’ ira ko 30 niyaro. Isakawaliay a masadasdasay pala mangata mafatad ko ni’aroan a pala mahop ko 54%, nikawrira, caka pakatahira i 3% ko tamdaw itini.\n\nPonka o Wayway no tamdaw (文化) \nIra ko masacecayay to mihecaan a ilisin no Kolompiya, o cinganganay i hekal a “ caay kono nakamayan dafong no tamdaw o rarocokan ponka”no UNESCO o “Palaciya Lisin” (巴蘭基亞狂歡節; Sipanya a sowal: Carnaval de Barranquilla). adihay ho ko masamaanay a sakero no Kolompiya, patinako han ira ko Lonpa, Sasasakero,[11] o kafana’an no tamtamdaw o pakaalaay to Nopir-Hofi i 1982 miheca to Nitilidan ci Kapoli-Ciyasiya-Makuis (加布列·賈西亞·馬奎斯; Sipanya a sowal: Gabriel García Márquez), Nisongila’ay tamdaw (藝術家) ci Firnanto-Potoro-Ankoro (費爾南多·博特羅·安古洛; Sipanya a sowal: Fernando Botero Angulo) ato pakaalaay to Hofi no Kolaymi (葛萊美獎; Ikiris a sowal:Grammy Award), o kakaolahan no tamtamdaw i hekal o romadiway ci Siyacila (夏奇拉; Sipanya a sowal: Shakira)\n\na Tilid (註解) \n[1] 中華民國外交部—哥倫比亞國情概況. [2013-11-17]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-10）.\n\n[2] 乌里韦再次当选哥伦比亚总统. [2006-06-02]. (原始內容存檔於2015-06-10）.\n\n[3] 國際觀察：哥倫比亞新總統 繼往開來領路人 (頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新華網，2010年6月23日。\n\n[4] 乌里韦再次当选哥伦比亚总统. [2006-06-02]. (原始內容存檔於2015-06-10）.\n\n[5] Smith, T. Alexander; Tatalovich, Raymond. Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press. 2003: 30.\n\n[6] Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. University of Chicago Press. 1997: 37.\n\n[7] Thompson, Willie. The Left In History: Revolution and Reform in Twentieth-Century Politic. London: Pluto Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0745308913.\n\n[8] Johnson, Paul. Right-wing, rightist. A Politics Glossary. Auburn University website. 2005 [2014-10-23]. (原始內容存檔於2014-08-19）.\n\n[9] Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1996: 51, 62. ISBN 978-0-226-06246-4.\n\n[10] Goldthorpe, J.E. An Introduction to Sociology Third. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985: 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6.\n\n[11] 克里斯·華萊士. 這是世界上最幸福快樂的國家嗎？. BBC 主頁. 2017-05-03 [2017-10-04]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-04）.\n\nKakafitan i papotal (外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n (西班牙文）Engativa.com：Portal of West. Information of Engativa Local. Bogotá D.C. Colombia. Interactive Map\n (西班牙文）PEC - 官方政府入口\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":2974,"character_repetition_ratio":0.059,"word_repetition_ratio":0.242,"special_characters_ratio":0.244,"stopwords_ratio":0.012,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":13310.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congo%2C%20democratic%20republic%20of%20the","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"République démocratique du Congo\n\nKongko Finawlan kapolongan kitakit\n\nTakaralay sowal (概要) \nKongko Finawlan kapolongan kitakit (剛果民主共和國; Fransu a sowal: République démocratique du Congo，decdecan:RDC ; Iliris a sowal : Democratic Republic of Congko), o itiraay i sasifo’an no Afrika a kitakit, Kongko-Kinshasa hananay mitahidang, nawhani iraay ko miriniay ko ngangan a kitakit o Kongko kapolongan kitakit (剛果共和國). O polong a sera nona kitakit ira ko 234.5 km² o sakatosa ko kakahad no sera i Afrika,sakacecay safaw i polong no kitakit, itini i hekal o sakaay ko ka ‘aloman no tamdaw to somowal to Frasu a sowal, o polong a tamdaw nona kitakit o saka 15 ko adihay itini i hekal, sakasepat i Afrika. O mikapotay i Linhoko, Lekatep no Afrika ato Sakatimol no Kawaliay Afrika a Matatekoay a Lekatep.\nI’ayaw no Kongko Finawlan kapolongan kitakit i, o Konko Naifaloco’ Kitakit ato Malamikotoday no Pilisu a Kitakit, i 1960 miheca saka 6 folad saka 30 romi’ad mapatireng ko Misaiieday Kitakit. Na mapatireng kona kitakit malecad ato ifiyaway a nano Malamikotoday no Fransu a Kitakit ko ngang o Konko Kapolongan Kitakit, mitahidang to ko roma a kitakit to nini i, paciping hananay to ngangan no syoto ta mafa’a' to kasasiroma nona tosa a kitakit, i 1964 muheca saka 8 folad saka 1 romi’ad falic han to a pangangan to Kongko Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit. I 1966 mihecaan o tatapangan a syoto Lipow Si falicen a pangangan to Cinsasa, o Konko (Cin) hananay to a mitahidang, i 1971 miheca saka 10 folad saka 27 romi’ad, oya congtong itiya ci Monpoto Sasa Sayko (蒙博托·塞塞·塞科; Fransu a sowal:Mobutu Sésé Seko) mipalasawad to pikowan no Fransu falicen pangangan ko kitakit to Sair (Fransu a sowal:Zaïre), to ikor mapalolo tono aniniay a ngangan no kitakit taha nini.\nI 1998 miheca satapng ko sakakinatos a lalood no Konko, matiya to o maronicay kona kitakit awa ko masongila’ay a sera, nawhani, marapotay ko 9 a kitakit no Afrika ato 20 a Cikowangay a Saopo, orasaka, pangangan han to “Hekalay Lalood no Afrika”, I 2003 miheca ano matatilitiliday to Sakarihaday a Kakaketonan, caay ka lasawad ko fodfod tona kitakit, nani 1998 miheca satapang kona lalood ira to ko 540 ofad ko mapatayay a tamdaw, ilaloma’ nona mapatayay i sahetoay o korira, mapiyas, fala’ a adada ato cahiw ko sakapatay.\n\nRikisi(歷史) \nI’ayaw no 8 ofad miheca iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini ton a pala. O sa’ayaway rikisi nona kitakit o Panto Tamdaw ko safinawlan sanay a maforaw a tayni, ona finawlan i, i’ayaw ni Yies to 2000 tahira i 500 mihecaan nani sa’etip no saka’amisan a maforaw tayni tona masadangahay a pala. O panto a tamdaw mihatatanam to pisaomahan ato piraoy to marad a taneng nani Sa’etipay Afrika, o Panto a sowal ko sakasasowal.\n\nOna kaforaw no tamtamdaw micomahad to piraoy to dafong nani fokeloh mafalic tayra i no maradan a piraoy. Itiya ho o ikatimolay ato isa’etipay a tamdaw sahetoay o mi’adopay mialaay tono palapalaan a dafong ko saka‘orip, haoto awaay ko marad a sakatayal, orasaka, rahoday a maceror no Panto a tamdaw, sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw. O mipaliwal a dafong i, o cinah, marad ato fodawan. \n\nOna Panto a tamdaw mipatirengay to Hontian Kitakit itini ton a pala i pileponan no saka13 sici i picomodan to 14 sici, o nikowanan a pala mahaop ko Ankora, Kapon ato Kongko. I saka 15 sici tayni to ko Yoropa a tamdaw mali’aca to kohetinagay tamdaw no Afrika.\n\nI 1482 miheca o mikalicay to tamina a tamdaw no Portokaro ci Tiyako paka’araw to Kongko ’Alo, patireng han ninra ko otoc i cepo’ tahapinangan, nanoya 300 mihecaan ta masongila’ ko kacaceflis ato Kongko. Ira ko patenakay to sowal no Pa’oripay Kawas, ira ko patirengay to kali’acaan i ngata no Tasiyang Riyar,to sapikalali’acaaw to koli ato roma a dafong, awaay ko tahakemoday no Kongko.\n\nO pisatapangan no Kongko a malilafang ato roma a finacadan itiraay I 1874miheca tahira i 1877 miheca, tona mihecahecaan o mihahinamay to dafong a Ikiris tamdaw ci Tafit Liwinston (大衛·李文斯頓; Ikiris a sowal:David Livingstone）, taha kemod no Kongko ko picomod ningra.\n\nI 1876 miheca, o honti no Pilisi ci Liawpito sakatosa (利奧波德二世; Fransu a sowal: Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor; Olanta a sowal:Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor) milomaoc to sapipacomahad to Afirka a kalokitakit a kayki, mahemek to tayal ni Stanli i Afrika, micoker cingranan patatikol tayra i Afrika. Orasato, 5 miheca ko kaitiraan ni Stanli i Kongko,mapatirng ningra ko 22 a kalali’acaan, i tatapang no Lopana ’Alo parakaten ningra ko tamina,ingata no Stanli Cascas masanga’ ko lalan no cinamalay,mapatireng ko hano honti no Pilisi a “Malamikotoday no Pilisi a Konko”.\n\nI 1885 miheca mapatireng ko Kongko Naifaloco’ay Kitakit (剛果獨立國; Frans a sowal:État indépendant du Congo; Olanta a sowal:Kongo-Vrijstaat）hananay,o mikowanan no micowatay sakowan, matiya o cecay a kosi no kalotamdaw, o mikomoday i o Honti, edengan kona honti ko mitatoyay tona kosi, cowa ka patolas a miala to wadis no co. Sapisanga’ to soka a ‘adeteng ato tadamaanay a fokeloh. ‘arw han ko ‘orip itiniay tamdaw malapakoyoc, to ikor to i, palasawad han to kona kosi o sifo tono Pilisi ko mikowanay. \n\nI 1908 miheca, ira ko pakayniay tona kosi, malalang tono icowacowaay a kitakit, o sifo no Pilisi ko mirocokay a mikowan tahira i 1960 miheca.Malepon ko Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal, talipa’elay to ko faloco’ no itiniay a tamdaw, mangalay miliyas to Pilisi mipatireng to Misiikeday Kitakit,yo mapatireng to kona kitakit,oya itiniay a sofitay no Yoropa ira ko10 ofad milaliw tayra i roma a kitakit.\n\nI 1998 miheca satapng ko sakakinatos a lalood no Konko, matiya to o maronicay kona kitakit awa ko masongila’ay a sera, nawhani, marapotay ko 9 a kitakit no Afrika ato 20 a Cikowangay a Saopo, orasaka, pangangan han to “Hekalay Lalood no Afrika”,[1] I 2003 miheca ano matatilitiliday to \n\na Kakaketonan, caay ka lasawad ko fodfod tona kitakit, nani 1998 miheca satapang kona lalood ira to ko 540 ofad ko mapatayay a tamdaw,[2] [3] ilaloma’ nona mapatayay i sahetoay o korira, mapiyas, fala’ a adada ato cahiwa ko sakapatay.[4]\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \nItiraay i saka’etip no sasifo’an Afrika ko kaitiraan no Kongko kitakit, mihifalat ko sifo’ay konis no cikiw isaka’amis nona kitakit,ikawali malafiyaw ato Ukanta, Roanta,Porongti, Tansangniya, isaka’amis malafiyaw ato Satimolan Sotan, Sifo’an Kapolongan kitakit, isaka’etip madado’edo ato Kongko Kapolongan Kitakit, isakatimol malafiyaw ato Ankola, Sanpiya. O Kongko ‘Alo nani kawali pasi’etip marakat kona kitakit. Ira ho ko Upan ‘Alo, Roalapa 'Alo.I sawalian kasalaed ira ko Aipoto Fanaw, Aitohwa Fanaw, Ciu Fanaw Tankanike Fanaw ato Muwiro Fanaw.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI 2016 mihecaan a pisa’osi to tamdaw, ilaloma’ no Kongko ira ko 254 kokasasiromaroma a finacadan, o sakakaay i,o Panto Finacadan a Sowal ko saadihayay, \n\nmahaop ko 84%, ilaloma’ no Panto Finacadan masasiiked ho to Kongko Tmdaw, EnkalaTamdaw, Ropa Tamdaw, Monko-Enkuto Tmdaw, Rongta Tamdaw ato Suku Tamdaw.O roma i,o Sutan ko sowal a Acanto Tamdaw ato Niloto ko sowal a Aruer Tamdaw ato Pikomi Tamdaw. \n\nO no sifo a sowal i,o Fransu a sowal, o kalasasowal i, o Linkala sowal, Citopa sowal,Ciropa sowal ato Sewahili sowal. Ira ko 55% a tamdaw mitooray to Tinsikyo, Fa’elohay Misakristoay mahaop ko 35%, o roma a pitooran i,ira ho ko 10%.\n\nsowal(語言) \nO matenakay a sowal itini i Afrika i, o Sewahili a sowal, ono Panto a sowal ko nini, itini i Afrika o saalomanay ko somowalay tonini a sowal ira ko mata'elif ko 5500 ofad ko tamdaw, malalen ato Arapiya sowal ato Hawsa sowal o satata'angay a sowal itini i Afrika kona tolo a sowal. ona Sewahili a sowal i, ono sifo a asowal no Tansangniya, Kiniyam Ukanta. itini i Sangpiya , Malawi, Pulongti, Roanta, Mosanpiko o itiraay i sakawali Afrika ato Sasifo'an Afrika o sapisawidang a sowal konini. i 1728 miheca ona Sewahili a sowal ono Arapiya a tilid ko sapitilid, tahira to i saka19 sici marecep no Yoropa micowatay a tamdaw ko Sewahili a sowal, ono Latin a tilid ko sapi'osi, ora sato o Sewahili a sowal adihay ko mialaan nani Arapiya a sowal. patinako han ona Sewahili sananay i, o nani Arapiya سواحيل a tilid,o ililisay no riyar sanay ko imi nira.\n\nPacefafay a tilid(註腳) \n[1] See \"Rumblings of war in heart of Africa\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Abraham McLaughlin and Duncan Woodside The Christian Science Monitor 23 June 2004 and \"World War Three\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Chris Bowers My Direct Democracy 24 July 2006 \n\n[2] Robinson, Simon. The deadliest war in the world. Time.com. 2006-05-28 [2010-05-02]. （原始內容存檔於2010-06-17）.\n\n[3] Bavier, Joe. Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month. Reuters. 2008-01-22 [2010-05-02]. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-21）.\n\n[4] Report on the crisis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Full report at IRC Mortality Facts （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from the International Rescue Committee\n\nO pi'arawan a tilid(參考文獻) \n\n CIAfactbook. [2012-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）\n ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） IMF population estimates\n ^ 10.0 10.1 \"Zaire: Post-Independent Political Development\" Archive.is的存檔，存檔日期2012-12-05, Library of Congress\n ^ 11.0 11.1 See \"Rumblings of war in heart of Africa\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Abraham McLaughlin and Duncan Woodside The Christian Science Monitor 23 June 2004 and \"World War Three\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Chris Bowers My Direct Democracy 24 July 2006\n ^ Report on the crisis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Full report at IRC Mortality Facts （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from the International Rescue Committee\n ^ 兩國1960年加入聯合國決議案，英語國名分別為The Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)（Leopoldville為金沙薩舊名利奧波德維爾）和The Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)。UN admission resolutions （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n ^ Report on the crisis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Full report at IRC Mortality Facts （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from the International Rescue Committee\n ^ 23.0 23.1 改寫自《非洲列國誌》--賴比瑞亞，頁223,1981年出版 \n ^ 聯合國秘書長吁剛果（金）總統按約去職 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.新華網.[2017-01-03].\n ^ 總統大選推遲引示威遊行 至少8人死亡、剛果政府宣布無限期關閉網路 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.匯流新聞網.[2018-01-02]. \n ^ Elle「pouvait se prévaloir （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） \n ^ \"DR Congo poll crucial for Africa （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\". BBC News. November 16, 2006.\n ^ Katanga Project Update and 2Q 2008 Financials, Katanga Mining Limited, 8\/12\/08. [2010-08-22]. （原始內容存檔於","num_words":2499,"character_repetition_ratio":0.057,"word_repetition_ratio":0.197,"special_characters_ratio":0.243,"stopwords_ratio":0.017,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":11110.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croatia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Koroasiya（克羅埃西亞）\n\nTakaray a sowal(概略) \n\nO Koroasiya Kapolongan Kitakit (kuwaping a sowal: 克羅埃西亞共和國; Koroasiya a sowal:Republika Hrvatska）itiraay i kalala’edean katimol no sakawali no Yoropa, Sifo’ay-Riyar ato -ParkanPecihkanatal, o Cecaay-Lomaocan a Kapolongan kitakit.o syoto ato sakakaay niyaro’ o Cakoroypo(札格瑞布; Koroasiya a sowal:Zagreb), itiraay I ka’amis no saka’etipan no Koroasiya Kapolongan Kitakit, i sakatimol ‘apilis no Mitowinica-Lotok, ira ko Sawa-’Alo mihifalat a romakat tona kitakit. I 2011 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw nona kitakit, Cakoroypo syoto ira ko 792,875 ko tamdaw.[1]o polong i,ira ko 1,110,517 ko tamdaw. o dengan koni ko cirafasay to cecay so’ot ko ofad ko tamdaw sakakaay Tokay.[2] itiya ho o mikapotay to Solin kona kitakit.Yo matekop ko Solin i 1990 miheca, liyas sanay to Solin a misiiked. \n\nI 1094 miheca satapang sa ira i nitilidan ko ngangan no Kakoroypo, itira i sakowan no Kapotor-Sikyo Etal(卡普托爾; Koroasiya a sowal:Kaptol).i 1845 miheca malatapang no Kakoroypo ci Yanko-Kamaofu,ikor to sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw i 1945 miheca , sakakahad sato kona niyaro a tokay, \n\norasaka, malasyoto no Koroasiya kona Cakorpo.Polong no sekalay a sera i 56,594 km² ,saka 127 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 55,974 km², no nanom a sekalay i, 620 km²\n\nOna Cakorpo a tokay pakitinien i kasasikiked a sakowan iraay ko pisiikedan nona tokay(Sakakaay Sifo Sakowan),i laloma’ masakilac ho to 17 a etal, sahetoay i la’enoay no nani tongroh no riyar a tata’eman no Sawa-‘Alo.(saowacan) O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Zoran Milanović, patirengan a romi’ad i 2020 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. \n\nO kacacefelisan no lalan no ‘edef no Korosiya kitakit, Sa’etipay-Yoropa, Sifo’ay Riyar ato Katimol-Saka’etipay a Yoropa ko kaitiraan no Cakoroypo tokay, orasaka, nani tini ko Kalokitakit-Cinamalay, ira ko cinamalay i laloma’ nona tokay.o pitoooran nona kitakit sahetoay o tinsikyo.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 8 a romi’ad.\n\nPapikedan no Ngangan no kitakit(國名來源) \nO sa’ayaway a mapahadakay to “Koroasiya” sanay i,itiraay i taliyok no “Polanimir-Nitilidan Sikipan”(布拉尼米爾碑文), matilid itini ko Sifo’ay-Sici a Latin-Tilid to mikowanay to “Koroasiya”a honti ci Polanir Kakita’an, talacowa away ho pakalaheciay a somowal to lo’elinay a mihecaan, nikawrira, kafana’ay to yo mikowan ci Polanir to Koroasiya itiraay i 879 miheca tahira i 892 mihecaan,[3]\n\nO “Korasiya” hananay i,nani tilid no Selafo tora “Xrovat-” ona tilid tonini o nani to’asan ho a tilid no Selafo to “*Xъrvatъ”, “*xъrvatъ” ano ca “*Xŭrvatŭ” a ngiha’ ko ni alaan.[4]\n\nO kasadakan nona sowal away to ko kafana’an,nikawrira, o nani sowal no Koto-Finacadan, oya malahedaway to a sowal no Rireman-Finacadan (日耳曼語族; Ikiris a sowal:Germanic languages),ano ca o capa’ a sowal no Indo-Yalian, matenak tara i Selafo-Finacadan a macaliw.[5] O sa’ayaway mitelekay tona pitahidang o matiliday i Paska-Sikipang Tilid a “Toerpimir-Koroasiya honti”(zvъnъmirъ kralъ xrъvatъskъ) sanay a sowal.[6]\n\nO sa’ayaway tono Latin a tilid to “Koroasiya” sanay a nitilidan i,itiyaay i 852 miheca to piahi ni Torpimir Kakita’an a nitilidan, oya padakopak(tatipelok)masidayay to, iraay ko mirorodan a tatipelok i 1568 miheca, nikawrira, ira ko caay ka pakaso’elin a tamdaw tonini a tatipelok.[7] O pipangangan a mihongyaku i,ono Taywan a sowal “Koroaysiya” (克羅埃西亞), ono Sinkapor ato Congko o “Korociya”(克羅地亞) hananay, ono Dipon i, malecad o “Korociya”(克羅地亞) hananay ko pangangan.[8]\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nTo’asan tahira i Sasifo’an Sici(古代到中世紀時期) \nO aniniay a Koroasiya I’ayaway-Rikisi(’ayaw no kairaan no tilid a rikisi) iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini tona palapalaan. Isaka’amisan nona kitakit ira a makera Katelangay-Fokelohan \n\n(i’ayaw no 260~250 ’ofad ko mihecaan) a malafokelohay ‘okak a fongoh no Niantota-Tamdaw(尼安德塔人;學名:Homo neanderthalensis), o itiraay i Kolapina a makarkaray ko sakakaay.[9]\n\nI’ayaw ni Yieso to saka8 sici,o to’asan a Kirisiya tamdaw pasira i Kahetingay-Riyar, Sifo’ay-Riyar ato lawac no Yatoliya-Riyar mipatireng to sakowan pala. I saka 9 mihecaan, malowid no Roma-Hontian Kitakit ko polong no Koroasiya, patireng to “Ililikumo Kowan”,o pikowan no Roma ira ko 500 miheca ko kahalafin.\n\nI 395 miheca, macacinowas to kawaliay ato ka’etipay hontian kitakit,ona sa Koroasiya mapateko i Ka’etipay-Roma Hontian Kitakit. I 476 miheca matekop ko Ka’etipay-Roma Hontian Kitakit, o Koto-Tamdaw no Rirman-Finacadan ‘ecoen nangra koya no hontian a pala a patireng to Ka’etipay-Koto Hontian Kitakit, to ikor to i, ira ko cecay a cipa’ a finacadan maforaw a tayra i aniniay a Koroasiya, malatamdaw tono aniniay a Koroasiya.\n\nHapospaw Sakowan tahira I Awsiyong-Hontian mihecaan(哈布斯堡王政至奧匈帝國時期) \nTona kararid a pakalowid ko sofitay no Awsiyong-Hontian, o sifo no Awtili pecih han to mikalitosa ko Koroasiya, o ceceay a pecih ono finawlan, o cecay a pecih ono sofitay a etal, ocor han to ko tapang no sofitay a mikowan tonini a etal no sofitay, o kalotamdaw mapaini to kowang o sofitay to ko pisa’osi. a mipadang to sofitay no Awtili.Awsiyong-Hontian kitakit ci Falanci-Fitinan sawaraa’an ko mikeriday micoroh to So’elinay-Kapolongan Kitakit a harateng, ona sa Koroasiya o mamalacecay nona kapolongan kitakit, nikawrira, mapatay no cima a tamdaw, matatanga ho to Sakakinacecay-Lalood no hekal, oya nisaharatengan i,lahedaw sato.[10]\n\nSakacecay-Lalood no Hekal ato Nanslafu-Hontian Kitakit(第一次世界大戰與南斯拉夫王國) \n\nMalingato ko Sakacecay-Lalood no Hekal i kaciferangan no 1914 miheca, Awsiyong-Hontian Kitakit papilooden ko 700 ’ofad a sofitay, ilaloma’ nonini i,ira ko 50 ‘ofad o Koroasiya a tamdaw, milood i Sa’etipay-Kalaloodan(西線), Italiya, Parkan ato Sawaliay-Kalaloodan(東線).[11] Tona lolood ira ko 137,000 sofitay ko mapatayay, 109,000 ko kalotamdaw a mapatayay, oninian haw i,o makowangay, tahalofongay ato cahiw.[12] I 1918 miheca saka 10 folad saka 29 romi’ad, o kalomaocan no kitakit no Koroasiya milekal to misiiked nani Awsiyong-Hontian Kitakit, matateko ato Slofakiya tamdaw-Koroasiya tamdaw- ato Sayrwiya tamdaw a kitakit.[13]( 斯洛維尼亞人、克羅埃西亞人和塞爾維亞人國; Sayrwiya sowal: Држава Словенаца, Хрвата и Срба，Roma atilid:Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba；Koroasiya a sowal: Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba; Slofakiya a sowal: Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov), to ikor to i,malaheci a patireng to Hontian-Kitakit no Slofakiya tamdaw,Koroasiya tamdaw, ato Sayrwiya tamdaw a kitakit.[14]\n\nMisiikeday a Naslafo Kapolongan kitakit(南斯拉夫共和國至獨立) \nYo malepon ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal,o SiyakaySiyuki kapolongan kitakit sanay a tireng ko Koroasiya a mikapot heca to “ Nanslafo-Patatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit” , o “Kyosanto Kasafelaw no Koroasiya” ko mikowanay tona kitakit, misatekeday ko cecay a kasafelaw no sici, o kakomodan ci Tito. I 1980 miheca saka 5 folad saka 4 romi’ad mapatay ci Tito,milongoc ko Koroasiya to piliyaw a masafaco to fa’elohay a kitakit, nikawrira, mina’ay ko Sayrwiya, Montonikoro ato Maciton, liyas sato ko Koroasiya tona kapolongan kitakit.orasaka ira ko rawraw i laloma’ nona kitakit, i 1998 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad malaheci ko patateko a palacecay tona kitakit ko Nanslafo.[15]\n\nFinacadan ato Pitooran(族群和信仰) \nO pisa’osi i 2014 miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 romi’ad to tamdaw no Koroasiya ira ko 4,225,316 ko tamdaw,[16] o kacekcek no tamdaw 75 kotamdaw to kasacecay no km². I 2012 miheca o kalalen no kakakaya’ no mihecaan ira ko 75 ko mihecaan.[17] O sao’si i 2014 miheca cecay a wina dengan 1.46 ko nidipotan a wawa wawa, o sasafaay i polong no hekal a kitakit.[18]\n\nO sakalowan no tamdaw i,sepat ko lalengatan:1.itira i ikor no kalaloodan to pisiiked ato lalood no hekal mapaceko’ ko ka’adihay no nisofocan a wawa, orasaka, ikor to i,macahefak ko kalowan; 2.to’edaw ko ‘orip; 3.masafeleng ko kapah miliayas to kitakit tayra I roma a kitakit;[19] 4.itiya pisiikedan a lalood ‘aloman ko maforaway a kalotamdaw.\n\nO tamdaw no Koroasiya masasifod ko kasasiromaroma, o sa’osi no sakakaay citodongay mikirokay, o polong a tamdaw ira ko 90.4% o Koroasiya,[20] nenengnengen matiya o malacecay ko fanacadan, niawrira, o cowa ka ‘aloman ko tamdaw a finacadan ira ko Sayrwiya tamdaw(4.4%), o roma i,ira ho ko Posiniya, Syonyali, Itali, Slaofaniya, Toic, Cieko, Romaniya ato Arpaniya.[21]\n\nO Koroasiya a tamdaw sahetoay o mitooray to Tinsikyo, ira ko 86.3%, o roma a pitooran o Saka'etipay So’elinay Kyokai ira ko 4.4%, orama a misakristoay 0.6%, Islam irako 1.5% ato 0.4% roma a pitooran, ato 6.7% o cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas ato caay ko kafana’an sanay(不可知論; Agnosticism).\n\nPonka(文化) \nO kaitiraan no Koroasiya macacamol to sepatay a masasiromaromaay a ponka, ira ko Paycanti-Hontian ato Sa’etipay-Roma Hontian, ato Sifo’ay Yoropa ato Sifo’ay-Riyar a ponka.[22] Isasifo’an no saka19 sici matenak ko “Ililiya-Demak”(伊利里亞運動,Illyrian movement;又稱克羅埃西亞國家復興 ,Croatian national revival), o tadakalimelaan a kacomahad no ponka konini a mihwcaan,caay ko sowal aca ko mapaloloay, o nisongila’an mapatenak, mapalowad ko papinapina a tadamaanay o midemakay to ponka a tamdaw.[23]\n\nYo itira ho i sasifo’an no saka17 sici, mipadama to Fransu a milood to ’ada, o riko’ no sofitay ira ko pengec i li’er, mahemek ko fafahiyan no Frasu a minengneng, orasaka, mapatenak icowacowa i hekal, o nikotay konini, saraw i,itira i sowak no Toic, Frasu ato Italia no “ Koroasiya” ano sa i, o nikotay sanay.[24] [25]Tada mahapinang ko pirecep no ponka no roma a finacadan to roma a finacadan.\n\nPacefaday Tilid(註腳) \n\n[1] KONTINGENTI STANOVNIŠTVA PO GRADOVIMA\/OPĆINAMA, POPIS 2011. [2014-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-09）.\n\n[2] Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011, First Results by Settlements - Enumerated persons, households and housing units (HTML). Statistical Reports (Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics). June 2011, (1441) [2011-12-30]. ISSN 1332-0297 （克羅埃西亞語及英語）.\n\n[3] （克羅埃西亞文）Ivan Mužić. Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća (PDF). Naklada Bošković. 2007 [2016-07-03]. ISBN 978-953-263-034-3. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-07-03）.\n\n[4] （克羅埃西亞文）Alemko Gluhak. Podrijetlo imena Hrvat. Zagreb: Jezik. 1990 [2016-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-03）.\n\n[5] （英文）Marc L. Greenberg. The Role of Language in the Creation of Identity: Myths in Linguistics among the Peoples of the Former Yugoslavia (PDF). University of Kansas. 1996-04 [2016-07-03]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-07-03）.\n\n[6] （克羅埃西亞文）Branko Fučić. Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi. Slovo (Old Church Slavonic Institute). 1971-09, 21 [2016-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-03）.\n\n[7] （克羅埃西亞文）Ivan Mužić. Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća (PDF). Naklada Bošković. 2007 [2016-07-03]. ISBN 978-953-263-034-3. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-07-03）.\n\n[8] 新字體寫作「克羅地亜」。\n\n[9] （英文）Igor Salopek. Krapina Neanderthal Museum as a Well of Medical Information. Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica (Hrvatsko znanstveno društvo za povijest zdravstvene kulture). 2010-12, 8 (2) [2016-07-03]. ISSN 1334-4366. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-28）.\n\n[10] （德文）Max Polatschek. Franz Ferdinand: Europas verlorene Hoffnung. Amalthea. 1989. ISBN 978-3-85002-284-2.\n\n[11] （克羅埃西亞文）Vladimir Huzjan. Raspuštanje Hrvatskog domobranstva nakon završetka Prvog svjetskog rata. Časopis za suvremenu povijest (Hrvatski institut za povijest). 2005, 37 (2).\n\n[12] （克羅埃西亞文）Nenad Jovanović. Veliki rat za još veće prešućivanje. Novosti. 2011 [2016-07-05]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-05）.\n\n[13] （克羅埃西亞文）Povijest saborovanja. Sabor. [2016-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-04）.\n\n[14] （英文）Spencer Tucker; Priscilla Mary Roberts. World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN 978-1-85109-420-2.\n\n[15] （中文）馬細譜. 南斯拉夫興亡. 社會科學文獻出版社. 2010. ISBN 978-7-5097-1140-8.\n\n[16] （英文）The Policy of Immigration in Croatia. Croatian Bureau of Statistics. [2016-06-09]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-05）.\n\n[17] （英文）WHO Life Expectancy at birth. World Health Organization. 2012 [2014-12-06]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-06）.\n\n[18] （英文）Ostroški, Ljiljana (編). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF) 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2015-12 [2016-07-05]. ISSN 1333-3305. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-04-28）.\n\n[19] （中文）左婭. 克羅地亞. 北京: 社會科學文獻出版社. 2007. ISBN 9787802304529. 4.\n\n[20] （英文）Ostroški, Ljiljana (編). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF) 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2015-12 [2016-07-05]. ISSN 1333-3305. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-04-28）.\n\n[21] （英文）Ostroški, Ljiljana (編). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF) 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2015-12 [2016-07-05]. ISSN 1333-3305. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-04-28）.\n\n[22] （英文）Culture and History. Croatian National Tourist Board. [2016-07-02]. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-16）.\n\n[23] （克羅埃西亞文）Nikša Stančić. Hrvatski narodni preporod – ciljevi i ostvarenja. Cris: časopis Povijesnog društva Križevci. 2009-02, 10 (1) [2016-07-03]. ISSN 1332-2567. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-03）.\n\n[24] （英文）Eric P. Nash. STYLE; Dressed to Kill. The New York Times. 1995-07-30 [2016-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-09）.\n\n[25] （克羅埃西亞文）Vladimir Huzjan. Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta. Povijesni prilozi (Hrčak Portal znanstvenih časopisa Republike Hrvatske). 2008-07, 34 (34) [2016-07-03]. ISSN 0351-9767. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-17）.\n\nKakakitingan i Papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":3277,"character_repetition_ratio":0.056,"word_repetition_ratio":0.081,"special_characters_ratio":0.289,"stopwords_ratio":0.02,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.993,"perplexity_score":5855.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuba","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Cuba（古巴）\n\nTakaray sowal \nKupa Kapolongan Kitakit(Sipanya a sowal:República de Cuba; Kuwaping s sowal:古巴共和國，通稱古巴Cuba). Itiraay i ka’amis no Karopi Riyar a kanatanatalan a kitakit, isaicomod no Misiko a Kihaw, isaka’etip malala’ed ato Misiko to Yukatan Pecihan Kanatal, ikatimol malafiyaw ato Yamayka ato Kayman Kanatal isawalian malala’ed ato Hayti Kapolongan Kitakit ato Tominika Kapolongan Kitakit to Mikifaliay Ta’eman no Riyar(Paso de los Vientos;向風海峽), ika’amisan no sakawali ira ko Pahama Kanatanatal, masasi’yaw ato Amirika to Folorita Ta’eman no Riyar.\n\nAno pakaynien i kaitiraan a minengneng i, o mikolametay to Panama Picoro’an ’Alo o lalan no Amirika nani riyar, sa ira ko sowal o Sata’eta no Misiko Kihaw sanay a patinako. \n\nOra Kupa hananay a sowal i, o nani sowal no Tayno tora「coabana」sanay ko sowal, o「cihanekay \n\nano ca o「karihadayan pala」sanay ko imi nira.[1] O tamdaw no Kupa i,o kohecalay a tamdaw ko ikakaay, o ciramramay to ’irang ko sakatosa ko ka’aloman.\n\nO Kupa a kitakit o dengan misasakaysyukiay i Sifo’an Amirika, orasa halafin maco’ot no Amirika to saka’orip a dafong,nikawrira, lalen no ti’edaw no ’orip no Kupa a tamdaw i ira ko 78.3 ko mihecaan, hahaop ko 99.9% ko mafana’ay to tilid no tamdaw, o lalen a saka’orip pala mahaop ko tosa kofo, o Cemahadan a Sa’osi no Tamdaw (Human Development Index;人類發展指數) isakakaay i hekal,itini i Latin Amirika a kaitakit dengan o Kupa ko malaheciay ko palasawad to cahiw no kalotamdaw.itini i Latin Amirika a kaitakit dengan o Kupa ko malaheciay ko palasawad to cahiw no kalotamdaw.[2] [3] \n\nI 2011miheca, rocoden ni Lawl Kasuzu(Sipnya a sowal:Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz;Kuwaping a sowal:勞爾·莫德斯托·卡斯楚·魯斯) ko kaka ningra ci Fitayr Kasuzu (Sipaya a sowal:Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz; Kuwaping a sowal:斐代爾·亞歷杭德羅·卡斯楚·魯斯) a malasakacecay(o sakakaay) syoki no Sakakaay Iinkay no Kiosanto no Kupa, satapang a micoroh to nipifalic to demak, orasaka i 2014 miheca masasonga’ay ato Amirika, ira \n\nko Cowa to ka Picara (Ikiris a sowal: Cuban Thaw; Sipanya a sowal:deshielo Cubano; Kuwaping a sowal:古巴解凍),itira to ko kapifalic to Tatapangan Rikec(Kimpo) to ko pisanga’ to katayalan miheca no malatapangay ato mihay to kacidafong no kalotamdaw. Ta onini ko pido’edoan i 2021miheca saka 4 folad saka 19 romi’ad milepon ko sakafalo a KapolonganKayki no Kyosanto no Kupa ci Mikuir Malio Pimutos (Sipanya a sowal:Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel Bermúdez; Kuwaping a sowal:米圭爾·馬利歐·狄亞士-卡奈·貝穆德斯) ko a malasakacecay (o sakakaay) syoki no kiyosanto no Kupa, mapalepon to ko kalakakeridan na Kasuzu malikaka to 62 a mihecaan.[4]\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nSarakatay a payrayrang (早期文明) \nI’ayaw no picowat no Sipanya a micomod tona kitakit, iraay to ko Tayno tamdaw (泰諾人;Taíno，Siponoi tamdaw (Siponey；西波內人) ato Kuwahapii a tamdaw (瓜納哈塔貝伊人)[5] maro’ itini.\n\nO sarakatay a misanga’ to kapowa ato liomah ko Tayno a tamdaw. O romasa ’i, o Siponoi tamdaw ato Kuwahapii a tamdaw o ikoray to pahicera itini, o ’orip nangra ’i,o mikilimo’otay a mi’adop ato mifotingay, iikor to nga’ mipaloma’ay to to tamako ato losay.\n\nNicowatan sakowan(殖民) \nI 1492 miheca saka10 folad matama ni Kolonpo kona kanatal, 1511 miheca malanicowatan sakowan, oya cowa ka pitoor to Kristo a pitooran a yuincumin malakoli no Sipanya misa’ekim. 1529 miheca \n\nno nani Yoropaay a tamdaw to kefing, o away a adada itini orasaka ca ka pakaso’ot ko mihecaan mahadefek mapatay ko itiniay a yincumin. Ora to ko sakapiala to kohetingay tamdaw nani Afrika mamamatayalay.\n\nO nipasadakan a dafong ira ko tefos, kofi ato tamako. Tahira to i 1889 miheca nga’ mapalahedaw ko koli. Nikawrira, manikaw to mamatayal a tamdaw, orasaka cowa ka lahedaw ko koli.\n\n19sici satapang ko tamdaw no Kupa a milingoc to sapisiikedaw nani pikowan no Sipanya. I 1868miheca saka10 folad, o tawki no kakahaday ko omah a tamdaw ci Kaslo Sayspitos(Sipanya a sowal:Carlos Manuel de Céspedes del Castillo; Kuwaping a sowal:卡洛斯·曼努埃爾·德·塞斯佩德斯) hepolen ningra kono niyah a koli, i 1869 miheca tokeren ningra ko Sipanya Nicowatay a mikowan, patireng sa to Kapolongan Kitakit, malacongtong. Mitongal to sofitay ko Sipanya,mo’etep miheca ko kalaloodan, alomanaloman ko mikapotay a tamdaw mitoker to Sipanya,1895 miheca saka 9 folad malowid ko Sipanya, patireng sato to niyah a sifo ko Kupa.\n\nSiyakaisyuki Mihecahecaan(社會主義時期) \nCi Lawl Kasuzu(Sipnya a sowal:Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz;Kuwaping a sowal:勞爾·莫德斯托·卡斯楚·魯斯) i 2011miheca miceror to kaka ningra ci Fitayr Kasuzu (Sipaya a sowal:Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz; Kuwaping a sowal:斐代爾·亞歷杭德羅·卡斯楚·魯斯) a malasakacecay(o sakakaay) syoki no Sakakaay Iinkay no Kiosanto no Kupa, satapang a micoroh to nipifalic to demak, orasaka i 2014 miheca masasonga’ay ato Amirika, ira ko Cowa to ka Picara (Ikiris a sowal: Cuban Thaw; Sipanya a sowal:deshielo Cubano; Kuwaping a sowal:古巴解凍),itira to ko kapifalic to Tatapangan Rikec(Kimpo) to ko pisanga’ to katayalan miheca no malatapangay ato mihay to kacidafong no kalotamdaw. \n\nTa onini ko pido’edoan i 2021miheca saka 4 folad saka 19 romi’ad milepon ko sakafalo a KapolonganKayki no Kyosanto no Kupa ci Mikuir Malio Pimutos (Sipanya a sowal:Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel Bermúdez; Kuwaping a sowal:米圭爾·馬利歐·狄亞士-卡奈·貝穆德斯) ko a malasakacecay (o sakakaay) syoki no kiyosanto no Kupa, mapalepon to ko kalakakeridan na \n\nmalikaka to 62 a mihecaan.[6]\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI 2012 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw ira 11,167,325 ko tamdaw no polong no Kupa Kitakit, itiya ho o lalen no mihecaan ’i, 35.1miheca,[7] mahaop ko 16,3% tamdaw 60 miheca ko lalen no mihecaan,[8] mahaop ko 75% a tamdaw itiraay i tokay a paloma’, cisfaw ko 846.5 ofad ko tamdaw, i niyaro’ay ’i,ira ko 277.5 ofad cisafaw, o fafahiyan mahaop ko 50.1%, ikaka no fainayan to mamang. \n\nO tato’asan no aniniay a tamdaw o nani Sipayaay a kohecalay tamdaw, o kohetingay a tamdaw o nani Afrika a mapa’acaay ta koli, micoroh ko sifo to kalalemlem no tamdaw orasaka, aloman ko ciramramay to masasiromaromaay ko ’ilang a tamdaw.\n\nAloman ko maforaway tayra i Amirika a tamdaw no Kupa, cecay no kalitolo a lalomaan ira ko salawinawina i Amirika,[9] adihay ko nipanokayan nona maforaway i Amirika a payso to saka’orip no ma’osaway a salawinawina.\n\nPitooran(宗教) \n\nO Kupa a kitakit ’i, caay ka paso’elin to Wama, o Pa’oripay.I 1962 miheca ma’idef ni Kasuzu Sifo ko 400 a kyokai no Tinsikyo,nawhan o nipatenakay to sapifolkokaw to karihaday no paso’elin sanay. I 1991 miheca mapalasawad ko piso’ot to pitooran, to cila a miheca mafalic ko kimpo masafa’eloh, malakalokitakita to ko Kupa,oranan haw ’i, cowa ka pilalang ko sifo to pitoor no tamtamdaw to paifalocay a pitooran, orasaka, manga’ay to mitoor ko Kyosanto a tamdaw, o Tinsikyo malaliyaw a haien no sifo. 1996 miheca saka11 folad , o Sikyo notinsikyo ci Rowang Pawlo sakatosa matahidang ni Kasuzu a palafang tayra i Kupa. \n\nO matenakay a pitooran i Kupa o nihawikidan no Sipanya a tayni o tinsikyo, irako 11 a kasaetal no kyokai, 650 ko kyokai.[10] O polong no mitooray a tamdaw no Kupa latak mahaop ko 35% o tinsikyo, sahetoay pasinliay, o roma sato ira ko fatad no polong a tamdaw no Kupa o paso’elinay to tinsikyo sanay ko sowal no Pacikang.[11] [13] I 1916 miheca lekalen ni Pento Sikyo Saka15 ko Wina Mariya o Midipotay Fangcalay Tamdaw. \n\nIra ko 21ofad ko Fa’elohay Kristo a ngasaw matenak i 54 a kyokai, o Sencawhuwy ira ko 10 ofad, o Yiehofa ira ko madeng 9 ofad, ira ho ko roma a pitooran o Indo Pitooran, Yotaya Pitooran ato Muslin.\n\nSapacefad a tilid(註腳) \n[1].Alfred Carrada, The Dictionary of the Taino Language (plate 8) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）[來源可靠？]\n\n[2] 兩岸犇報. ben.chinatide.net. [2017-01-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-20）.\n\n[3] 古巴成为拉美地区唯一完全消除饥饿的国家. 人民網. 2013年12月17日 [2016-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-18）\n\n[4] 古巴国家主席接任共产党第一书记 卡斯特罗兄弟60年执政写下句点. 路透社. 2021-04-20 [2021-04-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-20） ato papotal (外部連接)\n\n[5] Ramón Dacal Moure, Manuel Rivero de la Calle. Art and archaeology of pre-Columbian Cuba. University of Pittsburgh Press. 1996: 22. ISBN 0-8229-3955-X.\n\n[6] 古巴國家主席接任共產黨第一書記卡斯楚兄弟60年執政寫下句點. 路透社. 2021-04-20 [2021-04-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-20）\n\n[7] Guia Oficial de Cuba. Cuba-Hotels. 2010-05-05 [2012-07-06]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-07）.\n\n[8] Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de la República de Cuba. Cuadro 3.3 - Población media según grupos de edades, sexos y zonas, año 2007 (Archivo excel). [2012-07-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-22）\n\n[9] 存档副本. [2012-05-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-17）.\n\n[10] 古巴将兴建56年来首座天主教新圣堂. [2015-03-12]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-16）.\n\n[11] Benedikt XVI. in Havanna: Der Papst und die legitimen Hoffnungen der Kubaner – Ausland – FAZ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Website der FAZ. Abgerufen am 26. März 2012.\n\n[13] 古巴将兴建56年来首座天主教新圣堂. [2015-03-12]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-16）.\n\n外部連結\n\nKakafitan i Papotal (外部連接) \nCIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":2156,"character_repetition_ratio":0.055,"word_repetition_ratio":0.237,"special_characters_ratio":0.265,"stopwords_ratio":0.021,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":8228.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Czechia（捷克）\n\nTakaraay(概略) \nCieko(捷克共和國; Cieko a sowal:Česká republika;[1]，通稱捷克Česko)[2] o itiraay i Sifo’ay-Yoropa a karopaw a kitakit. I sakatimoan malafiyaw ato Awtili, isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Toic, ika’amis no sakawalian malafiyaw ato Polan, isakawali malafiyaw ato Slofaki. [3]\n\nO tatapangan nona kitakit i,nani Posimiya-Hontian Kitakit,[4] [5] o tatapangan niyaro’ no Fangcalay-Roma Hontian kitakit ato lalengatan no Toloay-Mihecan a Pitooran Lalood, malakahiceraan no Misanga’ay-to-Dafong no Awtili-Hontian kitakit ato Awsiyong-Hontian kitakit. I satapangan no 20 sici, yo malepon ko Sakacecay-Lalood no Hekal misiiked nani Awsiyong-Hontian Kitakit, matateko ato Slofako mala Cieko-Slofako,[6] o sakatipo a misanga’ay to dafong a kitakit i hekal. I Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal ma’eco no Nacui-Toic malamikotoday a kitakit. I Li’etecay-Lalood a mihecahecaan masorot no Solin mapacomod i Sa’etipay-Lekatep, malomisimaway kitakit. 1989 miheca ira ko Taro’away-Pilolol no finawlan to sifo \n\nmala o Lomaocay-Finawlan Faco a kitakit. 1993 miheca rihaday ko kalacinowas ato Slofako alamisiikeday kitakit. \n\nOna Cieko hananay a kitkakit i,matiya o Toic ato Awtili tadafangcal ko nidemakan to kikay, misanga’ to piro’epah, ato pisalamaan no lafang a tayal, o sakakaay ko pitilidan ato mikifinawlan ko sieci i laloma’ no Slafu-Finacadan, o sapdahof no sifo to kalotamdaw o sakakaay itini i Sifo’ay-Yoropa.\n\nRikisi(歷史) \nItini a pala no Cieko iraay ko Katelangay-Fokelohan a ponka ato Fa’elohay-Fokelohan a ponka, nikawrira, ona ponka cowa ka kakafit ato aniniay a tamdaw no Cieko. ‘Aloman ko pasowalay no mikakinkiway to rikisi a singsi no tata’angay-pitilidan,o to’as no Cieko ( o cecay no Slafo-Finacadan) tayniay to itini ton apala a maro’ i saka 6 sici.i saka9 sici,o malacecayay a Posimiya-Hontian Kitakit(波希米亞王國; Cieko a sowal:České království; Toic a sowal:Königreich Böhmen; Latin a sowal:Regnum Bohemiae) o lalengawan no Cieko ko nini.\n\nI saka 15sici, o tinsikyo a lalomaan no Hapuspaw-Hontian(哈布斯堡王朝;Toic a sowal:Haus Habsburg) malamikowanay no Posimiya,nikawrira, o \n\ntamdaw no itiniay sahetoay mitooray ci Yan-Fusan(揚·胡斯;Cieko a sowal:Jan Hus)a kasaiked. I 1555 miheca mitilid ko Hapuspaw Honti to “Awkospaw-Kakaketonan”《奧格斯堡和約》，全稱《奧格斯堡國家及宗教和約》; Toic a sowal:Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfrieden),mapaini ko Posimiya a tamdaw to paifaloco’ay a pitoor. 1618 miheca paci’ci a micoroh patalehekal to Tinsikyo ci Fitinan-Sakatosa, onini ko lalengatan no polong no Yoropa mitooray to Fa’elohay-Pitooran a kitakit no Yoropa ato mitooray to Tinsikyo kitakit a tolopolo’ ko mihecaan a lalood(三十年戰爭;Toic a sowal:Dreißigjähriger Krieg;1618年－1648年）.\n\nCieko-Slofako a mihecahecaan (捷克斯洛伐克時代) \nYo maherek ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, matekop ko Awsyon-Hontian Kitakit, oya mitekoay a Cieko molekal to pisiiked. Oya malawidangay a Cieko ato Slofako matateko mala Cieko-Slofako Kapolongan kitakit i 1920 miheca saka 10 folad saka28 romi’ad.\n\nI 1920 miheca saka 11 folad ato saka12 folad, o sofitay ko mikowanay to sifo no Ciko, to sapinekeraw to misafidangay to Solin a kasafelaw. Toikor to i,o Lomaocay-Faco ko talahekalay a mikowan, orasaka, ma’enec ko Kawiliay-Kasafelaw, riharay ko kalotamdaw, mapalalen ko sakarihaday no \n\nka cidafong a matayalay, maomahay, onini ko sakapicoker no matayalay a tamdaw to Lomaocay-Faco, ca ka pihayi to kyosanto.\n\nI 1939 miheca saka 3 folad saka 15 romi’ad ma’eco no Naci-Toic ko Cieko, mapatireng ko Posimiya-Molawiya Mipa’adingan Kitakit,o Cieko sato i,malamamanisay a sifo no Toic.[7] Yo malaheci to ko Sakatosa-Lalood i 1945 miheca ma’emin a ma’eco no Solin ko Cieko ato Slofako,mapatireng ko Kyosanto a Kapolongan Kitakit.\n\nI 1968 miheca ira ko pilongoc no finawlan to sapifalic to foco no sieci tora Kacanglahan-Polako(布拉格之春; Cieko a sowal:Pražské jaro；Slofako a sowal:Pražská jar; Rosiya a sowal:пражская весна) hananay a demak. Nikawrira, makilomot no sofitay no Solin, Polan Kapolongan-Finawlan kitakit, Syongyali Finawlan a Kapolongan kitakit ato Toic Finawlan kapolongan kitakit a mipesi’ koya sapifelihaw to sifo a demak. Tahira to i 1989 miheca saka 11 folad mapalowad ko Nikafinawlan a Sieci no Sifo’ay-Yoropa,o Cieko-Slofako sato i,ira ko Opih no Taro’away sanay a nipifalic a demak(天鵝絨革命;Cieko a sowal:Sametová revoluce;Slofako a sowal:nežná revolúcia) nikifinawlan to ko sieci o Cikapiay-Felaw Sieci.\n\nMalacinowas ato Slofako(與斯洛伐克分立) \nItiya sato i 1993 miheca saka1 folad saka1 romi’ad, malaliyas ko Cieko ato Slofako a kitakit alamisiikeday a kitakit, misiiked to i,oyananay to piharatengan ko pipatireng to kitakit a romi’ad i saka 10 folad saka 28 romi’ad . I 1993 miheca saka 1 folad saka 9 romi’ad mikapot to Sinheko. I 1999 miheca mikapot to Saka’amisay-Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO), i 2004 miheca saka 5 folad saka1 romi’ad mikapot i Yoropa-Lekatep(European Union, EU), i 2007 miheca saka 12 folad saka 21 romi’ad Sinken-Kakaketonan( malacefang no nini a kakaketonan.(《申根公約》;Toic a sowal:Schengener Abkommen; Fransu a sowal:Convention de Schengen; Olanta a sowal:Verdrag van Schengen).o pisawad a mikinsa to mifensyo anoca paspoto ano mipalafang i roma a kitakit.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI 2021 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw no Cieko polong i,ira ko 1,070 ‘ofad. I 2011 miheca a pihapinang to tamdaw, ira ko Cieko a tamdaw (mahaop ko 63.7%), do’edo sa i Molawiya tamdaw(4.9%), Slofako tamdaw (1.4%), Polan a tamdaw (0.4%), Toic a tamdaw (0.2%) ato Sisiliya tamdaw(0.1%). O kika no kitakit manga’ay a pili’en a mi’ala, orasaka, cowa ka tiliden ko kika no kitakit,[8] ano no’edoen ko nikirokan i laloma’ no Cieko latek ira ko 25 ‘ofad ko Romu(羅姆人; Romu a sowal:Roma;也稱為吉普賽人或吉卜賽人） tamdaw.[9] [10]\n\n2015 mihecaan a kapolongan sa’osi no sofoc cecay fafahiya ira ko 1.44 ko wawa, ila’enay ho sasafaay a sa’osi tora 2.1, o cecay a kitakit to saawaay ko sofoc a kitakit.[11]\n\nI 2015 mihecaan a nisofocan a wawa mahaop ko 47.8% ono focod a wawa.[12]\n\n2013 miheca o lalen a mihecaan no ‘orip ira ko 77.56 miheca( 74.29 ko fainayan, 81.01 ko fafahiyan).[13]\n\nO maforaway a tayni a tamdaw i 2007 miheca citongalay to 1%, latek ira ko 77,000 ko tamdaw to kalomihecaan.[14] O mitahidangan a matayalay a waylaw nani roma a kitakit,[15] o Yienan ko sa’alomanay ira ko 7 ‘ofad ko tamdaw.[16]\n\nI satapangan no saka 20 sici, o Ciciyako a tokay o sakatolo ko ka’aloman to Cieko atamdaw, mido’edoay to Polako ato Wiyiena.[17] [18] itini i Amirika o cilamlamay to remes no Cieko a tamdaw no Amirika ira ko 1,533,826 ko Amirika a tamdaw.[19]\n\nPitooran (宗教) \nO saawaay ko mitooray tono Kawasan a kitakit ko Cieko, mahaop ko 75-79% a tamdaw cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas,[20] [21] o Awaay-Pa’oripay Kawas sanay a tamdaw mido’edoay to Congko ato Dipon.[22] I 2001 miheca a pisolap ira ko 59%a tamdaw away ko pitooran, 26.8% o mitooray to Roma-Tinsikyo, 2.5% Fa’elohay-Pitooran.i 2005 miheca to pihapinang to polong no Yoropa, ira ko 30% a tamdaw no Cieko cowa ka pakaso’elin to Pa’oripa-Kawas ato ’Adingo’ 50% pakaso’elin iraay ko masamaanay a cowa ko kafana’an no tamdaw a ‘icel tona hekal, dengan 19% pakaso’elinay to Wama a Kawas.\n\nItira sato i 2011miheca a pihapinang ira ko 34% awaay ko pitooran, 10.3% o Tinsikyo, 0.8% o Fa’elohay-Pitooran, 9% o roma a pitooran.\n\nPonka(文化) \nO kaitiraan no Cieko itiraay i sasifo’an no Yoropa, o finacadan ira ko Cieko tamdaw, Rosiya tamdaw, Yienan tamdaw, Toic tamdaw,marecep no ponka no Rosiya, Sasifo’an no Saka’etipay Yoropa ato ikoray to no kyosanto a ponka, orasaka, ‘adihay ko kasasiromaroma no ponka itini. I Sakatosan-Lalood caay ka pitoker a milood, orasaka ma’osaw ko ‘adihayay a nalacolan no to’as., imatini ira ko 14 nalacolan no ponka mitokian i mipa’adingay to tadamaanay a dafong no to’as a sa’op no Linheko UNESCO,[23] o tatapangan a tokay no Cieko Polako o cecay no tadamaanay a kaitiraan no ponka no Yoropa, itini i rikisi no tamdaw ira ko tadamaanay citanengay a romadiway, Nitiliday, tahanini ma’osaw ho ko nikafangsis no ponka.\n\n(註腳) \n[1] Oxford English Dictionary. [13 September 2014]. （原始內容存檔於11 January 2008）.\n\n[2] Publications Office — Interinstitutional style guide — 7.1. Countries — 7.1.1. Designations and abbreviations to use. Publications Office. [31 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於20 October 2007）.\n\n[3] Information about the Czech Republic. Czech Foreign Ministry. [25 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於3 April 2016）.\n\n[4] Mlsna, Petr; Šlehofer, F.; Urban, D. The Path of Czech Constitutionality (PDF). 1st edition. Praha: Úřad Vlády České Republiky (The Office of the Government of the Czech Republic): 10–11. 2010 [31 October 2012]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於16 January 2013） （捷克語及英語）.\n\n[5] Čumlivski, Denko. 800 let Zlaté buly sicilské. National Archives of the Czech Republic (Národní Archiv České Republiky). 2012 [31 October 2012]. （原始內容存檔於28 November 2012） （捷克語）.\n\n[6] Dijk, Ruud van; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang. Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Routledge. 2013: 76 [13 December 2017]. ISBN 978-1135923112. （原始內容存檔於22 November 2018）\n\n[7] Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 138、359、360. ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3.\n\n[8] První předběžné výsledky Sčítání lidu, domů a bytů 2011: Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-01-16.. (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.\n\n[9] The History and Origin of the Roma. Romove.radio.cz. [2010-04-25]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-25）.\n\n[10] Green, Peter S. British Immigration Aides Accused of Bias by Gypsies. New York Times. 2001-08-05 [2010-04-25].\n\n[11] The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency. Cia.gov. [2016-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-26）.\n\n[12] Population change – year 2015 | CZSO. Czso.cz. [2016-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-09）.\n\n[13] The World Factbook. Cia.gov. [2014-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-26）.\n\n[14] Crisis Strands Vietnamese Workers in a Czech Limbo. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-11）.\n\n[15] O'Connor, Coilin. Is the Czech Republic's Vietnamese community finally starting to feel at home?. Czech Radio. 2007-05-29 [2008-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-13）.\n\n[16] Crisis Strands Vietnamese Workers in a Czech Limbo. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-11）.\n\n[17] Czechs and Bohemians 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-03-04.. Encyclopedia of Chicago.\n\n[18] Czech and Slovak roots in Vienna. wieninternational.at. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2014年5月12日）.\n\n[19 Total ancestry reported. U.S. Census Bureau. [2014-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-06）.\n\n[20] Archived copy (PDF). [2018-01-05]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-09）.\n\n[21] NÁBOŽENSKÁ VÍRA OBYVATEL PODLE VÝSLEDKŮ SČÍTÁNÍ LIDU (PDF). Czech Statistical Office. 2014-02-27 [2017-12-27]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-05-13）. Chapter 1. \"Změny struktury obyvatel podle náboženské víry v letech 1991, 2001 a 2011\"; table \"Struktura obyvatel podle náboženské víry (náboženského vyznání) v letech 1991 - 2011\": believers 20,8%; non-believers 34,5%; no declared religion 44,7%\n\n[22] Global Index of Religion and Atheism （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Press Release 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-10-21.. 2012. secularpolicyinstitute.net\n\n[23] World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [4 February 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-05） （英語）.\n\npapotal(外部連結) CIA \n 外交部\n 捷克\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":2763,"character_repetition_ratio":0.046,"word_repetition_ratio":0.019,"special_characters_ratio":0.291,"stopwords_ratio":0.016,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.994,"perplexity_score":7024.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Aykipto(埃及)\n\nAykipto-Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakti(埃及阿拉伯共和國; Arapiya a swoal:جمهورية مصر العربية‎）, kalopitahidang a ngangan:埃及; Arapiya a sowal:مصر‎) \nO itiraay i Saka’amisan-Afrika a kitakit.o kahiceraan no Katelangan-Ponka no hekal ko itiyaay ho Katelangay-Aykipto, malalilafangay ato Tosay-’alo a ponka, nikawrira, itiya i makowan no Kirisiya ato Roma-tamdaw, Katelangay-Aykipto a ponka nirnir sato a makedi’ o ponka to no Arapiya ko miceroray. Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, i 1953 miheca mapatireng no Arapiya-tamdaw ko Aykipto Kapolongan-kitakit, o kaitiraan nona nipatirengan kitakit mi’awasay to tosa a karopaw, o Aciya ato Afrika, Ninay-Pecihay-kanatal(西奈半島; Arapiya a sowal:شبه جزيرة سيناء‎；Ikiris a sowal:Sinai Peninsula) itiraay i sakatimoal-saka’etipan no Aciya(ska’etipan-Aciya), o roma a kakahaday a sera itiraay i Saka’amisan-Afrika.\n\nIslam-Pitooran ono kitakit a pitooran, sahetoay o mitooray to Sini-kasafelaw(遜奈與大眾派;Arapiya a sowal:أهل السنة والجماعة‎; Romaan:Ahl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Jamāʿah) no Islam pitoora ko Aykipto-tamdaw, o sakakaay a mamangay-pitooran a kasafelaw o Kopoto Mo’ecelay-kasafelaw(亞歷山大科普特正教會; Kopoto a sowal:Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ; Romaan:Ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos). ira ho ko roma a misakeristoay ato Sinyie-Kasafelaw no Islam pitooran.\n\nOno sifoan a sowal o Arapiya-sowal, matenekay ko sowal no Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal. Ika’ayaway ko rayray no kacemahad no saka’orip no Aykipto i Sifo’ay-Sakawalian a Etal(中東; Ikiris a sowal:Middle East; Arapiya a sowal:الشرق الأوسط‎).\n\nO sakakaay a kitakit i Saka’amisan-Afrika, Sifo’ay-Sakawalian a Etal ato Muslin ko Aykipto, o isifo’ay heca ko rayray itini i hekal. O mamacemahaday ho ko Aykipto,o Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw( 人類發展指數;Human Development Index) i saka 97 ko rayray itini i hekal. O sakatolo a cemahaday ko saka’orip itini i Afrika, ano do’edoen ko GDP a pisa’osi o saka 33 ko rayray itini kasakitakit, nikawrira, ano itnien i ‘icel no nipi’aca to dafong ka pisa’osi itiniay I saka 20 ko rayray i kasakitakit. \n\nO cefang no Inheko, Cowa Pisakakinih-Lekatep(不結盟運動), o Arapiya Kitakit-Lekatep(阿拉伯國家聯盟; Arapiya a swoal:جامعة الدول العربية‎ ), Afrika-Lekatep(非洲聯盟;Fransu a sowal:Union africaine; Ikiris a sowal:African Union; Arapiya a sowal:الاتحاد الأفريقي ) ato Nikapapadang-Saopo no Islam(伊斯蘭合作組織; Arapiya a sowal:منظمة التعاون الإسلامي‎; Ikiris a sowal:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation; Fransu a sowal:Organisation de la coopération islamique) a mipatirengay kitakit ko Aykipto.\n\n2015 miheca, o Citodongay to Ska’oripa a Kalomaocan(EEDC),Citodongay to Misahalaka-Demak malaheci a malinah tayra fa’elohay katayalan no sifo, palisomad to kakinco’ no tamdaw i tatapangan tokay a Kayro. O ikor to a kalinah manarnar i 2021 miheca saka 7 folad, nikawrira, tahanini ca ho kalaheci.\n\nNgangan no kitakit(國名) \n\nO aykipto sanany a sowal i,o nani Katelangay-Ikirisiya sowal to pitahidang to “Αἴγυπτος”（Aigyptos）, sano Latin a sowal o “ Aegyptus ”, Fransu a sowal o “ Égypte ”, Ikiris a sowal o “ Egypt” hananay, onini i, o mararaway a pitahidang no Katelangay-Ikirisiya tamdaw to syoto o Monfis(Hekaptah) no Katelangay-Aykipto, o “ tota-kawas a loma’ ” sanay ko tatapangan a imi nonini sowal, o pita’ongan a loma’ no Monfis konini a nitoro’an, ikor to i, malocimil no Monfis. I katelangan A rapiya-tilid o “ miers”(صر‎ Miṣr) o “مَصر‎ Maṣr” hananay ho a mitahidang, o nanicaliwan nani Alamo-tilid, o “ kakahaday-kitakit”sanay ko imi nonini.\n\nO katelangay-Aykipto o “ Kaymis” ano ca o “ Kaymi”(kemet), o “ kohetingay-sera kitakit”sanay ko imi nonini.o malakafafitay aniniay a Kopot-tilid o Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ（Khēmi）hananay.\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nKatelangay-Aykioto tahira Sasifo’an-sici(古埃及到中世紀) \nTadahalafinay ko rikisi no Katelangay-Aykipto, o cecay no Sakakaay Pauranrang-kitakti. Oya Katelangay Aykipto a payrangrang ato ponka yo matekop ko Katelangay-Aykipto cowa ka maparocok, tahanini to nga’ o Mikakarkaray ko pakakelaay a pasadaken i hekal. Talacowa adihay ko makeraay a nalacolan, cowa ka adihay ko kafana’an no tamtamdaw to Katelangay-Aykipto a rikisi.\n\nI’ayaw ni Yiesoan a mihecaan to 4000 miheca ira to ko marayrayay a niyaro’an-kitakit(城邦;City state) anini ira a makera ko i’yaw ni Yiesoan-miheca to 3400 mihecaan a Sikipang-Fancalay-cudad(聖書體). Do’edoen ko nitilidan itini tona sikipang,ci Falaw Rarikah-Honti(蠍王二世;也被稱為蠍子王 katelangay Aykipto-sowal:latek o Selkano ca o Weha) to ko palacecayay to ninian a Niyaroan-kitakit, patirengen ningra ko Malacecayay Hotinan-kitakit.\n\nI’ayaw ni Yiesoan a mihecaan latek 3100 miheca, malitosa a mapecih ko Katelangan-Aykipto to Fafa’eday ato La’enoay Aykipto, ikor ci Falaw-Minis ko miliyaway a palacecay.\n\nI’ayaw ni Yiesoan to saka 11 sici tahira i saka 7 sicia, satikotiko sa a macowat no Yaso,Posi, Maciton ato Roma Hontian-kitakit ko Aykipto. \n\nI saka 4-7 sici, mapateko i Sawalian Roma-Hontian-kitakit.\n\nIsasifo’an no saka7 sici, mi’eco ko Arapiya-tamdaw patireng to Arapiya Hontian-kitakit. 640 miheca, ma’emin maaro’ no Arapiya-tamdaw ko Aykipto, mala-Arapiya. Tahira to i saka 12 sici, ma’edefay to o Arapiya ko sowal, mitoor to Islam-pitooran, maceror no Arapiya ko sapatekpatek ko kahalafin a KatelangayAykipto ponka mala-Arapiya ponka, o itinian a tamdaw cowa to kafana’ toya tata’angay a ‘ekim-‘ipoc(金字塔) ato pita’ongan-’et’et(神殿雕像).\n\n1249 miheca misatapang ko Mamoliwko Sofitay-Kasafelaw ko mikowanay.\n\n1517 miheca micomod ko Torki-tamdaw, malakowan no Awtoman Hontian-kitakit.\n\nIngataay Anini-mihecahecaan(近代) \nIikor no makowan no Torki to pinapina a mihecaan ko Aykipto, ma’eco heca no Fransu ato Ikiris ato pinapina a kitakit, tona mikownan no roma a kitakit, ira ko itiniay a Muhanmoto-Aliposiya a sawara’an-kitakit.\n\n1798-1801 miheca ma’eco ni Napoliyon to kinacecay.\n\n1882 miheca ma’eco no Ikiris a sofitay.\n\n1914 miheca malapapa’adingen-kitakit(保護國; Ikiris a sowal:Protectorate) no Ikiris.\n\n1922 miheca saka 2 folad saka 28 romi’ad,mapaci’eci no kasakitakit ko Ikiris a mihayi to pisiied no Aykipto, nikawrira, pararid ho a mitatoy to Sapa’ading-Demak,Kalawidang-demak to Kasakitakit ato Mamangay-finacadan a salongoc ko Ikiris,parariday a malanikownan no Ikiris a Taliyokay-fo’is kirakir( 衛星國;Ikiris a sowal:Satellite State), ano do’edoen ko katatilidan no Aykipto ato Ikiris,ano hacowa to manga’ay a pasadak to sofitay ko Ikiris to sapipa’adingaw to kaci’epoc no Ikiris i Aykipto.\n\nAniniay a Aykipto(現代埃及) \nNirnir sato a miliyas to nipikowan no Sa’etipay-kitakit ko Aykipto, nawhani, ira ko pisiwar no Kapolongan Ca’enot no Arapiya, nikawrira, tahanini ira ho ko fodfod no siyakay caay sa ka salimadac ko ‘orip no tamdawdaw.\n\nNacar mihecaan(納賽爾時代) \nI 1952 miheca saka 7 folad saka 23 romi’ad makerid ni Nacar ko “paifaloco’ay tatapng no sofitay a saopo” a paka’icel no sofitay a mifelih, mapalasawad ko Faroko-Honti, patireng to “palololay a saopo” mikowan to kitakit, ta malaheci ko pisiied.\n\n1953 miheca saka 6 folad saka18 romi’ad mapalasawad ko honti-faco no sieci, patireng to kapolongan kitakti.\n\n1954 miheca, mapaci’eci ko Ikiris a papiliyas to sofitay nani Aykipto, tahira to i 1956 mihecaan ta malaheci ko piliyas no sofitay no Ikiris, nikawrira, pararid heca a mikowan to Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci(蘇伊士運河; Arapiya a sowal:قناة السويس‎; Romaan tilid:Qanā al-Suways).\n\n1956 miheca alaen ni Nacar ko Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci malonokitakit, mapcekil ko Sakatosa Lalood no Sifo’ay-Sawalian(第二次以阿戰爭，也稱蘇伊士運河危機) , o sofitay no Ikiris ato Fransu, Yisli malakapot a milood to Aykipto mapa’ekel ko Sinay-kanatal ato Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci etal, mapatay ko pinapina a sofitay cefang no Aykipto, adihay ko nilifongan nangra a tokay no Aykipto to sapipatalawaw to tamdaw ato sofitay no Aykipto. O mapelengay a loma’ cilafad to cecay a ‘ofad, cilafas to cecay patek ko mapatayay, 2 ’ofad ko madoka’ay.\n\n1958 miheca matateko ko Aykipto ato Siliya, patireng to Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakit(阿拉伯聯合共和國,簡稱阿聯;Arapiya a sowal:الجمهورية العربية المتحدة)\n\n1961 miheca saka 9 folad, miliyas ko Siliya to Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakit.\n\n1967 miheca mapacekil ko Sakatolo Lalood no Sifo’ay-Sawalian, ma’afas ko Sinay-kanatal.(西奈半島; Arapiya a sowal:شبه جزيرة سيناء‎；Ikiris a sowal:Sinai Peninsula).\n\nSatato-mihecahecaan(沙達特時代) \n1970 miheca yo mapatay ci Nacar congtong, ci Satato (穆罕默德·艾爾·沙達特;阿拉伯語：محمد أنورالسادات‎）ko mirocokay malacongtong. 1971 miheca saka 9 folad, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to \" Aykipto-Arapiya Kapolongan-kita”it\".\n\n1978 miheca matatilid ato Islaylo to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan. 1982 miheca maala patatikor ko Sinay-kanatal, 1989 miheca mapatikor ko Tapa(塔巴;Aykipto a sowal:طابا‎ Ṭāba) i Aykipto.\n\nMuparako-mihecahecaan(穆巴拉克時代) \n\nI 1981 miheca saka 10 folad saka 14 romi’ad, itira i pikiningan to sakafalo miheca a pikiningan romi’ad to sapirowan-to-raraw lalood ci Satato, makowan no mitooray to Isalm a sofitay, oya maro’ay i tihi ni Satato, malemed caay ka tama ko laco, ikor to saka 8 romi’ad mapacakat no finawlan ci Muparako malacongtong, sanoyanan sato a midemak to mitekeday-pikowan,tahira i nipalasawad no finawlan ci Muparako, rarid sanay i Nipa’ekeay-rikec ato Nikakaforawan ko Aykipto, mitatoy to ko sofitay to sakowan ta mapalahedaw kona Nipa’ekeay-rikec ato Nikakaforawan.\n\nNani 2011 miheca saka 1 folad saka 24 romi’ad satapang ko Aykipto to mahapinangay no kasakitakit a Aykipto-lolol, adihay ko langiwngiw no finawlan to aniniay a Muparako congtong, aniniay faco no pikowan ato kalo’orip, orasaka satapang a mikangyi, patangic a papisawad ci Muparako congtong, misa’eli heca to nipifalic to aniniay a faco no pikowan; nikawrira, caay ko mamisawad malacongtong kako sanay ci Muparako, nikawrira, cowa to kasadak to singkiw i 2011miheca saka 9 folad a sakaenem riyad a congtong sanay, nikawrira,cowa ka pihayi ko finawlan to ca’of ni Muparako, rarawraw sato ko kitakit a makakowang,oninian ko sakatenak no mikangyiay nani Mitedalay-Potal tahhira i ka‘edef no kitakit.\n\n2011 miheca saka 2 folad saka 11romi’ad, milekal ko Padangay-congtong ci Awmaer-Solayman to pisawad ni Muparako, o Sakakaay-iingkay no cikowangay-Sofitay ko mirocokay a mikowan to kitakit, o sofitay ko mitatoyay to pacarcaray sakowan. oya sato ‘ayaway congtong ci Muparako ato laloma’an ningra mikalic to hikopta miliyas to syoto to 400 km itirray ipipahanhanan a Samuyiho(沙姆沙伊赫; Arapiya a sowal:شرم الشيخ，意為謝赫灣).\n\n2011 miheca saka 11 folad saka 21 romi’ad, o ratoh no roma a kitakit mitiya,oya Sakakaay-iingkay no cikowangay-Sofitay maosoy ko pipatorod to sakowan i kalotamdawan a saopo, miliyaw heca tayra i maci ko finawlan a mikangyi, micorcor to sofitay misakali’eki a patorod to sakowan to kalotamdan a sifo. itini tona pikangyian no finawlan adihay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay, nona fa’elohay a pikangyi tenak sato mi’edef to kitakit, tongal sato ko kapa’ekel no sofitay a mihayi to sa’eli no finawlan.i saka 11 folad saka 24 romi’ad, mapaceko’ ko finawlan to piliyokay no sofitay, cowa ka tango’ol ko sofitay to sakowan sanay, iokor to sinkiw no Kalomaocan no kitakit ato sinkiw no congtong itiya to i misetekan a romi’ad a mitayal. Cisowal sa ko sofitay, ano calohen ko pipatorod to sakowan matiya o mifelihay to harateng no finawlan saan, roma soto oya mikangyiay a finawlan,ano caka tangsol a misawad ko sofitay a maro’ i sifo, cowa ko mamalinah nani Mitedalay-Potal saan. I matini pahateray ko rawraw, nikawrira, caloway ko piliyaw heca no karawraw.\n\n2011 miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad tahira i 2012 miheca saka 1 folad saka 11 romi’ad, toloen a misakilac ko pidemak sapisingkiw no Finawla-kalomaocan, o laheci nona singkiw o Aykipto Finawlan-Lekatepno Paifaloco’ay-Mo’ecelay Kasafelaw no Islam maala ko 235 iing no 498 kapolongan, malasakakaay a kasafelaw, o ipoco’ay ko harateng a milikotay a “Al-Nour Party” pakaala to 107 iing malasakatosa a sakakaay kasafelaw, o sakatolo o “New Wafd Party” pakaala to 38 iing. O Islam a kasafelaw polongen ko iing ira ko tosa no kakitolo.\n\n2012 miheca saka 6 folad saka 14 romi’ad, o mifelihay to rikec no singkiw ko aniniay a singkiw saan ko Sakakaay Kinpo-Pisawkitan no Aykipto, milekal a palasawad tona fa’elohay a kalomaocan no kitakit. saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad, o Sakakaay-iingkay no Cikowangay-Sofitay pasadak to nisalofan to a “Lekal no Kinpo”, falo konisalofan to sapipatolasaw to ‘icel no congtong.\n\nIkoray no Arapiya-Kacanglahan(後阿拉伯之春時代) \n2012 miheca saka 6 folad saka 24 romi’ad,mipatalahekal ko Sakakaay-Iingkay no Pisingkiwan to Congtong, o kakeridan no Paifaloco’ay-Mo’ecelay Kasafelaw ci Mohanmoto-Muersi no Masalikakaay-Saopo no Muslin malowid ningra ko i’ayaway a congli ci Aysato-Safiko maala malacongtong, na misawad ci Muparako congtong o sa’ayaway ho konini o finawlan ko mitopaay a singkiw no congtong. Saka 8 folad saka 2 romi’ad, satapng ko congli ci Sasimo-Kantilo a mipatireng to malatangay a matayal. saka 8 folad saka 12 romi’ad, midemak to tata’angay a tayal to mifalic to kakeridan no sofitay, o Citodongay to Sapipa’ading to kitakit a tayal ci Apotola-Fatahe-Saysi ko miceroray ci Mohanmoto-Haysan-Tantawi ko matoro’ay,o Citodongay to sakakaay a komong no sofitay ci Sami-Anan i, ci Sitoci-Soposi ko matoro’ay a miceror; patokeleda han palasawaden no Sakakaay-Cikowangay Sofitay-Iingkay i saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad koya mitolasay to ‘icel no congtong a nisalofan a kinpo, o fa’elohay a kinpo halifatay tona romi’ad; ona sowal tonini mapaceker no sofitay, onian i,o sapipanatektekan to nisinkiwan a sifo sanay kominengnengay tona demak, nornor sato ko tapang no sofitay miliyas to demak no sifo sarocod sa patayal to sapisimaw to kitakit, o nisinkiwa a kalotamdaw a sifo ko mamatayal tona sifo a tayal.\n\n2013 miheca miliyaw ci Mohanmoto-Muersi sapifalicaw to kinpo, sapolaheciaw to kalotamdawan a sifo, mapatalaw ko nikacidafong no sofitay.\n\n2013 miheca mapacekil ko pinapina a pikangyi no finawlan, milongoc to sapipasawad ci Mohanmoto-Muersi. I saka 7 folad saka 3 romi’ad,o kakaeridan no sofitay ci Apotola-Fatahe-Saysi paliten nangra ko congtong a pala’idef, toro’ han ci Atoli-Mansoer ko pacarcaray malacongtong, milekal ko sofitay lakamkam to a midemak to singkiw no Kalomaocan no kitakit ato congton, mifalic to kinpo to sakanga’ay ni Apotola-Fatahe-Saysi malacongtong. to ikor to i,irako picoker no Salikaka-Saopo no Muslim sa pararid ko mikangyiay micoker ci Mohanmoto-Muersian patatikor malacongtong, kinapinapina a mali’odot ko mikangyiay ato sofitay adihay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay. tadatata’angay ko karawraw no siyakay no Aykipto. I saka 8 folad saka 14 romi’ad o Rihadayay-Sofitay no Aykipto ’asiken nangra koya kaitiraan no micokeray ci Mohanmoto-Muersian a tamtamdaw, ira ko sa’osi 525 ko mapatayay tamdaw ato 3717 ko madoka’ay tamdaw. Salikaka-Saopo no Muslim patokitok heca a micoker to mikangyiay a tamtamdaw, mamalapecihaw sato ko kitakit.\n\n2014 miheca, laheci sato ci Saysi malacongtong.\n\n2015 miheca, midemak to fa'elohay a singkiw, ira ko pipadang no sofitay saka maala malacongtong ci Saysi, mipa’ekel to Kitakitan-Kalomaocan.\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \nO kakahad no sera no Aykipto ira ko 1,001,450 km² mihawangay to Aciya ato Afrika, i Afrikaay a sera ko ikakakaay ko kakahad, o roma sa i,o ikatimolay no Soyis-Cilis a Sinay-Pecihay Kanatal itiraay i katimolan no saka’etipa no Aciya. Ira ko siikeday a kaitiraan no Aykipto:o lalan mido’edoay to Aciya ato Afrika a karopaw; iriyaran i,pakayra i Soyisi-Cilis (蘇伊士運河; Arapiya a sowal:قناة السويس‎; Romaan tilid:Qanā al-Suways) ato Kahengangay-Riyar macatores ato Sifo’an-Riyar ato Indo-Riyar. Orasaka, itini i nitilidan no rikisi, o kakala’afasan no icowacowaay a kitkit. O aniniay a Aykipto isak’etipan malafiyaw ato Lipiya, ikatimol mada’edo’edo ko sera ato Sotan, isakawalian misi’ayaw to Kahengangay-Riya, madado’edo’edo ko sera ato Palestan,Isli, isaka’amisan o Sifoa’an-Riya.\n\nO polong no kitakit sahetoay o tafotafokan mahaop ko 95 %. O sa’akawangay a lotok o Kaysalin-lotok, nani tongoh no riyar ira ko 2,629 laya’. O sato’edaway i hekal a Niro-’Alo nani katimol pasi’amis a romakat ko ‘edef no Aykipto, o kakaya’ i Aykipto ira ko 1350 km,o kakahad no salawcan ira ko 3-16 km, o dihecoay a tata’man, tahira to isaka’amisan no syoto Kayro malatoloay-karimoco’. Tona salawacan no ‘alo a ta’eman ato toloay-karimoco’ a sera edengan 4% no polong no sera no Aykipto, nikawrira, o polong no tamdaw no Aykipto mahaop ko 99% itiniay a maro’.o mitongoday to Aciya, Afrika ato Yoropa ko Soyis-Cilis. O sakakaay a Nikarkaran-fanaw ira ko Tata’angay-ko Fanaw ato Timosahe-Fanaw, ato Yaswin-Tifo, malasakakaay a nikarkaran a fanaw i Afrika, ona Nasayer-tafa ira ko 5000 km². \n\nSepat ko sakilac no pala: \n\nKasasa’oawac no Nilo’Alo(尼羅河谷)\n\nSa’etipan-Tafotafokan(西部沙漠)\n\nSawalian-Tafotafokan(西部沙漠)\n\nSinay Pecihan-kanatal(西奈半島)\n\nFalaw Rarikah-Hont(人口) \nTahira i 2021 miheca saka 10 folad , o polong ira ko 1’ok 240 ofad ko tamdaw.\n\nO sakakaay a finacadan ira ko Hamo-finacadan(Aykipto-Arapiya tamdaw, Kopoto-tamdaw, Pitoin-tamdaw, Popoer-tamdaw) mahaop ko 99%, o roma i,o Nupiya-tamdaw, Kirisiya-tamdaw,Alminiya-tamdaw, Teloc no Italiya-tamdaw ato teloc no Fransu-tamdaw dengan 1%.\n\nMahaop ko 60% a tamdaw no Aykipto i safaay no 30 ko mihecaan. Yo malacongtong ho ci Muparako(穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克; Arapiya a sowal:محمد حسنى سيد مبارك‎; Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak) ,misa’icel a mipenec to sakacaay ka tognal no tamdaw. I 2011 miheca misawada sato ci Muparako congtong,mirocok ko Salikaka-saopo no Muslin ( 穆斯林兄弟會; Arapiya a sowal:الإخوان المسلمين‎，Romaan tilid:al-ʾIḫwān al-Muslimīn ) a mikowan, cowa to ka pipecec to ka’aloman no tamdaw, orasaka, i 2021 miheca o nisofocan a tamdaw matongal to 32 ko tamdaw no cecay-patek ko sa’osi, o ikakaay nani 1991 miheca ko ka’aloman notamdaw.\n\nPitooran(宗教) \nItini i Aykipto wataay ko kahinakeran no pitooran nano to’asan, mahaop ko 90% tamdaw no Aikipto mitooray to Islam(Soni Kasafelaw), irako 10% o mitooray to Kopoto-’Mo’ecelay pitooran no Misakristoay, Kopoto-Tinsikiw ato Kirisiya-Mo’ecelay pitooran(希臘正教會; Kirisiya a sowal:Ελληνορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Ikiris a sowal:Orthodox Church) . O kopoto-Mo’ecelay pitooran o micidekay nani Sakawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran, ono Aykipto a Kopoto-Mo’ecelay pitooran sahetoay oninian. O siyakay no Islam, mangalefay ko cowa kona sifo a matayal a saopo itira i ngangan no saopo ira aca ko pangangan to Islam anoca Muslim sanay, anoca makakafitay ato harateng, ponka, rikisi, patinako han:Kapah-Muslin Syiewhi(Young Men’s Muslim Association), tada mahapinangay ko pipaini to i ngangan no So’elinay-Kawas ko pitayal to kalodemak, o Kiyokay no Islam ko kahuceraan sanay.\n\nSowal(語言) \nOno sifoan a sowal o Arapiya-sowal, sahetoay onini ko sowal no tamdaw no Aykipto; o Kopoto-sowal(o nani katelangay-sowal no Aykipto a masafa’elohay a sowal ko nini) itiraay aca misakristoay-kiyokay no Kopoto-tamdaw no Aykipto. O roma i,o Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal itiraay i tata’angay tokay ato mihamhamay to lafang a tayal.\n\nOno to’asan a sowal no Aykipto(o Niliniay-Tilid) itiya ho i saka 3-4 sici ma’eminay to a maceror no Kopoto-sowal(Kirisiya a mafalicay-tilid). Ikor to no saka 7 sici,yo ma’eco no Muslin ko Aykipto, malosowal sato no itiniay ko Arapiya-sowal, nikawrira, o Kopoto-sowal matenakay ho a kalasowalen itini. Nikawrira, tahira to saka 15 sici cowa to kalasowalen ko Kopoto-sowal i kalo’orip, to ikor to i,ma’emin to Arapiya-sowal ko hasowal no Kopoto-tamdaw.\n\nSaka’orip(經濟) \nO sakakaay a saka’orip no Aykipto-tamdaw i, o liomah, simal-kasolin,mihamhamay-tayal ato mipasadak to matayalay. I 2010 mihecaan a polong mataylay a tamdaw no Aykipto o maomahay mahaop ko 13.5%, misanga’ay to dafong 37.9%, mihamhamay-tayal ira ko 48% , o roma i, ira ko 300 ‘ofad matayalay i Sawti-Arapiya, Kihaway-Kitakit ato Yoropa. O sakakaay mipalomaay to takomod koAykipto i hekal. 1970 miheca malaheci a patireng to Aswen Tata'angay-tafa’ mafelic ko kina’orip no Niro-’Alo, masiwar ko liomah no Aykipto.\n\nIra ko citanengay a somowal, mapaceko’ ko katongal no tamdaw cowa to ka pakafilo ko kitakit a mopaini to kaka’enen ato saka’orip a dafong, orasaka mokangyi ko tamtamdaw,i 1981 miheca o polong tamdaw no Aikipto dengan 3500 ’ofad, tahira to i 2011 miheca ira ko 8100 ’ofad (latek ira ko 1000 ’ofad o cowa ka pitoki a nisofocan wawa, orasaka, o so’elinay ira ko 9100 ’ofad ko polong a tamdaw sanay ko sowal), nikawrira, o polong a sera to sakiliomah dengan 3%. o lalen a omah no kahacecay tamdaw dengan 0.55 kofo,o maalaay a pinay mapaci’eci a mapakaen ko fatad aca no polong a tamdaw. o kaca ka ‘edeng a kaka’enen ni’acaan i roma a kitakit. to kslomihecaan o ni’acaan a moki ira ko 900 ’ofad ton, o sakakaay ni’acaay nani roma a kitakit itini i hekal.o sakarawraw no siyakay ko ka’aloman no manikaway tamdaw ato away ko tayal a tamdaw, talacowa misawad ci Muparako malacongtong, o sa’eli no “ 1.25 lolol” to sepat: kaka’enen, nitekeday-faloco’, Mo’ecelay-siyakay ato kakangodoan no kalatamdaw, ‘edengan o nitekeday-faloco’ ko malaheciay, o roma a sa’eli caay ka laheci.\n\nPonka(文化) \n\nIra ko sepat a Rocokan no Hekal itini i Aykipto, mahaop ko 6 a Rocokan-Ponka, ato cecay a Rocokan-pala:\n\n1.Apomina(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 阿布米那; Arapiya a sowal:أبو مينا‎）\n\n2.Tipis katelangay niyaro’ ato tadem(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 底比斯; Kirisiya a sowal:Θῆβαι）\n\n3.Nalacolan no Islam i Kayro(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 開羅伊斯蘭老城; Ikiris a sowal:Historic Cairo;Fransu a sowal:Le Caire historique).\n\n4.Monfis(Aykipto) ato Tadem(孟菲斯 (埃及);Arapiya a sowal:ممفس‎; Aykipto-Araoiya a sowal:ممفيس; Ikirisiya a sowal:Μέμφις),nani Cisa tahira i Tayhefoer a ‘Ekiman-‘Ipoc a Etal(Rocokan-ponka,1979).\n\n5.Nupiya-Nalacolan nani Aposinpayle-Pita’ongan tahira i Filay-Pita’ongan. (Rocokan-ponka,1979).\n\n6.Siekiyasalin-Pica’enotan(聖凱薩琳修道院;Kirisiya a sowal:Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης) (Rocokan-ponka,2002).\n\n7.Ciris no ‘iso(鯨魚谷; Arapiya a sowal:وادي الحيتان‎; Ikiris a sowal:Wadi Al-Hitan). (Rocokan-pala,2005).\n\nMihamhamay-tayal(旅遊) \nTada patahtahay to pisalamaan ko Aykipto, nawhani iraay ko kakaya’ay a rikisi ato kemoday-ponka, i 2009 ato 2010 miheca, mata’elif ko Sawti-Arapiya o sakakaay ko ka’aloman no lafang itini i Sifo’an-Sawali, tada tata’ang ko kaci’etan no mihamhamay-tayal no Aykipto, malasatoko no saka’orip ko nini.\n\nPacefaday a tilid(註腳) \nPasawalian 'Amis\nAfrika\nKitakit\nEgypt","num_words":5270,"character_repetition_ratio":0.057,"word_repetition_ratio":0.015,"special_characters_ratio":0.222,"stopwords_ratio":0.03,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":6573.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equatorial%20guinea","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit(赤道幾內亞共和國，簡稱赤道幾內亞;Sipangya a sowal:Guinea Ecuatorial; Fransu a sowal:Guinée équatoriale; Potawya a sowal:Guiné Equatorial ). \n\nO itiraay i sifo’ no Afrika, i 2020 mihecaan a pisa’sosi to tamdaw polpong ira ko 145 ‘ofad cisafaw to 4 patek ko tamdaw. Ano panganganen to Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw hananay a tilid i,itiraay aca i lawac no kitakit to lilis no riyar ko pita’elif no Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw, cowa ka pita’elif i pala nona kitakit.\n\nRikisi(歷史) \nO i karopaway a pala a tamdaw sahetaoay o Pykomi a yincumin, nikawrira, masasiroma ho to pinapina a finacadan, o kamaro’an nangra a pala i,ma’eco no Panto tamdaw.1471 tahira i 1472 miheca o mikalicay to tamina no Potawya ci Fina-Topo(Fernao do Po) yo mikilim to sakatayraaw i Indo mahera ko Finatopo-Kanatal, pangangan han to “Formsa”(Formosa). I roma a fa’elohay a mihecaan pakahera to Anopon-kanatal, onini ko sakacingangan nona kitakit. 1499 miheca, mido’edo to “Totesiliyas-Kakaketonan” (《托德西利亞斯條約》; Sipanya a sowal:Tratado de Tordesillas; Potawya asowal:Tratado de Tordesilhas）o itirray i saka’etipan no S 60to o hano Sipanya a sera, isakawalian sera ono hano Potawya, itiniay a malingato ko Potawys a ciser i Aciya ato Afrika, o itiraay i katimolay a Karopaw-Amirika sahetoay o hano Sipanya a sera. \n\nMalongato to ko pipapaliwal to kuli-tamdaw, tado han to no Potawya a tamdaw a miteked ko pialaan ato pipaliwalan. Malongoc ko Sipanya, misa’icwl i Afrika to pipaliwal to kuli-tamdaw.\n\n1778 miheca, mihayi ko Potawya pafeli to mamang a sera to itiraay i lawac no riyar no Afrika to Sipanys, ato itiraay i laed no Okowi-‘alo i karopaway sera ato Niri-‘Alo a sera, o sakafafalic ato Potawya to pihayi no Sipanya to mi’ecoan no Potawya i S 50to a pala.\n\nIikor to no Lalomaan-Lalood no Sipanya kitakit, adihay to ko kacomahad no Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit,. Ona pala i,mapalamikowanan no Sipanya i papotalay a Finantopo-kanatal ato Moni-‘alo a tosa sakowan.1964 miheca saka1 folad pakaala to niyah-pikowan kona tosa a sakowan. 1968 miheca ira ko picoracoh no Sapisiikedaw-Finacadan ato Linheko,hayi sato ko Sipanya to pisiiked nona kitakit, 1968 miheca saka 10 folad saka 12 romi’ad laheci sato ko MalamicongacongayKiniya a milekal misiiked patireng to kitakit, lahecien to mifalic ko ngangan no kitakit to Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit.\n\n1968 miheca malasa’ayaway a congtong ci Masiay-Enkuima, onini to ko lalengatan no tadamapadesay a Teked-Pikowan to cisafaw ko mo’etep miheca. Yo mikowan ci Masiay-Enkuima tadatadakatalawan ko pikowan, micoroh to sakalata’ang no niyah palakawas,alomanaloan ko mipatayan ningra to matayalay i sifo ato kalotamdaw, pala’idef han to ko polong no pitilidan, milalang to sinpon, kahirara a tilid,orasaka, terep sato ko katayal no sifo. \n\n1979 miheca saka 8 folad saka 3 romi’ad o wawa no kaka ningra ci Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko keridan ningra ko sofitay a mifelih ko sifo,. 1979 miheca saka 8 folad saka 3 romi’ad pataen ni Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko ci Masiay-Enkuima. Tansol sa malacongtong ci wpiyang-Mupasoko, tahanini ko kalacongtong a mikowan tona kitakit.\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \n\nO kakahad no pala no Sifo’an-Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit ira ko 28,051 km², tosaay pecih: sakacecay a pecih o Moni-Alo’ a Etal( o Mopini-Etal hananay ho a pangangan, 大陸大區;Región Continental; Districto de la Río Muni ), o itiraay I paropawan, kakahaday nani sawalian pasi’etip, da’ecoay nani katimo pasi’amis, madado’edoay ko pala ato Komaylong kitakit, Kapon kitakit, o Moni-‘Alo masaci’elis a romakat tona kitakit. O tata’angay a niyaro’ tona etal i, o Pato niyaro’(巴塔;Sipanya a sowal:Bata). O sakatosa pecih i,o itiraay i ka’amis no saka’etipan a Moni’-Alo, i Kiniyay-kihaw(幾內亞灣; Ikiris a sowal:Gulf of Guinea; Fransu a sowal:Golfe de Guinée) a Piawko-kanatal (yo makowan ho no Sipanya o Firnanto-kanatal hananay pangangan). \nO roma sato i,i katimo no saka’etipan no Piawko-kanatal to 596 km a Annopon-kanatal.( 安諾本島;Annobón).\n\nSakaci’etan dafong (經濟) \n\nItini i katimo no Sahara-Tafotafokan a Afrika, o mamalacemahaday-kitakit(developing country) ko Sifo’an-Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit, o sakakaay a sapili’etan o nipaloman a losay, o sakakaay a nipasadakan a paliwal a losay o koko, do’edo sa o kafi. Yo halafin makowan no Roma a kitakit, toyanan a mihecaan tada o manikaway, cinganganay i “Sasafaay ko kacemahad a kitat(最低度開發國家;IIkiris a sowal:Least developed country，nikawrira, i 1996 mihecaan makera ko kaso-simal i kemod no riyar.\n\nnikawrira, i 1996 mihecaan makera ko simal ilaloma’ no riyar, orasaka,sakaramkam sato a macakat ko sapili’etan, 1997 tahira i 2001 mihecaan o kacakat no sapili’etan malawisay to ko 41.7%. 2004 miheca, macakat to mala sakatolo ko rayray to cisilamay a kitakti itini i katimo no Sahara-Tafotafokan no Afrika, cecay a romi’ad pakaalaay to 36 ‘ofad ko tolamokang.\n\nI 2001~2008 mihecaan o Kapolongan-Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( Gross Domestic Product ;GDP)tahiraay to i 20%, o ‘etan no polong a nipasadakan a defaong mahaop no silmal ko 99%. Nikawrira, malowan ko maalaay a simal. O so’elinay a GDP tahiraay aca i 15.2% malowan to 5% aca. O pali’ayaway a panengneng i,i 2011~2020 mihecaan miliyaw heca a macakat.\n\nTona pinapina a mihecaan masasiieday ko kacakat no pili’etan a dafong no Sifo’an-Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit, pararid to mo’etep miheca ko katakaraw no sapili’etan to 26%. \n\nI 2007 miheca midemak to polong no kitakit a kalalaocan pakayni to Sapili’etan-Demak, misanga’ to 2008~2020 mihecaan a lekakawa, caay ko simal a cecay aca ko papacomahaden,misongila’ to micolo’ay, tingwa, calayay, tingki ato sakafangcal no taliyok ato tatirengan, o sa’ayaway dademaken o liomah, misongila’ to fotingan a kakaenen, pisalamaan no lafang ato pakapaysoay demak, micoroh to kasasiromaroma a sapili’etan a tayal. I 2017 miheca mikaopt i “Paliwalay to kalolin-simal kitakit a lekatep”(石油輸出國組織; Ikiris a sowal:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries，OPEC).\n\nAno sa’akawakawangay ko lalen no ‘etan no kalotamdaw no Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit itini i Afrika, ipolong no kitakit o saka 56 ko rayray.Nikawrira, o kacomahad no sapili’etan a dafong cowa ka lalen. Dengan o citangalay a tamdaw to papinapina ko ci’etenay. O sa’osi no Kinheko i 2015 mihecaan,itini i “Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw”(人類發展指數;Human Development Index)itiraay i saka 135 ko rayray(polong no kitakt 180). Ira ko fatad a ka’aloman no tamdaw aca ko cinanomay, 20% a ka’emangay caka pakatahira i 5 komihecaan mapatayay to. matongal no Mitekeday-kowan adihay ko pipenec to kalotamdaw ato mitiya, oninian o sasafaay i tahepoan no hekal.\n\nSieci(政治) \n\nYo mapatireng to ko misiikeday a kitakit ko Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit, sahetoay o madadodocay ko cecay laloma’an na Enkuima, midemak to Nisatekedan a Mikowan. 1968 miheca saka 10 folad, malasarakatay a congtong ci Folangsisoko-Maaysi-Enkuima(Francisco Macías Nguema). 1970 miheca, mipalasawad to romaroma a Sieci-Kasafelaw, dengan to mikowanay to kitakit a “Masacecayay-Matayalay Sieci-Tang” ko iraay. 1972 miheca ono niyah sa a pilekal to “Tahadahocay-Contong” ci Enkuima, midemak to Nisatekedan-Pikowan. Itira to kalacongan ni Enkuima, lomanaloan ko mipatayan ningra to matayalay i sifo ato kalotamdaw, pala’idef han to ko polong no pitilidan, milalang to sinpon, kahirara a tilid,halotaneng sanay a tilid malalang to, orasaka, terep sato ko katayal no sifo.\n\n1974 miheca, mapaci’eci a ma’edef ko pitilidan no Tinsikiw, awa to midemakay pasifana’ay a sakowan, o faco no sapili’etan matekop, o Sakakaay-kinko ma’edef to. \n\n1979 miheca saka 8 folad saka 3 romi’ad o wawa no kaka ningra ci Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko keridan ningra ko sofitay a mifelih ko sifo,. 1979 miheca saka 8 folad saka 3 romi’ad felihen ni Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko ci Masiay-Enkuima, patireng to Sakakaay-Lomaocan no Sofitay, mapalit ci Masiay-Enkuima, to ikor to patayen.Tansol sa malacongtong ci Awpiyang-Mupasoko, kinatolo a pararid malacongtong,tahanini ko kalacongtong a mikowan tona kitakit, nani 1979 miheca tahanini ira ko 43 ko mihecaan ko kalacongan.\n\nO lomaocan no kitakit ira ko Kararemay-pikaykian ira ko 100 ko kiing ato Fafa'eday-pikaykian ira ko 75 ko kiing.\n\nPikafitan i papotal(外部連接 \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n\nPacefaday a tilid(註腳) \nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":1884,"character_repetition_ratio":0.062,"word_repetition_ratio":0.062,"special_characters_ratio":0.226,"stopwords_ratio":0.025,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":8627.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fa%5Esoay%20a%20tananoman","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Takaray a sowal\n\no kananamay a somowal o mahoping hananay koninian a tananoman.\n\nTahapinangan a Tilid\n\nPikafitan i Papotal\n\nyue:真空保溫杯","num_words":24,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.188,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":26620.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fanaw","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Fanaw (池上鄉) \nO ititraay I kakala’edan no Sifo’ay-lotok ato Sawalian-lotok kona Fanaw kowan. O niyaro’ i, ira ko Cicala’ay (福文部落),Ciataw (福原部落),Kalokapuk (大埔部落),Dihekoay (隆安部落),Kawaliwal (大坡部落),Cipuwa (慶豐部落),Fangafangasan (新興部落),Cikowa’ay (富興部落), Muliyaw (振興部落), Cinyin (錦園部落), polong han mo’eteo ko niyaro’.\n\nO kaitiraan no kofa,pitilidan ato patiyamay itirray i Ciataw niyaro’, o kacacofelisan no a lalan itini, nano ’amis mitorso pasitimol ko tata’angay lalan tona hadhad.’Adihay ko kasasiromaay a finacadan a maro’ itini, orasaka, makalitosaay ko Kalokapuk a niyaro’ to kawaliay ato ka’etipay etal. o i kawaliay o ’Amis a finacadan ato Ngayngay a finacadan i laled no Ciataw ato Fangafangsan niyaro’, mingata’ay to patiyamay. \n\nO isaka’etipay etal itiraay i saowac no Sawalian-lotok nani ’amis pasitimol o Kawaliwal niyaro’, Cipuwa niyaro’, Cinyin niyaro’,Wangan niyaro’, Cikowa’ay niyaro’ ato Muliyaw niyaro’ enem a niyaro’. Ona ika’ayaway a sepat niyaro’ o mapolongay ko kamaro’ no loma’, Cikowa’ay niyaro’ ato Muliyaw niyaro malaklakay ko kamaro’ no loma’.\n\nKawaliwal niyro’ ato Muliyaw niyaro’ mingataay to tata’angay sakasiwa lalan, tada rahodayay ko ‘orip, ora sa Cinyin niyaro, Wanan niyaro’, Cikowa’ay niyaro’ ato Muliyaw niyaro’ kona sepat a niyaro’ mililisay to 197 lalan no kinsifo ko kaitiraan, milaayay to tat’angay lalan ato patiyamay, sa pangangan han to ilaloma’ay niyaro’.o Cinyin niyaro ato Wanan niyaro’ o sa’yaway a mapamatang ira ko maro’ay tamdaw itini.\n\nNikafalic no rikisi (歷史沿革) \nOno Posong kowan ko Fanaw, isakawali malafiyaw ato Fafokod, iska’ami malalaed to Tarawadaw makakecor ato Foli no Kalinko, ikatimol malalaed to ’alo makakecor ato Takofan.ona Fanaw a kowan itiya ho i Kuwapingan(清光緒)polong hananay a pangangan to 「Nisafa’elohan a pamatang」(新開園) ; I kadipongan i, o 「Fanaw kasaniyaro’an no Takofan no Posong」ananay a pangangan. Itira i Minkoku 34 miheca mapalolo ko Taywan i Ciwkamimkoku, o Posong i,o Posong kowan hananay a mifalic ko ngangan,noa to Fanaw o 「Fanaw a kowan」hananay to ko pangangan.\n\nMaplol to ko Taiwan nani Dipong a pikowan, i sa’aya’ayaw ho mihecaan masakilac to Cicala’ay (福文村),Ciataw (福原村),Kalokapuk (大埔村),Dihekoay (隆安村),Kawaliwal (大坡村), Fangafangasan (新興村), Cinyin (錦園村), Suisui (水墜村) falo a niyaro’.\n\nI Minko 39 miheca mafalic ko saetal a pikowan, o Kawaliwak niyaro’ mapapecih to Kaliwal niyaro’(大坡部落) ato Cipuwa’(慶豐部落). I Minko 45 miheca falicen ko Suisui niyaro’ pangangan to Cikowa’ay (富興部落), to ikor to i Minko 56 miheca matongal to Muliyaw (振興部落). Orasaka malomatiniay a 10 ko niyaro’. Cicala’ay (福文部落),Ciataw (福原部落),Kalokapuk (大埔部落),Dihekoay (隆安部落),Kawaliwal (大坡部落),Cipuwa (慶豐部落),Fangafangasan (新興部落),Cikowa’ay (富興部落), Muliyaw (振興部落), Cinyin (錦園部落).\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI Minko 97 miheca ira ko polong a tamdaw to 9366 ko tamdaw, o Yincuminco ira ko 2224 ko tamdaw, mihaop to polong no 23.7%, ilaloma’ noni o ‘Amis a tamdaw ko sa’alomanay. Tahanini sato mafalic to ko ’orip no I niyaro’ay, misatokay to ko tamtamdaw, orasaka, malowan ko tamdaw to mihecahecaan, I Minko 108 miheca saka5 folad o polong ira ko 8180 ko tamdaw.","num_words":635,"character_repetition_ratio":0.061,"word_repetition_ratio":0.105,"special_characters_ratio":0.238,"stopwords_ratio":0.017,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":28885.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fu%27is","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Molahad no fu'is\n\nProtostar\n\nMain-sequence\n\nCinganganay a fu'is \n Algol (B8V ato K0IV ato F1V)\n Alpha Centauri (G2V ato K1V)\n Betelgeuse (M1-M2 Ia-ab)\n Cidal (G2V)\n Deneb (A2Ia)\n Eta Carinae (LBVs ato O)\n Gliese 581 (M3V)\n R136a1 (WN5h)\n Rigel (B8Ia ato tosa a B9V)","num_words":86,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.366,"stopwords_ratio":0.023,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.127,"perplexity_score":15448.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuxing","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Fuxing（復興區）\n\nItini i Taoyuan(桃園) ko Fuxing. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 336.75 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 195.32 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 120.65 km²), 10,692 ko tamdaw i Fuxing Cen\/ Siyang, 3,655 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 6,817 a tamdaw, pakaala to 64%(Tayal泰雅族) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Taoyuan.\n\nO kasaniyarona\n10 ko cun, 58 ko niyaro’ i Fuxing.\nPyasan（比雅山(角板山)部落）, Rahaw（Takan）（溪口台部落）, Wsilung（詩朗部落）, Hbun（霞雲坪部落）, Hbun-sinqumi（合流部落）, Kinyawpan（羅浮部落）, Rangay（斷匯部落）, Kawbu’（高坡部落）, Khpan（大彎部落）, Raga’（楓香部落）, Rahu’（下宇內（小烏來）部落）, Qapu’（卡普部落）, Qus（和平部落）, Yubang（上宇內部落）, Triqan（大利幹部落）, Zihing（義興部落）, Kayu-baliq（新村部落）, Kzyay（水流東部落）, Tuba（大窩部落）, Luhung（基國派部落）, Blhuy（枕頭山1部落）, Blhuy（枕頭山2部落）, Bilus（石門部落）, Qoyaw（下高遶部落）, Qoyaw（中高遶部落）, Silong（喜龍部落）, Qoyaw（上高遶部落）, Snazi（竹頭角部落）, Kin‘lwan（金暖部落）, Sqiy（志繼部落）, Cyasi（佳志部落）, Yuwhbun raka（優霞雲部落）, Kayway（卡外部落）, Qus（庫志部落）, Qmocyan（下奎輝部落）, Babau（中奎輝部落）, Qnau（上奎輝部落）, Ksunu'（嘎色鬧部落）, Qehuy（內奎輝部落）, Kuli（上高義部落）, Sbunaw（雪霧鬧部落）, Quri（下高義部落）, Uruw（中高義部落）, Tkasan（下蘇樂部落）, Raka（上蘇樂部落）, Piyaway（比亞外部落）, Tgleq（鐵立庫部落）, Saruc（砂崙子部落）, Twan nokan（武道能敢部落）, Zihing（爺亨部落）, Qrahu（嘎拉賀部落）, Tqwiy（哈嘎灣部落）, Ngurus（後光華部落）, Qphay（下巴陵部落）, Balung（中巴陵部落）, ‘Bu balung（上巴陵部落）, Qara（卡拉部落）, Quzi（中心部落）.\n\no kasadakan no lihaf \n 內政部戶政司全球資訊網\n 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料","num_words":298,"character_repetition_ratio":0.026,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.316,"stopwords_ratio":0.01,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.235,"perplexity_score":3920.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giorgi%20Margvelashvili","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Giorgi Margvelashvili(格奧爾基·馬爾格韋拉什維利)\n\nI 1969 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 4 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Giorgi Margvelashvili, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Georgia(喬治亞) anini i ci Giorgi Margvelashvili, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 17 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":84,"character_repetition_ratio":0.13,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.256,"stopwords_ratio":0.071,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.856,"perplexity_score":16211.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gjorge%20Ivanov","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Gjorge Ivanov(格奧爾基·伊萬諾夫)\n\nI 1960 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Gjorge Ivanov, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Macedonia(馬其頓) anini i ci Gjorge Ivanov, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. His second and the last presidential term ended on 12 May 2019.\n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":79,"character_repetition_ratio":0.113,"word_repetition_ratio":0.086,"special_characters_ratio":0.291,"stopwords_ratio":0.025,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.948,"perplexity_score":14917.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenland","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Kolinlan(格陵蘭） \n\nKolinlan(Kolinla a sowal:Kalaallit Nunaat; Tanmay a sowal:Grønland）o sakakay a kanatal itini i hekal, o kakahad i, ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera. O sowal no Tanmay to “Kolinlan” hananay i, o “kandaway pala” anoca o “langsaway sera” , o ilaloma’ay no Tanmay Hontian-Kitakit a Niyah-pikowan a Kitakit. nikawrira, i 2008 mihecaan a Kapolongan-Pitopa malaheci i 2009 mihecaan a mafalic ko faco no kitakit malamisiieday to niyah-pikowan i lalomaan a demak, o kacacefelisan-demak ato roma a kitakti, o sofitay ato paysoan a demak o Tanmay sifo ko citodongay. O tatapangan a kitakit no Kolinla o Tanmay i 1973 miheca mikapot to kasasiromaroma a saopo no Yoropa, nikawrira, i 1982 mihecan a Kapolongan-Pitopa mihayi ko ‘alomanay i 1985 miheca a “Kakaketon no Kolinlan” to piliyas to Yoropa-Lekatep,orasaka tahanini cowa ko cefang no Yoropa-Lekatep, nikawrira, o siiked sanay a kapot no Yoropa-Patekoan Lekatep. O tamdaw no Kolinlan o tamdaw no Tanmay hananay ko pisa’osi, patokeled sa ira ko solongoc no Tamdaw no Yoropa-Lekatep. O Kolinlan matiya o Falo-kanatanatal, manga’ay a miocor to tosa a tamdaw mikapot to Kalomaocan no Tanmay kitakit.\n\nO sera no kolinlan sahetoay itiraay i Saka’amisay-Poco’ no cikiw, ikakaay ko kasi’enaw. Malalaeday to riyar makakecor ato So’eda-Kanatal ato Kanata.\n\nKolinlan-Kanatal(Kalaallit Nunaat；Grønland) ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera, itiraay i saka’amisan no sakawali no Ka\n\nAmisay-Amirika, ila’eday no Ka’amisay So’edaan-Riyar ato Tasiyang.\n\nO sa’osi i 2019 mihecaan ira ko 55,992 ko tamdaw, o kaditek no tamdaw 0.028 km².Mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, sakakaay ko kakahad no So’edaan-‘Alo a karopaw,dengan i ka’amisay ato kawali ato ka’etipay-poco’ ko cowa ka tahepo no so’eda, nawhani, fa’edetay ko romi’ad itini, orasaka, ira a masadak ko sera a manengneng. Ano waniken no mitahepoay a so’eda i sasifo’an wa ila’eno to ko sera. I sakawaliwalian no sasifo’an ko takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3300 laya’, i salawacan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1000~2000 laya’. Ano ha’eminen a mikarkar ko so’eda no Kolinlan, masakanatanatal ko namangicngicay no So’eda-‘Alo,macakar to tongroh no riya to 7 laya’.\n\nRikisi(歷史) \n\nO Yincomin no Kolinla o Yiniwto-tamdaw(伊努特人;Yinniwto a sowal:ᐃᓄᐃᑦ Inuit，或���為因努伊特人), o cecay a yincomin no Amirika-karopaw, matenakay i Ka’amisan-Poco no cikiw,mhahop ko Kolinlan, Alaseka ato Nunafuto-etal, ka’amisan no saka’etip etal, yikon-etal ato Kupiko, o sowal no yiniwto ko kalosowal to romi’ad. Ona finacadan i, o cecay no Aysokimo-tamdaw(o roma i,o Piciwko-tamdaw, o salawinawina no Aliwsin-tamdaw). nikawrira, cowa ka olah to Aysokimo a ngangan, nawhani o pilikaf no Arkuncin-Indian tamdaw kano pangangan, o imi nona sowal o “misimangta’ay koma’en to titi no ‘a’adopen a tamdaw” sanay, o mipalatepesay konini a sowal.onini ko yiniwto-tamdaw sanay ko pitahidang to niyah tiring, o sowal no yiniwto o “tamdaw”sanay, orasaka onini ko kananaman no kalotamdaw a mitahidang, o pingodo konini.o itiraay i Kolinlan a yiniwto tamdaw o Kolinlan-tamdaw hananay a mitahidang. \n\nO nani cowaay ko tatapangan, mana tama han kona away to ko kaka a si’enaw a pala a maro’, tahanini away ho ko miketonan a sowal. O micowatay a tamdaw no Ka’amisay-Yoropa i 982 miheca macakat i So’eday-Kanatal, onian tamdaw mipatireng to tolo a kamaro’an i saktimolan no Kolinlan, tahanini ko aro’ itini. \n\nO nipanganganan no Sekantinawiya-tamdaw, do’edoen ko Kawasan-kimad no Ka’amisay-Yoropa toya Saki-‘olic, oya kahengangay ko ngisngis ci Ayloyko cilafo to mipatayay to tamdaw sa milaliw nani So’eday-Kanatal a tayni. Pangangan han ningra to “Langdaway-sera” to sapisorotaw to ‘alomanay tamdaw a tayni. Tada malaheci kona nisafaloco’an ningra, ikor to ira ko 4000 a tamdaw tayni a mahaneknek maro’.\n\nI saka 12 sici, mipatirengay to Sikyo-Etal ko Tinsikiw. 1386 miheca, ma’eco no Norwi, malamikowanan no toloay kitakit a Karma-Patatekoan Lekatep. Yo miliyas ko Roytin, tekop sato kona Lekatep, malanikowanan tono Tanmay-Roytin ko Kolinlan.\n\nIkor to no mapararid to 500 miheaan, lahedaw sa ko ko kamaro’an no Ka’amisay-Yoropa i saka 15 sici, latek matahepo no “mamangay so’edaan mihecaan”(小冰期;Ikiris a sowal:Little Ice Age) awa ko maamaan a kaka’enen. O wacay nonini o makarkaray itini a ‘okak no tamdaw sahetoay cowa ka ‘edeng ko do’es no tatirengan. Ira ko cecay a tikami i 1424 miheca nani Kolinlan tayra i So’eday-Kanatal, o saikoray to a wacay no maro’ay itini a Ka’amisay-Yoropa tamdaw, to ikor awaay to ko maamaan a sapipawacay to kamaro’ no Ka’amisay-Yoropa tamdaw i Kolinla. Nikawrira, awa ko maamaan kasiwar no Yiniwto-Tamdaw.\n\n1814 miheca, ‘ecoen no Norwi ko awaay ko maro’ay i sakawalian no Kolinlan, lekal sa o “cowa ho ka aro’en no tamdaw a sera” (無主地; Latin a sowal:terra nullius), cisalongoc tonni a sera ko Norwi saan.1833 miheca, hatatosa a mihyi ko Norwi ato Tanmay, patayraen i “Parariday-Pisawkitan no Hekal” no “Patatekoan-Lekatep no Hekal”(League of Nations)kona fangafang, o laheci i maala no Tanmay ko polong a salongoc.\n\nI Sakatosa-Lalood, maketon ko katatongod no Kolinlan ato Tanmay, hawhani,ma’eco no Nacoi-Toic ko Tanmay, micawat ho to Norwi, tangsol sa ko sofitay no Ikiris ato Amirika miki’ayaw a maro’ i Kolinlan to sapitakeraw to kacakat no Toic. \n\nO Kolinlan sato i,mikarkar i Yiwituto to talid(冰晶石; Ikiris a sowal:Cryolite) misaharateng to sapili’acaaw ato Amirika ato Kanata, to sakacidafongaw. Ona kali’aca pararid tahira i kaleponan no Lalood. 1943 miheca, yo kalaloodan ho mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Tanmay, ikor to cecay a mihecaan mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Toic itini.\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \nO sakakaay i hekal ko Kolinla-Kanatal, ono karopaw-kanatal, itiraay i ka’amisan no sakawali no Ka’amisay-Amirika, ilaed no Ka;amisay-So’edaan Riyar ato Tasiyang-Riyar, malalaed ato Pafen-Kihaw ato Taywis-Riyaran Ta’eman makakecor ato ipoco’ay-kanatal no Kanata, isakawalian malalaed to Tanmay Riyaran-Ta’eman makakecor ato So’eday-Kanatal. Mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, nawhani, tadakakahaday kona pala. Latek mahaop ko sepat no kalilima itiraay i taliyok no Ka’amisay-Poco’ no cikiw, o sakakaay ko kasi’enaw no kakarayan. Edeng o Katimolay-Karopaw o Kolinlan ko sakakaay ko kakahad no hekal. Sahetoay matahepo no so’eda, mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, sakakaay ko kakahad no So’edaan-‘Alo a karopaw,dengan i ka’amisay ato kawali ato ka’etipay-poco’ ko cowa ka tahepo no so’eda, nawhani, fa’edetay ko romi’ad itini, orasaka, ira a masadak ko sera a manengneng. Ano waniken no mitahepoay a so’eda i sasifo’an wa ila’eno to ko sera. I sakawaliwalian no sasifo’an ko takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3300 laya’, i salawacan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1000~2000 laya’. Ano ha’eminen a mikarkar ko so’eda no Kolinlan, masakanatanatal ko namangicngicay no So’eda-‘Alo(侵蝕作用; Ikiris a sowal:erosion),macakar to tongroh no riya to 7 laya’.\n\nI 1989 miheca tahira i 1993 nihecaan, o misasolapay a mikinkiw to kakarayan a tamdaw no Yoropa ato Amirika macakat tayra i poco’ no Kolinlan, karkaren nangra ko 3.2km a kakoc no so’eda, kinkiwen nangra ko laloma’an nona kakoc. O fali ilaloma’ cowa ka pakafilo a mita’esel to so’eda a masadak, o ikemoday a fali o sa’ayaway maparo i laloma’ a fali, oninian fali ko kafana’an to kakarayan no Saka’amisan-Karopaw i ‘ayaw ho no 10’ofad a mihecaan ko katelang, itini ko kafana’an to kakarayan no cikiw,halafin to ko katemenek i,fahal saan a mafalic ko kakarayan, to ikor pahinake heca, o rakat no riyar no Tasiyang-Riyar tada masiwar no salawacan no saka’amian no kawali no Kolinla.\n\nSaka’orip(經濟) \nI’ayaway sici saka 90 mihecahecaan, makedec ko dafong to saka’orip, nikawrira, ikor no 1993 miheca palaliyaw a macakat ko 'aca no maamaan dafong(通貨膨脹; Ikiris a sowal:inflation). Nani 1980 mihecaan, cowa ka lisawad ko sifo no Kolinlan to pikedec to lakakawa no payso, mihayda to sakikapolongan yosan ato mineker ko macakat no ‘aca no dafong. Nani 1990 mihecan ma’edef ko saikoray a pikarkaran to ‘oteng ato sin a tadafokeloh, pararid ko kanikaw no Kolinlan sifo. I saka’amisan no saka’etip ato saka’amisan no sakawali ira ko kakafahekaan a soped no kasolin-simal, latek ira ko 500 ‘ok ko tolamokang a kasolin-simal ato kaso. Oram sa i,taporo ikatimolay niyaro’ Nahesako makera ko tadamaanay a fokeloh no cikarocekay-sota' a soped.(稀土元素;Ikiris a sowal:rare-earth element).\n\nO pitieran to saka’orip nona kanatal o mifotingay ato misangaan nani foting a dafong, o li’etan nonin ikaka ko kahaop to 80%, ilaloma’ nonini o ‘afar ko sa’adihayay, iraay ko pipakaen to siri, nikawrira, o mi’acaan nani papotal ko sapakaen.\n\nO tayal no pisalamaan no lafang o ranikaray a ci’etan a tayal konini, nikawrira masiwar no kakarayan a citolas ko tayal. Ono kitakit ato sifoan a kofa ko skakaay micorohay to sapili’etan. O payso no Kolinlan makalitosa o padahof no Tanmay sifo, o skakaay a payso no kapolongan mili’etanan.\n\nSici (政治) \nKacingangan aca no kitakit a kakeridan a sawara'an hongti no Danmrk, aniniay ci Margaret saka 2, Danmark sifo maocor ko cecay sakakaay citodongay (Rigsombudsmand／High Commissioner) taypiaw no Danmark hongti ato sifo. Greenland lomaocan o pisingkiwan, 4 miheca ko lekad, patireng to 31 lomaocay. Siikeday sifo a citodongay Greenlan congli o sa’alomanay a cefang ko kakeridan. Talacowa o Danmark a kitakit o Europe Lekatep, nakawrira o Greenland caay ko no Europe Lekatep. Greenland i 2008 miheca 11 folad 25 romi’ad mikapolongan pitopa, polong no kanatal 80 kasaniyaro’ kapolongan pitopa, toya lafii, mihapiw paheci, ira ko 71.96% mitopaay, 75.54% ko mihaydaay misiiked, 23.57% ko miliyangay. kapolongan pitopa mata’elif ko 75% ko finawlan micokeray ko pihayda, mahayda ko kapolongan pitopa, o kasiiked no Greenland nai 2009 miheca 6 folad 21 romi’ad pitekaan, mala o misiikeday so’elinay sici i kasakitakit a rikec, o niyah ko citodongay to laloma’an, sakiholic ato misalilam tokinaira a midemak, nikawrira o sapi’ading, kacacofelan a demak ato sakipayso a kalocalay a demak o Danmark ko mikowanay. I 2019 miheca 8 folad, midotoc to “Washington sinpon” paratoh, tatosaay a pakatengilay tamdaw to malacongtongay ci Downaer Trump paocor to tadamaanay mipadangay misapalita sakanga’ay no Amilika sifo mi’aca to Greenland. Ikor, itiraay i White House (Kohecalay loma’) a komong no kicay ci Larry Kudlow pahepinang tonian a sowal.\n\nO kasasikiked a sakowan (行政劃區) \nI ’ayaw malitoloay ko pisaliyad a da’etal no Greenland, 18 ko kasaniyaro’. Mahaenay a pisaliyad i 2009 miheca mapalasawaday, nanoya ikor a laliyad no Greenland ira ko pina a ta’akay maci (Greenland sowal: kommuneqarfiit, Danmark a sowal: kommuner): Semesok (halo tdamaci Nook ato pasawali a niyaro’), Cualek (Farwell pt. a liyok), Kekata (paka’amis no tadamaci fafaeday no Davis ’efong), Keketalik (Disco Bay liyok a niyaro’) ato Avannata (kaetip ka’amsay niyaro’ no Greenland). Saikoray tosaay a saniyaro’ o nano sepatay a niyaro’ a Kasuytrup i 2018 miheca malitosaay sakapot. Kawali ka’amisay no pala o caayay ko ptirengan a niyaro’ a kawali ka’amisay kitakit koing no Greenland. Thule a kaitiraan no karayan sofotay o caayay kanga’ay patirengan a niyaro’, o Avannata a maci a cecay kaeferan, sakidademaken o karayan sofitay no Amilika ko mikowanay. Oni a kaitiraan pipatireng sa’alomanay ira 12,000 ko finawlan no Amilika, nikawrira to pina miheca o itiniay tina kaitiraan pala malowanay to 1,000 tamdaw ko maro’ay.\n\nTamdaw(人口) \nO kadadico no tamdaw tadamatakaray, o roma sato i makeror ko tamdaw itini. Nawhani, tadamasasiromaay ko kafalic no romi’ad ato dadaya, masiwar ko kalo’orip no tamdaw. ora saka o sakakaay ko katalawan to kaciadada no harenteng itini i hekal, orasaka, ikaka ko ka’adihay no kinapatayay.\n\nO sa’osi no tamdaw:\n\n56,370 ko polong a tamdaw(2013 miheca a sa’osi) mahaop ko 88% o Yiniwto-tamdaw(mahaop ko ko ciramramay to ‘irang a Yiniwto-tamdaw), o roma i, o mirocokay to ‘irang no Yoropa a maforaway tayni a tamdaw, o sakakaay o maforaway a Tanmay-tamdaw.ira ko pinapina a Kolinlan tamdaw maforaw tayra i Tanmay.\n\nPonka (文化) \nO sakakaay a ponka no Kolinlan ono Yiniwto tamdaw,marecep no misasolapay a Wicin(維京人; Katelang Nors a sowal:víkingr). Tahanini mifotingay ho ko ‘orip no papinapina a Yiniwto tamdaw. macacafi’ to mihecaan to mitengtengan no waco selic, mifoting,romakat ato milacal a miposisir to so’eda. \n\nI saka 40 liyad a lomaocan no mama no krismas , mapahapinang ko o so’elinay a kasofocan no mama no krismas ( 聖誕老人或稱耶誕老人; Ikiris a sowal:Santa Claus、Saint Nicholas、Father Christmas) ko Kolinlan.\n\nTata’angay-Pitilidan mapatireng i 1987 miheca.\n\npacefaday tilid(註腳) \n\n 格陵兰击败拉普兰成为圣诞老人故乡. [2008-12-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-13）.\n\nPikafitan i papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nDenmark","num_words":2757,"character_repetition_ratio":0.048,"word_repetition_ratio":0.072,"special_characters_ratio":0.227,"stopwords_ratio":0.013,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":18604.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinea","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Kiniya（幾內亞）Kiniya Kapolongan-Kitakit(Fransu a sowal:République de Guinée) \nkalopangangan o Kiniya( Fransu a sowal : Guinée), o itiraay i Saka’etipay Afrika a kitakit, katimol no sakawalian o Pacekis no Co Salawacan Riyar, ikatimol misi’ayaw to Laypiroya, isaka’etipan malafiyaw ato Lokedawan-Lotok, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Kiniyapiso, Sayniciyar, isaka’amisan ato ka’amis no sakawalian madado’edo ato Mali.\n\nO Nile-‘Alo, Sayniciyar-‘Alo ato Kanpiya-‘Alo itiniay i Kiniya ko kahadakan nona ‘alo. o Kiniya hananay i,o satimolan no Sahara-tafotafokan no Afrika, isaka’amisan no Kiniya-Kihaw a etal, o imi nona ngangan i,o nani sowal no Popor, o “fafahiyan a kitakit” ko tatodong nona sowal.\n\nO sak’orip no Kiniya sahetoay o liomah ato dafong no tadafokeloh. o sakatosa a rayray i hekal ko mikarkaran a adihay ko tayamonto ato tada’ekim a soped. I 2014 miheca o kahiceraan no Ipora-Lifong]. Cifangafangay ho to salongoc no kalotamdaw. 2011 miheca, milekal ko sifo no Amirika, o pipenec ato pipades to fafahiyan ato ka’emangay(keriten ko poki no fafahiyan]) o mahapinangay a mico’ayay to salongoc no kalotamdaw.\n\nRikisi(歷史) \nIlaloma’ tona anininiay a Ciniya itiya ho adihay ko maro’ay a hontian-kitakit, macemahaday matekopay. 1235 miheca Santiyata-Kayta yo patireng to Mali Hontian-Kittakit mspstrkop ko Soso Hontian-Kitakit.Oya sa Mali Hontian-Kitakit malowid no nanika’amisay a micowatay a finacadan. 1501 miheca Mo’or Finacadan miccafi’ to aniniay a Ciniya.\n\nNani 1735 mihecaan tahira i 1898 mihecaan, Mo;or Finacadan patireng to mikirikecay a kitakit i sasifo’an no Ciniya. O Yoropa tamdaw nani saka 16 sici tahira i saka 19 sici mipaliwal to koli i lawac no riyar, nani 1850 miheca o Sakatosa Kapolongan Kitakit no Fransu satapang micowat to Ciniya, tahalitemoh to ci’icelay a mitokeray nani laloma’an no Ciniya.\n\nAnini sato o i’ayaway o nipatirengan no Ciniya a Sakatolo Kapolongan Kitakit no Fransu a nicoeatan sakowan, o syoto tatapangan nitaro’ i 1890 miheca a mapatireng.\n\n1958 miheca mihayi ko Kapolongan-Pitopa no Ciniya to dengan a nicowatan-kitakit to cowa ka pikapot to Fransu-Nipatekoan Saopo, misiiked nani Fransu,malasatapangan a congton no Ciniya Kaplongan-Kitakit ci Ayhamayto-Sayko-Toor.\n\n1965 miheca congtong ci Toor “ micaraay to laloma’an demak” saan a miketon to kalawidang ato Tatapangan a Kitakit o Fransu, tahira i 1975 miheca ta mapalolol ko kalawidang.\n\n1970 miheca saka 11 folad, micacafi ko Potawya tamdaw to Ciniya, sapidama’aw to milaliway tayra i papotal a sifo patireng to fa’elohay a sifo nikawrira, malakisaw kona demak.\n\n1978 miheca saka 12 folad, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “Ciniya Milololay-Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitaki”.tahira I 1984 miheca saka 4 folad, patatikolen to “Ciniya Kapolongan Kitakit” ko ngangan no kitakit.\n\n1984 miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mapatay ci Toor,ci Lansana-Kontay ira ko picoker no Sofitay-Saopo ta macakat malacongton patireng to Sakatosa Kapolongan-Kitaki.\n\n1990 miheca malalood ko fiyaw Laypiroya ato Lakedawan-Tokos Kitakit, ‘aloman ko maforaway tayni i Ciniya. O roma i, malafasay ko 70 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, tahira to i 2004 miheca ira ho ko 15 ‘ofad ko maforaway a tamdaw itini i Ciniya.\n\nI 1993 miheca saka 12 folad saka 19 romi’ad midemak ko Ciniya to sa’ayaway a pisinkiw no kalotamdaw,oya kakeridan no sofitay ci Lansana-Kontay tona cifangafangay a pisinkiw maala malacongtong, to cila a mihecaan patireng to Sakatolo-Kapolongan Kitakit,makeroray ko kakatalawan a romi’ad, nikawrira, cowa ka lasawad ko fodfod. 1996 miheca saka 2 folad,ira ko sakacecay pilolol no sofitay, nikawria cowa ka laheci. 1998 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad ci Lansana-Kontay pakaala to 54% a satopa no sinkiw, o mitokeray a Kasafelaw-Sieci ira ko pipakokot tona sinkiw, ca ka halafin mapalit ko kakeridan no mitokeray Kasafelaw-Sieci.\n\nNani 2000 miheca saka 9 folad tahira i 2001 miheca saka 3 folad, malaheci ko pitaker to sapicowataw no mifelihay sofitay no Laypiroya ato Lakedawan-Tokos Kitakit.\n\n2001 miheca saka 11 folad masolinga’ koya sakacecay a fodfod no Kapolongan-Pitopa a mifalic to Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit, sakanga’ayaw ni Lansana-Kontay a pararid a malacongton i 2003 miheca. 2007 miheca saka2 folad saka 9 romi’ad, toro’en ni Lansana-Kontay ci Wolin-Kamala malaconli no sifo, matoker no Matayalay-Saopo ; i saka2 folad saka 26 romi’ad falicen ni Kontay a mitoro’ ci Lansana-Koyato malacongli.\n\n2008 miheca saka 12 folad saka 23 romi’ad,milekal ko Ciniya sifo, o congtong no Ciniya ci Lansana-Kontay mapatayay i syoto-Konakoli pipaisingan i saka 22 romi’ad sanany, 74 ko mihecaan.ira ko lihaf o sofitay no Ciniya tangsolay misapifelihaw tosifo mapalasawad ko sifo ato lomaocan no kitakit sanay. Toya romi’ad, irako cecay a tamdaw ci Musa-Kamala kakaeridan no cefang no sofitay, mipakimad i palosiyangan no kitakit, tangsol to a misawad ko demak no sieci ato matayal, patokeled han o sofitay ato kalotamdaw a saopo ko masasowal to pacarcaray a mikowan to kitakit sanay.8\n\n2010 miheca tahira i 2020 miheca kinatolo a pararid malacongtong ci Arfa-Kontay(Alpha Conde).2021 miheca saka 9 folad saka5 romi’ad, ira ko pifelih no sofitay to sifo, mapalit ci Arfa-Kontay\n\nKaitiraan (地理) \nkalopangangan o Kiniya( Fransu a sowal : Guinée), o itiraay i saka’etipan no Afrika a kitakit, katimol no sakawalian o Pacekis no Co Salawacan Riyar, ikatimol misi’ayaw to Laypiroyya, isaka’etipan malafiyaw ato Lokedawan-Lotok, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Kiniyapiso, Sayniciyar, isaka’amisan ato ka’amis no sakawalian madado’edo ato Mali.\n\nO Nile-‘Alo, Sayniciyar-‘Alo ato Kanpiya-‘Alo itiniay i Kiniya ko kahadakan nona ‘alo. o Kiniya hananay i,o satimolan no Sahara-tafotafokan no Afrika, isaka’amisan no Kiniya-Kihaw a etal, o imi nona ngangan i,o nani sowal no Popor, o “fafahiyan a kitakit” ko tatodong nona sowal.o kakaya’ no lawac no riyar ira ko 352 km,kakahad no sera ira ko 24.6 km² ko 'ofad, tadamasasifeday ko faco no pala, makalisepat ko kasasiroma no pala:, o\n\nIsaka’etipan \n\n(o Kiniya anoca o lilis no riyar no Kiniya), 36,133 km², o lihecoay a to’edaw a dafdaf i lawac no riyar. Ma’edefay ko mahedotay a pala, mado’etay ko kakarayan, ira ko 6~8 ko folad o kafodo’an i polong no mihecaan,o ‘orad ira ko 5000mm. ona pala i, o sakakay a kaliomahan, tadakakahad ko kitiraan no monkoropo(紅樹林; Ikiris a sowal:Mangrove).\n\nIsasifo’an \n(isifo’ay Kiniya), o lalen no ka’akawang ira ko 900 laya’ a Fotaciyalon-Taporo, itiniay ko kasadakan no toloay a sakakaay ‘alo: o Nile-‘Alo, Sayniciyar-‘Alo ato Kanpiya-‘Alo, orasaka pangangan han to “Tangko no Nanom”.\n\nIsaka’amis no sakwalian \n(fafa’eday Kiniya), ira ko 97000 km² ko kakahad no sera, nani tongroh no riyar lalen ira ko 300 laya’ a taporo sahetoay o masadafdafay a pala, adihay ko ‘akawanay a kilang. O cinganganay itini i hekal o makarkaray a tada’ekim itini. O sakakaay a saka’orip o paka’enay to kolong ato sira.\n\nIkatimol no sakawalian \n(Okilakilangan Kiniya),o taporo no Kiniya, o kakahad ira ko 49374 km², nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 500~600 laya’, ira ko kakahaday a oyanan ho kilakilangan , ira itini ko nani tongoh no riyar 1752 laya’ a Linpa-Lotok, o poco’ nona etal.\n\nI lawacay no riya a Kiniya o fa’edetay kalafalian kakarayan, i laloma’an no karopaw o Fa’edetay-Rengorengosan a kakarayan. O ‘orad i laloma’am a pala ira ko 1000~1500mm, ilawaca no riyar ira ko4000 mm.\n\nTamdaw(人口) \n\nI Kiniya kitakit ira ko safaw to 20 ko kasasiromarom a finacadan, ilaloma’ nonini o sakakaay tolo ko finacadan, Fulani-tamdaw(Fulani)mahaop ko 40% ikaka; Malinkay-tamdaw(Malinke,o kalinka hananay ho a pangangan) cisafaw ko 30% ko mahaopay, doe’do sa i,o Soso-tamdaw(Soussou) mahaop ko 16%.\n\nO sakakaay a pitooran itini I Kiniya o Sonni-Siiked no Islam Pitooran.o tamdaw no polong ira ko 87% o mitooray to Islam Pitooran, 5% o Tinsikiw, oroma omita’ongay to dafong a pitooran.\n\nOno sifoan a sowal o Frasu, nikawrira, adihay ko sowal no kasaniyaroaro’ o kalasowal to ro’miad.o mitooray to Islam a Muslin nano mamgangan mihatatanamay to to sowal no Arapiya, roma sa i,o somowalay to sowal no Arapiya a Lipanen-tamdaw maala nangra ko pecih a pi’etanan no kitakit,oninian ko katongal no katenek no sowal no Arapiya.\n\nO katongal no tamdaw tomihecaan ira ko 2.75%(2018 mihecaan a sa’osi), o Kuwaping a tamdaw awaay ko malaheciay a sa’osi, latek ira ko 2 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, macekcekay i tatapangan a Konakoli niyaro’.\n\nSaka’orip(經濟) \nOni pasadakan no Linheko o sasafaay ko kacemahad a kitakit ko Kiniya,o sakakaay a saka’orip o liomah, tadafokeloh, o misanga’ay to dafong caay ho ko maamaan ko ‘icel.o kaka’enen sahetoay ni’acaan nani roma a kitakit. o ‘oteng-a sera(鋁土礦; Ikiris a sowal:Bauxite),kafi, koko ato komu ko sapaliwal a dafong, o tayal to sapicemahad to saka’orip a dafong tadaawaay ko ‘icel a palalinien ato Isaka’etipay-Afrika a kitakit.Citolasay ko dafong to papasadaken a paliwal, orasaka, manikaw ko ‘etan no kitakit, sahetoay a mi’acaan i roma a kitakit ko saka’orip dafong. O ni’acaan i roma a kitakit a dafong ira ko saparakat to maamaan a simal, o sapikarkar to tadafokeloh ato sapipatireng a dafong, o felac, amoto, cisapayioay-dafong, dingko-dafong.o sakakaay a nipaliwal a dafong o ’oteng-sera, tada’ekim,ciremremay to ’oteng a dafong(氧化鋁;Aluminium oxide). O nikarkaran a ’oteng serasahetoay nipaliwalan tayra i Congko. o tatamanikaway a kitakit itini i hekal.\n\nPacefaday a tilid(註腳) \nPasawalian 'Amis\n\nPikafitan i papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government","num_words":2027,"character_repetition_ratio":0.051,"word_repetition_ratio":0.102,"special_characters_ratio":0.232,"stopwords_ratio":0.023,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":16944.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hage%20Geingob","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Hage Geingob(哈格·根哥布)\n\nI 1941 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Hage Geingob, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Namibia anini i ci Hage Geingob, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 21 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":80,"character_repetition_ratio":0.111,"word_repetition_ratio":0.085,"special_characters_ratio":0.28,"stopwords_ratio":0.037,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.976,"perplexity_score":16183.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haiti","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Hayti Kapolongan-Kitakit(海地共和國;Fransu a sowal:République d'Haïti；Keriyolsowal no Hayti:Repiblik d Ayiti），kalopangangan o Hayti(海地); Fransu a sowal:Haïti；Keriyolsowal no Hayti:Ayiti） \nO itiraay i Karopi-Riyaran a kanatal. O polong nona kitakit itiraay i saka’etipan no sakatosa a katata’angay kanatal o Yisponiawla-Kanatal(Hayti-kanatal hananay ho a pangangan), isakawalian malafiyaw ato Tominika Kapolongan-kitakit. \n\nO tamdaw no Hayti o itinitiniay aca a Intian-Yincumin o Alawako-tamdaw.nama’eco no Sipanya mahadefek a payayen no Sipangya, sanoyanan sato ko Alawako-tamdaw malowan,lahedaw sanay to. Oya sa o mikowanay ton apala a kohecalay tamdaw misaadihay a mipacomod to kaohetingay-tamdaw nani Afrika to mamatayal, oninian ko sakamalakohetingay-kitakit ko Hayti, matayal to liomah to saka’orip.\n\nOna Hayti o sa’ayaway a teloc no Afrika a kohetinay-tamdaw ko mikowanay, o koli ko patirengay tona kitakit, yo malamicowatan-sakowan ko Amirika-Karopaw o sakatosa misiieday a kitakit, o sakacecay misiikeday o Karopi-Riyaran Eyal(o sakatolo kapolongan-kitakit ato sakacecay Kohetingay-tamdaw a kapolongan-kitakit). I 2012 miheca milekal ko Hayti to sakalakapotaw no Afrika-Patatekoan Lekatep.\n\nO saadihayay ko kohetingay tamdaw i Amirika-Karopaw ko Hayti(mahaop ko safaw no 95%) a misiikeday-kitakit. nikawrira, tada matatiwtiw ko kacemahad ato fiyaw Tominika kitakit o teloc no Latin-tamdaw ko maro’ay itini. O samanikaway ko Hayti-kitakit i Amirika-Karopaw, I 2021 miheca a lalen no ni’etanan no kalotamdaw ‘edengan 1943 payso no Amirika, itiraay i la’eno ho Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(人類發展指數;Ikiris a sowal:Human Development Index), o cecay no sasafaay ko kacemahad a kitakit(最低度開發國家;Ikiris a sowal:Least developed country，decdecan a tilid:LDC、LDCs) ihekal. I 2019 miheca, o lalen a ‘orip no Hayti a tamdaw 64 mihecaan.\n\nRikisi(歷史) \n\nOno to’asan a kamaro’an no Hayti Indian-Alawako kona sera. 1492 miheca saka 12 folad saka 6 romi’ad pahicera ko tamina ni Kolompo itini, pangangan han nira to Ispaniawla-kanatal(伊斯帕尼奧拉島; Sipanya a sowal:Isla de La Española; Fransu a sowal:Île d’Hispaniola; Hayti-Keriyol sowal:Ispayola),1502 miheca laheci sato malamicowatan-sakowan no Sipanya. Mahawikid no Yoropa a tamdaw ko kefing a lifong ato pihadefek a mipatay to itiniay a yincumin, hadefek sato malahedaw ko Alawako-Indian. To ikor misaadihay a micoro’ to kohetingay-koli nani Afirika, malamatayal no itiniay. Do’edoen ko “Leswiko-Kakaketonan” I 1697 miheca, mapa’aca no Sipanya ko Hayti i Fransu, malamicongacongay no Fransu a Sietominiko. 1791 miheca o kakeridan no kohetingay-tamdaw ci Tosang-Lowitor(杜桑·盧維杜爾; Sipanya a sowal:Toussaint L'Ouverture) milengat to sapisiikedaw a lalood, o sa’ayaway a midemakay to sapisiikedaw a tamdaw i Latin-Amirika Karopaw. 1804 miheca, o sofitay ningra ma’afas a maro’ ko Tayci-Minato(太子港;Fransu a sowal:Port-au-Prince) milekal to kalaheci a misiiked, patireng to Kapolongan-Kitakit. I 1822 miheca tahira i 1844 niaro’an no Hayti ko isakwaliay a sera(aniniay a Tominiko kitakit).\n\nNikawrira, yo misiiked to ko Hayti cowa ka songila’ ko faco no kitakit, orasaka, cacororok sa ko nisatekeday-pikowan a tapang, cilacila mafalic ko malamikowanay mafelih ko sifo, ira ko pisa’osi nani pisiikedan no Hayti tahira i 1915 miheca, tona 100 ko mihecaan ira ko 90 a mikowan macacorok matayal. I 1957 miheca ira ko padama no sofitay malacongtong ci Toawliay, o satapangan a kalotamdaw malacongtongay, patireng tono laloma’an a pikowan, tahira i 1986 miheca mafelih. Ikor to o tapang no sofitay ci Henli-Nafi(亨利·南菲; Fransu a sowal:Henri Namphy) malakakeridan no ” matayalay to polong demak no kitakit a saopo” , o sofitay ko mikowanay to kitakit. 1990 miheca malacongtong ci Lang-Pitolang-Atilistito(讓-貝特朗·阿里斯蒂德;Jean-Bertrand Aristide), nikawria mafelih no sofitay. 1994 miheca Leni-Poroywar(勒內·蒲雷華;Fransu a sowal:René Garcia Préval) to ko malacongtongay. 2000 miheca, miliyaw heca ci Atilistito malacongtong. 2004 miheca saka 2 folad o mifelihay to sifo a sofitay mipacici a papisawad ci Atilistito malacongtong malaplap tayra iroma a kitakit tahira i 2011 mihecaan.\n\nTo ikor to i, do’edoen ko piketon no kimpo malapacarcaray congtong ci Ponifis-Alisanta o tapang no Sakakaay-Pisawkitan, ocoren no Linheko ko misimaway to rihaday a sofitay. 2006 miheca saka 2 folad saka 7 romi’ad, midemak to sinkiw to congtong ato Kalomaocan-nokitakit, ira ko 33 tamdaw masadakay to sinkiw no congtong, roma i,ira ko 1300 ko tamdaw mala’afas to 129 kiing no Kalomaocan-nokitakit.saka 2 folad saka 16 romi’ad, mipatarahekal to sowal ko pacarcaray a kakeridan no midemakay to sinkiw, pakaalaay to 51.15% ko masadakay to sinkiw no cacirihaday-siecian kasarekad ci Poroywar a malacongtong. tahira i 2011 miheca ko katayalan.\n\n2010 miheca saka 1 folad saka 12 romi’ad, ira ko Loysi7.0 a ‘atoray, mingataay to Tayci-Minato(太子港;Fransu a sowal:Port-au-Prince) to 16 km,orasaka, tata’ang ko kapeleng no maamaan. Latek ira ko 10-20 ‘ofad ko tamdaw to mapatayay, nikawrira, ono sifo a pisa’osi ’edengan 15 ‘ofad ko maalaay ko tatirengan, osaw to 20 ’ofad maselenay i mapelpelay a loma’, oninian i, ira ko 35 ‘ofad ko mapatayay yo sanay.2021 miheca saka7 folad saka 8 romi’ad mapacok a mapatay ko congtong ci Lofonir-Moisi(若弗內爾·摩依士 ; Faransu a sowal :Jovenel Moïse), oya nili’ayawan a nitoro’an to mamisawad a congli ci Kolawto-Yiesofo(克洛德·約瑟夫;Fransu a sowal:Claude Joseph) toro’ han to pakatayal to tayal no congtong, milekal to ” kakafolawan-rikec ” i ‘edef no kitakit. saka7 folad saka 21 romi’ad, de’edoen no sifo no Hayti ko palimo’otan ni Moisi mitoro’ ci Aliayr-Henli(阿里埃爾·亨利 ;Fransu a sowal :Ariel Henry) malaheci a malacongli, mipatokeled ho to tayal no congtong, ci Yiesofo patatikor ho to tayal no midemakay to tayal no roma a kitakit. Tona miheca saka 8 folad saka 14 romi’ad ira heca ko Loysi7.3 a ‘atoray, ira ko 1419 ko mapatayay a tamdaw, 5700 ko madoka’ayay a tomdaw; oya satapang sanay ho ko katayal a congli ci Aliayr-Henli milekal ho to ” kakafolawan-rikec ” to ‘edef nona kitakit, cecay folad ko pidemakan tonini ; o Linheko misa’icel a padang to sak’orip no Hayti, o Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep (World Health Organization, WHO) nipaini to sapipaada to madoka’ay.\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \nIsaka’amisay no Yisponiawla-Kanatal ko kaitiraan no Hayti, o kakahad no sera ira ko 17,750 km², ilaloma’ no nini i,mahaop ko 27.560 km² o sera, 190 km² o nanonanoman. O kato’edaw no lislis no riyar ira ko1,771km, o kalala’edan ato fiyaw Tominika ira ko 360 km.\n\nO saka’etipan a lislis no riyar no Yisponiawla-Kanatal o sapikopiko saan, nikawrira, cowa ka pina ko kanatal i lawac no riyar. Itiraay i sasifo’an no Kotilela-lotolotokan, ira ko masahapinangan a faco no sera, sepatay ko tata’angay a naniwali pasitira i ka’etip ko rakat no lotolotokan. \n\nAdihay ko masamaanay a tekedan a fa’edetay-kakarayan, o dafdaf i,o makedalay, o tokos i,o so’emetay, o Kotilela-lotolotokan o si’enaway ko kakarayan. tada maso’emetay ko sera,patinako han o miharharay to fali a ‘apilis no tokos, o ‘orad ira ko 1.905mm, malecad ko i ‘apilis no tokos a miki’adingay a ‘apilis, ‘edengan 559mm ko ‘orad.\n\nO polong no sera no Hayti sakilacen: saka’amisan dafdaf, saka’amisan tokos, sasifo’an taporo, saka’amis no saka’etipan a tokos, sasifo’an tokos,Altiponito, Ciertosako, Layawkan, katimolan tokos siwa ko sakasiromaromaan no pitaparan.\n\nCilacila miletek to kilang, o rengos i,o fa’elohay to a cengo’, onini i,o fa’edetay-kakarayan a matakaray rengorengosan, fa’edetay- kakarayan a ilakelalay kilang,masatafotafokan a fa’edetay- kakarayan a ilakelalay semot, fa’edetay- kakarayan a kilang, no ’ora’oradan-kilang, o fa’edetay-kakarayan kilang, tokotokosan a langdaway kilang. O kinaira no pala ira ko ‘oteng, fodawan, tada’ekim, ‘adicaw ato nanomay-saprakat to kikay.\n\nO sato’edaway a ‘alo o Atiponi-‘Alo, nikawrira, awaay ko manga’ay a parakat to tamina.\n\nO mikowanan a lawacay-riyar 12 km no riyaran, o ingataay ira ko 24 kmno riyaran, o tekedan a riyar 200 km no riyaran.\n\nSaka��orip(經濟) \n\nO samanikaway ko Hayti-kitakit i Amirika-Karopaw, I 2021 miheca a lalen no ni’etanan no kalotamdaw ‘edengan 1943 payso no Amirika, o pinengneng no Pacemahaday-Demak no Linheko(聯合國開發計劃署;Fransu a sowal:Le Programme des Nations unies pour le développement ; Ikiris a sowal:The United Nations Development Programme，decdecan atilid: PNUD ; UNDP) itiraay i la’eno ho Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(人類發展指數;Ikiris a sowal:Human Development Index), o cecay no Sasafaay-Kacemahad a kitakit(最低度開發國家;Ikiris a sowal:Least developed country，decdecan a tilid:LDC、LDCs) ihekal. I 2019 miheca, o lalen a ‘orip no Hayti a tamdaw 64 mihecaan. Itini i polong a 189 kitakit a rayray o saka 170 ko Hayti, tada mahapinang ko kasasiroma pasasotiri’en to i taliyokay a kitakit. I 2004 miheca, o GDP no Hayti ira ko 120.5 ’ok no Amirika a payso, o saka145 rayray ihekal; o lalen a GDP no kalotamdaw ira ko 380 no Amirika a payso, o saka 150 rayray ihekal. O kacakat no ‘aca no dafong a lalen ira ko 22%, o kiyam no kitakit ira ko 14 ’ok no Amirika a payso, cecay no kalimo’etep a tamdaw no Hayti cecay anoca tosa Amirika payso ko saka’orip to kaloromi’ad.\n\nO payso no Hayti o Koerto(Gourde), decdecan a tilid o HTG, cecay a Koerto matatodong to 100 payci. O saka’orip no Hayti a tamdaw sakakaay o liomah, nikawrira, sahetoay a paloma sanay aca I taliyok no loma’ a mamangay sera, dedengdeng sanay aca o kaka’enen no lalomaan. O matiniay ‘edeng o kaka’enen aca ko nipalomaan cowa ka paliwal to nipalomaan a losay a maomahay ira ko 70%, nawhani oya kakahaday a pipalomaan to tefos a omah cikcik han ni Alisanta-Pitiong iikor no pisiiked nona kitakit pakilac i kohetingay-tamdaw(1791miheca oni paca’acaan i roma a kitakit a ‘odax no tefos ira ko 74,000 ton, tahira to i 1825 miheca malowan dengan 20,000 ton, tahira to i 1960 miheca malowan ho ‘edengan 13,000 ton). I pilololan no Hayti i 1791-1802 mihecaan , mapelen no kohetingay-tamdaw ko nipatirengan no kohecalay-tamdaw i saka’amisan a kanahikoan a sapipananoman a lalan, tahira to pisatapangan nis aka 19sici, matayi’ to koya sapipananoman a marad laheci sato a mapeleng, orasaka oya maro’ay i saka’amisan a 50% a tamdaw ‘edengan 17% ko sasaliomahen a sera. 1915-1934 miheca yo ma’eco no Amirika ko Hayti, miliyaw heca ko kohecalay-tamdaw a mipatireng to tata’angay-kaliomahan, o kakahad no kaliomahan mahaop ko 7% a sera no polong no kitakit, ira ko 30% a nipalomaan losay no polong no kitakit. talacowa o papa’acaen i kohecalay-tamdaw ko ninian losay, nikawrira, ira to ko ‘etan rihaday to mamangan ko ’orip.\n\nTamdaw(人口) \nO pisa’osi no Linheko i 2008 miheca, o polong a tamdaw no Hayti ira ko 980 ’ofad, madedetay ko kamaro’ no tamdaw. sahetoay itira i lawac no riyar ato ita’emanay a dafdaf. Laltek ira ko 95 % a tamdaw no Hayti o teloc no Sa’etipay-Afrika a kohetingay tamdaw, o roma i,Mula-tamdaw, ira ko 93 % a tamdaw no Hayti itiraay ato i safaay no 1,000 ko tamdaw a niyaro’, 85% o maomahay. O sakakaay ko tiring no Mula-tamdaw, orasaka, itiraay i lawac no Taci-Minato matayal to no sofitay, sieci ato mala’acaay a tayal, o kohetingay a tamdaw itiraay i sanosa’etipay-loma’ Kanpayto hananay a niyaro a maomah, malasofitay ato matayal to kalokatayalan. \n\nO tamdaw no Hayti o laciramram to ’ireng no kohetingay tamdaw, o saawaay ko ramram takaraway ko tiring.\n\nO cecay a sowal ko Fransu a sowal ko kalosowal no sifo, nikawrira,’edengan 10% ko somowalay to sowal no Fransu. O polong no tamdaw no Hayti somowalay to Keriyol-sowal no Hayti ko kalosowal nangra, o ma’emangay ato nipaliwalay a tamdaw o Ikiris a sowal. O sakakaay a pitooran bo Hayti o Roma Tinsikiw, nikaweiea, ’alomanay ko pakaso’elinay to to’asan a pitooran o Wuto-Pitooran(巫毒教;Vodun vodṹ).\n\nO skakakaay a tokay no Hayti o Taci-Minato, itiraay i Konafo-Kihaw, cisafaw to 200 ’ofad. Isaka’amisay no Hayti a Hayti-Waa’ o sakatosa a sakakaay a tokay ato minato, o syoto no Micongacongay-Faransu a Tatapangan tokay ato syoto no Hayti, i tini tona tokay ira ko ‘akawangay makapahay a loma’ ato kakahaday a lalan.potal. ikatimol nona tokay to 18 km ira ko nalacolan no pisalamaan ni Henli-Keristof Honti, ona nalacolan misositiri’an ko Tata’angay-Loma’ Pocitan no Toic(Palais Sanssucci), ato nalacolan ni Lafiayr-Nalacolan(o nalacolan no punka no hekal).\n\nPitooran(宗教) \nIra ko 85% a tamdaw o miskristoay kako sanay,sahetoay o mitooray to Roma Tinsikiw.\n\nItini i Hayti tada ’alomanay ko mitooray to Tinsikiw, itini i tona mi’ecoan a mikowan a sera itiya ho ira ho a ma’osaw ko nipatirengan a Kyokay, roma sa i,ira ko mitooray to Wuto-Pitooran(巫毒教;Vodun vodṹ), o nani Afirkaay ko kalengawan nona pitooran to mita’ongay to ’adihayay a kawas, tokeled sa i, o nani tiraay i ono Tinsikiw to pita’ong to tato’asan konini a harateng, orasaka, misafaan no nipatenakay to sowal ni Yieso a tamdaw konini a harateng. Nahani tada’aloman ko ni palitan a kohetingay a tamdaw no Fransu nani Afrika a tayni, orasaka, mohawiket kona Wuto-Pitooran. Oya i’ayaway a congtong no Hayti ci Forangsowa-Towaliay(弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃; Fransu a asowal:François Duvalier) a nalacolan mala Rocokan no Hekalay-kitakit(世界遺產; Ikiris a sowal:World Heritage; Fransu a sowal:Patrimoine mondia).ona ci Forangsowa-Towaliay congtong mira'oy tona Wuto-Pitooran a patireng to \"Tonton Makoto\"(Tonton Macoute)a tekedan sofitay to midemak to katalawan a pikowan.\n\nPacefaday a tilid(註腳) \nPasawalian 'Amis\n\nPikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government","num_words":3066,"character_repetition_ratio":0.049,"word_repetition_ratio":0.062,"special_characters_ratio":0.23,"stopwords_ratio":0.02,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":11115.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haji%20Hassanal%20Bolkiah%20Mu%27izzaddin%20Waddaulah","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah(哈吉哈山納·包奇亞·穆伊扎丁·瓦達烏拉)\n\nI 1946 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Brunei(汶萊) anini i ci Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, patirengan a romi’ad i 1967 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 5 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":97,"character_repetition_ratio":0.127,"word_repetition_ratio":0.057,"special_characters_ratio":0.247,"stopwords_ratio":0.031,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.814,"perplexity_score":13172.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamad%20bin%20Isa%20bin%20Salman%20Al%20Khalifa","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa(伊薩·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法)\n\nI 1950 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Bahrain(巴林) anini i ci Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, patirengan a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 6 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":98,"character_repetition_ratio":0.129,"word_repetition_ratio":0.056,"special_characters_ratio":0.269,"stopwords_ratio":0.031,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.907,"perplexity_score":17423.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawai","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Hawai\n\nTakalay sowal (概略) \n\nOna Hawai katal (Ono Hawai a sowal: Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi; Ikiris sowal: State of Hawaii ,Kuwaping sowal:夏威夷) o cecay a sakowan no Amirika anini, o kanatanatal ko kalacecay nona sakowan. itiya i 1778 miheca tayra i 1898 miheca ma’eco no tapan no riyaran sofitay ci Sanminci sa pangangan han to Sanminci Kanatal (Sandwich Islands), nikawrira, i ikor to 'i, matawal to no tamtamdaw kona ngangan lahedaw sato.\n\nO tatapang a niyaro’ itiraay i Honolulu (Tansyaangsan han no kaping a sowal), o isatimoaly a sakowan no Amirika, ikatimola nonini i iraho ko tada katimolay a sera no Amirika oya malanikowanan no Amirika a kanatal o Samoa hananay. O tandaw no itiniay i cowa ko kohecalay, miliniay tono Aciya ko tatirengan. O taliyokay pala o saadihayay ko kina’orip i nitahepoan no kakarayan, nikawrira, ona masamaamaanay kina’orip adhihayay to ko sakapatayaw sanay, o liomah i o kafi ko nipalomaan, dengan onini sakowan no Amirika ko o kikay to ko sapisanga’ to kafi.\n\nRikisi (歷史)\n\nTo’asan (史前時期) \nItiya i 1776 miheca o mikalicay to tata’angay tamina a tamdaw no Yoropa ci Kuku, o sa’ayaway a tamdaw no Yoropa macakat tona kanatal, sa pangangan han to Kuku tapangan no mikalicay to tamina kona tamdaw.\n\nOna ngangan to Hawai sanay i, o nani tiraay to sowal no Polinisya to kasofocan niyaro’ Sawaiki ko pangangan.\n\nKamihamiha Hontian Kitakit (Kamehameha 王國) \nI 1795 miheca mapalacecay no kakitaan ci Kamihamiha kona polong a kanatal, tireng sa a malahonti, tona miheca matatangaay to kacakat ni Kuku tapang no tamina I Ofu kanatal ona kanatanatal. i 1818 miheca mahemek a mingengeng toya cifelacay tilid no kaping hata no Ikiris ci Kamihamiha [1], sa todong han nira a misanga’ malo hata no Hawai kanatal, tahanini malo hata no Sakowan no Amirika. Yo mapatay sato koya sakacecay a honti o sakakaay a wawa ningra ko malahontiay o sakatosa Kamihamiha (Kamehameha II, 1797 miheca－1824 miheca, sakapito folad 14 romi’ad) hananay, o ngangan ningra i ci Liholiho, o tadangangan i ci Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu `Iolani.\n\nMapateko no Amirika (美國兼併時期) \nNikawrira, nani 1843 miheca tatootor sa ko Yoropa a kitakit i 1843 miheca o Ikiris, 1849 miheca o Feransu a milekal ono miyam a sakowan konini saan. Tahira to i 1893 miheca, o misanga’ay to odax a kohecalay tamdaw rawrawen nangra ko hoti a miriyang, o ngangan no Kristo tintosi ato kyokay ko sapifelih to Hawai Hontian Kitakit. Mapalasawad ko sa’ayaway a Fafahiyan Honti ci Liliwkalani (Hawai sowal: Liliʻuokalani, Ikiris: Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii; 1838 miheca, sakasiwa folad, sakatosa romi’ad－1917 miheca, cecay safaw folad, cecay safaw romi’ad), o tada ngangan nira Litiya·Kamakaiha (Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha), o salikolay to a fafahiayan honti koni.\n\nOna mifelihay to honti no Hawai a kohecalay tamdaw patireng sa to loma a sifo kami to ko mamicaliw a malamikowanay saan. 1893 miheca sakatolo folad sakasiwa romi’ad, oya sakakinatosa a malacontong ci Kelifulan (Stephen Grover Cleveland, 1837 miheca, 3 folad, 18 romi’ad－1908 miheca, 6 folad, 24 romi’ad) caay ka pihai a mipatateko ko Hawai to Amirika, nikawrira, itini I fafa’eday a pikaykian no kitakit ono Mincutang a lipoin ko ‘alomanay, sahetoay o miliyangay ci Kelifulan congtongan, o kakridan nona masacefangay i ci Sanfuto Tor, i 1893 miheca saopoen ningra ko ‘alomanay a kohecay tamdaw a parawraw a mipalasawad to Honti no Hawai ci Liliwkalani, patireng sa to kohecalay tamdaw a sifo Hawai Polongan Kitakit sifo.[1] Mapatireng to kona no kohecalay a sifo i, 1898 miheca sakafalo folad tosasafaw romi’ad laheci sato a malosera no Amirika, 1894 miheca patireng sato ko kohecalay tamdaw tono nganra a sifo, 1894 niheca pacalcal to malapala no Amirika ko Hawai.\n\n1959 miheca falo folad tosapolo’ ira ko cecay romi’ad mapateko mala o cecay a sakowan no Amirika, o saka lima polo’ a sakowan no Amirika, oya no Yincumin no Hawai a hontian sakowan pacici sato a mapalahedaw.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \n\nO Hawai a kitakit i 19 ko tata’angay kanatal ato rakarakaan ko polong, itiraay i sifo’ no Tayhiyow ko aro’ nnona kitakit, ano halomamangay a kanatal sa’osien mapolong i iraay ko 137 ko kanatal, o polong nona kanatal i, sahetoay o cinamalay tokas, tahanini mapakohacay ho ko tata’angay a Hawai kanatal, oromaroma a kanatal i, i’ayaw no 200 miheca a mapakohac.\n\nO kaliwasak nona kanatal i:\n\nO tamdaw (人口) \nO maro’ay tamdaw itini i, ono Aciya a tamdaw ko ‘alomanay mahaop ko 40%, ini kowanan no Amirika a sakowan i, odeng o Hawai ko matiniay, caay ko nini aca, o cilamlamay to roma a ‘ilang a tamdaw i, adihay ko mahaopay. I lamoma’ no nini i, o teloc no Sipanya ko matongalay, siwatik sanay ko kaca ka hakowa no kohecaly ato kohetingay a tamdaw. Orasaka itini i, o kohecalay a mitiliday ko masamsamay i pitilidan.\n\nOna maro’ay itini a tamdaw i, o i Amirikaay ko sofoc 82.2%, ono i romaay kitakit a sofocen i mahaop ko 75%, i raroma’ no nini i o nani Aciyaay kako sanay a tamdaw.\n\nO Yincumin no Hawai (夏威夷原住民) \nOya ititiay a maro’ a tamdaw no Hawai Yincumin rowan sanay to anini.[3] Nikataynian ho kohecalay tamdaw i ’ayaw no 200 ko miheca yo macakat ci Kuku tapang no tamina iraay ko 30 ofad ko Yincumin a tamdaw, to ikor to i 19 sici (19世紀) rowan sa sepatay to ofad ko osaw, mapatay no mihawikidan no kohecalay tamdaw a lifong, ’aloman ko mipatayan no kohecaly tamdaw. Tahini to aniniay a mihecaan mararamod to roma a finacadan, tongal sato ko karahedaw no tada Yincumin no Hawai.\n\nI 1959 miheca mapateko malocecay a sakowan no Amirika ko Hawai, mapenec ko ’orip no Yincumin tahanini o sakararem ko ’orip nangra.[4] O Yincumin kako sanay a tamdaw i, iraay ho ko mo’etep a ofad sanay ko sowal, nikawrira, ona tamtamdaw o caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i caay to ka hakowa ko osaw. O caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i 8, 000 to ko tamdaw sa ko sa’osi, o romaroma sa i mahaop ko 98% ciramramay to roma a finacadan.[5] O pisetek to sowal o so’elinay a Yincumin no Hawai sanay a rikec i, oya misanga’an i 1920 miheca a 「Hawai Tmadaw」sanay a rikec, tona rikec i, i’ayaw ni Kuku tapang no tamina yo macakat tona kanatal maro’ay to itini a tamdaw ko ni toro’an, o itirengay a remes i mirocokay ho to 50% nani to’as sanay ko pisetekan nona rikec. Nikawrira, o pihaop no Yincumin i polong tamdaw no Hawai i, ’edengan 5.9% aca, o sapiparocokaw tono niyah a punka i, mapatireng nangra ko 「Citodongay tono Hawai Demak」 (OHA, Office of Hawaiian Affairs) , citodong a dademak to kalodemak no Hawai Yincumin.[6] Ona OHA caay ka piala to payso no sifo ta caay ka ngoyangoyen no sifo ko paiyincuminay a demak. Oyasato i 1990 mihecahecan, saadihay sato ko dademakay to sapipatikoaw tono niyah a salongac.[7]\n\nO pisawkit to Kamihamiha Pitilidan (Kamehameha 裁判) \nOya nano to’asan a pitilidan no Yincumin no Hawai toya Kamihamiha Pitilidan, edeng o teloc no Yincumin ko mihaian a papicomod itini a mitilid, o ni’osawan no sa’ayaway a honti a dafong ko sapidemak tonini, caay ka piala to payso no sifo, o mitiliday a ka’emangay cidafohay, sa mapakokot no kohecay a tamdw o misakakinihay to roma afinacadan.[8] Nikawrira, misawkit sato ko sakaka’ay a pisawkitan i, ono Hawai Yincumin a teked pitilidan konini sa ko pipatosok sawkit, caay ka tama toya misakakinihay to roma a finacadan sanay a pikokot. \n\nOnini i, o todongay o sapipatikoaw to niyah a salongoc sanay a demak, nawhani, na o mi’ecoan no kohecalay a tamdaw a pateko i Amirika a kitakit, mapalahedaw ko niyah mikowanay a honti no Hawai.\n\nMido’edo tona pisawkit i, 2009 miheca 12 folad 28 romi’ad, masongra’ ko pihai no Kinairaira no Pala a Iinkay no Lipoiing no Amirika (Congressional committee of the United States House of Representatives) ko Miliyaw a Patiren Niyah Sifo tono Yincumin no Hawai (The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 S1011\/HR2314), ci AkaPil fafa’eday pikaykian no kitakit a kiing koni patarahekalay tona rikec, sa pangangan to Akak Rikec (the Akaka Bill after Senator Daniel Akaka of Hawaii)\n\nPakayni tona Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin, ira ko sapifelihaw a kiing, nikawrira, micoker ci Opama congtong to Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin.\n\nSowal (語言) \n\nI 1978 miheca malaheciay to a patalahekalen no kinpo no Amirika ko halasowal no Hawai i o Hawai sowal ato Ikiris sowal. O nano to’asan a sowal no Hawai o nani capa’ay no Aostoronisya sowal (sakacecay a cicu), o to’as atamdaw no Hawai i, nano capa’ay no Aostoronisya a Polinisya tamdaw (sakatosa cicu). Orasaka matiya to i Taywanay a finacadan no Aostoronisya caay to ka hakowa ko mafana’ay a somowal. Nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan matongalay ko o ngiha’ no sowal no Hawai ko pitooran a mitilid to ngangan no pala.\n\nPitooran (宗教) \nO pitooran no ta’asan Hawai tamdaw i o kimad, o kongko no ’orip, ato o patinako. To ikor to i, tayni to a micomod ko Kristo Pitooran. O kawasan ho a kimad i, o nani Polinisya a kimad ko adihayay, nikawrira, kakaya’ to ko mihecan, mafalic mafalic ko pakimaday i, masasiromaay ko nikimadan, I ’ayaw no 1800 miheca, o Kawasan kimad i oraay kono Hawai a kacidekan, malalitilitingay to pitooran nangra, tahira to i 19sici malalang to ko no to’asan a pitooran, nikawrira, tahanini iraay ho ko mitooray sa maosaw tahanini kono to’asan a punka.\n\nO Yincumin no Hawai o mita’ongay to palapalan a masasiromaromay a kawas, ano silsilen koriaan i o milooday kawas ci Ku (Kū)、o ’orip kawas ci Kani (Kāne)、o liomah kawas ci Lono (Lono) ato no riyar kawas ci Kanaloa (Kanaloa). Caay ko nini aca, ira ho ko romaroma a kawas, ci Laka (Laka)、ci Kihawanihi (Kihawahine)、ci Papahanaumoku (Papahānaumoku), ato midipotay to karolomaan a kawas ci Aumakua (Aumakua).\n\nAdihay ta to ko kawas silsilen a mitilid ta nalikay a mafana’:\n\n Tatapangan Kawas 4 ko tireng: Ku、Kani、Lono、Kanaloa.\n Fainayan Kawas 40 ko tiring:o nani Kaniay a masadak. (ke kanahā 之化身) \n Fainayan ato fafahiyan kawas 400 ko tireng (ka lau) \n Kasiromaroma a Fainayan ato fafahiyan kawas (ke kini akua)\n O romaroma kawas (na ʻunihipili) \n O midipotay kawas (na ʻaumākua)[9]\n\nTooren ko nini a pinangan no ’orip no Hawai tamdaw, o pafilongan a romi’ad itiraay i micelem ko Supalu Fo’is do’edo sa a masadakay a folad, o pihafayan ato pahanhanan a romi’ad ko nini, ma’edemg I saka 4folad no aniniay. Ona pafilingan i o Makalii’ hananay no Hawai tamdaw. (Makali`i; Maka o mata sanay, lii’ o mamangay sanay) \n\nTona pafilongan i, itiya i piceleman no Supalu fo’is ko finawlan macakat nani riyar.\n\nPunka (文化) \nOno to’asan ho a kaka’enen i o Luawa (lūʻau) hananay no Hawai a tamdaw, o todongay o mikocisoay koranan, o pisacacak tonini i, i potal korkor han a miofang ko sera, tafo han to papah no facidol ato tali ko foting ato titi, teli han tora ofang a mitamek.\n\nNano to’asan o Pa·ina (pāʻina) anoca o Aha·Aina (’aha’aina) hananay ko pangangan tona tangidaf, o dengan i Pakarowid a milood, Pipakelangan to kaherekan no dodang, Sakacecay miheca nasofocen ko wawa, Kararamodan ato Pihemekan to kato’edaw no ‘orip a komaen tona kociso. Nano to’asan cipaysinay a malacafay komaen ko fainayan ato fafahiyan, mikociso sato i malacidekay a komaen. Itiya to i 1819 miheca o honti Kamihamiha 2 ko mifalicay tona lisin ta manga’ay to polong sa ko fainayan ato fafahiyan a mitaheka. O ’epah koroma aniniay to a mangaay a mili’epah ko tamtamdaw.\n\nAno mikociso i, caay aca ka ira ko radiw ato sakero, o sakero no Hawai to kafana’an no cimacima a tamdaw i, o Fula (sowal no Hawai: hula) hananay a sakero, onini ira ko sekero, ira ko romadiway, ira ko mi’olicay, ira ho ko misoniay to tiftif ato potoy. Ona Fula hananay a sakero ono to’asan i o Kahiko hananay, ono aniniay i o Auana hananay a pangangan, o polong nonini i o todengay o heci no punka ato pipakaso’elin to to’asan a kawas.\n\nPihapinangan Tilid (註腳) \n[1] Kamihamiha sanay i, o mato’olay, o matemoyay sanay ko imi ira.\n\n[2] McWilliams, Tennant S. James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation. Pacific Historical Review. 1988-02, 57 (1) : 25–36 [2014-10-08]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-16) .\n\n[3] (大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ\/ハワイアン」\/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・���ープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 217ページ) \n\n[4] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ\/ハワイアン」\/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 218ページ\n\n[5] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ\/ハワイアン」\/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 219ページ\n\n[6] 中嶋弓子『ハワイ・さまよえる楽園』東京書籍、1993年、p.129-130。ISBN 4-487-75396-1。\n\n[7] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧。\n\n[8] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧。\n\n[9] Gutmanis, June (1983). Na Pule Kahiko: Ancient Hawaiian Prayers. Editions Limited. pp. 4–14. ISBN 0-9607938-6-0\n\nPili'an a tikid(參考文獻) \n\n ^ McWilliams, Tennant S. James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation. Pacific Historical Review. 1988-02, 57 (1): 25–36 [2014-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-16）.\n ^ Blay, Chuck, and Siemers, Robert. Kauai『’s Geologic History: A Simplified Guide. Kaua『i: TEOK Investigations, 2004. ISBN 9780974472300. (Cited in )\n ^ USGS GNIS: Island of Hawaiʻi\n ^ USGS GNIS: Maui Island\n ^ USGS GNIS: Oʻahu Island\n ^ USGS GNIS: Kauaʻi Island\n ^ USGS GNIS: Molokaʻi Island\n ^ USGS GNIS: Lānaʻi Island\n ^ USGS GNIS: Niʻihau Island\n ^ USGS GNIS: Kahoʻolawe Island\n ^ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 - 2018 Population Estimates. US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau. [2019-09-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-13）.\n\nMakakafit i papotal(外部連結) \n\n Star-Bulletin Newspaper -- 英文的日報 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n University of Hawaii -- 夏威夷大學 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n 夏威夷官方旅遊網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n OpenStreetMap上有關夏威夷州的地理資訊","num_words":3246,"character_repetition_ratio":0.052,"word_repetition_ratio":0.076,"special_characters_ratio":0.252,"stopwords_ratio":0.013,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":18221.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungary","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Syongyali(匈牙利:Syongyali a sowal:Magyarország)\n\nTakaray sowal(概要) \nO itiraay i laloma’an no Yoropa Karopaw a kitakit. O faco no sera ira ko masasiromaay a sowal, o itiraay i Sifo’an-Yoropa ano ca itiraay i Sawalian-Yoropa a kitakit saan, isaka’amisan o Selofako,isaka’amis no sakawalian o Wukolan, isakawalian ato isakatimol no sakawalian malafiyaw ato Romaniya, isakatimola malafiyaw ato Sayerwiya, isakatimol no saka’etipan malafiyaw ato Koroaysiya, isaka’eyipa malafiyaw ato Selofiniya, isaka’amis no sak’etipa malafiyaw ato Awtili.\nOno sifoan a sowal o Macar-sowal, o kalasowalan no Yoropa to cowa ko Indo-Yoropa a Rayray sowal. o isifo’ay rayray ko kakahad no sera no kapot no Yoropa-Lekatep. O syoto ato sakakaay a tokay o Potapiso, o roma a tata’angay a tokay ira ko Topolesong, Saykoto, Misenkorci, Pice ato Cyoer.\n\nItiya ho to pinapina a patek ko mihecaan makowan no romaroma a finacadan ko Syongyali, ona mikowanay ira ko Taciya-tamdaw, Kayerto-tamadaw, Roma-tamdaw, Lerman-tamdaw, Syong-tamdaw, Sa’etipay-Selafo tamdaw ato Awaer-tamdaw ko kaadihay. I saikoray no saka 9 sici, ira ko pikerid ni Aerpoto-Kakitaan ko Macaer-tamdaw pakacowat to Koerpasin-masafodawanay pala.(潘諾尼亞平原;Toic a sowal:Pannonische Tiefebene ;Syongyali a sowal:Kárpát-medence), o wawa no wawa nona kakitaan ci Siesetifen-Sakacecay malahongti i 1000 miheca, patireng to misakeristoay o malokitakitan pitooran. I saka 12 sici, o cecay no sakakaay to ko ’icel itini Yoropa. I saka 15 sici. o punka ato sieci o sakakaay ko ka fangcal. ikor no 1526 miheca i Sakacecay Mohace-Lalood ( 摩哈赤戰役; Syongyali a sowal:mohácsi csata anoca mohácsi vész) makowan no Awtoman-Hontian Kitakit ko Syongyali(1541-1699). I saka 18 sici satapang mokowan no Hapospoaw-Hontian kitakit. I 19 sici matateko ato Awtili mipatireng to Aw-Syong Hontian kitakit, malasakakaay (away to ko kaka) a kitakit i Yoropa.\n\nIikor tono Sakacecay-Lalood, matekop ko Aw-Syong Hontian kitakit, maherek matatilid to Tayroyyanong-Kakaketonan, ma’afas ko 71%a sera ato 58% a atamdaw, mahaop ko 32% a Macaer-Tamdaw. To ikor a karawrawan no kitakit mikapot ko Syongyali to Tokodan-Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:Axis power; Toic a sowal:Die Achsenmächte) mikapot to Sakatosa-Lalood, wataay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay a tamdaw. ikor tono Sakatosa-Lalood malatawtaw i taliyok no Solin tahira i 1989 miheca. Itiya i 1956 miheca cakalaheci koya milololay a demak, misawad ci Koro-Ayno, ci Katoer-Yanosin (卡達爾·亞諾什; Syongyali a sowal:Kádár János ) to ko malasakakaay-soci no Syongyali Syakaysyuki-Matayalay Siecian Reka, pasitira to i Kolasen-Kyosangsyuki ko Syongyali. 1989 miheca, macacafelis ko pifawah a palalan to kalala’edan no kitakit ko Syongyali ato Awtili,mapacoecoe ko katekop no Fasa-Kakaketonan Lekatep(華沙公約組織;Организация Варшавского Договора) ato Solin. 1989 miheca saka 10 folad saka 23 romi’ad malalomaocay-faco no adihayay-reka a kitakit ko Syongyali, nikawrira, ira ko mihayian a rikec no Yoropa-Kalomaocan(歐洲議會;Ikiris a sowal:European Parliament) i 2022 miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 romi’ad, nani 2018 miheca cowa to ko malaheciay a Finawlan-Siecia ko Syongyali saan, oya nikowanan ni Awpan-Wikoto a Syongyali-sifo o matatekotekoay-faco ko pisinkiw a tekedan-pikowan a sifo saan kona rikec.\n\nNgangan no kitakti(國名) \n\nOna Syongyali tatapangan ngangan pakolatin a sowal to “ Hungaria” hato sanay, nawhani itiniay a maro’ ko Syong-tamdaw, nani tilid a minengneng i,Hungaria sanay a tilid ono Kirisiya a “Oungori ” malalatingay, ora sa tilid no Kirisiya tona “Oungroi” o nani katelangay kyokay a Selafo sowal to “ągrinŭ” malakirisiyaay a tilid.itini i katelangay kyokay a Selafo sowal tona “ągrinŭ” sanay i,onani Wukoer-sowal to “Onogur” a malaselafoay to a tilid. Itini i Wukoer-sowal tona “Onogur” o itiyaay ho a mikapotay to Pawciyaliya-Tatakopay Kitakit a Awawer-tamdaw, yo maserer to ko ‘otip mikowanay to polong isawaliay a niyaro’ no aniniay a Syongyali, cowa ko finacadan ano niyar’' ko nitoro’an. \n\nO syongyali a ngangan itini tona kitakit a sakakaay finacadan Macaer-sowal o “Magyarország” sanay, o imi nona sowal i, ono “ Macaer-tamdaw a kitakit” sanay. Itinien i sowal no Torko ato Posi o “Macaer” hananay ko pitahidang to kitakit, paciping hananay to i wikor no tilid tona niyahan a ngiha’. ora o “ macaer” (Magyar) o nialaan nani pitoay a pacarcaray-nipaka’en to kina’orip a kakeridan no Lekatep\n\n“Magyeri” I sa’ayaway a pecih nona tilid ”Magy” nani tiraay o sowal no Wukoer-sowal tora “Mäńć”, o imi nonini o “tamdaw “ sanay, iraay a makera i sowal no Mansi-tamdaw to Mäńćī,Mańśi,Måńś. Iikoray a pecih no Magyeri a “eri” o “fainayan”, “rocok no ‘irang”, ona tilid itini i Macaer mafalic to “Férj” o “ fainay” sanay to a mafalic. O malecaday ko tatapangan nona tilid ato tilid no Mansi-sowal “Wrge”(wawa to fainayan) ato katelangay a sowal no Finlan to “Yrkä”(o kapah).\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nI’ayaw no 895 miheca(895 年之前) \nI’ayaw ni Yiesoan to 9 miheca, mi’eco ko Roma-tamdaw to itiniay a yincumin Taciya-tamdaw patireng to Panoniya-kowan. 395 miheca, mapecih ko Roma-Hontian kitakit, oya tamdaw tatootoor sa a tayni maforawraw. I saka 5 sici, Syong-tamdaw keriden no Atila-tamdaw patireng to Syongnu-Hontian kitakit(434-453). 453 miheca yo mapatay ci Atila, matekop ko Syongnu-Hontian kitakit, oya nikowanan ningra a kitakit cacorocorok sa ko masaniyaro’ay no Lierman o Kopito-tamdaw, Koto-tamdaw, Wangtoer-tamdaw,Lonpati-tamdaw a mikowan tona pala mangata to cecay a so’ot ko mihecaan, oya mikotoday to Syong-tamdaw a Kotopi-tamdaw sa’ayaway patireng to Koto-Hontian kitakit itini, ikor to casorocorok sato kasaniyaro’ no Selafo tayni a mikowan.560 miheca Awaer-tamdaw patireng to Awaer-Kakita’an kitakit itini midemak to paki’icelay a pikowan,orasaka 200 ko kahalafin a mikowan tona apala. \n\n790 miheca, matekop no honti no Falanko-Hontian ci Cali-Tata’angay Honti ko Awaer-Kakita’an kitakit. I sasifo’an no saka 9 sici, oya mikotoday to Falanko-tamdaw a Sa’etipay-Selafo tamdaw patireng to Palaton-Kakita’an kitakit i saka’etipan lilis no Tonaw-’Alo, oya sa Pawciyaliya-Sakacecay Hontian kitakit isakawalian no lilis no Tonaw-’Alo a maro’ a mikowan to Selafo niyaro’ ato kina’osaway a Awaer-tamdaw.\n\nSasifo’an sici(中世紀895-1526) \n\nO kasafacoan no kitakit no Syongyali itiraay i saka 9 sici satapang, o itiraay i sawaliay a pacarcaray-finawlan o Macaer-tamdaw maforaw nani saka’etipan ‘apilis no Wulaer-tokos ato ingata no Foerka-‘Alo,( 窩瓦河; Rosiya a sowal:Волга )aniniay a Pasincier pasi’etip a maforaw. I 896 miheca sahinater sato ko kamaro’ nangra i Fodawan-Pala no Tonaw-’Alo (多瑙河; Toic a sowal:Donau )Yo tayni to ko Macaer-tamdaw itini a maro’ malahedaw to rawraw no itiniay pala. I noto’asan, o kitakit no Macaer-tamdaw ci Aerpoto-kakita’an ko patirengay sanay, i kaleponan no saka 9 sici keriden ningra ko Macaer-tamdaw tayni i Panoniya-Dafdaf.\n\n1000 miheca, o kakita’an no Syongyali ci Siesetifen-Sakacecay Honti ( 聖史蒂芬一世; Syongyali a sowal:I. (Szent) István) a micoroh to malokitakitan-pitooran ko misakristoay, mapacaloh no Ciyawcong(教宗; Latin a sowal:Papa) malasa’ayaway honti no Syonyali, patireng to Syongyali-Hontian kitakit. Yo sa’ayaway a rikisi tadamakakafitay ato Polan ato Posimiya, malecaday masiwar no honti no Fancalay-Rona Hontian kitakit.(神聖羅馬皇帝;Latin a sowal:Imperator Romanorum)\n\n1241miheca tahira i 1242 miheca, pasi’etip milood ci Pato ( 拔都西征; Ikiris a sowal:Mongol invasion of Europe) wataay ko kapeleng no Syongyali. To ikor, saday sato a malaci’icelay a misiikeday kitakit i Sifo’an-Yoropa ko Syongyali, ira ko mahapinangay a pisiikedan no punka no niyah, makakafit heca ato Sa’etipay-Yoropa, mikowan ci Syongyati-Makasin i 1458 miheca tahira i 1490 miheca to Syongyali. Matongal heca ningra ko ‘icel no kitakit ato kakangodoan no sifo. Itini i pikowanan ningra, itini i “pilolo to punka” (文藝復興;Renaissance) a mihecahecaan malakahiceraan no Songila’ay-Punka no Yoropa.\n\nAwtili Hontian-Kitakit-Aw-Syong Hotian-Kitakit:1526-1918(奧地利帝國-奧匃帝國 \nI 1526 miheca, milood ko Awtoman Hontian-Kitakit, matekop ko Mikasalaloma’anay kitakti, lacinowas sa a malitolo, o Aw-Syong Hontian kitakit ‘edengan to pecih no Awtili Hapospaw-Lalomaan a sera(Hapospaw-Syongyali Hontian Kitakit) ko ma’osaway hano Syongyali Hontian kitakit. O punka no Syongyali mirecep to taliyokay a kitakit, tinako o Poaln-Litawan Matatekoay-Kitakit.\n\nO polan, Posimiya ato Syongyali misanga’ay to Wisakola-Malekatepay Saopo(1991 miheca malasawad ko pikowan no kyosanto no Polan, Syongyali, Cieko ato Selofako matateko to cecay a lekatep, onian a Wisakola-Malekatepay Saopo ko ngangan)\n\nIkor no 1969 miheca Lalood no Tata’angay-Torki, Hapospaw-Syongyali Hontian Kitakit pakalowid to Awtoman Hontian-Kitakit, yo makalitoloay a Syongyali palacecayen, pateko han i Awtili Hontian-Kitakit, malokakowanen no Honti a sera.\n\n1848 miheca, mapacekil ko nikeridan ni Kosoto-Layiesin a Naifaloco’ay-Pi’odot Saopo.(1848年革命，也稱民族之春; Ikiris a sowal:Spring of Nations ) 1849 miheca saka 4 folad, milekal ko Lomaocan no Siyongyali to pisiiked, patireng to Syongyali Kapolongan-Kitakit, nikawrira, caka halafing matekop no Awtili ato Rosiya Hontian-Kitakit.\n\n1867 miheca, mahayi ko 1867 Aw-Siyong Patatodongan-Halaka, miliyaw a patireng Aw-Siyong Hontian-Kitakit ko Hapospaw-Syongyali Hontian Kitakit ato Awtili Hontian-Kitakit, o honti no Awtili ci Falanciyiefo-Sakacecay (法蘭茲·約瑟夫一世;Toic a sowal:Franz Josef I) patokeled malahonti no Siyongyali Hontian-Kitakit(patokeled a malahonti ato kakita’an no polong a kitakit ato mikowanan no kakita’an a sera i laloma’an). Mapacakat ko kacitireng no Waylaytaniya(Awtili Nilataniya) malahonti no Siyongyali, malacecay a mikowan to taliyokay kitakit ato Yoropa ko Siyongyali sifo ato Awtili, cisakowan heca to Koroaysiya ato Selawoniya hontian kitakit malaniyah pikowan a hontian kitakit i laloma’an.\n\nI tosaay Kalalood no Hekal:1918-1944(兩次大戰期間:1918-1944) \nIikor no Sakacecay-Lalood no Hekal matepek ko Aw-Siyong Hontian-Kitakit, misiiked ko Siyongyali, patireng to Sakacecay Kapolongan-Kitakit.1919 miheca saka 3 folad saka 21 romi’ad, mihakeno to saikpray a sowal no Kakaketonan-Kitakit, onian ko sapifelih no kyosanto to Sakacecay-Kapolongan Kitakit, patokeled sa milekal to pipatireng to Siyongyali Sowiay-Kapolongan kitakit, midemak to pakoyocay-tekedan a pikowan. Ona sifo ‘edengan sepat a folaf ko pisa’icel a mihedefong to hano kitakit ko polong a katayalan, mi’afas to kinko, paci’eci a miala to kaka’enen, mipeleng to kiyokay, mapalit ko pinapina a so'ot a tamdaw, ilaloma' nona mapalitay ira ko papaysoay a matedal, ira ko mipatayan, o polong no Siyongyali samatiya sato o awaay ko sifo a mikowan, makilomot heca no Romaniya, Ciyeko-Selofako ato Katimolay-Selafo Hontian kitakit; saka 8 folad, awa to ko lalan no kiyosanto a sifo, mapaco’ay heca no kalotamdaw, maomahay ato matayalay, roma soto i, o kakeridan a mapolong sahetoay o Yotaya-tamdaw, tongal sa ko katelii’ no finawlan, matatanga’ay to ira ko laloma’an-lalood no Rosiya cato ka pakaliwa to rawraw no Siyongyali, saikoray to i tepek saot kona sifo, itiya micomoday to ko sofitay no Romaniya i Potapis syoto, laheci sato a malasawad ko sifo no kiyosanto, ono finawlan a saopo to ko maro’ay a mikowan to Siyongyali, malalang ko cipaysoay a tamdaw maro’ to kakahaday a sera ato mitatoy to pakinaliay a dafong, o sofitay, o malatapangay ato cipaysoaay a ciomahay tada mana’ay to kiyosanto, orasaka, mihamham to tekedan-pikowan. tona miheca saka 11 folad miliyas ko sofitay no Romaniya, o kakeridan no ‘ayaway riyaran-sofitay ci Hersi micomod i awaay to ko tamdaw a Potapis-Siyoto a mikowan, palolol tono Hontian a Siyongayali kitakit, Hersi mina’ay to ‘ayaway a Honti no Aw-Siyong Hontian tokeled Honti no Siyongyali ci Kaer Sakacecay ato patoleleday Sakasepay a patatikol malahonti, ci Hersi ko patatodongay a mikowan(攝政; Ikiris a sowal:Regent), tahira i mafelih no Naci-Toic.\n\nItya ho to pikowan no Hersi o pico’ay to Kahenganay-Katalawan Pikowan midemak to mangalefay a Kohecalay-Katalawan Pikowan, o Sakawananay-Kasafelaw no sofitay mangalefay ko pipenec to kiyosanto, siyakay-kasafelaw ato Yotaya-tamdaw, o sowal ira ko ko pinapina patek a tamdaw to mapaloay a mapatay, pinapina apatek a tamdaw ko mapalitay. mipenec haca to pakinaliay ko pasikawanan a tamdaw, tinako pipenec to Kahengangay-Ciwcika a rekad(箭十字黨; Siyongyali a sowal:Nyilaskeresztes Part Hungarista Mozgalom).\n\n1920 miheca, malowiday a Siyongyali ato Kakaketonan-Kitakit matatilid to “Tayroyanong-Kakaketonan”, mapalasawad ko 72% a sera ato 64 % a tamdaw no Siyongyali. 1938 miheca i Sakacecay-kasasowal i Wiyiena, ira ko pipadang no Naci-Toic ato Italiya Hontian kitakit mapatatiko a mala no Siyongyali ko mamang a sera no Selofako, i 1940 miheca saka 8 folad Sakakinatos-kasasowal i Wiyiena, maala a patatikor ko Saka’amisanTolansiwaniya no Romaniya.\n\n1940 miheca Herti sifo mikapot to Tokodan-Kitakit (軸心國;Ikiris a sowal:Axis power; Toic a sowal:Die Achsenmächte), malakapot no Toic, Italiya ato Dipon, i 1941 miheca saka 4 folad Katimolay-Selafo a kalaloodan mi’afas to kakahaday a sera, saka 6 folad milekal to sakalalood ato Rosiya ko Siyongyali ato Toic, mikapot a milood to kalalood no Toic ato Rosiya, nikawrira, itira i Stalinkolo-Kalaloodan ( 史達林格勒戰役; Rosiya s sowal;Сталинградская битва; Toic a sowal:Schlacht von Stalingrad) ko mapatayay no sofita no Siyongyali. Yo mitakaw a milood ko Dipon to Cangawan-Minato no Amirika, to ikor to 6 romi’ad i saka12 folad saka 12 romi’ad milekal to sakalalood ato Amirika ko Siyongyali ato Toic ato Italiya.\n\n1944 miheca mico’ay to a milood ko Solin to Toic, micomod ko sofitay no Solin i saka’amisan a Tolansiwaniya no Siyongyali. Saka 3 folad yo mafana’ to ko Toic to sapiliyasaw no Siyongyali to Tokodan-Kitakit a masasowal ato Solin tangsol sa a mi’eco ko Toic to Siyongyali, saka10 folad macepet no sofitay no Toic ci Herti i siyoto- Potapiso, o mingataay to Toic a Kahengangay-Ciwcika Kasafelaw ira ko pipadang no Toic a mitatoy to sakowan to Siyongyali, laheci sato a malamikotoday-sifo to Toic ko Siyongyali. Nikawrira, pakalowid to Toic ko sofitay no Solin i kalalood i Potapiso, ha’eming han to a mikowan ko Siyongyali no Solin.\n\nSyakaysyuki a mihecahecaan:1944-1990(社會主義時期:1944-1990) \n1944 miheca, ma’eco no Solin ko Syongyali. 1946 miheca, milekal to pisawad to Pailalo’a'an-Pikowan a faco no sieci, patireng to Kapolongan-Kitakit. 1949 miheca malaheci ko pisanga’ Kinpo, mifalic to ngangan no kitakit to Siyongyali Kapolongan-Kitakit. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad saka 20 romi’ad milekal to pipatireng to Siyongyali Kapolongan-Kitakit.\n\nI 1956 miheca mapacekil ko palolol no Siyongyali(1956年匈牙利革命;Siyongyali a sowal:1956-os forradalom), mapecec no sofitay no Solin.\n\nIkor no Ki’etecay-Lalood:1990-2010(後冷戰時期 1990-2010) \n\n1989 miheca saka 2 folad saka 1 romi’ad, matatilid to sakalawidang a kakaketonan ato Hankuo, onini i, o sa’ayway no Saka’etipay-Kitakit matatilid to sakalawidang a kakaketonan ato Hankuo, toikor tatootor sato ko Siyakaysyki-Kitakit a matatilid to sakalawidang kakaketonan. Tona miheca saka 10 folad saka 23 romi’ad, matatodong to saka 33 mihecaan a pikiningan to Sakamo’etep-folad a Rawraw, mifalic to ngangan no kitakit to “Siyongyali-Kapolongan Kitakit”, patokeled sa a misawad to Siyakaysyuki faco, mipalasawad to Cecaay-kasafelaw no Sieci, salof han to koya telangay a kinpo patatodong to sa’eli no finawlan. 1990 miheca, oya mitokeray a kasafelaw no sieci pakalowid to sakakinacecay a sinkiw no Lomaocan-nokitakti ko Adihayay a kasafelaw no sieci, o sa’ayaway a kacacorok no kasafelaw no sieci a pikowan to kitakit. 1994 miheca, oya Siyongyali Siyakay-Matayalay Kasafelaw no Sieci mafalic mala Siyongyali-Siyakay Kasafelaw, pakaala to adihayay a kiing, milyaw heca mikowan to kitakit.\n\n1998 miheca, o kakeridan no Kawananay-Kasafelaw Kapahay-nikifinawlan a Matatekoay Saopo-Siyaongyali-Finawlan Matatekoay ci Awpan-Wikoto malacongli. 2002 miheca malowid co singkiw ci Awpan-Wikoto, o Kawiliay-Kasafelaw a Siyakay-tang to ko mikowanay to kitakit, mapolong ato Paifaloco’ay-Kapolongan Kasafelaw ato Finawlan-Nikasasowalan Saopo kano toloay a kasafelaw ko matatekoay a mikowan to kitakit.\n\n1999 miheca, mikapot to Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(北大西洋公約組織; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO), 2007 miheca saka 12 folad saka 21 romi’ad mikapot to Sinken-kakaketonan.\n\n2006 miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 romi’ad, sakakinacecay a riyad no pitopa to sinkiw to kiing a sinkiw, Kawiliay-Kasafelaw a Siyakay-tow to ko mikowanay to kitakit, mapolong ato Paifaloco’ay-Kapolongan Kasafelaw ato Finawlan-Nikasasowalan Saopo kano toloay a kasafelaw ko matatekoay a mikowan to kitakit.28 i saka 4 foald saka 23 romi’ad, i sakatosa a pitopa to kiing, pakaala ko Siyakay-Tang to 186 a kiing i 386 a kiing, Kapah-Matatekoay pakaala to 164 kiing, Paifaloco’ay-Tateko pakaala to 18 kiing, o Finawlan-Nikasasowalan Saopo pakaala to 11 kiing, o ‘osaw to i, o roma a kasafelaw ko cikilacay. saka 6 folaf saka 9 romi’ad satapang ko tayal i sifo ko nikeridan ni Ciwerciyani-Fironci congli a roma a tapang no sifo, matateko ko Siyakay-Tow ato Paifaloco’ay-Kapolongan Kasafelaw ko matatekoay pararid a matayal to demak no sifo.\n\n2008 miheca misawad ko Paifaloco’ay-Kapolongan Kasafelaw tona matatekoay-sifo, cango’ot to ko kiing no Siyakay-Tow, cirawraw heca ilaloma’an no Siyakay-Tow, matongal ho no Fokafok no Pakipaysoay mapacekil ko katarawan no sak’orip, orasaka, makeror ko micokeray tona sifo.\n\nAwpan a mihecahecaan:2010 tahanini(奧班時期：2010至今) \n\nI 2010 mihecaan a sinkiw no Lomaocan no kitakit, sakahadefekan saan ko mikowanany yo kitakit a Siyakay-Tang, ‘edengan 19.3% ko maalaay a satopa, o cowa ka tayal tono sifo a demak a Kawananay So’elinay-Finawlan Tang ato Kapah-Finawlan Matatekoay-Kasafelaw-Siyongyali-Matatekoay pakaala to tosa no kalitolo no satopa, ma’edengay to sacecay sa a misalof to kinpo to sapitatoyayaw to sapikowan a salongoc. O Pasikawanan-Tang sa’ayaway anini pakaala to 16.7% a satopa mangengay a mikapot to Lomaocan no kitakit. Saka 5 folad saka 14 romi’ad, congtong no Siyongyali ci Sawyiemo-Laslo toro’en ningra ko kakeridan no Kapah-Finawlan Matatekoay Kasafelaw ci Awpan-Wikoto malacongli no fa’ehelohay sifo. Saka 5 folad saka 29 romi’ad ira ko 261 a kiing to mihayiay to kalacongli ningra, ira ho ko 107 kiing micowa ka pihayi, ira ko 18 kiing cowa ka pikapot to pahyi a pitopa to congli, i 386 kiing oya pakaalaay to saadihayay a satopa ci Awpan-Wikoto ko malaheciay a malacongli.\n\nTona sakatosa a katayal ni Awpan to demak no sifo, mifalah toya katelangay a Finawlan-Faco a sieci, patireng to so’elinay a Tekaedan-Pikowan (一黨制; Ikiris a sowal:one-party system) no cecay a kasafelaw no sieci. Mipa’ekel to pinapina a saopo no kalotamdaw, onini mahaop ko mitiya, pisawkitan. Awpan a sifo masanga’ to ko rikec to sapipatirengaw to Tekedan-Pikowan.\n\n2011 miheca saka 4 folad saka 18 romi’ad, o Kalomaocan-Nokitakit ira ko 262 satopa ko mihayiay, 44 satopa ko mina’ayay malaheci a misanga’ ko “Tatapangan-Rikec” sanay a kinpo, mapalahedaw koya 1949 miheca a kinpo, oya fa’elohay a kinpo mapasadak i 2012 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “Siyongyali”. Tona miheca mifalic to faco no sinkiw,oya kinatosay a mitopa a sinkiw mafalic to cecay-etal tosa ko satopa a faco( 單一選區兩票制;single-district two-votes system) o kiing malowan to fatad, oya itiyaay ho a 386 kiing malowan to 199 king,106 kiing o kaloetal ko mamisinkiw( 小選區制; Ikiris a sowal:Small constituency system. ano ca 單一選區制; Ikiris a sowal:Single-Member District) 93 kiing o nani tatinakoan a niocoran(比例代表制; Ikiris a sowal:proportional representation ), onini i a niocoran pakaala to 5% a satopa nga’ malakiing no tatinakoan i kalomaocan.\n\n2014 miheca saka 4 folad saka 6 romi’ad, misinkiw to sakakinapito ko Siyongyali, o fa’elohay a faco no sinkiw, orasaka, pakaala ho to tosa no kalitolo(133 kiing) ko Kapah-Finawlan Matatekoay Kasafelaw kinatolo a malacongli ci Awpan.\n\n2018 miheca saka 3 folad ira ko pipasadak no Pisman-Kikingkay no Toic, mingataay to Tekedan-Pikowan ko Siyongyali saan.\n\n2018 miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 romi’ad, misinkiw to sakafalo ko Siyongyali, pakaala heca ko Kapah-Finawlan Matatekoay Kasafelaw to ikakaay a tosa no kalitolo a satopa(134 kiing) sakakinasepat a malacongli ci Awpan.\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \nSahetoay itira i Koerpacin-Fodawan dafdaf ko kaitiraan no Siyongyali, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Selogsko yo taporo ato tokos. Makalitosay no Tonaw-’Alo ko sera no Siyongyali, oroma a ‘alo ira ko Tisa-’alo ato Tolawa-’alo, isaka’etipan ira ko Palaton-fanaw, o sakakaay kona fanaw itini i Yoropa, o skakaay a fa’edetay-nanom(onsin) Hewici-fanaw itiniay i Siyongyali. O tatapangan-tokay(syoto) Potapis o falatfatay a odo’ no Tonaw-’alo hananay a pangangan.\n\nKakarayan(氣候) \nItiraay i Saka’amisan-Pecih no cikiw ko kaitiraan no Siyongyali, o kahiceraan no Fala'efaay-Karopawan kakarayan, Fala’efaay-Riyaran kakarayanato Sifoay-Riyar kakarayan itini, ikakaay ko pisiwar no Karopaway-Kakarayan, o Fala’efaay-Karopawan Kakarayan. Tata’angay ko kafalic no romi’ad no Siyongyali, orasaka, tata’ang ko kafalic no fa’edet, lalen no cecay a miheca itiraay i 10.8 ℃. Ikaciferangan to sakapito folad ato sakafolo folad o lalen no fa’edet ira ko 21.7℃. iksi’enawan ikakaay ko kaki’etec ila’eno to -1.2℃.To cecay a cicidalay a romi’ad ira ko 2038 ko romi’ad, isakatimolan ikakaay ko kacicidalan.\n\nSaka’orip(經濟) \nTada manikaway to kinaira no palak on kitakit, o skakaay a nikarkaran a tadafokeloh o fadito(鋁土礦; Ikiris a sowal:Bauxite), ikemoday no sera a fadito o sakatolo rayray itini Yoropa. Ira ko tosa no kalitolo a pala nona kitakit ira ko Fa’edetay-Kinaira no pala. O liomah o sakakaay saka’oripa itini, o sakakaay a losay ira ko moki, ‘alilay, malinso ato ko’esanay-dateng. O misanga’ay to dafong ira ko kikay, masongila’ay kikay, o misanga’an-kakaenen ato tinonoy, o fadisoso’ a ‘epah o cinganganay itini I hekal.\n\nNani 2004 miheca saka 5 folad saka 1 romi’ad mikapot to Yoropa-Lekatep(歐洲聯盟\/European Union, EU), macakat ko kacemahad no saka’orip no Siyongyali, anini sato o kalotamdawan a midanga’ay to dafong pili’etan mahahop ko 80% no polong no kitakit a GDP.\n\nIkor no 2007 miheca, marecep no katalawan-nosaka’orip no hekal, sakkedi’aw sa ko saka’orip no Siyongyali. O sa’osi ira ko kosowal, itini tona katalawan-nosaka’orip wataay ko kasipon no Siyongyali sanay.\n\nO patosokan sapicomodaw i Yoropa-Paysoan Etal(歐元區;Eurozone.no sifoan sowal:euro area)i 2022 miheca, mipatongal a misongila’ to saka’otip a demak micoroh to paifaloco’ay-paliwal to dafong a faco.\n\nTamdaw(人口) \nI 2013 mihecaan a pisa’osi to tamdaw no Siyongyali,ira ko 9,909,000 ko polong a tamdaw, I ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood no hekal wataay ko kafalic no niaro’an sera no Siyongyali, orasak, pakitiraay to finacadan ko kalapecih no sera, ’alomanay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan itiya ho, na mafalic to ko sera masacecay sato ko finacadan. O Macaer-Finacadan mahaop ko 94%, o Macaer-sowal ko kalosowal(o Siyongyali- sowal). Oroma i,ira ho Romo-finacadan ( 羅姆人,ano ca 吉普賽人或吉卜賽人hananay ho a mitahidang, Romo a sowal:Roma） roma a mamangay finacadan . O Siyongyali tamdaw sahetoay i saka 11 sici mitoor to Keristo-Pitooran. Anini sato o sakakaay a pitooran ko Misakeristoay, ilaloma’ no nini o Tinsikiw ko saalomanay,nikawrira ira ko pakaso’elinay to Kaerwen-Harateng(喀爾文主義、歸正主義; Fransu a sowal ato Holan a sowal:Calvinisme; Ikiris a sowal:Calvinism)\n\nPitooran (宗教) \nMahaop ko 77% o mitooray to pitooran, ilaloma’a no nini o misakeristoay ko sakakaay, mahaop ko 99% o miskeristoay (76.4% no tamdaw no Siyongyali), ira ko mitooran to Islam ato Yotay-pitooran. O roma i,cowa pitooran, o cowaka pakaso’elin to kawas ato Cowa ko Kafana’an. \n\nItini i Siyongyali ikakaay no pecih ko tamdaw no polong no kitakit mitooray to Tinsikiw(54.5%,ira ho ko Sakwaliay-Tinsikiw Kyokay(東儀天主教會; Ikiris a sowal:Eastern Catholic Churches; Latin a sowal:Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales)(0,8%), o Fa’elohay-Misakeristoay a Nifalicay-Rekad(改革宗; Ikiris a sowal: Reformed church) (16.3%) ato Roto-Rekad(路德宗;Toic a sowal:Evangelisch-lutherische Kirchen; Ikiris a sowal:Lutheranism)(3.3%). Ira ho ko mamangay a pitooran o Sakawali-So’elonay Pitooran(0.4%), Cecaay-Wama Pitooran(0.1%), ato roma misiikeday a pitooran.\n\nPunka(文化) \nO sowal no Siyongyali o Wukaoer-Capa’ a sowal no Wulaer-Finlan Raray-Wukaoer Finacadan,i rayray no sowal itini i hekal o ska 40 a rayray, itini i Yoropa o saka 12 ko rayray.\n\nO Pasifana’ay-Faco toloay ko kasasa’er:wawa tahira 6 ko mihecaan mitilid i no ka’emangay pitilidan(o sakilac 6,8,12 sa’er ko pitlidan). Malepon to konini mikiniyah faloco’an macakat tayra i congsie(4 miheca), o sarocoday mitilid to sowal, o mamatayal a pitlidan(4 miheca) mamatayal sarocodan-pitilidan(3 miheca) ano o nipatongalay pitilidan(2 miheca). 18 ko mihecaan misikin to sapicomod to Tata’angay-Pitilidan(5-6 miheca) ano o Sarocoday-Pitilidan(3-4 miheca).\n\nPacefaday a tilid(註腳)\n\nPikafitan i papotal(外部連結) \nCIA\n\n外交部\n\nList of current heads of state and government\nPasawalian 'Amis\nHungary\nYoropa\nKitakit","num_words":5737,"character_repetition_ratio":0.061,"word_repetition_ratio":0.015,"special_characters_ratio":0.219,"stopwords_ratio":0.021,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":8515.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ina","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ina\nSiwkulang 'Amis\n\nIna o miliput ko wawa!midemak aca to tatayalen no loma' ato matayal i papotal.","num_words":20,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.212,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.993,"perplexity_score":49992.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"India（印度）\n\n印度共和國（印地語：भारत गणराज्य；英語：Republic of India），通稱印度（印地語：भारत；英語：India） \nO itiraay i Satimolan-Aciya(南亞;Ikiris a sowal:South Asia) a pSakatosa-Karopaw(次大陸;Ikiris a sowal:subcontinent)no Indo,o kakahad no sera o sakapito i hekal, o sakatolo i Aciya, o so’elinay mikowanan a sera ira ko 316 km² . o sakakaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw i hekal, i 2022 miheca saka 12 folad a sa’osi ira ko 14’ok 170 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, o kapolongan nili’etanan no ilaloma’an o sakalima ihekal ko saka’orip dafong.\n\nCowa ko malacecaay ko finacadan ato ponka no Indo, tada’adihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan ato ponka. Itini i tamdaw no Indo a Indostan-finacadan(印度斯坦族; Ikiris a sowal:Hindustani people,又譯興都斯坦人) mahahop ko fatad no polong a tamdaw no Indo,ira kono niyah a sowal ato tilid, o nihayian no kinpo a hanosifoan a sowal ira ko 22 ko kasasiroman, ilaloma’ nonini o Inti-sowal ato Ikiris-sowal ko irikecay a hasowal no sifo, awaay ko todongay no kitakit-sowal sanay ko pisetek no Misawkitay Sakowan, ono kapolongan a sowal o Ikiris-sowal, orasaka matenakay i Indo ko Ikiris=sowal,mangalefay isakatimolan no kitakit ikakaay no Indo-sowal ko Ikiris-sowal, nikawrira, mapatolas no kapitilidan isafaay ko taneng no pkalotamdaw, orasaka awaay ko citanengay to Ikiris-sowal. \n\nO roma sa i, o tada’adihayay ko pitooran no tamtamdaw no Indo, pacingangan hananay to “Pina'angan loma’ to pitooran” , o nani Indo ko tatapangan no sakakaay pitooran ihekal ko Indo ira ko Fociya ato Indo-pitoora, o tamdaw no Inso sahetoay mitooray to Indo-pitooran; o sakatosa ko kaikaka no Islam-Pitooran(回教) itini i Indo ira ko 1’ok 8000’ofad ko mitooray salikaka, onini i, nani saka 8 sici yo talapapotal ko Arapiya a micoeat matenak tayni i Indo, iikor no saka 10 sici isaka’amisay no Indo a Sawara’an-kitakit sahetoay mitooray to Islam-pitooran, ilaloma’ nonini o Mowoer-Sawara’an-kitakit(蒙兀兒帝國; Woerto-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，felicen a nitilid:Mughliyah Saltanat‎; Romaan tilid:mug͟hliyah saltanat) haoto macowat ko polong no Sakatosa-Karopaw.O kapolongan a pihayi to Cikakocay-Pakotang ko Indo. o mikapotay ko Indo to so’elinay saopo ato cowa ko so’elinay saopo, mahaop ko Linheko, Hekalay-mali’acaay Lekatep(World Trade Organization, WTO), Tata’angay-Ikiris Lekatep,’Ekiman-linka Limaay kitakit(BRICS), Sepatay-kitakit a Lekatep(四國聯盟;Ikiris a sowal:G4 Nations), Satimolan-Aciya Mapapadangay Lekatep(南亞區域合作聯盟; Ikiris a sowal:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) ato Cowa-pisakakiinih Lekatep. O cecay a ikemoday mamacemahad malaipocokay kitakit ko Indo.\n\nO Indo a kitakit o sakakaay a tayal o maomahay, nakamayan-pisanga’ to dafong i tokay,mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato micokeray toninian a tayal, iraay to kocemahaday noninian tayal. Cowa ko ka fangcal no ponka ato kakafahekaan faco no sera i saka’amisan ko misorotay to lafang, ira heca ko ‘aloanay a mafana’ay somowal to sowal no Ikiris matayal to mi’efawan tayal(onini i,pataynien no kosi no roma a kitakit ko kasasowal to lalfang, mipaca’ofay i dingwa Atayal). Roma sato i,o iraay ko Tekedan-Tinki a mata’elifay to ko romi’ad a sapaiyo itini a misanga’ a paini to ka’emeday a pipaising. Tona pinapina a mihecaan, mipadahof to ‘adihayay a payso i tata’angay kiwiku, to sapipatatongodaw ato kasakitakit i sakakaay-taneng, patinako han niyah a pikinkiw to kakarayan, pikinkiw to kina’orip no Satimolan-Aciya. O sakakaay a kalli’acaan to dafong a kitakit o Ampirika,Yoropa-Lekatep, Dipon,Conko, Rosiya ato [p Sawara’an-kitakit no Arapiya.]p\n\nNgangan no kitakit(國名釋義) \nO pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, Sa’etipan-Han o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i Sakawalian-Han o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani Fan-sowal no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(Sindhu), ngiha’ no Posi-sowal o هندو‎（Hindu）, Kirisiya a sowal:Ίνδό（Indu）, o Kuice-sowal: Indaka(吐火羅語; Ikiris a sowal:Tocharian languages)\n\nO Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no Cina-Pitooran(耆那教,Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म Jainadharma; Tanmier-sowal:சமணம் Samaṇam;Ikiris a sowal:Jainism) oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit.\n\nIra ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nNanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) \nIraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o Payrayrang no Indo-’alo (Indus Valley Civilization) ano ca o Halapo-payrayrang hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal. ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.\n\nMacowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵) \nI'ayaw ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a Yalian-tamdaw to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko Fito-ponka. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.\n\nKongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝) \n\nI’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit ci Ayi honti mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no Indo-Pecihan Kanatal ’edeng ni Maysoer-Etal no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni Kuisang-hontian kitakit ato Cito-Sawara’an itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.\n\nArapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教) \nIsaka 8 sici, satapang ko Arapiya hontian-kitakit a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko Islam-ponka,iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko Toli-Sotan kitakit, matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a Timoer(帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:تیمور，falicen to Latin tilid:Tēmōr) ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to Mowoer Hontian-kitakit(蒙兀兒帝國; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:Mughliyah Saltanat‎;Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:mug͟hliyah saltanat, o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal.\n\nMasafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) \nNikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris(不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:British East India Company) mapacikel to Polasi-lalood(普拉西戰役;Battle of Plassey), malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan(Indian Uprising of 1857; First War of Independence) mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris.\n\nO tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo(malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:British India 或 British Raj ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a sawara’an-kowan (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:Princely state), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2\/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti malahonti no Indo Hontian-kitakit, 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i Toli. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris.\n\nMicoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto(甘地推動不合作運動) \n\nYo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci Mohanmoto-Kanti ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a “cowa ka patomaliw onto” (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:Satyagraha). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep, ci Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran.\n\nIkor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) \nIkor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to “Monpa-sahalaka” (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:Partition of India), toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit.\n\nYo misiiked tahanini(獨立後到今日) \nYo misiiked sato, ci Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i Siyakaysyuki(社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:socialism) ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a Limaay-halaka a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep.\n\nNa misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no Kosinmier(喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i Sikim(錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:Bras Ljongs; Latin a tilid:Sikkim), ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo.\n\nI 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo maala no Indo ko Koa sera. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo(中印邊境戰爭; Ikiris a sowal:Sino-Indian War), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan, oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ Sawalian-Pakistan”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to Monciyali-kitakit.(孟加拉人民共和國; Bangladesh) I 1974 miheca mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan(核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:nuclear test), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan.\n\nO kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to Kali’acaan-saka’orip a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.\n\nOya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran.\n\nSieci(政治) \nO Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)\n\nO congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ‘icel no congton, to kaloromi���ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.\n\nLima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong. o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.\n\nO so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.\n\nO kitakit-kalomaocan o Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan,o Fafa’eday a Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan ato La’enoay a Finawlan-Kalisaocan, o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.\n\nO kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.\n\nO kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.\n\nIra ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \n\nItiraay i Indo Sakatosa-karopaw, o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a Simalaya-tokos( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a Kancenciya -pocok), sasifo'an-dafdaf\/Hen'alo( Indo-Gangetic Plain) ato satimolan a Tokan-tapolo.\n\nIka’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to Arapiya-riyar, ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to Monciyala-kihaw. \n\nO sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.\n\nO faco no sera(地形) \nMasasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.\n\nO kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O Tokan-tapolo ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o Taer-tafotafokan, onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko Simalaya-tokos.\n\nKakarayan (氣候) \nO Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan, o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.\n\nKinaira no pala(自然資源) \nO sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan sikitang itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a kinaira no pala ira ho ko marad,mong, yinmo, lo, kaso, simal-kasolin, taya,’apol ato kamaomahan.\n\nSaka’orip(經濟) \n\nO cecay a kitakit no hekal to sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad, masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep(International Monetary Fund，IMF) to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal. cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no Hekalay-kinko(World Bank,WB) to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal. Ano i ’icel no pi’aca to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal, mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.\n\nNikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).\n\nO matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal, ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.\n\nO sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso. o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay. I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.\n\nTamdaw(人口) \n\nI 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo, motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%. isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%. o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94, tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan. do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(World Health Organization, WHO) a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali. 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising. \n\nO mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%) o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan, Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay; o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko Tinkolo, malaliya, A-faco ’atay adada, E-faco ’atay adada.\n\nFinacadan(民族) \ntosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.\n\nKasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度) \nIndo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:Caste;卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.\n\nKasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko Fito-Cin i,kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: \n\n1.Polomen o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:brāhmaṇa; Ikiris a tilid:Brahmin): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo.\n\n2.Satili o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय kṣatriya; Pafali a sowal:khattiyā): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay.\n\n3.Fise o kalotamdaw(吠舍; Fan-tilid:वैश्य Vaiśya): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ‘a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.\n\n4.Sotolo o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,Śūdra) o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者;untouchables) hananay.\n\nOna sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1\/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.\n\nSowal(語言) \nO sakakaay a sowal no Indo o Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:Indo-Aryan languages） ato Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal( 達羅毗語系;Dravida ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal(藏緬語族) ,Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal(南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo. imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong. o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an.\n\nRoma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.\n\nO pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal a nitokian:\n\nPitooran(宗教) \nO tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.\n\nO polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to Indo-pitooran, oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho Islam-pitooran(15%), Siko-pitooran(1.9%),Cina-pitooran(0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko Misakristoay no Siliya, ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko Kristo-pitooran(2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no Faciyaw-pitooran, mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.\n\nPonka(文化) \nO Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak. O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “yuciya”(yoga) ato sika’en no Indo.\n\nPacefaday a tilid(註腳)\n\nPikafitan i papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n\nPasawalian 'Amis\nAsiya\nSatimolan Asiya\nKitakit\nIndo","num_words":6486,"character_repetition_ratio":0.045,"word_repetition_ratio":0.01,"special_characters_ratio":0.224,"stopwords_ratio":0.016,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":11886.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jianshi","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Jianshi（尖石鄉）\n\nItini i Hsinchu(新竹) ko Jianshi Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 522.98 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 397.38 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 114.53 km²), 9,456 ko tamdaw i Jianshi Siyang, 2,825 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 8,569 a tamdaw, pakaala to 91%(Tayal泰雅族) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal ko sa’alomanay i Hsinchu.\n\nO kasaniyarona\n7 ko cun, 49 ko niyaro’ i Jianshi Siyang.\nMkzihing（義興部落）, Mkmatuy（馬胎部落）, Piling（比麟部落）, Paqiy（吹上部落）, Yutak（小錦屏部落）, Kbaqeh（那羅一部落）, Cinbulan（那羅二、三部落）, Kuxan（那羅四部落）, Ageq（那羅五部落）, Micista（那羅六部落）, Mknahuy（拿互伊部落）, Mksuzing（麥樹仁部落）, Mklapay（加拉排部落）, Lkuxan（過水橋部落）, Hbun-Rangay（下水田部落）, Mkslaq（上水田部落）, Qalang-Qwayux（武漢部落）, Hbun-Qramay（煤源部落）, Pololan（福祿灣部落）, Uraw（宇老部落）, Libu（李埔部落）, Llyung（馬里光部落）, Ulay（烏來部落）, Batul（泰平部落）, Ｍami（馬美部落）, Quri（石磊部落）, Plmwan（平論文部落）, Tayax（抬耀部落）, Ponaway（帛納外部落）, Smangus（司馬庫斯部落）, Thyakan（泰崗部落）, Smangus（斯馬庫斯部落）, Cinsbu（鎮西堡部落）, Yuluw（養老部落）, Gowryu（合流部落）, Rahaw（拉號部落）, Cyocuy（鳥嘴部落）, Hbun kramay（煤源中部落）, Hbun-tunan（控溪部落）, Kin lwan（錦路部落）, Qolu（上田埔部落）, Qyuws（下田埔部落）, Hbun-lesa（合汶壘上部落）, Metapay（梅達拜部落）, M’yutak（梅阿尤達克部落）, Mrmurak（梅拉姆拉克部落）, Spwan（司普萬部落）, Melukux（梅魯庫互部落）, Metuiy（梅杜依部落）.\n\no kasadakan no lihaf \n 內政部戶政司全球資訊網\n 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料","num_words":273,"character_repetition_ratio":0.038,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.299,"stopwords_ratio":0.011,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.234,"perplexity_score":4103.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jigme%20Khesar%20Namgyel%20Wangchuck","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck(吉格梅·凱薩爾·納姆耶爾·旺楚克)\n\nI 1980 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Bhutan(不丹) anini i ci Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 14 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":95,"character_repetition_ratio":0.132,"word_repetition_ratio":0.093,"special_characters_ratio":0.263,"stopwords_ratio":0.032,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.959,"perplexity_score":11906.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jinfeng","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Jinfeng（金峰鄉）\n\nItini i Taitung(台東) ko Jinfeng Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 387.53 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 271.51 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 87.22 km²), 5,168 ko tamdaw i Jinfeng Siyang, 1,617 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 5,002 a tamdaw, pakaala to 97%(Paiwan, Rukai) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan(排灣族), Rukai(魯凱族) ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Taitung.\n\nO kasaniyarona\n5 ko cun, 27 ko niyaro’ i Jinfeng.\nVukide（富給特部落）, Tjaviljaul（叉飛勞巫勒部落）, Sapuljuv（撒布優部落）, Gadu（卡多部落）, Pudun（布頓部落）, Tjudjaas（都達卡斯部落）, Kinilukuljan（給你路古洋部落）, Djelunavunavuk（德路那弗那弗克部落）, Djumulj（賓茂部落）, Tjukuvulj（讀古物部落）, Tjukuvulj-viri（肚久武部落）, Tudrivuan（篤立富安部落）, Laliavan（拉里亞灣部落）, Mananigay（馬拿尼開部落）, Tjulitjulik（斗里斗里部落）, Paumeli（包霧目力部落）, Viljauljaul（比魯部落）, Kalatadrang（卡拉達蘭部落）, Kaaluan（卡阿魯彎部落）, Maljivel（馬里弗勒部落）, Valjulu（娃優魯部落）, Madaljalu（馬達壓路部落）, Tjuletevetevek（督魯得福得福閣部落）, Maledep（麻勒得泊部落）, Tjuluuai（都魯烏外部落）, Ngudra-drekai（新富社區Rukai部落）, Rulakes（魯拉克斯部落）.\n\no kasadakan no lihaf \n 內政部戶政司全球資訊網\n 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料","num_words":218,"character_repetition_ratio":0.032,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.274,"stopwords_ratio":0.014,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.177,"perplexity_score":6246.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joan-Enric%20Vives%20i%20Sic%C3%ADlia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília(祖安-恩里克·維韋斯·西西利亞)\n\nI 1949 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Andorra(安道爾) anini i ci Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília, patirengan a romi’ad i 2003 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 12 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":95,"character_repetition_ratio":0.136,"word_repetition_ratio":0.093,"special_characters_ratio":0.275,"stopwords_ratio":0.032,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.962,"perplexity_score":11040.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joe%20Binion","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Joe Binion\n3 bulad 26 demiad, 1961 a mihca, Joe Binion, miunduay.\n\nnamakayniay a nasulitan nasakamuan atu natinengan\n Lists of National Basketball Association players","num_words":33,"character_repetition_ratio":0.013,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.217,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.882,"perplexity_score":55145.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John%20Magufuli","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"John Magufuli(約翰·馬古富利)\n\nI 1959 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci John Magufuli, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Tanzania(坦尚尼亞) anini i ci John Magufuli, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 5 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":78,"character_repetition_ratio":0.116,"word_repetition_ratio":0.087,"special_characters_ratio":0.281,"stopwords_ratio":0.038,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.992,"perplexity_score":14316.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph%20Kabila","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Joseph Kabila(約瑟夫·卡比拉)\n\nI 1971 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 4 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Joseph Kabila, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Congo, domocratic republic of the(剛果民主共和國) anini i ci Joseph Kabila, patirengan a romi’ad i 2001 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 26 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":85,"character_repetition_ratio":0.108,"word_repetition_ratio":0.079,"special_characters_ratio":0.27,"stopwords_ratio":0.047,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.958,"perplexity_score":15369.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jos%C3%A9%20Eduardo%20dos%20Santos","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"José Eduardo dos Santos(若澤·愛德華多·多斯·桑托斯)\n\nI 1942 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci José Eduardo dos Santos, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Angola(安哥拉) anini i ci José Eduardo dos Santos, patirengan a romi’ad i 1979 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 10 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":90,"character_repetition_ratio":0.132,"word_repetition_ratio":0.074,"special_characters_ratio":0.272,"stopwords_ratio":0.033,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.975,"perplexity_score":11540.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jos%C3%A9%20M%C3%A1rio%20Vaz","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"José Mário Vaz(若澤·馬里奧·瓦斯)\n\nI 1957 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci José Mário Vaz, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Guinea-bissau（幾內亞比索） anini i ci José Mário Vaz, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 23 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":85,"character_repetition_ratio":0.115,"word_repetition_ratio":0.079,"special_characters_ratio":0.286,"stopwords_ratio":0.035,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.977,"perplexity_score":11114.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan%20Orlando%20Hern%C3%A1ndez","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Juan Orlando Hernández(胡安·奧蘭多·葉南德茲)\n\nI 1968 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Juan Orlando Hernández, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Honduras(宏都拉斯) anini i ci Juan Orlando Hernández, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 27 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":85,"character_repetition_ratio":0.13,"word_repetition_ratio":0.079,"special_characters_ratio":0.269,"stopwords_ratio":0.035,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.978,"perplexity_score":12453.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%A1nos%20%C3%81der","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"János Áder(艾德·亞諾什)\n\nI 1959 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci János Áder, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Hungary(匈牙利) anini i ci János Áder, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 10 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":82,"character_repetition_ratio":0.106,"word_repetition_ratio":0.082,"special_characters_ratio":0.287,"stopwords_ratio":0.037,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.979,"perplexity_score":12999.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kersti%20Kaljulaid","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Kersti Kaljulaid(克爾斯季·卡尤萊德)\n\nI 1969 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Kersti Kaljulaid, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Estonia(愛沙尼亞) anini i ci Kersti Kaljulaid, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 10 a romi’ad. Her presidential term ended on 11 October 2021.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":87,"character_repetition_ratio":0.111,"word_repetition_ratio":0.077,"special_characters_ratio":0.28,"stopwords_ratio":0.034,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.944,"perplexity_score":19061.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiribati","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Kiripas (吉里巴斯)\n\nTakaray sowal(概略) \nSano sowalen no Kiripas o Ribaberiki Kiribati hananay, sano Ikilisen o Republic of Kiribati hananay a pangangan, nikawrira, o maalaay a ngangan i Kiripas(吉里巴斯). \n\nMingataay to isifo’ay a kinis no cikiw(赤道) ko aro’ nona kitakit, sahetoay o rakarakaan ko pala, ira ko 33 a kimolmolay a rakarakan pala, maliposak i Rihadayay Riyar(太平洋) to 350 ’emang km2 o sakatolo ko dadahal no riyar itnini i kalokitakit. Itini i polong no kalokitakit o cecay no samanikaway ko ninian a kitakit. I 1999 miheca malakapot no Linhoko.(聯合國會員)。\n\nRikis(歷史) \nO likisi no Kiripas malikatoloen a pakitoh:\n\nNo to’as a mihecahecaan(早期): \nI ‘ayaw no 5000 patek ko mihecan o malecaday ko sowal a nani Mikeronisya a tamdaw mafolaw a maro’ itini, itiyaho away ho ko kitakit hananay a palapalaan, polong sanay ko nani Tongaay, nani Samoaay ato nani Ficiay a tamdaw a maro’ itini, o pinangan no ‘orip nona tamtamdaw i sahetoay o Polinisya a punka.\n\nI malomakowanan a mihecahecaan(殖民地時期): \nI 1820miheca o tapang no sofitay no Rosya ci Kolusen macakat a midefong tona sera, pangangan han ningra koya satata’angay a riyariyaran pala to Kirberti,to ikor to cacorok sato ko mifotingay to ‘eso a tamina ato mipacakayay to koli a tamina atayni ton apala, mitatoy cangra to kowang mapahawikid nangra ko adada no kohecalay a tamdaw. \n\nI 1916miheca malamikowanan no Ikiris. Do’edo sa I o Kurismas a riyariyaran pala I 1919miheca, o Fonghowangtao I 1937miheca malamikowanan no Ikilis, patateko han I Kiripas. Itiya I kalaloodan to sakatosa no kalokitakit,ma’eco no Dipong a maro’, matatoker ko sofitay no Dipang ato Amirika a malalood I Tarawa pala, naka iraan no lalood no tamdaw I o satatiihay a lalood konini saan.Oya Layen palapalaan o pitanaman no Amirika to ‘icel no Kinsipakotang(核爆試驗場)。\n\nMisiiked a Niyahpikowan(獨立後) \nOya Kiripot ato Aylis riyariyaran pala malaniyahpikowan nani Ikilis I 1971miheca,1978miheca mi’iked ko Aylis a patireng to Tufalo a kitakit,toya miheca 7folad 12 romi’ad o Kiripot milekal to pi’iked a niyahpikowan, falicen ko ngangan to Kiripas. I 1983miheca matatilid ato Amilika ko Kiripas to kakaketonan atilid,milekal ko Amirika to pisawad a mikowan to Fonhuang ato Layen a riyariyaran pala, mala pala tono Kiripas konini. I 1994miheca, maala ci Saypulolo．Seto malacongtong,lahecien ngingra ko pilinah to pifalican to romi’ad a kunis pasawali, ta malacecay to ko romi’ad no polong no Kiripas, caay to ka matiya to I ‘ayaway o I tatihi’ay to pala I o roma ko romi’ad, o romi’ad konini pala o dadaya konora pala,caay ka depoc a matayal.\n\nI 1999miheca mikapot to Linhoko.\n\nI 2003miheca miliyaw heca a maala to sinkiw malacongton ci Saypulolo．Seto, nikawrira, mafalic no Lipoing, o mitokeray ci Tananno to ko maalaay malacongtong,2007miheca miliyaw heca maala malacongtong.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nO Kiripas a kitakit I ira ko 32 a rakarakaan pala,mihawangay to kalitosa no cikiw kona kitakit,o polong a riyariyaran pala:\n\n· Panapa riyaran pala(巴納巴島)\n\n· Kiripot riyaran palapala(吉爾伯特群島)\n\n· Fonhuwang riyaran palapala(鳳凰群島)\n\n· Layen riyaran palapala(萊恩群島)\n\nO kakahad no kamaro’an nona kitakit nani kawali tara sa’etip mata’elifay to cecay patek kilo.O kakahad no niyah a riyar ira ko 3,800km², o rakarakan kona kitakit sa kohepic ko sota’ adihay aca ko ’apol no sera, sa caay ka nga’ay saliomahen, ano maleno sa I matahepoay ko sera saka o sota’ to o nanom to kaheciday,tatiihay kalananomen, soped hananay to ko orad i tangko to halananom. \n\nO pipahadak no Masahadhaday Riyar(太平洋) a Taliyok Saopo, oya awaay ko tamdaw a maro’ a tosa pala Tebua Tarawa ato Abanuea matenengay a malahedaw to I 1999miheca sananay. O 「nikafalic no kakarayan a saopo no Linhoko」(聯合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會) pali’ayaw to sowal caka pakatahira I cecay so’ot ko miheca ha’emin sato ko Kiripas a mateneng I riyar sanay.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nO tamdaw no Kiripas pangangan sa totireng no niyah i, I-Kiripas sanay,ona ngangan toninian i, nani Kirpat a Kiripas sowal, orasa Kiripat hananay i nani tiraay toya mikowanan no Ikilis a Kiripat palapalan no riyar. Itiya to yo mapatireng to Teked Niyahpikowan, pangangan hananay to pasacecay to Kiripat.\n\n[[Faylo:Children in Bairiki Square, Tarawa, Kiribati.JPG|thumb|Children in Bairiki Square, Tarawa, Kiribati]]\n\nI-Kiripas a tamdaw I ono Mikulonisya a tamdaw. O pipawacay no mikakinkiway to telang a okak no tamdaw I, cisowal saan o Satimolan Finacadan I ‘ayaw pinapina a mihecaan maro’ay to itini I Kiripat a riyariyaran pala. I 14sici o Fici tamdaw,o Samoa tamdaw, ato Tonga tamdaw,mafolaw a tayni mararamod to roma a finacadan ta citahapinangan sato tono Polinisya, maralamlam to ko tahapinangan no tireng.\n\nO no sifo a kapolongan sowal I o Ikiris a sowal, nikawrira , itiraay aca I tata’angay niyaro’ o Ikiris ko sowal, itira I romaroma a pala I o Kiripas sowal ko sakasasowal no kalotamdaw,nawhani, o maritengay a tamdaw I maolahay a somowal to malawalaway sowal(複雜的語言)\n\nO pitoran (宗教) \nO pitoran no tamtamdaw o Tinsikiw(天主教), nikawrira, hadihay ko masasiromaromaay a pitoran, patinako han I Fukuin a kyokai(福音神學派), ira ko Yihofa kyokai(耶和華見證人), ira ko Molomon kiyokai(摩門教), ira ho nani Arapiya a Pahai kiyokai.\n\nTatiri'an a tilid(參考資料)\n\n參考資料[編輯原始碼] \n\n ^ 中華民國外交部亞東太平洋司. 吉里巴斯共和國 Republic of Kiribati. 中華民國外交部. [2019-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-25） （中文（臺灣））. 首都：塔拉瓦\n ^ 華人民共和國外交部. 基里巴斯国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2019-11 [2019-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-10） （中文（中國大陸））. 【首都】塔拉瓦（Tarawa），人口約5萬。\n ^ CIA. AUSTRALIA - OCEANIA :: KIRIBATI. CIA World Factbook. [2019-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-07） （英語）. Capital: name: Tarawa\n ^ Government of Kiribati. About Kiribati. Government of Kiribati. [2019-12-10]\n ^ CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2018-11-13].\n ^ World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2016 [2016-06-25].\n ^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-22]\n ^ http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/latestCrisis\/idUSSP231103 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） REUTERS\n ^ I-Kiribati Ministry of Finance and Economic Development: \"History\" 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-10-14.\n ^ BBC. 15 May 2008 [29 Jul 2008].\n ^ Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). 1952 [16 Oct 2011].\n ^ Reilly Ridgell. \"Pacific Nations and Territories: The Islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia\". 3rd Edition. Honolulu: Bess Press, 1995. p. 95\n ^ Un.org. 1 Oct 2003 [14 May 2010]. \n ^ Electionguide.org. [14 May 2010].\n ^ 2011-11-21]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-12）.\n ^ Honolulu Magazine. April 1999 [14 Jun 2006]. （原始內容存檔於2006-06-28）.\n ^ BBC News. 1999-06-14 [2010-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-07） （英語）.\n ^ 蘋果日報 (香港). 2016-08-25 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-28） （中文（繁體））.\n ^ The Washington Post. 2006-01-29 [2010-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-17） （英語）.\n ^ The Daily Telegraph (London). 7 March 2012 [2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-28）\n ^ Spektor, Dina (7 March 2012) Rising Sea Levels Threaten South Pacific Nation Of Kiribati （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Business Insider. Retrieved 2 March 2013.\n ^ Business Insider. Retrieved 2 March 2013.Spektor, Dina (7 March 2012) Rising Sea Levels Threaten South Pacific Nation Of Kiribati.\n ^ Kiribati: A Nation Going Under 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期23 April 2013., The Global Mail, 15 April 2013\n ^ Kiribati Buys a Piece of Fiji （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Kiribati Climate Change', 30 May 2014\n ^ Kirbati Presidential Web Portal. 2016-01-07 [2019-01-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-30）.\n ^ Hazegray.org. 2002-03-25 [2010-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）.\n ^ RNZ News. 2017-08-21 [2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-15）.\n ^ Newsweek. 2019-04-04 [2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-11）.\n ^ International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 11\/114. 24 May 2011 [10 September 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-07）.\n ^ International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 11\/113. 24 May 2011 [10 September 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-24）.\n ^ Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute [2011-11-21]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-20）\n ^ Global Mormonism » Kiribati （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at globalmormonism.byu.edu\n ^ 台湾与中太平洋岛国基里巴斯断交,聯合早報. 2019-09-20 [2019-09-20]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-20）.\n ^ 台湾再失邦交国 基里巴斯倒向北京的重要原因 -BBC News 中文,[2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-01）.\n ^ 台媒稱大陸對吉里巴斯開展「金元外交」 北京回應_中國-多維新聞網\n ^ prisonstudies.org. [2019-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-24）.","num_words":1945,"character_repetition_ratio":0.056,"word_repetition_ratio":0.056,"special_characters_ratio":0.307,"stopwords_ratio":0.018,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.982,"perplexity_score":5965.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kolinda%20Grabar-Kitarovi%C4%87","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović(柯琳達·葛拉巴爾-季塔洛維奇)\n\nI 1968 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Croatia(克羅埃西亞) anini i ci Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. Her presidential term ended on 18 February 2020.\n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":86,"character_repetition_ratio":0.136,"word_repetition_ratio":0.078,"special_characters_ratio":0.275,"stopwords_ratio":0.023,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.965,"perplexity_score":7269.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuwait","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Kuwait (科威特) \nKuwait kitakit (Arab sowal: دولة الكويت‎), nikasasowalan Kuwait (Arab sowal: الكويت‎), itira i kaetip Asia Arab litosaan pala i kawali ka’amis, Persian ’efong sakaetip ka’amis a Sawara'an Kitakit, o katimol marariting to Saudi Arabia, ka’amis mifiyaw to Iraq, masasikecor to Iran, o nano nicingcingan no Inkiris i ’ayaw, i 1961 miheca 6 folad 19 romi’ad misiiked, i 1990 miheca 5angasa 1991 miheca nano pacena’an nicalapan no Iraq. No Kuwait a simal ato kadofahay ko tatapaan a kinaira, masapinang to o mana’angay a simal o saka 6 i polong no cikiw, orasaka msapasadakay a simal o malocoker no kicay no finawlan.\n\nO tadamaci no kitakit o Kuwait malecad ngangan no kitakit.\n\nLikisi (歷史)\n\n’Ayaway kairaan no tamdaw ho (史前時代) \nI Obaid itiya (’ayaway ni Yis 6500 miheca tangasa ’ayaway ni Yis 3800 miheca), misa’atomoay a demak ato pisafodawanan a demak mapatayra i Kuwait.\n\nArabia ato pakalonanay ho (阿拉伯與大航海時代) \n7 sici itiya, mala no Arabia kitakit ko Kuwait.\n\nI 1521 miheca, Kuwait o Portugal tamdaw ko miemetay. I 1581 mihecaan miteka, o Hontian Rikec ni Khalid laloma’an ko mikowanay to Kuwait. Oya ho, i 16 sici an, Portugal tamdaw patireng to pi’adingan a ’adipel.\n\nI 1613 miheca, i aniniay Kuwait itatihi patireng to Kuwait a niyaro’.\n\nPangangan to niyaro’ (城市命名) \nI 1705 miheca, Hontian Rikec ni Khalid hongti laloma’an miserer to, o salongan a sera no Kuwait macalap no “Utbah ngasaw (Bani; o pasowal Guraine) ko mikowanay. Bani Utbah a ngasaw a Sadir Utbah itini patireng to niyaro’ ato minato, pangangan sa Kuwait hananay (mimingay niyaro’, nai kut a tayni, o sowal to nian i o polol ’adipel, nano Persia a tilid to Kud, o todong no sowal maci sanay.\n\nTapang no niyaro’ patireng to kitakit (酋長建國) \n\nI 1756 miheca, Sabah laloma’an tapang no niyaro’ ci Sheikh Sabah Abu Abdullah mapalowad mala sa’ayaway tapang no niyaro’(Amir) no Kuwait, mapatireng ko tapang no niyaro’ no Kuwait kitakit (Heikhdom of Kuwait).\n\nPicalap no Persia (波斯入侵) \nI 1776 miheca, Persia Sander hongti micalap to Basra, ikor a salongan Persia pa’acaay tamdaw micomod i Kuwait, ikor o Inkiris a kawali-Into kosi nai Basra a citodongay malalinah tayni i Kuwait, itiya sakacomahad to ko Kuwait. Nikawrira o sakaira no misiikeday salongaoc, o Kuwait ato Ottoman Turkey pararidsa a masasinga’ayay, saan mihayda to Turkey to niyah a salongoc. I 1822 miheca Inkiris a congto nai Basra malinah tayra i Kuwait.\n\nMikapot to Ottoman (加入奧斯曼) \nI 1871 miheca, Kuwait tapang no niyaro’ kitakit mala no Ottoman hongtian kitakit a kanatal, o sera mapasatoris i Basra sa’etal (aniniay Iraq a cecay sa’etal), patireng to “Kaza”, nikawrira no Kuwait tapang no niyaro’ kitakit ira ko misiikeday salongoc.\n\nI 1896 miheca, Sabah laloma’an tapang no niyaro’ ci Mubarak misateked patireng malahongti, nikawrira paseka’ to Turkey mikihar to sakowan no Kuwait, saka mingitangit to sadipot no Inkiris.\n\nI 1897 miheca 7 folad, ci Mubarak mitahidang to patireng no Inkiris to citimeraay tamina i lilis a riyar no Kuwait. Itiya mala “sa’ayaw calemcem no Kuwait”, itiya Turkey tamdaw milongoc to Inkiris mipaterep mikihar to nangra hongti kitakit. Ikor, Ottoman hongtian kitakit miheyda aca, sakaeca ka lalood.\n\nPidipot no Inkiris a siikeday sakowan (受英國保護的自治) \n\nI 1899 miheca, nawhani ci Mubarak ato Turkey tamdaw a kasasifodan, o cecay kakeridan no Inkiris mipakalat to Inkiris Kuwait mitilid to “Inkiris Kuwait milinikay tatelek”, I katatelek i, ci Mubarak hai, dengan o Inkiris caay pipaisal pacaliw to roma kitakit ano eca roma tapang; caay pihai ko Inkiris, caay ka nga’ay to roma kitakit taypiaw itiniay kitakit nira. Mihayda aca o Kuwait salaloma’an no Inkiris a misiikeday kitakit, madipot caay ka calap, o papasadak to nano npadangan a payso.\n\nI 1913 miheca, Inkiris ato Turkey masasitelek to “ ’Efong no riyar kasasitelek”, onini a telek: “o Kuwait itiniay i laloma’an no Ottoman sifo solongoc a sakowan, nikawrira sifo caay ka omaanan ko sapikihar to dademaken, caay piocor to sofitay a tayra”; Ottoman hongti kitakit mihayda to nidamaan no Inkiris ko noniyah pikowan no Kuwait. ’Ayaw saka 1 kalalood no hekal, i 1913 miheca 7 folad 29 romi’ad, o nano Ottoman Turkey hongti kitakit a Barras a cecay ko niyah sakowan a Kuwait.\n\nSiiked (獨立) \nO Kuwait i 1961 miheca 6 folad 19 romi’ad misiiked. O Iraq mihayda to nai “1913 mihecaan a “’Efong no riyar kasasitelek” a Iraq ato Kuwait a salawacan[4], nikawrira nai 1961 miheca o nano pisiiked no Kuwait i, o Iraq a sifo mikilimay misamawmaw to sapicalap to Kuwait, samasa payakyak to ratoh ko Iraq sapicalapaw to Kuwait, o Arab nipatatekoan misahalaka patireng to cecay kasakitakit no Arab sofitay miliyang to sakamatiraaw a demak no Iraq to Kuwait, caay ka eca ira ko picalap a demak[5][6]. Tona miteka ko Iran ato Iraq malalood, ikor tosaay kitakit masasiterep to 10 miheca, o Kuwait micoker to Iraq mipacoli to Iran.\n\nMicalap ko Iraq (伊拉克入侵) \nI 1990 miheca 8 folad 2 romi’ad, Kuwait mipatado sa a mikerod to ’aca no simal matestes no Iraq, itiyaay a congtong no Iraq ci Saddam Hussein pasipapotal mihapiw “Kuwait o cecay no Iraq a kanatal”, miocor to sofitay micalap, nanoya caay kaci’icel ko sofitay no Kuwait ranikay mateneng. Malokasasowalen a mikaketer no sakarihaday licikay no Linhoko, itiya misahalaka to saki Iraq midemak to pipacofcof saliyang to kicay, nanoya o Iraq i kasakitakit a mapakacecay.\n\nI 1991 miheca 1 folad 17 romi’ad, nai Inkiris Amilika tosa kitakit a sawara’an lekatep sofitay milipalaw to “no misatafokay faliyos a demakan” itiya, miteka to saki Iraq ato nano nicalapan a Kuwait miparekpek milefek. O piparekpek milefek oya miheca 2 folad 28 romi’ad paherek, o sofitay no Iraq to nikeridan ni Saddam Hussein miketon itiya misawad to picalap to Kuwait.\n\nSaad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah\n\nKuwait miliyaw patireng to kitakit (科威特復國) \n\nI 1991 miheca 2 folad 26 romi’ad, o Kuwait miliyaw patireng to kitakit. 3 folad 6 romi’ad, o Kuwait ni Emir Jaber a sifo malatapangay patiko minokay tayni i Kuwait a sera[7].\n\nI 2006 miheca 1 folad 15 romi’ad, mapatay ci Emir Jaber Ahmed Sabah laloma’an tapang no niyaro’, 77 ko ’orip i hekal. Itiya o sasafaen to ci Saad Abdullah Salim Sabah ko midotocay. I falad 21 romi’ad, o sawara’an ci aad Abdullah Salim Sabah ko mikeriday to salaloma’an no lomaocan miketon palowad to sakadademak no kimpo a rayray, miroharoh ci Saadan midotoc, saka padoedo ni Sabah malasawara’an. Nikawrira ci Saad misalongoc to kalomaocan i saka tosa romi’ad a lomaoc, sakanga’ay ningra a mapatireng. 1 folad 24 romi’ad ci Saad mapaitoros misawad to sakalahongti. 1 folad 29 romi’ad, kalomaocan no Kuwait awaay ko miliyangay mihayda ci Sabahan sawara’an citodongto Emir. Sawara’an ci Sabah nanoya sa mapatireng to sakaEmir, o Sabah saka sepat.\n\nI 2006 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, nawhani romaroma a lomaocay misalof mifalic to cango’otay no singkiw ato ma’isiday to sawara’an, Emir Sabah mihapiw to sahepol, mipalasawad to kalomaocan, mili’ayaw misingkiw[8]. 6 folad 29 romi’ad, finawlan a kalomaocan misongila’ misingkiw, o fafahiyan no Kuwait nano ’ayaw citodong to sa’ayaway misingkiw ato masikiw a salongoc[9].\n\nPalapala (地理) \n\nO taliyok no Kuwait o masafokafokay a tafok, ira ko caayay ka dadahal a kangdaway a pala. Ira ho ko rama a seraan o Bubiyan, Faraka 10 a miliyasay a palapalaan.\n\nO sera kaetip ’akawang kawali paeneray. Kaetip katimol 275m ko Dub Dib ’akawangay a dafdaf. Saka’amis ira ko takaraway pala, kaetip ira Leah ’apapoloay. Kawali ka’amisan o nipataringan a dafdaf ato tafokan a dafdaf, palaed han to masasifoday a tapolo.\n\nTalacowa Kuwait mingataay to riyar a sa’etal, nikawrira o cango’otay to nanom ko ’alo ato fanaw. Nika saseraay a nanom kadofah ko kinaira, nika caayay ko kafesa’ay nanom, orasaka o kafesa’ay nanom i Kuwait o satadamaanay kinaira, o nananomen saheto o nai Iraq ato misakafesa’an a nanom no riyar.\n\nOni a kitakit o marafrafay to fa’edet tafotafokan a romi’ad, ma’icangay ato fa’edetay romi’ad, kaciherangan (5 folad tangasa 11 folad) 6 folad ko halafin, ma^edesay ’akawangay ko hemhem a makedal awa ko ’orar, salongan farawfaw 45°C, sa’akawangay a farawfaw 51ºC; kasienawan (12 folad -roma miheca 2 folad) mamoko’ay, hemhem matatodongay soemet kala’oraday, sapoeneray a hemhem tangasa i -6ºC, kacinanoman to mihecaan i 25 tangasa 177mm salaedan[10].\n\nSici (政治)\n\nKimpo (憲法) \n\nNo Kuwait kitakit a kimpo i 1962 miheca 11 folad 12 romi’ad masongila’ mahapiw, matelek ko masongila’ay solongoc sakowan no Kuwait, masiikeday a kitakit no Arab. Islam ko pidotocan mipatireng to rikec. O Sabah a teloc no laloma’an ko mamidotoc to Emir.\n\nLomaocan (議會) \nKuwait finawlan kalomaocan (Majlis al-Umma) i 1963 miheca 1 folad 23 romi’ad patireng, o cecayay ko kalomaocan faco no kitakit mirikecay a citodangay. Nai 50 a lomaocay masakapot, lomaocay 4 miheca lekad ko polong no kitakit a masingkiw. Nikawrira Kuwait finawlan dengan salongan 10 % ko citodongay misingkiw. Kalomaocan o piketon ato mihayda to rikec, mikantok to pidamak to payso no kitakit, miliclic to sawara’an ato salaloma’an a kakeridan, nikawrira o polong no nihaydaan no lomaocay a rikec ato roma kitakit a kasasitelek a tatoneken ato sapatonek o nipihai no Emir to nisakalifetan ta manga’ay[11]\n\nSician a kasarekarekad (政黨) \nO sarikec no Kuwait milalang to no sician a kasarekarekad a kadademak, nika i pisingkiwan ira ko adihayay kalosaopo no sician a kasarekad. ’alomanay a finawlan kalomaocan a lomaocay o noniyah siiked ko pikihatiya to singkiw, nikawrira maala to singkiw i, ’alomanay a lomaocay i finawlan kalomaocan malekapot a mitopa a kasacefang. So’elinay to o kasasician kasarekad (caay ka haydaen no rikec) ira ko finacadan nikapolongan a nipatatekoan, finawlan dademak saselal, Hadas (Kuwait muslim malikakaay), finacadan Islamic nipatatekoan ato mo’ecalay ato rihadayay nipatatekoan a kasacefang.\n\nKakomodan (君主) \nAniniay Emir (sawara’an kitakit): Nawaf Ahmad Jaber Sabah\n\nO midotocay to tapang no niyaro’ a kakomodan ko kitakit no Kuwait, Emir o sakakaay sawara’an no kitakit ato sakakaay no sofitay. Mitelak ko kimpo o Emir ko midamakay to kadademakan no kitakit, mirikecay o Emir ato finawlan kalomaocan mapolong midemak, sakihoying o i hoyingay nao Emir a ngangan ko sapidemak.\n\nSifo (政府) \n\nO citodongay no sifo o satakaraway kakeridan, salaloma’an no sifo o satakaraway kakeridan ato laloma’ay no kasalekad a malakaspot, citodong midemak to halaka no kitakit, pasi Emir kacitodong. O kasaira: \n\nSatakaraway kakeridan\n\nSaka cecay micokeray to satakaraway kakeridan matateko to laloma’an demak ato sapidipot to kitakit.\n\nMicokeray to satakaraway kakeridan matateko to kacacofelan kakeridan\n\nMicokeray to satakaraway kakeridan matateko to hoying kakeridan\n\nMicokeray to satakaraway kakeridan matateko to sakacomahad a demak ato sakiloma’an a citodongay\n\nSalaloma’an a dademaken o laloma’ay no hongti ko citodongay, orasaka o nano kakomodan Hontian Rikec a kitakit, satakaraway kakeridan a todong tangasa anini o nano hongtian ko citodongay, hongtian a sakowan awaay ko sasowalen.\n\nKacacofelan kakeridan (外交) \nMidotoc ko Kuwait to sakarihaday a kacacofelan kakeridan. Misa’icel midama to sakarikec no Arab kitakit ato riyaran kasakomod wiyyinhuy a kasasikomodan, midipot to riyar a kasa’efong a rihaday macekal. Kuwait o no Linhoko, Arab kitakit nipatatekoan, riyar sa’efong kasakomod wiyyinhuy a no kasakitakit ato kasa’etal sakapot a laloma’an, tangasa anini matiya 110 kitakit mapatireng ko nga’ayay kacacofelan kakeridan, i matini ira ko 87 a kitakit i Kuwait patireng to milafinay a citodongay[12].\n\nKuwait ato Congko a sasinga’ay (科威特與中華人民共和國關係) \nI 1971 miheca 3 folad 22 romi’ad, Congko ato Kuwait masasicofel, o Kuwait o pasicecayay to Congko ko pidotoc, sa’ayaway mipatirengay to kasasinga’ay to Congko i no Persian sa’efong a kitakit. Tasaay a kakeridan no kitakit makakapi masasicaliw. Mapatireng to kasasinga’ay, ikor tatosaay masasicowat to kasasisomeletan. Kasasicaliw no kalali’aca macakat to mihecaan, kalali’acaan matongal. I 2008 miheca Congko kaki kali’aca 67.84% walwalan ko Amilika payso, masadakay no Congko 17.44 walwalan Amilika payso, micomoday 50.4 walwalan Amilika payso13]. I 2014 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad, o Satakaraway kakeridan no Kuwait ci Sabah miliso’ to Congko, masasilicay ci Si-cin-pinan[14].\n\nKuwait ato Taywan a sasinga’ay (科威特與中華民國關係) \nNawhani o Kuwait midotoc to cecayay Congko, orasaka sakina Taywan i 1971 mihecaan awaay to ko kacacofelan to Taywan, nikawrira o kasasicalay no kalali’acaan a sakadamso’, mirayas to sakalacalay, Taywan i Kuwait patireng to Kuwait kitakit Taypi kala’aca a taypiawco[15].\n\nO kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃)\n\nTenokan pala (中立區) \nI kawali katimol no Kuwait milecad to Saudi Arabia sala’edan ira ko cecay salongan 5770 pinfang kongli, o kacisimalan a pala itira. I 1922 miheca 12 folad 2 romi’ad, tatosaay kitakit masasitelek to tenokan pala, tasaay kitakit sakitoni pala patireng to kalecadan salongoc. I 1970 miheca tasaay kitakit masasitelak to la’edan calay, masasiiked to sapikowan, nikawrira onini a pala a kinaira no simal caayho kasasiiked, o iraay no simal lalitosaan maaisal[16].\n\nSofitay (軍事) \n\nKuwait midemak to mipatadoay a sofitay, aniniay a sofitay raridsa i 2 ’ofad tamdaw. O Emir ko satakaraway a kakeridan no sofitay. Salongan no sofitay a masadakay ira ko 12 walwalan no Amilika payso, micalap to 10.3% sakipayso kadademak a yosang. Ikor no kalaloodan no Persian, nawhani o sakisadama to kitakit a sadamso’ ato mi’aca to adihayay a sapilood, saki no sofitay sadamso’ mihecahecaan matongal ko masadakay[17].\n\nKicay (經濟)\n\nSimal (石油) \nKadofah i Kuwait ko masopeday lahod no simal, anini solapen ko materekay simal ira ko 140 walwalan ton, saki lahod a materekay ira ko 1.8 ’ofad walwalan m3 (lifang m). O sacoker to kicay no finawlan ko simal, tataparan lahod kikayan, o iraay macalap ko laloma’an no kitakit a kinaira to 45%, masadakay lali’aca 92%, macalap ko sakaira no sifo to kakaay no 95%[18].\n\nLiomahan (農業) \nManga’ayay maliomahen a sera no Kuwait salongan 14182 kofo, o awaayay ko sera salongan ira ko 156 kofo. Nikawrira nawhan caay kanga’ay ko romi’ad to sakiliomah, o liomah ato mipakaenay (misakolongay) caay kacomahad, o adihayay a hakakaenen ato sakadademak no finawlan saheto nai romaay kitakit.\n\nPinapina mihecaan, piifaloco’ ko sifo to sakacomahad no kaloomah, o sakinaira no maomahay i laloma’ no kitakit salongan 0.5% ko kinaira. O saki datengan, roma a nilingadan a kinaira o militadoay to nai papotalay[19].\n\nI ’ayaw no pi’ot’ot to adihayay simal i, o sakaira no kinaira ato sakaira no Kuwait o nipifoting, kadofah ko nipifoting no kitakit, ira ko ta’akay ’afar, pirek ato porot foting. Pakaala to 1 ’ofad ton ko kinaira no mihecaan, iraay salongan 1300 ’ofad Kuwait a dinar.\n\nKalali’acaan (金融業) \nI pinapina a mihecaan, micowat ko sifo to sakisimal, sakilahod a kikayan demak i, pacecay micowat to kasasiroma no kicay, misered to pilitado to no simal. Saka micekeroh to kinairaira, marad lalan, dingki calay makakomod, tatenaan a pipatireng, tingwa ato patireng to fa^elohay niyaro’ kahirahira a cacowaten, misa’icel patireng i riyar ’efong no Kuwait to kalali’acaan a ciwsing[20].\n\nSyakay (社會)\n\nKalolalan (交通) \nO nisahalakaan lalan no Kuwait ato nipatirengan o ’a’ayaway ko lalecad no hekal[21], kasahifalat pasatisil ko hicikayay a kalolalan i kasaniyaro’, masapinang ko nipalalan kacipinang. Nawhani ’akwang ko kinaira no finawlan, ira ko 2-3 no paliding no pailoma’an, masadak paitemek sa a parakat, orasaka o kapolongan a faso caay ka comahad. I Kuwait awaay ko no maradan a lalan, o faso o no roma kitakit tamdaw a matayalay sakaromakat a minokay ato sakalingad. Ira a manengneng i Kuwait ko takosi, nika caay ka sarikec ko faco, caay ka pisa’osi to nirakatan ko takosi, saheto o mili’ayawan to ’aca no nirakatan, manga’ay mikerod to ’aca no rakat.\n\nItiraay i Ferwanier sa’etal a kasakitakit hikokiciw no Kuwait tadakararimaan, to romi’ami’ad maala ko semo’otay ko hikoki, masamihecaan ira ko 400 ’ofad a tamdawan, i Arabia o tadamaanay kalokiyolan no hikoki itini[22]. \n\nO tadamaanay no Kuwait micolo’ a minato ira i Schweicher minato ato Shuaiba minato.\n\nIsingan (醫療) \n\nO sa’akawangay ko kinaira no Kuwait kitakit, orasaka salaloma’an fangcal ko isi isingan no kitakit. Isingan a sakadama manga’ay ko patodong, no sifo, no tekedan a isingan citodongay adihay. Polong no kitakit 5 ko isingan a sa’etal, kasacecay ira ko nipatirengan no sifo a ising, padamso to masaromi’aday kacalohan piising sadama. Laloma’an kasa niyaro’ a ising citodongay to saki kitakit a finawlan mapatodong ko tamdaw to sapipasamso to sakiisingan a sadama. O finawlan no Kuwait manga’ay i kasa isingan no sifo caay pa’aca to sapipaising to tireng, romaay kitakit a adadaay manga’ay minengneng to pipaising a pa’aca[23]. \n\nNai 2000 miheca 4 folad 1 roma’ad, o Kuwait to saki roma kitakit a tamdaw midemak to nipatangican micomod to sapipaising a hoking halaka. O roma kitakit mipalolol to pipaising a hoking to manga’ay misingsi, minayar to sakamaro’ paising.\n\nTamdaw saki’orip (人文)\n\nTamdaw (人口數) \n\nI 2022 miheca, o tamdaw no Kuwait ira ko 467 ’ofad, o Kuwait a tamdaw 185 ’ofad, roma kitakit a tamdaw ira ko 282 ’ofad (halo awaayay ko kitakit), roma a tamdaw saheto o no AArabic kitakit ato Into, Pakistan, Bengal, Thailand, Philippines a katimolay Asia ato kawali katimol Asia kitakit a matayalay[24]. O Arabic a sowal no kitakit, nika hahani ’aloman ko roma kitakit a tamdaw, orasaka o Inkiris ko sakasasowal.\n\nMidotoc to no Gallup finawlan a seking tenokan mihapiw nai 2010 miheca tangasa 2012 miheca “ilalinikay pikorac mafolaway a pitomadaw” (Potential Net Migration Index) panengneng, Asia taypinyang a kasaniyaro’ o masolotay milinah i Kuwait o saka 2 [25]. Nawhani o lahod no simal kinaira o sakaira no kinaira, finawlan tamdaw salongan semo’otay a ’ofad, midemak to ’akawangay to sakalemed a telek ko Kuwait, o finawlan caay pipatodong to tekadan a sapasata, miraoy to caayay papaso to kiwiko ato sapipaising, ira ko kataylan, sakidafong, localiw to loma’ ato kararamod a sapadafoh, o finawlan masolot no Islam, caay pihayda ko Kuwait to tasaay ko kitakit, orasaka romaay kitakit a tamdaw micomad to Kuwait kika caay ko rahodayay.\n\nPakayraan ponka (宗教文化) \nO Islam ko pakayraan no Kuwait kitakit, fanawlan 95% mitooray to Islam, solongan ira ko 70% sunni, 30% o Shia.\n\nIslam a rikec micomod i syakay kasasiromaan, micamol i ’orip no tamdaw to romi’ami’ad. Polong no kitakit caay ka komaen to titi no fafoy, milalang to piliepah ato ciepahay nanom, ano pa’aca matefoc to pipatay. Talacowa o syakay misasimeday to kanga’ay no fiyaw kitakit Saudi Arabia ko nika dihoway, nikawrira masadak ko fafahiyan caay ka patedo ko kaciriko’[26].\n\nMitiya calay (媒體網絡) \n\nO sinpon no Kuwait macelakay, pakoniraay, o sinpon saheto o tekedan ko citodongay. Polong ko kitakit ira ko 8 laloma’an romi’ad sinpon, no Arab tilid sinpon 5 lalomaan: “kasasowalan sinpon”, “sici sinpon”, “marafrafay sinpon”, “tato’asan kitakit sinpon” ato “ratoh sinpon”; Inkiris sinpon 3 lalomaan: “Kuwait sinpon”, “Arab sinpon” ato “romi’adan fois sinpon”. Ira ko 3 lalomaan no sifo sinpon citodongay: Kuwait parotohay, Kuwait hokok raciw ato Kuwait tilifi[27].\n\nMidotoc to no Kuwait a “marafrafay sinpon” micaliw to nai Amilika kawali ka’amis daykak mihapiwan a ratoh sowal sa, o polong no Kuwait kitakit talacowa dengan 100 ’ofad aca ko cicalayay, nika polong no cikiw midemakay to Twitter o saadihayay a kitakit[28].\n\nOnto (體育) \n\nKamaro’an no Asia Olimpiko a licikay mapatireng i Kuwait maci.\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n\n1.Do not copy this site's content!. economictimes. [2020-09-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-10-17）.\n\n2.Kuwait. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-06-04]. （nano \n\nnina’angan tilid i2022-06-04） （Inkiris）.\n\n3.3.Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano \n\nnina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2020-04-16）.\n\n4.Cenliciaw. Iraq-Kuwait a sapacako ato Inkiris. Pakoniraay sinpon. [2020-09-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）.\n\n5.Helene von Bismarck, \"The Kuwait Crisis of 1961 and its Consequences for Great Britain’s Persian Gulf Policy\" British Scholar, vol. II, no. 1 (September 2009) pp. 75-96\n\n6.\"Independence for Kuwait: UK protection withdrawn\" The Guardian, June 20, 1961. [2020-09-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）.\n\n7.Liyokiw fa^elohay sofitay\/riyar ’efong lalood(2014-6-20misapinang) kalocalay nina’angan a tilid, mana’ang romi’ad 2014-07-15.\n\n8.Kuwait Emir mipatoroday palasawad lomaoc-fa^elohay calay (2014-6-20 misapinang). [2006-05-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-11-14）.\n\n9.Kuwait fafahiyan sa’ayaway mikihatiya kalomaoc a singkiw (2014-6-20misapinang). [2007-03-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-11-14）.\n\n10.Congko i Kuwait kitakit a kakeridan\/sakatayra i Kuwait kafana’an\/ palalanan (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）.\n\n11.U.S.A takaraway paocoran\/kalodemak no hekal\/Kuwait\/sici\/ singkiw (2014-6-20 pisapinang). [2014-06-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-07-02）.\n\n12.Congko kacacofelan Kuwait kitakit dademakan\/saki kacacofelan, 2014-3 misafa^eloh (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-24）.\n\n13.Congko kacacofelan Kuwait kitakit dademakan\/ tatosaay kitakit a kafana’an (2014-6-20pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-03-04）.\n\n14.Congko kacacofelan Kuwait kitakit dademakan kicay kalali’aca\/ sicinpin militemoh to kakeridan no Kuwait, 2014-06-05 misafa^eloh (2014-6-20 misapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-06-06）.\n\n15.maro’ay i Kuwait kitakit Taypi kalali’aca taypiawco calay\/Home\/About us，2010\/4\/9 (2014-6-20 pisapinangan) kalocalay mana’ang pina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad i 2016-03-04.\n\n16.Taywan kacacofelan\/kitakit ato sa’etal\/tenokay Asia sa’etal\/Kuwait\/kitakit kalocalay sakafana’. [2014-06-20]. （pina’angan romi’ad i 2014-07-07）.\n\n17.Kuwait sofitay a ’ical pilalatan-sakilood calay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （pnano nina’angan tilid i 2014-08-03）.\n\n18.Taywan kacacofelan citodongay\/Kuwait\/ kicay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-09-13）.\n\n19.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodangay\/Kuwait kitakit kacipinangan\/maomah mifotingay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）.\n\n20.Kuwait aniniay kacomahad, Tangpawcay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan)[mada’oc malasawad calay]\n\n21.Congko kacacofelan citodongay\/Kuwait\/tadamanay kafanaan (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-04-03）.\n\n22.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay\/sakatayra Kuwait kafana’an\/saka 6 tosir, karomakat ato sakatay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）.\n\n23.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay\/sakatayra Kuwait kafana’an\/saka 3 tosir, manengnengay adada ato pipaising ademak (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）.\n\n24.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay\/Kuwait kitakit kadademakan \/tamdaw, 2014-3 safa^eloh (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-24）.\n\n25.Wangyiwen, “Asia Tapinyang pakasolotay mafolaw kitakit-Autralia”, Congko tenokansya, 2014-2-5 (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-2-5]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014\/--21）.\n\n26.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay\/sakatayra Kuwait kafana’an\/saka 4 tosir, i niyaro’ay lekakawa ato satelek (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）.\n\n27.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay\/sakatayra Kuwait kafana’an\/ sinpon mirina’an, 2014-3 safa^eloh (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-24）.\n\n28.O Kuwait satada tariktikay ko Kuwait to Twitter a kitakit, 2014-05-27 safa^eloh (2014-6-20 pisapinangan).\n\nKuwait（科威特）\n\nItini i 29 30 N, 45 45 E, noAsiya ko Kuwait.\nPolong no sekalay i 17,818 sq km “saka 158 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 17,818 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” \nPolong i 2,832,776 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 8.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0.40%, malo no roma to a sera 91.10%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [[[Kuwait City]](科威特城) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 25 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah(薩巴赫·艾哈邁德·賈比爾·薩巴赫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 29 a romi’ad.\n\nPikafitan i papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":5336,"character_repetition_ratio":0.082,"word_repetition_ratio":0.028,"special_characters_ratio":0.258,"stopwords_ratio":0.009,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":19617.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lesotho","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Lesotho（賴索托） \n\nLesotho hongti a kitakit (Sesoto sowal: Mmuso wa Lesotho, Inkiris: Kingdom of Lesotho), kasomowal Lesotho, ino katimolay a Africa faniyot, o sata’akay kitakit a kitakit i hekal, o polong mataliyokay no South Africa nikapolongan kitakit, katatongodan a ngapir calay 909 kongli ko kakaya’. Nawhani o takaraway a dafdaf, sasowalen ko Lesotho o “I kakarayanay hongti a kitakit” [3]. Oni Lesotho kitakit sanay a sowal “o somowalay to Sesoto a tamdaw” sanay.\n\nO nano Inkiris a nicingcingan a sera, orasaka sacisowal sa ko Europe to Lesotho o Basutilan saan. O Lesotho o nano lekapot no tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep, i 1966 miheca 10 folad 4 romi’ad nai Inkiris misiiked. O dadahal no kitakit ira ko 30355 pinfang kongli, 2018 miheca tamdaw salongam 210 ’ofad 8328 ko tamdaw. O tararikoray ko kicay no Lesotho, o saawaay ko kacowat a kitakit, salongan ira ko 49% a tamdaw ko ’orip o sasafaay no kasakitakit manikaway calay cecay romi’ad 1.25 Amilika payso, orasaka o AIDS caay ka ’emed[4].\n\nLikisi (歷史)\n\n’Aya:way likisi (早期歷史) \nSaan ko mikingkiway to likisi nihaydaan a sowal, o San tamdaw i o nano Basuto finacadan, Coy tamdaw ato cecay nai kawaliay no sifo’ay a Africa sahefong mafolaway tayni a Bantu sowal dotoc a fanacadan[5]\n\nI 19 sici, katimolay no Africa Bantu a tamdaw o kacacefis to sera ato nanom, oarasaka mararawraw masala’eday rimi’ad halafinay a “lalood no niyaro’”, o sasowalen a likisi “Zulu Civil War” hananay[6]. I 1818 miheca, tona ka’amisay a Zulu hongti kitakit sodsod sa malamikowanay, katimolay sa a malopisakay ko aro’ aniniay Lesotho (itiya o Basutulan) katimolay a niyaro malowid ni Moshushu saka cecay a tapang palekatep.\n\nO ’aya:way Basutulan hongti kitakit (巴蘇陀王國早期) \nI 1822 miheca, ci Moshushu saka cecay a tapang patireng to Basuto hongti kitakit. Nikawrira ikor no 1 miheca to 1823 miheca miteka marawraw a malalood ato pahiceraay itini a Netherland a micingcingay Boolean tamdaw, ikor masasitilid to katatelek.\n\nI 1853 miheca, malaliyaw hace ato Inkiris rarawraw to salongan a siwtoc, ikor paterep masasitelek to kasasinga’ay.\n\nI 1858 miheca, malaliyaw rarawraw ato Boolean tamdaw macacefisay to sera a siwtoc, itiya i 1865 mihecaan mangalef a mangalef.\n\nO Basutulan picingcingan (巴蘇陀蘭殖民時期) \nI 1868 miheca, o sapiliyang to Boolean tamdaw micalap a katalawan, ci Moshushu saka cecay a tapang mingitangit to Inkiris a mala no Inkiris a dadipoten a sera, itiya o Basutulan han ito.\n\nI 1870 miheca, mapatay to ci Moshushu.\n\nI 1871 miheca, itiya pacomod han to no Inkiris ko Basutulan i Cape nicingcingan a sera, kaliyangen no finawlan a milifet, ikor tatongotongodsa ko kalaloodan.\n\nI 1884 miheca, nengneng han o caayay to ka’emet ko nia demak no niyaro’, mihapiw ko Inkiris to Basutulan mala o “satakaraway citodongay a sera”, pasasiikeden to 7 ko dademakan sa’etal, kasa’etal miocor ko citodongay no Inkiris a maro’ itira.\n\nI 1945 miheca, paherek ko saka 2 kalaloodan, Inkiris, France i Africa nicingcingan mikowan a nitatenaan mapeleng. I 1955 miheca, o Basutulan pasayra i Inkiris milongoc to patikoaw to sapidemak ato sapirikec a salongoc.\n\nI 1959 miheca, o Inkiris mihayda no Basutulan to sapifalic a tilid, midotoc patireng to “patirengay to kimpo kalomaocan” ato “noniyah pikowan a sifo” (ano ’arawen o pafelian ko sakowan, so’elinay oya: to o Inkiris ko citodongay mitelek). Oya mihecaan, mihapiw to fa^elohay kimpo, misitapang patala to citodongay to pirikecan “patirengay to kimpo kalomaocan” a singkiw.\n\nI 1960 miheca, o “patirengay to kimpo kalomaocan” a singkiwan, o Basutulan ta’akay a sarekad (BCP) ko pakalowiday.\n\nI 1965 miheca 4 folad 29 romi’ad, midemak ko Basutulan sakinacecay polong no kitakit to kalomaocan a singkiw, nawhani o Souyh Africa sifo a nicoderan a payso, saka o Basutulan Komin sarekad (BNP) ko ’alimanay ko lomaocay, saka tosa romi’ad patireng to noniyah pikowan a sifo, o tapang ci Moshushu saka tosa hongti kitakit masongila’ to kacitodong.\n\nLesotho hongti kitakit kacitodongan (賴索托王國時期) \nI 1966 miheca 10 folad 4 romi’ad, Moshushu saka tosa mihapiw to pisiiked, patireng to ngangan no kitakit o Lesotho hongti kitakit, midemak to no hontian rikec, o Basutulan Komin sarekad (BNP) a kakeridan tamdaw ci Jonathan.\n\nI 1970 miheca 1 folad, ci Jonathan nai pisikedan a singkiw malasawad to ’alomanay a sarekad a kacitodong. I 1970 miheca 2 folad, ci Jonathan caay ka kahi patorod to sapikowang, mihapiw to matamoray a demak, mihapiw ko niyah o kakeridan no kitakit. O hongti no kitakit ci Moshushu saka tosa a marofo, ikor malafel milaliw to.\n\nI 1970 miheca 6 folad, ci Moshushu saka tosa mangalay milayap a caay to pikihar to sici, i 12 folad patiko minokay i kitakit, ci Jonathan midemak to nisateked a mikowan.\n\nI 1973 miheca 3 folad, mapatangic no laloma’ay papotalay kitakit a kasasowalen, ci Jonathan misatapang mitahidang to sapipartireng to “linci finawlan kalomaocan” a fa^elohay kimpo.\n\nI 1973 miheca 7 fola, ci Jonathan mihapiw palasawa to to matamoray a demak.\n\nI 1986 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, o Lesotho mifilih ko sofitay, ci Lekhanya kakerian mifelih to sifo ni Jonathan. Nanoya “linci finawlan kalomaocan” makotay no sofitay wuyyinhuy.\n\nI 1988 miheca 4 folad, no Lesotho lalimaay a miliyangay a sarekad milongoc to sakalomowadaw no finawlan a sakowan to sifo. Caay kahalafin, o Basotho ta’akay sarekad (BCP) kakeridan tamdaw ci Nzu Mohle paherek ko kalafel a minokay i kitakit.\n\nI 1990 miheca 2 folad, sofitay sifo ato hongti macacefis to sakowan, ci Moshushu saka tosa malingangan ko pisarikec ato sakadademak a salongo. 11 folad, sofitay sifo mapalasawad ko kacingangan ni Moshushu saka tosa, patireng to sakakaay wawa ci Letzier saka tolo ko hongti no kitakit.\n\nI 1991 miheca 4 folad 30 romi’ad, miliyaw rarawraw masasifelih ko sofitay, matefad ci Lekhanya, ci Elias Ramaema a kakeridan ko mikeriday to sofitay wuyyinhuy.\n\nI 1992 miheca 6 folad, o sofitay wuyyinhuy mihapiw i 11 folad misingkiw. Ta miocor to tamdaw tayra i London miala ci Moshushu saka tosa panokay.\n\nI 1993 miheca 3 folad, sofitay sifo pafeli to sakowan i finawlan midemak to saka 2 a singkiw. O Basotho ta’akay sarekad (BCP) a kakeridan ci Nzu Mohle mala kakeriday no kitakit.\n\nI 1994 miheca, sofitay pakayni i kakaenen ato kalipidaan a macangal rarawraw masasietoc. Toya miheca 8 folad, ci Letzier saka tolo i kararawrawan mipalowad to sapifelih, macefis to ko sapikowan, mihapiw to sapiiliyaw a misingkiw no kalomaocan, midakdak to patiko ci Moshushu saka tosa a kacingangan.\n\nI 1995 miheca 1 folad 25 romi’ad, ci Moshushu saka tosa mapalowad ko kacingangan.\n\nI 1996 miheca 1 fola, ci Moshushu saka tosa matolo’ a mapatay. Saka 2 folad, ci Letzier saka tolo miliyaw mapatireng ko kalahongti no kitakit.\n\nI 1998 miheca 5 fola, midemak to saka tolo a singkiw, Lesotho pakoniraay ta’akay sarekad ci Pacalita Mosicili to ko kakerida no kitakit, miliyangay a sarekad milifet to fa^elohay sifo, sofitay tamaw mafafelih, mararawraw mafafelih ko sofitay.\n\nI 2002 miheca 5 folad, midotoc to macamolay singkiw sakafangcal ko demak misingkiw, o Lesotho pakoniraay ta’akay sarekad pakalowid ho, kakeridan no sarekad ci Pacalita Mosicili to ko kakerida no kitakit.\n\nI 2007 miheca 2 folad 17 romi’ad, midemak to fa^elohay kalomaocan singkiw. O Lesotho pakoniraay ta’akay sarekad pakalowid ho to kalomaocan nao 120 ko ngangan to 61 ngangan, polong no Basuto ta’akay sareka ira ko 17 ko ngangan[7].\n\nPalapalaan (地理)\n\nAaro’an (位置) \nO Lesotho o i katimolay no Africa a safaniyot kaitiraan. O dadahal ira ko 30355 pinfang kongli, o i takaraway dafdaf laloma’ay kitakit, o salawacan no kitakit saheto maliyokay no South Africa.\n\nCahedal no sera (地貌) \nMakarotoday ko sera no Lesotho, takaraw ko kawali paener ko kaetip, takaraway lotok ira ko 58%, dafdaf ira ko 17%, o masa’apoloay 15%, ’alo ira ko 10%, manga;ayay kaliomahen a sera iro ko 24 ’ofad a kofo, o 13% i polong no kitakit.\n\nKawali ka’amis o iraay 1800-3000m a lotolotok ato takaraway dafdaf, o Orange ’alo ato Tugela ’alo a tatapangan;\n\nKaetip katimol mililis to salawacan ira ko dadahalay to 40 kongli dadahalay a masa’apoloay, polong tamdaw no kitakit 70% itira a masaopo[8].\n\nKafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) \nO Lesotho nao fa'edetay kakarayan karaso’emetay romi’ad. 5-9 folad o kakedalan, 10-4 folad o ka’oradan, sa’akaraway a falawfaw 33˚C, o sapoeneray -7˚C.\n\nsici (政治)\n\nKimpo (憲法) \n\nAniniay kimpo nai 1993 miheca 3 folad mihapiw misitapang. Matelek i kimpo: hongti no kitakit o kakeridan no kitakit ato mirikecay a hongti, laloma’an citodongay to kadademak, kakeridan o tapang no sifo.\n\nSifo (政府) \nLaloma’an no citodongay ira ko:\n\nKakeridan tapang citodong to pilaocan no kitait, kincac ato sakarihaday no kitakit ko todong.\n\nMicokeray to Kakeridan tapang citodong to no niyaro’ a sifo, tapang no niyaro’ ato kalomaocan a demak ko todong.\n\nFafahiyan, kapah, onto ato kalawlaan ko todong.\n\nPacomahad mihalaka ko todong.\n\nKapolongan patadoay ko todong.\n\nKinairaira, kasafalifalic ato nanom ko todong.\n\nKapolongan dafong ko todong.\n\nPirarakatan, taloyok nap alas ato ponka ko todong.\n\nKapolongan dadekakan ato picolo’an ko todong.\n\nSarikec, tamdaw salongoc ato kimpo a dademaken ko todong.\n\nKasacalay paratoh ato kaki ko todong.\n\nKilingan ato sera pisaomah ko todong.\n\nKalaliaca, kikayan sakatayal, kakomod ato icifa ko todong.\n\nFodawan ko todong.\n\nKaliomahan ato karihaday no kakaenen ko todong.\n\nKiwiko ato pinanam ko todong.\n\nKacowat no syakay ko todong.\n\nKatayalan ato kalingadan ko todong.\n\nKakeridan tapang laloma’an ko todong.\n\nHoying ato palatamdaway ko todong.\n\nKacacofelan a demak ato kasakitakit demak ko todong.\n\nIsian ko todong.\n\nLaloma’an demak ko todong.\n\nLamaocan (議會) \nTosaay ko kalomaocan faco no kitakit[9].\n\nFafa'eday kalomaocan ira ko 33 no lomaocay, nidotoc tono kakeridan no dademakay ko hongti to patoro’an a 11 ko lomaocay ato 22 ko tapang no niyaro’ a sakapot.\n\nKararemay kalomaocan ira ko 120 ko lomaocay sakapot, lomaocay nai sa’etal nisingkiwan a taypiaw ato patodongan taypiaw k sakareko, 5 miheca k rekad.\n\nSician a kasarekad (政黨) \n\nMitokiay ira ko 19 a sician a kasarekad, maparapot ko 12 a sician a kasarekad i tona rekad kalomaocan a ngangan. Ira ko 7 a tadamaanay sician a kasarekad sasiiked:\n\n1. Basotho National Party\n\n2. All Basotho Convention Party\n\n3. Lesotho Congress for Democracy\n\n4. Democratic Congress\n\n5. National Independent Party\n\n6. Lesotho Workers Party\n\nO romaroma to o mimingay a sician a kasarekad: o Basotholand Convention Party, Lesotho people Convention Party, Mari Matlu-freeden Party, Lesotho communist party, All Congress forgroup party.\n\nkacacofelan a demak dademaken (外交政策) \nNawhani dahdah ko kaitiraan no pala, miti’er to no South Africa ko sici ato kicay ko Lesotho, o nia tosaay kitakit masasinga’ayay. O Europe a kitakit masasinga’ay ko kacacofelan to Lesotho, nika dengan o Congko ato pina kitakit ko patirengay to kadademakan itira.\n\nO Lesotho o mikapoay to katimolay Africa faniyot to cowatan lekatep ato katimolay Africa faniyot lisataan lekatep. Roma, o mikapotay to Linhoko ko Lesotho, o Africa faniyot nipatatekoan ato Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep.\n\nI 1983 miheca 4 folad 30 romi’ad, o Lesotho ato Congko kitakit patireng to kacacofelan a demak. I 1990 miheca 4 folad malaliyaw ko Lesotho ato Taywan (ROC) kacacofelan a demak, itiya o Congko ato Lesotho kitakit misasisawad to acacofelan a demak. 1994 miheca 1 folad 12 romi’ad, Congko kitakit ato Lesotho kitakit miketon malaliyaw ko kacacofelan a demak. 2005 miheca 11 folad 30 romi’a tangasa 12 folad 6 romi’ad, o Lesotho hongti kitakit a citodongay kakeridan ci Pacalita Mosicili miliso’ to Congko.\n\nO kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \nPolong no kasasiiked 10 ko sakowan. O kasaniyaro’ citodongay caay ho ka patireng, oya sa o tapang no niyaro’ ko midemakay citodongay to no niyaro’, anini ira ko 1084 tamdaw ko tapang no niyaro’ [11].\n\nKicay (經濟) \n\nNawhan i 1998 miheca rarawraw masasiwtoc to singkiw, saka fafelih no sofitay, mararawraw ko finawlan, masapater ko kicay[12]. Ikor no 2000 mihecaan, o kicay cemahad tira to i 3-4%, o macekelay ko kacemahad.\n\nO finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi (國民生產總值) \nO kinaira no finawlan o nai katayra i South Africa a misafodawanay a pinafalic a payso, maomahan kinaira, katinolay Africa faniyot lisataan lekatep a sata malsalan ato padama no papotalay kitakit.\n\nO payso masasdakay no sifo a GDP ira ko 27%[13].\n\nKaliomah (農���) \n\nI laloma’an no kitakit ira ko faloay a finawlan maro’ay i maomahan sa’etal a malingaday, nikawrira nawhani masonol ko sera ato mihecaan kafodo’an, o kakaenen caay ka’edeng ko no niyah, mata’elif ko pito mitado to no South Africa a pacomodan, takaraw ko ’aca, caay ko karenecan no finawlan koni, orasaka to mihecahecaan a makedal[14].\nOni kaomahan a kinaira ira ko: ’ariray, ^mi, kalitangan, falisan, kalo’emi, pina’orip. Maomahan kinaira a GDP ira ko 7.4%.\n\nKikay ko sakatayal (工業) \nLaloma’ no kitakit awaayay ko katayalan ira ko 25%. Kasakapah a tamdaw o madengaay no AIDS sakatolo no hekal, saka malasawad to ko matayalal, o matayalay tamdaw no kitakit dengan 874,200.\n\nTona mihecaan, ono Taywan patodongan a misariko’ay macowatay[15], saki Amilika a nitenooyan pasadakan o saka cecay i katimolay Africa safaniyot, o micokeray to kicay no finawlan a nitayalan, to mihecaan micomod to 5 payso no Amilika. Nikawrira macakat ko rand no South Africa, pinayar no Amilika to “Africa safaniyot kacakat ato sakapatodong a rikec” mahayda ko no Africa safoniyot salaenoay a cemahad a kitakit matayalay a militado to saka tolo kitakit a lalosidan patayra i Amilika tenooyan dafong manayar ko sapakahafay ato hekalan tenooyan a malacecayay caayay ko sakanga’ay, i 2010 mihecaan, o misanga’ay to riko’ a tayal talahenotay.\n\nI 2013 miheca, mapasadakay polong ira ko 941,200,000 payso no Amilika, saheto nano nisanga’an a (riko’ ato kacu), fanoh no siri ato fanoh efa no riyar, kakaenen ato ma’oripay ’a’adopen, dingki, nanom, falatfatay fokeloh[16].\n\nPatadoay tayal (服務業) \nMipalowad pacomahad ko sifo to pirarakatan, pina miheca miliyaw mifaic to hotel ato i lotokay pirarakatan ato cecay kitakit koying, o marsarakatay saho to nai South Africa, 2012 mihecaan micomoday kinaira no mirarakatay ira 6 walwalan malotti payso (7300 ’ofa Amilika payso) [17]. Oni kitakit o itiniay i riyaran 1000m, malo caayay kanengneng ira ko katefa no so^ea niyaro’ no Africa safaniyot, matatoong ko kaciso^eda, manga’ay macoker ko Africa safaniyot pieseran to so^ea pisalamaan[18]. \n\nI 2006 miheca ira ko salongan 5.2 ’ofad matayalay tayra i Saouth Africa matayal to misamararay mietan to papotalay payso. \n\nIra ko salongan fafahiyan mapatangicay tayra roma kitakit paamso tasalamaan pataoay tayal. Sifo maedes ko pi’emet to paci’ciay to sakacilafo.\n\nPapotalay sadama (外國援助) \nTosaay padamaan nai Inkiris, Amilika, Irelan, Germany, Dipong kitakit padamsoay; adihayay padama nai Europe nipatatekoan, Africa cowatan kiking no payso, Linhoko kakaenen halakaan ato kasakitakit sapicemahad kasacefang.\n\nI 2011 miheca, o hekalay-kinko padamso to 5000 ’ofad Amilika payso a sapadang, saki kiwiko, isi, maomah, salawacan rihaday patirengan ato Metron tafa’ a kamok patirengan.\n\nI 2013 miheca 6 folad, hekalay-kinko padamso to 1.8 walwalan malotti payso caayay patikoen, padama midemak macowat pidamak to halaka; oya folad o Saudi Arabia mihayda to hekalan kakaenen halaka padamso to 19.6 ’ofad Amilika payso a kakaenen sadama.\n\nI 2013 miheca 7 folad, masasitelek to Europe nipatatekoan, o Europe nipatatekoan pasamso to 680 ’ofad Europe payso, sapadang patireng to pasomso, pifalahan to nanom a faco.\n\nSyakay (社會)\n\nParana’an patirengan (基礎設施) \nLaloma’an a takaraway dafdaf pananoman katayalen nai 1911 miheca mademak, o sata’akay a pananoman tayalen i Africa safanoyot, nai Lesotho ato South Africa kapolongan patireng.\n\nKalalaedan to maci Maseru ira ko 35 kongli a Matron tafa’ ato padamso to nanom kamok (MDWSP) patireng nai 2010 miheca, o sapipatireng a payso polong saheto nai roma kitakit nipadangan, itini i 2014 miheca misitapang. O Congko tingkian kakeridan o 8000 ’ofad Amilika payso ko citodongay tina tafa’ a demak ato nano sapompo katayalan.\n\nKaromakat (交通)\n\nLalan (公路) \nPolong no kakaya’ ira ko 5,940 kongli, ira ko mapatangiiway a lalan to 1069 kongli, roma o si’elac lalan ato yaan a lalan.\n\nMarar lalan (鐵路) \nAway ko masiikeday faco no marar a lalan, dengan minayatay tangasa i maci Maseru a 2.6 kongli a marar lalan sapicolo’ to dafong pasadak.\n\nHikoki (航空) \nLaloma’an no kitakit mahalaka ko 24 hikokiciw, itiraay i Maseru maci a Moshushu saka cecay kasakitakit hikokiciw manga’ay maefer ko kamimingay hikoki[19].\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nO ka’aloman no tamdaw.\n\nO tamdaw no Lesotho salongan ira ko 1,942,008[20].\n\nO finawlan 99.7% ko tamdaw o nano Bantu sowal a Basuto finacadan ato Zulu finacadan, ira ko papina a Europe tamdaw ato Asia tamdaw[21].\n\nMasamaciay tomdaw ira ko 27.6%, roma maro’ay i inaka maomahay sa’etal.\n\nSakasasowal pakayraan (語言宗教) \nO Inkiris sowal, Sesoto sowal o no Lesotho hingti kitakit a sowal.\n\nFinawlan o mitooray to Kristokiw pakayraan, ira ko Islam ato to’asan pakayraan[22].\n\nKapolongan isi (公共衛生) \nO Lesotho maledefay to AIDS a mapades. Nai 2009 miheca o ciadadaay to AID ato cihakelongay to sadenga adada ira ko 26 ’ofad tamdaw, mato’asay tamdaw a ciadadaay ira 23.6%, o satakaraway i hekal a sa’etal. I maci sa’etal, safaay no 40 ko mihecaana fafahiyan salongan ira ko 50% ko madengaay to nia AIDS[23].\n\nNai 1990 mihecaan miteka, o Lesotho salongan a ’orip nai 60 mihecaan masereray tangasa 35 miheca, 15-60 mihecaan a mapatayay ira ko 78.65%. o takaraway ko kapatay, maomahay a kinaira malowanay to[24].\n\nO masararemay ko isi no Lesotho, nai 2011 miheca 9 folad miteka, o padamaay a Congko to Lesotho misatapong i ngataay no Masaru Laribe sa’etal ising midama to paisingan tayal.\n\nPonka (文化)\n\nKiwiko (教育) \nI 2000 mihecaan miteka, o mimingay pitilidan misitapang mirara midemak to caay ka li’aca kiwiko, mimingay pitilidan ira 85% ko mitiliday, o congsi ira ko 23%.\n\nI 2001 mihecaan, finawlan to pikiwiko macakatay to, mafana’ay to tilid ira ko 89.6%, sa’ayaway kiwiko malenak tangasa 69.3%, o sapipasadak to sakikiwiko a GDP a ni polongan 13%, katimolay no Sahera a Africa safaniyot a kitakit o sa’ayaway to[25].\n\nI 2013 miheca, no kiwiko a yosang ira ko 19.85 walwalan no Malotti, macalap to polong a yosang to 23.6%.\n\nSaparatoh pitiya (傳媒) \nNo tipelok a paratoh ono Inkiris a sinpon “finawlan mata sinpon”, “ta’asan sinpon”, “dadingo sinpon”, “misa’imeray” ato “aniniay romi’ad a Lesotho”. Sesoto tipelok “Malotti”, “Mosoto” 10 laloma’an ko misasinponay[26].\n\nLaloma’an no kitakit ira ko no kitakit tilifi cecayay ato no kitakit a radio tasaay, mi’emet ko sifo to polong no miparatohay a pitiya.\n\nLaloma’an no kitakit a wikidtingwa maredefay, i 2009 miheca polong no kitakit ira 76,800 ko calay a laloma’an[27].\n\nLosid (服飾) \nTo’asay a losid o miwikwikan a saong ato caefayen a pata’edip.\n\nItiniay tamdaw maolah micaedong to miwikwikan a saong, o sowal posoto saong, todong o losid no Lesotho kitakit, roma o coka malafayafay no kitakit. O saong masakimoloay, fafaed limaay ko fedfedan to rengos, o lilis no saong mapatodong to niwikwikan to rengos a masakool. O caefayen a pata’edip manga’ay to romi’ad dadaya kafafalic no romi’ad. kasienawan caefayen a pata’edip; mafoti’ kalosapata’edip; maorad sa kalokaepa[28].\n\nOnto (體育) \nI 2008 mihecaan i Beijing Olimpiko ontokay ira ko lalima a ontoyin mikihatiyaay to masasikemoay ato malasong a lalifet.\n\nO Lesotho ira ko taypiaw no kitakit, patireng to Lesotho kitakit a micokaray to mali, nikawrira caay ho pikihatiya to kasakitakit a lalifetan.\n\nRaramod (婚姻) \nI Lesotho, midemak to cecay ko fainay ’aloman ko fafahi. Nikawrira anini o ’alomanay tamdaw cecayay ko fafahi. Aniniay hongti no kitakit miala to fafahi i, nano pa’ayaway to sowal cecayay ko fafahi yasanay picekeroh to cecay fainay cecay fafahi telek.\n\nPinengnengan tilid (參考資料) \n1. Lesotho. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 \n\n[2022-07-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-07-27） （Inkiris）.\n\n2. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （o nano tilid (PDF) mateli i 2020-01-18）.\n\n3. Welcome to the Kingdom in the Sky. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-25）.\n\n4. THE FUTURE OF ADULT MORTALITY UNDER THE AIDS (PDF). [2014-04-25]. （o nano tilid (PDF) mateli i 2021-02-08）.\n\n5. Lesotho a fanacadan ato kitakit a sapa’ayaw. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.\n\n6. Congko syakay kakkoyin kaetipay no Asia Africa kingkiwyin- Lesotho, kalocalay mana’angan ko tilid. 2014-04-29.\n\n7. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（history）. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）.\n\n8. Earth from Space: Winter in southern Africa. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-06-15）.\n\n9. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（parliament）. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）.\n\n10. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles(political party). [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）.\n\n11. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（population）. [2014-07-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.\n\n12.Cien koanyici. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）.\n\n13. Economy - overview. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）.\n\n14. Labor force - by occupation. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）.\n\n15. Xuanzang Universitynikingkiwan- Taywan malinahay i Lesotho, calay a mina’angan, 2009-03-06.\n\n16. CIA-Exports. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）.\n\n17. Lesotho 2012 miheca rarakatan micomoday kinaira 6 walwalan Malotti, matongalay to mirarakatay to \n\n6.14%. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.\n\n18. Cu yiyiaw. Africa safaniyot mimingay kitakit fafaway misimeday no so’eda pieseran, masapakoyocay micomahat to sakanga’ayaw, Hongkong. 01. 2022-\n\n08-08.\n\n19. Travel to Lesotho. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-03-02）.\n\n20. CIA Library：Lesotho population. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）.\n\n21. People in Lesotho. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.\n\n22. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（population）. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）.\n\n23. HIV and AIDS in Lesotho. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-25）.\n\n24. VITAL REGISTRATION. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-08）.\n\n25. No hekal kingko patosokan kacomahad no hekal- Lesotho. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-27）.\n\n26. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（Press and Publication）. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i \n\n2015-10-03）.\n\n27. Internet users. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）.\n\n28. Lesotho Holam sa’etal. [2014-04-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.\n\nItini i 29 30 S, 28 30 E, noAfilika ko Lesotho.\nPolong no sekalay i 30,355 sq km “saka 142 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 30,355 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” \nPolong i 1,953,070 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 76.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 1.50%, malo no roma to a sera 22.40%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [[[Maseru]](馬塞盧) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 4 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Letsie III(萊齊耶三世), patirengan a romi’ad i 1996 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":5049,"character_repetition_ratio":0.076,"word_repetition_ratio":0.039,"special_characters_ratio":0.265,"stopwords_ratio":0.014,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":21594.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letsie%20III","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Letsie III(萊齊耶三世)\n\nI 1963 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Letsie III, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Lesotho(賴索托) anini i ci Letsie III, patirengan a romi’ad i 1996 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":77,"character_repetition_ratio":0.106,"word_repetition_ratio":0.088,"special_characters_ratio":0.284,"stopwords_ratio":0.039,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.992,"perplexity_score":17138.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Liberia（kuwaping a sowal: 賴比瑞亞）\n\nLiberia nikapolongan kitakit (Inkiris a sowal: Republic of Liberia), o sasowalen to Liberia (Inkiris a sowal: Liberia, tengilen i\/laɪˈbɪəriə\/), o tadasowal pangangan i Liberia nikapolongan kitakit, itiniay i kaetipay no Africa safaniyot mililisay to riyar a kitakit, ka’amis o Guinea, kaetip ka’amis o lion rock, kawali o Ivory Coast, kaetip katimol o Tasiyang a no congtong a nipatatekoan kitakit.\n\nO finawlan no kitakit salongan ira ko 500 ’ofad tamdaw, o dadahal no sera 43,000 pinfang mile (11 ’ofad 1,369 pinfang kongli). O tadasowal no kitakit o Inkiris a sowal, nika oni kitakit ira ko 20 no kasasiroma a sowal no niyaro’ sowal, pahapinang o nia kitakit a finacadan ato kasairaira no ponka. O tadamaanay a maci ato sata’akay maci o Monrovia.\n\nO Liberia nai 19 sician, o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika micokeray to pipatireng to kitakit, oni a sacefang minengneng to kohetingay tamdaw i Africa safaniyot ikaka to i Amilikaay ko nga;ay to pakonira ato kacemahadan no kitakit[4]. Nai 1822 miheca tangasa 1861 miheca o ma lalooday ko laloma’ay no kitakit itiya, ira ko 15,000 no tamdaw i milika to sakisyakay ato sarikec a mapenec a mifades ko sakapakonira ato pakoniraay kasofocan a kohetingay tamdaw[5] milinah tayra i Liberia a sa’etal, onini a maro’ay mihawikid to kaitiraay nangra i Amilika a ponka ato to’asan, mirara mala o Amilika – Liberia ko niyah[6][7].\n\nO Liberia a kimpo ato fayfay mitodongay to no Amilika, o tadamaci o ACS a micokeray ato Amilika congtong ci James Monroe a ngangan ko panganganan. Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o Amilika tangasa i 1862 miheca 2 folad 5 romi’ad a mihayda. 1848 miheca 1 folad 3 romi’ad, nao masofocay i Norfolk si no Virginia kanatal o Africa teloc a Amilika cidafongay tamdaw ci Joseph Jenkins Roberts mipadang to Liberia to sapisiiked, nanoya misiiked ko Liberia itiya mala o sa’ayaway congtong, o ngangan no Liberia i Inkiris a sowal “pakonira” (liberty) ato “masedal” (liberated) sanay a sasowalen. I 20 sician, o Liberia ato Ethiopia i Africa safaniyot caayay kacingcing a misiikeday a kitakit.\n\nO sa’ayaway no Africa safaniyot mihapiw to pisiikeday a nikapolongan kitakit ko Liberia, o samato’asay no Africa safaniyot aniniay a nikapolongan kitakit. I Africa safaniyot kacacefisan micingcing miimeray to solongoc a Africa safaniyot a kitakit. I saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal itiya, micokeray to Amilika a milood to Germany ko Liberia, nanoya pakalayap to picoker no Amilika a mipacefong to patireng to tatenaan no kitakit, mapadama ko Liberia a cemahad ato kasenengan no kasakitakit. O Liberia o nipatatekoan i kasakitakit, Linhoko ato Africa safaniyot kapolongan sakapot patirengan.\n\nO maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw malitemoh nangra ko caayay kasasinga’ay to yincumin no Liberia, mangalef oya ma’oripay mapateked ko i sekalay sa’etal a yincomin. Nicingcingan a sera malefo no sekalay kakeridan no Crewe finacadan ato Grebo finacadan a malipalaw. O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw mipalowad micekeroh to selal mipatireng to kiwkay ato pitilidan, mikiwiko to itiniay finawlang[8].\n\nI sa’ayaw, o Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw masatadamanay a mimingay selal, mirepet to caayay ka salongan mirepetay to sakowan no sici; tangasa 1904 miheca o yincomin itini to no niyah a sera a malasawad ko sakacingangan no Liberia[8][9].\n\nI 1980 miheca, ci William R Tolbert ko mikowanay to sici a o katalawan mifalic ko sofitay, ci Tolbert i kafalican no sici a mapatay, pahapinang o paherekan no Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw itini kitakit ko sakowan, nanoya o Liberia ira ko 20 mihecaan ko caayay ka cekal ko sici itiya. I nano finawlan palowad to kitakit wiyyinhuy 5 miheca ko no sofitay pikowan ato Liberia kitakit kapolongan kasarekad 5 miheca no finawlan sakowan, ikor ira ko laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood to saka 1 ato saka 2 i Liberia. O nia kalalood ci mapatayay to 25 ’ofad tamdaw (salongan 8% ko tamdaw) ato awaayay ko pinakayan a ’alomanay tamdaw, nanoya i laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood o sakasokedet no kicay no Liberia to 90%.\n\nI 2003 mihecaan a kasasinga’ay a katateletelakan, o Liberia itiya to i 2005 miheca citodong to fa’elohay nikapolongan a singkiw, ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf toya singkiw maala malacongtong, ao misanga’ay to likisi a sa’ayaway fafahiyan congtong i Africa safaniyot kitakit. O pipatireng to parana’an no kitakit ato ona syakay sapatado masasisiwtoc ato 2013 – 2016 mihecaan a masangil no katalawan Ebola virus (salofong), tangasa i 2015 miheca, o kitakit ira ko 83% a tamdaw itiniay a macahiway a ’orip i kasakitakit[11].\n\nKacedengan romi’ad (節日) \nSatadamaanay kacedengan no Liberia o sakicima tamdaw ato no Kristokiw a sacedeng.\n\nFa’elohay miheca (1 folad 1 romi’ad); patirengan to sofitay (2 folad 11 romi’ad); piasikan to tadam (3 folad saka 2 lipay saka 3 romi’ad); kasofocan ni Roberts congtong a romi’ad (3 folad 15 romi’ad); pitolonan romi’ad (4 folad saka 2 lipay saka 5 romi’ad); papolongan romi’ad (5 folad 14 romi’ad); pisiikedan romi’ad (7 folad 26 romi’ad); pafayfayan romi’ad no kitakit (8 folad 24 romi’ad); kansyasay (11 folad saka 1 lipay a saka 4); kasofocan ni Duberman congtong romi’ad (11 folad 29 romi’ad); Kristmas romi’ad (12 folad 25 romi’ad).\n\nLikisi (歷史) \n\nNai 1462 mihecaan, madado’edo ko Portugal, Netherland, Inkiris, Fance tayni micingcing, o Europe tamdaw pangangan to itiniay “o damdam a lislis no riyar”, itini mifades a malali’aca to tamdaw. I 1821 miheca o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika i lilisay no riyar patireng to kohetingay tamdaw to “mafolaway sa’etal”. I 1822 miheca tangasa 19 sici 60 mihecaan, o patodong a maro’ay o pakalayap to pakoniraay a nifadesan, o salongan kohetingay tamdaw pacomod iAmilika, pasowal “Monrovia”, I 1824 mihecaan mafalic ko ngangan to Liberia, ikor pasayra to i sekal ko pilenak, i 1838 miheca mapatateko ko kasamafolaway sa’etal, mafalic ko pangangan “Liberia nipatatekoan a kitakit”. O Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o sa’ayaway misiikeday aniniay cisalongoc kitakit i Africa safaniyot. O ’ayaway picingcingan no Abyssinia hongti kitakit to Africa safaniyot a misiikeday a kitakit.\n\nI 1878 mihecaan, o True Whig kasarekad midotoc cisakowan to 102 miheca, mi’efet to miliyangay a sarekad a demakan, o nia sarekad malao mihecaan a kasarekad lekakawa patireng to parariday mikowan to halafinay. I 1885 miheca, o Liberia mapidah i Inkiris, pakelac to ka’amisay no Mano ’alo a sera; i 1892 miheca, mapidah haca to France, mapakelac haca to dadahalay Maryland kafolawan sa’etal. Ikor kinapinapina pakelac to sera to Inkiris, France a tasaay kitakit. I 1908 mihecaan itiya, awaayay ho ko masongila’ay a kalangangan.\n\nI 1944 miheca tangasa 1971 miheca, ci William Wakanarath Shadrach Tubman malacongtong to 27 miheca, nanoya pacakat to sakacingangan no yincumin Africa safaniyot a tamdaw, midakdak to kalacecayan no finacadan a telek, misa’icel palasawad to no Amilika kohetingay tamdaw ato no yincumin a kalalaedan. I 1971 miheca mapatay ci Duberman, ci William Richard Tolbert to ko midotocay malacongtong. I 1979 miheca, miliyangay mipalowad to sakarawraw, mapenec no hitay.\n\nI 1980 miheca 4 folad, o nano Crane finacadan congtong a misarokoay kakeridan ci Samuel Canon Doe a 17 sofitay mipalowad mifelih, mafelih ato mapatay ci Tolbert, paherek sa ko halafinay no Amilika teloc Liberia tamdaw to picalap mikowan to kitakit, mala o sa’ayaway kohetingay tamdaw kakeridan no kitakit. \n\nI 1984 miheca, o sakowan ni Doe pafelien ko finawlan mikowan, miliyaw malomaoc, patireng to kimpo. Tona miliyas ci Doe to kalahitay ningra i 1985 miheca maala malacongtong.\n\nI1989 miheca 12 folad 24 romi’ad, Liberia o polong no kitakit maolahay to kitakit a sarekad i Ivory coast patireng to sakapot mamifelih to sifo a hitay, i ci Charles Taylor ko mikeriday milood to Liberia, polong no laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood. \n\nI 1990 miheca 7 folad, oya maolahay to kitakit a sarekad itira i Monrovia, malitosa a sasiiked, oya Liberia mangalef talahenot ko rarawraw no lalood. 8 folad, o Lekatep no Europe miocor to palarihadayay hitay micomod i Monrovia, masasiwtoc to ni Taylor a hitay. O kasakitakit a syakay to ko mipalali’ayay, mipaocor to taypiaw I Banjul ta’angay maci no Gambia a lomaoc, patireng to “polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo”. I 9 folad, marofo ci Doe, itiya makowang mapatay i lalan no Monrovia. 11 folad, ci Sawyer mapatireng a mala congtong no polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo, nika liyangen ni Taylor. \n\nI 1991 mihrca 3 folad, o laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood no Liberia macowat to tayra i sakafiyaw a kitakit i Lion rock ato Guinea. I 1993 miheca 7 folad, o kacacofelan kalalood itira i Banning no Cotonou maci malaheci ko katatelek, patireng to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy satakaraway ’icel mikowan to kitakit. I 1994 miheca 5 folad, masakapot ko pacena’an sifo. \n\nI 1995 miheca, nawhani kasacefang caay ka raheked ko palaisal to kacitodong, malaliyaw haca ko kalalood. 8 folad, masasiocor haca ko kasacefang itira i Abuja maci no Nigeria matatelek, o a enemay tamdaw kitakit ko wiyyinhuy mikotay to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy. 9 folad, militaw hace ko masakapot ko pacena’an sifo. \n\nI 1996 miheca, misamawmaw ci Taylor mirepet to kakeridan misa’adaay a cefang, saka malaliyaw haca ko laloma'ay no kitakit a malalood, 8 folad, itini i no kasakitakit a syakay pipenec, o kasacefang miliyaw haca masasitelek, mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang. \n\n7 miheca ko halafin no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood cimapatayay ira ko 15 ’ofad no tamdaw, 85 ’ofad no tamdaw ko malafelay finawlan, mamaledoay malasawad ko kicay no Liberia a kitakit. \n\nI 1997 miheca 2 folad, kasacefang mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang mipatireng to kasarekad. 7 folad, misingkiw, maala ci Taylor malacongtong. O ’atekakay ko sapi’emet ni Taylor to kitakit, milaheci to sakarihaday no laloma' no kitakit, misatatas palowad to kicay. \n\nNikawrira, 1999 miheca, ka’amisay no Liberia masadak ko cecay mifelihay to sifo a hitay, katengilan ira ko picoker no Guinea safo, itiya malaliyaw haca to laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood. Tangasa i 2003 miheca, o nisa’etan no sifo a polong no sera ni Taylor toloay ira ko cecay (3\/1), o Monrovia talahenotay i kalaloodan. O nano Nigeria a citodongay i kaetipay no Africa kitakit palekapotay miliyaw miocor to parihadayay a sofitay. 8 folad 11 romi’ad, ci Taylor mihapiw to pisawad, pasi micokeray to congtong ci Moses Bulla ko cacitodong to sakowan, itiya milaliw tayra i Nigeria. Talacowa kasakitakit a yimeng sacefang ao ka’anof ato lalood ko patodong to kaciraraw ni Taylor a mirepet, caay ka kahien no Nigeria pasadak. Sacisowal sa dengan o Liberia citodongay i rikec a sakowan ko pasadakay to sapipatayra a salongoc, caay ko mamakahi ko Nigeria ci Tayloran. \n\nI 2003 miheca 10 folad 1 romi’ad, o Linhoko a miparihadayay a sofitay ko citodongay to Liberia, o pipalasawad to laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood a kasacefang a sakarari’ang. Tangasa anini, oya to 5500 tamdaw no Linhoko itiraay i Liberia kitakit. Talacowa o rarawraway a demak caay ka lasawad, nikawrira matayoay ko pipalasawad sakarari’ang a tayal. \n\nI 2003 miheca 8 folad 18 romi’ad, ni Bra a sifo ato kasarekadan a cefang masasi tilid to telek “Accra rihaday kasasitelek”, itiya i 10 folad misakapot patireng to polong kitakit a linci sifo. Itiya mapatoro’ ci Charles Judd Bryant ko kakeridan linci a sifo, itira i 10 folad 14 romi’ad mihapiw patireng. \n\nMata’elif ko tosa miheca, i 2005 miheca 10 folad 11 romi’ad, i pikantok no Linhoko miliyaw to nikapolongan a singkiw. Sakacecay a pitopaan, ci George Weah ko ka’ayaway, nika caay pakalatosa, nikawrira i 11 folad 8 romi’ad miliyaw to sakatosa i, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pakalowiday a maalaay. \n\nI 2006 miheca, mipatireng ko sifo to so’elinay ato malali’ayay wiyyinhuy, misapalita to nano demak no laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood ato nikalalood no demak a raraw[12]. I 2011 miheca, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf congtong mihapiw i 7 folad 26 romi’ad o romi’ad pisiikedan no kitakit[13]. \n\nI 2011 miheca 10 folad, o parihadayay tamdaw ci Leymah Gbowee nawhani mikeriday to fafahiyan sakarihaday a onto i 2003 miheca paherek to saka tosa no Liberia a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood a mapakompay to Nobel peace prize[14]. \n\nI 2011 miheca 11 folad, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pado’edo a maala to congtong, pado’edo 6 miheca ko liyad[15]. \n\nI 2013 hiheca, oya Ebola virus (lifong) milesap i kaetipay no Africa, saka tosa miheca 3 folad micomod i Liberia, tangasa i 2016 miheca, ira ko 10,675 tamdaw madengaay, ira ko 4,809 tamdaw mapatayay. O i Monrovia tadamaci ira ko 7 tamdaw mapatayay. \n\nI 2017 miheca misingkiw ko Liberia, ’ayaway wa’ayay mali, tadamaanay to i likisi a no Africa safaniyot mimaliay ci George Weah i 2018 miheca 1 folad 22 romi’ad mihapiw mapatireng to congtong[16][17], o saka sepat malakapahay no Africa safaniyot a Ci Weah misekongay to mapoheday, mifalicay to kicay, misekong to mafokilay to tilid ato sapipacakat to saka’orip a congtong ko patosokan a lekadan[20].congtong[18]. I pipatirengan pasowal sa 74 mihecaan sakinacecay no Liberia koni to mirocokay a pita’elifan a kasakapolongan[19].\n\nO kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區域) \nO Liberia masasiiked to 15 ko kanatal, o nia kanatal malaisal polong ira ko 90 sa’etal, sahecien ko nian a kasasiiked no finacadan no niyaro’. o sahalafinay a likisi oya tosaay kanatal o Grand Bassa kanatal ato Montserrado kanatal, saheto nai 1839 mihecaan ’ayaw no pisiikedan no Liberia iraay to mapatireng. O Bapolu fa’elohay a kanatal, i 2001 mihecaan mapatireng. O Nimba o sadadahalay a sakowan, ira ko 11,551 pinfang kongli (4,460 pinfang inli), o Montserrado samimingay kanatal, ira ko 737.069 pinfang kongli (1,909.00 pinfang inli) [21]. O Montserrado kanatal o sa’alomanay tamdaw no kitakit, tangasa 2008 miheca a pipalita to tamdaw, polong ira ko 114 ’ofad 4806 ko tamdaw no finawlan[21].\n\nOna 15 a kanatal o congtong ko patoroday to mamikantok mikowan. O kimpo milongoc to kahacecay no kanatal ato kasaniyaro’ misingkiw to kasakakitaan, nika nawhan kalalood ato sakidafong payso a madahdah, o nia singkiw nai 1985 mihecaan caay sato pisngkiw[22].\n\nManga’ayay pi’enecen ko cicu no Liberia, mahapinang ko 15 a kanatal.\n\nSaki nia cicu\n\nO no kitakit a kasasiiked a sakowan malalenay to no niyaro’ ato si a kasasiiked a sakowan. Imatinib awaay ho i kimpo mapatodong ano eca mapolongay lekakawa ko sapidemak to sakiniyaro’ a sifo mapatireng ato sapipalasawadaw[23].\n\nSifo ato sici (政府與政治) \n\nMilecaday to no Amilika a sifo ko Liberia sifo, midotoc “kimpo” a telek, o cecay mapolongay rikec a nikapolongan kitakit ato kakotakotay no kalomaocan a nikapolongan kitakit. Toloay ko malalenay no citodongay midemak no sifo: midemakay, o congtong ko mikeriday; mitelekay, o tosaay a kalomaocan faco mipatirengay citodongay a masakapot; mitefocay, satakaraway a hoying ato pina a safaay hoying masakapot. [milongoc to naicowaay]\n\nO congtong citodong to tatapangan no sifo, kakeridan no kitakit ato todong kakeridan no sofitay no Liberia[25]. O roma a tayal no congtong halo mitelekay ano eca miliyang to nitelekan no kalomaocan, sapihepol, ato citodong miocor to cacitodong, rikec a tapang ato roma a komoying. O congtong ato micokeray to congtong malakapot, pakayni kinatosaay ko pitopa, a o satakaraway ko paya ko mamaala, 6 miheca ko rekad, sa’adihayay kina 2 rekad[25].\n\nMitelekay citodongay o fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan sakapot. O kararemay kalomaocan nao cecay ko kakeridan, ira ko 73 ko lomaocay, midotoc to polong no tamdaw nipalitaan i 15 a kanatal a tamdaw ko nipatodongan, kasa kanatal salongan 2 ko lomaocay[25]. Kasacecay no kararemay lomaocay a taypiaw o cecay kanatal nisingkiwan, nai polong no kitakit a singkiw wuyyinhuy nisiikedan, o kaitiraan a pisingkiw a ’etal a finawlan ko misingkiway, maala 6 miheca ko rekad. O fafa'eday kalomaocan nai kasacecay kanatal 2 ko fafa'eday lomaocay sakapot, polong ira ko 30 no fafa'eday lomaocay[25]. O fafa'eday lomaocay 9 miheca ko rekad, nao finawlan ko mitopaay adihayay no singkiw ko maalaay[25]. O micokeray to congtong citodong to kakeridan no fafa'eday lomaocay, ano awaay mikihatiya mikerid o linci a kakeridan ko citodongay.\n\nO satakaraway rikecan citodongay o sakakaay hoying no Liberia, nao 5 ko sakapot, nai Liberia satadamanay mitefocay ko mikeriday. Laloma’an nao congtong ko mitoro’ay micomod i hoying, o fafa'eday lomaocay ko mihaydaay, tangasa 70 mihecaan ko rekad. O rikecan citodongay malaisal o mirakatay mililis a hoying ato sarocoday hoying, misimaw parihaday hoying ato parihadayay tapang[25]. O sakirikecan a faco nai Inkris, Amilika, France a salongan rikec ato kananaman rikec a macacamolan. O no kitakit a maliomahay sa’etal mileko to nanota’asan a pitefoc a faco, ano saasaan ko sifo a mihapiw to no cikawasay a satefoc a patelacay, nika maedef ko no cikawasay a satefoc[26]. \n\nNai 1877 miheca tangasa 1980 miheca, o sifo nai True Whig sarekad ko mirepetay mikowan[27]. Anini, o Liberia polong no kitakit ira ko 20 ko kasarekad mitokiay, o nai tekedan ato finacadan a sakapotan[28]. Nikawarira o ’alomanay a sarekad a masasiroma ko ’icel no sakapot. I 2005 mihecaan a singkiw pahapinang to no kasarekad a congtong awaay ko kacitodong to nitelekan a ’alomanay a todong[28].\n\nSofitay (軍事) \nO sofitay (AFL) no Liberia o sakaci’icel no kitaklit. O nia sofitay (AFL) nai 1908 mihecaan mapatireng, sacingangan sa o hadimalay to lilis no kitakt no Liberia, I 1956 miheca mafalic ko pangangan. Itini i likisi, o Liberia a hitay mapadamaay no Amilika to dafong ato sapinanam. I 1941 – 1989 mihecaan a romi’adan, o sapinanam padamso ko Amilika to pitengilan, saka 2 kalalood no hekal a sapilifet nao mapatodong to nipinanaman. I 2003 miheca 9 folad a Linhoko rihaday licikay saka 1509 haw mahayda to ikor, nano Lihoko a saocoran tahira i Liberia kitakit, to nai Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan ato Congko a parihadayay sofitay a misawkit to paterep no lalood, mipadang to Liberia kitakit a linci a sifo patireng to fa’elohay sofitay no Liberia[29].\n\nO kacacofelan a demak (外交關係) \n\nO nano mitanengay to rarawraw i saka 1 ato saka 2 a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood, o Liberia i 21 sici a lalomaan a sakacekal saka nga’ay no fiyaw kitakit ato i no Europe a kitakit misafa’eloh masasiwidang. Ato matiya romaroma no Africa safaniyot kitakit, citodong ko Congko to naikoran no lalood patireng a tayal[30]. I ’ayaw, o sakafiyaw a tosaay kitakit a Guinea ato Lion rock o nicokeran to nangra o Liberia a mifelihay a sakapot saan[31].\n\nSapidemak to rikec ato ciraraway (執法和犯罪) \n\nO imeng no Liberia a kitakit o na no kitakit a imengan. Tangasa i 2007 miheca 10 folad, nai Montserrado kanatal (halo Monrovia) a 33 ko kaitiraan no imeng ira ko 844 ko malaimengay a tamdaw[32]. O nano kitakit a imengan i pitilidan a kakoyin i Paynesvillesi a minanam. O likisi a kapehed no malaimengay sakaserer no pipaso’elin no finawlan ato katadaeca no demak. Salaloma’an no sakarihaday maledeh ko tadaecaan, tongal sa to kalalood no laloma’ay no kitakit o laliyawen a patireng ko no finawlan a sofitay a sakapot, milifet to saki dademakay no finawlan[33].\n\nI kasasiwtocan mihecaan no Liberia itiya, ma’alipay ato mi’odangan mararid. O Liberia a kitakit o sakakaay i hakal ko pi’odang to fafahiyan a miri’ang a kitakit. O nano ma’alipay a demak mararid masowal, makilatolo ira ko cecay (3\/1) ko mitiniay a demak. Orasaka o fafahiyan mararid masamsam, ira ko 40% to nano kafana’an a tamdaw ko misamsamay a fainayan[34]. \n\nItini i Liberia, o mararaway i rikec i malecaday ko no fainayan ato no fafahiyan a angilan[35][36]. I 2012 miheca 7 folad 20 romi’ad, o i fafa'eday kalomaocan mapolong mihayda mirikec, milalang to masasi angilay a raramod ao ciraraway ko pisetek[37].\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nNo Liberia a lawac no riyar ira ko 537 kongli ko kakaya’. O nano fa’edetay fali ko romi’ad[38], salongan no mihecaan a hemhem solongan 25˚C.\n\nKaitiraan no Liberia i kaetipay no Africa safaniyot, ngataay saka’amis no tenokay sakonis, kaetip katimol mililisay to Tasiyang, ato katimolay Amilika safaniyot a Brazil milaeday to Tasiyang kasasilaay ira ko 2575 kongli. Kaetip ka’amis ato masasiingiday to Lion Rock, ka’amis mikafit to Guinea, kawali masasilaed to Ivory Coast; polong no kitakit a dadahal ira ko 111369 pinfang kongli.\n\n’Etal no Palaan (地理區) \n\nMalitoloay ko pala no Liberia masaisal a o mililisay to riyar, takaraway dafdaf ato takaraway sera a sa’etal[39].\n\nMililisay to riyar ’etal (沿海區) \n\nO kaetip katimol mililisay to riyar a sa’etal saheto o apeneray sera a dafdaf, to hatiniay o makirkiray no leno kerah no nanom no riyar, kadofah ko foting to kairaira, dengan toloay a sangoso’an o nga’ayay ko lilis no riyar. Saka cecay a sangoso’an no riyar masalotok, takaraw salongan 304 cm; saka tosa o Mysolado sangoso’, takaraw salongan 91.5 cm; saka tolo o Balmas sangoso’ no Maryland kanatal, o takaraw salongan 30.5 cm.\n\nTakaraway dafdaf ’etal (高原區) \n\nI aikoray no lilisay no riyar a sa’etal o takaraway dafdaf ’etal a rengosan, salongan ko takaraw ira ko 915.5cm. kaetip ka’amis o Mandingo takaraway dafdaf, tangasa i salawacan.\n\nTakaraway sera a sa’etal (高地區) \n\nO takaraway sera a sa’etal i saka’amisay no Liberia mikiting to no Guinea ato Ivory Coast a sa’etal, poeneray a lotolotok caay kalalen, o takaraway 1524 cm.\n\nNanoman rocok (水系)\n\n’Alo (河流) \nI laloma’ no Liberia a tada ’alo ira ko Mansa ’alo, Roffa ’alo, sao paulo ’alo, Saint John ’alo ato Gavala ’alo; toni a Mansa ’alo o no Liberia ato Lion Rock a kalingangan a ’alo, o Gavala ’alo o Liberia ato Ivory Coast kalingangan a ’alo. Laloma’ay no kitakt a mimingay ’alo ira ko Morrow ’alo, Dukvi ’alo, Strong ’alo, Farmington ’alo, Sankun ’alo ato Xinao ’alo, awaay ko cecay ’aloan iraay ko ikakaay no 32 kongli ko sakanga’ay a rakaten, polong no ’alo saheto micomoday i Tasiyang.\n\nFanawan (湖泊) \n\nI laloma’ no kitakit ira ko tata’angay fanaw o itiniay i Mount Ohmi kanatal a Fisherman (Mifotingay) fanaw, ano eca Picasso (Pakaenay) fanaw han ko sowal; ira ho ko cecay tata��akay fanaw i Maryland Kanatal a Shepherd fanaw.\n\nPalapalaan (島嶼) \nI laloma’an no kitakit ira ko tadamaanay a pala o Monte Sarando niyaro’ sakowan a God (Kawas pala) ato Bushillo pala, ato sasifo’an a kanatal a Dubilly pala ato i laloma’ay no Maryland sakowan a Die (patay) pala.\n\nKafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) \n\nO mingataay to sasifo’ay sakonis ko Liberia a sera; talacowa o fa’edetay ko romi’ad, nika awaay ko no fa’edetay mararid ira ko ciherang ato micepa’ay ato caayay ka nga’ay ko someletay a romi’ad. Safa’edetay folad i saka 2 folad ato 3 folad, o hemhem tangasa 32.2˚C (W 90˚). Sasi’enaway a folad i 8 folad ato 9 flad, o romi’ad a falawfaw matefad 18.3˚C (W 65˚).\n\nO lilis no riyar a sa’etal nawhani no riyar a seriw a fali, pasaemelay to tamdaw; sasekalay ira ko dadaya si’enaw tangasa cikarapoyay ko lotok. O kaso’emetan romi’ad o cifaliay ato macidalay romi’ad, kafo’edasan ira ko katefad no karapoy, orasaa caay ka sapinangan. Nika to mihecaan i 11 folad tangas aroma miheca to saka 4 folad o kafo’edasan romi’ad, 5 folad tangasa 10 folad o so’emetay romi’ad. I 7 folad ano eca 8 folad ira ko mato’etoay 2 lipay a tadengalay romi’ad, o sasowalen “kafo’edasan romi’ad”. Laloma’an no kitakit awaay ko kafodo’an, lonen ato faliyos.\n\nKicay (經濟) \nO maomahay kitakit ko Liberia, pihapiw no Linhoko o masararemay ko kacemahad a kitakit i hekal. Polongen ko maomahay tamdaw ira ko 70%, manga’ayay maomahen a sera no kitakit ira ko 380 ’ofad kofo, tahamatini caay ho katangasa i 15% ko kacemahad, cango’otay kokakaenen. O tamdaw no kitakit a GDP i 1980 miheca tangasaay i tingeroh, i 496 Amilika payso, itiya milicad to Icip tamdaw ko GDP (itiya eca)[42]. I 2011 miheca, oni kitakit GDP a ngangan ira ko 11.54 walwalan Amilika payso, o GDP no tamdaw ira ko 297 Amilika payso, o saka 3 a masararemay kitakit i hekal. I likisi, o kicay no Liberia o miti’eray to roma kitakit a sadama, pamo’ecel sa ko roma kitakit mipacefong ato sakinaira no paraparatan a pasadak, tinako o marar a fokeloh, cica’ a kilang ato kilang. Paraparatang a cica’. Sasakilangen ato marar a tafok a kinaira o sacoker to kicay no finawlan, saheto o nipasadakan, o sakaira no kinaira to micomoday a payso. O misang'ay to lalosidan caay ka kimeto, dengan caayay ka papina a mimingay misanga’ay to lalosidan no romi’adan. 1989 miheca tangasa 1996 miheca 8 folad a laloma'ay no kitakit a kalalood, naitiya ma’epi ko kicay. \n\nI 2000 miheca, misitapang ko Liberia midemak to no kasakitakit paysoan a kiking masakapot sapikantok a halaka, o sakafalicaw to sakipaysoan a dademaken, milaheci to pakoniyah a kalaliacaan, pifalic to no komoing a lakakawa ato pafalic to kalingadan no kitakit. Toya mihecaan, mihayda to ko kalomaocan to no fadawan a rikec, sakifodawan a pisolap ato pikarkar citodong to sapawacay a lakakawa. I 2001 miheca 5 folad, mimitonek ko Liberia a sifo to 2001 – 2010 mihecaan a sakadademak, patosokan o sapilaheci to hakairaira no kicay, mapacakat ko ’aca ni kinaira, misadadahal to pakoniyahay kicay. I 2003 miheca 10 folad, polong no kitakit citodong koya pacarcaran sifo, misi’icel palowad to kicay, micekal to ’aca, nanoya masasiiked ko kasaselal a milosimet no kasierod no icifa, malaheci masongila’ ko pilisata a lekakawa, misarocod mipatireng to “pipacefong a rikec”, pasadak to fa’elohay kanga’ayan a lekakawa, misa’icel militado to kasakinaira a nga’ayay misolot to nai papotalay mamipacefong. \n\nI 2003 miheca a Liberia tangasa i 85% ko awaayay katayalan.\n\nLikisi no kicay (經濟史) \nI 1979 mihecaan kacakatan itiya, nikawrira i 1980 miheca mafafalic ko mikowanay sifo saka eca ka nga’ay ko kicay, nanoya o kicay no Liberia masatapang marara matefad[43]. I 1979 miheca malengat ko laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood saranikay sato tararikor; I 1989 miheca tangasa 1995 mihecaan, o laloma'an no kitakit a kinaira macakat maserer 90%, o aniniay likisi saranikayay tararikod[43]. 2003 miheca paherek ko lalood, o GDP misitapang macakat, i 2007 miheca tangasa 9.4%[44]. Polong no cikiw a pakapaysoay a katalawan saka i 2009 mihecaan a laloma'an no kitakit a kinaira macakat tangasa 4.6%[44], nikawrira, saki cica’ a kilang ato kilang nipasadakan a mapalowad, o maomahay citodongay lomahad i 2010 miheca macakat i 5.1%, I 2011 miheca pa’ayaw to 7.3%, o nia kitakit a kicay ranikay lomahad tangasa i hekalan 20 a kitakit[45][46].\n\nTahamatini misaetay to sakalomahad no kicay o nai laloma’ay no kitakit a icifa mimingay, cango’ot to ma;edengay parana’an, o sapicolo’ takaraw, caay ka fangcal ko kalali’acaan to sakifiyaw a kitakit, ato o kicay mapatakaraw to no Amilika a payso[45]. O Liberia nai 1943 miheca tangasa 1982 miheca oyaan o Amilika payso ko sakafafalifalic, midemak to no Liberia payso ato Amilika payso ko pidemak[47]. \n\nI 2003 miheca kacakatan no dafong misitapang a maserer, i 2008 miheca nawhani o hekalan a kakaenen ato cikatalawan to kinairaira, ranikay macakat ko kalodafong[48], tangasa i 17.5%, itiya i 2009 miheca miserer tangasa 7.4%[44]. I 2006 miheca, o Liberia a papotalay tadah alatak ira ko 45 walwalan Amilika payso, macalap to ko no lalomaay no kitakit a kinaira to 800%[43]. Nawhani i 2007 miheca tangasa 2010 mihecaan a kasairaan, adihayay kasairaan ato kalali’acaan a tadah mapalasawaday, o nia kitakit a tadah i papotal tangasa I 2011 miheca maserer tangasa 2.229 walwalan Amilika payso[49].\n\nMaomahay (農業) \n\nO no Liberia laloma’an 3.43% a sera manga’ayay kaliomahen[50]. Manga’ay ko kalokilakilang pinaloma. Manga’ayay maomahen oya mililisay to lawac no riyar to 564 kongli a nga’ayay sera. O nipalomaan a kinaira o felac, cica’ a kilang, kaisyafa, kohi, tefos, pawli, keke, kalaha’ay simal, kalaha’ay falo, ’Ariray, panay, kodasing, talacay, nimon, mami’ ato kalodatengan. Tadamaanay a nipalomaan o ica’ a kilang. O pipaloma to panay, i saetalay a finawlan o nipipalomaan o nipacarcaran ko paloma, todohan nangra ko demedematan, paloma to saka cecay, saka tosa, tona awaay to ko tayhi no sera, malinah to tayra roma a pala a maomah. Caay paka’aca awaay ko pi’acaan to tayhi sapakoyasi, caay ka fangcal ko pilitod awaay ko sapipalasawad to fao ato ’ayam pikari’ang, orasaka o citodongay cango’ot to kinaira.\n\nO lotolotokan ira ko 30336 pinfang kongli, matahepoay no kilakilang salongan 31.5%[51]. O kilakilangan adihay ko kasasiroma, ira 235 ko kasasiroma[52], kilangan halo kahemaway matoni’ay kilang tangasa ’atekakay kilang kilang, kilangan a kasacifolatak masasiroma. Polong no kasakilangan, ira ko 21 kasasiromaan sapisanga’ to lalosidan, ira ko 21 kasasiroma a nga’ayay sanga’en ko sakadademak, hook ato satafo, ira ko 20 kasasiroma sapipatireng to loma’ lalosidan, ira ko 16 kasasiroma manga’ay sakadademak a kawil, ira ko 20 manga’ayay sapisanga’ to dadokap (kami); lalomaan no kitakit a kilakilangan midotoc sapikinaira ko pidemak. Aniniay lalan calay misadadahal to kilangan to pasakilangan, saki Liberia a sifo itini i faloco’an a saetal ko sapicowat to kinaira no kilangan ko satata’akay pisahalaka. Patongal to Monrovia pakoniyah a minato a pipatireng, saka nga’ay no kilang patayra i roma kitakit.\n\nPakaenay to ’a’adopen (畜牧業) \n\nO Pakaenay to ’a’adopen, o paka’enay to ’ayam ato fafoy. Orasaka laloma’an no kitakit ira ko mangta’ay titi, ’ayam ato fitaol caay ka cango’oten, roma mapatala roma kitakit. Nawhani laloma’an o fa’edetay kilakilangan, orasaka o ’aadopen adihay, ko malonem, takolil, fafoy no lotok, ’aya’ayam, wani, ’alimedas, ta’akay lotong ato lotong, malo kinaira a kakaenen no tamdaw. O fanges no fafoy no lotok ato fanges no ’alimedas, fanges no wani ato wa’a no malonem, sarahoday han ko pilosimet manga’ay to pa’acaen.\n\nMisafotingay (漁業) \n\nMisafotingay o kimetoay, foting i lomama’ no Liberia a tamdaw o koemeday samanga’ayay sakinaira a protein kadofahay kakaenen. I ngataay no sekal a riyar adihay ko foting, marocok ko patodong to kangalayan no icifo. No kafesa’ay nanom a pisafoting misarocod a mipatenak, miledaf ko fanaw i polong no kitakit.\n\nFodawan (礦業) \n\nI Liberia adihay ko masimeday a fodawan itini, ira ko marar, ^ekim, oteng, antang, ferric niobium, tungsten, manganese, diamond(adicacaw fokeloh), graphite, magnet, tadamarar tafok ato Mica. Nikawrira saheto o caayay ka cowat, dengan o marar, ^ekim ato diamond ko mikorkoran. Itiniay a marar a tafok o nga’ayay.\n\nMisang'ay to lalosidan (工業) \n\nLaloma’ay no kitakit dengan o mimingay a misanga’ay to lalosidan, o misanga’an ira ko mikarkaray to fodawan, misatingkiay, cica’ a kilang, tayhi, kilang, marar, misasimal, tenooy, sariko’ay, amoto, ’emi, teking, lingka, safon, misadadokap, misatangso, kakaenen, safalakoay, misamadaray, misanga’ay to kikay, misanga’ay to tosiya, misataminaay, sapisebged ato lalosidan a kaysya.\n\nKasakitakit a kalali’aca (國際貿易)\n\nPasadakan kali’aca (出口貿易) \n\nSaki pasadakay kali’acaan, Liberia i 2006 miheca pasadakan a ira 11.97 walwalan Amilika payso[53], o nipasadakan ira ko cica’ kilang, marar tafok, kohi, kilang, fodawan, afinong simal, afinaong heci, afinong canot, titi ato nisanga’an, dafongan pasadakan tangasa i Into, Amilika, Poland, Germany ato Belgium[54].\n\nMicomoday kali’aca (進口貿易) \n\nO Liberia i 2006 miheca micomoday ira ko 71.43 walwalan Amilika payso[55], o nipacomodan ira simal, kakay, sapicolo’ sakadademak ato sakatayal, ratoh calay, isingan sakatayal, sapiiyo, sapisanga’ to dafong, tayhi, tenooy, kalosakadademak, sadadingoay, tingce. Tingkian, sasalamaen, pisafangod a lalosidan, epah tamako ato nananomen. Kalodafong nai Korea, Singapore, Taywan, Dipon, Congko nipacomodan[56].\n\nTamdaw (人口) \n\nMidotoc i 2022 mihecaan Amilika tenokan sakarong nisa’osian, o Liberia a finawlan ira 5,358,483 tamdaw[25], itini ira ko 30% maro’ay i Monrovia a maci.\n\nPolong no finawlan malaisal mafolaway tayni ato itiniay a finawlan, o finawlan 95%. O finacadan ira Keppel, Barcelona, Dan, Crewe, Grebo, Mano, Loma, Gora, Mandingo, Bell ato 19 sician nai Amilika safaniyot mafolaway a kohetingay tamdaw teloc. O Keppel satata’angay finacadan i polong no kitakit, micalap to 20%[57]. Nai Amilika ato kaetipay Into palapalaan a Amilika teloc a Liberia tamdaw, ato nai Congo ato Caribbean sa’etal a Congo tamdaw, micalap to 2.5% to finawlan[58]. Ikoray tosa nai 19 sici o mi’emetay to sici no Liberia.\n\nO Inkiris a sowal ko sakasowal no Liberia ato sakasasowal[59]. Itini i Liberia ira ko 31 a sowal no finacadan, nikawrira o mipasowalay to no ina a sowal caay ka’aloman[60]. O Liberia a Inkiris sowal (no Creole a Inkiris a sowal) malifongay.\n\nMidotoc to i 2008 mihecaan polong no pipalita, o Liberia 85.5% tamdaw ko mitooray to Kristokiw, roma i 12.2% o Muslim[61]. Itiniay a to’asan pakayraan dengan 0.5%, roma ira ko 1.5% mitokian to awaayay ko pakayraan. \n\nOno Liberia a kimpo a matelek o finawlan ira ko pakoniyah a pitooran, o sifo mingodo to finawlan to nia salongoc. Talacowa o kimpo a matelek i Liberia malasiyasay to pakayraan ato sician a kitakit, nikawrira o Liberia o Kristokiw a kitakit[62]. Ono kitakit a pitilidan padamso to Fangcalay Cudad a nananamen, orasaka sarikec a matelak mi’efec to pa’aliwacan ano eca no Kristokiw a kacedengan romi’ad a kalali’acaan a demak.\n\nKiwiko (教育) \n\nI 2010 mihecaan a Liberia o mapohaway to tilid 60.8% (fainayan 64.8%, fafahiyan 56.8%)[63], o roma a sa’etal a mimingay pitilidan ato tenokan pitilidan caay ka ci’aca a kiwiko[64], nikawrira ira ko roma a ’etal mangalay pasadak to sapitilid a payso itiya manga’ay to mimingay pitilidan ato tenokay pitilidan.\n\nSalongan kahacecay a ka’emangay i Liberia a kiwiko o 10 miheca (fainayan 11 miheca, fafahiyan 8 miheca) [63], o nia kitakit sapasifana’ ato malasingsiay o cango’otay[65].\n\nOno Liberia takaraway kiwiko citodangay ira ko no kitakit ira ko no tekedan. O no kitakit a Liberia daykako o nano kitakit satata’akay mato’asay a daykako, itiniay i Monrovia[66], i 1862 mihecaan mapatireng. Anini ira ko 6 a kakoying, halo 1 a ising kakoying ato polong dengan a sarikec kakoying Louis Arthur Greens rikec kakoying[67]. I 2009 mihecaan, no i Harper a Tubman daykako o saka 2 no kitakit a daykako[68]. O Keddington daykako o nano Amilika Anglican Church nipatirengan i 1889 mihecaan, o samato’asay no tekedan daykako. Nai 2006 mihecaan, o sifo itira i Buchanan, Sanikole, Voinjama mipatirengay to syako kakoying[69][70][71]. \n\nNawhani i 2018 mihecaan 10 folad miliyang ko mitiliday, fa’elohay maalaay congtong ci George M Weah mipalasawad to no kitakit a daykako mitiliday a sapitilid a payso[72].\n\nTekadan daykako (私立大學) \n\nO Cartington daykako i 1889 mihecaan nai Amilika Anglican Church i state kanatal a Suakoko patireng, malo saki yincumin a finawlan patenakay kiwiko a tayal. O samatelangay no Amilika tekedan daykako.\n\nO Stella Maris Polytechnic, o cecay tekedan takaraway kiwiko citodongay. Oni pitilidan mapatireng nai 1988 miheca, o nano Monrovia a Loma tingsokiw tata’angay citodongay a nidemakan. Pitilidan itiraay i kalomaocan a lotok, ira ko 2,000 ko tamdaw no mitiliday[73].\n\nKaetipay Kristo ansokonic (Seventh-day Adventist Church) daykako, itiniay i Magibi kanatal a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw[74]. \n\nO United Methodist Church daykako a cecay itiniay i kaetipay Africa Liberia a tekedan Kristokiw daykako, itiniay tamdaw sowal sa UMU. Tangasa i 2016 mihecaan, ira ko 9,118 tamdaw a mitiliday. O nia citodongay mapatireng i 1998 mihecaan[75].\n\nKakolalan no picolo’an (交通運輸) \n\nO tadamaci ira ko kalocalay a lalan matatongod i polong no kitakit kasatata’angay kadademakan citodongay ’etal. Kawali a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw o satata’angay i Africa safaniyot a hikokiciw. O Liberia a pakariyaray a picolo’an cingangan i hekal, i tadamaci ira ko 20 a kasakitakit noriyaray picolo’ marariday ko rakat ato kasatongodan malacalay, i Monrovia minato o kaetipay Africa sa’etal satata’akay aniniay a minato, o dadahal no minato ira ko 300 kofo, mihecaan a pi’enoc 1000 ’ofad ton.\n\nMarar lalan (鐵路) \n\nPolong no kitakit dengan 2 ko marar a lalan, o kakaya’ ira ko 490 kongli[76], to nia 145 kongli o ki’ecoay a marar lalan. Saheto o midemakay mi’ot’otay to fodawan a kosi, o sapicolo’ to marar fodawan, laloma’ay kalaloodan mapeleng makari’ang itiya, ta anini caay to karomakat.\n\nLalan (公路) \n\nI Liberia a lalan o kakaya’ ira 10600 kongli[77], o nian masaromi’aday a lalan 2036 kongli, mapatangiiway lalan ira ko 739 kongli. Laloma’an no kitakit a lalood tadamaan ko kakari’ang.\n\nNanom a picolo’ (水運) \n\nO Liberia i olong no cikiw a pakariyaray picolo’ ira ko tadamaanay a todong, o Liberia caay ka pina ko tamina nira, nikawrira nai Liberia ka’emeday ko sapitoki a payso, malosaka tadamaan no Liberia i hekal a kacingangan no tamina (Flag of convenience) a pitokian a kitakit, nai Amilikaay a “Liberian International Ship & Corporate Registry” (decdec a tilid LISCR) taypiaw to Liberia nikapolongan kitakit sifo riyaran citodongay paini to kakingangan no tamina a nipitokian a demak.\n\nI 2008 miheca ira ko 2204 tamina mipakafitay to fayfay no kitakit[78], o sa’adihayay o Amilika ato Greece a kosi a tamina, o sapisakahemaw to sata. Saki Liberia kitakit a tamina saheto o mimingay, eca ka papina, nai 1961 mihecaan i, misitapang ira ko patelekan romi’ad to mirarakatay tamina ato France a malalifetay to efa ato Congo kohetingay wa’a minato a karomakat.\n\nLaloma’an no kitakit ira ko Monrovia pakoniyah minato, Geville minato, Harbor minato, Buchanan minato ato Roberts minato, no mihecaan a nicolo’an a dafong ira 20 ’ofad ton.\n\nKakarayan nicolo’ay (空運) \n\nI 2009 miheca laloma’ay kitakit ira ko 33 a hikokiciw[79], itini ira ko 2 tata;akay hikokiciw, tadamaci ato kasa kanatal sifo ira ko pafesotay a hikoki. Itini i tadamaanay maci a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw nao Africa satata’akay hikokiciw, i 1990 miheca mapeleng i laloma’ay no kitakit a kalaloodan, I 1997 miheca 12 folad miliyaw mapatireng. Ta anini ira ko Brussels hilkoki kosi, Ghana hikoki kosi ko midemakay to nian.\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n\n1. Template:Cite CIA World Factbook\n\n2. Liberia. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-07-27） （Inkiris sowal）.\n\n3. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-22]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2018-10-24）.\n\n4. \"Pakayni i Liberia a kasasiwtoc\" itini i calay pina’angan mana’ang, pina’angan romi’ad February 14, 2007，., Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003\n\n5. \"1847-7-26, mihapiw ko Liberia to sapisiiked\", Aniniay a likisi, History website.\n\n6. Cooper, Helene, 《The House at Sugar Beach: “mikilim to masidayay i kaemangan a Africa safaniyot” （Amilika：Simon ato Schuster, 2008）, saka 6.\n\n7. Liberia. Likisi, palapalaan, sifo ato ponka, Infoplease.com\n\n8. Nelson, Harold D.; American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area Studies. Liberia, kitakit \n\npikingkiw. Washington, D.C. : The Studies : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. January 24, 1984 –pakayni Internet Archive.\n\n9. Pikingkiw to likisi no kimpo i Liberia. Constitutionnet.org. [July 1, 2020].\n\n10.Palata’ang to Liberia miliyaw patireng to fafahiyan. The Economist. October 5, 2017.\n\n11. Liberia – hekal kakaenen misahalakaay so. www.wfp.org. [September 1, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i August 12, 2019）.\n\n12. Liberia. Patireng to kafadesan no kalaloo dan kitakit a misapinangay wuyyinhuy. IRIN Africa. February 21, 2006 [May 16, 2008].\n\n13. 7-26 saka 2 pisikedan no kitakit, romi’ada no kitakit a pihemekan (sinpon). Liberia nikapolongan kitakit sifo- kacacofelan a demak. [2021-07-26].\n\n14.Kami ko misatapangay a tamdaw. Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa-USA.\n\n15. Hillleaf pakaala to saka 2 liyad a pisingkiwan. Reuters. 7 November 2011 （Inkiris sowal）.\n\n16. Nkosinathi Shazi. Nai micokaray to mali tangasa i congtong no Liberia- George Weah a nirakatan. Huffington Post. January 23, 2018 [October 3, 2018]. （nano nina’ka’ayaway tilid i November 16, 2018）.\n\n17. Mamoetepay satadamaanay no Africa safaniyot. Johannesburg Post. [August 27, 2018]. （nano nina’ka’ayaway tilid i February 20, 2019）.\n\n18. 2018 mihecaan Africa safaniyot kapah a congtong. Listwand. October 3, 2018 [October 26, 2019]. （nano nina’ka’ayaway tilid i October 3, 2018）.\n\n19. George Weah mipawacay patireng to congtong no Liberia. BBC. March 22, 2018.\n\n20. George Weah sworn in as Liberia's president. BBC. March 22, 2018.\n\n21. 2008 miheca polong no kitakit mipalita to finawlan ato loma’. Sarakat paheci (PDF). Liberia nikapolongan kitakit sifo. 2008 [October 14, 2008].\n\n22. Liberia caay pakafilo to i niyaro’ay pitopa. BBC News. January 14, 2008.\n\n23. Kieh, Jr., George Klay. Liberia a maci pitanam a satelek (PDF). Governance Commission of Liberia. Liberia nikapolongan kitakit mikowanay wuyyinhuy. [July 20, 2018]. （[1.pdf o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i April 12, 2019）.\n\n24. Moraraway ko piala to tilid: awaay ko ngangan toni census20082 a pinengnengan tilid.\n\n25. Liberia. The Central Intelligence Agency side for Liberia. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021 [June 8, 2021].\n\n26. Amilika kitakit citodongay yin dademakay. Pasapinang to narikoran: Liberia. 2011-3-8.\n\n27. Pike, John. The True Whig Ascendancy. Global Security. 1985 [July 23, 2011].\n\n28. Freedom in the World 2011 – Liberia. Freedom House. UNHCR. July 7, 2011 [July 22, 2011].\n\n29. Moumouni, Guillaume. (April 2014). \"China and Liberia: Engagement in a Post-Conflict Country 2003–2013\". Global Powers and Africa Programme. Occasional Paper No. 182[mada’oc malasawad ko calay].\n\n30. Johannesburg, South Africa: The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA). p. 8.\n\n31. Moumouni, Guillaume. Congko ato Liberia. Pinengneng to naikoran no siwtoc kitakit（2003-2013）。. Alden, C.; Alao, A.; Chun, Z.; Barber, L. (kawit). Congko ato Africa safaniyot. 2018: 225–251. ISBN 978-3319528939. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-52893-9_12.\n\n32. \"Liberia: Police Corruption Harms Rights, Progress\", Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2013.\n\n33.Montserrado County Development Agenda (PDF). Republic of Liberia. 2008 [October 14, 2008].\n\n34.Crane, Keith; Gompert, David C; Oliker, Olga; Riley, Kevin Jack; and Lawson, Brooke Stearns. (2007).\n\n35.Making Liberia safe : transformation of the national security sector. Santa Monica, CA : Rand. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-0833040084. Rand Corp website calay a pina’angan mana’ang, pina’angan romi’ad, October 14, 2018，. Retrieved December 7, 2017.\n\n36. Nicola Jones, Janice Cooper, Elizabeth Presler-Marshall and David Walker, June 2014; \"The fallout of rape as a weapon of war\", ODI; http:\/\/www.odi.org\/publications\/8464-rape-weapon-war-liberia\n\nState Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. May 17, 2016.\n\n37. Avery, Daniel. 71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal. Newsweek. April 4, 2019.\n\n\"Senate Passes 'No Same Sex Marriage' Bill \", Daily Observer, 21 July 2012. [September 1, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i August 5, 2012）.\n\n38. “Na no tilid no kaocong a palapalaan-1”, Longten mirina’ay, 2010-5 nirina’, 2016-6 saka 6 mirina’.\n\n39. Miliyaw mitilid nai “Africa safaniyot kitakit”-- Liberia, felih 141,1981\n\n40. Schoenurl, John W. Liberian shipping draws scrutiny. NBC News. August 11, 2003.\n\n41. 41.About the Liberian Registry. Liberian Registry. （nano nina’angan tilid i November 10, 2014）.\n\n42.GDP per capita (current US$) |Data |Graph. Data.worldbank.org. [March 26, 2013].\n\n43.The Challenges of Post-War Reconstruction – the Liberian Experience. Government of Liberia. allAfrica.com. June 13, 2011.\n\n44.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Liberia. International Monetary Fund. June 20, 2011.\n\n45.IMF Country Report No. 10\/37 (PDF). International Monetary Fund. 2010.\n\n46.Liberian President: Government and People are Partners in Progress. Africa Governance Initiative. January 27, 2011. （nano nina’angan tilid i December 20, 2016）.\n\n47.Liberia Economic Recovery Assessment (PDF). USAID. July 2008.\n\n48.Quarter Three Fiscal Outturn, Fiscal Year 2010\/11 (PDF). Ministry of Finance. May 2011. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i March 25, 2012）.\n\n49.Second Quarter 2010\/2011 Public Debt Management Report (PDF). Debt Management Unit. Ministry of Finance. March 25, 2011. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i September 10, 2013）.\n\n50. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak-pidemak to sera. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-25）.\n\n51. Linhoko polongan sa’osi tilidan -kilakilang. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-08-01）.\n\n52. Pifali to tilid nai “Africa safaniyot kitakit tilid”--Liberia, felih 143,1981miheca\n\n53. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –masadakay dafong. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.\n\n54. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak -- masadakay dafong kaliaca kitakit. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-25）.\n\n55. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –micomoday polongen. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）.\n\n56. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –micomday kalaliacaan kitakit. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-25）.\n\n57. Liberia's Ugly Past: Re-writing Liberian History. Theperspective.org. [2010-01-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-20）.\n\n58.Moore, Jina. Liberia: Ma Ellen talk plenty plenty Liberian English. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. 2009-10-19 [2011-07-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-10-05）.\n\n59.Languages of Liberia. Ethnologue. 2009 [2011-07-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-10-18）.\n\n60.Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013\n\n61.Freedom in the World 2011 – Liberia. Freedom House. UNHCR. 2011-07-07 [2011-07-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-10-19）.\n\n62.Education profile - Liberia. Institute for Statistics. UNESCO. 2010 [2011-07-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-09-30）.\n\n63. 63.LIBERIA: Go to school or go to jail. IRN. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2007-09-21 [2009-04-08]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-03-10）.\n\n64.Trawally, Sidiki; Reeves, Derek. Making Quality Education Affordable And Assessable To All – Prez. Sirleaf’s Vision With Passion. Lift Liberia. 2009 [2011-07-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-05-12）.\n\n65.Jallah, David A. B. 「Notes, Presented by Professor and Dean of the Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of Liberia, David A. B. Jallah to the International Association of Law Schools Conference Learning From Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World Held at Soochow University Kenneth Wang School of Law, Suzhou, China, October 17-19, 2007.」 （felih mana’ang k okapi, mateli i calay pina’angan） International Association of Law Schools. Retrieved on September 1, 2008.\n\n66.Jallah, David A. B. \"Notes, Presented by Professor and Dean of the Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of Liberia, David A. B. Jallah to the International Association of Law Schools Conference Learning From Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World Held at Soochow University Kenneth Wang School of Law, Suzhou, China, October 17–19, 2007.\" International Association of Law Schools. Retrieved on September 1, 2008.\n\n67.Ellen Describes Tubman University's Opening As PRS Success. The New Dawn. 2010-03-03 [2010-07-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-19）.\n\n68. Remarks by H.E. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf At Official Launch and Fundraising Program Of the Grand Bassa Community College (PDF). The Executive Mansion. 2010-10-21 [2011-07-22]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2011-10-04）.\n\n69.Fahn, Peter A. Government Moves Ahead With Education Decentralization Plans. Government Moves Ahead with Education Decentralization Plans. 2011-07-07 [2011-08-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-10-03）.\n\n70.July 26 Celebrations Kick Off in Lofa As President Sirleaf Arrives. The Executive Mansion. 2011-07-25 [2013-08-29]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-10-04）.\n\n71. Liberia's Weah announces free tuition for undergrads. Mail & Guardian. Agence France-Presse. October 25, 2018 [March 20, 2018].\n\n72.Stella Maris Polytechnic. smp>edu. 2013 [March 20, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i March 30, 2019）.\n\n73.Adventist University of West Africa. auwa,edu. [March 20, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i March 27, 2019）.\n\n74.United Methodist University. umu'edu. 2019 [March 20, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i March 20, 2019）.\n\n75. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –marar lalan. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-03）.\n\n76. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak --lalan. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-08-30）.\n\n77. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –sa’osi no tamina. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-03）.\n\n78. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –sa’osi no hikokiciw. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-25）.\n\nItini i 6 30 N, 9 30 W, noAfilika ko Liberia.\nPolong no sekalay i 111,369 sq km “saka 104 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 96,320 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,049 sq km ” \nPolong i 4,299,944 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 28.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 44.60%, malo no roma to a sera 27.30%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO Monrovia(蒙羅維亞) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 26 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf(艾倫·強森·瑟利夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 18 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis\nLiberia\nAfrika","num_words":10872,"character_repetition_ratio":0.063,"word_repetition_ratio":0.037,"special_characters_ratio":0.264,"stopwords_ratio":0.006,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":24636.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lotong","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"kahengangay ko hemot no lotong\n\nOno 哺乳類 a 'a'adopen konini. O ko Lotong a ma'min i Taywan.\n'a'adopen","num_words":22,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.257,"stopwords_ratio":0.091,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.996,"perplexity_score":13750.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luis%20Guillermo%20Sol%C3%ADs","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Luis Guillermo Solís(路易斯·吉列爾莫·索利斯)\n\nI 1958 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 25 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Luis Guillermo Solís, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Costa riga(哥斯大黎加) anini i ci Luis Guillermo Solís, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 8 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":86,"character_repetition_ratio":0.126,"word_repetition_ratio":0.078,"special_characters_ratio":0.269,"stopwords_ratio":0.035,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.975,"perplexity_score":13439.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madagascar","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Madagascar,République de Madagascar\n\nMatakaskar Kapolongan Kitakit (kuwaping a sowal: 馬達加斯加共和國)\n\nTakaray sowal(概略) \nO saka’etipay no Satimalan Kanatanatal a Finacadan ko ka itiraan nona kitakit, pakinien I sowal no Matakaskar I Repoblikan'i Madagasikara[1], na o mikowanan no Ferans itiya ho, sano Feransuen a sowal I République de Madagascar. Matakaskar Kapolongan Kitakit sanay ko tadangangan, i’ayaw no nini I Matakasi Kapolongan Kitakit hananay, sakamoko’ han a mitahidang to Matakaskar, oninian to ko ma’alaay a pangangan.\n\nItiraay I katimol saka’etip no Afrika ko kaitiraan, o saksepat ko ka tata’ang itini I polong no kitakit. Na malakitingay ho sera ato Into, I’ayaw no 8,800’emang ko mihecaan a malaliyas sacecay sa tomireng itini, malaay to icowacowaay a pala, sa ma’osaw ho kina’orip ato maamaan no hakal, o sa’adihayay ko maamaan kina’orip I hakal, mahaop ko 80% a kina’orip awaay iroma akanatal, ‘edeng itini ko iraay. Nikawrira, ona kakafahekaan a kina’orip mafolkok no ka’aloman no tamdaw a mafolaw a tayni. \n\nO ngangan tora Matakaskar hananay caay ko nano sowal no itiniay tamdaw sanay, o nani ngoyosay no Yoropa a tamdaw i ka citelongan(中世紀)[2], I 13sici o nani Winisu a mihahinamay a tamdaw ci Makopolo ko sa’ayaway a mitilid to 「Madageiscar」sanay a tilid, masasifod ningra ko itiraay I minato no Samaliya a sowal toya Mokatisyu（Mogadishu）sa ko sowal. [[Faylo:Isbaheysiga Mosque in Mogadishu (2).jpg|thumb|Isbaheysiga Mosque in Mogadishu (2)]].\n\nItiya to I 1500miheca, o mihahinamay a tamdaw no Polutokaru ci Tiaoku·Tiyas macakat tona kanatal pangangan han ningra to「São Lourenço」（聖洛倫索）, nikawrira, oni Makopolo ho a pangangan ko pido’edoan no Yoropa a pangangan to rayaray kanatal,sa tahanini o maalaay a pangangan i oya to「Madagasikara」ko matenakay. I sowal no itiniay a tamdaw away ho ko i’ayaway no「Madagasikara」sanay a ngangan.[3]\n\nRikisi (歷史) \nO rikisi no Matakaskar I sepatay ko kasasaer: To’asan, Hontian, Mikowanan no Ferans ato Pi’ikedan a Mikowan.\n\nTo'asan Miheca (早期) \nI to’asan miheca i’ayaw no 2500miheca itiniay to a maro’ ko Matakaskar tamdaw sanay ko sowal no mikakarkaray tono to’asan ho a dafong a singsi no tata’angay pitilidan. Iraho ko masasiromaromaay a sowal, o miriniay a pawacay no singsi I caay ka telang ko mihecan ko tamdaw a maro’ itini sanay.[4] Itiya ho o dodang ko pikalican nani Poloco mafolaw a tayni,nikawrira, o lamit no remes tora DNA I mingataay tono I Afrika a kohetingay tamdaw.\n\nYo kahatayni ho tamdaw adihay ho a manengneng ko matiyaay o co ko tata’ang a ‘ayam, o ‘aloay ‘efa,to ikor to I ma’adop ko ma’adopay , ma’eco no tamdaw ko kaitiraan malahedaw ko ka’oripan no ‘a’adopen.[6]\n\nMatakaskar Hontian Kitakit(馬達加斯加王國) \nItiya I pisatapangan no 17sici Milina fanacadan mipatireng to Imolina Hontian kitakit takaraway tokatokasan, pasasitiri’en to ilawacay no riyar a hontian kitakit, caay ka samaan ko ‘icel nona kitakit.[7] Isatapangan no 18sici kalisepaten ni Anteliyamasinnawalona(Andriamasinavalona)Honti kona kitakit, alacecaen ningra a palilam ko sepat a wawa ningra, tongal sa ko kaawa no ‘icel no kitakit. Cecay a so’ot ko mihecan a malalaood, ci Anteliyananpoynaymilina(Andrianampoinimerina安德里亞南普伊奈梅里納)Honti ko miliyaway a palacecay to Imolina Hontian Kitakit. \n\nNamikowan kona honti macowat ningra ko ilawacay a kitakit sa tata’ang sato ko sera. O wawa to ni Anteliya ci Ratama Sakacecay(Radama I) ko milaheciay a matireng ko malacecayay a kitakit.\n\nNa mapatay ci Ratama Sakacecay honti, o fafahi to ningra ci Ranafalona sakacecay(Ranavalona I；1778年—1861)ko malahontiay, na kalahontian ni Ranafalona matongalmatongal pakisici to pakisaka’orip to pakipunka to ko pi’enec no Ikiris, sa itira to a milalang to pipatenak to Kristo pitooran,laplapen ko Yoropa a tamdaw. \n\nNamikowan kona honti macowat ningra ko ilawacay a kitakit sa tata’ang sato ko sera. O wawa to ni Anteliya ci Ratama Sakacecay(Radama I) ko milaheciay a matireng ko malacecayay a kitakit. \n\nNa mapatay ci Ratama Sakacecay honti, o fafahi to ningra ci Ranafalona sakacecay(Ranavalona I；1778年—1861)ko malahontiay, na kalahontian ni Ranafalona matongalmatongal pakisici to, pakisaka’orip to, pakipunka to,mai’enec no Ikiris, sa itira to a milalang to pipatenak tono Kristo pitooran,laplapen ko Yoropa a tamdaw. \n\nO wawa ni Ranafalona sakacecay ci Latama sakatosa(RadamaⅡ,1861~1863) mido’edo a malahonti i, falicen nako koya ca’edasay a demak no winaan kalahonti, sadamsay nako ko pidipot to finawlan saan. Nikawrira,palahedawen to kono hontian a pikowan sanay ko kakeridan no kitakit ci Raynifoninahiteliniawni(Rainivoninahitriniony，1852~1865 ko kalakakeridan no kitakit), itira a mikomod toya I sifo’aay a Mirina Hongtian Kitaki(Kingdom of Madagascar，1540–1897,or Kingdom of Imerina）ato Hofa tamdaw malacafay a miwarwar mipalasawad ko Latama sakatosa honti(RadamaⅡ).[1] Yo mapalasawad to ko kalahonti ni Latama sakatosa(RadamaⅡ)i,mihayi ko finawlan to fafahi ningra ci Rasohirina(Rasoherina，1863~1868)a malahonti, nikawrira , irako salongoc no fanawlan to malalamod kiso aci Raynifoninahiteliniawni(Rainivoninahitriniony) nga’ mihayi kami to pikowan iso han no fanawlan,malacecay kamo a mikowan malalikel to tatayalen nga’ caka sakakinih ko ’icel. Milayap ci Rasohirina(Rasoherina)to hatiniay a sa’ali no finawlan lalamod sato ci Raynifoninahiteliniawnian,lalamoda saho sawaden ningra, paliyaw a cifainay to safa ni Raynifoninahiteliniawnian, ona safa a Raynifoninahiteliniawnian i,30miheca ko kalakakeridan no kitakit. Nakalakakeridan cingra i patireng icowacowa to pitilidan,paci’ecien a papitilid ko ka’emangay, tahidangen ningra ko Ikiris tamdaw malakomon no sofitay, sa matongal ko kaci’icel no sofitay.[2] Oloma sato mifalican a demak o pipalasawad to aduhayay ko kacifafahi,o kristo pitooran malapitooran no lalomaan no honti,sanoyanan sato a ‘aloman ko mitooray, nika caay ka sawad kono to’asan ho a pitooran demak.[3] O rikec no kitakit mitodongay tono Ikiris a rikec,i tatapangan aniyaro’ mikihatiya tono Yoropa tolo ko kasafatafatd.[4]\n\nNikowanan no Fransu a mihecahecaan(法國殖民時期) \nMicomod ko Fransu to sapi’ecoaw amikowan I 1883miheca, mitoker ko tamdaw no Matakaskar ta malalood ato Fransu.[8] Yo malahecai to ko lalood kelit han no Matakaskar ko isaka’amisay a minato Ancilanana pafeli ko Fransu, mipatefoc ho to 50’emang Falang(法郎).[9] Itiya sato i 1890miheca, pakidosaan a sapafeliaw i Ikiris ko Fransu to Matakaskar, caka pihai ko Matakaskar to matiniay pakidosanay demak, o Fransu to I nani 1894miheca 12folad tahira I 1895miheca sakacecay folad ko pisalifong ta ‘ecoen ko ikawaliay a minato Towamasina(Toamasina) ato ika’etipay a niyaro’ Mahacanca(Mahajanga).[10] Hatini to ko pisalifong no Fransu macangalen ho to sapipelengaw to Matakaskar, tahidangen ho nani Afrika ko ‘alomanay sofitay a mipadang milood, tatiih ko lemed taha ‘adada to Malaliya(niyieci han no kaping) ‘aloman ko mapatayay.1895miheca 9folad,tangasa to koya mamipadang a sofitay saromi’ami’ad hanto nangra a misalifong ko kamaro’an no honti, cato ka pakolilo ko Matakaskar kosang sato ko honti Linawalona sakatosa.[11] Toya cila a mihecaan 1896,paci’eci han to no Fransu a mi’eco a maro’ ko Matakaskar,malnikowanan niyam sato a palosiyang i papotal, la’eto sato a mapalasawad ko Imolina Hontian Kitakit, o laloma’an saato no honti i malaplap tayra i Alciliya i Afrika.\n\n1896miheca,mapalahedaw ko mali’acaay to koli a demak,nikawrira, 50’emang ko ka’adihay no koli away ko kalaklakan a maro’ sa kinaitiratira I loma’ no tawki a maro’, malamimaomahay , anca malatofangay.[12] I lawac no kakahaday lalan no syoto Antanalifopo adihay mapatireng ko malokasopsopan a loma’[13] to pilafinan no koli. Oya sa loma’ no honti malapiterian to tadamaanay dafong.[14] Adihay to ko mipatirengan a pitilidan, halo ya caayay ho ka tahiraan no Milina tamdaw toya maraayay ikemoday a niyaro’ ato salawacan no riyar mapatireng ko pitiridan. 6~13 ko mihecaan a ka’emangay mipaci’ecian a papitilid a mihatatanam to sowal no Fransu ato sakatayal a kicic.\n\nItiya I no hontian ho, o tayal ko sapasata no kalotamdaw to honti, onini a demak I mi’osawan no Fransu to sapisanga’ to lalan no cilamalay ato kalolalan.[15]\n\nItiya sato I sakacecay a kalaloodan no polong a kitakit,mikapot I sofitay no Fransu ko Matakaskar.[16] Tahayni sato I 20sici(‘ayaw no cecay so’ot miheca) ira ko pasaharateng no sifo no Toic to sapifaolawaw to Yotaya tamdaw tayra I Matakaskar.[17] Namalowid to ko Toic I caay sato ka laheci kona sapifolawaw to Yotaya a demak.\n\nI sakatosa a kaloodan no polong a kitakit, ma’eco no Toic ko Fransu, mangoyangoy ko faloco’ no tamdaw no Matakaskar to pikowan no Fransu,ka o pisa’iked to a miniyahpikowan sato a misaharterateng no Matakaskar tamdaw, yo laheci saho ko lsakatosa lalood, i 1947miheca looden to no Matakaskar to mikowanay a Fransu.[18] I 1958miheca 10folad 14romi’ad, palosyang to pitatireng to Marakasi Kapolongan Kitaki,o cecay no komodan no Fransu a Niyahpikowan a kitakit,i 1959miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko Kinpo,ta patireng to Pacarcaray Sifo, 1960miheca saka’enem folad sakasepat safaw romi’ad malaheci to tomireng ko Malakasi Kapolongan Kitakit.[19]\n\nNiyahpikowan a kitakit(獨立後) \nMapatireng ko Malakasi Kapolongan Kitakit, kinasepatay to misariyariyad ko kapolongan kitakit, mipatireng to fa’elohay kitakit I miriyad a misang’ amisafa’eloh to kinpo. Nani 1960miheca tahira 1972miheca o sakacecay a kapolongan kitakit,o mitoro’an no Fransu ci Filipir．Cilanana(Philibert Tsiranana，1912年10月18日－1978年4月16日）)ko malacongtongay.\n\nO mitoro’an no Fransu sanaw o mitayalan ningra o sakaci’etan to, o sapikowan to toor hananay ko sowal no Fransu. Patinako han, o malakakeridan nomaamaan to a tatayalen sahetoay o Fransu a tamdaw,o singsi o Fransu to atamdaw, o sapipasifana’ o no Fransu tilid. Ciharateng sato ko finawlan ona tayal ni Cilanana caay ka sasiroma to pikowan no Fransu, o「fa’elohay a palatepesay mikowan」sa onian ko pakarawraw to finawlan a misapifelihaw tona sifo, 1972miheca saso’eli’elin sato a mafelih no finawlan.[20]\n\nToyanan to a miheca,o kakeridan no i palaay sofita malapacarcaray a congtong ato kakeridan no kitakit, caay ko mihaian no finawlan ko kalacongtong ningra,sakatolo miheca i 1975 tararikor sato a misawad. Do’edo’ sa ci Risyal Racimantorawa(Richard Ratsimandrava) ko malacongtongay, ’edeng’edeng ’enem a romi’ad ko kalacongtongan mapacok ta mapatay. O mido’edo’ay ci Cir Antoliyamahaco(Gilles Andriamahazo) ko malacongtongay,sepat a folad ko kalacongtong mafalic ni Titir Raciraka(Didier Ratsiraka，1975年－1993年；1997年－2002年) [[Faylo:Gvtratsiraka1.jpg|thumb|Gvtratsiraka1]] sanosofitay han ningra kopikowan to finawlan, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Matakaskar,misasyakaysyuki demak no kitakit.\n\nItiya sato i sakacecay kanikawan to simal(1973~1974), awa to ko katayalan mataring to ko tada no kitakit, o ‘orip sato no finawlan tadapakoyoc to,[21] i 1979miheca la’eto sato a mapeleng kona sifo.\n\nAwa to ko kakeridan no sifo I, ci Aropet Cafi(Albert Zafy) ko micadaay a patireng to pacarcaray sifo, maala cingra i1992miheca a sinkiw to congtong, nipatirengan to sakakinatolo kapolongan a kitakit.[22] O misafa’elohan a kinpo i mihai to kasasiromaroma a saopo no sici, masaroma ko salongoc no finawlan,onini ko faco no fa’elohay a sifo.\n\n2010miheca, mitopa ko polong tamdaw to pihai to misafa’elohan heca a kinpo, patireng to sakasept a kapolongan a kitakit,itini tona miliyawan a misafa’eloh a kinpo matiliday ama’osaw ko o finawlan ko pi’arawan a mikowan ato pihai to kasasiromaroma saopo no sici.[23] [[Faylo:Hery Rajaonarimampianina 2014.jpg|thumb|Hery Rajaonarimampianina \n\n2014]2013miheca,saka10folad,saka25romi’ad,misinkiw to congtong ato lipoiing, awaay ko paka’alaay to fatad no satopa no fanawlan, sa miliyaw ho to sakakinatosa a mitopa ko finawlan tono congtong a sinkiw I 2013miheca saka12folad,saka20romi’ad. I 2014miheca sakacecay folad saka7romi’ad, mapatalahekal ko lekal,ci Aili Matiyal Rakotoyalimanana Raciyawlimamanpiyani(Hery Martial Rakotoarimanana Rajaonarimampianina) 53.5% ko maalaay a satopa ta malacongtong.[24]\n\nPalapalaan ato Taliyokan(地理和生態) \nO dadahal no pala 59,2800㎢ saka47 laylay i polong kitakit , o sakasepat ko katata’ang a kanatal. I sawaliay no Afrika, o sangataay a kitakit i, o Mosanpiko. I kawali misi’ayaway to riyar no Into, o lawac no riyar i kawali i, sahetoay o kilakilangan, i sifo’ an i, o masa’apilisay a omaomahan.\n\nI ’ayaw no 1,35’ok(億)miheca, malipowak ko cikiw malapecih ko Matakaskar,katimolay lawac no cikiw , Into a karopaw ato Afrika ato Satimolan Amirika. I ‘ayaw no 8899 ofad miheca, miliyaw heca a mapecih lacinowas sato ko Matalaslar ato Into, maraay ko piliyas to romaroma a hekal sa ma’osaw ho ko caay kafalic ko kalahad no maamaan a kina’orip, o kilakilangan ato ’a’adopen.[25] O sera no Matakaskar ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko semosemotan, ira ko sena’sena’an, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no pala. [[Faylo:Biogeographic timetable of Madagascar - journal.pone.0062086.g003.png|thumb|Biogeographic timetable of Madagascar - journal.pone.0062086.g003]]\n\nO romi’ad 'i, saka11folad~saka4folad, kafodo’an ato kafaliyosan, i saka5folad~saka10folad kasi’emelan, o ka’oradan, sa kahenay a malahad ko kinairaira. I sasifo’an a takaraway a pala ma’icangay sa’emelay. I 2004miheca ira ko tata’angay afaliyos, 172tamdaw ko mapatayay,21’ofad 4260tamdaw ko mafolaway.\n\nNano katelangan a miheca malaliyas to karopaw, sa caay ka cilamlam to samaamaanay a kinairaira, 90% odeng itini a ira, o lotong to, o ‘ayam to sahetoay o kakafahekaan a kinaira.[26]\n\nI matakaskar iraay ko cecay ’ofad no kasasiromaroma no kina’orip,80% o itiniay aca a ira ko nini.patinako han o Lan hana(蘭花)ira ko 860 ko kasasiromaroma, o kalitolo no sepat o tadamaanay no nini.[27] Ira ho koroma a patinakoan, itini i mitahepoan no kakarayan i faloay ko kasasiroma no lotong hanaay facidol,o itiratiraay aca i Afrika cecay,i Awco cecay, ’enem i Matakaskar.[28][[Faylo:Penang Malaysia Ravenala-madagascariensis-01.jpg|thumb|Penang Malaysia Ravenala-madaga\n\nOroma sa o nangesan a kilang(棕櫚科)ira ko 170 ko kasasiroma,o sa’adihayay i tini Afrika, tona 170 no kasasiroma 165 itiniay aca i Matakaskar a malengaw.[29] Adihay ho ko masasiromaromaay a talod, manga’ayay kalasapa’iyoen, patinako han oya cangcunhua(長春花) o lalengawan i nani Matakaskar a matenak taracowacowa to akitakit, faloay ko tatapngan a kahirahira, pito ko kahirahira itini i Matkaskar.[30] ona hana tonini i,o sapisanga’ sapi’ada to kang(癌症)adada a sapaiyo sanay ko mikakinkiway.O kakafahekan a kilang i o rafinala(ravinala)hananay o itiniay a tamdaw a pangang, matiya o macelakay ko wikor a ‘ayam, tadamakapahay sa malatahapinangan no kitakit ato hikoki no Matakaskar.[31]\n\nTamdaw(人口) \nI 2016miheca a misa’osi 2500 ’ofad ko polong tamdaw no Matakaskar.[32] Ilaloma’ nona tamtamdaw I,90% ko Matakaskar tamdaw, 18 kokasasiromaroma a finacadan.[33] I’ayaw no cecay so’ot miheca to pihapinang to lamit no ‘ilang oya DNA hananay, mapawacay to makalitosaay no Satimolan Finacadan a ‘ilang ato nani Afrikaay Panto Finacadan a ’ilang.[34] Oya maro’ay i sifo’ay no kitakit a tokotokasan pala a tamdaw o Satimalon Finacadan ko ‘alomanay, mahaop ko 26% no polong tamdaw no Matakaskar, o itiraay i lawac no riyariyaran a maro’ay tamdaw o Panto ko ‘alomanay, o polong no maro’ay I salawacan no riyar a tamdaw I o Pieti tamdaw ko sa’alomanay mahaop ko 14% no polong no kitakit tamdaw,do’edo sa I o Cimiheti tamdaw 6% ko haop, ato Sakalawa tamdaw.[35]\n\nO caay ka hakowa ko tamdaw a finacadan ira ko Kaping, Into ato Tomo tamdaw,o cilamlamay to ‘ilang ko Yoropa a tamdaw caay to ka hakowa, naw iro malowan ko tamdaw hani, namasakakinih no itinitiniay aca a maro’, patinako han I 1976miheca marawraw a malaplap no Mahacanciya ko Kotomo atamdaw sa milaliw a mafolaw. O teloc no Yoropa matiya to a malowan.\n\n2009miheca o katongal no masofocay tamdaw i 2.7%, o polong tamdaw nani 1900miheca 220 ‘ofad, macakat i 2012miheca to 2200 ’ofad. Kamoko’ay ko ‘orip, o caay ho ka tangasa i 15 ko mihecan mahaop 42.5%, nani 15 ko mihecan tahira 64 ko mihecan a tamdaw mahaop ko 54.5%, orasaka, o mata’elifay ko 65 ko mihecaan a malitengay haop sa to 3% aca.\n\nSowal (語言) \nO lalengawan sowal no Mtakaskar nano Malay-Polinisya Finacadan,o matenakay a sowal tona kanatal, nikawrira, adihay ho ko masasiromaromaay a sowal, nika talikeda ko tamtamdaw to masasiromaay sowal.[36] O na kasaniyaro’ a sowal i,tosa ko pecih o sakawli a Matakaskar ato o saka’etip a Matakaskar: o sakawali a niyaro’an sowal itiraay o sakawali a lilis no kilakilangan pala ato takaraway pala, o Milina niyaro’an sowal no Antananalifo o capa’ to onini sowal; o maro’ay I ka’etip a lilis no riyar a finawlan sahetoay ono saka’etipay Matakaskar sowal.\n\nYo pikowanan ho Fransu o sowal no Fransu ko hasasowal no sifo i Matakaskar, 1958 mihea masanga’ ko sa’ayaway a kinpo, itini tona kinpo a rikec I, o Matakaskar ato Fransu sowal kono sifoan sowal sanay ko tilid, malamikapotay sato ko Matakaskar to o Fransu sowal a kitakitakit, orasak o mitiliday ma’emin maafana’ to sowal no Fransu. O miliyawan a misanga’ kinpo i1992miheca ono sifoan to sowal ko Matakaskar sowal, ono kitakit to sowal saan ko rikec,orasaka ono Fransu sowal ko tilid, ono Fransu sowal ko tilid no sifo,naw iro sato ko fanawlan ora ko saka pakokot i Hoing(法院) mipacalalay to kinpo saan. Nika caayay ho kalatiliden no rikec ko tilid no Matakaskar, sa o hasowal ho no sifo ko Fransu sowal sato ko pisawkit no Kinpo Pisawkitan(高等憲法法院).\n\n2007miheca a fa’elohay kinpo palaliyad heca a patalehekal tono sifoan sowal, o sowal no Matakaskar, sowal no Fransu ato sowal no Ikiris mapolong to malasowal no sifo.[37] 2010miheca 11folad a Polongan Pitopa no Finawlan(全民公投) mapalahedaw ko kalasowal no sifo ko Ikiris sowal.\n\nPitooran(宗教) \nMalakitosa ko tamdaw no Matakaskar mipaso’elinay ho tono to’asan a pitooran,o sowal no to’as i,o ma’oripay a tamdaw ato mapatayay iraay ho ko kali’eki’ay akalakiting sanay. Orasaka, adihay ko lisin to pingodo to to’as, o demak no mitooray i misafangcal to tadem, o itiraay i takaraway pala ko ‘orip a tamdaw ira ko「mifelih to tatirengan no mapatayay a pariko a lisin」(famadihana),onini haw i,karkaren nani tadem ko tatirengan no mapatayay, mahelek a misawsaw pariko’en to [[Faylo:Famadihana reburial razana ancestor Madagascar.jpg|thumb|Famadihana reburial razana ancesfa’elahy a fancalay kiradom ta liyawen ho a mitadem(misawsaw to ’okak lisin), itini to matiniyay a lisin i mapolongay ko salawinawina ato niyaro’ a malipahak a mingodo to to’as, o roma i matahidang ko fiyaw a niyaro’ tayni a palafang mili’epah, ma’acang, nikawrira, o paysin no to’as i misa’icelan a mido’edo ta madipot no to’as yo sanay. Ano ira ko citatiihay a tamdaw ato loma’ onika caay ka pingodo to to’as, mapalafo to no to’as sanay ko tatodong. O citatiihay sato a tamdaw ato ciloma’ay misakolong paka’en to to’as to sapisaysay to faloco’ no to’as ta caay to ka palatiih to i hekalay ho laloma’an. \n\nO tamdaw no Matakaskar ira ko kalitosa to mitooray ci Yisoan, o Ciwlokiw ato Tinsikiw makalitos ko tamdaw. Anini sato sahetoay to mapalamlam ko pitoor to Kristo ato to’asay a pitooran,patinako han ano midemak to「mifelih to tatirengan no mapatayay a pariko a lisin」(famadihana) a lisin i, itira ho i kyokay a miinori, malaheci to itira to i pitademan kono to’as a lisin. O mitooray to Kristo ira ko Tinsikiw, Fa’elohay Pitooran, Sini Pitooran ato Senko Pitooran, wataay ko picirep to sici nona kitakit.[38]\n\nIra a matenak ko Islam Pitooran ato Into Pitooran tona kitakit, o mitooray to Islam a tamdaw ira ko Matakaskar, Into, Pakistan ato Komo tamdaw.\n\nPunka (文化) \nTada ahihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan no Matakaskar kitakit, oya cecay a finacadan o cecay a punka, halafin to ko ’orip itini sa masasifasif kono niyah punka, faco no ’orip, lekakawa, ato pitooran. Nilawrira, ira ko pinapina a kasasitekelo no punka, malopatosokan no Matakaskar punka. Caay ko ’edengan o sowal aca ko malaliniay a mafana’ a somowal a mitengil, malacecay ko rarengawan to’as ato pita’omg to to’as a lisin, ono to’asan a nitahafan nokakarayan a harateng i,o 「madadama」(fihavanana),「lemed」(vintana) ,「nokay no safalat」(tody) ato 「hasina」(hasina) ko micerepay i faloco’ no tamtadaw.\n\nO「hasina」hananay i fancalay a ’icel no ’orip sanay ko tatodong nona sowal, nika paso’elin ko finawlan ona fancalay ’icel ko midipotay to niyaro’ ato lalomaan ato ha’icel no malatapangay. Orama a heci no punka ira ho ko: mitalikay mikelit to ofil no panga, misalimela to ngasaw, paso’elin to cikawasay, mi’edaw misalisin ato no to’as a sapa’iyo, o paifatafatadan no tamdaw: ira ko fafaway tamdaw, ira ko kalotamdaw ato koli.[39] Pakaynien I rikec no kitakit mapalahedaway to ko paifatafatadan no tamdaw alekakawa,nikawrira, o nano nika sa tisil i syakay , o pili’etan a tayal ato hakowaay ko ‘icel iso a pakangiyangi to syakay nani tiniay i tisil no ’orip(社會種性).[40] Ano mimaaman to, o pi’edaw(Mpanandro) ko pinengnengan to kalotayal.\n\nO punka no Matakaskar mipalatalahekalay to kasasiroma a rarengawa no punka, patinakohan , o tiftif a potoy(valiha) o ’aol ko sapisanga’, o Citola tiftif hananay, o nani satimolan Kalimantan Sakowan a tamdaw ko mihawikiday a tayni, miriniay tono aniniay Inni ato Filipin a tiftif.\n\nPihapinangan a Tilid(註腳) \n[1] National Geographic. Style Manual. [2015-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-17）.\n\n[2] Cousins, William Edward. Madagascar of to-day: A sketch of the island, with chapters on its past history and present prospects. London: The Religious Tract Society. 1895: 11–12 [2014-05-07].\n\n[3] Room, Adrian. Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2006: 230 [2014-05-07]. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7. （原始內容存檔於2014-05-13）.\n\n[4] Crowley, B.E. A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2010, 29 (19-20): 2591–2603. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2591C. doi:10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.06.030.\n\n[5] Peter Forster, Shuichi Matsumutra, Matthieu Vizuete-Forster, Petya Belinda Blumbach & Robert Dewar. The Genetic Prehistory of Madagascar's Female Asian Lineages. Shuichi Matsumura, Peter Forster, Colin Renfrew (編). Simulations, Genetics and Human Prehistory. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Press. 2008: 71–77.\n\n[6] Virah-Sawmy, M.; Willis, K.J.; Gillson, L. Evidence for drought and forest declines during the recent megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar. Journal of Biogeography. 2010, 37 (3): 506–519. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2009.02203.x.\n\n[7] Ogot, Bethwell. Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO. 1992: 418 [2014-05-08]. ISBN 978-92-3-101711-7. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-20）.\n\n[8] Van Den Boogaerde, Pierre. Shipwrecks of Madagascar. New York: AEG Publishing Group. 2008: 7 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-1-60693-494-4.\n\n[9] Randier, Jean. La Royale: L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française. Maîtres du Vent – La Falaise: Babouji. 2006: 400. ISBN 2-35261-022-2.\n\n[10] Curtin, Philip D. Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 1998: 186 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-0-521-59835-4. （原始內容存檔於2014-05-27）.\n\n[11] Oliver, Roland; Fage, John Donnelly; Sanderson, G.N. The Cambridge History of Africa 6. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 1985 [2014-05-10]. ISBN 978-0-521-22803-9. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-28）.\n\n[12] Shillington, Kevin. Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press. 2005: 878. ISBN 1-57958-453-5.\n\n[13] Fournet-Guérin, Catherine. Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Editions. 2007: 45–54 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-2-84586-869-4. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-26）.\n\n[14] Frémigacci, Jean. Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?. Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (編). Histoire d'Afrique. Paris: Editions Karthala. 1999: 421-444. ISBN 978-2-86537-904-0.\n\n[15] Reinsch, Paul Samuel. Colonial Administration. New York: Macmillan. 1905: 377 [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-08）.\n\n[16] Bureau of African Affairs. Background Note: Madagascar. U.S. Department of State. 2011-05-03 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-24）\n\n[17] Browning, Christopher R. The Origins of the Final Solution. Jerusalem: Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 2004: 81–89 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 3-540-63293-X. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-13）.\n\n[18] Lehoullier, Sara. Madagascar: Travel Companion. New York: Other Places Publishing. 2010: 107 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-0-9822619-5-8. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-08）.\n\n[19] Pryor, Frederic L. The political economy of poverty, equity, and growth: Malawi and Madagascar. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1990: 209–210 [2014-05-09]. ISBN 978-0-19-520823-8. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-22）\n\n[20] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原���內容存檔於2013-08-26）.\n\n[21] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）.\n\n[22] Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?. International Crisis Group. [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-09）.\n\n[23] Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?. International Crisis Group. [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-09）.\n\n[24] Madagascar Court confirms President-elect. Voice Of America. 2014-01-17 [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-04）.\n\n[25] University of Berkeley: Understanding Evolution. Where did all of Madagascar's species come from?. 2009-10 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-05）.\n\n[26] Hobbes, Joseph; Dolan, Andrew. World Regional Geography. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. 2008: 517 [2014-05-07]. ISBN 978-0-495-38950-7. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-19）.\n\n[27] Bradt, Hilary. Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide. London: Bradt Travel Guides. 2011 [2014-05-07]. ISBN 978-1-84162-341-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）.\n\n[28] Baum DA, Small RL, Wendel JF. Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets. Systematic Biology. 1998, 47 (2): 181–207. PMID 12064226. doi:10.1080\/106351598260879.\n\n[29] Bradt, Hilary. Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide. London: Bradt Travel Guides. 2011 [2014-05-07]. ISBN 978-1-84162-341-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）.\n\n[30] Foster, Steven. From Herbs to Medicines: The Madagascar Periwinkle's Impact on Childhood Leukemia: A Serendipitous Discovery for Treatment. Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 2010-12, 16 (6): 347–350. doi:10.1089\/act.2010.16609.\n\n[31] Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. Nature of Madagascar. Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. 2011-08-24 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-03）\n\n[32] \"World Population prospects – Population division\". population.un.org. 聯合國經濟和社會事務部人口司. [2019-11-09]. \n\n[33] Bureau of African Affairs. Background Note: Madagascar. U.S. Department of State. 2011-05-03 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-24）.\n\n[34] Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P. The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005-05-04, 76 (5): 894–901 [2014-05-10]. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703. doi:10.1086\/430051. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-19）.\n\n[35] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）.\ni'ayaway a tilid ko nini\nItini i 20 00 S, 47 00 E, noAfilika ko Madagascar|Madagascar.\nPolong no sekalay i 587,041 sq km “saka 47 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 581,540 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 5,501 sq km ” \nPolong i 24,430,325 ko tamdaw.\n\n[36] Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo. Grammaire moderne de la langue malgache. Langues INALCO. Paris: Langues et mondes – l'Asiatheque. 2001: 8. ISBN 2-911053-79-6.\n\n[37] Madagascar: 2007 Constitutional referendum. Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa. 2010-06 [2014-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-13）. \n\n[38] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. International Religious Freedom Report: Madagascar. U.S. Department of State. 2006 [2014-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-14）. \n\n[39] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）. \n\n[40] Middleton, Karen. Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar. Los Angeles: Brill. 1999: 259–262, 272, 309 [2014-05-10]. ISBN 978-90-04-11289-6. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-21）.\n\nPitiri'an tilid(參考文件) \nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 71.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) \n\na sera 21.50%, malo no roma to a sera 7.40%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [Antananarivo(安塔那那利佛) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 26 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Hery Rajaonarimampianina|Hery Rajaonarimampianina(埃里·拉喬納里馬曼皮亞尼納), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":6506,"character_repetition_ratio":0.053,"word_repetition_ratio":0.064,"special_characters_ratio":0.27,"stopwords_ratio":0.017,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":11063.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Makotaay","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"O ngangan no Makotaay (港口部落由來) \nItiya a mihecahan, malinah ko to’as no Makotaay tayni, manengneng nagnra kora mangotaay a ‘alo, saka o Makotaay han a pangangan kona niyaro’. o kimad itiya ho, o sa’ayaway a tani ko ci’poran. pakayni i posong miliacal to rimar tangasa i Sanasay. pakayni Sanasay miliacal to riyar tangasa i Posong.. saikor, tangasa to i cepo’ no Laeno ato Makotaay a paloma’ patireng to niyaro’ sa o Ciporan han kona ngasaw a pangangan. nikarira,yo kasakapingan ho i, misalalan ko kaping no kasakapingan , mari'angay ko kaping to finawlan. sarikoray sato, malacinowasay ko finawlan no riyaro' nangra. cecay a mihecahan how i, minokay ko mamangay a tamdaw, copah sa kapatayan ko fain’nayan no riyaro' na kaping. o nikatenglan to sowal, kora a gemak saan, saka caay pitaloma’ to Ci'poran ko finawlan. sa linahen ngara ko kamaro’an tayra i katimol no ‘etip a （sowal no holam : ce-kong-san）tokos a makotaay ‘alo, saka Makotaay a riyaro han.\n\nO kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) \nItira i Makotaay no Fakong palowad to no sayfosayfoan a niyaro’. misi’ayaw to riyar ko Makotaay, tadafangcal ko talihoc no salawacan mililis to lawac no riyar, ’aloman ko sayfo no mito’eto’ay misateka misanga.\n\nO nikalopisak no Makotaay (人口分佈) \n\nItiniay i Fengbin(豐濱) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko Makotaay a niyaro’, 146 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 415 ko sa’osi no tamdaw.\n\n97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 402 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw.\n\nO pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)93%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)1%, roma(其他)3%.\n\nMakotaay（瑪谷達璦部落）\n\nItiniay i Yuli(玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko Makotaay a niyaro’, 159 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 524 ko sa’osi no tamdaw.\n\n84% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 438 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 16% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 86 ko tamdaw.\n\nO pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)79%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)3%.\n\nIra ko picodadan(玉東國中) i niyaro’.\n\nO finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) \nO pasawalian a Pangcah, o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincomin. itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a Pangcah han.\n\nO pito'oran no finawlan (族人信仰) \nO pito'oran ko finawlan no Makotaay i ,itini a niyaro’ ira ko tosa nipatirengan a kiwkay a maneneng. O pito’oran nira i o tingsikiw ato kirisito-kiw. itini i ira ko pito’oran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kiwkay, malosakarikec sto sakafakat no ’orip no Yin-cu-min. mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’.\n\no kasadakan no lihaf \n\n 內政部戶政司全球資訊網\n 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料\n\nFarangaw 'Amis","num_words":520,"character_repetition_ratio":0.073,"word_repetition_ratio":0.207,"special_characters_ratio":0.256,"stopwords_ratio":0.019,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":26588.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie-Louise%20Coleiro%20Preca","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca(瑪麗·路易斯·科勒略·普雷卡)\n\nI 1958 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 7 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Malta(馬爾他) anini i ci Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 4 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":96,"character_repetition_ratio":0.136,"word_repetition_ratio":0.092,"special_characters_ratio":0.27,"stopwords_ratio":0.031,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.977,"perplexity_score":9120.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marino%20Riccardi","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Marino Riccardi(馬里諾·里卡爾迪)\n\nI 1958 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 9 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Marino Riccardi, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no San marino(聖馬利諾​) anini i ci Marino Riccardi, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":77,"character_repetition_ratio":0.117,"word_repetition_ratio":0.088,"special_characters_ratio":0.277,"stopwords_ratio":0.039,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.991,"perplexity_score":14509.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall%20Island","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"→ Marshall Islands\nMasyalu kanatanatal a kitakit(馬紹爾群島共和國)\n\nTakaray sowal(概要) \nO Masyalu kanatanatal a kitakit I o pangangan no Masyalo a tamdaw I 「Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ」,o no Ikilis I 「Marshall Islands」,o ma’alaay a ngangan I o Masyalo, itini’ay I saka’amis no Masinanotay a riyar(太平洋).O cecay a pala no Mikronisya palapalan ko Masylo,o dadahal no pala I 181 sq km,o no riyar a kakahad I cirafasay to tosa a ‘emang sq km, o tamdaw I 68.480,laklak sanay a maro’ I 1,156 a pala ato rakarakan, o sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a maro’I itiraay I Maciwlu a niyaro’ o tatapangan a niyaro’ no kitakit.\n\nO Masyalo a kitakit I o kapolongan ko sici o congtong ko mikowanay,o mitidapi’ay I Amirika, orira ko pidama no Amirika to sofitay a mipidipot,a mipa’orip. Nawhany, caay ka hakowa ko kinaira no maamaan nona kitakit,sa orira ko pitadipi to pipadahof no Amirika, o mifotingay ko saka’rip no tamdaw itini. O payso no itiniay I o no Amirika.\n\nO kapolongan a sowal no itiniay I o Masylo ato Ikilis.\n\nO tahapinangan no Masyalo palapalan kitakit.(la'enoay a cuka)\n\nRikisi (歷史) \nO tamdaw nona kitakit I ono Satimolan a Sowal ko sowal ngara, o tamdaw sa I ono Satimolan Kitakit, nikawrira,I 1885miheca ma’eco no Toic, tahira I Sakakinacecay Lalood I o Dipong to ko mikowanay.1944miheca,o Amirika to ko mi’ecoay a mikowan, maherek to ko sakakinatosa a lalood I o patoroden no Linhoko ko Amirika a mikowan. Toya pikowanan no Amirika nani 1946miheca tahira I 1968miheca,mipatireng ko Amirika to pitanaman to ‘icel no pakotang, o kafana’an aca I kina 66 a misaliyaliyaw a mitanam to pakotang, onini ko sakaciadada ko itiniay a tamdaw mapatidi’ to lintokin, ono adada toni’an I caay kafilo a paadahen, ano ciwawa sa I sahetoay o mangilosay.\n\n1979miheca,misawad to pikapot I Mikulonisya, sa’iked sato a mipatireng tono niyah a kitakit,o niyah ko mikowan tono niyah a kitakit.1986miheca,matatilid ato Amirika toniyah a nisafaloco’an a pikapot,toya to a miheca 10folad,21romi’ad,si’iked sato a tomireng ko Masylo, caay to ko tao ko mikowanay.1991miheca,1991miheca mikapot to I Linhoko.\n\nKaitiraan a sera(地理) \nO kaitiraan no RapaNui I tosaay ko pecih sakawali ato sa’etip.O sakawali a malilisay a pala I o Lalatak(o kahadakan no cidal sanay),o saka’etio a mililisay a pala I o Lalik(o piceleman no cidal sanay), o kslala’ed no sawali ato sa’etip 208km ko kararaay(nani Posong tahira I Taypak ). O tosa no kalitolo a tamdaw I itiray maro’ I Maciwlo ato Ipay.\n\nSici(政治) \n1979miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko Kinpo(憲法),do’edoen ko rikec nona Kinpo I o congtong ko sakakaay tapang no kitakit, o mikowanay,o mamalatapang a tamdaw I nani tiraay I kakitaan no niyaro’ a piri’en.\n\nO sakakaay a pikaykian no kitakit ko misanga’ay to polong a rikec no kitakit(matiya o Lipoing no Taywan),o polong no iing I 33 ko tamdaw, sepat miheca kinacecay a liyawen a misingkiw. Ira ho ko roma a sakakaay a pikaykian o Iroji hananay, o iing nonini I o kalo pala aniyaro’, ano caay ka tatodong ko misanga’an no Lipoing a rikec to rayray no to’as I manga’ayay a mifelih kona Iroji papiliyaw a papisanga’ anoca papisalof to rikec no kitakit,sa oninian ko sakacaay ka doka’ ko to’as a wayway ato pinangan no niyaro’, to ma’osaw ko kalacecay no to’as a sera.\n\nMitanam to 'icel no pakotang(核試爆) \n1946miheca tahira I 1968miheca,mipatireng ko Amirika to pitanaman to ‘icel no pakotang, o kafana’an aca I kina 66 a misaliyaliyaw a mitanam to pakotang, onini ko sakaciadada ko itiniay a tamdaw mapatidi’ to lintokin, ono adada toni’an I caay kafilo a paadahen, ano ciwawa sa I sahetoay o mangilosay.\n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":731,"character_repetition_ratio":0.05,"word_repetition_ratio":0.13,"special_characters_ratio":0.232,"stopwords_ratio":0.044,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":35244.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mauritus","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Mauritius (模里西斯) \nMauritius nikapolongan kitakit (Inkiris: Republic of Mauritius; France: République de Maurice; Cleo sowal: Repiblik Moris) itira i sakakawali to 800 konhli no Madagascar nikapolongan kitakit, no Intoyang a palapalaan, oni kanatal – Mauritius kanatal (Mauritius) ato Agalega palapalaan (Agalega Islands), Rodriguez palapalaan ato Cargados-Carajos palapalaan malakapot. Dadahal no kitakit 2,040 pinfang kongli. Lilis no riyar a calay 177 kongli, no niyah a riyar 12 li, patodong no kicay a riyar 200 li[8].\n\nMauritius pala nano i 10 sician nano manengnengay no Arab tamdaw. I 16 sici, Portugal tamdaw micalap tina pala. I 1598 miheca Netherland tamdaw micalap tina pala, itiya o kakomodan no Netherland ci Maurits van Nassau a ngangan ko pipanganganan. I 1715 miheca France micalap tonini palaan miteka ira ko mafolaway, miliyaw pangangan to France a pala ahan. O Inkiris i 1810 miheca kalaloodan ni Napoleonmicalap tina pala, o France i Vienna tonekan pafeli tina Mauritius to Inkiris, tina tonekan tilid saka 8 riyad teleken to itiniay i pala a finawlan ira ko pidipot no rikec, lakakawa ato pakayraan, orasaka o Mauritius tangasa anini materek ko France a sowal ato lakakawa.\n\nNa mikowan to ko Inkiris patiko to matelangay ngangan no Mauritius. I 1835 miheca mihayda ko Inkiris to pipalasawad to mifadesay a rikec, na masedal ko mafadesay a kohetingay tamdaw caay to kakahidademak to liomah ato patireng to loma’, na itiya makotay to no ’alomanay a India a malingaday; Muslin ato holam tayni a misiwfay malaliaca, masasinga’ay ko kasafanacadan sakamitini aniniay Mauritius a tamdaw. Mauritius i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw misiiked, o salaloma’ananay no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep, mingodo to hongti no Inkiris o sawara'an no kitakit, congto a taypiaw ko midemakay, ikor i 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mafalic to o Nikapolongan Kitakit, midemak to kalomaocan no Nikapolongan lakakawa, congtong o patodongan to sawara'an aca, congtong ato micokeray congtong o nai kalomaocan a nisingkiwan, 5 miheca ko lekad (padoedo to kinacecay), o congli ko citodongay to dademaken[9].\n\nO tamdaw nai India teloc, Frane Africa a camel (Cleo tamdaw), holam teloc, Europe tamdaw malekapot[9]. Mauritius a sasowalen o no Mauritius a Cleo sowal, France ato Inkiris sowal. Inkiris sowal o no malatapangay sowal, nika malali’ay to no Mauritius a Cleo sowal ato France sowal. O sinpon ato tilifi a kamok o no France a sowal. Roma, Asia a sowal itini no Asia finawlan sakalalicay.\n\nMauritius palaan nano kahiceraan no dengan Dodo ’ayam no hekal, nika micingcingay Europe tayni i Mauritius to ikor 80 miheca, maemin to no micingcingay mitilo a malahedaw to.\n\nLikisi (歷史) \nMauritius pala i 10 sician nao Alab tamdaw ko pakanengnengay. 16 sici, o Portugal tamdaw micalap tina pala. I 1598 miheca Netherland tamdaw micalap tina pala, itiya o kakomodan no Netherland ci Maurits van Nassau a ngangan ko pipanganganan. I 1715 miheca France micalap tonini palaan miteka ira ko mafolaway, miliyaw pangangan to France a pala ahan. O Inkiris i 1810 miheca kalaloodan ni Napoleonmicalap tina pala, o France i Vienna tonekan pafeli tina Mauritius to Inkiris, tina tonekan tilid saka 8 riyad teleken to itiniay i pala a finawlan ira ko pidipot no rikec, lakakawa ato pakayraan, orasaka o Mauritius tangasa anini materek ko France a sowal ato lakakawa.\n\nNa mikowan to ko Inkiris patiko to matelangay ngangan no Mauritius. I 1835 miheca mihayda ko Inkiris to pipalasawad to mifadesay a rikec, na masedal ko mafadesay a kohetingay tamdaw caay to kakahidademak to liomah ato patireng to loma’, na itiya makotay to no ’alomanay a India a malingaday; Muslin ato holam tayni a misiwfay malaliaca, masasinga’ay ko kasafanacadan sakamitini aniniay Mauritius a tamdaw. Mauritius i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw misiiked, o salaloma’ananay no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep, mingodo to hongti no Inkiris o sawara'an no kitakit, congto a taypiaw ko midemakay, ikor i 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mafalic to o Nikapolongan Kitakit, midemak to kalomaocan no Nikapolongan lakakawa, congtong o patodongan to sawara'an aca, congtong ato micokeray congtong o nai kalomaocan a nisingkiwan, 5 miheca ko lekad (padoedo to kinacecay), o congli ko citodongay to dademaken[9].\n\nNetherland a pikowan (荷蘭統治時期) \nI 1598 miheca, o tapang no sofitay no Netherland ci Wybrand Van Warwyck itini i aniniay minato a talahekal macakat, itiya pangangan to nia pala to Mauritius, o pihiratengan to mikowanay no Netherland, matemoyay a wawa ci William, Orango hongti Nassau a Mauretz. Nika tangasa i 1638 miheca o Netherland tamdaw miteka cangra i Netherland a micingcing, onini a picingcing tahira aca 20 miheca. Ikor a Netherland tamdaw midoedo to pinapina micingcing, nika awaay ko kinaira. I 1710 miheca, o Netherland tamdaw misawad to Mauritius, nikawrira mapacomod nangra ko tefos, nipakaenan no loma’ ato ngafol. O kasasowalen i, mipakataminaay ci Abel Tasman o nai Mauritius masadak ramakat pakanengneng to kaetip no Australia.\n\nFrance a pikowan (法國統治時期) \nFrance i 1715 miheca micalap to Mauritius, mafalic ko pipangangan France pala “Île de France, Island of France”, ’ayaw noni macalap to no France ko Reunion pala. Naikor tangasa 1767 miheca, Franca pala o nano France a kawaliay Into kosi (East India Company) ko mikowanay. I 1735 miheca, fa^elohay a congto ci Bertrand Francois Mahe de Labourdonnay misitapang micowat to tefos a paloma, o Louis monato pacomahaden to pakariyaray ato pisataminaan. Roma, nano ’adihayay iraay a nipatirengan loma’ no Mauritius itiniay i ci Labourdonnayan mapatireng.\n\nNai 1767 miheca miteka tangasa 1810 miheca, dengan France ta’akay pifalican-itiya a France pala a micingcingay patireng to so’elinay misiikeday pikowan-France pala midemakay a tapang saheto nano France sifo a niocoran. I 1803 miheca tangasa 1810 miheca, France pala ato Reunion pala a congto ci Charles Matthew Isidol Dega- ta’akay pifalican a tadamaanay tapang ato ni Napoleon a sakala’odot.\n\nNao “kalalood a marofoay” a todong ko pirepet to tadamaanay no Inkiris a misolapay ato micokaay ci Matthew Flinders, talocowa ci Napoleon mipasowal to pipalafac to Inkiris tamdaw, nikawrira o sapiliyangaw ci Napoleonan, ci Dega sahalafinen ningra ci Flinders a mirofo.\n\nI kalaloodan ci Napoleon, o France a pala mala piloodan no kokong no France to tamina no Inkiris, mahaenay a pilood tangasa 1810 miheca o kakeridan no riyar hitay a tapang ci Josiah Rollei mikerid to hongti riyar sofitay micalap to France pala itiya a paherek. I Inkiris France Mauritius kalaloodan, France a hitay oya minato ko maalaay, ikor malikot no hongti riyar sofitay i Cap Malheureux “Macawnik cokah” tolo folad itiya mihapiw to katapi’an. So’elinay romi’ad a katapi’an i 1810 mihecaan 12 folad 3 romi’ad, o katapi’an a todong Inkiris tamdaw mihayda to micingcingay miterek to sera ato dafong, midotoc midemak to France sowal i saki finawlan ato kaloraraw a pitomadaw o France no rikec. Micada ko Inkiris tina pala i, itiya patikol to nganga Mauritius pala.\n\nInkiris a pikowan (英國統治時期) \nO sarakatay a congto no Inkiris i Mauritius ci Robert Farquhar, patayni i Mauritius cingra to kafalic no kicay ato kafalic no syakay. I 1835 miheca, o mifadesay rikec mapalasawad i Mauritius. Mihai ko tawki no maomahay to 200 ’ofad Inpang (GBP) sapipalafac to mifadesan a sapalolol-onini a nifadesan o pikowan ho no France nai Africa ato Madagascar nipa’acaan tayni. Mapalasawad ko mifadesay rikec saki tiya a syakay a kicay ato kafalic no tamdaw o tadamaanay ko nian, o tawki no maomahay pasayra to i Into ato Asia roma sa’etal pacomod to malingaday. I 1834 miheca tangasa 1921 mihecaan, salongan 50 ’ofad ko malingaday tayni i Mauritius mipalomaay to tefos, misanga’ay, micolo’ay ato patirengay. Roma, Inkiris tamdaw patayni to 8740 tamdaw no Into a sofitay.\n\nO Into a tamdaw saheto nai Calcutta, Madras ato Mumbai a matayalay, 1721 miheca sa’ayaway a matayalay tayni i o Bengal ato niyaro’ay citodongay, ’alomanay o Bengal tamdaw ato Tamil tamdaw. ’alomanay a Intokiw (Hinduism) o nai aniniay Into a Bihar niyaro’ ato ka’amisay niyaro’. malaliacaay a holam ikor a tayni i Mauritius, tangasa anini, i Mauritius ira ko 3 ’ofad ko tamdaw nai Mancin malinahay tamdaw, o tatapangan no niyaro’ i o Miysyien Kongtong, tahanini mananam pasowal to soto Louis minato o “Poliy” (Port Louis no Ngayngay a sowal) [10].\n\nNanoya sa matongal to ko tamdaw no Into, i Mauritius a sici salongoc ato kicay salongoc miteka nai kamay no Mauritius tamdaw ato Cleo tamdaw no Mauritius malalinah tayra i kamay no Into a Mauritius tamdaw. Macowat ko pipaloma to tefos, caay pitolas ko tefos no Mauritius pasadak tayra i Inkiris. Macowat k kicay sakaira no sakacowat to calay no taingwa ato sakafalic no sasangaen a demak.\n\nSiiked (獨立) \nMatatoor 1955 mihaca ato 1957 miheca kinatosa lomaoc to sapitelek to kimpo no Mauritius a masaopo i London, no kakeridan a kalomaoc lekakawa miteka midemak i Mauritius, sato i 1959 miheca 3 folad 9 romi’ad misingkiw, misatapang to ko Mauritius misiiked. O sarakatay koni to polong no mato’asay a singkiw, misikiway finawlan ira 208,684 ko tamdaw. 1961 miheca miliyaw i London lomaoc to sapipatireng to kimpo, tala’ayaw to pipatireng to kimpo a onto. 1965 miheca, o sapipa’ading to kitakit ko nihaenan no Inkiris, sakilalood a sakaci’epoc, nao Mauritius a sera a Chagos palaan a mapateked, miliyaw patireng to no Inkiris a Intoyang a sa’etal sera, sakanga’ay masasikomod i no Intoyang a pipatireng to sifitay kamaro’an.\n\nO citodngay awaay ko miliyangay itiya, nika i ikor miliyaw mipaini to sapikowan to Chagos a kacitodong, o pipateked o mi’odongay to no kasakitakit a rikec, onini a sowal nihaydaan to no Linhpko[11]. I 1965 miheca saikoray pipatireng to kimpo a kalomaoc o sakipalalan to sapisiiked no Mauritius. I 1967 miheca a pisingkiwan, mihayda to fa^elohay kimpo no Mauritius, i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiikedan.\n\nIkor no pisiiked no Mauritius o yaan to no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep kapot, o pipangangan to misiikeday a Mauritius (Dominion of Mauritius) no Inkiris a hongti ci Elizabeth ko sawara'an no itakit, nika o congto ko citdongay to ’icel no sawara'an no kitakit. Mauritius ikor no pisiiked sarakatay a congto ci John Shaw Rainey a tamdaw.\n\nI 1991 miheca 12 m,4, mifalic to kimpo ko Mauritius, mihapiw ko Mauritius mala o no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep kapot a Nikapolongan Kitakit. Mafalic ko ngangan no kitakit a Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit. I 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad, patireng ko Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit, saikoray a congto ci Lin Jiadu tadamaanay ko linci a congtong. I 1992 miheca 6 folad 30 romi’ad, ci Kasam Utim ko sa’ayaway tada congtong no Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit.\n\nSici (政治) \nO sici no Mauritius kalomaoc a Nikapolongan Kitakit, congtong ko tatapangan no kitakit, congli ko kakeridan no sifo. Citodangay to kadademak no sifo, o sifo ato kalomaocan ko patirengay to pisarikec, o sakaaay ’icel no kitakit o congtong ato congli pasasiroma ko pidemak. O midemakay to kasasiromaa cefang ko pirikec no Mauritius, o kasacefong halo Mauritius a malingaday sacefang (Mauritian Labor Party, MLP), malalokay to no syakay onto (Militant Socialist Movement, MSM) ato malalokay to onto no Mauritius (Mauritian Militant Movement, MMM).\n\nKalomaoc no fanawlan (國民大會) \nCecayay ko kalomaocan faco no Mauritius, oni a kalomaoc no fanawlan, nai 1992 miheca mapatireng ko Nikapolongan Kitakit malapipatirengan to rikec no Mauritius. Kalomaoc no fanawlan ira ko 70 no lomaocay tamdaw, laloma’ noni a 62 tamdaw o sepatay mihaca kinacecay rekad singkiwen no 21 a kasa’etal, o itiniay i Mauritius a pala sikiwen to 20 ko saliyad no sa’etal, kasa’etal 3 ko nisingkiwan to Kalomaoc no fanawlan; itiraay i Rodriguez a pala o cecayay a liyad, singkiwen ko tatosaay. Roma a 8 a liyad masawal “satadamaanay a mapidahay “Best Losers”, o satakaraway a hoying i mapidahay a milifetay patoro’en ko fafaloay a saadihayay a paya, o cacitodong to no awaayay ko tamdaw no finacadan ato pakayraanay patodong a salongoc[12][13].\n\nO sa’alomanay a cefang ano eca o nipatatekoan a cefang ko mamisakapot to sifo, o sakakaay ko mamalacongli, o congli to ko papatayra i kalomaocan to cacitodong to kakeridan, nika dengan o kakeridan no hoying. O sakatosa a micalapay to ’alomanay ko tamdaw no lomaocay a cefang ko miliyangay a cefang, o kakeridan o congtong ko mitoro’ay to miliyangay kakeridan[12]. kalomaoc no fanawlan saka cecay rekad a rayray misingkiw to cecay a kakeridan no lomaocay, cecay a micokeray kakeridan no lomaocay ato polong no wiyyinhuy a micokeray a kakeridan.\n\nImatini, o sifo no Mauritius misahalakaay to sapifalicaw to sapisingkiw.\n\nCongtong (總統) \nO congtong no Mauritius nai kalomaoc no fanawlan midotoc to congli a nipanganganan masingkiw, 5 miheca ko rekad, manga’ay padoedo misingkiw.\n\nO congtong no Mauritius o no Mauritius a nikapolongan kitakit a sawara’an ato kakeridan no ci’icelay sofitay. Midotoc to kimpo no Mauritius, dademakay no Mauritius o no congtong a ’icel, miraoy to satakaraway a kinaira, o tatodong no kitakit. Nika adihay ko salongoc no congtong to kacingangan, manga’ay ningra patodong to congli, nika midotoc to kalomaoc no fanawlan to pisingkiw; manga’ay miocor to dademakay , nika midotoc to no congli a pipangangan.\n\nMauritius a sarakatay a mikutayay a congli ci Lin Jiadu, i ’ayaw to pipatireng to Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit cingra ko citodongay to hongti no Inkiris a congto. Sa’ayaway congtong i ci Kasam Utim. Aniniay a congtong ci Prithwire Jasingh Rupon. O kasarayray no congtong.\n\nO kasarayray no congtong.\n\nCongli ato laloma’ay citodongay (總理及內閣) \nO Mauritius a congli o sawara’an sifo no Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit, kakeridan no laloma’an, citodongay to ’icel no kadademak, sapatorod to kalomaocan. Congli nano congtong midotoc to kalomaocan a nisingkiwan patorod. Talacowa congli i kacitodong o sakatosa no Mauritius a tadamaanay tamdaw, nikawrira o sata’akay a ci’icelay.\n\nNo misiiked ko Mauritius i sa’ayaway congli ci Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay. Ci Anerod Jugnauth tadamaanay padoedo to sepatay rekad ko kala congli, 16 mihecaan. Aniniay a congli ci Anerod Jugnauth tadamaanay a wawa ci Pravind Jugnayth. O kasarayray no congli:\n\nRikec (法律) \nNo Mauritius a pakayraan no rikec nai Inkiris a rakat no rikec ato France a sakifinawlan a rikec kacacamolan[14].\n\nMauritius i 2010 miheca a saka^efo 0.36%, masered i ’ayaw to tosa miheca to 0.43%.\n\nKacacofelan a demak ato kasakitakit a demak (外交關係和國際事務) \nMauritius ato kaetipay a kitakit fangcal ko kasasinga’ay, sato Into ato kaetipay ato katimolay no Africa kitakit masasinga’ay ko kacacofel no demak no papotalay. Mauritius o Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep, Intoyang wiyyinhuy (Indian Ocean Commission), katimolay Africa kacowat a lekatep (Southern African Development Community), kawali ato kaetip Africa kapolongan kalali’acaan (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa), Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep ato France sowalan a kasakitakit lekapot (La Francophonie) a kapot, o liyok no Intoyang kasa’etal polongan lekatep a palowaday kitakit. I 2006 miheca, Mauritius malaPortugal sowal a lekatep kitakit (Community of Portuguese Language Countries) minengnengay kitakit, misafaloco’ ro romaroma kitakit a pacowat ko kasasikedec[15].\n\nKalali’acaan, makaketon milaheci to mikapolongan ato sakimimingay kitakit malasaka tadamaan no kacacofel no demak papotalay. O nano likisi ato sakikaetipay a icifa ko picangray saka masasikedec ko Mauritius ato kasakapot a lekatep, mangalef o Inkiris ato France, France tahanini ko kasasikecor nai Reunion ko ko palawinaan no salongoc.\n\nO picongacong to sakisici, o Mauritius ato Africa a kitakit masasinga’ayay, mangalef ko katimolay Africa, o sata’akay kalali’acaan. O nipasadakan no Mauritius a kinaira micomod tayra i no Africa a icifa, ngalef itira i Madagascar ato Mozambique. Mauritius to katimolay Africa macowat lekatep ato kawaliay ato katimolay Africa kapolongan icifa oni a tosaay kalali’ay no kasakitakit ko ni nengnengan.\n\nO France ato Into tadamaanay ko nani likisi ato kalali’acaan, o Mauritius masasipatirengay to kacacofelan no demak to Autralia, U.K, Egypt, Madagascar, Pakistan, Russia, congko ato United States a kitakit[16].\n\nO ’icel no hitay (武裝力量) \nCaay pipatireng to sofitay ko Mauritius, ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw ko milimekay ’icelay hitay halo 8 patek ko yimeng, 1500 tamdaw ko nipatirengan mademakay (Special Mobile Force, SMF) ato 500 tamdaw pasakapot a midamaay to lilis no riyar.\n\nPala (地理) \nO sera no Mauritius o makapahay ho mihecaan, salongan ’ayaw no 800 ’ofad mihecaan namal a lotok macelal itiya[17].\n\nO Mauritius pala ato Reunion pala ato Rodriguez pala matatekoay sakapot to Mascarene palapalaan. Mascarene palapalaan nano Africa a padiyac i Reunion pala a fa^edetay maeseray malengat ko i lalinikay a namal lotok macelal[17], anini namal lotok pasela’ay mafoti’, masaysayay mataenang i lalinik no riyar i Reunion pala, 10 ’ofad no mihecaan caay ho ka tapielal a mifowak[17]. O pala no Mauritius samatiya sa o sasifo’an pikecoran a pala, anini liyok no pikecoran manengneng ko malantoay a hefong no namal a lotok. Satakaraway a kaetip katimol a kohetingay ’alo tokos (black river peak), takaraw 828 m[17]. Kasaci’ci’ ato ’alo milesap i pala, o nano padiyac ko kasacilaci’.\n\nMascarene to kawali no Africa salongan ira 2000 kongli (1242 Inli), i katimolay lilis 19°50 tangasa 20°32, kawali lilis 57°18 tangasa 57°46 laed[18], Mauritius pala kawali kaetip laed 65 kongli ko kakaya’, katimol ka’amis 45 kongli ko kakaya’, o polong no sera 1865 pifang kongli[19]. O salawacan riyar no Mauritius ira ko 150 kongli a nanotafok, taliyok no pala o saka tolo no hekal a dadahalay no raka[18]. Ngataay no Mauritius adihay ko kaemingay pala, karat ato raka, ira ko nipatirengan a tarapatan midamaan to mamalasawad a kahirahira.\n\nO kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \nMauritius pala masaliyad 9 a ’etal, o Louis minato o tadamaci no Mauritius:\n\nO pala, ira ho ko palapalaan no Mauritius\n\n1.Agalega Islands, maci Vingt Cinq (France sowal “25”), itiraay saka’amis no Mauritius to 1100 kongli, nano tosaay pala masakapot. O dadahal 24 pinfang kongli, 2000 miheca ira ko 289 ko tamdaw.\n\n2.St. Brandon pala, itira sakawali saka’amis no Mauritius, ira ko 16 ko pangtaay na tafok ko lilis ato karat masakapot, o hekal ira ko 1.3 pinfang kongli, pangtaay ira ko 190 pinfang kongli ko dadahal, awaay ko tamdaw a maro’ay.\n\n3.Rodrigo pala, maci Mathurin minato, itira kawali no Mauritius to 560 kongli, o dadahal ira ko 109 pinfang kongli, tamdaw ira ko 40,000 ko maro’ay. I 2002 miheca 10 folad ci todong to no niyah a pikowan salongoc, matini a Rodrigo pala misarocoday to niyah a pikowan, o kacacofelan a demak, sadipot to kitakit, sakarihaday a demak o citodongay sifo, kiwiko, isi a sofal o Rodrigo pala a sifo ko citodongay[20][21]. ’ayaw noni a Rodrigo pala o o patorodan ko citodongay, papasayra to niyaro’ay sifo ato Rodrigo pala a mipatodong[22].\n\nNo tafok a pala itiraay a tatodong no Mauritius:\n\n1. Soudan Banks, halo kawaliay Soudan Banks.\n\n2. Nazareth Bank pla.\n\n3. Saya de Malha Bank pala.\n\n4. Hawkins Bank pala.\n\nRoma, mihapiw haca ko Mauritius to hano niyah a sakowan a sera:\n\n1. Tromelin Island. Anini o France ko micalapay, i 2010 miheca o Mauritius a sifo at France sifo masasitelek malakapot micowat i Tromelin Islandkatatelekan[23], nika o tatalaen ho ko pihayda[24].\n\n2. Chagos Archipelago pala. Anini o Inkiris ko micalapay, no Inkiris itiniay Intoyang a sera (British Indian Ocean Territory) a cecay. I 2009 miheca, Inkiris a sifo mipasetek i Chagos Archipelago patireng to midipotan a riyar, o Mauritius miliyang to saki nian, saka i 2020 mihecaan pasi kasakitakit no riyar a hoying mipalowad to kacaciyawan. O Mauritius a sifo mitado to sadama no Africa lekatep, Linhoko paini to piliyng to Inkiris, paini to sowal no niyah sakowan ko Chagos Archipelago[25].\n\nAdihay ko molengaway i parapatan (生物多樣性) \nI Mauritius ira ko 119 kasasiroma no ’ayam, ira ko 8 nano Mauritius a tadamaanay, ira ko 21 nihawikidan no tamdaw tayni i Mauritius. Ira ko 30 awaayay manengneng, ira ko 16 i polong no hekal o mamalahedaw a katalawan. Roma sato, itiniay i Mauritius a dodo ’ayam malasawaday to.\n\nI Mauritius ato i riyaray a nicocoan ma’oripay ira ko 10 ’a’adopen itira (caay ka halo mihawikidan no tamdaw a ’a’adopen), kasasiroma to saki’orip masamatini:\n\nI Mauritius adihay ko kasasiroma mirarakatay a ’a’adopen itira, mangalef itira i garden island, kasahirahira ira ko masasiromaay a facaco’ay ato falaloda’, ato dengan ma’oripay i Mauritius a ’oner, nano adihayay ko ta’akay rarokoh ma’orip i anini malasawaday to.\n\nI Mauritius salongan ira ko 670 i palapalaan cihanaay a malengaway, malitosaay a molengaway o nano itiniay a iraay. Maledefay matahepo no sangerad malengaw i Mauritius, nika adihay ko nipataynian nai papotal micalap malowanay to.\n\nO hana no Mauritius o masatokiay hana, no takokeman a lengaw.\n\nKafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) \nO Mauritius no takomodan romi’ad, marakatay no nai kawali katiml fali. Saka 5 folad tangasa 11 folad o kasi’enawan, farawfaw masa’apesakay no romi’ad; 11 folad tangasa 5 folad ko kaciherangan, fa’edet a maso^metay. I riyaray pala a hemhem 22˚C tangasa kaciherangan 34˚C. ni riyar a hemhem nai kasienawan 22˚C tangasa kaciherangan 27˚C. sasifo’ay pala no Mauritius romi’ad sa’akawangay i 8 folad salongan 19˚C tangsa 2 folad salongan 26˚C. kaetip ato ka’amis a pala ikaka to kawali ato katimol ko farawfaw masa’apesakay no romi’ad.\n\nNo mihecaan a ni’oradan ira 1500-3500 ko kereng, 5 folad tangasa 9 folad mafelihay ko liyon a fali, 11 folad tangasa 4 folad ciromi’aday citakomod liyon a fali.\n\nTataparan a pala (環境) \n\nTataparan a pala no Mauritius o nano fa’edetay a tafotafokan ato i lotokay a kilakilangan. Kafafalic no romi’ad no fali malasakalatiih no molengaway, nikawrira ranikay patiko masafa^eloh caira.\n\nO Mauritius o nano matenoray i riyar a namalan lotok a pala, nai katimol matono’ay lotok tangasa tonokay pasi’amis a malokelon, katimol ira ko lilisay noriyar, polong no pala o maliyokay no raka maemin. O niraridan no tapelike masasaw ko raka, sa’a’olecan, saka madapicay mafelatay no fohecalay ko tafok a riyad no Mauritius.\n\nSakohenacsa ko tafok i riyar no Mauritius, tadakanga’ayen no tamdaw. Mangalef i saka’amis a pala a Trou Aux Biches riyar, Mon Choisy riyar, La Cuvette riyar; kawaliay pala a Poste La Fayette & Roches Noires riyar, Palmar-Belle Mare riyar; katimol pala a Souillac riyar, Riambel riyar, Pointe Aux Roches riyar, Tamarin riyar.\n\nO katimol no Mauritius a Le Chamarel niyaro’ “Colorful warrior” kitakit a koying dengan i hekal pitoay kasasiroma no cengel a sera a niyaro’, o nian nano namal lotok a ’afadeng kafahekaan nengnengen.\n\nKa’amis no Mauritius o Pamplemousses malengaway paraparatan (Pamplemousses Botanical Garden), mapatireng i 1767 miheca, sa’ayaway o hedong mikingkiway tamdaw itini paloma to kaolahan a kasalengaw no parapatan, ikor misadadahal patireng tangasa anini 800 kongmo ko dadalal a parapatan a koying.\n\nMauritius o safangcalay ko fali a kitakit i hekal, mihapiw ko hekal isi lekatep (WHO) polong no cikiw a nga’ayay fali o saka tosa ko Mauritius[26][27].\n\nNo tamdaw a ponka (人文)\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nMidotoc i 2010 miheca 7 folad a pisa’osi, Mauritius a tamdaw salongan ira ko 128.6 ’ofad, o fainayan 63.3 ’ofad, fafahiyan 65.2 ’ofad. 124.8 ’ofad tamdaw maro’ay I pala no Mauritius, maro’ay i Rodriguez pala a tamdaw ira ko3.8 ’ofad, Agalega pala atoCargados-Carajos pala a tamdaw ira ko 289 tamdaw. \n\nPolong no kitakit no Mauritius tamdaw, 0-14 miheca tamdaw ira 22.5% (fainayn 14.7 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 14.2 ’ofad), 15-64 miheca tamdaw ira 70.4% (fainayn 44.9 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 45.5 ’ofad), kakaay no 65 miheca tamdaw ira ko 7.1% (fainayn 3.6 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 5.4 ’ofad), tamdaw kacomahad 0.776%. salongan 42% a Mauritius tamdaw maro’ i maci. (nai 2008 miheca nipolongan a sa’osi) [28].\n\nNawhani o nano likisi a nidoedoan, Mauritius tamdaw kasairaira no finacadan mapapolong, o Into a Mauritius tamdaw a sa’alomanay, tamdaw ira ko 68%, doedo o Creole tamdaw (27%), Holam Mauritius tamdaw (3%), France Mauritius tamdaw (2%) ato Europe tamdaw (0.5%).\n\nSowal (語言) \nMauritius tamdaw ki’aloman to Mauritius Creole sowal, Inkiris sowal ato France sowal, kaimanan mafafalic ko sowal[29].\n\nMauritius a kimpo awaay ko patodong to sowal no kitakit, dengan i kalomaocan maketon o Inkiris ko sakasasowal no kitakit, nikawrira o lomaocay manga’ay o France a sowal ko sakalalicay[30][31]. Polong no sasowalen, o Inkiris sowal ato France a sowal ko nisowalan no kitakit, kai kademakay, hoying, kalali’acaan citodongay. O kimpo no Mauritius o Inkiris a tilid ko sapitilid, o roma a rikec, tinako finawlan a rikec, o France a soal ko matiliday.\n\nNo France sowal matiya to no Inkiris sowal ko nika tadamaan ko piraoy i syakay, o sapipasifana’ ato kacitatodong maalaay ko adihayay[29]. O sapipasifana’ no pitilidan o Inkiris a sowal ato France sowal, itira i Mauritius to piparatoh ato no tilidan a mitiya o sowal no France sakasasowal[32].\n\nMauritius a tamdaw mararid a sakasasowal o no Mauritius Creole a sowal. Creole a sowal o tadasowal no Mauritius a tamdaw saan, saka 90% a Mauritius a tamdaw ko somowalay to Creole a sowal, sahetoay i niyaro’ masowal[29]. Onini a sowal mapalamlamay to no France a sowal ato ngiha[33], no roma ira ko nano Inkiris sowal, Punjab sowal. Matiniay a sowal macowat nai 18 sici, itiya i masafadesay o sakanga’ay malalicay to nai France micingcingay ato nai romaay a niyaro’ a nifadesan, macowat to ko macacamolay a pinapina a sowal to Pichin sowa (ano eca “masasifoday sowal”) saka ira. Mtaelif to ko pinapina a mihecaan a marayray, onini a Pichin a sowal malasakasasowalen to romi’ami’ad[32], oya aniniay a Creole a sowal.\n\nO kasasowalan halo Into sowal, Tamil sowal, Malayalam sowal, Marathi sowal, Urdu sowal, Gujarat sowal, Punjab sowal, nawhani ira ko caay ka papina a Holam a ngayngay malinahay, ngayngay a sowal i no holam a niyaro’ sakasasowalen[34]. Polong no Mauritius a tamdaw mafana’ay to tosaay a sakasasowal, roma a tamdaw ira ko mafana’ay to toloay ano eca adihayay a sowal[32][34][35][36].\n\nKiwiko (教育) \nNawhani pakayniay i likisi, faco sapikiwiko no Mauritius o Inkiris ko pakayraan. Mauritius sifo caay papayso to sapitilid tangasa i Daykako a kiwiko. Nai 2005 miheca 7 folad miteka, polong no mitiliday patodong ko sifo to caay pa’aca to sapikalic to faso. 2011 miheca, sapikiwiko a yosang mapasadakay 117 walwalan no Mauritius a rupee. Mi’awid to sakipayso no sifo a masadakay to 12.5%[37].\n\nMalisepatay liyad ko kiwiko no Mauritius. Nai ’ayaw a kiwiko 3 miheca; sa’ayaway piteka a kiwiko o pipatado a pikiwiko, 6 miheca; tenokay kiwiko saliyad 5 miheca cocong ato 2 miheca a kawcong; ’akawangay kiwiko halo daykako, patodongan kakying ato tadamaanay sakifana’ pitilidan. I Mauritius tosa ko daykak a Mauritius daykak ato Mauritius mikingkiway (likong) daykak. O Mauritius ’akawangay kiwiko wiyyinhuy misahalaka patireng to malasa’etalay kiwiko patodongan.\n\nKicay (經濟) \n\nO kicay no Mauritius o cimalalifetay a kitakit i no Africa. I 2020 miheca, midoedo to kalali’acaan no maci FDF no Mauritius pali’ayawan misa’osi ira ko 145 walwalan no Amilika payso, o micomoday no tamdaw salongan ira ko 11,630 payso no Amilika, o ‘a’ayaway no Africa a kitakit. Nai 1968 miheca na misiiked itiya, nao caayay ka comahad ko kicay a maomahay macomahad to ko Mauritius a macakat ko masamaanay a kicay, o lakapot no kicay halo mirarakatay, mitinooyay, misa’odaxay ato sakipayso. Toni ngata no mihecaan, sakiratoh kinaira ato tingwa kinaira, no nanom kinaira, loma’ kinaira, isingan kinaira, midotocay a nengyin, kiwiko a kinaira malosakatadamaan no sakaira no kinaira no Mauritius a kicay, ato misolot to papotalay a mikihatiya mipadafoh. To hatiniay, o Mauritius to mihecaan macakat ko kicay 5% tangasa 6%, mikakakaay to katimolay no Sahala Africa kanatal ko kacakat[38].\n\nO masongila’ay to mapatireng ko maci kicay no Mauritius. Midotoc 2010 miheca pakoniraay kicay sa’osi, i polong no ckiw 183 a kasakicay, o macelakay ko kicay, masongila’ay ko pikantok, marikecay ato malalifetay ko patodong, o kicay no Mauritius a mapakonira mikerid to katimolay no Sahala Africa kanatal ko kacakat, o saka 12 ko kaitiraan i hekal. I kingko no hekal mihapiw to kasa kitakit no kalali’aca a tisil, padoedo to 4 miheca (2008-2012) ko Mauritius a sa’ayaway a kicay no Africa, i polong no cikiw 183 kicay lekatep saka 23 ko aro’. O patosokan no Mauritius malosaka 10 no polong no cikiw ko sanga’ayay a pikadepan ato kalali’acaan a kitakit.\n\nO pisatefosan omah no Mauritius ato Mount du Rempart (ikor) (模里西斯的甘蔗田和Mount du Rempart（後）) \nO pipaloma no Mauritius to tefos macalap ko 90% a sera pipalomaan, o mipasadakan a ’odax a micomoday a kinaira 1\/4. Nakawrira 1999 miheca o kakedalan makari’ang ko misatefosay a milingaday, nanoya misetek ko sifo to pisolot to papotalan a mikadepay sakacowat no kicay. Anini mata’elif to ko 9,000 riwang o nai Into atoi South Africa a miliyasay to hekal a kosi patireng i Mauritius, padengan o pikadep to kingko i mataelif to ko 10 walwalan Amilika payso. ’ayaway a mikowanay a France o sata’akay a cafay to kalali’acaan i Mauritius, padamso to adihayay sapatodong to kicic.\n\nO Mauritius caay ka dengan o sakacowat no kicay ko katadamaan, saki syakay micakatay, orasaka ano itira i sapakoyocay a tamdamdaw manga’ay mapadafoh nai kacowat no kicay[39]. O nian koya “Lalekoan no Mauritius” ’aloman to ko kitakit mangalay pasayra to malecaday ko kicay ato syakay macakat[39]. Nikawrira, mafesoay a dafong ato ira ko macakatay a saki’orip a masadak ko kararimaan, i 2006 miheca tangasa 2008 mihecaan, salongan mafesoay no Mauritius tangasa i 9.1%.\n\nPida (貨幣) \nNo Mauritius a pida o Mauritius rupee (pida a fangko: MUR). 1 a rupee matiya o 100 fen, nikawrira aniniay a romakatay a pida oya 5 fen, 20 fen ato 50 fen a payso, nai 2010 mihecaan, 5 fen ato 20 fen a pida caay to pisanga’.\n\nNo Mauritius rupee nai 1876 miheca o maketonay to a pida no Mauritius, o pida a ngangan naitiyaay a kalocaliw no Into a rupee i Mauritius. Rupee no Mauritius nai 1877 miheca miteka makotay ko no Into a rupee ato malecaday kalocaliway i Mauritius British pound (Inpang) ato no Mauritius a payso. Itiya 1 rupee no Mauritius matiya 1 Into rupee ano eca malitosaay no Mauritius a payso. 1 British pound (Inpang) o 10.25 a rupee no Mauritius.\n\nRarakatan (旅遊業) \nO satadamaanay a pirarakatan i hekal ko Mauritius[40], O tataparan a nanengnengan ato tamdaw ponka a nanengnengan tadakadofahay, o riyar a tataparan ato sekal o nga’ayay. O takomodan a romi’ad ko Mauritius, o tingalaway a farawfaway riyar, caayay kapawan a sapitikoaw a tafotafokan, kasatakomodan a molengaway a kinaira ato halihamhamay to lafang a tamdaw. Manga’ayay ko pakayraan a pirarakatan a Mauritius, maledef ko ko sapipatado no kamaro’an ato pipa’aliwacan[41].\n\nI 2010 miheca, saka’amis a niyaro’ a Trou Aux Biches tafotafokan mapakakompay no hakalay i Intoyang a rarakatan o nga’ayay kaitiraan. 2012 miheca 1 folad, mapakaolah to sakinatolo no hekalay a kompay ko Mauritius o “o satadamaanay pirarakatan a kaitiraan a palapalaan”, oya pakalayap to “safangcalay no hekal a tafotafokan”[42] o sa’dihayay mitikoay a mirarakatan ko Mauritius[40]. Tadamaanay no Amilika a mi’olicay tamdaw ci Mark Twain i nipirakarak ningra a nitilidan “pirarakatan i sakonis” (Following the Equator) sowal sa: “ira ko pasowalay ’ayaw no pisanga’ no Kawas to kakarayan masanga’ to ko Mauritius, ora a kakarayan o mitodongan to Mauritius a misanga’”[2].\n\nO Mauritius padamso to adihayay a kadademakan, mangalef ko liyok ato riyar a nanom mala pisalamaan a kakarayan, patiked, mikitapelik, pakopang, mi’eser to nanom, micelem, misatamina a kahirahira. I kahetal a onto ira ko golf, safang a mali, lakasang, mi’adop, mipakatosiya, sakatalalotok a tosiya, mitaekoday to saso’ot, pa’efaay ato mirarakat.\n\nI 2013 miheca 10 folad 31 romi’ad, mitatoyay to paspoto no Congko caay to ka cifisa, 30 ko romi’ad ko kaitiraan[43].\n\nO Taywan a paspoto tayra i Mauritius, tangasa i Mauritius a hikokiciw patodong to 60 a paromi’adan a fisa[44].\n\nSakaromakat (交通) \nI Mauritius ira ko 220 calay a lalan ato 900 a syataw no faso[45], adihay ko kosi no faso, nakawrira o sifo no Mauritius ko miketonay to ’aca. Talacowa macowatay a karomakatan no faso kalocalay i kasaniyaro’ a lalan no kitakit, nikawrira tekedan a faso adihay i kitakit, orasaka o saka dadico i ta’akay maci i Louis minato. O sifo no Mauritius mipatireng to cecay a lalan nai Louis sakatayra i saka 2 a maci Curepipe a rahodayay (Urbos) a lalan, oni a calay lalan saka cecay lekad i 2020 miheca 1 folad 10 romi’ad miteka padamso ko patado a demak.\n\nO kakaya’ no lalan i Mauritius ira ko 2066 kongli, saka cecay lalan 48.5%, saka tosa lalan 28.7%, hacikayay lalan 3.6%. I 2009 miheca romakatay i lalan kasacecay no tosiya ira ko 177 tosiya a cecay kongli[46]. Tasaay ko hacikayay lalan no Mauritius, masasiroma to calay i Louis minato ato Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamanay a kasakitakit hikokiciw ato Louis minato ato ka’amis a Long ‘alo laliyocan a niyaro’.\n\nI Rose hill tenok syataw a Urbos 100-3 rahodayay (Urbos) a satisilay faso (在羅斯希爾中央車站的Urbos 100-3輕軌列車) \nO Mauritius i 1860 miheca tangasa 1960 miheca iraay ko maraday lalan sapicolo’, i Louis minato no Mauritius itiya a picolo’an a marad lalan, tangasa kalasawadan marad lalan no Mauritius, nanoya awaay to ko maradan a calay lalan. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, sa’ayaway rahodayay (Urbos) a faso rocek misitapang. 2020 miheca 1 folad 10 romi’ad, nai Louis minato tangasa Rose hill a tenokan sa’ayaw calay miteka romakat.\n\nO tadaminato no Mauritius o Louis minato.\n\nO hikokiciw no Mauritius itiraay i kawali katimol a Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay a hikokiciw, roma i Rodriguez ira ko Datan Duval hikokiciw. Mauritius hikoki kosi o nano Mauritius kitakit a hikoki kosi, o kaitiraan i Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay kasakitakit hikokiciw. Mauritius hikoki padamso to Mauritius ato Rodriguez a ’efer ato nai Mauritius ma’efer tayra i Africa kanatal, Europe kanatal, tenok kawali, Asia kanatal, Australia kanatal a adihayay maci a kasakitakit ma’efer[47].\n\nMauritius hikoki masalipay padamso to tosaay ma’efer tayra i Hongkong ato toloay ma’efer i Congko Shanghai ato tosaay ma’efer Congko Beiying. Caay ka dengan o Mauritius, Congko a lafang mipili’ to Mauritius hikoki a tayra i no France Reunion, Madagascar kahiceraan. Mauritius hikoki kosi padoedo to 10 miheca mapatodong no WORLD TRAVEL AWARDS to Intoyang sa’etal miki’ayaway a hikoki kosi sanay a pangangan. I 2014 miheca 7 folad Mauritius hikoki kosi mapaini to SKYTRAX sepatay fois a hikoki kosi, Mauritius hikoki kosi toya folad mihapiw ai 2017 miheca minonor pacomod to fa^elohay A350-900 hikoki mifalic to iraay a A340-300 hikoki.\n\nSakaromakat no ratoh (通訊) \n\nI 1847 miheca, I hekal o saka lima midemakay to kitti a kitakit ko Mauritius. Ikor mipasadak to kitti, oya “Mauritius yofingkyok” tangasa anini saci’acaay a kitti, halo “kahengangay penny” ato “langdaway penny” tosaay kitti[48].\n\nMidemakay citodongay no Mauritius to sakitingwa halo Mauritius tingwa, Nomad, MTML ato Emtel, padamso caira to 35.9 ’ofad calay no tingwa (2005 miheca a sa’osi) ato 94 ’ofadan a wikidtingwa (2007 miheca a sa’osi), Mauritius a wikidtingwa halo WiMax, CDMA 2000 ato HSDPA. Mauritius calay midemakay ira ko 18 ’ofad tamdaw (2005 miheca a sa’osi).\n\nPonka (文化)\n\nO kakaenen (飲食部分) \nNawhani masasifoday ko finacadan, kasasiromaroma no ponka, o kaen no Mauritius madengaay no Creole dating, Congko dating, Europe dating ato Inti datengan, orasaka o cecay a kaen hakairaira sa ko kasasiroma no dating.\n\nNo tamdaw a icik (人文藝術) \nSega o nano i Mauritius a saniyaro’ a radiw ato kero a sowal. Sega radiw nai Africaay, o nipicingcing no France itiya. Orasaka o rocok no Sega radiw a ’olic mipainiay to itiyaay ho a pifades to kohetingay tamdaw a karorayan a ’orip; tangasa anini patodong to piraoy to tamdaw.\n\n1. I hekal o saka lima midemakay to kitti a kitakit ko Mauritius.\n\n2. I hekal o saka tosa midemakay to kalalifet no efa onto a kitakit ko Mauritius.\n\n3.Sa’ayaway a saying katimolay cikiw itini i Mauritius.\n\nIka (電影) \nNa o takomodan a fali ato kadofahay likisi ko sakahemekan no mikeriday, midotoc to IMDb a mitiri’ay paheci, mat’elif ko 70 a ika tilifi a kamok itini i Mauritius a parapatan, tinako i 1987 miheca a tatawaen ika “Jane and the Lost City”, 1991 miheca a katawaan ika “Mon père, ce héros” (o tadamaanay ko mama ako) ato 2004 miheca tilifi ika “pa’aliwacan ko Mauritius” (Des Vacances à l'Île Maurice).\n\nOnto (體育) \nO satadamaanay a sasalamaen a onto no Mauritius i micokaray to mali, nikawrira o picokar to mali awaay ho manengneng i kasakitakit ko no Mauritius a tingsu. I nanomay onto matiya pidangoy at pisisir malecad ko katadamaan. Roma ira ko kahemekan no haliontoay to misakoliciway, sapad mali, fanoh mali, kapal mili, cadada mali, kapal mali, poksing, poling mali, pa’etiway, kalati’, matatenokay ato miyatayat to tiring.\n\nI kasa’tal no Intoyang, kalalifetan ko onto no Mauritius. I Intoyang a kanatal a onto, adihay ko maalaay kompay no Mauritius, pasasiroma ano eca i 1985 miheca ato 2003 miheca midemak to saka 2 lekad ato saka 5 lekad a Intoyang kanatal ontokay. I 2008 miheca a Olimpik a Peijin ontokay, Mauritius a poksing ontoing ci Bruno Giuli pakaala to saka tolo kompay, o nian sa’ayaway maalaay i Olimpik a kompay.\n\nO sahalafinay a likisi onto no Mauritius malalifetay to efa, itira i Louis minato a ’anapar kompay lalifetay to efa katimolay cikiw to kalalifet no efa onto a kitakit ko Mauritius, patireng i 1812 miheca. Tangasa anini, to mihecaan 3 folad tangaa 12 foladan, o nia kalalifetan midemak to lalifet to efa.\n\nDodo ’ayam (渡渡鳥) \nTona Portugal tamdaw i 16 sici pakanengneng to Mauritius itiya, manengneng naira ko caayay ho kanengneng a fa^elhay ’alic ’ayam, itiya pangangan han to Dodo ’ayam, o sowal “Maapaay” (maapaay topi). Tangasa i 1681 miheca, i palaan nanay a Dodo ’ayam malasawaday to (awaay to manegneng), itiya o Portugal ato Netherlands micingcingay a tamdaw milepel mipatay to Dodo ’ayam, mipatireng to maci miletek to kilakilang, makari’ang koka’oripan palapatan no Dodo ’ayam. Roma a sowal micingcingay patayni i Mauritius to fafoy no lotok palesap i palapalaan, ikor mapatalaw ko mararaay milenak a Dodo ’ayam. Ano masamaamaan i, Dodo ’ayam i pakanengneng no tamdaw ikor no 200 miheca romi’ad, o mamalahefaw to itini i cikiw.\n\nO fayafay no Mauritius ira ko Dodo ’ayam.\n\nPakayraan a minengneng (參考來源) \n\n1. Government Information Service - Coat of Arms. www.govmu.org. [29 July 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-12）.\n\n2. Constitution of Mauritius–49. Official language. National Assembly, Government Portal of Mauritius. [11 November 2017]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-\n\n25）.\n\n3. Statistics Mauritius. 2011 Population Census–Main Results (PDF). Government Portal of Mauritius. [11 November 2017]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i \n\n2016-03-04）.\n\n4. Population and Vital Statistics - Year 2019. Statistics Mauritius. March 2020 [6 May 2020]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-07-02）.\n\n5. Mauritius. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-30] （Inkiris）.\n\n6. GINI index (World Bank estimate). data.worldbank.org. World Bank. [2 March 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-12）.\n\n7. 2019 Human Development Report (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2019 [10 December 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2018-10-\n\n24）.\n\n8. kacacofelan a demakpo Lipise. Kasakitakit no hekal pakafana’ ato sifo kakeridan ngangan. kacacofelan a demak po. 2001-10-1: 192. CSBN 710.26 \n\npitiri’|csbn=ano eca|unified=ciepoc (dama). ISBN 9789860292565 （Taywan）.\n\n9. Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit (Republic of Mauritius) -Taywan kacacofelan a demakpo. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-01-01）.Guangzhou sinpon.\n\n10.mana’ang ko kapi. [2009-05-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-07-27）.\n\n11. National Assembly (Mauritius). [2020-07-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-07-09）.\n\n12. The Government of Mauritius - The National Assembly - Introduction. [2010-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-02）.\n\n13. Rule of Law. 2008. Bertelsmann Transformation Index. [10 February 2012].[malasawad ko calay]\n\n14. Mauritius and Equatorial Guinea granted associated observer status in CPLP. macauhub.com. 2006-07-17 [2007-03-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-\n\n10-11）.\n\n15.Congko to Mauritius kalacalay. Congko kacacofelan a demakpo calay. 2011-11.\n\n16. Geography − Overview. Gov.mu. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-1-19）.\n\n17. Tourism − Overview of Mauritius. Government of mauritius. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-11-14）.\n\n18. General Info - Geography. Mauritius.net. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-12）.\n\n19. First Day Cover: Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The Mauritius Post Ltd. 2004-10-12 [2007-06-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-25）.\n\n20. Rodrigues: achievements after three years of autonomy. Government of Mauritius. 2005-10-25 [2007-06-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-09-30）.\n\n21. Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, foreign relations of Mauritius. - Government and political conditions. \n\nBureau of African Affairs. U.S Department of State. June 2007 [2007-06-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-06-15）.\n\n22. Mauritius and France Sign Framework Agreement on Co-Management of Tromelin. [2012-01-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-11-15）.\n\n23.Mana’ang i kapi tilid. [2019-08-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-08-07）.\n\n24. Government of Mauritius (PDF). [2012-01-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-11-16）.\n\n25. Mauritius's air quality 2nd best in world. 26 September 2011. Le Matinal. [19 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-10）.\n\n26. According to the World Health Organization - Mauritius: a breath of fresh air. motors.mega.mu. [19 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-\n\n24）.\n\n27. CIA - The World Factbook. cia.gov. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-24）.\n\n28. Chiba, Eugene. English Usage in Mauritius. Computing in the Humanities and Social Sciences—Faculty of Arts & Sciences, University of Toronto. 2006 \n\n[2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-17）.\n\n29. Article 49 of The Constitution. National Assembly of Mauritius. [2009-02-08]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-17）.\n\n30.（AFP）–Oct 18, 2008. Mauritius defies anglophone past to embrace French language. Afp.google.com. 2008-10-18 [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-10-24）.\n\n31. Facts and Figures. M2002.thecgf.com. 1968-03-12 [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-05-11）.\n\n32. Holm, J. Pidgins and Creoles. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1989: 476. ISBN 9780521359405., p.353.\n\n33. Coexistence International at Brandeis University (PDF). [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2010-08-27）.\n\n34. Circular Migration Agreement will enable Mauritians work in France. Gov.mu. [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-11-14）.\n\n35. Briefing on the Mauritian International Arbitration Act (PDF). [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2011-05-10）.\n\n36. Ministry of Education and Human Resource. EDUCATION STATISTICS - 2011 (PDF). Government of Mauritius. 2011 [17 February 2012]. （nano \n\nnina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-10-21）.\n\n37. Milo Vandemoortele and Kate Bird 2010. Progress in economic conditions in Mauritius: Success against the odds （felih mana’ang kapi, mana’ang i \n\ncalay）. London: Overseas Development Institute Vandemoortele, Milo (2010)MDG fundamentals: improving equity for development, Overseas \n\nDevelopment Institute. See briefing papers linked on this web page.\n\n38. Positioning Mauritius in the world (PDF). MTPA: 46. [28 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-3-2）.\n\n39. Code of ethics of tourism for Mauritius (PDF). MTPA. [28 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-1-21）.\n\n40. Mauritius awards. World travel award. [24 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-20）.\n\n41.Mana’ang ko kapi. [2013-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-17）.\n\n42. Mana’ang ko kapi. [2018-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-16）.\n\n43. Mauritius online bus route enquiry. [2011-02-06]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-12-23）.\n\n44. Digest of Road Transport & Road Accident Statistics 2009 (PDF). Digest of Road Transport & Road Accident Statistics 2009. Central Statistics Office. [2 \n\nSeptember 2011]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-10-2）.\n\n45. Mauritius hikoki calay. [2012-02-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-03-17）.\n\n46. Blue Mauritius: The Hunt for the World’s Most Valuable Stamps. helenmorgan. [4 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-1-18）.\n\nMauritus（模里西斯）\n\nItini i 20 17 S, 57 33 E, noAfilika ko Mauritus.\nPolong no sekalay i 2,040 sq km “saka 181 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 2,030 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10 sq km ” \nPolong i 1,348,242 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 43.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 17.30%, malo no roma to a sera 38.90%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [[[Port Louis]](路易港) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 12 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Ameenah Gurib, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":10520,"character_repetition_ratio":0.076,"word_repetition_ratio":0.08,"special_characters_ratio":0.251,"stopwords_ratio":0.01,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":23435.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit (Spain sowal: Estados Unidos Mexicanos), o pangangan Mexico (Spain sowal: México), o ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot a cecay no nipatatekoan a kitakit a cisakowanay kitakit, o ka’amis ato Amilika masasiingir, katimol ato kaetip mililisay to Taypinyang, o kawali o Belize, Guatemala ato Caribbean riyar, kawali o Mexico sangoso’ [9]. O adahal no sera ira ko 180 ’ofad pinfang kongli[10], no Amilika safaniyot o saka lima dadahalay kitakit ato saka 14 ta’akay kitakit no hekal. O polong no tamdaw ira ko 1.28 walwalan, o saka mo^etep ’alomanay tamdaw no hekal, ono Spain a sowal saka cecay ta’akay tamdaw kitakit ato Latin Amilika safaniyot saka tosa ta’akay tamdaw kitakit. Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit, halo 32 ko kanatal; o tadamaci atota’akay maci o Mexico niyaro’ o cecay kanatal.\n\nI ’ayaway ni Columbus a to’asan a Mexico adihay ko tala’ayway i tenokay ca Amilika safaniyot a palamitan no maro’ay a tamdaw, tinako Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya ato Aztec. I 1521 miheca, o Spain hongti kitakit i Mexico a Tenochtitlan ko kaitiraan milowid a micingcing to itiniay sa’etal, patireng to telek a New Spain songto a mikowan. I 1821 miheca, ikor a pisiiked a kalalood Mexico pisiikedan, onini a sa’etal mihapiw to pisiiked mihayda to Mexico. \n\nIko no Mexico a misiiked pakataneng to kararawan, caay katomenek ko kicay ato sici. Ikor no Amilika ato Mexico a kalalood (1846-48), o tangic malitosaay no ka’amisay a sera mapapecih to Amilika. I 19 sici, o Mexico mataneng ko pastry lalood, France Mexico lalood, laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood, tosaay hongti kitakit ato 30 mihecaan a nisateked a pikowan a to’asan no likisi. I 1910 miheca miteka ko Mexico to sapifelih to nisateked a pikowan, saikor i 1917 miheca mapasetek ko kimpo ato fa^elohay sapidemak tosici a telek ko patireng. \n\nO ngangan no Mexico a sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw o saka 15 ta’akay i hekal, i kasakitakit misanga’an kinaira (o malalenay ko pi’acaay ) o saka 11 ta’akay i hekal. O Mexico a kicay ato ka’amisay Amilika pakoniraay kalali’aca katatelekan (NAFTA) kalali’aca lakapot makakedecay, mangalef to saki Amilika[11][12]. I 1994 miheca, o Mexico mala kakomodan no kicay ato kacomahadan a sakapot a sa’ayaway a Latin Amilika safaniyot sakapotan. No hekal a kingko pala tenokay takaraway cimicomoday a kitakit[13], misaheciay a tamdaw sacisowal sa o cecay fa’elohay katayalan a kitakit[14][15][16][17]. Mipasasa to romi’ad tangasa i 2050 miheca, o Mexico mala Osaka 5 ano eca saka 7 ta’akay sakino kicay i polong no cikiw[18][19]. \n\nOnini a kitakit o mala sa’etalay a ta’akay kitakit ato sasifo’an ci’icelay kitakit[20][21][22][23], mararid mala o fa’elohay ci’icelay kitakit[24]. O kadofahay ko ponka likisi nalacolan no Mexico, ira i Amilika safaniyot a sakacecay adihayay ato saka 7 adihayay no helal a nalacolan a kiwiko ponka sakapotan i Linhoko[25][26]. 2015 miheca, o nai hekalay a mihomongay tayni a tamdaw o saka 10 a kitakit, o mihomongay nai kasakitakit tamdaw tayni mirarakat ira ko 2910 ’ofad[27][28]. O nano Linhoko, Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep, G20 a lomaoc ato malacecayay lekaop ko Mexico, 2014 miheca miteka mala o France a liyokan kasakitakit sakapot a mihiningay.\n\nLakisi (歷史) \nO Mexico o tatapangan no sakacomahad no adihayay Amilika safaniyot, nao palahaday to Maya, Toltec ato Aztec a sakacomahad, ikoray mangalef o kacowatan i Columbus a to’asan i ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot ta’akay kitakit Aztec hongti kitakit. I 16 sici o Spain tamdaw ci Hernan Cortez micalap ko Mexico, i 1521 miheca loodan ko itiniay a Aztec tamdaw, nanoya o Mexico macingcing to no Spain, mala o fa’elohay to a Spain. \n\nI 1810 miheca, o Mexico mihapiw to pisiiked, i 1821 miheca kalaloodan to sapisiiked no Mexico mapatireng ko saka cecay Mexico hongti kitakit. I 1823 miheca, oni hongti kitakit mafelih no hitay, itiya mapatireng ko nipatatekoan a kitakit i 1824 miheca.\n\nIkor no pisiikedan, o sera no Mexico kitakit nanoya sa a maromot, o pinapina a sera mapakelac tahada’oc ko Amilika. I 1836 miheca, kawali ka’amisay a Texas mihapiw miliyas to Mexico misiiked, patireng to Texas Nikapolongan Kitakit, I 1823 miheca ato 1841 miheca, Yucatan kinatosa mihapiw to sapisiiked, i 1853 miheca mida’oc miteko to Mexico a nipatatekoan a kitakit. I 1838 miheca, o kitakit macowat ko ^epang a lalood. Itiya i 1848 miheca o Amillika Mexico lalood a mapidah, Mexico mapatodong to ka’amisay a ta’akay sera mapa’aca ko Amilika (o dadahal matiya aniniay 7 katimolay a kanatal).\n\nI 1853 miheca a Gadsden pi’aca malasawad ko 7 ’ofad pinfang kongki a sera. I 1860 mihecaan, Mexico macalap no hitay no France, mapatireng ko tawataw a mikowanay a sakatosa hongti kitakit. I pikerid ni Juarez congtong itiya, o malaplap ko micalapay a France. Ci Juarez nai 1858 miheca tangasa 1872 miheca ko pikowan, ikor no kapatay ningra, o ci Porfirio Dias Porter ko mikowanay. \n\nNano ni Porfirio Dias Porter 35 miheca ko halafin pitekedan mikowan, i 1910 miheca malenak ko pifelih lalood no Mexico. O mapidah no mifelihay ko nipatatekoan a kitakit a hitay, nika itiya marari’ang ko laloma’an, talahenot i 10 miheca ko lalod i lalomaan kitakit no Mexico. I 1929 miheca, paherek ko lalood no laloma’ no kitakit, o nifalicay a mirikecay a sician a kasarekad ko mikowanay, mala o mikowanay to no Mexico. I 2000 miheca, o miliyangay a Mexico kitakit dademakay sarekad ato kangdaway paratan a kasarekad malekapot to “mifalicay a nipatatekoan” a milifetay congtong ci Vicente Fox Quesada, itiya i 2000 miheca 7 folad a pisingkiwan a malacongtong, toya miheca 12 folad 1 romi’ad mapatireng, 6 miheca ko lekad. Onini a pifelih to satelek nai 1929 miheca ko pikowan ikor no 71 mihecaan, o mifelihay a kasarekad sa’ayaway sakina cecay pakalowid, milaheci to nai 1929 mihecaan sa’ayaway rihadayay ko kafafalic no mikowanay, orasaka malo satadamaanay i likisi no Mexico ko nia singkiw.\n\nI 2006 miheca 7 folad 2 romi’ad, o Mexico congtong ato kalomaocan a singkiw misitapang a mitopa[29]. I 9 folad 5 romi’ad, Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit pisingkiw a hoying mihapiw, o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad congtong ci Felipe Calderon Hinojosa i pisingkiwan to congtong pakalowiday to, malacongtong no Mexico sato[30], o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad padoedo sato ko sapikowan. \n\nI 2012 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, miliyangay mifalicay mitelekay a kasarekad misingkiway to congtong ci Enrique Pena Pinto. O todong no sapisingkiw a pafaloco’an i “o pifalic” saan ko laloma’an – mipalalan to roma kitakit a tayni i kitakit to pisasimalay kosi a mitekeday to misasimal a tayal, pacakat to kinaira a sata mafalic ko kadademakan no icifa, masakapahay ho ko tireng ningra, pasayra i cingraan ko picoker no finawlan maki’ayaw ko roma tatoloay a sakalalifet to congtong. Ikor 38.21% ko paya maala to congtong a singkiw, saka 2 lekad rihadayay ko kafafalic no nipikowan, Mifalicay pitelek a kasarekad 12 miheca ko ka eca pikowan miliyaw heca mikowan. O pipaini no misaheciay tamdaw sowal sa, o karari’ang no malali’acaay to cisawarakay a karari’ang ato caayay ka lalen no syakay o sasi’ayawen ni Pinto ko nian[31].\n\nSacian (政治) \nI 1917 miheca a kimpo no Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit a salongoc sakowan malitoloay kasiikedan: midemakay, patirengay to rikec ato hoying. Pakaynien i likisi i, o midemakay citodongay o sata’akay solongoc sakowan, o salongoc sakowan no congtong sata’akay. O congtong citodong midemak to no kalomaocan no kitakit (Congreso de la Unión) mihapiwan a sarikec.\n\nNai 1997 miheca misatapang, mido’edo to miliyangay a kasarekad itiya pakalowid to singkiw, kalomaocan mangilay ko ’icel mangalef a mangalef. Ira i sakikicay ato sakipayso a sofal, mihayda ko congtong mihapiw to sapidemak a mipatireng to rikec, nika kantoken no kalomaocan. O congtong nai finawlan a nisingkiwan, 6 miheca ko lekad, caay kanga’ay pado’edo. Caay patireng to micokeray a congtong ko Mexico, tona mapaterep ko kalacongtong ano eca caay kanga’ay midemak to sakitayal i, o kalomaocan ko misingkiway to linsi a congtong.\n\nO kalomaocan midemak to tosaay a lomaoc, halo Fafa'eday pikaykian (Cámara de Senadores) ato Kararemay pikaykian (Cámara de Diputados). O Fafa'eday pikaykian 6 miheca ko lekad, Kararemay pikaykian 3 miheca ko lekad. Fafa'eday pikaykian 128 ko lomaocay ira ko caayay kasa’etal ato sa’etalay a lomaocay sakapot. O Kararemay pikaykian ira ko 500 lomaocay, o 300 a lomaocay o nai kasa’etal nisingkiwan, roma a 200 lomaocay nai 5 ta’akay sa’etal patodongan ko taypiaw. O nia 200 lomaocay sapadang to mimingay a kasarekad micomod i kalomaocan.\n\nO satadamaanay a kasarekad o kitakit malowaday onto, mifelihay rikec kasarekad ato kitakit dademakay kasarekad.\n\nSafitay (軍事) \n\nO sofitay no Mexico o caayay ko misarocoday ko sapisimaw to sakihitay, i 20 sician, o ka’amis a kitakit no Amilika a ’icel tata’ang ko sasiroma, orasaka caay ko sapilifet to Amilika ko pihirateng to sapipatireng to sofitay, o sapipatihi to pitena’ to cisawarakay ato mitakaway malali’aca ko kalalood.\n\nO kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \n\nPolong no kitakit malaliyad 32 ko kanatal.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \n\nO Mexico kaetip misi’ayaw to Taypinyang, o kawali miingir to Mexico ’apocok ato Caribbean riyar, pasiTasiyang, itira i na’amisan a konis 14 - 33˚ ato kaetip sakonis 86 - 119˚. Mililisay ato lawac no riyar a dafdaf, sasifo’an o takaraway lotok a dafdafan, halo adihayay namal lotok. O kaetip kakaya’ay i Baja California a kanatal, pao Taypinyang ato California a sangoso’an malacidek, kawali katimolan o panahalay tangasa i Yucatán sangoso’an. O satakaraway no Mexico o Pico de Orizaba lotok, ira ko 5700m ko takaraw nai riyar, o Sierra Madre lotok o tadalotok no Mexico. O Mexico sahetoay o no Amilika safaniyot a ’apelad padeyac, o Baja California sangoso’ itiraay i Taypinyang ato Cocos a ’apelad padeyac, itini i palaan, ira ko nai palaan mikingkiway a sowal o Istmo de Tehuantepec satano’ kawalian (ira macalap ko 12% dadahal) o no sifo’an Amilika safaniyot[32]; dengan o sakisicianan, Mexico ato Amilika ato Canada o malecaday no ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot[33].\n\nO masasiromaay ko romi’ad no Mexico, ka’amisay o fa’edetay tafotafokay a romi’ad, katimol o fa’edetay kala’oraday romi’ad. O tada ’alo no Mexico ira o Rio Grande ’alo, Balthus’alo, Río Yaqui’alo. \n\nI Mexico adihay ko cactus (sasaycar), palafalo (hana) no fayfay no kitakit.\n\nKicay (經濟) \nO Mexico ira ko aniniay mihecaan a misanga’ay to dafong ato maomahay, ono tekedan a kicay miraraay a matongal, I 90 a mihecaan no Mexico a mararan lalan pala o finawlan ko citodongay. O nano kitakit a tayal nai 1982 mihecaan o cecayay cicing a laloma’an tangasa 1999 miheca caay to pakatahira i tosa a so’ot laloma’an. Micokeroh ko sifo to paitekedan a kicay, mipatoror i minatoay, mararay lalan, tingwa calay, tingki, parapatan a lahod ato hikokiciw a padamaay o kalalifetan.\n\nO ta’akay sacoker no kicay ko maomahay no Mexico a tamdaw. Lemon, kangdaway damdam, ’ariray, avocado, kidafes, naniwac, tefos ko ta’akay pinaloma. Mangalef o avocado mapa’aca tayra i Amilika.\n\nI 1994 miheca ka’amisay Amilika a masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca a sa’etal i, o Mexico ato kalo hekal sata’akay kicay a kitakit Amilika kalali’aca ato mipacefongay ranikay ko kasacofel, tadamaan picekeroh to Mexico to kacowat no kicay ato kacakat no kinaira no finawlan. Nawhani mingataay to Amilika ko mili’acaay a icifa, o adihayay no papotalay a kalomaamaan, saikoray itini i Mexico mitafo, tinako o tosiya. Nikawrira o maamaan no tosiya, o nai Asiaay misanga’an ko pipacomod. \n\nSakalalifet ko pipasadak mapadang ko Mexico mita’elif to 1995 mihecaan katalawan a kicay, itiya i 1996 miheca tangasa 1999 mihecaan misitapang a macowat ko kicay. No tekedan a kali’aca mala’icel a sakacomahad ko kicay, matongal to ko kalingadan, macakat ko saka’orip. Nanoya o Mexico oya to ko pilifet ko kacango’otan no kicay, tinako caay kalalen ko kinaira no tamdaw, polong no kitakit o kadofahay cidafongay 20% ko tamdaw cikinaira to 55% no polong no kitakit a kinaira, ato pakinali ko cisawarakay ato 122 tamdawan a makoracay a sa’osian. \n\nI 1986 miheca o Mexico mikapot to kacacofel mafafalic to lalosidan kapolongan katatelek, misitapang to nai laloma’an micowat pasayra papotal ko nikafali. Nanoya o Mexico a sifo misa’icel micokeroh miselic, mifalic, paitekedan, pasipapotal mifohat ko pidemak, saka i ’ayaw no 1995 mihecaan kicay no Mexico pado’edo to pinapina a mihecaan pakilaenoay macowat, kasakitakit misoped patada ato patalapotal matongal a matongal, o sakamoleto no dafong makeror tayra i cecayay ko sa’osi, o sakidafongan nao masiponay mala o matiwtiway to, nao citadahay mala o mo’ecelay to, micomoday masadakay matongalay to; oroma a demak, adihay ko micomoday, militado to pacena’ay a sihong no papotalay ko sapipalalen milecad to cango’ot no kicay. \n\nI 1994 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, o Mexico masongila ko pikapot to ka’amisay Amilika masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca sa’etal, oya miheca 12 folad Mexico nai mikowanay a kasarekad laloma’an cikacalemceman, rarawraw to ko sici, nanoya mangiyangi ko faloco’ no papotalay malali’acaay, dado’edo sato miliyas ko pidefong, malasakaserer no payso, macelal ko katalawan no payso. I 1996 miheca Cedillo a sifo i Amilika ato kasakitakit no paysoan citodongay mala o palefoday a micoker, mi’imeray ko pidemak to dafongan, misongila’ to dademaken no payso, misarocod mipatodong to misolek to kicay ato misalalan to maraayay dademakaen no sakacowat no kicay a halaka, manga’ay aca ko palefoday misalof to kararimaan no kicay no Mexico. O paysoan a icifa pado’edo a manga’ay, o sakisarar a lisok masereray to, macekal ko kalali’aca no icifa, kapolongan a dafongan masapinang malalen ko pasadak to rafas, papotalay a pipacefong matongal to, kasakitakit a iraay masadakay masapinang ko kafalic, o tadah i papotalay makacalay ko patiko, papotalay a nisopedan masapingan ko katongal.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nMidotoc to fa’elohay nisa’osian no Mexico kitakit tamdawan wiyyinhuy, tangasa i 2013 mihecaan o Mexico polong no tamdaw tangasa i 118,395,054 ko tamdaw, tonian i o fafahiyan ira ko 51%, solongan 60,584,099 tamdaw, o fainayan salongan 57,810,955 tamdaw. Midotoc to polong no kitakit finawlan wiyyinhuy a fa’elohay pisa’osian, polong ira ko tamdaw 1 walwalan 1840 ’ofad tamdaw, o saka 11 polong no cikiw. O sa’alomanay tamdaw no Spain sowal a kitakit[34], o saka 2 ta’akay tamdaw no Latin Amilika safaniyotan kitakit, aikor no Brazil. Polong no kitakit salongan 60% a tamdaw o Indian Europe camel a tamdaw, ira ko 30% o Indian tamdaw a teloc, 9% o Europe a teloc.\n\nIndian tamdaw dadahal to ko pilayap to no etipay (Europe) ponka, o nai Oaxaca kanatal a Indian yincumina niyaro’, ’alomanay a sakapot mihatasiay ko kalalifet to wa’ay mali o enemay lalifet pakalowiday a pakalayap to 2013 miheca 10 folad itira i Argentina a midemak to kasakitakit mimingay cadada a mali a kompay[35].\n\nKiwiko (教育)\n\nPonka (文化)\n\nPakayraan (宗教) \nMidotoc to 2010 mihecaan a pipangangan to tamdaw a masaheci, o Loma Tingsokiw ko todong pakayraan, calap 82.7%, oya 9.7% o roma a Kritokiw a kiwha, halo fokoyin (5.2%), Pentecost (1.6%), roma a fa’elohay kiwha (0.7%), Ihofa pawacayay tamdaw (1.4%), Kristo miliyaway ma’orip Sabbath (Pahanhanan) (0.6%), Yis Krito ikoray tarokos kiwkay (0.3%). Caayay ka tangasa 0.2% o nano romaroma a caayay ko Kristokiw a pakayraan; 4.7% miwacay to awaayay ko pakayraan;2.7% caay ko kafana’an. \n\nO Mexico o saka 2 ta’akay Tingsokiw a kitakit i hekal, ira ko salongan 9000 ’ofad ko tamdaw Tingsokiw a mitooray, ikor no Brazil kitakit. Laloma’an 47% mikihatiya to lipay no kiwkay a misa. No mihecaan 12 folad 12 romi’ad, Mexico a Tapang a tadamaanay tamdaw—Guadalupe a ina—a romi’ad o Mexico kitakit satadamaanay a pakayraan romi’ad.\n\nOnto (體育) \n\nO satadamaanay onto no Mexico o nowa’ayan mali, wa’ayan mali no Mexico kitakit saki’emelay i hakal, mapalahad ci Jorge Campos, Cuautmoque Brando, Hugo Sanchez, Rafael Marquis, Luis Hernandez, Javier Hernandez a malawama satadamaanay mimaliay i hekal. Nai 1930 miheca tangasa anini polongen 16 micomod i saikoray kalalifet, 1070 miheca ato 1986 miheca i niyah a kalalifetan itiya micomod i sakafalo a ki’emelay, tenokay ka’amis Amilika safaniyot ato Caribbean riyar wa’ayan mali a kalalifetan, o saadihayay pakaalaay to kompay caira, milecad to costa rica wa’ayan mali no kitakit.\n\nMasowal ko Mexico wa’ayan mali a satadamanay i Amilika safaniyot ko kalalifet, polongen ko nisa’icelan ka’ayaw no 15 i hekal. I ka’amis Amilika o maanan to a matayalay ontoan a nipatatekoan o saka 3 ko ngangan, aikor no kitakit katop mali nipatatekoan ato Amilika matayalay yakiw nipatatekoan. \n\nNai 2017 miheca 1 folad o Sportingintelligence (kacitaneng no onto) mihapiw to cecay a misaopoan tilid i hekal, matilid i caayay kalecad a kalalifet ato no Clup a nisa’osian. I 2015\/2016 a kalalifet sa’alomanay micomoday tamdaw i kalalifetan a polongan i, o satadamanay kalalifetan no nipatatekoan i polong no cikiw mikihatiyaan miki’araw a tamdaw o saka 4 i nipatatekoan, kasacecay no kalalifet ira ko 26,151 ko tamdaw a micomod miki’araw, o dengan i Europe wa’ayan mali nipatatekoan sa’alomanay ko tamdaw.\n\nTadamaan ko kalalifet no tosiya i Mexico, ci Rodriguez malikaka a kalalifetan midemak i Formula one (cecayay mata’elifay sa’osien) a kalalifet kompay no Mexico.\n\nKacedengan romi’ad (節慶)\n\nKakaenen (飲食) \n\n．Milolodan ’epang no Mexico— satadamaanay kakaenen no Mexico.\n\n．Kihepicay ’epang no Mexico— I saka’amis no Mexico saheto o komaenay to ^mi tamdaw, nawhani o roma a niyaro’ o ’ariray ko nikama’enay.\n\n．No ’ariray ’apelad no Mexico – o ’ariray datengan simal, odax, cilah ato nanom nisanga’an mimingay ’apelad no Mexico.\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n\n1.Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. Inali.gob.mx. [2014-07-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-07-08）.\n\n2.Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 (PDF). MX Q: SCJN. [2010-08-14]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2011-05-11）.\n\n3. Rafaela Castro. Chicano Folklore: A Guide to the Folktales, Traditions, Rituals and Religious Practices of Mexican Americans. Oxford University Press. 2000: 83 [2016-03-22]. ISBN 978-0-19-514639-4. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-03）.\n\n4. Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos (PDF). INEGI: 1, 77. [2015-12-09]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2015-12-10）.\n\n5. Mexico. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). October 2022 [2022-11-05] （Inkiris a sowal）.\n\n6. Gini Index. World Bank. [2015-12-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-05-11）.\n\n7. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2020-04-16）.\n\n8. INALI. General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples (PDF). 2003-03-13 [2010-11-07]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2011-07-22）.\n\n9. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, Merriam-Webster; p. 733.\n\n10. “kacipinangan no hekal” kacitodongan Mexico kamok no tilid.\n\n11. Mexico (05\/09). US Department of State. 2012-06-25 [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-08-15）.\n\n12. CRS Report for Congress (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 2008-11-04 [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2017-12-12）.\n\n13. Country and Lending Groups. World Bank. [2011-03-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-03-18）.\n\n14. Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275\n\n15.Paweł Bożyk. Newly Industrialized Countries. Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy. Ashgate Publishing. 2006: 164. ISBN 0-7546-4638-6.\n\n16. Mauro F. Guillén. Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor. The Limits of Convergence. Princeton University Press. 2003: 126 (table 5.1). ISBN 0-691-11633-4.\n\n17. David Waugh. Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22). Geography, An Integrated Approach 3rd. Nelson Thornes. 2000: 563, 576–579, 633, and 640. ISBN 0-17-444706-X.\n\n18.N. Gregory Mankiw. Principles of Economics 4th. Mason, Ohio: Thomson\/South-Western. 2007. ISBN 0-324-22472-9.\n\n19. Mexico 2050: The World's Fifth Largest Economy. :. 2010-03-17 [2013-07-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-07-25）.\n\n20. World in 2050 – The BRICs and beyond: prospects, challenges and opportunities (PDF). PwC Economics. [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2013-02-22）.\n\n21. James Scott; Matthias vom Hau; David Hulme. Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence. The University of Manchester. [2012-04-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-05-25）.\n\n22. How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics (PDF). British International Studies Association. [2012-04-11]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2012-11-30）.\n\n23. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (PDF). [2012-05-07]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2018-11-13）.\n\n24. Oxford Analytica. Wayback.archive.org. [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-04-24）.\n\n25. G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power. ipsnews.net. 2007-06-05 [2010-05-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-08-16）.\n\n26. UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List. UNESCO. [2012-05-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-02）.\n\n27. Mexico's World Heritage Sites Photographic Exhibition at UN Headquarters. whc.unesco.org. [2010-05-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-01-05）.\n\n28. RapidxHTML. Mexico Once Again Ranked Among the World's Ten Most Visited Countries. [2016-03-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-01）.\n\n29. 10 Most Visited Countries in the World 2015. Wild Junket. [2016-03-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-11-22）.\n\n30. Mana’ang ko kapi tilid. [2006-07-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-07-05）.\n\n31. Mana’ang ko kapi tilid. [2006-09-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-07-14）.\n\n32. Papotalay sinpon: Mexico fa’elohay congtong misa’ayaw to sakisawarak ato karawrawan no kicay a demak, pinengnengan to ratoh calay. 2012-07-02 [2013-01-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-20）.\n\n33.Nord-Amèrica, in Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana Portuguese Web Archive a nina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad 2016-05-15\n\n34.Parsons, Alan; Schaffer, Jonathan. Geopolitics of oil and natural gas. Economic Perspectives. U.S. Department of State. May 2004.\n\n35. Spanish Language History. Today Translations. [2007-10-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2005-04-17）.\n\n36. Shoeless Trique Indian Kids From Mexico Win International Basketball Tournament In Argentina. Huffington Post. 2013-10-16 [2014-06-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-01-04）.\n\nMexico（墨西哥）\n\nItini i 23 00 N, 102 00 W, noNo’amisan Amilika ko Mexico.\nPolong no sekalay i 1,964,375 sq km “saka 14 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 1,943,945 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 20,430 sq km ” \nPolong i 123,166,749 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 54.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 33.30%, malo no roma to a sera 11.80%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO Mexico City(墨西哥城) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 16 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Enrique Peña Nieto(恩里克·潘尼亞·尼托), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis\nMexico\nSa’amisay Amilika\nKitakit","num_words":5216,"character_repetition_ratio":0.068,"word_repetition_ratio":0.01,"special_characters_ratio":0.27,"stopwords_ratio":0.007,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":19859.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morocco","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Morocco (摩洛哥) \nMorocco hongti a kitakit (Arab: المملكة المغربية‎, Berber sowal: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), tadasowal Morocco (المغرب; ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ[10]) o ka’amisay Africa pakaetip Maghreb a cecay Hontian Rikec a kitakit. O kawali matatongod to Algeria, katimol o nikowanan no Sahara sa’etal ato Mauritania, kaetip mirepingay to Tasiyang, tala’amis o Gibraltar a ’efong (Strait of Gibraltar) ato Tenokay riyar (the Mediterranean) ato Portugal, Spain masasikecor. O syoto o Rabat, ta’akay maci o Casablanca[11]. \n\nI likisi a Morocco o pararocorocok to nai adihayay misiikeday a hongtian sakowan, sa’ayaway hongti i 788 mihecaan mapatireng ci Idris hongti. I ci Murabit hongti ato ci Mowahid hongti a pikowan, o ’icel no Morocco o satadamaanay itiya, o sera tahira i kaetip ka’amis a ledef, o ’icel tahira i Iberia sa’etal. Padoedo ni Marin hongti ato Saad hongti itiya, mapatalaw no papotalay kitakit, nikawrira macalap no Ottoman Turkey, malamasiikeday i kaetip ka’amis a kitakit. O Alavi hongti i 1631 mihecaan mapatireng, o pikowan tangasa anini.\n\nI 1912 miheca Morocco o micingcingan ko sakadama noni a kitakit, o sera maaisalay ko France ato Spain. I 1956 miheca Morocco miliyaw masiiked, nanoya malaci’icelay kitakit itira toya sa’etal, i 1979 miheca malaheci ko pi’emet to kaetipay a Sahara ’etal, oni kaetipay Sahara a pikowan caay kakahien no kasakitakit, nikawrira o Arab nipatatekoan kitakit mihayda to kaetipay Sahara a pikowan o Morocco ko ciseraay. Sacisowal sa ko Morocco to ka’amisay lilis no riyar o Spain ko citodongay masasicalay to Ceota, Melilla ato no Spain mikowanan a sera[12].\n\nMorocco o malitosaay ko hontian Rikec a kitakit, o sifo ko citodongay to sakadademak, o pitelaek to rikec o sifo ato kalomaocan k citodongay, ira ko ’icel no malahongtiay to sakidemak atopitelek, saki sofitay, kacacofelan a demak ato pakayraan a demak ira ko ’icel a sowal. O Islam ko pakayraan no Morocco, no kitakit a sasowalen halo aniniay a Arab sowal ato Berber a sowal, nai 2011 mihecaan Berber a sowal malano kitakitay to a sowal[13][14]. Morocco a tamdaw o no Arab ko sakasasowal naira, no aniniay a sowal ira to ko caayay ka lecad; nao likisian, Morocco manga’ay naira somowal to France sowal ato Spain a sowal.\n\nMorocco o no Arab kitakit a nipatatekoan, Africa nipatatekoan ato Tenokay nipatatekoan a lekakop, o saka loma a ta’akay kicay i Africa[15].\n\nLikisi (歷史) \nMila’ed ta anini to ’ayaw no 40 ’ofad miheca no itiya:ay ho a tamdaw ira to ko dademakay i Morocco. Mikadkaday hakasi manengneng mihapiw itini to i ’ayaway iraay took tamdaw a maro’. Sa’ayaway itini maro’ a tamdaw o Berber a tamdaw awaay to ko kacipinangan. I 7 sici i, tayni ko Arab tamdaw, itira i 8 sici to ko pipatireng to hongti a kitakit. Tenok a sici (Middle Ages) itini mikowanay ira ko Berber a tamdaw. Morocco hongti kitakit (Arab: لمملكة المغربية‎, Lomaan: al-mamlakat al-Maġrib) ko ngangan no kitakit o nai Arab sowal ko pipangangan to saetipay “Maghreb”, I ’ayaway no Congko ira ko sowal to Morocco a nitilidan, ira ko Song a tamdaw ci Caw-ro-se (co-fan-ce)”Mokali kitakit”. Min miheca “kon-yi wanko cicu” pasowal sa to Morocco o “Maloko kitakit”.\n\nNai 15 sici masateka, o Morocco micalap no adihayay kaetipay kitakit. I 20 sici o Morocco ira ko atalawan to saka 1 kalalood no hekal. I 1912 miheca 3 flad, France micingcing to Morocco. I 1956 miheca 3 folad, misiiked a kitakit[16].\n\nAnini a Morocco Alavi hongti nai 17 sici mitekaay to mikowan, i 1957 miheca, Morocco Sultan Muhammad saka lima mihapiw mifalic hongti kitakit, Morocco Sultan kitakit mafalic pala Morocco hongti kitakit. Milaheci to Hontian Rikec, nikawrira Hontian ira ko ’icel tosaki laloma’an demak atokalomaocan, orasaka o tosaay Hontian Rikec sakiwan.\n\nSici (政治) \n\nMorocco Hontian Rikec adihayay kasacefang a Islam kitakit, hongtoi ira ko sata’akay a ’icel sakowan. Kalomaocan masiiked to Kararemay pikaykian ato Fafa'eday pikaykian tosa, Fafa'eday pikaykian ira ko 325 tamdaw no lomaocay o finawlan ko misingkiway, lima miheca ko rekad. Kararemay pikaykian ira ko270 tamdaw to nai kasaniyaro’ a taypiaw nisingkiwan, tolo miheca mafalic ko tolo no cecay a tamdaw.\n\nMuhammad saka enem nai 1999 miheca macakat pa’icel to saka nikapolongan a kitakit, saki laloma’an misacedeng to saki pakoyocay ato hosyo to sakarihaday nosyakasy, sakipapotal micedengay a Islam kitakit kodemak. O sasifo’ananay ko Morocco saki tenokay (Middle East) ato Europe Amilika a kalalicayan. I 2004 miheca 6 folad, Amilika congtong ci Bush mihapiw paini to caayay ko saka’amisay tata'angay sa'etipay riyaran a kakaketonan lekatep a lekatep ko Morocco.\n\nNai 2011 miheca 2 folad 20 romi’ad miteka, Morocco finawlan mirarakat i lalan to saki nikapolongan. I 2011 miheca 3 folad 9 romi’ad, ci Muhammad saka enem hongti mihapiw o mamilaheci mifalic to saki kimpo a demak, o salaloma’an o papatireng to kakeridan ato ’icelan, palowad to sakapakoniyah ato salongoc nofinawlan, patireng tomisiikeday a hoying a kasasipakayraan, milaheci to saki nikapolongan a sici[17]. I saka 6 folad 17 romi’ad, mipasadak ko hongti to sapifalic to sakisici a halaka, nai no tirengan nohongti pasayra nikapolongan a hontian rikec, misahalaka i 7 folad 1 romi’ad patorod i kapolongan pitopa. \n\nPakayraan no dademaken: o ’adihayay a ’icel no hongti patoroden i kakeridan no citodongay ato kalomaocan; ikor o mamidemak t no finawlan a pisingkiw, o kakeridan no citodongay i o pakalowiday a cefang ko misakapotay; o kakeridan a citodongay ko mamiocor to cacitodong no sifo, halo midemakay ato no kitakit a kakeridan no katayalan, sangayawen o kakeridan ko ci’icelay mipalasawad to kalomacan[18]. \n\nI 2011 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, mikapolongan pitopa ko Morocco finawlat to fa^elohay kimpo. Saka 2 romi’ad to pacereman, o salaloma’an citodongay no Morocco ci Shar Awi mihapiw to nisilsilan a telek 98.49% ko mihaydaany. Onini a losid pahapinang to kitakit o halinga’ayay ko pakayraan to sapifalic to kimpo a rarakaten. \n\nFa^elohay kimpo a losid i: \n\nMasataa’ang to ’icel no kalomaocan, mangalef mapa’icel ko tosaay ko kalomaocan faco no kitakit a fafa'eday kalomaocan ko cacitodong. Fafa'eday kalomaocan i limaay to cecay a lomaocay to nipicoker a mitomadaw to malatapangay, ano eca micoker to toloay no cecay a lomaocay to sakimalatapangay a sapipalasawat, nanoya o mamikotay to hongti a mihepolay a ’icel. \n\nFa^elohay kimpo mileko to misiikeday a hoying, no hoying no kitakit o malahoyingay ato polong no salongoc no tamdaw wiyyinhuy misakapotay a satakaraway mikowan a wiyyinhuy, o citodongay satakaraway hoying caay ka i laloma’ay no wiyyinhuy. \n\nI fa^elohay nokimpo, o hongti no Morocco o tatapangan no kitakit, o satakaraway no sakilalan, sakiriyar, sakikarayan a sofitay ato tatapangan no pakayraan, pasasiiked citodong to “malatapangay wiyyinhuy” at fa^elohay patireng “sakarihaday no kitakit a wiyyinhuy” a citodongay, mirepatay to ta’akay a dademaken saikoray miketonay, itiya o sakiniyaro’ a mikeriday ato miocor to kacacofelan a dademakay[19].\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nItiraay i sakaetip ka’amisay no Africa, katimol no Gibraltar ’efong, sacomod to Tasiyang nai kasifo’ay riyar, no hekalay a calay to 1700 kongli. Masasifoday ko kasahefonghefong no sera, sasifo’ ato ka’amisay o masacakilay ko Atlas lotolotok, kawali ato katimol o takaraway ato a’ayaway no Sahara a taporo, dengan o kaetip ka’amis a lilis noriyar ko dadaya’ paeneray a dafdaf[20]. Nawhani masa’apilisay ko ledef a matena’ no Atlas lotolotok ko katimolay Sahara kohkoh tafotafokan fa^edetay calap, masamihecaan ko nga’ayay romi’ad no Morocco, malengaw ko hana rengos, kasaimahan no sowal to “I fa’edatay romi’ad saemelay kitakit”, ira hook “ka’amisay Africa a pisahanaan” a sasowalen.\n\nMapahawikid kofa’edatay ato no Canary a si’enaway, masa’edasay ko fa’edetay romi’ad; Atlas lotolotok mifatelay to kitakit, ira ko Toubkal tadatokos (4,165m) satakaraway no kitakit.\n\nKadofah komasacilahay tayhi no Morocco, sa’sien ira ko 1100 qalqalan ton, calap to 75% no hekal. Roma a fodawan ira ko marar, temera, sin, men, pi, tong, cilah, cisyak, sikitang, simal fokeloh. simal fokeloh masoped 1000 walwalan ton, halo tadasimal 60 walwalan ton.\n\nO kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \nMorocco kitakit misaliyad 12 ko sa’etal. Halo misaetan no Morocco a kaetipay Sahara sa’etal malitoloay. Ta’akay sa’etal patireng to 62 kanatal ato 13 ko mikatok citodongay[21].\n\nTadamaanay maci (主要城市) \nSyoto no Morocco o Rabat; sata’akay maci o minato Casablanca. Roma i 2014 miheca tona mitoki to pangangan a tamdaw mata’elif 500,000 ko tamdaw a maci Fes, Marrakech, Meknes, Sirra ato Tangier[23].\n\nKicay (經濟) \nMorocco o saka tolo a kinaira ko sakaira no kicay, o mamala cemahaday a kitakit, i Africa saka lima, ka’amisay Africa saka tolo a sakikicay. Sakaira no kicay i o mirarakatay, mifotingay ato sakikoyasi a pasadakan, cilah a koyasi nisopedan ira ko 1100 walwalan ton, sakakaay no hekal. O maomahay ato mipakaenay kanga’ayan to, nika o rmi’ad ko haenen. O adihayay a sakinaira mitier to papotalay to sadama ko Morocco, o France ko saka tosa padamaay, saka cecay ta’akay ko Spain. Macedeng ko kacomahad to kicay nofinawlan. I 2010 miheca i salaloma’an no Morocco a kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc (GNP) 917 walwalan Amilika payso, no tamdaw 2,839 Amilika payso. Kacomahad no kicay 3.2%, kafeso no dafong 1.4%.\n\nSakaromakat (交通) \nPakaseraay a lalan ko kimetoay. I laloma’an sakaromakat ko micalapay a todong, saheto 90% ko faso ato 75% a micolo’ay to dafong i lalan.\n\nMarar lalan: o patodong tolalan ira ko1907 kongli, o roma a lalan 483 kongli, no tingki a marar lalan 1014 kongli. Roma 765 kongli ko lalan no micolo’ay to cilah a tayhi. I 2003 miheca, o Morocco ato Spain masasowalay, malakapot misanga’ to pakayraay i lalinik no riyar i Gibraltar ‘efong (Strait of Gibraltar) patireng to marar a lanan. Nai 2010 miheca miteka tina tayal, matotongod to Europe, Africa tosaay kanaal sarakatay no marar a lalan, nikawrira tangasa i 2021 miheca, onini a tayal awaay ko so’elinay nidemakan. 2018 miheca, i Casablanca – Tangier saharakatay marar faso, o no Morocco sakacecay a saharakatay marar faso, o i Africa sakacecay a saharakatay marar faso[24].\n\nSera lalan: o karaya’ ira ko 64452 kongli, o saka cecay lalan 15907 kongli, saka tosa lalan 9367 kongli, saka tolo lalan 39178 kongli. Tangasa i 2009 miheca, saharakatay lalan 916 kongli, ira Rabat – Tanggier, Rabat – Casablanca – Sedat, Rabat – Meknes kasa calay no saharakatay lalan. Midotoc to Morocco saka tosa no kasaniyaro’ a lalan 10 miheca a halaka (2005-2015), to mihecaan mipatireng to 1500 kongli ko lalan, tangasa paherekan polong no kitakit 80% ko maomahay lalan marakat ito.\n\nNanom lalan: iraay anini a minato ira ko 30, o 11 minato o kahiraay sakadademak, ira ko 11 picolo’, pifoting a minato. Tadaminato o Casablanca, Mohammedia, Safi, Tangier, Agadir, i 2009 miheca polong no micomoday masadakay ira ko 6682 ’ofad ton. I Casablanca o sata’akay minato, micalap to polong no minatoto 37%; Tangier-tenokay riyar sakacecay nitayalan malaheciay to, misadadahal to saka tosa, o mala’a'akay i Africa ato tenokay riyar minato.\n\nKakarayan picolo’: polong no kitakit ira ko 28 a hikokiciw, 12 o kasakitakit a hikokiciw, tinako Casablanca Muhammad saka lima kasakitakit hikokiciw, Rabat-Sierra kasakitakit hikkiciw, Marrakech-Minara kasakitakit hikokiciw. Morocco hongtian hikoki kosi ira ko 33 hikoki, mapalalan ko 75 calay lalan, tayra i sepatay masafaniyotay a 32 kitakit, o nirakatan 30 ’ofad kongli. I 2008 miheca faso nicolo’an 1060 ’ofad tamdaw. 2005 miheca, Morocco ato Europe nipatatekoan masasi tilid “mafohat kakarayan” latelek, Morocco hikoki a icifa saki Europe hikoki kosi mafohat mapalalan.\n\nI 1996 miheca 12 folad, pakayra i Algeria, Morocco tangasa Spain, Portugal a Maghreb tangasa Europe a tataparan a lahod macayat to ko calay. Onini calay 1385 kongli ko kakaya’, sa’ayaw mihecaan pataynian a tataparan a lahod 90 walwalan a m3, Morocco to mihecaan ira 10 walwalan a tataparan a lahod ko mialaan. I 2005 miheca, Morocco sa’ayaw palacalay tayra i sadingkian, sakadamso’ to 17% saka cidingkiaw.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nMorocco 80% a finawlan o taloc no Berber tamdaw, 20% o camel. 3000 ’ofad tamdaw a nisowalan o Arab sowal,. 1200 ’ofad tamdaw tangasa 1500 ’ofad tamdaw a nisowalan o Berber a sowal. 99% muslin, itini to 67% Sunni mitooray, 30% misatekeday muslin, roma ira ko 0.9% Kristokiw, 0.2% Yotayakiw.\n\nKiwiko (教育) \nMorocco padamso to caayay papaiso a pitilid, tangasa i ka’emangay. Oni kitakit nai 2012 miheca a mafana’ay to tilid ira ko 72%[26]. Morocco ira ko 40 a daykako, takaraway kakoyin ato mikingkiway kakoyin, malesap i kasamaci no kitakit.\n\nPonka (文化) \nNawhani o kaitiraan pala ato likisi, Morocco a ponka macamolay to Arab, Berber, Yotaya ato Europe a kasasiroma a ponka[27], ’ayaway hongti ci Hassan saka tosa pasowal: “Molengaway i Africa ko Morocco, nikawrira o papah sa mihedotay to fali no Europe a kilang” [28]. Nai misiiked, o picoka, pito’toan, kaloradiw, kikik misifay ato pisaika no Morocco macowatay[29].\n\nSasowalen ato pakayraan (語言與宗教) \nO Arab sowal ko sakasasowal, nika o Berber sowal nihaydaan no kitakit a kasasowalan, Arab sowal ko no kitakit a sowal ato Hasaniya sowal. Nawhani o nicalapan no Europe a likisi ato macowat ko rarakatan, ’alomanay tamdaw no Morocco mafana’ to sowal no France[30], Spain[31] ato Inkiris[32].\n\nO Islam ko pakayraan no kitakit. I 1993 miheca 8 folad mipasarayan to Hassan saka tosa a Mosque, maro’ i Casablanca misi’ayaw to Tasitang, saheto o fahecalay fokeloh ko sapisanga’, o takaraw 200m, kisafa to i Mecca a Mosque ato i Azhar Mosque no Egypt a saka tolo ta’akay Mosque i hekal, o sapisanga’ a patireng o tadamaanay i hekal. O mafohatay a kitakit ko Morocco, saki fafahiyan o mamipengec ano eca pipengec caay pipatangic, manga’ay pakoniyah sa[33], mi’efec to kaciburqa ko kitakit[34].\n\nOnto (體育) \nO onto no kitakit micokaray to mali ko kaolahan. I 1956 miheca a no hekalan cup, o Morocco kitakit a micokaray to mali o malalifet i kasasikedan to Africa cefang. Roma a sasalamaen no kitakit a onto ira ko comikayay, lalimaay tamdaw micokaray to mali, lanciw, mikemo, sasemo, golf. I 2022 miheca a hekalan cup, o micokaray to mali micomod i sasepatay ko Morocco kitakit, malasa’ayaway micomod sakasepat i hekalan cup a Africa ato Arab mimaliay.\n\nPirarakatan (旅遊資源) \nPirarakatan o satadamaanay sakaira nokicay no Morocco[35], i safa sakatosa no sakapicomod no payso ko cilah a tayhi sakaira. I 2018 miheca ira ko 1230 ’ofad ko mirarakatay i Morocco[36]. O pirarakatan itira i sepatay hongtian i ta’akay maci: Fez, Marrakech, Meknes ato Rabat; ika “ka’amisay Africa a spay” i Casablanca, ka’amis co’ed no Tangier, Rocok no hekal a maci i Essaouira, “landaway maci” i Chefchaouen; ato lilis no Tasiyang, Sahara kohkoh ato ka’amisay Africa sa’akawangay tokos Toubkal a tataparan ko pialaan to losid nina ika.\n\nKakaenen (飲食) \nO kakaenen no Morocco macacamolay to no Moore, Europe ato tenokay riyar a sikaen[37], tadamaanay no Morocco a dteng halo Gusmi, macidemay sioy titi (Taji), Tacotuca salad. Kaolahan a nanoman o “atai”, cilamlamay to saemelay ato kasaociya; satadamaanay ko ociya i Morocco a ponka[38], o sakalali’ay no ’orip ko ociya. I lomaloma’an to, adihay ko masamaamaanay a sakatayal a copo. I Morocco, sapihamham to lafang o saemelay sapafangsis ko sapatala, pahapinang to mihamhamay pinangan.\n\nPosi ponka (貓文化) \nO tadaponka no Morocco ko posi ato kasakapot i saki’orip to romi’ami’ad[39], ano i maci ato i niyaro’ ko Morocco a tamdaw, ira aca ko posi manengneng. Itiniay tamdaw to sakiposi o sakacipakahadidiay misanga’ayay ko pinengneng, onini paki Islam a kimadan, ato maolahay makorac a tataparan[33].\n\nLisin ato pahanhanan (節假日)\n\nSofitay (軍事) \nNaikora no Morocco i 1956 miheca misiiked miteka patireng to sofitay sakaci’icel no kitakit, i 2010 mihecaan polong no kitakit a sofitay 19.5 ’ofad ko tamdaw[41], ira ko hongti lalanay hitay, riyaray hitay, karayan hitay, ira ho ko hongti mirikecay, midipangay ato pataroday hitay. O riyaray hitay saikoray mapatireng, itiya i 1960 mihecaan mipatireng.\n\nSeraan kalaliyang (領土爭議) \nNai piliyas to France madipot a misiiked i 1956 mihecaan ko Morocco, itiyaay ho Franco Spain iraay ko kalaliyangan to sera. hongti ci Mohammad saka lima itiya, o Tangier mapatiko to Morocco, itiya masasowal to Spain, toya miheca nai ka’amis miliyas ko Spain Morocco. 1958 miheca Ifni kalalood masasitilid to “Sintra sapatonek” milayap ko i Tarfaya sa’etalay (Tarfaya Strip), mahayda i 1969 miheca a “Fes sapatonek” milayap Ifni, 1979 miheca Mauritania miliyas ikor micalap to katimolay a Golden ’efong a sa’etal (Oued Eddahab) [42]\n\nI Africa picalapan itiya, o papinapina a sician no Morocco, o kapot no misiikeday cefang no Morocco, tinako Allal al-Fassi (I 1956 miheca marina’ pasadak “ta’akay Morocco” a cicu), pisiiked no Morocco to pinapina mihecaan mipaini to nisafaloco’an misadadahal to sera. sa’ayaw, Sutan caayay kapihayda a ci’iwi[43]. I 1963 miheca Algeria misiiked kalaloodan, Morocco micalap to kaetipay no Algeria a Tindouf ato Bechar, pasowal o no Morocco a sera. cecay folad ko kasasiwtocan a lalood ato mata’elif to somo’otay tamdaw ko mapatayay madoka’ay a caay ka sasipaterep. Tata’ak ko faloco’ ni Al-Fassi i 1960 miheca nicokeran no pinapna tamdaw, tangasa 1969 miheca, itiya mihayda ko Morocco i 1960 mihecaan to pisiikedan no Mauritania a sici sakowan[44]. \n\nI kasasi’adaan pinapina mihecaan, o Mauritania kaketeren ko Morocco pikihatiya to katalawan lalefoan, micingcing to sera[45]; I 1970 mihecaan, siwtoc itira to i kaetipay Sahara miteka.\n\nAno matiratira aca ko Morocco sifo oya to sowal o kaetipay Sahara ato ka’amisay o kaeferan no Spain a sera saan: Ceuta ato Melilla a sera, nikawrira ta’akay Morocco a sera mipaini to sowai i 1960 mihecaan ikoran nisawadan to no Morocco saan. Pasowal kaeyipay Sahara a Polisario a cefang ko taypiaw Sahrawi Arabian Nikapolongan Kitakit mala o caayay ko nipatatekoan a citodongay ko aro’ [46].\n\nPinengnengan tilid (參考文獻) \n1. Morocco. World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2018-11-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-01-06）. Ethnic groups: Berber 99%, other 1%\n\n2. Morocco. World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2012-05-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-26）.\n\n3. Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco, I-1 (PDF). [2013-01-09]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2012-05-18）.\n\n4. Morocco Population, 1960-2017 - knoema.com. HCP. 2017 [2018-03-29]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-10-29）.\n\n5. Morocco. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-06-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-06-04） \n\n（Inkiris）.\n\n6. World Bank GINI index. [2018-11-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-02-09）.\n\n7. Human Development Report 2021\/2022 (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2022-9-8 [2022-11-22].\n\n8. Morocco Keeps Clocks Steady on GMT+1. 2018-10-28 [2018-11-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-08-19）.\n\n9. Morocco in CIA World Factbook. CIA.gov. [2012-05-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-26）.\n\n10. Berber names of Moroccan cities (PDF). Freemorocco.com. [2019-10-26]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2021-12-06）.\n\n11.Jamil M. Abun-Nasr. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. 1987-08-20 [2018-11-14]. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-09-02）.\n\n12. Ceuta, Melilla profile. BBC News. 2018 [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-05-19） （Inkiris）.\n\n13. Rodd, Francis. \"Kahena, Queen of the Berbers: \"A Sketch of the Arab Invasion of Ifriqiya in the First Century of the Hijra\" Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 3, No. 4, (1925)\n\n14. Schnelzer, Nadine. Libya in the Arab Spring: The Constitutional Discourse since the Fall of Gaddafi. Springer. 10 November 2015. ISBN 9783658113827.\n\n15. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. www.imf.org. [2018-11-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-10-07）.\n\n16.Faku no tilid: ka’amisay no Africa lalowadan noto’as kitakit- Morocco. [2006-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-04-30）.\n\n17. Morocco 6000 tamdaw miliyang, mingitangit to Nikapolongan Kitakit ato ma’anofay. [2011-06-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-06-17）.\n\n18. Morocco hongti pasadak tosapifalic to dademaken, o sakowan patorod to congli ato kalomaocan.[midaoc maketon ko calay]\n\n19. Morocco kapolongan pitopa mihayda to fa^elohay kimpo, hongti misawad to todong nosakowan. [2011-07-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-08-01）.\n\n20. Meakin, James; Meakin, Kate. Morocco. Chisholm, Hugh (wikwik). Taing 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge daykako mirina’ay: 852. 1911.\n\n21. Regions of Morocco, statoids.com. [2017-04-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-05-16）.\n\n22. POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME \n\nD’APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014. Haut Commissariat au Plan-High Commission for Planning. 8 April 2015 [29 September 2017] （Arab sowal \n\nato France sowal）.\n\n23. POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME \n\nD'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014. High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015 [29 September 2017] （Arab sowal ato France \n\nsowal）.\n\n24. Ceremony launches Tanger–Casablanca high speed project. Railway Gazette International. 2011-9-29 [2019-3-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-\n\n24）.\n\n25. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion （I felih matilid I kapi, mana’angan i calay） Population 1971–2008（pdf. I felih matilid I kapi, mana’angan i \n\ncalay） pages 83–85）IEA（OECD\/ World Bank）original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57)\n\n26. Baisse du taux d'analphabétisme au Maroc à 28% mana’angan i calay, pina’angan romi’ad 1 August 2014.. Lavieeco.com (6 September 2013). Retrieved \n\n17 April 2015.\n\n27. Morocco: a rich blend of cultures. The Times & The Sunday Times. [2022-09-26] （Inkiris）.\n\n28. Hassan II and the Tree Metaphor: A Reflection of the Plural Moroccan Identity. dune magazine. [2022-11-07].\n\n29. e.g. Khalid Amine and Marvin Carlson, The Theatres of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia: Performance Traditions of the Maghreb (Dordrecht NL: Springer, \n\n2011), 124–28. ISBN 0230358519\n\n30. \"La Francophonie dans le monde.\" (Archive) Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. p. 16. Retrieved on 15 October 2012.\n\n31. According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB, 21.6% of the population speak Spanish (realinstitutoelcano.org, afapredesa.org). According to the \n\nMorocco Census of 2004, the Morocco population is 29,680,069 (hcp.ma)\n\n32. British Council–United Kingdom (PDF). britishcouncil.org. May 2012. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2014-05-13）.\n\n33.itini adihay ko hahedoten no posi. Morocco tadamaanay coka ponka. Yahoo! sinpong. Fa^elohay tangal. 2020-2-8 [2022-11-01].\n\n34. المغرب يمنع بيع وتسويق \"البرقع\" الأفغاني. France 24. [2017] （Arab sowal）.\n\n35. Inspiring a tourism revolution in Morocco. www.worldfinance.com. [2019-03-21] （Inkiris）.\n\n36. Bazza, Tarek. Over 12 Million Tourists Visited Morocco in 2018, Up 8% from 2017. Morocco World News. 2019-01-23 [2019-03-21] （Inkiris）.\n\n37. The Art of Moroccan Cuisine. 10 October 2007.\n\n38. Tea in Morocco: 'It's in the blood'. 2014-10-21 [2019-06-09] （Inkiris）.\n\n39. Cats in Morocco. bayt al fann. [2022-11-01].\n\n40. Morocco – congko calay- kacacofelan a demak.\n\n41. IISS 2012, pp. 340\n\n42. The Sahara conflict: Origins and realities of a regional dispute Embassy of The Kingdom of Morocco in Japan. 2018\n\n43.Douglas Ashford, Johns Hopkins University “kaetipay sici casi”（The Western Political Quarterly）1962-12 saka 1 lolod saka 5fangko saka641-651felih, \n\nsaka 645 felih tilidan The Irredendist Appeal in Morocco and Mauritaniap \"total liberation\" was Allal al-Fassi, who refused to enter France even to meet with \n\nhis Monarch or long-standing nationalist colleagues.\"（Inkiris）\n\n44. Douglas Ashford, Johns Hopkins University “kaetipay sici casi”（The Western Political Quarterly）1962-12 saka 1 lolod saka 5 fangko saka 646 felih（Inkiris）\n\n45. Mauritania denuncia a Marruecos. ABC Sevilla. 1961-03-16 [2010-05-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-08-17）.（Spain sowal）\n\n46. Greater Morocco calay mana’ang, mina’ang romi’ad i 2011-07-24.Itini i 32 00 N, 5 00 W, noAfilika ko Morocco.Polong no sekalay i 446,550 sq km “saka 58 ko rayray no ngangan. ”“O sekalay no sera i, 446,300 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 250 sq km ” \nPolong(全部) i 33,655,786 ko tamdaw.\n\nItini i 32 00 N, 5 00 W, noAfilika ko Morocco.\nPolong no sekalay i 446,550 sq km “saka 58 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 446,300 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 250 sq km ” \nPolong(全部) i 33,655,786 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 67.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 11.50%, malo no roma to a sera 21%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [[[Rabat]](拉巴特) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 30 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Mohammed VI of Morocco(穆罕默德六世), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad(月) saka 23 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":5701,"character_repetition_ratio":0.053,"word_repetition_ratio":0.052,"special_characters_ratio":0.273,"stopwords_ratio":0.007,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.997,"perplexity_score":18062.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natauran","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Natauran (那豆蘭部落)\n\nU niyaru` nu maku, u niyaru` nu maku i tira i Natauran saetip u pisakeruan nu binauran, sawalisa u pidatengan nu niyam.\n\nBangcal ku niyaru` nu maku ,sakaulahan nu tamtamdaw anu cacay ku radiw maemin tu a makeru \n\nkami salipahak saan amaemin. \n\nI ayaw hen u Natauran hanana a niyaru` adihay ku taur`hananay a kilang tarakaw kira kilang u kawas nu i \n\ntiniay u midiputay tina niyaru`an . \n\nAnini hantu awaay tu kira sasakeru`an nu binaula mala pangiruantu masumad tu amin. \n\nU pidatengan nu niyam u icibatu awaay a mamelaw ku ayawway a saka hululan nu niyam. \n\nSuwalsa ku matuasay yu karipunan henay adihay kira tau`r, u papah nira adi;di` malubic ku baru`. \n\nU suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah","num_words":134,"character_repetition_ratio":0.093,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.261,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":91369.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nauru","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Nauru(諾魯)\n\nTakaray Sowal (概略) \nOna Nauru Kapolongan Kitakit(諾魯共和國) o masowalay a ngangan I o Nauru,pakisowalen no Nauru I Naoero hananay(tayla I lawac no riya), pakiikilisen Nauru hananay, o telang a pangangan no Ikilis I o Pleasant Island(o lipahakay a riyaran pala).[1] Malamikowanan to no Toic I Nawodo anaca o Onawero hananay a masasiromaroma ko pangangan. \n\nItiraay I katimol no Masahadhaday Riyar(太平洋) o cecay a riyaran pala no Mikuronisya riyaran palapalan, o polong a kakahad no sera no Nauru 21.3 km2, o samimingay I polong no kitakit. [[Faylo:Flag of Nauru.svg|thumb|Flag of Nauru]] [[Faylo:Coat of arms of Nauru.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Nauru]] o dadahal no sera to, o ka’aloman no tamdaw to nani ikoren a misa’osi to polong a kitakit o sakatolo, caay ka hakowa ko katata’ang to Facikan(梵蒂岡) ato Monako(摩納哥)\n\nItini i 0 32 S, 166 55 E, noOsiniya ko Nauru.\nPolong no sekalay i 21 sq km “saka 240 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 21 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” \nPolong i 9,591 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 80%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [[[Yaren District]](雅連) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay 31 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Baron Waqa(巴倫·瓦卡), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 11 a romi’ad.\n\nLikisi(歷史) \nI ‘ayaw no 3000 a patek miheca iraay to a tayni mafolaw ko nani Mikulonisya ato Polinisya a tamdaw.[4] Itiya ira ko 12 ko niyaro’, oya itiraay I hata(fayafay) a fo’is 12 ko pohong o todongay nona 12 niyaro’. Itiya I 18 sici ira ko nani NiwCilan a kakeridan(sincyo) no tamina manengneng nira kona palapalaan, caay ka papina ko ma’araway a tamdaw ato ‘eli a loma’, o maan koni sa caka I faloco’en ningra sa ta’elif han ningra. Itiya to I 1798miheca o kakridan no tamina no Ikilis ci Yohani･Fuying macakat tono pala panganganen ningra to Lipahakay Riyaran Pala(Pleasant Island),sa onian sato ko malalafalafang to romaroma a kitakit. O kapah no Ikilis ci Wiliyam･Halis yo macakat tona pala I mapatesek I faloco’ ningra ko kakapah no kaying no itiniay,cifafahi ta palamit sato ko aro’ ningra itini, oya sa’ayaway a congton ci Linoy･Halis o teloc ni Wiliyam･Halis.\n\nI ‘ayaw no cecay a so’ot miheca misatapang ko Toic a micowat tala Masahadhaday Riyar,malamikowanan no Toic. 1900miheca pakahela ko matayalay no Ikilis to linkuang(磷礦), na onian sato ko kafalic no ‘orip no Nauru a tamdaw. Ona Linkuang hananay I o malohilyo(tahi) no panay ato losay.\n\nI sakacecay a kalaloodan no kalokitakit I ma’eco no Awco(澳洲),toikor nani 1919miheca o mipolongan a mikowan no Awco,Ikilis ato NiwCilan. I sakatosa a kalaloodan no kalokitakit I o Dipon to ko maro’ay itini, sa tata’ang ko lolood itini, ‘aloman ko mapatayay.\n\nMalaheci to ko sakatosa a lalood no kalokitakit, yamikowan Awco,Ikilis ato NiwCilan\n\n‘odeng o pili’etan aca ko ifaloco’ay a mikakarkar to linkuang(磷礦),caay ka pisahalatelateng to ‘orip no Nauru a tamdaw. Talipa’elal to ko faloco’ no Nauru a tamdaw,I 1968miheca milekal to Niyahpikowan, alaen to a patikol koya linkuang(磷礦)nani kamay no Awco(澳洲). 1989miheca pakokoten no Nauru I Pisawkitan no Kalokitakit(國際法院) to nika apacang a midipot to taliyok palapalan[5]. 1999miheca malakapot no Linhoko ko Nauru.\n\nPalapalaan(地理) \nO kaitiraan no Nauru I sa’etip no Masahadhaday Riyar, I katimol no sasifo’an kinis no cikiw to 42km, o hadahal no polong a sera i 21 km2 masa’araway ko faco. [[Faylo:Nauru satellite.jpg|thumb|Nauru satellite]] o matahepo’ay no linkuang(磷礦) a sera no kitakit 60%, awaay ko ‘alo,’edeng I katimol iraay ko cecay a kaheciday a fanaw. \n\nMa’asiay tato ko pikakarkar to linkuang nika makari’ang ko 80% a sera no kitakit,oya pikakarkar halo riyar a makari’ang, 40% a kina’orip no riyar maselen no sota a mapatay.[6]nika awa no ‘alo sa awa ko nanom, sanga’ hananay ko tanko I tongroh no loma’ to sapisoped to ‘orad, ano o nini aca caacaay ko mama’edeng sa misanga’ ho tolo a sapipalananom to nanom no riyar. Adihay tato ko Linkuang caay ko nananomen ko nanom to kahecid, tatiih sapicefosen to losay.\n\nTamdaw(人口) \nI 2006miheca o tamdaw no Nauru 9,265 tamdaw. Tada ma’asiay to ko pikarkar to Linkuang, malahedaw to I mapingko ko kaysya no Linkuang a malahedaw ko katayalan, laplap hanto a papinokay ko matayalay no Kiripas ato Tufaru 1500 ko tamdadaw.\n\nO sowal no sifo I o sowal no Nauru,ira ko 96% no tamdaw ono Nauru a sowal ko sowal i loma’, I loma’ay aca ko kasomowal to Nauru, I papotal I o Ikilis ko sakasasowal. O tamdaw no Nauru 58% o Nauru,26% o nani fiyaway a riyaran pala,8% o Yoropa,8% o kaping.\n\nO Pitooran (宗教) \nO pitooran I tosa no kalitolo o Kristo, cecay no kalitolo o Tinsukyo, ira ho nani Arapiya a Pahaii Pitooran 10%, o saadihayay ko salikaka itini i polong a kitakit. O roma sato o mipaypayay 9%, 2.2% o Musulin. Pakitinien I kinpo a sarikec i mihaiay to paifaloco’ ko pitooran, nikawrira, milalangay to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ato Yihofa, oninian i sahetoay o Waylaw ko salikaka, matayalay i kaysya no Linkuang.[7]\n\nKyoiku(教育) \nIra ko 96% a tamdaw ko mafana’ay to tilid,nani 6 tahira I 15 ko mihecaan o caay ka papaysoen a nipacician papitilid, malepon konini I irara ho ko tosa miheca ko paifaloco’ sanay a pitilid.[8] Satimolan Masahadhaday Tata’angay Pitilidan iraay ko kapi a pitilidan itini, ya caho mapatireng kona pitilidan I tayra sanay I Auco ato NiwCilan a mitilid to tata’angay pitilidan.\n\nPunka(文化) \nO teloc no mikalicay to tamina no Mikulonisya ato Polinisya ko tamdaw no Nauru, o to’as nangra I iraay ko kimad to pakayniay to fafahiyan kawas ci Eijebong, o Buitani\n\ni o ifalocoay a fangcalay pala. Itiyaho iraay ko12 kasasiromaroma no finacadan, nikawrira, I ‘ayaw cecay a so’ot miheca malahedaway to ko tosa a finacadan. To mihecahecan I 10folad 26romi’ad o pinokayan a romi’ad(Angam Day)hananay, o pika’acangan a romi’ad konini,nawhani, malepon ko sakatosa a lalood no polong a kitakit minokay nani cowacowa ko tamdaw no Nauru, I’ayaw nonini 1500 aca ko polong tamdaw no Nauru, ya ira to ko minokayay a tamdaw I satapang sa a matongal ko palo no tamdaw no kitakit.\n\nMicepet to ‘ayam no riyar.Nano to’asan tahanini mado’edo ho ko cecay a pinangan no ‘orip, samatiya hato o ikisin no niyaro’ kona micepetay to ’ayam no riyar.\n\nI piceleman no cidal talalawac no riyar ko fainayan,mitikokay to mipa’enoran a ka’ered,tahikeda ko ‘ayam matefad ta podpoden malokaka’enen.ci Safulo.\n\nPihapinangan a tilid(註解) \n[1]Nauru. www.oceania.stosunki.pl. [2011年12月3日]. （原始內容存檔於2009年5月4日）.[2] Nauru Department of Economic Development and Environment. 2003. First National Report To the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Retrieved 2006-05-03. 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-05-24.\n\n[3] Nauru – Wyspa Miła. www.antoranz.net. [2010-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2009-11-25）.\n\n[4] Nauru Department of Economic Development and Environment. 2003. First National Report To the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Retrieved 2006-05-03. 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-05-24.\n\n[5] ICJ Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents, Case Concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia) Application: Memorial of Nauru (January, 2004) ISBN 9789210709361 (United Nations, International Court of Justice)\n\n[6] Republic of Nauru. 1999. Climate Change – Response. First National Communication – 1999 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations\n\n[7] Nauru. www.oceania.stosunki.pl. [2011年12月3日]. （原始內容存檔於2009年5月4日）\n\n[8] US Department of State. 2003. International Religious Freedom Report 2003 – Nauru 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館 URL accessed 2 May 2005.\n\nmakakafit i papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":1868,"character_repetition_ratio":0.041,"word_repetition_ratio":0.067,"special_characters_ratio":0.254,"stopwords_ratio":0.013,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":14360.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitakayama","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Nitakayama(玉山)\n\nFarangaw 'Amis\n\nMakatukusay ko Taywan. O sa’akawangay a tukus ko Nitakayama.","num_words":19,"character_repetition_ratio":0.024,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.207,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.742,"perplexity_score":10377.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norway","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Norway（挪威） \n\nNorway hongti kitakit (Norway a sowal: Kongeriket Norge), kalosasowalen no Norway (Norway a sowal: Norge), itiniay i sakaetip no Scandinavia malitosaay a kanatal, kawali makakafit to Sweden, kaetip o Tasiyang a riyar. O lilis no riyar masakolitalitaway, masangoso’ay a nengnengen ko Norway. Oroma sato, o Norway masasikafit to Finland ato Russia. No Norway a sera halo ki’etecay a palapalaan ato Jan Mayen pala, roma saki katimolay ’apocok a Queen maud pala ato Peter saka 1 pala o citodongay to sakowang. Tata’akay maci ko Oslo. I 2009 miheca tangasa 2011 miheca, 2013 miheca tangasa 2018 miheca o sakacecay i hekal tamdaw a comahaday, o Norway o cemahaday to a kitakit, ira ko takaraway a sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw.\n\nLikisi (歷史) \nI saka 9 sici mapatireng ko kapolongan hongti kitakit ko Norway. I 13 sici kacowatan itiya. Sasifo’an no 14 sici misitapang maserer.\n\nI 1397 miheca tangasa 1524 miheca, malekatep to Denmark, Sweden to Karma katatekoan.\n\nI 1524 miheca mapeleng kina Karma katatekoan, o Denmark, Norway mapapolong patireng to hongti kitakit, o Denmark ko mikowanay.\n\nI 1913 miheca o hongti no Sweden ci Karl 14．John micalap to Denmark, Norway mapapolong hongti kitakit, o Denmark mapidah no Sweden. I 1814 miheca, midotoc to Kiel tatonekan, paliyasen no Denmark ko Norway i Sweden, sapifalic to West Pomerania, Sweden, Norway mapapolong hongti kitakit, o Sweden ko mikowanay. O Sweden, Norway mapapolong hongti kitakit i 1905 miheca mapeleng a malicinowas.\n\nI 1905 miheca misiiked mala hongtian kitakit, itiya misingkiw to Denmark a kapah malo hongti no kitakit, o Haakon saka 7.\n\nSaka 1 kalaloodan no hekal o paitenokay ko katomireng. Saka 2 kalaloodan macalap no Nazi no Germany a wieser pinanaman, o Germany patireng i Norway to Norway congto nikowanan, ci Quisling ko congto. Ci Haakon hongti ato sifo ningra milafel tayra i Inkiris, Germany a tamdaw misafaloco’ i Norway patireng to kofa pakayni i nanom misanga’ to yin-c-tan, nika matekop no lekatepan no sofitay. Sofitay no Germany mi’emet to polong kitakit no Norway tangasa 1945 miheca 8 romi’ad pisawadan mapidah no Germany, itiraay i Norway a sofitay malasawaday to. Paherek ko kalalood o pakalowiday a kitakit. I 1949 miheca mikapot to ka’amisay Tasiyang koyak sakapot.\n\nI 1945 miheca, o Norway finawlan kari’angan ko nao mikihatiyaay to Germany a fafahiyan no Norway ato wawa nangra, itini i lalan a mipanengneng, mipalifades, tatiihay to no tamdawan, lokesan o “saka tosa a Nazi” ahan. I 1957 miheca mapatay ci haakon saka 7 hongti, o wawa ko midotocay, pangangan han ci Olaf saka 5. 1959 miheca mikihatiya to Europe paifaloco'ay kali'aca a nipatatekoan. \n\nI 1972 miheca ato 1994 miheca kina 2 mitopa to sapicomodaw to Europe lekatep, nika caay ka haien, nanoya miliyangay mikapot to Europe lekatep ikaka to micokeray mikapot to Europe lekatep. Nikawrira o Norway o nano sakapot no Schengen koyak. \n\nI 2011 miheca 7 folad 22 romi’ad, cidemak to cimapelingay ato kasasikowang a demak, itini kitakit nai saka 2 kalaloodan sa’ayaway a demak, o sapakinaliay katalawan kalalood, cimapatayay to 77 tamdaw itiya.\n\nSici (政治) \nNorway i 19 sici nao kakomodan mafalic pala o hontian rikec a hongti kitakit, aniniay a hongti ci Harald saka 5 i 1991 miheca 1 folad 17 romi’ad mapatireng.\n\nI 1898 miheca milaheci to fainayan a pisingkiwan salongoc, tangasa 1913 miheca milaheci to polongan no finawlan a pisingkiw a salongoc, halo fafahiyan ira ko pisingkiw a salongoc. O Norway malo sa’ayaway no hekal midemakay to kapolongan singkiw salongoc a kitakit.\n\nKalomaocan midemakay to cecayay ko kalomaocan faco (o sowal Stortinget, tata’angay kalomaocan), imatinib ira ko 169 ko lomaocay, lomaocay nai 19 a sa’etal a patodong to taypiaw a nisingkiwan.\n\nO citodongay to sakadademak o sakakaay citodongay kakeridan no Norway.\n\nPolong no kitakit a sician kasarekad ira ko 20, o Norway kong-tang sarekad ko satata’akay a sarekad kalomaocan no kitakit, ikoray no saka 2 kalalood a citodongay mikowan.\n\nI 2009 miheca a singkiw, o kong-tang i 169 ko lomaocay maala ko 64 lomaocay, o kong-tang ato pasakawiliay a syakay coi-tang, pakasasifo’ay tang midotoc malakapot to masakawiliay sakapot mikowan a sifo. O sakakaay citodongay kakeridan o no kong-tang ci Jens Stoltenberg citodongay.\n\nI 2013 miheca, pasikawananay a lekatep pakaala to pikowan, o Masimeday-tang ato Tala’ayaway-tang malekapot to pasikawananay a mapapolongay sifo, malanicokeran paso’elinan no Pakoniraay-tang ato Kristokiw nikapolongan-tang a lalowadan.\n\nI 2017 miheca a singkiw, pasikawananay a lekatep pado’edo haca citodong, o sakakaay citodongay kakeridan nao pakoniraay-tang ci Ina Sorlbeck ko citodongay.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \n\nO dadahal ira ko 385,054 pinfang kongli (halo ki’etecay a palapalaan ato Jan Mayen pala a sera). itiraay i kaetip a ka’amisay Europe a Scandinavia, kawali i o Sweden, kawali ka’amis o Finland ato Russia masasi a makakafit, katimol o Denmark masasi’ayaw to riyar, kaetip o Norway a riyar. O lilis no riyar masakolitalitaway, kakaya’ 2.1 ’ofad kongli (halo kasangoso’), adihay ko parapatan a fangcalay minato. O Scandinavian a lotolotokan mifatel i polong nokitakit, takaraway dafdaf, lotok a sera, so^eda a sa’owac macalap ko 2\/3. Katimol o mimingay taporo, fanaw, kakahaday henohenotan.\n\nKasasiromaroma no romi’ad (氣候) \nKatimol mililisay to riyar a sa’etal o fala’efaay no riyaran a romi’ad, lilisan no riyar sa’etal mahawikid no nai Tasiyang fala’efaay a fali, makinga’ay i malecaday ko konis i hekal ko fala’efa, kasi’enawan caay ka ciso^eda ko riyar. No mihecaan kacinanom nai lotok salongan 2000-4000mm, laloma’ay no hetal 500-1000mm, maedeng ko nanom no ’alo, makikaka to no Europe ko kanaira no nanom. Katimoll a sa’hetal caay ka kala’orad, o nano fala’efaay to no hetal a romi’ad. Ka’amis a konis 66˚ tangasa 70˚ saheto nano ’apocokay a romi’ad, saka’amisay no ka’amis konis 70˚ ato takaraway a sa’etal o cidamayay a romi’ad.\n\nO kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \nPolong no kitakit malisil ko 11 a sa’etal (fylke), sa’eno ira ko 356 kasaniyaro’ (kommune). Ki’etecay palapalaan caay ko patirengan a sera. Norway 11 ko sa’etal (fylke): [15]\n\nTadamaanay a niyaro’ (重要城鎮) \n\nBondhus fanaw\n\nOslo karayan calay\n\nNorway midotoc to sakililis no riyaran a misafacoan a sapirapot a tamina.\n\nNordland cascas\n\nOslo\n\nBergen\n\nTrondheim\n\nStavanger\n\nKristiansand\n\nFredrikstad\n\nTromso\n\nSandnes\n\nKicay (經濟) \n\nNorway kicay a icifa o pakoniraay ato no sifo a pi’emetan ko kalaheci no tinako, midotoc to kasakitakit a nisa’osian to laloma’an no kitakit polong no kinaira o saka 2 ano eca saka 3 no hekal (aikor no Luxembourg ato Switzerland), makikaka ko tatihiay kitakit a Sweden ato Denmark, anini o sacidafongay polong no cikiw, kicay o samacowatay takaraway a malalenay ko saka’orip a kitakit, sakinaira malalenay. Mi’emet ko sifo to kicay a sofal, tinako simalan a kinaira tayal. O kinaira no parapatan kadofah i Norway, mahapinangay i simal, nanom, pifotingan, kilakilang ato fodawan, o tadamaanay a kicay piti’eran o simal kinaira ato kasakitakit a simal, tinako i 1999 miheca, o simal no Norway ato parapatan a lahod micalap to masadakay 35%, caayay ko misadakay to simal a kitakit ato parapatan a lahod a kasakapot to polong no masadakay 45%, saki GDP a pacakatan mataelif ko 20%[16], nika o Norway o midemakay to niliyawan a kinaira ko sapisadingki[17], roman ai dingkian a tosiya adihay ko pinasanga’, pinasanga’ (halo sakaromakat, pisafodawan, pisanga’an, liomahan kapolongan ko pidemak) padoedo mata’elif ko 50%[18].\n\nNorway kitakit kana 2 mitopa to sapicomodaw to Europe lekatep, nika i kalomaocan caay ka haidaen. Calemcem ko Norway ano micomod ho to Europe lekatep malasakatatiih no kaliomah no kitakit o sanay. Nikawrira, Norway nano taliyok no Europe kalali’acaan, orasaka itini to nian, o Norway kicay ato Europe lekatep o makakedecay.\n\nTalacowa o Norway padoedo 6 miheca (2001－2006) mapatodong no Linhoko o sanga’ayay kamaro’an kitakit, o Norway tamdaw o yaan ko calemcem to ikor no 20 mihecaan, tona simal ato parapatan a lahod o aawa to i, o saka’orip o mamaserer to. Orasaka o Norway patireng to kitakit simal kiking, o no simal a kinaira a payso sapipacefong i roma kitakit. Tangasa i 2007 miheca 11 folad, o kiking no simal no kitakit ira 3800 walwalan Amilika payso.\n\nTalacowa laloma’an polong no cikiw adihay ko kitakit mapatirengay to ko sapidipot to ’iso, nika o Norway, Iceland ato Dipong oya to a manga’ay milepel to ’iso. O Norway pilepel to ’iso itini i 2016 miheca 800 ko ’iso macakat tangasa 2017 mihecaan 999 ko nialaan. Pakayni to nian miliyang ko midipotay sakapot to nia demak[19].\n\nLalan (交通)\n\nSyakay (社會)\n\nTamdaw (人口) \n\nI 2009 miheca a tamdaw ira ko 485 ’ofad, o Norway tamdaw ira ko 94%[20], caay ka papina ko yincumin finacadan Sammy tamdaw maro’ itini ka’amis. O tamdaw i tadamaanay maci Oslo a 55 ’ofad.\n\nO payso o Norway krone.(貨幣為挪威克朗)\n\nFangcal ko pinengneng malalen to kasasiroma no tamdaw, hekalan kicay kasasowalan i 2012 miheca polong no cikiw kasasiroma no tamdaw a ratoh, o saka 3 ko Norway, aikor no Iceland, Finland[21]. Kasakitakit midamaay to mato’asay cefang (Help Age International) i 2013 miheca polong no cikiw no mihecaan a patatiri’ a sa’osi (Global AgeWatch 2013 Index) mato’asay sakalemed, o saka 2 ko Norway[22].\n\nTadamaanay tamdaw (名人)\n\nSowal (語言) \nNo Norway a sakasasowal o Norway sowal, halo tosaay ko nitilidan: matatodongay a Norway sowal ato fa’elohay Norway sowal. Tosa ko tilidan saheto manga’ayay i no kitakit a sakasasowal, pitilidan atokapolongan a pirarakatan, nika patatapalen, o matatodongay a Norway sowal ko pasowalay a tamdaw, calap no tamdaw to 85-90%. O ka’amisay a Germanic a sowal, o nisowalan milecad to Danish ato Swedish, noka pangiha ato tilid caay kalecad. Oni toloay manga’ay sakasasowal, itini, Swedish ato Norwegian mingangataay, oni tosaay saki Danish matatiwtiway, nika saki ’alomanay a roma kitakit a tamdaw, ano dengan cecay a sowal ato toloay kitakit a tamdaw ko kasasowalan, o maminanam ho.\n\nCaayay ka papina a finacadan Sammy tamdaw ira ko nangra Sammy a sowal, o nano Finno-Ugric sowal a finacadan.\n\nO saka tosa sakasasowal o Inkiris a sowal, o maminanam to roma a sowal, ira ko Spanish, German, French, Italian.\n\nI Norway a pitilidan, o roma kitakit a mafolaway finawlan manga’ay o saka tosa a sowal ko Norwegian, maserer ko kaeca kafilo ko pisiking. Oroma sato, anini palifet ko Norway to mafolaway minanam to Norwegian, nai 2005 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, ’ayaw no tola miheca o polong no mafolaway misingsi to saka halafin a maro’, milaheci to300 tatokian ko pinanam to Norwegian a kiwiko, ano eca caay pakaala to saka halafin to sakamaro’.\n\nPakayraan (宗教) \nMapa’orip ko pakayraan ko sapakonira i kimpo no Norway, midotoc i 2013 mihecaan a sa’osi, o pakayraan a mitoor o Kristokiw (82%), ira ko 76.1% a tamdaw nano Lutheran, polong no Norway a tamdaw saheto nai kasofoc itini i kiwkay a mapaino’, 15 muhecaan i kiwkay mipaino’ to kato’asan, pipataloma’an i kiwkay midemak[23]. Ira ko 2.4% mitooray to Muslim, ira 2% a tamdaw mitoor to roma pakayraan. I 2016 miheca, mifalic to kimpo ko Norway, mapalasawaday to no kitakit ko kiwkay no Norway.\n\nKararamod (婚姻) \nO mafahatay ko halaka no Norway, caay padeteng to kararamodan, kadadi’ian a laloma’ o micokeran no rikec a mihaydaan, sakisataan, malitosa manga’ay miraoy to padafoh no sifo to saklaloma’an a sadama no rikec.\n\nI 2007 miheca, o citodongay mirikec no Norway mihayda to malecaday ko silet a tamdaw manga’ay midipot to wawa. I 2008 miheca 6 folad 11 romi’ad, kalomaocan no Norway i ’alomanay kasasirekad nicokeran, mihayda to “kitenokay to silet raramod a rikec”, o Norway malasaka 6 i polong no cikiw mihaydaay to malecaday ko silet manga’ay mitoki to kararamod a kitakit, fa’elohay kararamod a rikec i 2009 mihecaan misitapang. fa’elohay kararamod a rikec pahapinang i malecaday ko silet kararamod milecad to sasiromaay silet a marararod ko salongoc, halo i laloma’ no kiwkay misiki, midipot to wawa, halo pipatado no tamdaw a pawawaan.\n\nMafolaw finawlan (移民) \nSakimafolaway finawlan a halaka, ano ira ho ko midotocay to sarikec ko sasidi’I ato kararamod, manga’ay misingsi to salaloma’an a mafolaw. Nkawrira caay ko niyah a nisofocan mikotoday to no ina a kitakit. Tinako, kasasiroma nosilet a kasasiolah, o fainayan ano o Norway a tamdaw, fafahiya caayay i, caay ko nano kararamodan a kaciwawa caay ka nga’ay citodong to no Norway kitakit kacingangan. Matiya to, i Norway mata’elif ko cecay miheca ko caay ka latihian, ta manga’ay misingsi to kalaliyas.\n\nNikapolongan (民主) \nO Norway i paini no sakikicay tanengan niparatohan i 2021 miheca polong no cikiw o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi o sa’ayaway, mala o ki’emelay nikapolongan kitakit i hekal. Oni a kitakit saki nikapolongan a nihaydaan o mingodoay to pakoniyahay a finawlan ato sakitamdamdawan syakay a nidemakan ato siiked no mitiya i pikadkad to kacitodong no sifo ko kasarocodan.\n\nPonka (文化) \nO losid no Norway a sasowalen o Bunad, i 5 folad 17 romi’ad ko pi’acangan no kitakit, ’alomanay finawlan no Norway ciriko’ to losid no Bunad a mi’acang. I Norway ira ko pipakafitan to fayfay ato kimpo a romi’adan. Ira ko Tololf Rafto a pihiratengan a kompay. O nano Denmak a Norway mitiliday tamdaw ci Aksel Sandemose pasadak to Jande's law halo i laloma’ay no Norway a Scandinavia sangasaw ko todong a tadamaan.\n\nKaacangan romi’ad (節假日)\n\nOnto (體育) \nWa’ay mali, so’eda mali ato pi’eseran o kaolahan no Norway finawlan onto.\n\nSofitay (軍事) \nO ’icel no sofitay salongan 23,000 tamdaw, halo dademakay matayalay. Midotc to halaka sofitay no Norway, parocek to aikoray hitay a ’icel to 83,000 tamdaw. Tahamatini malasepatay ko sofitay no Norway: hongtian sekalay hitay, hongtian karayan ato misimaway to sera hitay.\n\nO hongti no Norway ko kakeridan no latoloay sofity, nika o kakeridan no citodongay no sofitay ko mitomadaway.\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n\n1.Population. ssb.no. [2016-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-06）.\n\n2.Nearly 10 000 Syrian immigrants in Norway. ssb.no. [2016-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-20）.\n\n3.Løsere bånd, men fortsatt statskirke （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, ABC Nyheter\n\n4.Staten skal ikke lenger ansette biskoper （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, NRK\n\n5.Forbund, Human-Etisk. Ingen avskaffelse: \/ Slik blir den nye statskirkeordningen. fritanke.no. [2016-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-20）.\n\n6.I dag avvikles statskirken （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (State church will be abolished today), Dagbladet, published 14 May 2012, accessed online 24 October 2015.\n\n7.State church in Norway? 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-03-04., Church of Norway, published, 6 March 2015, accessed 24 October 2015.\n\n8.Arealstatistics for Norway 2020. Kartverket, mapping directory for Norway. 2019-12-20 [2020-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-12） （挪威語）. Svalbard and Jan Mayen are included.\n\n9.Population, 2022-01-01. Statistics Norway. 2022-01-01 [2022-02-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-06） （英語）.\n\n10.Population, 1 January 2015. Statistics Norway. [2016-01-18]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-25）.\n\n11.Norway. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-15]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-15） （英語）.\n\n12.Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC). Eurostat Data Explorer. [2015-12-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.\n\n13.Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-10-24）.\n\n14.Central Intelligence Agency. Area. The World Factbook. [2013-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-31）.\n\n15.Frå 1. januar 2020 er det 356 kommunar og 11 fylke i Noreg.. [2020-02-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-05）.\n\n16.存档副本 (PDF). [2012-10-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-11-14）.\n\n17.https:\/\/km.twenergy.org.tw\/Data\/share?w6K83mbPlsdfdFXuN4SkxA==\n\n18.存档副本. [2021-03-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-12）.\n\n19.黃樂怡. 挪威捕鯨季將至 懷孕母鯨慘遭殃 環團全球聯署抗捕. 01線報. 2017-03-27 [2018-03-22] （中文（香港））.\n\n20.Tony Judt（東尼賈德）. Ill Fares the Land（厄運之地－給崩世代的建言）. 臺灣新北市: 遠足文化事業有限公司. 2014年1月: 88. ISBN 978-986-5727-00-0 （中文）.\n\n21.存档副本 (PDF). [2012-10-27]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-09-08）.\n\n22陳爭詒，《銀髮幸福國度 瑞典得冠》，《天下雜誌》536期，2013年11月27日\n\n23.Tony Judt（東尼賈德）. Ill Fares the Land（厄運之地－給崩世代的建言）. 臺灣新北市: 遠足文化事業有限公司. 2014年1月: 64. ISBN 978-986-5727-00-0 （中文）.\n\nPapotalay kalocalay (外部連結) \n\nNorway.no\n\nNorway\n\nItini i 62 00 N, 10 00 E, noYoropi ko Norway.\nPolong no sekalay i 323,802 sq km “saka 68 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 304,282 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 19,520 sq km ” \nPolong i 5,488,984 (2023) ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 2.70%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 27.80%, malo no roma to a sera 69.50%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [[[Oslo]](奧斯陸) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 17 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Harald V(哈拉爾五世), patirengan a romi’ad i 1991 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad(月) saka 17 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n\nPacefaday a tilid(註腳) \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":3824,"character_repetition_ratio":0.046,"word_repetition_ratio":0.028,"special_characters_ratio":0.265,"stopwords_ratio":0.009,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":14990.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O%20fafoy%20no%20lotok","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"O fafoy no lotok (kuwaping a sowal: 山豬) \nO fafoy no lotok hananay . o miri’angay(攻擊) to tamdaw . Mikari’ang(破壞) aca to pinaloma a losay . Nanitini i tolo patek mitolo(三千公尺) ko takaraw no lotok , tahini i hadhad(田野) ko piresapan no fafoy no lotok . Ano i pala to , i semosemotan , i ’aw’awlan ,itiniaca i pamatangan a hadhad , Ira ma’araw ko naripa’an(足跡) nangra . Ano kasienawan , malokelon tayni i hadhad a miliyas(遠離) to sienaw no lotok . Ano mahofoc(生育) ko tawinaan fafoy no lotok .ira ko sepat , oroma aenem saan ko kaci wawa ningra .Ora ciciw(小豬) no fafoy , caay piliyas to wina , tahira i kato’asan ningra .So’elinay , safeleng(群體) saan cangra a miresap a talacowacowa , mikilim to kakaenen .O mikaenan no fafoy i , cowa kapili’ (不忌), o ’arikak , fao , limit , o papah ,ato masamaamaanay a pinalengaw . Maemin a maemod nangra . O patinako no sowal to fafoy no lotok i hekal . o masililay , o matokaay sanay .Cowa kahatira ko pinangan no fafoy . Ya fafoy no lotok hananay , o ci’icelay(力大無比) , ratiktikay(敏捷) a rafihfih(迅速) . cekak saan ko tangila , Ano masatamdaw to ka to'as nira ,matiyato o tofor ka tata’ang . sacira’it(獠牙) saan , o sapiri’ang nira to cimacima ato sapingorngor nira to sera . So’elinay , malitemoh no mi’adopay(獵人) ko hatiniay a fafoy , pisafaloco' a misi'ayaw to kapiri’angaw ningra . o waco sato ko sapaosos milifet a makakalat .Iraay ko madoka'ay a waco to pina kalat nora fafoy . Matini i niyaro’ . O katangican no mi’adopay a ci tama’(獵物) ko fafoy no lotok . Ano ci tama’ a mi'adop cangra . O tadamaanay(優秀) a mi’adopay cingra sanay . Oroma sato pateli to saso'erec ato masamaamaanay a tilo . Ano pina a romi'ad , tayra miliso' tora tilo . alatek ira ko 'angtolay to , ira ko ma'oripay ho . Panokay sato tora tama’ . Mipafetis(獻上) to kalas(長老) no niyaro’ ato pacakat(祭品) itini i pita’ongan to mato’asay . Todong paliyaw ira ho kenaira a tama' . Mililiw(邀請) ko loma’ a mitahidang to salikaka(親朋好友) mapolong malafi a komaen toyatama’ .Ya tayraay malafi .mihawikid to takid to sapisolac to roray no mi’adopay . Kaniwen a mimaan(不可否認) . kaeso’ay makaen ko titi no fafoy no lotok . Tamekhan(烤) ko fanges(豬皮) nira . salangotngot(脆, Q) sanay kiya .oya pasikaenhan to epah . tatodong sanay Fafuy pala—野豬 \n\nI luma’ay fafuy(家豬) atu i palaay fafuy, tansul mahapinang ku nika sasiruma. U Fafuy Pala(野豬) i, kakaya’ ku pising, tata’ang ku funguh atu faluhang; ma’ipuc ku kaikur, miming ku wa’ay. U kakaya’ nu tireng maedeng ccay laya’ tahira ccay laya’ ira ku pangkiw, u karteng 80~100 a tingting, u ‘urip nira 10~21 ku mihcaan.U cengel nu fanuh nira i, matiya makusasay ku kakuhting, ira ku matiyaay u pangsuy. \n\nMaedef i kitakit ku lenak nu Fafuy pala, dengan makdalay(乾旱), takaraway lutuk(海拔高) atu kietecay pala(寒帶) caay katatudung tu Fafuy pala. \n\nKakaenen nu Fafuy pala, u rengus, heci nu kilang, lamit, fau^, fita’ol, ’du, ‘uner,takulil atu mihufucan ho a malunem…makaenay ho ma^min mawlah. \n\nU tatirengan nu Fafuy pala sa’imeced saan, ^ca ka ci simal ku titi nira, saka matalaw tu si^naw. Tanu ra’it(獠牙) han nira mikarkar ku sra a misadihif(洞穴), malu kadikuan nira. Anu kacihrangan i, maulah a mirunang i snasna’an(泥地). Kafahka’an i, makurac ku kafuti’an nira, nawhani, iraira aca ku katumai’an atu kamisi’an nira i paputal, caay pipatedu. \n\nU pinangan(習性) nu Fafuy pala i, u masafelengay(群體) a malahaklung ku ’urip nangra, ira ku tusay-pulu’ ku kaadihay. Tura sasifu’an nangra a malahakelung i, caka^ca ira ku 2~3 ci hawikiday tu ciciw a tawinaan a malacafay. U ’utuyan a fafuy anu sapilamuan ta micamul a mikihatiya. \n\nNa hufucen ku Fafuy pala, 18 ku tawinaan(母豬) ta palamu; 3~4 a mihcaan ku ‘otoyan(公豬) ta manga’ay milamu. 112~130 a rumi’ad ku kacitiyadan nu Fafuy pala, ccay hufuc 2~6 ku ciciw(豬仔), anu adihay tahira i 12, falu lipay kanca mu^tep lipay ta maktun ku picucu. Mihcacaan nu canglah(春天) atu lala’edan nu kacihrangan atu laluudan(秋天) ku kahufucan nu Fafuy pala. \n\nNanu tu’asan(傳統) nu Yingcumin ma^min u mafana’ay a mi’adup(狩獵) ku ’urip; itiya:ho sahtu u tumekday ku luwad, (1).Tala lutuk mikarkar tu sra a misakfeng(陷阱), (2).Miteker tu Waya misa fihkac, (3).Patli tu piyak(夾子). Palitemek tu fana’ nu tireng . Ccay lipay kina ccay a milisu’, altek safulafulad satu awa ku tama’. Naw? I palapala:ay aca ku ’urip nu Fafuy, mafana’ tu saka’uripaw; saka, caay ka sadak tu rumi’ad, milimek i dihidihifan a mafuti’. Saka, citama’ ho tu Fafuy ku mi’tiluay i, u edef nu niyaru’ay tamdaw a mahmek a ma’inal. \n\nRuma satu, malacafay ku 2~3 tamdaw a masacefang, ika’ayaw ku wacu tanu ngusu’ han nira a mihiphip tahira ka tamaan. Anu matama ku ‘utuyan a Fafuy pala pina’un, iraay ku ra’it nira sapiri’ang, cacay ku wacu misi’ayaw caay ku papakafilu. \n\nAnini ’alumantu ku pakaenay(飼養) tu Fafuy pala i niyaru’, anu pakaynien i kalumuwad nu sakatanektekaw(健康) nu tatirengan sanay a harateng atu saka iraaw tu nikaira(財源) i, u kanga’ayan nu mawmahay a mitanam pakaen.","num_words":1189,"character_repetition_ratio":0.05,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.256,"stopwords_ratio":0.006,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.832,"perplexity_score":16260.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O%20kakawaw%20no%20tiyaay%20ho%20a%20Pangcah","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"O kakawaw no tiyaay ho a Pangcah (kuwaping a sowal: 阿美族傳統風俗習慣) \nO kakawaw no ti:yaca o Pangcah hananay a caykalecad\n \nO aro' hananay no Pangcah haw, namakayni saamisan tiya enaenaran,saenaenaran kakitiraan tangsa itini Taito,midungdung tu liyaliyalan tangsa itira satimulan,aru mililisaytu tuliyalay iri,kutilianay tu niniyan no Pangcah, namaka amis tangsa i satimulan, masa enaenaran kitiraantu no Pangcah. \n\nO aluemulung no tamdawiri, makasabawtusa spat a emang, o sipakayni i itini Pangcah hananay a sausi haw,saalumanayi iniyan o saamisan a Pangcah . \n\nIniyanhantu no maayaway a tayni maaru' itini kitakitaan haw, saaluma:nay hananayi inaPangcah hananay, nayti:yaca o notiya aayaw nikaorip no mita haw, terungan nuniyan kakawaw no sademak hananayi, no babahiyamin taterungan sademaken, tatengilan no lalabu' no luma'. \n\nCaykalecalecad ko kakitiraan caykasasi:rod sisa, caytu kalecad kiniyan kakawaw to sademaken a kakawaw, nikalecalecapu amalakumud to kakaenen. \n\nIniyanhananay o Pangcah hananay, sikakawaay toyu hanaratyu hanasakeru' a tamdaw, to mama:annaca sademaken nohenihaw, ini:yanaca o sakero' atu itiniyan ratyu sapatangasa noheni tunisimsiman, saayaway a maorip tina kitakitaani, repethan noheni kono Amis a ratyu atu keru'. \n\nO sakaselaselal amin no babainayhan maoripay, sipakaniamin no pirikec to masaselaselalay no babainay ko duduen,sipakayni selaselalay a rikec hananayi, ira ko ratiu atu dademaken, atu raan tarakaw apuyu' a nipangangan, namahansisa ira ko masitudungay masirumuday hananay a nikasaniyaro' to kakawaw, dodohantu no babahi kuyau nikasatakaraw adidi' hananay a nika tuas no nikaorip a ngangan no heni, ira ko duduan no babahi aminanuwang to kakawaw noheni. \n\nBayniyaniyaroi iraca koyo tomok hananayhaw, oya'an kilemelay ko silaheciay ko demak a melawankya , ora'an ko makananuwangay toniyan binawlan. \n\nIniyan tomok hananayi,o kilemelay hananay, tangasa i nika caytu pakademak nira kya, pakutayhantu koyo tomok hnanay. \n\nIniyanhantu o Pangcah hananayhaw, o adihay:ay koyo laliwamaan no heny to paoripay a nipisiket, aminamin to to:oedamin nikananuwang nohenyi, miliwa:maaca toniyn maoripay hananay a kawas. \n\nYumi salisalisin satu tuyu paoripayi, aitini kitasa sasa no bekeloh' sasa no serasa, a tataratu kita pademungtu kita sa. \n\nAmansa nicumudetu niniyan namakayraay satipany hananay a tamdawi, ira kyatayniyai o kilistokiw tinsokiw siliyaskiw sananay, totu kinatayniyai a miburiburay tina Pangcah. \n\nYusibuduy ko babahi, maulah tuyu lahengangay atu yumuhtingay, oyaan o tarirengan no heni a sasabuduiyan hananayi, o buetingay lahengangay, o laengangay buetingay a kulit, sibuduysa kora babainayi, oyaan o kutemkuteman a kulit, sasasatui o muhtingay satalipan, lahengangay sapitalakes. \n\nBabainay ato babahi, o sukun no babahi hananay, sipakayraamin itini ihyakulit a misapinang to bana'kia. \n\nO kakawaw nipidudu no Pangcah hananay tuniyan o kakawaw haw, yumangabilay amin itini hekalhaw, babahi amin, noneng:sa ko babainay a mitengil, maripayayhaw o babahiyu, solinay kilemelay a dademakan hananayhaw babainay amin sikakawaway itini butal hnanay, matiya raricay o tiroshaw,o nobabahi kuraan a kakawaw. \n\nO kilemelay to baluco' saanayiri, makakalatay o babahi amin.O atekakay koya nisimsim, mabanaay mi tarimecmec:ay to kakawaw. \n\nO naayayai a nikaramuramud hananay haw, mikadabu amin kiniyan babainay a tara itini babahiyan, caypitengteng to babahi, babainay ko tayraay a midapu', yutayraay midapo'i, a mimelawhan tuyu kakawaw amin yalalabu' no luma' a minanam to sademakansa, ano bulat alamaananayi o mihecaan, iraysisa itini Pangcah hananayhaw, mikadabo' hananay sipaseneng no heny kiraan waway to kadabo' hananay, sipakayni pikadabo' no nira ko pisumuwad tuya lalabu no luma' kakawaw. \n\nTuyamahaen nau:nsatu ko Pangcah ababainay a mikadabo', sakasaan masumuwad masumuwad noniyan o taywan,o tayniyai maka tekalay a tamdaw, yomikadabuay hananayi awaaytu caytuka aluman anini, masumuwad kiniyan o namaka tekalay yamaoripay a tayni itini. \n\nO sakaorip hananay itini lalabo' no loma'i, taynitayni no babainayan, arw absa'tu ko kakawaw no babahi hananay a kakawaw, catu pitengiltu no babahi, maserep maserep koniya o kakawaw no babahi, araw maberah catu kawyaan.","num_words":905,"character_repetition_ratio":0.061,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.18,"stopwords_ratio":0.011,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.908,"perplexity_score":23164.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petro%20Poroshenko","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Petro Poroshenko\n\nI 1965 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc ci Petro Poroshenko, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Ukraine anini i ci Petro Poroshenko, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. His presidential term ended on 20 May 2019. \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":70,"character_repetition_ratio":0.132,"word_repetition_ratio":0.066,"special_characters_ratio":0.279,"stopwords_ratio":0.029,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":54077.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pidudadan","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Picudadan（Kuwaping a sowal：學校）\nMaolah kako a talapicudan,minanam a miasip to cudad, romadiw masakero'.lipahak kako to romi'ami'ad.\n\nPicudadan","num_words":26,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.191,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":7589.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Posong","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Posong (niyaro')\nI Mingkok 58 a mihecaan mapatongal iPawsangli nani Seweyli kona niyaro'.\nI kaikor no Taytongnicong a kongkoan ko kasaniyaro' no Posong.","num_words":30,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.204,"stopwords_ratio":0.067,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.985,"perplexity_score":46434.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pranab%20Mukherjee","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Pranab Mukherjee\n\nI 1935 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 11 a romi’ad masofoc ci Pranab Mukherjee, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no India anini i ci Pranab Mukherjee, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 25 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.127,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.262,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.993,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qaboos%20bin%20Said%20al%20Said","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Qaboos bin Said al Said\n\nI 1940 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc ci Qaboos bin Said al Said, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Oman anini i ci Qaboos bin Said al Said, patirengan a romi’ad i 1970 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 23 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":82,"character_repetition_ratio":0.14,"word_repetition_ratio":0.055,"special_characters_ratio":0.272,"stopwords_ratio":0.024,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.938,"perplexity_score":61964.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rafael%20Correa","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Rafael Correa\n\nI 1963 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 6 a romi’ad masofoc ci Rafael Correa, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Ecuador anini i ci Rafael Correa, patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":75,"character_repetition_ratio":0.122,"word_repetition_ratio":0.061,"special_characters_ratio":0.258,"stopwords_ratio":0.027,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":48679.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raimonds%20V%C4%93jonis","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Raimonds Vējonis\n\nI 1966 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc ci Raimonds Vējonis, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Latvia anini i ci Raimonds Vējonis, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 8 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":72,"character_repetition_ratio":0.127,"word_repetition_ratio":0.063,"special_characters_ratio":0.257,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.989,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ra%C3%BAl%20Castro","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Raúl Castro\n\nI 1931 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc ci Raúl Castro, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Cuba anini i ci Raúl Castro, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 19 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.118,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.27,"stopwords_ratio":0.042,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recep%20Tayyip%20Erdo%C4%9Fan","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan\n\nI 1954 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc ci Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Turkey anini i ci Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 28 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":80,"character_repetition_ratio":0.134,"word_repetition_ratio":0.056,"special_characters_ratio":0.259,"stopwords_ratio":0.025,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.997,"perplexity_score":55292.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ren%E2%80%99ai","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ren’ai（仁愛鄉）\n\nItini i Nantou ko Ren’ai Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 1,219.39 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 909.39 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 201.17 km²), 14,966 ko tamdaw i Ren’ai Siyang, 4,643 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 12,526 a tamdaw, pakaala to 84%(Tayal, Seediq, Bunun) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal, Seediq, Bunun ko sa’alomanay i Nantou.\n\nO kasaniyarona\n16 ko cun, 24 ko niyaro’ i Ren’ai Siyang.\nAlang sasi（親愛部落）, Alang tongan（眉溪部落）, Alang pulan（松林部落）, Alang snuwing（史努櫻部落）, Alang bwarung（廬山部落）, Alang toda（平靜部落）, Masitoban（瑞岩部落）, Knaziy（紅香部落）, Bukai（武界部落）, Malepa（新望洋部落）, Alang sadu（沙都部落）, Alang busi（卜溪部落）, Alang truwan（德魯灣部落）, Qatu（卡度部落）, Alang nakahara（中原部落）, Alang gluban（清流部落）, Qalang kobah（慈峰部落）, Qalang bayi（梅村部落）, Alang marosan（萬大部落）, Qalang mb’ala（眉原部落）, Alang paran（巴蘭部落）, Alang ruku daya（平和部落）, Sima-un（萬豐部落）, Qalang bubun（翠巒部落）.\n\no kasadakan no lihaf \n 內政部戶政司全球資訊網\n 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料","num_words":212,"character_repetition_ratio":0.096,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.303,"stopwords_ratio":0.014,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.582,"perplexity_score":10312.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuven%20Rivlin","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Reuven Rivlin\n\nI 1939 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 9 a romi’ad masofoc ci Reuven Rivlin, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Israel anini i ci Reuven Rivlin, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nIsrael","num_words":70,"character_repetition_ratio":0.119,"word_repetition_ratio":0.066,"special_characters_ratio":0.266,"stopwords_ratio":0.029,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.997,"perplexity_score":54127.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert%20Mugabe","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Robert Mugabe\n\nI 1924 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc ci Robert Mugabe, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Zimbabwa anini i ci Robert Mugabe, patirengan a romi’ad i 1987 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 22 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":72,"character_repetition_ratio":0.12,"word_repetition_ratio":0.063,"special_characters_ratio":0.264,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.983,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roch%20Marc%20Christian%20Kabor%C3%A9","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Roch Marc Christian Kaboré(羅克·馬克·克里斯蒂安·卡波雷)\n\nI 1957 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 25 a romi’ad masofoc ci Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Burkina faso(布吉納法索) anini i ci Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 29 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":92,"character_repetition_ratio":0.138,"word_repetition_ratio":0.072,"special_characters_ratio":0.257,"stopwords_ratio":0.033,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.972,"perplexity_score":20545.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rodrigo%20Duterte","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Rodrigo Duterte\n\nI 1945 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc ci Rodrigo Duterte, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Philippines anini i ci Rodrigo Duterte, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 30 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":72,"character_repetition_ratio":0.123,"word_repetition_ratio":0.063,"special_characters_ratio":0.257,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.99,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Russia（kuwaping a sowal: 俄羅斯）\n\nRosiya Patatekoan Kitakit 俄羅斯聯邦 \n(Rosiya sowal: Российская Федерация;Kuwaping sowal:俄羅斯聯邦; Decdecan: Россия;俄羅斯、俄國)\n\nTakaray sowal(概要): \nO Rosiya hananay a kitakit itiraay I saka’amisan no Aciya ato Yoropa ko aro’ ningra, palociwaay to Yoropa ato Aciya a tosa karopaw, o dadahal no sera ira ko 1,797 ofad km²,o niaro’an a sera ira cecay no kalifalo no polong no cikiw,o sakakahaday ko sera niaro’an i hekal.[1] [2] o sakasiwa ko kaadihay no tamdaw i polong no kitakit, ira ko 1,44 ok ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini to mahaop ko 77% a tamdaw itiraay i Yoropa a pecih. \n\nO sakakaay ko kaadihay no kilakilangan ato cecay no kalisepat no fanaw i hekal.[3] Itini I kasado’edo’ no sera malafiyaway ato Nowui,Finlan,Aysaniya,Latowiya,Litawan,Polan,Pirarusi, Ukolan ato Ciyawciya,[4] Asaipaylan, Hasako, Congko, Monko ato Ka’amisay Hanko, polong 14 ko kitakit. Isaka’amis no Rosiya o Ciso’edaay Riyar ato Taypinyang,ka’amis no saka’etip manga’ay pakayra i PolotiRiyar masadak i Tasiyang,i katimol no saka’etip a Kohetingay Riyar tayra i Sifo’an Riyar. \n\nI 1917 miheca mapalolol ko Rosiya, patireng to sa’ayaway a o kiwsanto komitekeday a mikowan a kitakit to Rosiya Siyakaysiwki Patatekoan Kitakit(Rosiya sowal:Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика;Roma tilid: Rossiyskáya Sovetskáya Federatívnaya Socialistícheskaya Respublika;Kuwaping sowal: 俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國),o sarakatay pahapinang i kinpo to Siyakaysiwki kitakit.[5] Isakatosa kalaloodan no polong kitakit, wataay ko ’icel no Rosiya sakapakalowid to sakalala’is. Malepong ko lalood o kafana’an i hekal ko sakakaay a kitakit ko Rosiya, o sakalalifet no Amirika i Li’etecayLalood. Itini i 20 sici ira ko tadamaanay a kaci’epocan dafong, ilaloma’ nonini i,o sarakatay pakasanga’ to nakamayan a fo’is, o sarakatay pakacolo’ to tamdaw tayra i dohaw no kakarayan. I 1990 miheca o sakatosa ko katata’ang a cidafongay kitakit.[6] O sakakaay ko kaadihay no sofitay i hekal, o saadihayay ko sapipatay to tamdaw a dafong. \n\n1991 miheca matekop to ko Patateko’an Kitakitno Rosiya, oya mikapotay a 15 kitakit misiiked a tomireng,nifalic to kinpo ta mala Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit , itira to a mangay a mirocok to ’icel no kitakit.\n\nTahini to i 2020 miheca, do’edoen ko Kapolongan a Nitayalan a Kaci'epoc(Gross National Product, GNP;國民生產總值) o saka 11 ko kacidafong ko Rosiya,ano pakiraen to pi’aca to dafong i,o saka 6 ko kacidafong ko Rosiya. O sakakaay cisopeday to tadamaanay fokelohato ato ira ko maamaan a kinairaira no pala.[7] O sakakaay a paliwalay to kasolin simal ato palapalaan kaso.[8],[9] O cipakotangay to henen(核子武器). O cecay no lici no Sakarihaday Iinkay no Linheko, o kapot no G20, Sakakay Licikay no Yoropa(European Council), Sakadadama Kayki no \n\n(Ikiris sowal:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation，Decdecan: APEC; Kuwaping sowal:亞太經濟合作會議), Mapapadangay Kapot no Sanghay(Ikiris sowal:Shanghai Cooperation Organization; Kuwaping sowal:上海合作組織), Sakarihaday ato Sakadadama Lekatep no Yoropa(Ikiris sowal:Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe，Decdecan:OSCE; Kuwaping sowal: 歐洲安全與合作組織,簡稱歐安組織), Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep(Ikiris sowal:World Trade Organization, WTO; Kuwaping sowal:世界貿易組織), ato ’Ekim a Linka kitakit(Ikiris sowal: BRIC; Kuwaping sowal:金磚國家). O kakeridan heca no Madadamaay Kitakit a Lekatep(Rosiya sowal:Содружество Независимых Государств;Kuwaping sowal:獨立國協),ato mipatirengay to Евразийский Экономический Союз, ЕАЭС(Kuwaping sowal:歐亞經濟聯盟).\n\nSici(政治) \n\nO sici no Rosiya a kitakit i,o patatekoan ko faco no sici, o contong ko tapang no kitakit,6 a mihecaan ko katayalan, manga’ay to pararid to kinacecay, o kalotamdaw ko misinkiway, o kinpo ato rikec ko paranaan no kitakit, o sici ira ko citatodongay misang’ay to rikec a ’icel,o citodongay to pisawkit a ’icel ato citodongay to tayal a ’icel. O contong ko sakakaay a ci’icelay, nawhan i,o kakeridan no matayalay no sifo ato rihaday no kitakit a kayki,iraay ko ’icel a mitoro’ to tapang no sifo ato roma a ikakaay tapang no sifo, nikawrira, i’ayawen ko pihai no Toma o pikaykian no kitakit. O kakeridan ho no sofitay, manga’ay a patangsol pasadak to rikec.\nPakayni i「kinpo no patekoan kitakit no Rosiya」, o Patekoan kitakit no Rosiya a pikaykian ko mamisanga’ to rikec, Tosaay ko Pikaikian Faco no Kitakit, o Kararemay Pikaikian o Toma hananay, o mitayhiyoway to kasacecay no Patekoan Kitakit, o Fafa'eday Pikaikian o mitayhiyaoway to Patekoan Kitakit.\n\nKasasilsil no Sakowan(行政區劃) \nIra ko 85 ko kasasiromaroma no sakowan no Rosiya:\n\n3 ko mipatosokan no sakakaay sifo a mikowan a taokay(города федерального значения／federal cities）o Mosko Si, Senpitopaw Si ato Sayfanpaw Si.\n\n46 ko etal sakowan（области／oblasts, \"provinces\"）\n\n9 ko salawacan sakowan（края／krais, \"territories\"）\n\n22 ko niyahpikowan a kitakit（республики／republics）\n\n1 ko niyahpikowan（автономная область／autonomous oblast, \"autonomous province\"）\n\n4 ko niyahpikowan a niyaro’ （автономные округа／autonomous okrugs, \"autonomous districts\"）\n\nKaitiraan pala(地理) \nO Rosiya a kitakit itiraay i saka’amisan no Aciya ato Yoropa ko aro’ ningra, palociwaay to Yoropa ato Aciya a tosa karopaw, ora saka adihay ko kasasiromaroma no faco no sera ato kakarayan. O polong a sera sahetoay o masadafdafay, mangalefay o itiraay i Yoropa a pecih ato itiraay i Siporiya. Itiraay i sakatimoalan a sera o masadafdafay a rengorengosan pala, o itiraay i saka’amisan a dafdaf i,o kilakilangan. o lotolotokan i,itiraay isakawalian o mingataay to Taypinyang ato isakatimolay, patinako han oya tata’angay a Kawciyaso lotok ato Sayin-Pikal lotok.\n\nO lilis no riyar ira ko 37,653 km ko kakaya’, isaka’etip o Tasiyang, isaka’amis o Ka’amisay a Ciso’edaay Riyar, isakawali o Taypinyang.\n\nAdihay ko tata’angay a ’alo, o tadamaanay ’alo i, Folka ’Alo(Волга; 伏爾加河),3692 km ko kato’edaw; o sato’edaway itini i Yoropa,[1] Opi ’Alo(Обь;鄂畢河), 3650km ko kato’edaw,;Yienisay ’Alo(Енисе́й;葉尼塞河),o polng ira ko 5539km ko kato’edaw; Lina ’Alo(Ле́на;勒拿河),4400 km ko kato’edaw; Amul ’Alo(Река Амур;黑龍江),4416km ko kato’edaw.\n\nO fanaw i ira ko Pikal Fanaw(озеро Байкал;貝加爾湖), ira ko 31494 km² o kakahad,[2] Latolaka Fanaw(Ладожское озеро;拉多加湖), o kakahad ira ko 17891 km² , ato Awnika Fanaw(Онежское озеро;奧涅加湖), o kakahad ira ko 9700 km².\n\nKakarayan (氣候) \nO kaitiraan no Rosiya itiraay sakawali no Yoropa ato saka’amis no Aciya, sahetoay itiraay i ka’amisay a dihekoay ato ka’amisay ki’etecay ko romi’ad, masasiromaroma ko romi’ad, o karopaway kakarayan.\n\nNipili’etan Kicay(經濟) \nI 1997 miheca satapang a comahad ko nipili’etan no Rosiya, nani 1999 miheca tahira i 2001 miheca, ’atekak ko aca no kasolin simal itira to macakat ko nipili’etan kicay no Rosiya, lalen no mihecan mahaop ko 6% ko kacomahadan. \n\nI kaleponan no 2005 miheca, o Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit(Gross National Product: GDP), I 1999 miheca 1570 ok Amirika payso macakat tahira i 7500 ok Amirika payso, tihira to i 2012 miheca tangasa to 2.1 fo’is Amirika payso(2.1兆美元), o tada’ekim a misopedan ’etan i 1998 miheca caay ka paka100 ok Amirika payso macakat tangasa 1822 ok Amirika payso,tahira to i 2006 miheca matafesiw to ko 2800 ok Amirika payso ko nisopedan, o cecay ihekal ko kaadihay no nisopedan to payso no roma kitakit.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \n\nTahira i 2020miheca saka 1 folad saka 2 romi’ad a sa’osi no tamdaw no Rosiya ira ko 146,801,931 ko tamdaw. Ano irairaay ko padahof no sifo to sakaciwawa, nikawrira, racemcem to aca no loma’ sapaising ato sapitilid no wawa, ora saka alacecaay ko kaciwawa no Rosiya tamdaw.o sera sa no Rosiya tadakakahad, ora ko saka matakar ko tamdaw, i Yoropay pecih ko ’alomanay a maro’.\n\nI Rosiya adihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, o Rosiya finacadan mahaop ko 77% no polong tamdaw no Rosiya, o roma sato i,ira ko Tatan finacadan(3.8%), Cuwasin Finacadan(1.2%),Pasincir finacadan(1.1%), Ciecien finacadan(0.8%),Mortowa finacadan(0.7%),Utomur finacadan(0.4%),Mali finacadan(0.4%), Awar finacadan(0,3%) polong han 120 ko kaadihay finacadan.\n\nSi’enaway ko romi’ad ora saka kali’epah ko faihayan no Rosiya, ora ko kanalikay a mapatay, o fafahiyan to ko ma’osaway sa pangangan ha to 「no mamu a kitakit」.\n\nSowal (語言) \nO ’edengan a no sifoan sowal ko Rosiya a sowal. O sowal no Rosiya（русский язык）o saadihayay a kalasowalen no Selafu Finacadan, o capa’ no Selafu Finacadan a Sakawaliay Selafu a sowal ko nini, sahetoay i Rosiya, oya i’ayaway kapot no Solin a kalasowalen, itini tona mikapotay i Solin a kitakit o mitoro’an a sakacecay hatatanamen a sowal, itiya ho i Solin mihecahecaan o kalita’angan a mihatatanam to sowal no Rosiya. Anini sato i,misiiked to kona mikapotay kitakit, nikawrira, matenakay ho ko sowal no Rosiya, mangalefay ano masasowal ato roma a kitakit.\n\nPitooran (宗教) \n\nIlaloma’ no pitooran no Rosiya, mipa’adingay ko kinpo naifaloco’ay no kalotamdaw to pitooran, orasaka, caay ka patireng tono kitakit a pitooran, paifaloco’ay sa ko tamdaw mitoor to niharatengan no niyah a pitooran. O pitooran no Rosiya ira ko misakristoay a Saka'etipay So’elinay Kyokai, o cawa ka’aloman i,Tinsikyo, Fa’elohay Kyokay, Islam Pitooran. Do’edo’en ko 2012 miheca a pisahapinang i,o misakristoay a tamdaw no Rosiya mahaop ko 48.3%( So’elinay Kyokai no Rosiya 41%, oroma a Saka'etipay So’elinay Kyokai 1.5%, away ko kasakumi a misakristoay 4.1%, Tinsikyo ato Fa’elohay kasacinowas Kristoay 1.7%), o away ko pitooran ato cowa ka hapinang ko pitooran mahaop ko 38%(awaay ko patosokan pitooran 25%, cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas 13%, Islam 6.5%, o Siyaman Cikawasay ato no to’asan pitooran 1.2%, Mipaypayay a Fociyaw 0.5%, o caay ka pahapinang to faloco’ 5.5%.[3] [4]\n\nSo’elinay Kyokai no Rosiya o 「Mosko Tatapangan Sikyo Etal」hananay ho a mitahidang, o satata’angay a siikeday So’elinay Kyokai. I rayray no So’elinay Kyokai a Pitooran mido’edo’ay to i Torkiay a Cinstantingpaw(Kirisiya sowal:Κωνσταντινούπολις Κωνσταντινούπολη；Latin sowal:Constantinopolis；Kuwaping sowal:君士坦丁堡), i Aykiptoay a Alisanco（Arapiya sowal: الإسكندرية‎；Aykipto sowal: اسكندرية‎; Kuwaping sowal:亞歷山卓）, i Torkiay a Antiyawko kyokay(Kirisiya sowal: Ἀντιόχεια ; Kuwaping sowal:安條克),ato Yielsalim( Hiporay sowal: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; Latin sowal:Yerushaláyim; Kuwaping sowal:耶路撒冷), o saka 5 ko Mosko. Ila’eno no Rosiya So’elinay Kyokai ira ho ko Payworosu So’elinay Kyokai, Ukolan So’elinay Kyokai, Congko So’elinay Kyokai ato Dipon So’elinay Kyokai. Yo mipasinli ci Rosi i 988 miheca o rarengatan nona kyokai sa ko kafana’ no ’alomanay tamdaw. \n\nO Cinstantingpaw mipatenakay to sowal no Kawas a tamdaw 6 so’ot ko mihecaan to pikowan to Rosu Kyokai, o sikyo no Kiyif ato polong no Rosi o makowanay no Cinstantingpaw tahira i 1686 miheca. Matekop to Solin nga’ patatiko a ira ko kamaro’an i Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit, o sakakaay a ’icel o Sikyo Saopo. Ona saopo o tayal ko pi’arawan a mikayki, mapolong ko sikyo a mikihatiya mikayki, ano awa ko kayki o Mosko ato polong Rosiya avsakakaay sinpo ko matayalay, o kamaro’an itiraay i Mosko, nani 2009 miheca saka 2 folad ci Kirir(Rosiya sowal:Кири́лл; Kuwaping sowal:基里爾) ko citodongay matayal.\n\nItira i 2016miheca saka 2 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mihomong ci Kirir tayra i Kupa, toya pihomongan a rakat itira i Hosi Mati ka’eferan no hikoki malalitemoh ato Cuciyaw no tinsikyo ci Fangciko, makaketeon a milekal mapolong ko cimacima a tamdaw mici’a’ang to tatiihay tamdaw. Toya miheca, malacafay ato Sayrwiya So’elinay Kyokai ato Cyawciya So’elinay Kyokai micoker to pitahidang no Cinstantingpaw a kayki. \n\nIkatimolay no Rosiya a Torki finacadan ato Ka’amisay Kawciyaso tamdaw sahetoay o Islam ko pitooran. 1.44 fois ko tamdaw no Rosiya ira ko 940 ofad ko mitooray to Islam, mahaop ko 6.9%.\n\nPunka(文化)\n\nTo’asan Rosu \nKifu punka ono sifo’ay sici a tato’asan konini, o siikedan i:\n\n Matayoay ko kacomaha no punka,tadamarecepay no nitayalan no to’as ato tato’asan.\n Misaikeday, mala’idefay. Itiya ho ono palapalan ho ko saka’orip ora ko sakacaay ka palafang ko tamdaw, away ko kakafikafit no ‘orip. \n Tangongol ko pirecep no pitooran, ira ko misakristoay, ira ko pakaso’elinay to masamasaan a kawas.\n\nOno aniniay a punka no Rosiya o sapiliyawaw a patireng to no hontian rosiya kitakit a punka, sapiliyawaw heca a patireng, mirocok tono Solin ho a punka. Anini sato icowacowa patireng kyokay, mitiyol heca to to’asan no pitooran, midama to masamaamaanay a to’asan demak. O roma sato itiya ho i no Solin a mihecahecaan mapatateko kono kawaliay ato sa’etipay a punka,patinako han ono kawaliay a minanom to ociya ato pitangtang ato kaen.\n\nO nitiliday to nitilidan ci Torstay(Rosiya sowal:Лев Николаевич Толстой; Kuwapingsowal:列夫·尼古拉耶維奇·托爾斯泰), o nitilidan ningra a《lalood ato rihaday》(Rosiya sowal:Война и мир; Kuwaping sowal:《戰爭與和平》,wataay ko pisiwar nona kimad to faloco’ no tamtamdaw.nani 1902 miheca tahira i 1906 miheca kinapinapina a mapasadak ko ngangan i Nopil Kimad Hofi, i 1901 miheca, 1902 ato 1909 miheca mapasadak ko ngangan i Rihaday Hofi no Nopil, nikawrira, cowa ka pakaala to cecacecay a hofi, oninian o tadamaanay a kasowalen i rikisi no hekal.[5] [6] [7][8]\n\nSofitay (軍事)\n\nNano to’asan o tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Rosiya, itiya ho i hotian a miheca misa’icel a micomahad to sofitay, tahira to i Solin a miheca, away to ko pakalawisan to kaci’icel no sofitay, tahanini ko kaci’icel.\n\nYo matekop ko Solin i 1991 miheca , to cila a miheca i 1992 miheca saka 5 folad saka 7 romi’ad,mipangangan ci Yiercin contong to Sofitayan Piocor a Tilid no Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit, o sfitay ato dafong no Solin i, polongen i Rosiya, pangangan han to「Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit a Cikowangay ’Icel Sofitay」, malaheci ko patireng to sofitay no Rosiya. O contong ko kakridan nona sofitan.\n\nItini i sasera ma’emin o satata’angay cikowangay to cilintokingay pakotang(核子武器), tiri’aen ko nitilidan no sifo no Rosiya, i 2005 miheca ona pakotang ira ko 8547 laco, yo matekop ko Solin marocok no Rosiya ko 89% a ’icel no sofitay.\n\nRosiya ato Ukolayna (俄烏關係) \n\nI 2014 miheca Rawraw no Kolimiya(克里米亞危機) ma’eco no Rosiya ko Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal,i’ayaw i 2008 miheca malalood ato Ciyawciya(俄羅斯－喬治亞戰爭), tonapinapina mihecaan macacoli to kona tosa a kitakit, pakayra i ’aca no palapalan kaso macacoli, i 2021 miheca malalais ko sofitay no Ukolan ato ikawaliay a pala misawidangay to Rosiya a kasafelaw sofitay, damaen no Rosiya konini kasafelaw, tahira to i 2022miheca saka 2 folad saka 24 romi’ad, laheci sato ko kalalood no Rosiya ato Ukolan.[9] ci Safulo.\n\nTahapinangan Tilid(註腳) \n[1] Территория и население Российской Федерации. Greece.mid.ru. [2017-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-16）.\n\n[2] Russia. Nationsencyclopedia.com. 2000-06-12 [2017-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-25）.\n\n[3] Library of Congress. Topography and drainage. [26 December 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-27）.\n\n[4] 包括喬治亞宣稱主權但事實獨立的阿布哈茲和南奧塞提亞。\n\n[5] Jonathan R. Adelman; Cristann Lea Gibson. Contemporary Soviet Military Affairs: The Legacy of World War II. Unwin Hyman. 1 July 1989: 4 [15 June 2012]. ISBN 978-0-04-445031-3. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-02）.\n\n[6] GDP – Million 1990. CIA Factbook. 1991 [30 November 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-11-09）\n\n[7] Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO: Panorama of Russia. Unesco.ru. [29 October 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-08）\n\n[8] International Energy Agency – Oil Market Report 18 January 2012 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Retrieved 20 February 2012.\n\n[9] Country Comparison :: Natural gas – production （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 17 February 2012.\n\n[10] 地球之靈動 世界著名河流介紹. 右灰文化傳播有限公司. : 128–. GGKEY:003XBQ2XA45.\n\n[11] ono Taywan33000 km² ko kakahad no sera.\n\n[12] \"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Sreda, 2012.\n\n[13] 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. \"Ogonek\", № 34 (5243), 27\/08\/2012. Retrieved 21\/04\/2017..\n\n[14] [Nomination Database. old.nobelprize.org. [2019-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-06）.\n\n[15] Proclamation sent to Leo Tolstoy after the 1901 year’s presentation of Nobel Prizes. NobelPrize.org. [2019-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-20） （美國英語）.\n\n[16] Nobel Prize Snubs In Literature: 9 Famous Writers Who Should Have Won (PHOTOS). Huffington Post. 2010-10-07 [2019-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-31） （美國英語）.\n\n[17] Hedin, Naboth. Winning the Nobel Prize. The Atlantic. 1950-10-01 [2019-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-31） （美國英語）.\n\n[18] 認定入侵烏克蘭 拜登宣布對俄羅斯首波制裁. 自由時報. 2022-02-23 [2022-02-23] （中文）.\n\nPotori'an Tilid (參考文獻) \n1.^ Chevalier, Joan F. Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation. Russian Language Journal (American Councils for International Education ACTR \/ ACCELS). 2006, 56: 25–36. JSTOR 43669126.\n\n2.^ Вот какие мы -россияне Об итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. 俄語：Российская газета. [2012-01-02]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-05） （俄語）.\n\n3.^ 3.0 3.1 Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012 [2022-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-08）. See also the results' main interactive mapping （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） and the static mappings: Religions in Russia by federal subject (Map). Ogonek 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. （原始內容存檔於21 April 2017）. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, the Public Opinion Foundation (Фонда Общественного Мнения) and presented among others by the Analytical Department of the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church. See: Проект АРЕНА: Атлас религий и национальностей [Project ARENA: Atlas of religions and nationalities]. Russian Journal. 10 December 2012 [2022-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.\n\n4.^ 俄羅斯10年級聯邦教科書（教科書編者А.Н.Сахаров）\n\n5.^ The Russian federation: general characteristics. 俄羅斯聯邦統計局. [2008-04-05]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-28）.\n\n6.^ \"Население России сократилось впервые за 10 лет\".. [2020-01-16]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-05）.\n\n7.^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Russia. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). October 2016 [2016-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-13）.\n\n8.^ Distribution of family income – Gini index. The World Factbook. 中央情報局. [5 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-16）.\n\n9.^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-10-24）.\n\n10.^ The Constitution of the Russian Federation. (Article 1). [2009-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-17） （英語）.\n\n11.^ 俄罗斯国家概况. [2018-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-26）.\n\n12.^ Территория и население Российской Федерации. Greece.mid.ru. [2017-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-16）.\n\n13.^ Russia. Nationsencyclopedia.com. 2000-06-12 [2017-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-25）.\n\n14.^ Library of Congress. Topography and drainage. [26 December 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-27）.\n\n15.^ 包括喬治亞宣稱主權但事實獨立的阿布哈茲和南奧塞提亞。\n\n16.^ Russia. Encyclopædia Britannica. [31 January 2008]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-26）.\n\n17.^ Excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.). Russia: A Country Study: Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 1998 [20 July 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2007年9月27日）.\n\n18.^ Rein Taagepera. Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia. International Studies Quarterly. 1997, 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111\/0020-8833.00053.\n\n19.^ Peter Turchin; Thomas D. Hall; Jonathan M. Adams. East-West Orientation of Historical Empires (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. 12 (no. 2): 219–229. 2006 [2016-09-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-02-22）.\n\n20.^ Jonathan R. Adelman; Cristann Lea Gibson. Contemporary Soviet Military Affairs: The Legacy of World War II. Unwin Hyman. 1 July 1989: 4 [15 June 2012]. ISBN 978-0-04-445031-3. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-02）.\n\n21.^ GDP – Million 1990. CIA Factbook. 1991 [30 November 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-11-09）.\n\n22.^ Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO: Panorama of Russia. Unesco.ru. [29 October 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-08）.\n\n23.^ International Energy Agency – Oil Market Report 18 January 2012 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Retrieved 20 February 2012.\n\n24.^ Country Comparison :: Natural gas – production （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 17 February 2012.\n\n25.^ 《俄羅斯國家名稱變遷考》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），郭文深著，江淮論壇2010年3期\n\n26.^ 新遺詔聖經仝序. Orthodox.cn. [2017-05-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-01）.\n\n27.^ [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）《語義的文化變遷》，馮天瑜、劉建輝［日］、聶長順編，武漢大學出版社，第166頁： 王松 （字友竹）在其刊行於光緒三十一年 （１９０５）的《台陽詩話》下卷載：「露國黑船東來之始，當年邦人襲用支那所稱，呼曰『俄羅斯』；後乃改稱『魯西亞』，從譯音也。然『魯』字乃愚鈍之意，彼國外交官嫌其侮己，致書於外務省，請以『露』諧音代之；政府乃命各新聞社，凡有涉及『魯西亞』皆宜改用『露西亞』。」 不過，也有觀點認為，「露」字容易讓人聯想到「太陽（=日本）升起來時，露就會消失」。另見關於「露西亞」譯名由來的日文說明：國名の日本語表記の変遷 —— 前はよりロシア語名に近いロシヤと書かれることが少なくなかったが、1980年代ごろからギリシャ語風の（つまりほかのヨーロッパ諸國の名稱に合わせた）ロシアという表記が完全に主流となった。なお1991年（平成3年）の內閣告示『外來語の表記』には、細則的な事項として「イ列・エ列の音の次のアの音に當たるものは、原則として「ア」と書く。」とあり、これに従った場合の表記は「ロシア」になる。現代日本語の漢字表記は露西亜で、略稱は露。江戸時代にはオロシャ、をろしやとも呼ばれた。これは、中國語の「俄羅斯」およびモンゴル語のОрос（オロス）に近い呼び名である。日本の江戸時代から戦前にかけては魯西亜という表記が主流で、1855年に江戸幕府とロシア帝國の間で初めて結ばれた條約は「日本國魯西亜國通好條約」という名稱になった。この漢字表記について1877年（明治10年）にロシア領事館から「魯は魯鈍（愚かなこと・様子）を連想させる」との抗議を受けた當時の日本政府は、ロシア側の希望を受け入れ表記を露西亜とした。しかし、露の字も「日（＝日本）が昇ると露（ろ・つゆ）は消える」というマイナスイメージがあることから、このような表記の変更をあえて受け入れたことに當時の対ロシア観が現れているとする見方もある[22]。なお、白川靜の『字統』によると「魯」の原意は「おろか」でなく「よろこび」である。\n\n28.^ 俄罗斯这个译名. 新民晚報. 2014-07-26 [2014-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-29）.\n\n29.^ 舌尖上的俄罗斯：没有沙皇 老毛子还有罗宋汤. 騰訊 (中國青年網). 2014-06-23 [2014-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-29）.\n\n30.^ 舌尖上的俄罗斯：没有沙皇 老毛子还有罗宋汤. 騰訊. 2014-06-23 [2015-01-20]. （原始��容存檔於2015-01-20）.\n\n31.^ 闲话罗宋汤. 人民日報海外版. 2004-03-27 [2014-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.\n\n32.^ Christian, D. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Blackwell Publishing. 1998: 6–7.\n\n33.^ Ukraine: Security Assistance. U.S. Department of State. [27 December 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-07）.\n\n34.^ Hamm, M.F. Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917. Princeton University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-691-02585-8.\n\n35.^ Solovyov, S. History of Russia from the Earliest Times 6. AST. 2001: 562–604. ISBN 978-5-17-002142-0.\n\n36.^ Skrynnikov, R. Ivan the Terrible. Academic Intl Pr. 1981: 219. ISBN 978-0-87569-039-1.\n\n37.^ \"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Sreda, 2012.\n\n38.^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. \"Ogonek\", № 34 (5243), 27\/08\/2012. Retrieved 21\/04\/2017..\n\n39.^ 存档副本. [2017-07-28]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-06）.\n\n40.^ 超過1百萬人口的城市（Excel文件） （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. 俄羅斯聯邦統計局（俄文）\n\n41.^ 50萬至100萬人口的城市（Excel文件） （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. 俄羅斯聯邦統計局（俄文）\n\n42.^ Views of the most popular episode of the animated series \"Masha and the Bear\" have passed for 3 billion. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-12）.\n\n43.^ Golden Trailer Awards Nominees: Warner Bros & ‘Lego Batman’ Lead Pack. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-14）.\n\n44.^ Golden Trailer Award Nominations: ‘The Shape Of Water’, ‘Hitman’s Bodyguard’ Top List. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-15）.\n\n45.^ Nikolai Kurbatov – Russian film director, trailer editor and poet. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-12）.\n\n46.^ Perm resident got in the Russian Book of Records for creating a highly rated trailer for the cartoon \"The Lion King\". [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-12）.\n\n47.^ Videos of inhabitant of Perm for movies \"The Revenant\" and \"The Great Gatsby\" was entered into the book of records. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-16）.\n\n48.^ 日本抗议俄罗斯官员视察北方四岛. [2011-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-11） （中文（中國大陸））.\n\n49.^ 日本黑社会成员向俄使馆寄子弹要夺回北方四岛. [2011-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-01） （中文（中國大陸））.\n\n50.^ 日本外相抗议日本人持俄罗斯签证赴北方四岛. [2011-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2010-11-09） （中文（中國大陸）.\n\n外部連結 \n· （俄文）Gov.ru（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 俄國官方網站\n\n· （俄文）Kremlin（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 俄羅斯聯邦總統的官方網站\n\n· （俄文）Federative CouncilArchive.is的存檔，存檔日期2012-08-05 - 上院官方網站\n\n· （俄文）Duma（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 下院（杜馬）官方網\n\n· CIA\n\n· 外交部\n\n· List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis\nKitakit\nRosiya\nAsiya","num_words":6096,"character_repetition_ratio":0.057,"word_repetition_ratio":0.141,"special_characters_ratio":0.295,"stopwords_ratio":0.01,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.959,"perplexity_score":3733.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sabah%20Al-Ahmad%20Al-Jaber%20Al-Sabah","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah\n\nI 1929 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 6 a romi’ad masofoc ci Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Kuwait anini i ci Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 29 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":92,"character_repetition_ratio":0.135,"word_repetition_ratio":0.12,"special_characters_ratio":0.264,"stopwords_ratio":0.022,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.982,"perplexity_score":29882.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salman%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Salman of Saudi Arabia\n\nI 1935 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad masofoc ci Salman of Saudi Arabia, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Saudi arabia anini i ci Salman of Saudi Arabia, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 23 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":78,"character_repetition_ratio":0.135,"word_repetition_ratio":0.058,"special_characters_ratio":0.263,"stopwords_ratio":0.038,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.991,"perplexity_score":59766.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salva%20Kiir%20Mayardit","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Salva Kiir Mayardit\n\nI 1951 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 13 a romi’ad masofoc ci Salva Kiir Mayardit, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no South sudan anini i ci Salva Kiir Mayardit, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 9 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":77,"character_repetition_ratio":0.131,"word_repetition_ratio":0.059,"special_characters_ratio":0.258,"stopwords_ratio":0.065,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.997,"perplexity_score":56420.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salvador%20S%C3%A1nchez%20Cer%C3%A9n","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Salvador Sánchez Cerén\n\nI 1944 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc ci Salvador Sánchez Cerén, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no El salvador anini i ci Salvador Sánchez Cerén, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":74,"character_repetition_ratio":0.136,"word_repetition_ratio":0.062,"special_characters_ratio":0.251,"stopwords_ratio":0.027,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.991,"perplexity_score":56420.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samoa","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Samoa, Independent State of Samoa(薩摩亞獨立國) \nSamoa masasiikeday kitakit (Samoa a sowal: Malo Sa’oloto Tuto’atasi o Sāmoa, Inkilris: Independent State of Samoa), sa kamoko’ han ko sowal Samoa, o cecay a kanatal i no timolan Taypinyang a palaan kitakit, o la’ed no Hawai ato Niwsilan, saetip no Amilika Samoa, o nano Polinisiya a palapalaan. 1962 miheca misiikeday.\n\nLikisi (歷史) \nI ’ayaw no 1000 miheca, ira to ko maro’ay tamdaw i Samoa. Itiya 1000 miheca, malowid no Toitongka kitakit ko Samoa. 1250 miheca, malaplap ko micingcingay no Malitoya laloma’an, itiya o Samoa mala o tatakosan ko mikowanay a misiikedan si’elinay pikowan. Saka 2 kalalood no laloma’an i 1900 mihecaan, o Samoa a kanatal makilatosa to, kawali a pala o Amilika ko mikowanay tahanini a Amilika Samoa, kaetip a pala mala no Toic a micingcingan. Misatapang to saka 1 kalalood no hekal, 1914 miheca 8 folad, macalap no Niwsilan ko no Toic a Samoa, mitena’ to malodemakan to no riyar a sofitay a pala. I palaay a hitay no Toic caay katapi’an, nikawrira caay pico’ay. 1919 miheca, midotoc to Faelsay tonekan, paliyas patorod ihan no Toic ko Niwsilan a mikowan.\n\nIkor o Niwsilan patorod han no kasakitakit a nikatateko ato Linhoko patorod mikowan, tangasa i 1962 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad “Kaetip Samoa masiikedan kitakit” mapatireng; 1997 miheca 7 folad 4 romi’ad, mifalic misalof ko sifo to kimpo, mifalic to ngangan o “Samoa siikeday kitakit” [3] [4]. Kaetip Samoa o no Polinisiya kanatal saka cecay a misikeday kitakit i 20 sici a Samoa kitakit.\n\n2006 miheca 3 folad 31 romi’ad, misingkiw ko kalomaocan no Samoa, o citodongay mikowan Rencien-pawho-tang miliyaw pakaala to singkiw, maala ko 49 no tamdaw to 30 ko tamdaw[5].\n\n2017 miheca, Samoa mitelek to “paterep to heneng sapilood a tonekan[5].\n\n2017 miheca 6 folad, kalomaocan saki “Samoa a kimpo” saka 1 liyad a misalof, o Kristokiw pakayraan no kitakit[6].\n\nSici (政治) \n“Samoa kimpo” o Samoa sifo a satakaraway rikec. 1960 miheca kimpo i 1962 miheca nai Niwsilan misiiked misitapang, masasotiri’ to no Inkilis a kalomaocan, midotoc to no Samoa kakawa[7].\n\n1997 miheca 7 folad, mifalic misalof to kimpo, o ngangan no kitakit nai “Kaetip Samoa masiikedan kitakit” mafalic o “Samoa siikeday kitakit” han[8].\n\n1960 miheca mitelek, 1962 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad misatapang ko kimpo midotoc kakeridan tapang no kitakit o kalomaocan no Samowa ko misingkiway, 5 miheca ko lakad; sa’ayaway kakeridan tapang no kitakit o tahada’ocay. O kasarayray to a tapang o nai sepatay milocokay to niyaro’ a kakeridan. Nakawrira onini caayay kai kimpo midotoc, pinangan o finawlan manga’ay citodong tinatayal. Nika o Samoa milekoay to Konghec (kapolongan rikec), caay ko Tapang a rikec.\n\nDengan o Kakeridan, mipatireng to Taypiaw wiyyinhuy, o wiyyin o micokeray to Kakeridan, 3 ko tamdaw; o tayal, o Kakeridan no kitakit awaayto ano eca caay to pakademak to mipasilsilan, mikotay to demak no Kakeridan. Samoa sifo a Kareridan o todong o mikomoday no Samoa, milaheciay to nilomaocan, mikomoday pasai kalomaocan ko pisi’ayaw.\n\nKalomaocan o patirengay to rikec no Samoa, cecayay ko pitonekan. 49 ko lomaocay, pasasiroma i 49 a ’etal no kitakit. Ira ko 2 a lomaocay citodong to caayay ko Samoa a tamdaw (I likisi o “Ilopiya tamdaw” ko patireng). Nano matelekay to dengan o kasa’etal pisingkiwan, ya “Matayi” (tatakosan a selal) ta manga’ay masingkiw ato misingkiw, 1991 miheca 3 folad mifalic kapolongan misingkiw haw i, o maraoray 21 mihecaan a Samoa a finawlan i ira ko pisingkiw, edeng o “Matayi” ko sasingkiwenanay. Lomaocay a lekad nai 3 miheca mafalic 5 mihecaan to[9]. 2021 miheca matongal to ko lomaocay.\n\nkacacofelan a demak (外交) \n\nNai 1962 miheca a misiiked tahanini, Samoa (ato ’ayaway kaetip Samoa) tahanini mikihatiya to 106 a kitakit masasitelek to kalali’ay, yo 104 kitakit midotoc to Papotal kalali’ay a kacacayat.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nKatimolay a Taypinyang a kanatal ko Samoa kitakit, malalaed to Hawai ato Niwsilan, sakaetipan no Amilika Samoa. O kakahad no pala 2,831 pinfang kongli. Kasapala a lotolotok, o cimacelalay, Sawai ’etal satakaraway lotok Silisili (Mauga Silisili) takaraw 1858 cm. o faedetay kalaoraday romi’ad, saka 11 folad tangasa saka tosa miheca 4 folad o kafodo’an, nanom 2500mm to mihecaan. O nano wali a safalat ko fali, 29˚C ko hemhem no mihecaan.\n\nKasa kowan (行政區劃) \n\nSamoa ira ko 11 ko (itūmālō) sici cefang. I ’ayaw no katayni no Ilopiya tamdaw iraay to no milecokan to 11 ko sakowan. Masiiked: Tuamasaga, A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Faselle Leaga, Gaga'emauga, Gaga'ifomauga, Vaisigano, Satupa'itea, Palauli.\n\nKicay (經濟) \n\nO maomahay pasaraan, militod to ’afinong, facidol, tali, pawli. Ira ko mimingay kaysya ato pitafoan to nilingadan. O pirarakat ko sakakaay kicay no Samoa. O sata no Samoa malecad to no Inkilis kasakitakit, mafo’ot ko kasasifali sasi’aca no sakipapotal.\n\nSakaromakat (交通)\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nSalongan 20 ko ’ofad no tamdaw. 90% o Samoa tamdaw, o Polinisiya finacadan ko sowal, Ilopiya tamdaw ato holam tamdaw.\n\nPunka (文化)\n\nOnto (體育) \nO onto no Samoa ono Inkilis a kanlangciyo ato soedaay mali no Samoa ko sasalamaen. No Inkilis a kanlangciyo ono kitakit a mali. Kapolongan a kanlangciyo maledefay. 2000 mihecaan Kapolongan a kanlangciyo i no hekalan kalalifet micomod ko no Samoa kitakit to sepatay ira ko cecay (4\/1) saikoray lalifet.\n\nSamoa tamdaw i posingko, pa’etiway, somo ira ko tadamaan ko inaneng.\n\nSapakimad (注釋) \n\n1. Samoa. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-\n\n29] (Inkilis).\n\n2. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. (nano nina’angan tilid i (PDF) mana’ang i 2020-01-18).\n\n3. Constitution Amendment Act (No 2) 1997 (nano nina’angan tilid, mana’ang i calay). Paclii.org. Retrieved on 9 November 2016.\n\n4. Samoan History. U.S. Embassy in Samoa. [17 January 2017]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-14).\n\n5. Chapter XXVI: Disarmament - No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017 [2020-03-25]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-08-06).\n\n6. Feagaimaali』i-Luamanu, Joyetter. Constitutional Amendment Passes; Samoa Officially Becomes 'Christian State'. Pacific Islands Report. 8 June 2017 [16 June 2017]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-11).\n\n7. Background Note: Samoa. U.S. State Department. [9 April 2011]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-01-22). \n\n8. Constitution Amendment Act (No 2) 1997. [9 April 2011]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-04-17).\n\n9. nikamaro’ no kitakit – Congko sakipapotalpo. www.fmprc.gov.cn. [2021-08-31]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-09-27).\n\nSamoa Saikeday to Niyahpikowan a Kitakit(薩摩亞獨立國)\n\nTakaray a sowal(概要) \n\nO nganga nona kitakit i pakisowalen no Samoa i (Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa，英語：Independent State of Samoa）,o ikeday a niyahpikowan sanay, i kalosowal i o Samoa hananay a pangangan.Ono Satimolan a kitakit,o aro' ngingra i itiniay i sasifo'an no Hawai ato Nyucilan、i saka'etip no Amirika Samoa,o sasofo'an no Polinisya a kitakitakit,i 1962 miheca a mi'iked a tomireng.\n\nItini i 13 35 S, 172 20 W, no Osiniya ko Samoa.\nPolong no sekalay i 2,831 sq km “saka 178 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 2,821 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10 sq km ” \nPolong i 198,926 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地) \nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 12.40%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 60.40%, malo no roma to a sera 27.20%.\n\nsiyoto(首都) \nO [[[Apia]] ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) \nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 1 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Tufuga Efi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 11 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sera \nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 1 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Tufuga Efi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 11 a romi’ad.\n\nPihapinangan a tilid \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":1824,"character_repetition_ratio":0.059,"word_repetition_ratio":0.044,"special_characters_ratio":0.274,"stopwords_ratio":0.047,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":16770.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sauli%20Niinist%C3%B6","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Sauli Niinistö\n\nI 1948 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 24 a romi’ad masofoc ci Sauli Niinistö, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Finland anini i ci Sauli Niinistö, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.123,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.26,"stopwords_ratio":0.042,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbia","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Serbia（塞爾維亞）\n\nTakaray Sowal: \nSirbiya Kapolongan Kitakit(Sirbiya a sowal: Република Србија; Roma tilid:Republika Srbija; Kuwaping a tilid:塞爾維亞共和國). O itiraay i Parkan-Pecihkanatal a kitakit, kaitiraan i katimol no sakawali no Yoropa, ilaloma’ay no karopaw no Parkan-Pecihkanatal a kitakit, malalocok ko kalala’edan ato Montonikoro(Црна Гора), Posiniya ato Hersaykowina(Bosna i Hercegovina\/Босна и Херцеговина),Koroaysiya(Republika Hrvatska),Syongyali(Magyarország),Romaniya(România),Pokariya(Република България; Latin a sowal: Republika Bŭlgariya),Ka’amisay Maciton:(Maciton a sowal:Република Северна Македонија; Roma a tilid:Republika Severna Makedonija）ato Kosofo(Republika Kosovo).\n\nRikisi(歷史) \nNa i’ayaw to 8500 mihecan, itira i tatapangan a niyaro’ Pirkoro iraay to ko malahiciay a fa’elohay nafakelohan punka, o Stasaywo-Punka (Starčevo culture;斯塔賽沃文化)[1] [2], i’ayaw no 6000 mihecaan iraay to itini ko tata’angay a niyaro’ o Winca-Punka hananay.[3] O Soloy-tamdaw mikownay to Sirpiya, to ikor to i ‘ayaw no sakasepat no sici o Kirisiya tamdaw macowat ko satimolan no Sirpiya, mala’amisay no ikoray a Yarisanta Tata’angay Honti a kitakit.[4] [5] o Roma a tamdaw itiyaay to i ‘ayaw no saka 2 sici a misatapang micowat to Sirpiya, malosigo’an no sakowan, ora saka ira ko 17 a honti no Roma itiniay i Sirpiya a sofocen.[6] [7]\n\nI sa’ayawan no 1910 mihecaan itira i Sakacecay Parkan-Pecihkanatal Lalood ato Sakatosa Parkan-Pecihkanatal Lalood,pasitimol ko kacowat no sera no Sirpiya, mapalolol ko Kosofo a pala, patokeled sa a mipatateko to Maciton Kapolongan kitakit,nikawrira, o i saka’amisay a pala ono Awsyong Hotian a sakowan, cowa ka i laloma’ no Sirpiya.[8] [9] \n\n1914 miheca saka 6 folad saka 28 romi’ad,o Misaca'emot to Finacadan a tamdaw ci Kafulilo-Posilinpo( Sirpiya a sowal: Гаврило Принцип；Latin a tilid: Gavrilo Princip)kowangen ningra a mipatay ko mipalafangay a wawa no Honti no Awsyon ci Faranci-Fitinan ato fafahi ningra ci Sofi. 7 folad saka 28 romi’ad milekal to Sirpiya ko Awsyong Hontian Kitakit a malalood, onini ko lalengatan no Sakacecay Lalood no Hekal. O makatepay no Awsyong Hontian Kitakit, Toic Hontian Kitakit ato Porkaliya Hontian Kitakit mapapolong a mifora to Sirpiya, ma’eco a maaro’ ko Sirpiya.[10] [11]\n\n1918 mihecaan, malowid no Sirpiya ko Lekatepay-Kitakit, mapalolol ko Sirpiya a kitakit,toya miheca saka 12 folad mapapolong ato fiyaw a kitakit Montonikoro ato oya nikowanan no Awsyong Hontian Kitakit o Srofako, Koroaysiya, Posiniya ato Foyfotina kitakit patireng to ’ayaway a Nansirafo Kitakit, i laloma’ noni kitakit ira ko Sirpiya tamdaw,Koroaysiya tamdaw ato Srofaniya tamdaw.[12] [13] [14] [15]\n\nI Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal macikcik no Tokodan-Kitakit o Awsyong Hotian Kitakit,Arpaniya, Toic ato Porkaliya, o kakomodan no Nansirafo Kitakit ci Yisofo Puloci Tito(Sirpiya a sowal:Јосип Броз Тито;Roma a tilid:Josip Broz Tito) malowid ningra ko Naci-Toic.[16] [17] [18]\n\n1945 miheca, micomod ko sofitay no Rosiya i Nansirafo, micoker ci Titoan malasakaay a kakeridan nona kitakit, patireng to Kyosanto ko mamikowan a kitakit to Nasirafo Syakaisiwki Kapolongan Kitakit. 1961 miheca, ci Tito ato congton no Aykipto ci Ciamayle AtotuNaso Haysan(Arapiya a sowal: جمال عبد الناصر حسين‎; Roma a tilid:Jamāl ʻAbdu n-Nāṣir Ḥusayn) ato Conli no India ci Ciawahalar Niheru(India a sowal: जवाहरलाल नेहरू) malacafay a patireng to ’’Cowa ka pikapot a lekatep’’ sanay a saopo, ci Tito ko kakeridan nangra a pacomahad to syakaisiwki-kali’aca a faco, orasaka o sacipaysoay itini i sak’etipay a kyosangto a kitakit.[19] [20]\n\nTahira to i 1990 mihecahecaan, matekop ko Nansirafo a kitakit, i 1992 miheca Nansirfo ato Montikoro miliyaw a patireng to Nansirafo Kapolongan Kitakit. 1999 miheca ikor no kalalood ato Kosofo mapatireng no Linheko ko Pacarcaray Mikowan no Kosofo. Saka 6 folad saka 3 romi’ad laheci sato milekal ko pikaykian to pisiiked no Kosofo, i saka 6 folad saka 5 romi’ad o pikaykian no kitakit no Sirpiya milekal to pisiikeday a kitakit o mirocokay to ’ayaway a Sirpiya kitakit. Itiya sato i 2008 miheca saka 2 folad saka 17 romi’ad lonok sa ko Kosofo a miliyas to Sirpiya misiiked a patireng to kitakit, cowa ka pihai ko Sirpiya to nini.[21]\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \nItiraay i kakatekoan no lalan no sifo’ay ato satimolan a Yoropa ko Sirpiya a kitakit,[22] [23] o ilaloma’anay no karopaw a kitakit,o dadahal no sera ira ko 88,361km² (malapot ko Kosofo). o\n\nPanoniya Dafadaf mahaopay ko cecay no kalitolo no sa’amisay no kitakit,[24] nikawrira, o lotok ‘i, mahaopay ko cecay no kalitolo no satimolan no kitakit,o sera no Sirpiya sahetoay o masakaratay a pala, matiya o salil ko ‘alo romakat i ‘edef no kitakit, oninian ‘alo saheto mitekoay i Tonaw-’Alo ta micomod i Kohetingay-Riyar, o Tonaw-’Alo ilaloma’ no Sirpiya ira ko 588km ko ka to’edaw,[25] o tadakalimelaan a nanom konini.[26] [27]\n\nMasiwar no Yoropa-Karopaw, Tasiyang ato Sifo’an-Riyar ko kakarayan, o lalen no fa’edet 0°C i kasi’enawan, isakapito a fold lalen a fa’edet 20°C.[28]\n\nO sera no Sirpiya mahaop ko 29.1% o matahepoay no kilakilangan, o dadahal no kilakilangan ira ko 2,252,000 kofo,[29] o karanih no tataparan no kilakilangan 5.29\/10 ko ka lalen.itini i Sirpiya pakaala to 39% a cidodohay kina’orip,51 % a fotifotinan, 40% cacoay ato ‘a’adopen, 74% a ’ayam ato mipacocoay a ‘a’adopen.[30] O kakaolahan no masamaamaanay a pina’orip itini.\n\nKasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃) \nO polong no Sirpiya ‘i, o katatekoan no Sifo’ay Sirpiya, Kosofo ato Foyfotina polongen 29 ko karopaw, ira ho ko Tadekan Sakowan no sakakaay sifo o Pirkorato,ilaloma’ nonini ’i,Kosofo ira ko 5 sakowan, Foyfotina7 ko sakowan ato adekan Sakowan no sakakaay sifo o Pirkorato, ikararem no sakowan o etal, o Kosofo ira ko 30 a etal, Foyfotina ira ko 54 a etal.[31] [32]\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nNani 1990 miheca karacemcemay to ko kalwan no tamdaw no Sirpia, caay ka citolas ko kapatay no tamdaw to mihecahecaan,[33] [34] pakitinien i sa’osi ’i, i 1990 miheca ira ko 300,000ko miliyasay to Sirpiya, ilaloma’ no nini ’i,mahaop ko 20% o citanengay a tamdaw.[35] [36] Orasaka, o lalen a mihecaan no kalotamdaw i,42.9%,away ko ikakaay to Sirapiya ko kakerem no tamdaw itini i hekal.[37] Cecay no kalilima a loma’ cecayay ko tamdaw,cecay no kalisepat a loma’ sasepatay ko tamdaw.[38] O lalen no polong a tamdaw no Sirpiya 76.1 mihecaan.[39]\n\nSirpiya a tamdaw ira ko 600 ofad,o sakakaay ko ka’aloman no tamadaw, mahaop ko83%, Syongyali a tamdaw ira ko 25 ofad, o saaway ko tamdaw i Sirpiya, mahaop ko 3.5%, i saka’amisay no Foyfotina sakowan,[40] [41] [42] o Posiniya a tamdaw 14.5 ofad, itiraay i katimol no saka’etip ko kamaro’an nangra, ira ko roma a mamangay ko tamdaw a finacadan o Koroaysiya, Arpaniya, Montonikoro, Folahe, Romaniya, Mociton ato Pawciyaliya, o Kuwaping a tamdaw ira ko 15000 tamdaw, o dengay o caay ko Yoropa a tamdaw.[43] [44]\n\nSapili’etan kicai(經濟) \nO mili’etanay ko kicai no Sirpiya, itini i polong no kitakit isifoay ko katakaraw no ’eten no kalotamdaw no Sirpiya.[45] Tooren ko pisa’osi no Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep (International Monetary Fund，IMF) i 2018 miheca o Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit (GDP) ira ko 506.51 ok payso no Amirika, o lalen no mi’etanan no kalotamdaw ira ko17,555 payso no Amirika.[46] O mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ko sakakay kaci’etan, ilaloma’ no GDP mahaop ko 67.9%, do’edo sa o masanga’ay to dafong,mahaop i GDP to 6%.[47]\n\nNani 2000 miheca masorot ko babicowacoway a payso pateli i sakatayal no Sirpiya, o masortay a payso ira ko 400 ok payso no Amirika,[48] ira ko Fiyato misanga’ay to tosiya, Simonci, Filipomorisu, Miciling, kokakora…[49] itini i saparakat to kikay a kinairaira i,o palapalan kaso no Rosiya ato Roko Kasolin, o saadihayay ko pipateli to pasyso. Ira ho misanga’ay to Stinlis ato ‘ekeng a kofa no Congko.[50]\n\nOni pasadakan a dafong i 2018 miheca ira ko 192 ok payso no Amirika.Ci Safulo komi honyakuay tonini a tilid.\n\nTahapinangan Tilid (註腳) \n[1] Nikola Tasić; Dragoslav Srejović; Bratislav Stojanović. Vinča and its Culture. Vladislav Popović (編). Vinča: Centre of the Neolithic culture of the Danubian region. Smiljka Kjurin (translator). Belgrade. 1990 [2006-10-28]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-16）.\n\n[2] History (Ancient Period). Official website. [2007-07-10]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-28）.\n\n[3] Kitson, Peter. Year's Work in English Studies Volume 77. Wiley-Blackwell. 1999: 5 [2009-05-05]. ISBN 978-0-631-21293-5.\n\n[4] Blic Online - Najseverniji grad Aleksandrovog carstva. Blic Online. （原始內容存檔於2009-08-21）.\n\n[5] IWilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5, p. 85, \"...the area [South Serbia] was originally populated with Thracians...\"\n\n[6] Serbia's rich and hidden Roman history. BBC News. [2020-02-02] （英語）.\n\n[7] Traces of Empire: Serbia's Roman Heritage. Balkan Insight. 2016-10-24 [2020-02-02] （美國英語）.\n\n[8] The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State. staff.lib.msu.edu.\n\n[9] Serbian Studies 9–10. North American Society for Serbian Studies. 1995: 91.\n\n[10] Duffy, Michael. First World War.com – Primary Documents – Vasil Radoslavov on Bulgaria's Entry into the War, 11 October 1915. firstworldwar.com. 2009-08-22 [2010-04-28].\n\n[11] Највећа српска победа: Фронт који за савезнике није био битан （塞爾維亞語）\n\n[12] 20\/7\/1917 the Corfu Declaration: Plans for a future Yugoslavia. 2017-07-20.\n\n[13] Arhiv Jugoslavije – 1 December Act, 1 December 1918\n\n[14] Bojovi, Jovan,Zakonik knjza Danila,Titograd: Istorijski institut Crne Gore, 1982.––––––, Podgorič ka skupština 1918: dokumenta, Gornji Milanovac: Dečje novine, 1989.\n\n[15] Jewish Heritage Europe – Serbia 2 – Jewish Heritage in Belgrade. Jewish Heritage Europe. [2010-04-28]. （原始內容存檔於2010-06-30）.\n\n[16] Savich, Karl. The Kragujevac massacre. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-17）.\n\n[17] Israeli, Raphael. The Death Camps of Croatia: Visions and Revisions, 1941–1945. Transaction Publishers. 2013-03-04: 31 [2013-05-12]. ISBN 978-1-4128-4930-2.\n\n[18] Tito, Josip Broz. Nacionalno pitanje u Jugoslaviji: u svjetlosti narodnooslobodilačke borbe. Zagreb: Naprijed. 1945: 11 （克羅埃西亞語）. Moram ovdje podvući činjenicu da su u redovima naše Narodno-oslbodilačke vojske i partizanskih odreda u Jugoslaviji, od samog početka pa do danas, nalaze u ogromnoj većini baš Srbi, umjesto da to bude obratno.\n\n[19] Tanjug. Posle rata u Srbiji streljano preko 60.000 civila. Mondo.rs.\n\n[20] Bokovoy, Melissa Katherine; Irvine, Jill A.; Lilly, Carol S. State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992. Scranton, Pennsylvania: Palgrave Macmillan. 1997: 295–296, 301.\n\n[21] Rift Emerges at the United Nations Over Kosovo. New York Sun. 2008-02-19.\n\n[22] Serbia: On the Way to EU Accession. World Bank Group. [2014-10-21].\n\n[23] Serbia. Southeastern Europe Travel Guide. Balkans 360. [2014-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-06）.\n\n[24] Carevic, Ivana; Jovanovic, Velimir. STRATIGRAPHIC-STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAČVA BASIN (PDF) (Report): 1. UDC 911.2:551.7(497.11). （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-08-30）.\n\n[25] National Tourism Organisation of Serbia. www.serbia.travel. [2019-04-27].\n\n[26] Jolović, Dejan. Ten economic benefits of the Danube for Serbia. Danubius. 2016-08-19 [2019-04-27] （英語）.\n\n[27] Takić, Ljiljana M.; Mladenović-Ranisavljević, Ivana I.; Nikolić, Vesna D.; Nikolić, Ljubiša B.; Vuković, Milovan V.; Živković, Nenad V. The assessment of the Danube water quality in Serbia (PDF). Advanced Technologies. 2012: 59.\n\n[28] The Times Atlas of the World (1993). Times Books ISBN 0-7230-0492-7.\n\n[29] ::SE \"Srbijašume\" Belgrade. Srbijasume.rs. 2010-12-31 [2013-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-22）.\n\n[30] CARSKA BARA – Fauna ptica. Carskabara.rs. [2013-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-23）\n\n[31] CCRE: Serbia. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-04）.\n\n[32] Law on Territorial Organization. National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia. 2007-12-29 [2013-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-12） （塞爾維亞語）.\n\n[33] Sebičnost žena u Srbiji nije uzrok bele kuge | EurActiv Srbija. Euractiv.rs. 2013-07-26.\n\n[34] Roser, Max, Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries, Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation, 2014 [2019-05-08], （原始內容存檔於2019-07-08）\n\n[35] Serbia seeks to fill the '90s brain-drainage gap. EMG.rs. 2008-09-05.\n\n[36] Survey S&M 1\/2003. Yugoslav Survey.\n\n[37] Country Comparison : Population growth rate. The World Factbook, CIA. 2002.\n\n[38] Household numbers (PDF). pod2.stat.gov.rs.\n\n[39] Bank, World. Europe Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2020 : Fighting COVID-19. openknowledge.worldbank.org (World Bank). 2020-04-09: 71, 72 [2020-04-09].\n\n[40] Slovakia's national minority makes Serbia nicer, richer. srbija.gov.rs. 2018-12-11.\n\n[41] Lux, Gábor; Horváth, Gyula. The Routledge Handbook to Regional Development in Central and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. 2017: 190.\n\n[42] Filep, Béla. The Politics of Good Neighbourhood: State, civil society and the enhancement of cultural capital in East Central Europe. Taylor & Francis. 2016: 71.\n\n[43] Chinese Migrants Use Serbia as Gate to Europe, ABC News, 13 July 2010.\n\n[44] V. Mijatović – B. Hadžić. I Kinezi napuštaju Srbiju. Novosti.rs.\n\n[45] Upper-middle-income economies. The World Bank.\n\n[46] World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. [2019-04-11].\n\n[47] Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 2005–2017 - Revised Data Series (PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2018-01-10 [2021-11-01].\n\n[48] Europe :: Serbia — the World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency. 2021-10-26.\n\n[49] US embassy: private sector investments. （原始內容存檔於2010-05-27）.\n\n[50] Mining, a new \"ace up the sleeve\" for Serbia?.\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":3452,"character_repetition_ratio":0.041,"word_repetition_ratio":0.001,"special_characters_ratio":0.304,"stopwords_ratio":0.016,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.914,"perplexity_score":7485.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergio%20Mattarella","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Sergio Mattarella\n\nI 1941 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc ci Sergio Mattarella, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Italy anini i ci Sergio Mattarella, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 3 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.13,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.255,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.995,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serzh%20Azati%20Sargsyan","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Serzh Azati Sargsyan\n\nI 1954 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc ci Serzh Azati Sargsyan, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Armenia anini i ci Serzh Azati Sargsyan, patirengan a romi’ad i 2008 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":77,"character_repetition_ratio":0.134,"word_repetition_ratio":0.059,"special_characters_ratio":0.256,"stopwords_ratio":0.039,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.994,"perplexity_score":55292.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shavkat%20Mirziyoyev","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Shavkat Mirziyoyev\n\nI 1957 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad masofoc ci Shavkat Mirziyoyev, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Uzbekistan anini i ci Shavkat Mirziyoyev, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 14 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.129,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.254,"stopwords_ratio":0.042,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.997,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South%20africa","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"South africa（南非） \nSouth Africa nikapolongan kitakit (Satimol Africa a sowal: Republiek van Suid-Afrika [rɛpɵˈblik fan səitˈafrikɑː], inkiris sowal: Republic of South Africa), kapolongan a sowal to South Africa (Satimol Africa a sowal:Suid-Afrika [səitˈafrikɑː] (Tengilen na ngiha’), Inkiris sowal: South Africa), itiraay i pakatimolay no Africa, South Africa ato katimolay Intoyang a kacacofelisan a ikapolongan kitakit[10][11].\n\nSouth Africa a sera mata’elif ko 122 ’ofad pinfang kongli ko dadahal[10], o dadahal i saka 24 no hakal[4][10], i katimol mililis to katimolay Tasiyang ato katimilay Intoyang minayat to riyar 2,798 kongli ko kakaya’[11]. Kaetip no South Africa cifiyaw to Namibia, ka’amis makakafit to Botswana ato Zimbabwe, kawali ka’amis makakafit to Mozambique ato Eswatini[11][12]. Oya “laloma’ay no kitakit a kitakit” Lesotho itiniay i laloma’an no South Africa ma’eferay a sera[11][12][13].\n\nRoma, o South Africa dengan toloay ko ci tadamaciay kitakit[10][12][14][15][16]: citodongay dademakan (sakakaay kaitiraan no sifo) a Pretoria, Pirikecan maci (kaitiraan no kalomaocan) i Cape town, Hoyingan maci (sakakaay kaitiraan no hoying) itira i Bloemfontein[10][12][15][16]. Nakawrira, nawhani kasakitakit a Embassy (tasekoan) maemin i kadademakan a maci i Pretoria, orasaka kasakitakit a syakay mihayda to nia tadamaci no South Africa[17][18][19]. Oya satadamaanay maci ato kicay, ponka ciwsin itiraay i Johannesburg[10][20][21][22][23], oya satimolay no Sahara tafokan a saka tosa maci no South Africa at Africa saka tolo ta’akay maci[24]. O South Africa o saadihayay finacadan ato kasasiromaroma a ponka kitakit no Africa[14][25], ira ko 6,014 ’ofad no tamdaw[4], o Europe mafolaway, Into tamdaw ato kasasiroma no fanges tamdaw ’aloman ato kasasisalong o sa’adihayay i Africa kitakit.\n\nO kasahirahira no finacadan ato mala’odotay no finacadan a likisi no South Africa ato sakasakapot no sici, oya caayay kapapina tamdaw no fohecalay tamdaw ato ki’alomanay a fohetingay tamdaw ko siwtoc no finacadan ko mamikowan i ngataay likisi no South Africa a sici, syakay, ponkaan. I ’ayaw o Netherland ko mikowanay i, fahecalay tamdaw no Netherland mafolaw i Africa itiya to a caayay ko matatodongay a rikec ko tatodong a nai Europe caayay ka papina a mafolaway a mikowanay[26], malosakalatiih no fahetingay tamdaw a halafin mararid ko kasasila’odotan a masasiwtoc[27]. I 1948 mihecaan a pisingkiwan, ikor o Komintang sarekad misitapang mikowan, o Africa tamdaw ko pakiniyah a finacadan micowat patireng to saki-palaedan to finacadan a rikec[12][27][28][29]. \n\nI 1948 miheca tangasa 1990 mihecaan a romi’adan to palaedan to finacadan, o samarariday ko kasasiwtocan no finacadan itiya i South Africa[27]. Talacowa i palaedan to finacadan itiya ’alomanay fohecalay tamdaw micoker to nian a rikec to palaedan to finacadan, nikawrira ira to ko 20% fohecalay tamdaw ko caayay picoker tinian a rikec, oya papotalay a mipececay a ’icel ko sakapaherek no nia palaedan to finacadan[27]. Nai 1990 mihecaan miteka, nanoyaan sa mapalasawad ko rikec to pipalaedan to finacadan no South Africa, nikawrira o sici a rikec ko satadamaanay ko saka sasili’ay ko sapilaheci[25]. Roma, o South Africa i Africa a faniyot tangasa i mamala cemahaday a kitakit, caay kapapina i awaayay ko kasasifelihan no sician a kitakit. I 1993 mihecaan adihayay a kasarakad i kasasowalan a lomaoc micikeroh patireng to fa^elohay a South Africa sifo mitelek ato milaheci to sakidadipot to no tamdawan a kimpo[30][31][32]. \n\nAniniay a South Africa kalosasowalen a no tamdaw o “Talakal ni Idec a kitakit” sanay[33][34], onini a pangangan sa’ayaw o nai Cape Town Anglican kiwkay ’ayaway a kakeridan ci Desmond Duto a nisafaloco’an[10][35][36], ikor oya congtong no South Africa ci Nelson Mandela ko mi’edefay, pasalong to paherekan to palaedan to finacadan no South Africa a kalaliyas ato fa^elohay mengnengen a kasasiromaroma no ponka[37], pafaloco’ to kasasiroma no finacadan a tamdaw manga’ay malalen ko ka’orip itini laloma’ nonian a fangcalay nga’ayay kitakit[35][36]. O South Africa o sa’ayaway, o dengan a cecayay tona paitemaek misanga’ to pacowat heneng a sakalalood ikor o lonok sanay mipeleng to heneng a sakalalood a kitakit[38][39]. \n\nO South Africa saka 33 ta’akay kicay lekapot no hekal[7], o satadamaanay kicay no Africa, o sakimetoay a kitakit[12][40][41][42], ira ko sakakaay macowatay ato masafaelohay panasanga’ a tatenaan, o dengan pa’arawan i Africa a fana’ to kicic to nisanga’an a fo’is a kitakit[43]. Halo kacowat no South Africa ikaka to roma i Africa kitakit ciniiraay to nga’ayay a katadamaan a ci kadofahay i hakal to fodawan kinaira, ngalef o no tada^ekim a fodawan ato tadafodawan[44][45]. To hatiniay, o South Africa tenokay a kaci’icel no kitakit to [46][47][48][49][50][51] ato sata’akay kitakit no Africa[52][53][54][55][56][57], o salaloma’an no Linhoko[58][59], o kakeridan no kingko i hekal, sakapot no ma’a’acaay no hekal, sakapot no paysoan i kasakitakit, tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep, katomilay kapolongan lekatep, katimal lekatep, liyok Into lekatep a palowaday, caayay pikapot a onto, ^kiman a kitakit, 20 kitakit kapolongan. \n\nPina mihecaan a South Africa macedengay ko kacakat no kicay[60][61][62], nikawrira ikor ira to a masafa^eloh ko kicay[63]. Anini, o South Africa a kaki a pikingkiw, misang’ay to lalosidan tatenaan, misanga’ay a kicic o sa’ayaway i Africa[64][65][66], mararaay ko laed to romaroma kitakit no Africa[42], o sakaciparana’an no South Africa nai 1942 miheca tangasa 1982 mihecaan a kicay padadoedo ko kacakat. O kingko no hekal pasiikeden ko South Africa o ikakaay no tenokan ko kinaira no kicay ato fa^elohay misang’ay to lalosidan a kitakit[67][68]. \n\nI 2022 miheca, South Africa a tamdaw to salaloma’an no kitakit a kinaira midotoc to no kasakitakit a payso mifalic to Amilika payso 6,979 US[7], midotoc to nipi’aca sakitamdawan salaloma’an no kitakit mafalic ira ko 15,361 US payso[7]. No tamdaw a kinaira ira ko 6,080 US, mararid i tenokan kadadefongan[69].\n\nNgangan no kitakit (國名) \n“South Africa” a ngangan o nai katimolay no Africa a faniyot ko kaitiraan no South Africa. Nai 1910 miheca mapatireng ko South Africa nipatatekoan a kitakit, ikor o “South Africa” itiya miteka ono Inkiris nisakamoko’an pangangan to South Africa, pahapinang to nikalakomodan no South Africa o nano sepatay a nicalapan no Inkiris a sera. Nai 1961 mihecaan, o South Africa miketon to no Inkiris ko pipangangan to “Republic of South Africa”. I Netherland a sowal malo no South Africa sasowalen no kitakit a sakasowal a to’asan, ono Netherland a sowal ngangan no kitakit i “Republiek van Zuid-Afrika”; i 1983 miheca, ono South Africa a sasowalen ma’awid to ko Netherland a sowal to malosowal no kitakit[70], no South Africa a sowal to ngangan no kitakit “Republiek van Suid-Afrika”. Nai 1994 mihecaan, o sasowalen no South Africa kitakit ira ko 11 ko kasasiroma a sakasasowal no kitakit[71].\n\n“Mzansi” nai iKapa a sowal, todong noi a sowal “Timolay” sanay, o sasowalan no South Africa pangangan[72][73], papina a malaafricaay a sarekad kasasowalen ko “Azania” a sasowalan[74].\n\nLikisi (歷史)\n\n’Ayaw noto’asan a pikadkad pikingkiw (史前考古學) \nI South Africa ira ko no tato’asan a pikadkad ato malafokelohay tamdawan nalacolan no hakal[10][75][76][77][78]. Pikadkad no mikingkiway o nai Gauteng sa’etal kasadihif maala to ko adihayay malafokelohay ato kaitiraan no horac. Linhoko kiwiko ponka sakapot to nia sa’etal pala i Cape Town o rocek no hekal, o sasowalen “nananoyan no tamdaw” [79][80][81]. Mapacomod i salaloma’an rocek no hekal halo adihayay manengneng a malafokelohay tamdawan a kaitiraan i Steck tamina (Steck Ark) [79][80][81], i Swark Krones, i Cromdrai pipa’adingan a Gondolin a dihif, I Cooper dihif ato Malappa.\n\nI 1924 miheca, ci Raymond Dart i Noordwes ngata no cecay niyaro’ Taon ’etal manengneng ko sa’ayaway malafokelohay a tamdaw – Taon wawa[10]. Ikor, mikadkad ko mikingkiway i Limpopo ’etal a Makapansky, i Vrystaat ’etal a Cornelia ato Floris Bard, KwaZulu – Natal ’etal lilisay a dihidihif, i Oos-Kaap ’etal a Clexis ’alo a dihif, ato i Wes-Kaap ’etal a Pinnacle Point, Pioneers ato dihif no pisaepahan menengneng ko adihayay horac a tireng.\n\nO nia manengnengay pahapinang, i ’ayaw no 300 ’ofad miheca i South Africa iraay to ko halo Africa faniyot a Af-ongay a kasato’asan a tamdawan[82]. Roma a iraay timol ongay, fatelay tamdaw, tomirengay tamdaw, Rhodesia tamdaw, Floris Bard tangal, Naledi tamdaw ato to’asan tamdaw. Itini to’asan tamdaw ira ko 17 ’ofad miheca a romi’ad maro’ itini i sakatimol no Africa faniyot[83].\n\nMikingkiway tamdaw i Farr ’alo a sa’alo matama ko kasasiromaroma a fetaol fokeloh o misanga’an a sakadademak[84][85].\n\nNai ’ayaw ni Yis to 500 mihecaan, San a tamdaw i katimol no Africa patireng halo pi’adopan pilitodan o pakaenay to ’a’adopen ko tayal sakaira no kicay[86]. Pakaenay saka cidafong ato syakay a piti’eran no finawlan. Tanetek ato macowat ko syakay no San a tamdaw, nanoya o tatapangan a san tamdaw mapalowad ko enar a macowat. Ona San tamdaw pakaenay masowal “Koikoi tamdaw” (kalotamdaw), oya pahiceraay masowal to “Bushman tamdaw” (mademetay tamdaw). Hala:fin to kasasiramod ato camel to i, oni tosaay a finacadan mala o Koisan tamdaw. \n\nItaya a to’as a Koisan tamdaw midoedo mililis to riyar a macowat, o caayay ka ’aloman a San tamdaw pado’edo i laloma’ to sa’etal ma’orip.\n\nPicowat no Bantu tamdaw (班圖人擴張) \n\nSalongan i ’ayaw no 2,500 miheca, Bantu a tamdaw miteka nai Niger ’alo toloay faniyot pasayra i South Africa malinah. Nawhani i tiraay South Africa a San tamdaw ato somowalay to Bantu a sowal tamdaw awaay ko no niyah a faco a tilid, saka no South Africa a to’as a likisi dengan o pikadkad to nalacolan a mikilim.\n\nTangasa i ’ayaw to 1200 mihecaan, miteka pasayraay i ka’amis no Africa a kalali’aca. Nanoya, kakeridan tamdaw no pakayraan itiya a miteka manengneng, o tatodong nira matifac to ko no hongti a losid[87]. Kakeridan no pakayraan o tadamaanay no niyaro’, o cipali’ayaway to ikor a demak a citataparanay a ’icel.\n\nI saka 4 sici ano eca saka 5 sici, katimol no Limpopo ’alo (aniniay South Africa ato Botswana ato Zimbabwe ka’amisay kalangangan) manengneng to midemakay to marar a Bantu maomahay ato pakaenay kahiceraan. Ona Bantu tamdaw rara: sa pasitimol ko kalinah, itiya micalap macefang to i ’ayaway no Koisan a sowal a Koikoi tamdaw ato San tamdaw.\n\nMihakelong to Bantu a tamdaw miriyad malinah a tayra i South Africa, nanoya cangra malikapot cangra to Koisan tamdaw mahicera ko ’aro, o nian i South Africa ira manengneng i dihif no ’ocoy ko tilid itira. Halo Xhosa a sowal ato Zulu a sowal itira i timolay a Bantu a sowal ira masolot ko ’ayaway nano Koisan a ngiha a sowal. Roma, mikingkiway itini i Bantu tamdaw a kahiceraan manengneng ko adihayay Koisan tamdaw a lalosidan.\n\nMidotoc to tilid, o Kwazulu-Natal sa’etal i 1050 mihecaan minengneng to ko sa’ayaway a pisamaradan. I Linpopo ’alo pakatimolay a Xhosa tamdaw, o sowal halo ’ayaway a Koisan a sowal ko kacipinangan. Ikor, Xhosa tamdaw tangasa i aniniay a Oos-Kaap a ta’akay foting ’alo. Nawhani Bantu tamdaw i finawlan ato ponka (maradan to’as pisa’alapitan) ikaka ko picalap, i kalinahan nangra ira to ko sakitado ato nisolotan to no yincumin. I Mpumalanga manengneng ko pinapina mamoloay fokeloh ato matisilay fokeloh[88].\n\nPakayni to kasaso’aliw to Intoyang, katimolay a Mozambique a Muslim malali’acaay tamdaw, o South Africa mala o kalali’acaan to[87]. Toni a , kalali’acaan to dafong nai tiniay a kinaira a tada^ekim, wadis no elephant, ato nai raa:yay a Congko a kaysing, talid[87].\n\nKalalitemohan to Portugal tamdaw (與葡萄牙人接觸) \nYo malalitemoh to Europe tamdaw i, picalapan no finacadan nai ’ayaw ni Yis to 1000 miheca, nai Africa faniyot romaroma a sa’etal milinahay tayra i South Africa a Bantu a finacadan. I likisi no South Africa ira ko tosaay a masakapokapotay a Xhosa finacadan ato Zulu finacadan.\n\nI 1487 miheca, o Portugal misolapay ci Bartolomeu Dias mikerid to Europe tamdaw sa’ayaw talahekal i satimolan no Africa faniyot[89][90][91]. 12 folad 4 romi’ad, ci Dias i ci ’isoay ngoso’an minato talahekal (aniniay Namibia), matifac ko no Portugal pakataminaay ci Diogo Con i 1485 miheca samaraayay katangasaan i satimolay no Africa (ka’amis no ’isoay ngoso’an minato a Cross Point), ikor padoedo heca cingra mililis to katimolay Africa faniyot a kaetipay riyar tala’ayaw.\n\nI 1488 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad ikor, nawhani o ta’akay faliyos patalatimolen ko tamina ni Dias, miraay to hekal no riyar calay no Africa faniyot, orasaka caay kanengneng ningra ko katimolay a Africa faniyot[90][91]. Saka 5 folad, ci Dias tangasa i kawali a hekal no Africa faniyot, sacisowal sa cingra to “Rio do Infante alo’” (aniniay Groot alo’). I pipatikoan i, manengneng ni Dias ko ceca masangoso’ay no riyar, pangangan han ningra “Cabo das Tormentas” [90][91]. Patiko ko Portugal i, Portugal a hongti ci Johnnes saka 2 liyaw han to ningra pangangan koni to “Cabo da Boa Esperança”, nawhani o pita’elifan nai Europe tayra i Asia ko nian, nanoya o saka kadofah a cidafong no Portugal koni[90][91][92].\n\nIkor, ci Louis de Camis ’olic no Portugal “o radiw no Luzitania tamdaw” maradiw ko pipakatamina ni Dias to nika tadamaan no demak[93][94][95].\n\nMatatood ko Portugal tamdaw i Africa misolap, malali’aca ato mikowan, i South Africa kinatosaay micingcing: siiked i ikor no Netherland ato Portugal kalalood ikor nai Netherland a East India Company (kawali Into kosi) i 1652 miheca patireng to Netherland Cape picingcingan a romi’ad, ato Inkiris i 1795 miheca micalap to nano Netherland Cape picingcingan sera miteka a Inkiris picingcingan to sera romi’ad.\n\nO picingcing no Netherland (荷蘭殖民化) \nTangasa to i17 sici, misitapang maserer ko ’icel no Portugal i riyar, o Inkiris ato Netherland a milietanay alacefocefo’ mifelih to ’icel no Lisbon, nawhani pakaynien no Portugal micalap to kalali’aca to fangsisay ko kadofah a kacidafong[96]. I ’ayaw no 1601 mihecaan itiya, o Inkiris East India Company (kawali Into kosi) a taypiaw irato itini i Cape Town ko pipadamso, nikawrira ikor mafalic to o Ascension kanatal ato Saint Helena kanatal ko sapipatarod a minato[97]. \n\nI 1647 miheca, ono Netherland a East India Company (kawali Into kosi) tatosaay matayalay ma’alol i Cape Town to pinapina a folad, ikor malakahemeken no Netherland tamdaw ko Cape Town. Pakayni nai niyaro’ay nakamayan a kafesa’ay nanom ato titian, o saka’orip to no palonanay[97]. Itira haca cangra i kadofahay a sera no Cape Town a misadateng[98], nikawrira o itiniay a Koikoi a tamdaw caay ko maomahay a finacadan, orasaka o East India Company (kawali Into kosi) nai Netherland pacomod to maomahay tamdaw a maomah mipaloma. \n\nPitiko tayra i Netherland, o East India Company (kawali Into kosi) masapa ko Netherland to kai Cape Town a demak o “’ariri ato sahanaan” a sakaci’icel, malopicarcaran rakat no tamina kalali’acaan tayra i Asia[97]. \n\nI 1652 miheca 4 folad 6 romi’ad, manengneng i ngoso’an ko calay no rakat to malitosaay sici to ikor i, ci Jan van Riebeck taypiaw no Netherland East India Company (kawali Into kosi) i ngata no Cape Point a Cape Town talahekal, itira patireng i Cape Town to maraayay rakat i Asia a padamso a picaferan, halo miceroh, padatengan ato palosayan[99][100]. \n\nO papinapina a pakatayalay i East India Company (kawali Into kosi) paherek ko katatelek itira sato i nicingcingan a matayal[100], ikor sa’aloman sato i Cape Town ko mapakoniraay tamdaw “Vrijlieden” i sa’etal. O milietanay no Netherland nai Indonesia, Madagascar ato kawaliay no Africa faniyot caayay ka sa’osien a nicingcingan pacomod to masafelengay sapatek ko mafadesay tayni[101]. Ikor, i South Africa sarakatay a macacamolay a finacadan a niyaro’ nai Frigiburg tamdaw, o misafadesan nangra ato kasayincumin a finacadan o matatekoay[102]. O saka ira no fa^elohay a finacadan ngoso’an a macengelay tamdaw miteka macowat, o sa’alomanay tamdaw o no Netherland a sowal ato no Kristokiw kalosasowalan ato pitooran nangra[102]. \n\nPisiwali ko picowat no picingcing no Netherland, macacefis to kaetip katimolay a Xhosa malafelay niyaro’ mingataay to ta’akay foting ’alo a pipakaenan to ’a’adopen, orasaka malengat ko sakalalood[103]. I kasalilis no sa’etal a ma’oripay a Frigiburg tamdaw a maomahay masowal o Boolean tamdaw han, o malitosaay ko pipakaen to ’a’adopen a ’orip tamdaw o pakaenay a Boolean tamdaw han[103]. \n\nO Boolean tamdaw patireng to “pakeletan cefang” a finawlan sofitay a sakapot, malakakomod to Koisan tamdaw, misakapot to nipatatekoan patararikor to Xhosa tamdaw to pilefo[103]. Awaay ko pinang to kalalood a cimadoka’ay mapatayay, rikor to pinapina mihecaan ira ko kasasilefo to sakimasidayay a ’a’adopen[103].\n\nO picingcing no Inkiris (英國殖民化) \nNawhani o Frace a tamdaw micalap to macekalay kitakit, o Inkiris nai 1795 miheca tangasa 1803 miheca ko picalap to Cape Town[104], mitena’ to pipi’emet no France[103]. I 1803 miheca, caay ka halafin ko pitikol no Cape Town i Batavia nipatatekoan a mikowan[104]. Nikawrira maraod to i 1806 miheca, Inkiris a tamdaw micalap heca to Cape Town[104][105]. I 1806 miheca o pikatapi’an Cape Town a tatonekan i, o satadamaanay o pihayda to no Netherland a tamdaw to niterekan nangra i ngosoan a nicingcing a sera to piraoy a salongoc ato patodongan[106]. \n\nIkor no paherek no kalalood ni Napoleon, o nicingcingan a sera i ngoso’an paliyas pafeli ko Inkiris, mala no sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit a todong[104][107]. Inkiris a tamdaw i 1818 miheca miteka mafolaw tayni i South Africa, nanoya i 1820 miheca pahiceraay mapahapinang ko mafolaway[107]. I kasamaamaanan no pakayraan, fa^elohay micingcingan a sapisalof o pipatongal to Europe tamdaw to sapipakalingad, mitongal i lilis no niyaro’ to sapitena’, mitena’ to picalap no Xhosa tamdaw. \n\nI no 19 sici a ‘ayaw to 20 mhecaan, Zulu a hongti kitakit itiya to ni Chaka a nipikerid misata’ang to sera[108]. O Chaka mipalowad to kalalood to piripa’, sakacipatay ko 100 ’ofad tangasa 200 ’, saka i 1820 miheca a pitekaan mahadefek ko i laloma’ay niyaro’ a finawlan tomdaw[109][110]. Zulu tamdaw a cecay ngasaw-Madabel tamdaw patireng to cecay ta’akay a kitakit, halo i fafaway sa’etal a sera malo no ni’emetan no hongti a Mzilikazi hongti a todong[111]. \n\nTangasa to i 19 sici i, micingcingay Netherland a Afrikaans macangal to i Kaap a nicingcingan ma’eme no Inkiris, orasaka o ’alomanay a tamdaw malinah itira. Oya Afrikaans malinah a tayra i Natal, Orange at Transva sa’etal, patireng to pinapina a Boer nikapolongan kitakit (aniniay a Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga ato Noordwes), Orange Vrystaat (Vrystaat) ato Natalia nikapolongan kitakit (aniniay KwaZulu-Natal). \n\nI 1867 miheca i Kimberley manengneng ko cimali^emiay fokeloh ato 1886 miheca 2 folad i Johannesburg manengneng ko tada^ekim saka miteka ko mikeraday to kaloh[20][22][112], itiya ranikay ko kicay no South Africa macakat ato matongal ko malinahay[113]. O Inkiris misa’icel to yincumin a mi’emet. Mala’afas a mi’emet tonini a tadamaanay kinaira no kicay a sakalalifet no Europe tamdaw ato yincumin, ato Boolean tamdaw ato Inkiris a kasasi’ayaw[114]. \n\nI 1879 miheca, o sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit ato Zulu hongti kitakit malengat ko laloodan[115]. Ci Carnarvon tadamanay i Kanata malaheci patireng to nipatatekoan reko, sowal sa cingra o malecaday a nisa’icelan no sici nitongalan no sofitay latek i South Africa a Africa hongti kitakit, niyaro’ sa’etal ato Boolean nipatatekoan malaheci. 1879 miheca, Inkiris maocor ci Henry Bartle Freer tadamanay tayra i South Africa citodong to sakakaay dademakay, mamisafaloco’ tina halaka midemak, nikawrira madipangan oya iraay misiikeday kitakit South Africa nikapolongan kitakit ato Zulu hongti kitakit ato sofitay. Talacowa Zulu hongti kitakit ici Isandrwana a kalaloodan malowid ko Inkiris tamdaw, nikawrira ikor to malowid a mahilefek, mapacomod to i Natal nicingcingan[115]. \n\nI saka cecay Boolean a kalaloodan i, Boolean nipatatekoan no nikacawan ko pilood, mahaenay a lalood matatodong o itiraay a kadademak, orasaka malaheci ko pilifet to micalapay a Inkiris[116]. I sakatosa a kalalood no Boolean i, o Inkiris matongal to ko sofitay, fa^elohay ko rakat ato pilood, saka lasawad sato ko palakaka no Boolean tamdaw[117]. Talacowa o Inkiris nao kalaom no lalood malasawad ’icel ’aloman ko madoka’ay mapatayay, iko nia lalood matapi’ to, midotoc to “Frinisin lahakolongen” makakomod to ko Transva ato Orange[12][113].\n\nNiyah pikowan ato pisiiked (自治領與獨立) \nI laloma’an kitakit no South Africa, Afrikaans miliyang to Inkiris a dademaken ikaka to pisiiked no South Africa[118][119]. I Netherland ato Inkiris a picingcingan, talacowa mitelek to sapi’emet to itiniay kohetingay tamdaw to pahicera ato pilafel, tinako South Africa a “1879 miheca yincumin kacingangan rikec” ato “sakaromakat rikec” lekakawa[120][121][122], nikawrira imatini a South Africa pala’ed to finacadan o pakayraay i caayay ko atodongay a rikec a midemak.\n\nI 1908 miheca 10 folad, no Kaap picingcing, Natal picingcing, Transva picingcing ato Orange ’alo picingcing a sepatay nicingcingan no Inkeris a taypiaw saopo sa i Durban masasowal to pipatireng lacecay to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, mala no Inkiris a niyah a pikowan[15]. Nika, kasataypiaw mapalacecay icowaen ko kaitodong no syoto a masasiliyaliyang, nawhani kasa nicingcingan mangalay painiyah a sa’etal patireng to syoto[15]. \n\nSaikoray, kasanicingcingan masacecay a masikol to sakanga’ayaw a masasisorar[15][16]: I Pretorio, Cape Town ato Bloemfontein masasiiked patireng to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa kadademakan a syoto, pipatirengan ko rikec syoto ato hoying syoto, o Durban o kasacomod masadak a dafong a kalali’acaan no nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o citodongay to sakowan to kicay[15]. \n\nSaikoray, kasanicingcingan masacecay a masikol to sakanga’ayaw a masasisorar[15][16]: I Pretorio, Cape Town ato Bloemfontein masasiiked patireng to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa kadademakan a syoto, pipatirengan ko rikec syoto ato hoying syoto, o Durban o kasacomod masadak a dafong a kalali’acaan no nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o citodongay to sakowan to kicay[15]. \n\nIkor no paherek i saka tosa no Boolean kalalood to 8 miheca, o 4 miheca ko kasasowalan, o Inkiris a kalomaocan mihayda to “1909 miheca South Africa rikec”, i 1910 miheca 5 folad 31 romi’ad patireng to South Africa nipatatekoan a kitakit[12][123], malayap o misiikeday ko kacingangan. nipatatekoan a kitakit halo Kaap picingcing, Natal picingcing, Transva picingcing ato Orange ’alo picingcing a sepatay nicingcingan a sera[124]. \n\nSouth Africa a “1913 miheca yincumin sera a rikec” tada madahdah ko kohetingay yincumin saki sera a hiyah pikowan[123][125]. Itiya a romi’ad, kohetingay tamdaw mi’emetan dengan 7% aca[123][125]. Ikor, o sifo ira ko pipatongal to no yincumin a terekan sera rafas[126]. \n\nI saka 1 lalood no hekal, o South Africa a nipatatekoan a kitakit i kasakitakit nipatatekoan patorodan miteka to ’ayaw Germany a ka’etipay South Africa patorod mikowan. Talacowa o ka’etipay South Africa i rikec caayho kaso’elin mapacomod i South Africa, nikarira so’elinay a o no South Africa a sa’etal[127] \n\nI 1931 miheca, mihayda ko Inkiris to “Westminster a rikec”, talacowa hongtian no Inkiris oyaan to a miterek to roma a tekedan pikowan to kitakit a kakeridan, nakawrira kalomaocan no Inkiris ato sifo no Inkiris naitiya caay to kanga’ay mikihar to laloma’an demak no tekedan pikowan, orasaka palasawadan no Inkiris sifo to saki South Africa a saikora a salongoc a ’icel.\n\nI 1934 miheca, Komin sarekad ato South Africasarekad makakomod malalikowat sarekad, mikilim to no Afrikaans ato Inkiris fohecalay tamdaw to sakalali’ay, nikawrira o na tosaay a sarekad ’aekakay naira ikor i 1939 miheca miliyas to malalikowat sarekad. I 1939 miheca, o South Africa malawidang no Inkiris mikihatiya to saka 2 lalood no hakal, nikawrira onini sakaliyang no polong micokeray to Komin sarekad, o nangra pihirateng o South Africa caay ko tomirengay i Nazi Germany nangra a sowal, mimaan mikihatiya to ’ada a Inkiris malalood. Pinapina o miingiray to Nazi a Komin sarekad micokeray mangalay to South Africa ato Nazi Germany makakmod, naniya miliyas to pi’emet no Inkiris sanay[128].\n\nMisitapang pala’ed to finacadan (種族隔離的開始) \nI 1948 miheca, nikeridan ni Daniel Malan a Komin sarekad matifac to singkiw, misitapang mikowan[129]. Ci Malan misa’icel to saki Netherland ato Inkiris picingcing a mikowan misitapang a mipala’ed to finacadan[28], mitelek to sapikedec to mipala’ed to finacadan rikec[12][27][29][130]. Ni Malan sifo no Canada a “Intian rikec” ko pidoedoan[131], polong no finacadan pasasiromaen to kohecalay tamdaw, macengelay (color) tamdaw, Into tamdaw ato kohetingay tamdaw sapet a finacadan, kasa finacadan pasasiroma ko sa’etal a kamaro’an, kasasiroma finacadan pakniyah a solongoc ato sa’emet[27].\n\nO kohecalay tamdaw caay ka ’aloman (caay pakata’elif to 20%[132]), nikawrira manga’ay mi’emet to ’alomanay a kohetingay tamdaw. Maparoyaroy ato mitelekan a pipala’ed o nian koya South Africa a pipala’ed to finacadan hananay[133]. O kohecalay tamdaw no South Africa i kicay macekal ko kacomahad manga’ay miraoy to Europe a kitakit a milecad to nga’ayay ’orip, nika o kohetingay tamdaw palahecad to roma Africa kitakit a kohetingay tamdaw miraoy to polong no Africa sahefong a sakakaay kanga’ay no ’orip[29]. Nikawrira pahecad han to kohecalay tamdaw, o ’alomanay tamdaw a kohetingay tamdaw saki kinaira, kiwiko, sapaising a isi, kamaro’an, ’oripan ato roma kapolongan a sapatado a maamaan caay ko sakanga’ay[29][134].\n\nI 1954 miheca, misawad ci Malan i, ci Johannes Gerhardus Straitton ko malacongliay, kahapinangan ko Komin sarekad a maselicay to Transvaay to damsayay a Capeay ko pakalowid. Ci Straitton micikeroh to ikakaay to ni Malan ko pidemak to pipala’ed to finacadan demak[27]. I 1955 miheca, nao Africa finacadan lomaocan a citodongay to kalomaocan a nipatatekoan mihapiw to “pakoniraay a kimpo”, milongoc to South Africa paherek to pipala’ed to finacadan, patirengen ko cecay caaya ko pasafinacadan nayay a syakay. I 1958 miheca, mapatay ci Strayton i kacitodongan ho ningra, ci Hendrik Frenzy Verwald ko midotocay mala congli[27]. O kacitodong ho ni Verwald pipatireng to rikec, mirara patireng to kohetingay tamdaw ato fohecalay tamdaw ko kasasipala’edan ko demak[123][135].\n\nNikapolongan Kitakit (共和國) \nI 1960 mihecaan miteka, o South Africa a midemak to pipala’ed to finacadan demak mangalefmangalef ko kalaliyang, nanoya pinapina kitakit miteka mitiker to South Africa sifo ato kalaliacaan, o todong piliyang to South Africa na midemak to pipala’ed to finacadan lekakawa[136][137]. Nikawrira, o nia pidemak saki South Africa a kicay caayay ka hakowa ko maraay[29], o pidemak no South Africa to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak masasiroma aca nengnengen ko “kafahekaan a kicay” [138][139][140][141][142]\n\nNai 1942 miheca tangasa 1982 mihecaan a 40 miheca[6], o kicay no South Africa macakatay, salongan 7.3 miheca tangasa 7.4 miheca ko no o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi o fafelihen[138][139][140][141][142]. I 1960 mihecaan tangasa 1970 mihecaan, no South Africa a kicay ranikay malalifet macakat malalecad to hacikayay macakat a Dipong[138][140][141][143], masawal to o “ta’akay tamdaw a kicay no Africa faniyot” [138][141]. Tangasa i 1980 mihecaan, o pitiker a demak maledaf to i kasakitakit ato mihawad to ko romaay kitakit mi’esol[144][145], mangalef o Amilika Europe kitakit nai 1984 miheca miteka mikapot to sapitiker a demak, nanoya so’elin o kicay no South Africa a matefa ito[136][139][140].\n\nI 1960 miheca tangasa1963 mihecaan, o sifo nai 350 ’ofad a kohetingay tamdaw laplapen papiliyas to nano niyaro’ nangra[29], malinah tayra i Bantustan[8], onini i aniniay a likisi ta’akay pilaplap a nidemakan[146]. Itiya, South Africa a sifo mihalaka to saki kohetingay tamdaw papilinah tayra i Bantustan, ikor o nia sa’etal o papafolawen i South Africa, nanoya patangic han a misiiked. Matiniay a mici’iwiay a pidemak nai 1970 miheca masitapang tangasa i satakaraway, palasawaden no sifo ko caay ko kohecalay tamdaw a salongan a sici salongoc, mangalef miteka milingangan to no kohetingay a nano finawlan no South Africa a ngangan. I rikec, cangra o i niyaro’ay niisalan salongoc a 10 a Bantustan a “finawlan”, o sici a salongoc dahdahen i nangraan a Bantustan, oni a Transky, Bobna, Wenda ato Hiskey mala citodongay misiikeday a kitakit[147].\n\nNai Afrikaans niparocekan to Komin sarekad mahapinang o nikapolongan a pakayraan, o nai Inkiris kakomodan ci Elizabeth saka tosa citodong to kakeridan no South Africa kitakit “sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit a misataray” [148]. I 1960 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, o South Africa midemak to kapolongan pitopa, ’alomanay kohecalay tamdaw mitopa mihayda to South Africa pala o nikapolongan kitakit, nikawrira i nano Inkiris a teloc kohecalay tamdaw micalap i Natal sa’etal o miliyangay ko adihayay[149]. Saikor, o South Africa 52.29% ko paya mahayda mala o nikapolongan kitakit[150]\n\nI 1961 mihea 5 folad 31 romi’ad, o South Africa masongila’ mala o nikapolongan a kitakit. O salongan o pipienec no tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a kitakit, o South Africa mala o nikapolongan a kitakit itiya miliyas ko tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a kitakit[123][151][9], tangasa i 1994 miheca miliyaw haca micomod[151]. O pipatireng to lekatep a kitakit o milinganganay to ni Elizabeth saka tosa to citodong to South Africa kakeridan no South Africa kitakit no Inkiris kakomodana ngangan, oya saikoray malacitodongay no South Africa ci Charles Roberts Swalt mala o sarakatay ongtong no kitakit[152].\n\nOya saki Westminster a telek a paliyas, o pipatireng to congtong no kitakit o kalomaocan ko patoroday, orasaka o patodong aca to kadademakan, so’elinay a ’icel itiraay i kamay no congli. 1966 miheca, ci Vervold i Cape Town malipalaw macocok mapatay cingra[27][135], o ci Balthazar Johannes Worster ko midotocay mala congli. Kacitodong ni Worster tadamaanay ko pida’oc to saki finacadan a pala’ed, nikawrira o ningra a pidemak mafohatay to no ’ayaway a congli, ci Worster mihaya to fiyaway kitakit a kohetingay tamdaw kakeridan makakomod mitanam to sakalinga’ay misalof to Rhodesia ato South West Africa a kasasietoc[27].\n\nI 1970 mihecaan to ikor, ni Worster a sifo milengat pacomahat to nano Heneng a sakalalood a halaka[38]. I ikor no 10 mihecaan, o South Africa misanga’ to 6 manga’ayay pasadak a Heneng sakalalood[38][153][154].\n\nI 1978 miheca, ci Worster mihapiw to sapisawad, ci Peter Wiliiam Porta ko micadaay to congli[27][155]. Sakamatira, ni Porta to saki pipala’ed to finacadan a demak ikaka ko kalohak to no ’ayaway[156]: I ’ayaw to pilalang caayay ka tatodong i rike a kararamod no finacaan; pipalasawad to pilalang patireng to milakecay to finacadan a sarekad a saopo nitelekan i kimpo; pilalang o caayay ko kohecalay tamdaw itira i sa’etal no kohecalay tamdaw a maro a rikec malohak to[156].\n\nI 1983 miheca, ci Porta pa’owid to fa^elohay “kimpo a rikec” [157]: fa^elohay kimpo palasawad to congli a sakadademak; o sapipakidakid a pacakat to congtong no kitakit a ’icel, o congtong no kitakit dengan o pisi’ayaw to kalomaocan; oya macengelay tamdaw ati Into a tamdaw sakaira citolasay sici a salongoc[157]. Ikor, fa^elohay kimpo i kapolongan pitopa mahayda no kohecalay tamdaw a mitopa. I 1984 miheca, o todong no congli nanoya a mapalasawad, ci Porta malacongtong no kitakit ko demak ningra[155].\n\nOrasaka, i saki kohetingay tamdaw to saki sici a salongoc, paherek no kohecalay tamdaw a pikowan a masalaloma’ay a demak i, aay paliyas ci Porta[155][156]. Ano matiratira aca laloma’ay papotalay no kitakit ira ko miliyangay ngiha i South Africa, nikawrira o sifo ni Porta oya midotoc a pakayra i nirikean ko pidemak to pipala’ed to finacadan a nitelekan. Ci Porta mitefad i karihaday hitay mipenec to laloma’ay no kitakit a saromaay kosowal a tamdaw[27][156], orasaka o karari’angan demak mato kararidan, Africa kitakit a lekatep, Azania finawlan sakapot ato Azania polongan no Africa saopo miliyang to pipala’ed to finacadan saopo ino milimekay pilood[158] ato mitastasay i mici[159] ko demak a miso’ayaw to sifo. Saan, oni a toloay a milifetay a onto malaliyaliyang macacefis to kainanengan i laloma’ no South Africa a masasiwtoc[160].\n\nPaherek ko pipala’ed to finacadan (種族隔離的結束) \nCi Mangosutub Tletzi ato ci Harry Schwartz i 1974 mheca masasitilis to “Mahrabtini paso’elin sowal” mipa’icel to sakalinga’ay a ’icel ato o tamdamdaw malalen ko sapidotoc, o South Africa kohetingay tamdaw atokohecalay tamdaw sici a kakeridan sarakatay malaheci kina katatelek[161]. I 1989 miheca, ci Poda mihapiw miliyas kadademakan, ci Fareddy William Day Clark ko nicadaay to congtong no kitakit[27][155][156][162].\n\nI 1990 mihecaan, ci Day Clark sifo mihapiw to pipalasawad to saka Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) ato roma miliyangay to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak, tala’ayaw mafalah to pisawaco a sa’awas[12][29][162][163]. Ci Day Clark kacitodongan o mipakoniraay mifalicay ko pakayraan ato Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) kasasowal[161][162][164], nanoya micikeroh to South Africa Kyosanto ato Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) a citodong i rikec[12][162], o sifo mipalafac kadadoedo i Robben kanatal, Polsmoor ato Victor West toloay pirofoan marofoay to 27 mihecaan ci Nelson Mandela [12][162][165][166][167][168]. Padoedo midemak to kasasowalan, miai to pihayda no ’alomanay kohecalay tamdaw to kapolongan pitopa, palasawaden no sifo ko pipala’ed to finacadan a rikec[29][162][164]. Nanoya tata’ang ko no kasakitakit syakay a nirekenan ato sodsod sa milaheci to sakalalen no finacadan, South Africa mihayda to mikowanay to 75 miheca West South Africa a misiiked[169].\n\nI 1990 miheca 2 folad 9 romi’ad, i Namibia mitonek to kimpo. I saka 3 folad 21 romi’ad, Namibia so’elin mihapiw nai South Africa pikowanan misiiked[170]. Oya miheca, o South Africa mihapiw palasawad to Heneng a nipisanga', I 1991 miheca mikapot to “caay pilopisak to Heneng a telek” [38][39]. I1993 miheca, itiyaay a congtong ci Day Clark ato ci Mandela pakayni to sakadademak ato sifo a kasalaliyas masaini masasowal [161]. I 1994 miheca 3 flad 1 romi’ad, o South Africa to ’iso a hefong ato miwatawatay ko rakat a kaciw a kanatal pafeli patiko i Namibia[171]. \n\nSaka 4 folad, South Africa sa’ayaw caay kasasicilas to finacadan misingkiw[161][162], ci Mandela nikeridan a Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) a adihayay a malowid[172]. Nai 1994 mihecaan i, o Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) ko mikowanay[173][174][175]. Roma to nian i, South Africa miliyaw micomod to tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep[151], mala katimolay no Africa safaniyot comahaday lekatep. \n\nI pipala’ed to finacadan a demak no South Africa i, samaanen militemoh ko masamaamanay kafafalic no demak, o kaawaayan no katayalan no South Africa ’akawang caay kaserer[25][29][176][177]. Talacowa ira ko ’alomanay khetingay tamdaw macakat tangasa to sasifo’an a selalan[25][178][179], nikawrira kohetingay tamdaw nikaawa no katayalan itiraay i 1994 miheca tangasa 2003 mihecaan ko tadanca a malanglang[177][180], halo pipaherekan to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak a masapakoyocay a kohecalay tamdaw matongal ito[181][182][183]. \n\nRoma, aniniay sifo misa’icel milaheci to sakipaysoan ato yosang mirikec, mipadama to sakadofah pala’isal[184] ato sakacakat no kicay[185]. Nai 1990 mihecaan itya macakal macakat[186]. Ira ko pakokotay to kai Aids ato cisawarakay adada malenak i South Africa, ato i ’ayaw ko nikaeca pikihar no sifo to sapisalofaw tonini a demak[187] \n\nI 2008 miheca 5 folad, o kafangadang no South Africa ci mapatayay to 60 no tamdaw[188]. O kamaro’an a salongoc ato pilaplapa a citodongay misa’osi, ira ko 10 ’ofad no tamdaw ko milaplapan to niyah a loma’ [189]. Talacowa kararawraw o patodong to pikilim to picongacong to malinahay ato malafelay tamdaw, nikawrira ira ko tolo ira ko cecay (3\/1) malatiihay a finawlan no South Africa[188]. I 2006 miheca a pitomadaw, o kafolaw no South Africa a kamok, South Africa tamdaw ikaka to romaroma a kitakit ko poliyang to mafolaway[188]. LInhoko mafolaway citodongay i 2008 mihecaan a hokok i, i South Africa misingsiay to picongacong a malafelay mata’elifay to ko 200,000 no tamdaw, ikaka to sepat no ’ayaway miheca ko ka’aloman[191]. \n\nOna tamdaw o nai Zimbabwe a tayniay, nikawrira ira ko ’a;omanay nai Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia ato Somalia[191][192][193]. Katayalan, kalali’acaan, kapolongan patado atoloma’ a kalalifetan ko saka ci malafelay ato pipakamaro’an a niyaro’ masadakay ko kararimokan[191][192][193]. Matiratira aca mi’ingtelay to papotalay harateng o nian a kacalemceman[194], nika oya karari’ari’angan a demak away to ko kamatiya ’ayaway a kacekokan a mananam ito[191]. Matiratira aca, midotoc ko South Africa misa’icel misalof to no finacadan a demak, nipasadakan sapisalof dengan kai pihayda i pirikecan, tinako mitala to mirikecay to “mi’ingtelay raraw ato mi’ingtelay nisowalan a rikec” [195], itiya mahadimel ko South Africa to saki finacadan to pitena’an ato sakalalenaw a pipa’ayawan[196][197]\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nO South Africa o pakatimol to no Africa faniyot, mililisay katimol Tasiyang ato katimol Intoyang minayat to riyar mata’elif ko 2,500 kongli (1,553 Inli), o sakowat no sera ira ko 1,219,912 pinfang kongli (471,011 pinfang Inli) [198]. Midotoc to (Linhoko tamdaw no mihecaan), South Africa o saka 24 i hekal ko dadahal a kitakit[199]. South Africa a sakowat milecad to Colombia ko dadahal, o tosaay no France, toloay no Dipong, sepatay no Itili ano eca limaay no Inkiris[200].\n\nItira i Drakensberg a Mafadi ira ko 3,450 meter (11,320 foot), o satakaraway tokos. South Africa itiniay i\n\ntimolan 22˚ tangasa 35˚, ato ’amisan 16˚ tangasa 33˚ kaitraan[10].\n\nO South Africa a sekal kasa’etal saheto iraay ko dadaha:lay a dafdaf masakapot, nai riyar 1,000 cm tangasa 2,100 cm (3,300 foot tangasa 6,900 foot). Kawali takaraw ko sera, kaetip ato ka’amis panahal apilis, oya katimol ato kaetip katimol away mahapinang ko kasasiromaan no sera. ta’akay tono’ matafo tina akawangay dafdaf[201], o kawali ato satakaraway tokos manayaray pasowal han Drakensberg[202]. \n\nO katimol ato kaetip katimol takaraway dafdaf (nai riyar 1,100cm tangasa 1,800cm) ato kalaenoay masasiingiray dafdaf (nai riyar 700cm tangasa 800cm, nengneng coka) o sowal Great Karoo sa’etal, ka’amis a Kalahari tafotafokan o makedalay kilakilangan. Takaraway dafdaf a tenok kawali ato satakaraway a takaraway rengorengosan. I Gauteng a kafafalifalic no romi’ad o so^emetay, o kalali’acaan a omah ato sata’akay mici no South Africa. I ’akawangay rengosan a dafdaf i katimol 25˚30 pasi’amis tala’ayaw, ora mademetay rengos a dafdaf, i Limpopo poeneray sera ato dafdaf ko paherekan[201]. \n\nItira ta’akay tono’ a lawac no riyar iraay ko nai Limpopo poeneray sera masakapot, nai kawali ka’amis pasayra kawanan manayat, oni a riyar ato no Mpumalanga a Drakensberg (kawali no ta’akay toni’) laenoay dafdaf katatokoan[203]. Poeneray dafdaf ikaka to maketonay tono’ a fafa’eday a dafdaf ikaka ko fa’edet, fo’edas, caay kalengaw ma’orip pinalengaw[201]. Itini i South Africa kawali katimol a Limpopo ato Mpumalanga a Kruger kitakit koying macalap ko poeneray rengosan dafdaf, o dadahal ira ko 19,633 pinfang kongli (7,580 pinfang inli) [204]. I poeneray dafdaf a katimol, kacinanoman to mihecaan hakelong sa to KwaZulu-Natal katongal, ngalef i kafa’edetan so’emetay riyar. KwaZulu-Natal ato Lesotho a salawacan nai a ta’akay tono’ a takaraway ato Drakensberg sakapot, ira ko nai riyar 3,000cm (9,800 foot) [205]. I laenoay no Drakensberg lotolotokan a kafafalifalic no romi’ad o maso^emetay. \n\nItiniay sakatimol no ta’akay tono’ ato kaetip katimol minayaray pasilaeno a lilis no riyar halo pinapina kasalecad no masangoso’ay mapiked a lotok, pasa ta’akay tono’ ato riyar masasila’ed[206][207] (onini kasalecad masapikeday lotolotok pahapinang to, mihapinang to ka’amisay no lotok a pasayraan no ta’akay tono’). O la’ed no nia lotok a sekay (nairiyar ira ko 400cm tangasa 500cm), katimol a kasapiked no lotok (oya katimolay a Outeniqua ato Langberg lotok ato ka’amisay a Swat lotok a la’ed) masowal o mimingay Karoo[201], o nai malitosaay tafotafokan a mademetay kilangan sakapot, malecaday o ta’akay Karoo, itini i Swat lotolotokan saseraan a ka’amisan o kala’oraday, orasaka ikaka to ta’akay Karoo manga’ay misanga’ to no tamdawan pipaka’orad. Mimingay Karoo i likisi o mipakaenay I liyok no Oudtshoorn niyaro’ to macekelay ’ayam. \n\nNai Swat lotok paka’amis tangasa ta’akay tono’ a lotok ka’amis poeneray sa’etal (nai riyar 700cm tangasa 800cm) o no ta’akay Karoo poeneray sa’etal, kafafalifalic no romi’ad ato pinalengaw a tilid awaay ko pinang misiiked i ta’akay tono’ a fafaeday Karoo. Pasiriyaran a masangoso’ay mapikeday lotok (o Langberg lotok – Oudtshoorn lotok), mangalef i hanahanaan lalan a George – Knysna – Plettenberg Bay sa’etal, sakiriyaran mararomotay to lilies no riyar polong no miheca takaraw ko katefad no ’orad. Oni sa’alomanay kilakilangan no yincumin i South Africa a cingangan. \n\nItini i kaetip katimol no South Africa a sangoso’an no kanatal o lilisay riyar no South Africa ato Tasiyang pakatimol a katatongodan, saikoray itira i Orange ’alo no South Africa – kalangangan no Namibia ko paherekan. angoso’an no kanatal o no Mediterranean a romi’adan, oni a sa’etal ato liyok no sa’etal mala katimolay Sahara a South Africa safaniyotan kasi’enawan ta’akay kala’oraday a sa’etal[208][209]. Midotoc i 2011 miheca no tamdaw a pipolita, itiraay i sangoso’an no kanatal a Cape Town a maci o kalomaocan no South Africa a maci, ira ko 370 ’ofad ko tamdaw. \n\nI pasa’amis no sangoso’an no kanatal a lilies no riyar pasietip a Tasiyang, pasawali a tisil katimol ka’amis a lotok. sangoso’an no kanatal mapikeday lotok itira i katimol 32° tatihi[207], ta’akay tono’ mitaliyokay to mililisay to riyar a dafdaf. Oni a lilies no riyar pakatimol o Swartland ato Malmesbury dafdaf, o satadamaanay palomaan to ^mi a sa’etal i South Africa, mitado to no kasi^enawan a ’orad. Paka’amis a sa’etal o Namaqualand[210], midoedo to pingataan to Orange ’alo makedalay to. Mimingay ’orad itiniay i kasienawan[209], rengorengosan i kacanglahan (8 folad tangasa 9 folad) a hana o satadamaanay nengnengen i hekal a pirarakatan pinengnengan. \n\nI Intuyang, i South Africa ira ko cecay ato Canada ci Edward kapah kanatal malecaday ko ngangan a mimingay sa’etal, pangangan han ci Edward kapah sa’etal. Onini a sa’etal o Marion sa’etal (290 pinfang kongli ano eca 110 pinfang Inli) ato Edward kapah sa’etal (45 pinfang kongli ano eca 17 pinfang Inli) masakapot[211].\n\nKafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) \nO South Africa fa’edetay rengorengosan ko kafafalic no romi’ad[11]. Tasiyang ato Intoyang masasiiked nai kawali, katimol, kaetip toloay ko pakayraan mataliyok ko South Africa[10][212], takaraw ko ka’amis paener ko katimol, ato kasacalay milakec to kakahaday sekal no romi’ad a masasiroma[213]. O kafafalic no romi’ad a kasakowat nai kaetip ka’amis a Namibia tafotafokan katimol tadafa’edetay makedalay a romi’ad, tangasa kawali mililis to Mozambiquesalawacan ato Intoyang a makofakofay fa’edetay romi’ad. o kasienawan no South Africa i saka 6 folad tangasa 8 folad to mihecaan.\n\nKaetip katomol no South Africa o sifo’ay riyar a romi’ad, kasienawan so’emet, kaciherangan fa’edet fo’edas. o South Africa mademetay ato demedemetan ira ko tadamaanay pinalengaw – Fambos, o kasadakan no fadiso’so a epah. Roma, o nia sa’etal mihecaan ira ko pacena’ay a kafalian. Onini a fali pakinali to mitaelif to Cape point a tamdaw (pakataminaay) o katalawan, adihay ko tahacarcaray mateneng ko tamina[90]. I katimolay lilis no riyar a kawali a hanahanaan a lalan, mihecaan a ’orar caay ka sarocod, masakangdaway a tanengnengan[214].\n\nO Vrystaat itiniay i tanokay takaraway dafdf, masapanahal ko kaitiraan. I ka’amis no Farr ’alo, hawhani caay litemoh ko tadahemhem no fa’edatay, o takaraway sera a rengorengosan a sera macepa’ay to. O Johannesburg o itiraay takaraway rengorengosan a tenokan, o nairiyaray 1,740cm (5,709 foot), to mihecaan salongan ’orad ira 760mm (29.9 in). talacowa caay ka adihay ko so^eda, nikawrira oni a sa’etal o kasi’enawan pakaka ko si’enaw.\n\nO Drakensberg lotolotokan malatakaraway rengorengosan a kawali katimol kasatono’, itini katimolay nina lotok a Tiffindell so^eda pieseran i kasa’enawan manga’ay padamso to no so^eda pieseran, o dengan pitanengan so^eda pieseran kaitiraan no South Africa[215]. O katimol no Africa safaniyot o si’enaway niyaro’ itira i kaetipay no Rochfeid lotok a Sutherland, kasi’enawan a falawfaw tangasa i -15°C (5°F). Talacowa Edward kapah kanatal to mihecaan a falawfaw maserer, o Sutherland o pakinaliay ko si’enaw nira. Katimolay sekal no Africa safaniyot takaraw ko falawfaw: I 1948 miheca, o Noord-Kaap a Upington ngataay a Kalahari a falawfaw o 51.7°C (125.06°F)[216], nikawrira o nia falawfaw caay ko no citodongay ko matatodongay ko nitilidan. I 1993 miheca 1 folad, Violsdrift a citodongay a takaraway falawfaw 48.8°C (119.84°F)[217].\n\nPinalengaw a kasahirahira (生物多樣性) \nO South Africa i 1994 miheca 6 folad 4 romi’ad masasitilid to “Pinalengaw a kasahirahira koyak”, i 1995 mheca 11 folad 2 romi’ad malamihaydaay to nia koyak a kitakit[218]. Padoedo, o South Africa misetek to matatodongay tina koyak a kitakit no pinalengaw a kasahirahira sakalalood ato sapidemak a halaka, i 2006 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad itiya mahayda “Pinalengaw a kasahirahira koyak” [219]. I polong no cikiw 17 ko mikapotay a kitakit to tadamaanay to pinalengaw a kasahirahira, o saka enem ko South Africa[220].\n\n’A’adopen (動物) \nHalo Transva layong, Africa safaniyot lokedaw, South Africa mi’adopay lokedaw, katimolay kohecalay wa’a kolong, langdaway wa’a ^efa, mawiletay wa’a ngafol, kohetingay peno ngafol, kifetolay waco, nanom ^efa ato South Africa kali’elay malonem adihayay ’a’adopen o i medemaetay rengorengosan manengneng[221]. Halo Kruger kitakit koying ato Sabi sand pi’efecan mi’adop i kawali ka’amisan sa’etal, ato i Waterberg pinalengaw a liyok ka’amisay ira ko ta’akay madematay. I South Africa adihay ko masasiromaay pinalengaw, halo itiniay Karoo sa’etal tadamaanay ko kalasawad no lotok a takolil no South Africa[222].\n\nKarapoy (菌類) \nTangasa i 1945 miheca, i South Africa a nitilidan mata’elif ko 4,900 a tadakarapoy (halo masariko’ay midapongay i sera) 223]. I 2006 mihecaan, nisa’osian ira ko 20 ’ofad a tadakarapoy i South Africa (caay ka sa’osi ko mikafitay a kalangaay); midotoc to nitilidan, i South Africa a tadakarapoy ikaka ko ka’edihay no pinalengawan[224].\n\nO kadofahay ko pinalengaw a kasahirahira i South Africa, mata’elif ko 22,000 ko sasiroma no pinalengaw, micalap ko i cikiway kafana’an pinalengaw to 9%[225]. O rengorengosan ko ma’oripay i South Africa, mangalef i takaraway a sera a rengorengosan, itini ira ko masasiromaay a capoxan a rengos, paeneray mademetay ato ^kim a lopengan kilang malengaway masakapot, satadamaanay ira ko masatangilaay a kalopongay ato cicekaay kilang. Pasayra kaetip ka’amis ko rakat, nawhani awaay ko mamang ko ka’orad, saka matakal ko kalengaw; i ciherang ma’aresakay a Namaqualand a sa’etal, ira ko pinapina misopeday to nanom ciheciay a pinalengaw, tinako no lawilaw ato masalidatengay pinalengaw[226][227]. Pasiwali ka’amis ko rakat, o awaayay ko kilang a rengorengosan a malengaway nao masacapoxay ato kilang fahal sa o makofakofay a mademetay, ka’amisay no Kruger kitakit koying tatihiay ira ko lotongan facidol[228].\n\nI Cape point pinalengaw sa’etal itira i Wes-Kaap a mimingay sa’etal, o nano South Africa pinalengwan[229]. O dadahal o picalap polong no hekal 0.04%, o enemay ta’akay pinalengawan a samimingay[10]. Nikawrira, oni a pinalengaw a sa’eatal halo 9,000 ko kasasiroma no pinalengaw, micalap i hekal to 4%[229]. I Cape point pinalengaw polong no palaan ato pinalengaw saheto o nai Fambos pinalengaw pisapotan, o i cikiway a pinalengaw a kasahirahira a sakadofahay sa’etal[229]. O adihayay a pinalengaw o marariday langdaw pinalengaw ato kifecaway papah a pinalengaw, ira ko mimingay masarinomay ko papah. Roma a tadamaanay a kacihana a pinalengawan a no riyaran kawas hana, i South Africa ira ko 130 masasiromaay riyaran kawas hana a lengaw[230].\n\nTalacowa i South Africa ira adihayay macelakay hana pinalengaw, nikawrira dengan 1% a sera ko no kilakilangan, polong saheto nai KwaZulu-Natal lilisay no riyar so’emetay dafdaf. i cepo’, manengnengay ko katimolay Africa safaniyot awaayay a kahengangay kilang, mangalef o mimingay a kilakilang pidipotan sa’etal, oni a kilakilangan caay ka maan no katodohan, o pasowal lotokay kilakilangan. Pinalengawan o nipakaenan nai roma kitakit a kilangan, caayay ko itiniay a An kilang ato calengan kilang.\n\nSakipadipotan (保育問題) \nI ’ayaw to 40 mihecaan, o South Africa malasawaday to ko ta’akay tataparan macarcaran, nai 19 sici marafas ko tamdaw, o maci makidat ato maletek ko kilakilang. i hekal o South Africa ko mangalefay mitiyaay ko kakari’ang a kitakit, marapotay to adihayay nai papotalay pinalengaw (tinako kohetingay cekaay kilang, Jackson minato Willow, Hack, Lantana ato Jacaranda), saki tiniay a kasahihirahira pinalengaw ato Already cango’ot ko nanom saka kari’ang no kinaira. O Europe micingcingay sa’ayaway menengneng a pinalengaw fala’faay romi’ad a kilang caay ka tolas maletek, tangasa dengan mimingay a kilakilangan.\n\nAnini atekakay kilang no South Africa, halo kaliyalaway kilang, ’angsotay kilang ato South Africa kohetingay marar kilang saheto o madipotay no sifo. awa’aay kolong o marariday malipalaway a ’a’adopen[231][232][233][234], nai palaan citodongay nisa’osian pahapinang, 2014 miheca i South Africa ira ko 1,215 ko ciwa’aay kolang mapatayay[235]. \n\nKafafalifalic no romi’ad pa’ayaw to nia kakedalan romi’ad o saka’etal niyaro’ o mafo’edasay ato farawfaway, tadancaay romi’ad ira ko marafrafay fa’edet, lenlen ato makedalay a demak ato pakinali ko katongal. Midotod to no South Africa kitakit pinalengaw nifana’an mikingkiway misanga’ to sapisa’osi pihapinangay to romi’ad[236], tahira i 2050 miheca, o Africa faniyot katimol a lilis no riyar sa’etal a hemhem pali’ayaw macakat to salongan 1°C, oya i Noord-Kaap a ciherangay sera, i kacanglahan ato kaciherangan a kahemhem o mamacakat to 4°C. I Floral sangoso’ o polong no cikiw pinalengaw a kasahirahira i fa’eetay sa’etal[237], nikawrira itiniay latek i kafafalifalican no romi’ad a makari’ang. Mali’ayaw ko keal, pakacorah ki’emelay ato kararian a matongal, ato polong no cikiw o papatodong to ranikay adihayay salongan a pinalengaw o sakalasawad.\n\nSici ato sifo (政治與政府)\n\nKasasolek no sifo (政府結構) \nO kalomaocan a nikapolongan kitakit ko South Africa, nikawrira o caayay kalecad to mitiniay a nikapolongan kitakit, o congtong o kakeridan no kitakit oya tatapangan no sifo, o kacitodong a rekad o kalomaocan ko miketonay. O midemakay, mitelekay ato mirikecay saheto o mipalitay i kimpo, ano ma’odang to kimpo, sakakaay hoying citodong midemec to midemakay citodongay ato lomaocan a nidemakan.\n\nNo finawlan a kalomaocan o i kararemay kalomaoc no South Africa a kalomaocan, polong no lomaocay ira ko 400 tamdaw, lima miheca nai kasasician a kasarekad ko mipanganganay to patatodong no taypiaw masingkiw ko fa^elohay a lomaocan[238]. Polong no kitakit a kasakanatal citodongay o fafa'eday pikaykian no South Africa a kalomaocan, ira ko 90 tamdaw no lomaocay, nai South Africa 9 a kanatal mitelekay citodongay patoro’ to 10 patodong[238]. I kasacecay rekad no singkiw, no finawlan a kalomaocan patorod to cecay mala congtong no South Africa. Nawhani o congtong citodong heca to lomaocay no finawlan kalomaocan, orasaka o congtong limaay miheca ko todong a rekad, malecad to no kalomaocan o rekad. O cecay a kacitodong no South Africa a congtong caay ka nga’ay kinatosa ko rekad[238][239]. O congtong manga’ay patorod to micokeray to congtong ato kakeridan no citodongay[238], o cangra a citodongay ato kakeridan no kasacitodongay mala o salaloma’anay. Finawlan kalomaocan manga’ay mihayda to caayan pakaso’elinan a maoc to caayay ka tatodong a nidemakan no congtong ato laloma’an citodongay.\n\nI 2019 miheca 5 folad 8 romi’ad a ta’akay singkiw, o citodangay a sifo sician a kasarekad o Africa safaniyot finawlan lomaocay ko pakalowiday to 57.50% a paya ato230 ko lomaocay, sata’akay miliyangay a sician a kasarekad o nikapolongan nipatatekoan malowid to 20.77% paya ato 84 ko lomaocay. Oya miliyasay to Africa safaniyot finawlan lomaocay a kapah nipatatekoan a ’ayaway kakeridan ci Julius Malema patireng to Kicay pakoniraay macodahay pakalowid to 10.79% paya ato44 ko lomaocay. Nai 1994 miheca paherekan to pala’eday to finacadan, South Africa a kitakit oya to mirepetay to polong no sakowan tangasa[173][174][175], o satata’akay no South Africa a sician a kasarekad[175]. I 2018 miheca 2 folad 14 romi’ad toya dadaya, misi’ayaw to kacaayan ka paso’elinen a lomaoc, itiya congtong ci Jacob Juma papelo to sapiliyas i ka’ayaw no tilifi, oya micokeray to cngtong ci Cyril Ramaphosa ko micadaay to saka lima a congtong no South Africa[240][241][242][243][244].\n\nO South Africa awaay ko todong no tadamaci. “South Africa kimpo” saka 4 liyad matelek: “o kalomaocan itini i Cape Toen, nikawrira midotoc to saka 76 a tosir saka 1 ato 5 a liyad mahapiw i “lomaoc a rikec” manga’ay mihayda ko kalomaocan kacitodongan to ai cowa o kaitiraan.” [245]. Mitaypiaw to South Africa a sifo to toloay a sakowan pasa toloay a maci[10][12][14][15][16]: I Pretoria o kaitiraan no congtong ato laloma’ay citodongay, o midemakay a maci; I Cape Town ko kaitiraan a lomaoc, o pirikecan a maci; I Bloemfontein ko satakaraway pacakatan a hoying kaitiraan, o sakirikec a maci; saki kimpo a hoying itira i Johannesburg[10][12][15][16]. O adihayay citodangay no kacacofelan a demak kasakitalit itiniay i Pretoria, nikawrira roma kitakit itiraay i kasamaci no South Africa pitireng to kadademakan.\n\nNai 2004 mihecaan, o South Africa ira ko masacicingay ko piliyangan a demak, nikawrira itini tina piliyangan saheto o karari’angan. Midotoc to cecay a hakasi a sowal, o South Africa i o “o samarenecay to piliyangan a kitakit i hekal.” [246]. O cecay a sici mipenecan a demak ato mi’odangay to kimpo a patalawan ko pipenec, o saka paheci no mikodkoday ato no finawlan syakay sakapot, saci sowal sa o saka ira no South Africa ano eca saka ira no fa^elohay a sici mipenecayay[247][248] ano eca matefaday ko pihadidi no sici[249].\n\nI 2006 miheca 11 folad 30 romi’ad, o South Africa malasa’ayaway mihaydaay to malecaday ko ringi ko kararamad patodong no rikec a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[250][251], o South Africa tayra i polong no Africa safaniyot a cecay sa’awasan[252]. 2008 miheca, o South Africa i Ibrahim Africa safaniyot pikowan a sa’osi saka 48 a sakatimolay no Sahara a Africa safaniyot o saka lima[253]. O South Africa to saki kowan, pahapinangan ato mapohaday, ato pikihatiya ato tamdawan salongoc o satadamaanay ko nidemakan, nikawrira i sakarihaday ato sapidipotan a pinangan o tadancaay[253]. I 2018 miheca 9 folad 18 romi’ad, o South Africa a kimpo hoying mihapiw to tekedan no South Africa to pidemak ato paloma to Marijuana a marikec, o sa’ayaway i kalawlaan manga’ay i rikec midemak to Marijuana a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[254][255][11], o saka tolo saki isingan manga’ay i rikec midemak to Marijuana a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[256].\n\nSarikec (法律) \nO “kimpo no South Africa” o satalaraway rikec no South Africa, onini a rikec o sakaira no nikapolongan kitakit padamso to parana’an no rikec, matelek ko saki no finawlan salongoc ato sapipatado, ato sapitolas kasolekan no sifo[257]. O nano masangilay no Netherlan tamdaw a pakamaro’ ato picingcing no Inkiris ko South Africa, o rikec no South Africa o nai “Loma – Netherland rikec” ato Inkiris a “caay ka samaan rikec (Inkiris rikec)” [257][258]. O sa’ayaway rikec no South Africa o nai Europe rikec pasadakan no Netherlan Tong-Into kosi, saka “Loma – Netherland rikec” ahan. Onini a rikec oya “Napoleno rikec” i Europe a rikecan a sarikec mapacomod i South Africa, o adihayay malalecad to no “Scotland rikec” malalecaday, orasaka midotoc to 19 sici no Inkiris rikec a “caay ka samaan rikec (Inkiris rikec)” ato “malekoay a rikec” a tadamaanay. I 1910 miheca, sepatay nicingcingan no Inkiris palekapot mala nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o South Africa nanoya ira ko noniyah a kalomaocan. Ikor, oni kalomaocan kasasiiked nicingcingan parana’an to lekakawa no rikec, matelek kacitodong no nipatatekoan a kitakit a rikec.\n\nO sakirikecan no South Africa nai sepatay hoying malekapot[257]: misawkitay hoying citodong mitengil to mimingay no finawlan demak ato kacirarawan demak; takaraway hoying mikowanay to sofal a hoying; o i satakaraway hoying o sakikimpo a dademakan a satakaraway hoying; oya kimpo hoying dengan pikowan to no kimpo a dademaken[257].\n\nDengan o AIDS adada, i South Africa kaciraraw no tamdaw macakat caay kaserer o katalawan no kitakit. Midotoc to Germany a parakatay ato laloma’an a mipalitaan, o nangra a pinengneng to kaciraraw no tirengan a katalawan. Salongan 18 folad a romi’ad, o sakiteked ano eca no kaciraraw a salawina a makari’angay. Roma, i pipalitaan i ’ayaw tosa miheca, ira ko 20% a kosi nikaciraraw ci malasawaday to matayalay, o 47% a katayalan, kakeridan ano eca tadamaanay tamdaw nai kaciraraw miliyas to South Africa.\n\nI South Africa to romi’ami’ad ira ko 57 tamdaw ko mapatayay[259][260][261][262]. I 2017 miheca 4 folad tangasa 2018 miheca 3 flad a sakipayso no mihecaan, i South Africa ira ko 20,336 tamdaw milipalawan mipatay[260][261][262][263][264], i ikor to pipalasawad to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek to 24 mihecaan satakaraway a sa’osi[260][261][262]. I South Africa a mapatayay pai 10 ’ofad tamdaw ira ko 32.2 tamdaw ko mapatayay, i polong no cikiw salongan 10 ’ofad no tamdaw ira ko 6 tamdaw ti mapatayay kikaka to limaan[265].\n\nSakitenokan a selal no South Africa tamdaw mikilim to maedefay rihadayay niyaro’ [266][267]. I South Africa no tekedan mikacaway a katayalan o sata’akay i hekal[268][269], ira ko 9,000 laloma’an ko mitokiay a kosi ato 400,000 tamdaw ko mitokiay i no tekedan matayalay, i kaka to no South Africa a yimeng ato sofitay ko ka’aloman[270][271]. Saka ’aloman ko tayniay malinah i South Africa, todongay o kaciraraw nangra o sapiliyasaw[272]. Sakimaomahay niyaro’ a ciraraway o tadamaanay demak koni[273].\n\nIra ko no sici a tamdaw sapilaheciaw to sici misanga’ to miri’angay a raraw. I omahan a kasasipatay a ciraraway a demak o kohecalay tamdaw a tawki ko patosokan (ngalef o African tamdaw) ato laloma’an[274][275], orasaka malengat i laloma’an no South Africa kitakit ato manengneng no kasakitakit a mitiya[274][275].\n\nO salong i omahay makari’angay nipatay o wawa, ira ko mato’asay tamdaw, onini nawhani ciraraway tamdaw awaay ko nitatoyan tamdaw sa ko nengneng, saka caay ko katalawan cangra sanay. Masowal ko mapatayay i omah, ’aloman ko African tamdaw o papatayen a finacadan saan, ta misanga’ to npatayan a sasa’osien. Nikawrira, citodongay mikowan a Africa kitakit ta’akay lekapot a sici miliyang to kaira no nia demak. \n\nPapinapina tekedan tamdaw ato paitemek a nisa’osian to nipatayan a so’osi, nikawrira awaay masongila’ay nisa’osian tilid. I macito a sofal, o nano finacadan ko sakaciraraw ko adihayay nisa’osian. \n\nI hekal satakaraway a kitakit ko South Africa to mi’odangay a raraw, salongan to romi’ad ira ko 110 tamdaw ni’odangan[276]. Midotoc nisa’osian, to mihecaan no South Africa ko 500,000 tamdaw a fafahiyan ko ni’odangan[277][278], o mitiliday a kaemangay ikaka to mato’asay ko rahoday a ma’odang[279][280]. I 2009 miheca a pipalita manengneng, ira ko toloay no cecay fafahiyan i ’ayaw to cecay mihecaan pakalitemohay to ni’odangan[283][284][285]. \n\nIra ko ni’odangan nai 10 miheca a wawa ko mapararawan[286]. I hekalan, o wawa no South Africa ato nicocoan wawa ko sakakaay a demak, onini i o caayay kaci AIDS sanay a rihaf ko sakamaka’odang, roma a demak faloay ho a foladan a nicocoan masamsam to[286], onini a demakan mapaoningay to ko ngangan no kitakit[287].\n\nKacacofelan a demak (外交關係) \nI 1948 miheca tangasa 1990 mihecaan, o kohecalay tamdaw a sifo no South Africa midemak to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek, orasaka matena’ ato ka’alangen syakay no kasakitakit[288][289]. Itiya, o kacitodong no aro’ no South Africa i kasakitakit[288][289], dengan oya kohecalay tamdaw mikowanay ko malekatep. Oya mikowanay micokeray to karawrawan to pala’edan to finacadan a telek no South Africa, nikawrira cangra o nano misi’ayaway to kasasiiked no lalo’od, kohetingay a kararawraw, salifong a adada malokatalawan no kitakit, micoker to kohecalay tamdaw a sakowan to sofitay a payso o mawakelid ko kicay no South Africa.\n\nI 1991 miheca 6 folad, o South Africa so’elin ko palamo^ecel a palasawad to palasawad to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek i, o kalohekal a kalokitakit padadoedo sa palasawad to sapi’emet to kicay no South Africa, dadoedo pacakat, patatiko ano eca patireng ato sakikacacofelan a demak to South Africa. I 1998 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, malaliyas ko South Africa ato Taywan (ROC) kacacofelan a demak, itiya macacofel to Congko patireng kacacofelan a demak[290][291][292], o saikoray malaliyasay to Taywan a malekatep kitakit[293][294]. Ano matiratira, o South Africa mipatireng i Taywan to kadademakan[295], o papinapina tamdaw ato Taywan ira ko kasasicofelan a demak to Africa safaniyot a kitakit[291][292].\n\nI 1994 miheca, paherek ko pala’edan to finacadan a telek i, o congtong ci Mandela a kasasicofelan a demak o sapipatiko ato sakalekapotaw to syakay no kasakitakit ko patosokan[296]. I 1999 miheca ci Tabo Mbeki kala congtongan, o kasasicofelan a demak no South Africa sapisalofaw to kasapakoyoc no finawlan a kafadesan, i Africa safaniyot ko patatenokan, ato sapipasasiket to katimolay no cikiw a cemahaday to a kitakit ko patodong, onini toloay maloparana’an no South Africa ato syakay no kasakitakit[296].\n\nO mamidotoc to nipatatekoan a kitakit ko South Africa, o South Africa nikapolongan kitakit o sarakatay mikapotay to Linhoko a kitakit[58][59]. Itiyaay congli ci Jan Smuts mitilid to “kimpo no Linhoko” a pa’ayaw a sowal[297][298]. O South Africa o arakatay mikapotay to Africa safaniyot nipatatekoan a kitakit, orasaka polong no mikapotay o saka tosa ta’akay no kicay. Roma sato, South Africa o Africa nipatatekoan a Africa safaniyot comahaday fa^elohay lekapot sa’ayaway kitakit.\n\nI ’ayaw no 10 miheca, i Burundi a South Africa[168], o Congo nikapolongan kitakit[299], Comoros[300] ato Zimbabwe[301] no Africa safaniyot kitakit i kasiwtocan o citodongay mipa’adingay a todongan. Ikor to paherekan ko pala’edan to finacadan, South Africa misafa^eloh mikapot to tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep[151]. South Africa o 77 kitakit a kakerikeridan a lekapot, itiya i 2006 miheca ato 2015 miheca citodong to kakeridan no nia sakapot[302]. Nanoya, o South Africa i katimolay Africa safaniyot comahaday lekatepkitakit, katimolay Tasiyang rihadayay ato kakomodan sa’etal, katimolay Africa safaniyot sataan lekapot kitakit, katimolay ’apocok tatonekan kitakit, I hekalay kalali’acaan sakapot kitakit, kasakitakit paysoan kiking sakapot, 20 kitakit a sakapot, 8 kitakit sakapot milecad to 5 kitakit ato kawaliay ato katimolay minato midipotay cefang a kitakit.\n\n2010 mheca 8 folad 24 romi’ad, itiyaay congtong no South Africa ci Jacob Jomaa to kakeridan no Congko ci Hu Jintao malitelek to “Beijing katatelek” [303], o kasasitelek nai ’ayaway a “kalacafayan no kalalood” mapacakat i takaraway a “ledefan kalacafayan no kalalood”, halosapa’icel’ nai citodongay mikowan ato citodongay mitelek a kasasicofel[304][305]. I 2011 muheca 4 folad, itiya citodongay a congtong ci Juma misapinang to South Africa sapicomod to polong no no kitakit to Africa safaniyot ta’akay kalali’acaan a kalacafay—Brazil, Russia, Intu ato Congko malekapot a no ^kiman sakapot no kitakit[306]. Sacisowal sa ci Joma, o ^kiman a kitakit mala o sakapot malapakayraan to sakiLinafrica, 20 kitakit a sakapot ato IBSA kasasowalan a mala[307].\n\nNai 1994 miheca Africa kitakit lekatep ko mikowanay i, kalata’angen no South Africa sakipapotal a demak oya o Africa a kapolonfan a kakeridan, masarocod ko pipicikeroh to Africa safaniyot a malekatep ato patodong no Africa safaniyot lekapot sakapot[238]. I 2001 miheca, o South Africa a kakeridan a kitakit, Africa safaniyot kapolongan a sakapot lomaoc miketon mahayda patireng to Africa safaniyot comahad a fa^elohay kalacafayan, I 2002 mheca 7 folad i Durban no South Africa malaheci ko pifalic to Africa safaniyot nipatatekoan[238]. Anini, o South Africa to South Africa kapolongan lekatep ato caay kalekatep a onto a kakeridan, o kakeridan no saka tolo a hekal citodongay[238].\n\nI 2018 miheca 7 folad 31 romi’ad, o congtong no South Africa ci Cyril Ramaphosa mihapiw to kakeridan a citodongay a sician a kasarekad Africa a kapolonfan a kakeridan micoker to sapisalof to kimpo, masa’icel to caayay patodong miala to no kohecalay tamdaw to nai pala’edan to finacadan itiya micefisan a sera[123][125][161][275][308][309]. I 8 folad 22 romi’ad, congtong no Amilika ci Donald Trump papelo to i Twitter a pasowal, o Amilika a sifo mipalita to South Africa micikeroh to pifalic to sera a demak iraay ko pipatangican miala to sera no kohecalay tamdaw ato pisadadahal to pipatay to kohecalay tamdaw a demak[275][310]. Caay ka pina ko tatokian, paca’of ko sifo no South Africa, mipespes ci Trumpan moraraway pidotoc a hatoh a nipapoloan, mato mikiharay to sakilaloma’an a demak[275], micicihay to sakadanga’ay no finacadan no South Africa[310], mato milengatay to sakahiratengaw no finawlan no South Africa to nano picingcingan a ta’as[311]. O South Africa sifo paini to sowal, kao mina’onay ko demak, mihaopay, pakayni i kasasiroma a harateng ato caayay ka cawas ko kitakit[312], misa’icel paranikay micekeroh to pifalic to sera a ’awasan, sakaeca ka cawas ko kitakit[313][314]. Nikawrira, o sakiratoh a citodongay ci Novella Mocuna paini to sowal, onini a demak caay ka sasiroma ko kalali’ay to South Africa ato Amilika[315].\n\nSofitay demak (軍事) \nO sofitay no South Africa kitakit nai 1994 miheca mapatireng[316][317], o pa’adingay sofitay no South Africa[318][319][320], o mikomoday ti Africa sakapot (halo finawlan a ’idoc ato Azania finawlan mitedalay sofitay[321]) ato ’ayaway Bantustan miadingay sakapot ko misaopoan[316][322]. O sofitay no South Africa kitakit milisepatay: South Africa seraan hitay, South Africa kakarayan hitay, South Africa riyaray hitay ato South Africa hitay isi patadoay[323][324]. Toni mihecaan, no South Africa a sofitay mala no Africa safaniyot a tadamaanay parihadayay sofitay[325], mikihatiya to Lesotho, Congo nikapolongan kitakit[325][326]Burundi[325][327], Tenok Africa nikapolongan kitakit[325][327] ato South Sudan[331] a sera kadademak. O South Africa a sofitay sakapot hitay nao adihayay kitakit Linhoko palali’ayay ko hitay, tinako Linhoko sofitay micaraay.\n\nDengan o South Africa ko malaheciay ko picowat misanga’ to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit[38][39]. South Africa o sa’ayaway misanga’ to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit o niyah ko mipelengay to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit[38][39] (padoedo o Ukraine a kitakit), itiya pipelengan to heneng sapihadefek i 1991 mihecaan mitelek “caay pilesap to heneng sapihadefek a telek” [38][39][332]. O South Africa i 1970 miheca midemak to cecay heneng sapihadefek a halaka[38][39][332]. Midotoc to sowal no ka’ayaway congtong ci Day Clark, o South Africa sa’ayaw i 1970 miheca i picowat no Soviet Union a pipatalawan miketong patireng to “Hewise” [38][333]. Sacisowal saan, o South Africa i 1979 miheca i Tasiyang ato Intuyang a kasaso’aliwan mitanam to Heneng[38][39][334][335], nikawrira caay pihayda ko citodongay sifo[335]. Ci Day Clark sato, o South Africa caay ho sapitanamaw tina heneng[333]. O South Africa i 1980 miheca tangasa 1990 miheca milepon to enemay a heneng patirengan[38], nikawrira polong no nipatirengan itira i 1991 miheca mitelek ko South Africa to “caay pilesap to heneng sapihadefek a telek” to sapitadtadan[38][333].\n\nO kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \nNo South Africa a kasasiiked a sakowan nai kanatal, sa’etal ato niyaro’ tekedan si toloay a kasatoka’, polong ira ko 9 no kanatal, nai falo ko ta;akay maci a tekedan ci ato 44 ko sa’etal tekedan ci a masakapot to 52 a ’etal[336]. 1910 miheca tangasa 1994 mihecaan, no South Africa kasasiiked a sakowan milisepatay a kanatal: masilsil to Kaap kanatal, Transva kanatal, Natal kanatal ato Orange liberty kanatal[336]. I 1993 miheca 11 folad 18 romi’ad, o South Africa adihayay ko sician a kasarekad a kasasowalan lomaoc a mihayda (linci kimpo nitilidan), miketon i 1994 miheca a pisingkiwan o South Africa kasasiiked a sakowan masilsil to 9 ko kanatal: masilsil ko Noord-Kaap, Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, Noordwes, Vrystaat, Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Frinisin (aniniay Gauteng), KwaZulu-Nat, East Transva (aniniay Mpumalanga), ato Limpopo[336].\n\nKasakanatal ira ko citodongay a mirikecay mikowanay, lima miheca mihayda to cacitodong a taypiaw a singkiwen[336]. Kasakanatal citodongay singkiwen ko kakeridan (sen-cang) o tapang no sifo, o kakeridan (sen-cang) ko patodongay to mamidemak a wuyyinhuy no kasaselal citodongay i sa’etal[336]. Kasa’etal kasasiiked a sifo a ’icel itiniay i “kimpo no South Africa” laloma’an a matisil, halo sakasomelet, kiwiko, kapolongan kamaro’an ato sakaromakat a sofal[336].\n\nKasaniyaro’ tekadan a mikowan a ci o ta’akay maci ko cacitodong a mikowan, milaheci to sa’etal ato niyaro’ a dademaken.\n\nKicay (經濟) \n\nO South Africa midemak to macamolay kicay[341], aikoray no Nigeria a sakatosa a kicay no Africa safaniyot, nika so’elinay o mamanga’ay ko parana’an a comahad ko South Africa[342]. Nai katimolay no Sahara Africa safaniyot a kasakitakit i, o South Africa a tamdaw ko sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw o satakaraway (tangasa 2012 miheca, o South Africa ko sapi’aca ira ko 11,750 Amilika payso), nika cidafongay ato pakoyocay tata’ang ko kararaay[25][29][177][342][343][344]. \n\nI 1983 mheca, o Asia teloc (India tamdaw) no tamdawan a sakakinaira o 37% no kohecalay tamdaw, macengelay tamdaw 26%, i maciay a kohetingay tamdaw 22%, o inakaay a kohetingay tamdaw dengan sakakinaira o 6% no kohecalay tamdaw[140]. Itira i Bantustan, tolo ira ko tosa a kohetingay tamdaw o tadapakosiya[140]. Naitiya o kasalaed no finacadan a South Africa o sata’akay ko kararaay no cidafongay ato pakoyocay itini hekal ko South Africa a kitakit[140]. Talacowa paherek to ko nia kasalaed no finacadan, nika aniniay a South Africa oyaan to misi’ayaw to takaraway no kalapakosiya ato kaawa no katayalan[25][29][177][345][346][347], orasaka i Cinisi sa’osi a kinaira caay kalalen mapacomod i saka 10 kitakit i hekal ko kacingangan[25][177][344].\n\nMikasolekan a kicay (經濟結構) \n\nCaay kalecad to i hekalay cemahaday to kitakit ato adihayay Africa safaniyot a kitakit, o South Africa caayay ko so’elinay ko nikaeca kacomahad ko kicay[348]. O South Africa a kalingadan dengan ira ko 15% o caayay ko so’elinay a citodongay, o Brazil ato India malitosaay, nika o Indonesia mangalef mangata to sepatay no tolo (4\/3). Pakayni kalekapot a cefang palania kararaay pakokot i South Africa dadahalay syakay sakalemed a telek[349]. O hekal a kingko mikingkiw mihapiw, o South Africa a tamdaw to sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw ato kacomahad no tamdaw kararayray o sata’akay kararaay a kitakit, dengan o Botswana mikikakaay to no South Africa ko sata’akay kararaay a kitakit[350].\n\nI 1994 mihecaan, fa’elohay South Africa sifo misa’icel mikerod to kacakat no ‘aca no dafong, pacekal to kapolongan a sakidafong no sakadademak, misolot to papotalay a mipasorotay to payso, nikawrira oya:to caay kacakat ko kicay[351]. Nai 2004 mihecaan, o South Africa a kicay salongan masapinang ko kacakat, o katayalan ato nikasasorot no payso ira sa ko nikatongalan[351]. I 2005 miheca, no South Africa a GDP macakat to 5.1%, saka i 2006 mihecaan 5.0% ito[352]. Itiya ni Cuma a kalacongtongan, ira to ko pisitapang no sifo matongal ko no sifo a katayalan a demak. O satadamaanay no sifo a katayalan halo tingki a kosi Escom, South Africa hikoki a kosi ato marar a lalan ato Delansney kosi takedan a micalap to minato. Itini tinian, o South Africa hikoki no kitakit a kosi caayho kacikinaira, oni a kosi i 20 mihecaan mangalay to sapadang no sifo a padama to takaraway 300 walwalan South Africa piso (23 walwalan Amilika payso) [353].\n\nO South Africa o pihamhaman no mirarakatay a nga’ayay nanengnengan[342]. Sa’aloman sa ko cikinairaay saheto o pirarakatan nanay[354]. O mikoliniway to rikec a mafolaway mikihatiya to caayay ko so’elinay a kalali’aca[355]. Nai 1994 mihecaan paherek ko pipalaliyasan to finacadan, o sapifo’ot to mafolaway a demak mangalefay, ’alomanay mafolaw tayni i South Africa mangalef mangalef i latiihay ko ka’oripan[356].\n\nDengan o roma Africa a kitakit, o South Africa satadamaanay a kasakitakit kalali’acaan a kapot o Germany[357][358], Amilika, Congko[212][359][360][361], Dipong[362], Inkiris[363][364] ato Spain[365].\n\nOno South Africa a kaliomahan masongila’ay a tayal 10 %, palecaden to no roma Africa safaniyot a kitakit masereday, o linsi a matayalay ko padamsoay a dademakay matayal i South Africa, o malapalowaday to sakaira to 2.6% no kitakit a nikaomahan a kinaira[366]. Nawhani o makedalay ko sera, dengan 13.5% ko manga’ayay kaliomahen a palomaan, oninian ira ko 3% ko satadamaanay no sera[367].\n\nI 2013 miheca 8 folad, o “fDi cassi” midotoc to sakaci’icel no kicay ko South Africa, kalingadan no matayalan, o sakacitodong no sakalingad, kanga’ayan matayal, kanga’ayan masidama ato papotalay sapadang, paini to sasowalen o safangcalay i Africa safaniyot a kitakit[368]. O sapisimed to sakipaysoan a kakarayan i polong no cikiw o saka 50 ko sakarihaday a kitakit, i ’ayaw no Poland, nikawrira o aikoray ho no Mauritius[369].\n\nO South Africa o sasifoan a cemahaday ho a kitakit, o samacemahaday ko kicay i Africa safaniyot a kitakit[12][42]. O kadofahay ko kinaira no South Africa, sakipaysoan a kicay, sarikec, sakalalicay, kinairaira ato kalolalan a comahad, malaheciay ko nipatirengan ato maci kalali’aca no payso mala’ayaway no 20 i polong no cikiw ko South Africa. Salonganay kingko o sepatay ta’akay kingko no South Africa, o sata’akay kingko no Africa safanitot. Itini i South Africa macowatay satakaraway sa’etal halo Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban ato Elizabeth minato, nika o nian a sa’etalan o roma a sa’etal citolas ko nikacowat, nanoya o laloma’an no kitakit o sakapakinali a kalala’ed no cidafongay ato pakoyocay a demak[25][177][344].\n\nRoma, i laloma’ay no South Africa kitakit nika sasiroma no finacadan, kohecalay tamdaw to sakikicay ira ko sakangilay a ’icel[275][370]. ’aloman ko katayalan a mikowanay o kohecalay tamdaw ko citodongay[370], caira ko mirepetay to ta’akay a sera a kinaira[123][125][161][274][275][371], malosaka i laenoay a kohetingay tamdaw ka’osien, o sakaci’ilo ato mikelotay mapakinaliay[370][372]; tongal sa i fiyaway a kitakit malafelay finawlan pado’edo micomod i South Africa[192][193], ato macakat ko nipidenga no AIDS[25][177], o nian ko sakadahdah a macowat no kicay no South Africa. Orasaka, talacowa no South Africa a laloma’an kinaira o saka sepat takaraway i Africa safaniyot a kitakit, nika oyanan to a o cemahaday ho a kitakit. Saki Africa safaniyot a kasakitakit i o samacemahaday a kitakit.\n\nO nitelekan no South Africa a payso o Rand. Mataneng i 2001 mihecaan ko kasereran, o rand no South Africa a midoedo i 2002 miheca tangasa 2005 miheca nao macakatay i hakal mifalic to Amilika payso ko nia rand. Nikawrira ikor no 2005 miheca, o rand no South Africa midotoc to mararaay kicay a lowaming, matiniay demak midoedo tangasa ikor no 2006 miheca a sanga’ay sato.\n\nI 2007 miheca tangasa 2008 miheca, 2014 miheca tangasa 2015 miheca ato 2019 miheca, o kacango’ot no tingki no South Africa kitakit ira ko katalawan to sakinairaira, mipacena’ ko sifo i kasasiroma a sa’etal macacorok paterep to tingki[373][374][375]. Nanoya tomerep ko tingki tadamaan ko sangilay i laloma’an no kitakit a sakadademak to sakatayal kalali’aca[373], nikawrira nano laloma’an no kitakit no South Africa caay to ka cekal i takaraway katayalan ato syakay, o tekedan tamdaw a sadama a payso caay to ka pisatata’ak to patodong to sakinaira a tayal, tangal sa o sifo ikaka ko ka’edes to pitomadaw, nanoya awaay ko sakasalof i mamoko’ay romi’adan[376].\n\nSaka cecay a kinaira (第一產業) \nNawhani caay ko kala’oraday ko South Africa, talacowa kakahad ko sera nika saheto o makedalay, o manga’ayay kaliomahen i polong no kitakit a sera dengan 12.1% to (2005 miheca) [377], o kinairaan no maomahay a polong no kinaira polong no kitakit a GDP 3% (2009 miheca) [378]. Itiya i 18 sici, o South Africa pacomod to milino cifanohay a tadasiri, nanoya misaadihay to pisafanoh. I ’ayaw no 20 sici, o kicay no South Africa no o misafanahay ko sakaira, mangalef tadamaan ko misasiriay.\n\nMa’awid no pisafanoh a saka 2 ko masadakay no South Africa, aikor no ’ekim. Nikawrira ira ko lalangaw a mirawraw, o pakaenay to siri caay ka papina i, nika o saka’orip no kohecalay tamdaw, ikasata’akay maci i South Africa ko misahacolay no kolong a tayal. O South Africa i aikora no Amilika ato Congko a grapefruit (potawyo) ato karo’ sakatolo a mipalomaay cikinairaay a kitakit[379].\n\nO roma, o paloma’ay to avocado ko South Africa[380]. Micomod i 20 sician i, o maomahay a pakayraan no South Africa nanoya sa a mafalic, halo picowat to pananoman, midemak to kikayan sakamaomah ato pifalic to sera ato sakaloma a sepal. I 1937 miheca, polong no kitakit no South Africa dengan ira ko 6,000 a kangkang, nika tangasa i 1958 mihecaan matongal to tangasa 120,000 to ko kangkang.\n\nI hekal o saadihayay ko fodawan kinaira a kitakit ko South Africa, kadadoedo o saka lima i hekal to cikinairaay no kitakit[381]. O kinaira a fodawan no South Africa ira to ko 70 kaadihay no fodawan, o polong no kinaira o kalitosaay no Africa safaniyot ka adihay[45][381]. O kinaira no fodawan i South Africa ira ko tada’ekim, chromium, adicawcaway fokeloh, platinum, laloma’ no nia platinum ira ko ’ekim, fluorspar, chromium ko laloma’ o sakacecay i hekal, o tada’ekim, vanadium, manganese, zirconium o saka tosa, o titanium saka sepat, phosphate, uranium, lead, antimony saka lima, o sikitang, zinc saka folo, copper (tangloy) saka siwa[381]. Oya adicawcaway fokeloh kinaira i hakal ira ko 9%[381]. O roma, o mana’angay i sera no South Africa salongan pisa’osi ira ko 10 walwalan cikeng ko sasasimalen[382][383].\n\nSaka tosa a kinaira (第二產業) \nMisamararay o sakitosiya, kikay a misanga’an. Nawhani o i laloma’ no South Africa kahiraay ko sikitang, marar, sa macowat ko misamararay masanga’ a masa’opo a taloay ’etal[384]. \n\nI Pretoria sa’etal nai 1934 miheca, o marar a tafok nai Tabazimbi no Colokedy a saowac, o satadamaanay a nano mararan, o masalangtoay nai KwaZulu-Natal, oya masa’apolay a ongcoy itiniay masadak. \n\nItini i Frinisin sa’aral nai 1943 miheca, itini mipatireng to pisamararan a kaysya, o nano marar nai KwaZulu-Natal, oya masa’apolay a ongcoy o i Pretoria sa’etalay koni. Itini sa’etal o sapilinanom manga’ay i Pretoria, maedeng ko padamso no tingki. \n\nI Mewcastle a kinaira a marar, o marar a tafokan o nai Tabazimbi ato kafiyaway Postmarsburg a mangano sa’etal a kinaira a marar, malo o sapadamso to Frinisin pisamararan a kaysya ato Witwatersrand a sikitang a pisamararay a kaysa. \n\nI no South Africa a misanga’an saheto o kikay, o tangal no cinamalay, o sakiomah a kikay, misanga’ay to tamina ato tosiya a sakatayal, o sakitayhi a nitayalan malenak i kawali ka’amisay no Johannesburg a Maud’s Ark, o tayhi ato nisanga’an a komo ko misanga’an. O rama a mitinooyay ato misanga’ay to malokakaenen i South Africa mapatireng iraay to ko 100 mihecaan a likisi, saheto o kahemaway nitayalan. I South Africa malenak ko sepatay a misanga’ay sa’etal, dengan o i Vivatslan misanga’ay sa’etal nawhani o itiniay a malowad mangalay sa mipatirengay to misanga’ay sa’etal, o roma toloay sa’etal o i lawacay lilis no riyar a apocok, o pilitado to kaapocok manga’ay ko picolo’, palingata to kaemeday lifon no matayalay ato icifa a lalowadan a misanga’ay ’etal. O sasowalen, o pisanga’an no South Africa itiniay to nia sepatay sa’etal[385]: \n\nI Vivatslan misanga’ay sa’etal o sata’akay no South Africa a misanga’ay sa’etal, o panasanga’ a kinaira 40% ko nisanga’ay i polong no kitakit, o kasakowat nau kaetip a Teresa’s Ark, tangasa kawali a Springs, o kararaay 100 kongli, o patodong to itiniay a fodawanan sa mipatireng to pisanga’ay sa’etal, o todong sakikikay a pisanga’ (misanga’ to sapifodawan a kikay), misariko’ay, mali^miay a fokloh misanga’ay ato lalosidan a misanga’ay. \n\nI Cape Point misanga’ay sa’etal o kanga’ay mingata to minato sakanga’ay pacomod pasadak to sapisanga’ patireng to pisanga’ay sa’etal, mitenooyay pisanga’, sriko pisanga’, hakahira no tosisa ato mi'olac to simal. Itiniay a misanga’ay to kinaira 15.5% i polong no kitakit. \n\nI Duban misanga’ay sa’etal todong no misataminaay, tayhi misanga’ay, mi'olac to simal. Itiniay a misanga’ay to kinaira 15% i polong no kitakit. \n\nI Elizabeth minato a pisanga’an ira ko taya, misakocoay ato tosiya a kahiraan. \n\nI South Africa a kinairaira misanga’ay o tadamacowatay, ono kitakit a tingki kosi Escom o saka 10 i hekal a tingkian misanga’ay ato saka 11 ta’akay tingki mipaliwalay, ira i polong no cikiw sata’akay ’icang li’etecay a pisatingan[386][387][388]. Padamsoan kasasiroma 95% no South Africa ato polong no Africa safaniyot to 60%. O dengan pilitadoan to misanga'ay to tingki a Heneng no Africa safaniyot ko South Africa a kitakit[389][390], i Cape Town patireng ko Africa apocok dengan a misanga'ay to tingki a Heneng patireng[381].\n\nSaka tolo a kinaira (第三產業) \nItini i kinaira a kasolekan, nai 1990 mihecaan, o South Africa a sakalahad no kicay a saka tolo kinaira micokerohan, pahapinang to cemahaday to a kitakit[391], nai 1990 mihecaan, o South Africa saka tolo a kinaira to sakikicay a comahad a katadamaan, madalef o kingko, paysoan, pirarakatan ato hikokian to saki GDP a tadamaanay demak, macalap ko polong no kitakit a GDP mata’elif ko 67%. Laloma’, rarakatan ato hikokian a GDP mata’elif ko 67%[392].\n\nI South Africa ira ko masongila’ay pikantok a mikowan, takaraway ko kimeto a kingko a tayal[25]. Patireng to macikcikay pa’aca a tayal no kingko, patireng tosapipacefongan tayal no kingko. I South Africa ira ko sepatay kingko mi’emetay to macikcikay pa’aca a tayal no kingko no South Africa masasiroma South Africa kadep kingko, saka cecay kitakit kingko, rocek kingko ato Rily kingko[393]. Onini a sepatay kingko mi’emet to macikcikay pa’aca maci i South Africa, itini i Africa a safaniyot o cimikeriday[394]. I’ayaw to 10 miheca, o South Africa misolot to ’alomanay romaay kitakit a kingko ato mimipacefongay a citodongay mipacowat to tayal. Nanoya, o South Africa i no tingki a pipecec a faco no kingko, pali’ayaw pafeli a faco, no sata pikowan ato pitena’ to sakaeca kasa’efitaq o satadamaanay i hekal ko pidemak[392].\n\nMirarakatay o satadamaanay no South Africa a tayal[10][395], kinaira i laloma’ no kitakit salongan 9%, matayalay misanga’ay ira ko 140 ’ofad no tamdaw[42][396][397]. O kadofahay ko parapatan no South Africa, fangecal no kanga’ayan[42][397]. Polong no kitakit ira ko 700 laloma’an no hotel, 2,800 ko loma’ pacarcaran, ato 10,000 ko kakomaenan[42][397]. Pirarakatan masaopo i kawali ka’amis ato lawacay no riyar sa’etal[42][397]. O tarapatan pirarakatan ato ponka pihalamaan o satadamaanay pirarakatan i South Africa a macowatay[42][397]. I 2015 miheca, tayraay i South Africa a roma kitakit mirarakatay tangasa 890 ’ofad ko tamdaw[397]. \n\nO South Africa a hikokian a tayal macowatay, no South Africa o sata’akay i Africa safaniyot a kalali’aca kosi ko South Africa hikoki[42][397], i Johannesburg a Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw o pilosimet to lalosidan o sakacecay i Africa safaniyot. Roma, o sakatatolo i hekal mimingsay hikoki mapatalapotalay a kitakit, o mapasadakay a mimingay hikoki polong no kitakit kinaira ira ko 11%[392].\n\nPisalalan a patireng ato karomakatan (基建與交通) \nO South Africa ira ko lalan, marar lalan, karayan picolo’, nanoman picolo’ ato no simal a calay kasasiroma a sapicolo’. Palalecad to adihayay kitakit, o hacikayay a karomakatan (kawso kanglo) no South Africa ma’edes ko pikantok, tinako parakatay to tofay, cikikayay a kitang ato no kamayan a kacipinangan saheto ’efetay a demak. Itini i South Africa, o sa’ayaway comahad ko kapolongan a sakaromakat a demak[398], o nian a sakacomahad o MyCiTi[399][400]. MyCiTi sanay o faco karomakatan no faso, pakayni kanga’ayan ato mafohatay kalamkamay a sakaromakat dado’edoen a mapadama ko sakanga’ayan no karomakatan no Cape Town, Duban ato Elizabeth a adihayay a tadaminato, o nia minato manga’ayay mahayda sapicolo’ to mirarakatay ato micolo’ay to simal.\n\nI 1980 mihecaan, o hacikayay lalan no South Africa o nano saka tatolo no hekal, dengan aikoray no Amilika ato kaetipay Germany[138][141][142]. I 2002 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 362,099 kongli a lalan, o nia ira ko 73,506 kongli (17%) o asfareto (halo 239 kongli a hacikayay lalan) [365]. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 747,014 kongli a lalan, o saka 10 a lalan, o saka 10 i hekal o saka 10 ta’akay faco[401]. Anini, o romakatay i lalan no South Africa palecad to 1994 miheca matongal ko 600 ’ofad ko kaadihay[401].\n\nI 2008 miheca itiya, o South Africa ira to ko 20,872 kongli ko mararay lalan, polong o 3.5ft (42in) karomot. Oni 20,070 kongli o 1,067mm (3ft 6in) ko lalat (no tingkian 9,090 kongli), osaw to 314 kongli o 610mm (2ft) ko sa’osi. Tangasa 2017 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 22,000 kongli a marar a lalan[402], o saka 10 a ta’akay marar lalan faco i hekal[402]. O kasaminato no South Africa manga’ay pakariyar ko kasacalay no picolo’, nika nawhani awaay ko paka’aloay a rakat micolo’, orasaka o maci awaay ko kalacalay no mararay lalan, tinako o Duban ato East London awaay ko pamo’ecelay a sapicolo’ a lalan.\n\nI 2010 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, itiya a manga’ay ko katatongod nai Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw ato Thornton a Howden a kisya, o cecay katatongodan a calay nai Johannesburg, Pretoria, Equuleini ato Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw a hacikayay mararay lalan picolo’ to mirarakatay kisya a faco[403]. \n\nI 2014 mihecaan, i South Africa o polong no kitakit a kasahikociw mirarakatay ira ko 3,500 tamdaw[404]. I South Africa o samalifotay a hikokiciw kadado’edo i o Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw, Cape Town kasakitakit hikokiciw, Shaka hongti kasakitakit hikokiciw, Elizabeth kasakitakit hikokiciw ato East London kasakitakit hikokiciw. O South Africa hikoki kosi o nano South Africa kitakit ko citodongay a hikoki kosi[405], padamso to patatikoay nai Johannesburg ato Cape Town a calay no hikoki. O roma sato satadamaanay kasakitakit hikoki kosi tinako Inkiris hikoki, Netherland hongti hikoki, Lufthansa hikoki\/Switzerland, Spain hikoki ato France hikoki ira ko padamsoay to romi’ami’ad ma��efer patatikoay i kitakit a kasakitakit hikokiciw. \n\nOrama, ira ko papina a hikoki kosi tanako o South Africa calay hikoki, Com hikoki, Kurula hikoki, Mango hikoki, Namibia hikoki, Safa hikoki ato South Africa ranikay micolo’ hikoki padamso to ka’efer i laloma’ay no kitakit ato sakafiyaw kitakit a hikoki. Oya mimingay a hikokiciw i South Africa halo i Bram Fisher kasakitakit hikokiciw no Bloemfontein, Shaka hongti kasakitakit hikokiciw no Duban, Kruger Pumalanga kitakit hikokiciw, East Londen hikokiciw, Polokwane kitakita hikokiciw ato Elizabeth hikokiciw. \n\nTalacowa cango’ot to no ’aloan micolo’ ko South Africa, nikawrira no riyaran picolo’ o kimetoay, ira ko 96% a micomoday masadakay saheto pakayniay no riyaran ko sapicolo’ [406]. O South Africa a tadaminato ira ko Cape Town, Duban, Elizabeth, East London, Mossel sangoso’, Richards sangoso’ ato Saldanha sangoso’, manga’ay i kasaminato no hekal a romakat. I 2009 mihecaan, itini i Elixabeth sakawali ka’amis to 20 kongli no Koga fa’elohay a Nicola minato[407]. O minato no South Africa a nisanga’an a pikowan ato pidemak nai Delan Snit tosaay a capa’ a kosi -- Delan Snit kitakit minato citodongay mikowan ato South Afric minato midemakay a cacitodong.\n\nDademakay a icifa (勞動力市場) \nI 1995 miheca tangasa 2003 mihecaan, o South Africa misongila’ to katayalan milowan to tamdaw, o caayay ko masongila’ay a katayalan i matongal ko tamdaw, sakapolongen kaawa no katayalan mangalef ko latiih[180]. I 2009 miheca, o polong no South Africa a kitakit awaayay ko katayalan tahira i 24%[408]. Tonini i, o kohetingay tamdaw awaayay ko katayalan takaraw salongan 29%, macengelay tamdaw salongan 21%, kohecalay tamdaw salongan 5%[408].\n\nO South Africa a sifo mipadang to kohetingay tamdaw a halaka malosaka pipespes no South Africa micowatay kingko kingkiwan ato saparatoh a tataspangan hakasi no kicay ci Neva Makitra[342], sacisowal sa cingra “saheto o sapicokerohaw to kohetingay tamdaw to sakisalongoc (caay ko sapisalofaw to kicay a kasasiromaan), talacowa cidafongay tamdaw masafaco ko kasairairaan” [409]. O citodongay mihayda to nia halaka to saka tongal no kicay cidafong no kohetingay tamdaw, mahapinang ko masafa’elohay macakay sasifo’an a selal no kohetingay tamdaw[25][178][179][410]. O rama a demak halo salongoc ato pikihar no kitakit, onini to sapicomod to adihayay sa’etal masafaco ko takaraway a dipang[411]. O cidahdahay to matayalay a rikec malosakalatiih no kaawa no katayalan no South Africa[180][183][342][412].\n\nMalecad to ’alomanay Africa safaniyot a kitakit, o South Africa i ’ayaw to 20 mihecaan mataneng ko milaliway a cifana’ay tamdaw[177][413][414]. O sakisa’etal a kicay o sakapeleng[415], mihayda to caayay kanga’ay a miti’er to sakiisingan a nipatirengan a sakanga’ay no tamdaw a rihaday[416]. saki South Africa a nifana’an maliposakay a masidayay nanolatiih, o nano nifana’an a masiday no South Africa saheto o nanopisepenan, o sakapiliyas no kohecalay tamdaw to South Africa[29][177][183][417]. Nikawrira, oya sowal to kalasawad no cifana’ay tamdaw a nisa’osaan malosakaira no laliyangan, onini a sa’osian caay ka polong to nika paherek no telek i roma kitakit matayal a mapanokayay. Midotoc to pinapina a mipalitaan[418][419], I 2008 miheca tangasa 2009 miheca polong no cikiw a paysoan a katalawan ato karaod no tatelek no katayal, ikor malasawaday cifana’ay tamdaw masadak ko kalaliyocan. I 2011 miheca saka 1 liyad a PPS to nipalitaan masapinang, o mikingkiway tadamaanay tamdaw a cifaloco’ay no South Africa a tatodongan 84%[420].\n\nMisafa’elohay ko nikingkiwan (創新科研) \n\nO pinapina a kaki ato nifana’an a nikacowat saheto o nai South Africaay: I 1967 miheca 12 folad 3 romi’ad, o nai Grote Schur isingan no faloco’ a ising ci Christine Barnard malaheci ko nidemakan sa’ayaway nipilinah to faloco’ a tokad i hekal[421][422][423]; ci Max Terrell mipalowad to cecay sapitena’ to kaliyalaway faedetay a salifong[424]; ci Alan McLeod Cormac mipalowad to nano tomography sa’osi a X-ray (pisahecian to kasapinang a lintoking); ci Aaron Klug mipalowad to crystallography electron microscope a nifana’an. Dengan ni Barnard ising, o roma a tamdaw pakalayap to kompay no Nobel prize, o saadihayay tamdaw to kacikompay to Nobel prize ko South Africa kitakit[425][426]. I 2002 miheca, Sidney Brenner tona molecular biologyan palowaday tayal a pakalayap to kompay no Nobel prize[427].\n\nPatireng to sa’ayaway a calay rihaday kosi Thawte ci Mark Sauderworth, ikor ma’aca no sa’ayaway i hekal a Verisign[428]. Talacowa misa’icel ko sifo to saki biology a fana’, Information (ratohay) a fana’ ato roma takaraway a kaki sofalan a palowadan katayalan, nika o South Africa awaay to ko tadamaanay a kosi. Itiya kafana’en no South Africa sifo, o misanga’ay no South Africa caay to pakatoor to kalalifet no kicay no kawaliwaliay, o kitakit caay ko mamida’oc miti’er to kinaira no fodawan. Orasaka, o patosokan no sifo o sakasaslromaaw no kicay no South Africa, kao takaraway a kaki ko sakalomahad no kicay ko pakayraan.\n\nIra ko fa’ehohay nano astronomy i South Africa, o saki katimolay (peci’) a cikiw a optical telescope – kaitiraan no ta’akay telescope i South Africa. Anini, o South Africa mipatireng to Karoo array a telescope, tangasa i 15 walwalan no EUR payso a pinfang kongli kamok a misolapay[429]. I 2012 miheca 5 folad 25 romi’ad, misahalakaay sakapot mihapiw misiked i South Africa ato Australia ko pipatireng to pinfang kongli a telescope[430], salongan sa’osi i 2019 miheca misitapang patireng. Maherek a mapatireng, o kahapinang nonini a telescope ikaka no i hekalay saki’emelay a musing telescope ko takaraw to 50 ko inaneng, o sapisolap to kakarayan kaharakat tangasa 10,000 inaneng nira, o kahapinangan a nengneng makikaka mata’elif ko no Hubble Space a telescope. I 2018 miheca 7 folad 13 romi’ad, nano 10 miheca ko pisafaco ato pipatireng to MeerKAT i Carnarvon no South Africa midemak. O satata’akay i katimolay (peci’) a cikiw ko MeerKAT, o macikilay a radio telescope[431], o samahapinangay masyasing ko fo’ifo’osan a syasingen[432].\n\nPananom ato isian (供水與衛生) \nO citodongay to no nanom no South Africa tosaay ko pahapinang o pakoniraay ko pidemak to sakinanom ato no nanoman wiyyinhuy ko sakaira, nanoman wiyyinhuy o cidemakay to calay nai misatafa’an pasimisiikeday si ko pipa’aca to ta’akay to nanom citodongay. O nia sakatadamaan o padamso no patadoay i saki dofongan payso to sakararidaw, nika cangot i pihadimel.\n\nTalacowa matiratira i, 2014 miheca 5 folad, i Durban a nanom ato sakiisi no taliyok citodongay kai “nipifalic ato misakodaitay a pakiraan” cikompay to kasenengan to nanoman no Stockholm misang'ay to lalosidan, masowalay ko nia citodongay o “o satala’ayaway i hekal a kapolongan a siyaan”. O Durban sa’ayaway pasayra i pakoyocay a finawlan ko padamso caayay pa’aca to nanom a niyah misiikeday si, o 130 ’ofad a tamdaw macayat to nanom, i laloma’ no 14 mihecaan 70 ’ofad ko tamdaw ko mapadamsoay to tata’ian.\n\nItini i Durban misaopo to nanom no ’orad ato mimingay no nanoman ko pisatingki[433]. Ikor no paherek to finacadan a kasasiiked, o sakinaira no nanom i South Africa mapacakat ko miradomay to nanom, nai 1990 miheca tangasa 2010 mihecaan, o mapananomay a tamdaw nai 66% matongal tangasa 79%to [434]. Oyanan a liyad, o sakiisi a nipatirengan nai 71% matongal 79% to[434]. Ano matiratira ko patodong no sifo to sapifalic to sapatado, pasinanoman ko padamso to pacefong to patiyap to payso, naka nona mihecaan sakareteng pisafaloco’ sato ko pisi’ayaw no sifo to padamso to nanom ato sakiisi a nidemakan[435].\n\nO kawali a sa’etal no South Africa mafodo’ to pakayniay to Holy Child (tadamaanay a wawa) a kakedalan[436]. I 2018 miheca 2 folad 13 romi’ad, o South Africa a sifo miparatoh to Cape Town to nano polongan no kitakit a talatiihay[436], nawhani no Cape Town pipananom tangasa i saka 6 folad o mamakedal to cango’ot no nanom[437]. Nawhani o nitafa’an a nanom dengan to 24.9%, mirahid to nanom i finawlan to romi’adan sa’adihayay 200 liter tangasa 250 liter makerod i 50 liter (taikor mapadahal to 87 ko liter ito), micohong ko kakeridan (siciw) tayra i mikaloyaay to nanom a laloma’an, o mamiparatoh ko kadademakan no kakeridan (siciw) ka’ayaway 100 tamdaw mikaloyaay to nanom a ngangan[438]. O malatapangay no South Africamili’ayaw paterep to nanom “paterepan romi’ad” latek i saka 4 folad ano eca saka 5 folad sanay, ikor manayar tangasa i 6 folad 4 romi’ad. Malemeday i, tangasa 2 foladan, nawhani o maomahay a sacefang halipafeli to nano hiyah nisopedan a nonom pasadak to 100 walwalan liter ko nananomen, ato nipirahid no finawlan to nanom, saka “paterepan romi’ad” manga’ay manayar tangasa 7 folad 9 romi’ad[439].\n\nNakawrira o South Africa sifo i saka 3 folad mihapiw, ano caay ho ka’orad ko Cape Town, kaawaayan no nanom “paterepan romi’ad” alatek o aitira i saka 8 folad 27 romi’ad, itiya o Cape Town o makedalay awaayay ko nananomen i hekal a maci[440]. Ira kopaini no matanengay to sowal tarohan ko so^eda a lotok nai Katimolay ’Apocok ta masalof ko kaawa no nanom saan, tafone to kiradom madama ko kaeca karanikay malasinol no so^eda a lotok, itiya o ta’akay pasimalan a tamna ko mikeriday to so^eda a lotok patayni i lawac no riyar i katimol no Africa safaniyot kaetip lilis no riyar a Benguela sienaw, mataroh tayni i Cape Town, itiya a micikcik pasakoli, malasinol, palapinapina semo’ot ’ofad a liter ko nananomen[441][442]. Midotoc toLinhoko pihaydaan pali’ayaw, o Cape Town o saka 11 i hekal ko makerahay ko nanom a maci[443][444].\n\nTamdaw (人口)\n\nO nisa’osian ato kasolekan (數量與結構) \n\nO South Africa ira ko 6,014 ’ofad (2021) o nai masasiromaay a lalengawan, ponka, sowal ato pakayraan a pitoora a tamdaw no kitakit[4]. I nacila o pipatiri’an no finawlan i 2011 mihecaan itiya, halo i nacilaay a pipatiri’ i 2016 miheca to milakecay to kitakit a pipatiri’an[445]. Imatini salongan ira ko 500 ’ofad no mitakaway a mafolaw a finawlan[192][193], o nian halo salongan 300 ’ofad tangasa 500 ’ofad a Zimbabwe tamdaw[446][447][448][449][12]. Nai 2008 miheca 5 folad 11 romi’ad miteka, cidemak ko South Africa to sapiliyang mirawraw to mafolaw a finawlan, o sakalifotan no nia litakit[450][451]. \n\nO misa’osiay citodongay no South Africa milongoc to tamdaw i pipatiri’an limaay a finacadan ko sapipahapinang to ngangan no niyah[452]. Misa’osiay citodongay i 2011 mihecaan to pipatiri’an no tamdaw a romi’ad o kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 79.2%, kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 8.9%, no macengelay tamdaw ira ko 8.9%, Asia teloc tamdaw ora ko 2.5%, o roma\/caay ka patoro’an 0.5%[6][453]. \n\nNai paterep to sakipipalaedan to finacadan a demak, ikor o pinapina a kohecalay tamdaw miliyas to South Africa, salaloma’an no nian kairaira saan a caay kasapinang. O sasowalen, kohecalay tamdaw nai 1911 mihecaan a 22% matefad tangasa 1970 mihecaan a salongan 17%, caay pisawad a matefad tangasa anini 7.8%. I 1911 miheca a pipatiri’ to tamdaw, kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 22%, nika tangasa 1980 mihecaan matefad tangasa 16%[454]. Dengan o papinapina miliyasay a kohecalay tamdaw, o kohetingay tamdaw a nisofocan ikaka to no kohecalay tamdaw ato roma finacadan o nian ko sakatefad no kohecalay tamdaw ko sakatefad[455][456][13]. \n\nO South Africa ira ko ’alomanay a malafelay finalan ato milongocay to sadama a tamdaw. Midotoc to no Amilika a malafelay finawlan ato mafolaway wuyyinhuy a piparatoh “2008 miheca no hekalan a pipalitaan to malafelay finawlan”, i 2007 miheca a South Africa ira ko salongan 144,700 tamdaw ko malafelay finawlan ano eca milongocay to sadama a tamdaw[457]. Masasiked cangra nai Zimbabwe (48,400) tamdaw, o Democratic Republic of the Congo (24,800 tamdaw), ato Somalia (12,900 tamdaw) [457], polong mataelif ko 100,000 tamdaw. O nia tamdaw itiraay i Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town ato Elizabeth minato[457]. Anini, ’alomanay a malafelay finawlan misatapang i Mpumalanga kanatal, KwaZulu-Natal kanatal ato Eastern Cape kanatal a maomahay sa’etal malingad ato ma’orip.\n\nSowal (語言) \nItini i South Africa ira ko 11 a sowal no kitakit[14][458][459], pasasiroma ira ko Afrikaans, Inkiris sowal, South Ndebele sowal, Northern Sotho sowal, Southern Sotho sowal, Swadi sowal, Tsonga sowal, Zana sowal, Venda sowal, Xhosa sowal ato Zulu sowal. Pakayni to nian, o sakasaspwal no South Africa a kitakit o no sakatosa to no Bolivia, India ato Zimbabwe. Talacowa polong no sakasasowal no kitakit o malecaday to a malalen, nika sakilaloma’ no nia sakasasowal no kitakit o kananaman ito[458].\n\nMidotoc to 2011 mihecaan a pipatiri’ to tamdaw, i South Africa malasepatay ko marariday a masowal o Zulu sowal (22.7%), Xhosa sowal (16.0%), Southern Sotho sowal (13.5%) ato Inkiris sowal (9.6%)[453]. Talacowa o Inkiris sowal o sakasepat a rayray, nika i 2011 miheca dengan 9.6% ko South Africa a tamdaw o saka cepay a sasowalen, nika o Inkiris sowal o saki South Africa i sician, kalali’acaan to sakimitiyaan a sakasasowal[10][458]. O roma i, o Inkiris a sowal ko saka sasowalan no South Africa[453][458].\n\nI South Africa mihayda to pinapina a finacadan sowal, halo Fanagaro, Kerr, Robidus, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Pudi ato South African Sign Language[460]. O nia caayay ko nano kitakit a saasasowal, o saka nidemakan no South African o no kitakit a sasowalen.\n\nO San a tamdaw ato Khoikhoi a tamdaw ’alomanay a finacadan manayaray tangasa i Namibia, ato Botswana a kitakitan a sasowalen to caayay ko no kitakit a sakasasowal. Caay kalecad to no roma a Africa safaniyot a tamdaw, o nia tamdaw o nai mi’a’adopay a syakay, orasaka ira ko no nangra to no niyah a ponka kacingangan. O San a tamdaw ato Khoikhoi a tamdaw o maco’ecoay patayra i lawac, o mamalasawad malahedaw ko sowal.\n\nO i South Africa a kohecalay tamdaw saheto o mafana’ay to no Europe a sowal, halo Portugal a sowal (ira ko nai Angola ato Mozambique a mafolaway tamdaw ko mafana’ay pasowal), Germany sowal ato Greece a sowal, salongan a Asia teloc a South Africa tamdaw mafana’ay pasowal to no Asia a sowal, tinako Gujarat sowal, Into sowal, Tamil sowal, Telugu sowal ato Urdu sowal. Oya itiniay i South Africa a nano Africa safaniyot France sowal a liyok mafolaway finawlan o nia Africa safaniyot France sowal ko sakasasowalan.\n\nMaci (城市) \n\nI 2000 miheca, ira ko 95% a kohecalay tamdaw ato Asia safaniyot tamdaw, 79% ko cicengelay tamdaw ato 41% kohetingay tamdaw maro’ay i laloma’ no kasamaci. 2005 miheca, maro’ay i maci a tamdaw polongen macalap ko 59.5% ko tamdaw, o nia tamdaw tangasa i 2015 mihecaan matongal tangasa 64.8%. O kamaro’an caayay to ksaedeng ato sakisalawacan a kanga’ayan o sakalatiih to no maci[461][462][463]. Orasaka, taliyok no sa’etal i maci caayay ko masongila’ay a nipatirengan a loma’, tinako o talo’an, cahongan pakoyoc kamaro’an[464][465].\n\nTahamatini, i South Africa mipatirengay to loma’ caay to pakarenec to South Africa mangalayay to sakaira no kamaro’an a tamdaw, no Soweto maci no kohetingay tamdaw caay to pakalolol to ka’aloman no tamdaw a demak[465][466]. Itini tina maci, ira ko 300 ’ofad tangasa 400 ’ofad a tamdaw maro’ay i laloma’ no 130 pinfang kongli a sa’etal.\n\nIkor no paterep to kalalaedan no finacadan, o sasifo’ay selal ato i takaraway selal a milecokay a kohecalay tamdaw a ka’oripan o kafafalifalic to no syakay a kangilay a masamimingay to. Katelangay a kamaro’an no kohetingay tamdaw a kasaniyaro’ mapaterekay, nawhani dengan caay kapapina ko kohetingay tamdaw ko pakalololay patodong to ’aca to nicaliwan a loma’. Oroma caayay ka papina tamdaw malinah tayra i no kohecalay tamdaw a niyaro’ rahoday ko picamol to no kohecalay tamdaw a ka’oripan.\n\nOno kohetingay tamdaw a tamdaw no maci itini i 20 sici mipado’edo, masa’osi o maomahay tamdaw o mamaserer to 5% tangasa 10%[467]. \n\nSatata’angayay maci no South Africa kasarayray. \n\nI 2016 miheca niyaro’ a pipalita[468], i hekalay maci a pi’arawan: 2018 miheca misalofan[469]\n\nPakayraan\/pitooran (宗教) \n\nMidotoc i 2016 miheca a pipalita to tamdaw no South Africa, o Kristokiw micalap to 78.0% to tamdaw no South Africa, to nia mitooray o fa’elohay Kristokiw ko ’alomanay[14], caayay kapapina o mitooray to tingsokiw ano eca roma a kiha[470]. Oya fa’elohay Kristokiw, roma ira ko kasakiwha no Kristokiw to 19.7% tamdaw mitooray. I South Africa o mirocokay to pakayraan 4.4%, o Islam tamdaw ira ko 1.6%, no Intokiw 1.0%. ira ko 10.9% ko awaayay ko pakayraan, 2.7% mitoor romaroma pakayraan, 1.4% caay pitoro’ to nitooran[365][470][471][472].\n\nO nai nipalowadan no Africa safaniyot a sakapotan satata’akay a Kristokiw a komodan, ’aloman ko pasowalay to away ko kacotodongan to maanan a sakapot no pakayraan sanay a tamdaw oya mida’ocay to no Africa safaniyot a rocok pakayraan. I South Africa sa’osien ira ko 20 ’ofad a yincumin mirocokay to sapiadah (miadahay)[473], tangasa i 60% ko South Africa a tamdaw pasayraay to miadahay a milicay[474], o sowal nangra to miadahay o “Sangemas” ano eca “Inyanga” han[475][476]. O miadahay palekapoten to no to’as a salo’afangan, ato itiniay a kalo’a’adopen ato kalomalengaway a palecamol todong o sapaiyo a sakaadahaw, matiniay pipaiyo o sasowalen “Muti” ahan ko sowal[477]. ’Aloman ko finacadan pakomoday to no Kristokiw ato no to’asan a pakayraan a midemak[478].\n\nNo South Africa a Muslim saheto o macengelay tamdaw ato Into tamdaw masakapot, o nai romaay sa’etal no a South Africa tayni a mikapot to kohetingay tamdaw ano eca kohecalay tamdaw a mitooray to Muslim[479]. Sacisowal sa ko Muslim no South Africa, o nangra a pakayraan i South Africa o saranikayay macowat a pakayraan[480]. Kohetingay tamdaw a Muslim a mitooray i 1991 miheca ira ko 12,000 tamdaw macakat tangasa 2004 mihecaan a 74,700 tamdaw, enemay(6%) ko kacakat[479][481].\n\nO South Africa o nano Yotaya tamdaw a niyaro’, o nian o nai Europe a Yotaya tamdaw, cangra haw i o caayay kapapina a mafolaway nai Europe a ’oasawan[482]. O South Africa a Yotaya tamdaw i 1970 mihecaan tangasa i satakaraway, nika imatinib dengan to salongan 67,000 tamdaw, halo ’osaw a Yotaya tamdaw miliyasay to South Africa. Talacowa a matini, o nia hatiniay a tamdaw itini i South Africa o pala tadamaanay saka 12 i hekal a Yotaya tamdaw a niyoro’an[483].\n\nO Intokiw a mitoray mapaliyad a mapatadamaanay no South Africa[484].\n\nPonka (文化) \nO ’alomanay kohetingay tamdaw saheto o maomahay, o roma sato saheto i manikaway a kaliomahan a misa’oca’ocayay, nikawrira itiniay sa’etal o midotocay to rocok a rocekay ponka no South Africa[485]. Nikawrira, sa’aloman sato ko kohetingay tamdaw misatapang to masamaciay ato pasayraay to no roma pakayraan a ponka[467], o nia rocok an a ponka rara sa malasawad. Nanoya hacol no South Africa o kohecalay to tamdaw ko iraay, tangasa anini, sa’aloman sato ko kohetingay tamdaw, macengelay tamdaw ato Into tamdaw macaco’co to i sacakat kacidafong a selal[25][178][179][486], o wayway no ’orip nangra matiya o nano Europe, ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot, Australia a adihayay sa’etal a ’alomanay tamdaw. \n\nO kaemangay sofitay no South Africa o sa’ayaway i polong no kitakit a kasafinacadan a kapah ato mato’asay a micelakay no kapah a kasakapot no South Africa. I 1977 miheca 7 folad 2 romi’ad, o nia kasakapot i kalomaocan mihayda to “O tatalacowa kako” ko piketon[487].\n\nNisongila’an (藝術) \n\nNo South Africa tanengnengan a nisanga’an halo samato’asay i hekal a nisongila’an[488], o nia nisongila’an saheto o nai dihifay i South Africa a nialaan, o likisi nira nai miso’edac to mihecaan tangasa 75,000 muheca[489], onini a coka ato i ’ongcoyay a coka 3,000 ko kaitiraan i kitakit no South Africa a matama [490]. Pinapina a sician, o nito’to’an kilang, cinco, pinasanga’ ato pisakapowa o satadamaanay nisanga’an no South Africa, o nia nisongila’an tangasa anini ira i kasicowaan niyaro’ no South Africa a matama[491].\n\nTamatini, o nisongila’an no South Africa mararid sakadademaken matiya nisanga’an no tamdaw a canot a no aniniay a sakatayal to sasanga’en. Sa’ongan itiya ’ayaw ni Yis to 10000 mihecaan, mafolaw tayni i South Africa a Koisan tamdaw a malopisak misaniyaro misatapang ira ko nangra a niyah ponka ato nisongila’an, oya aniniay masadakay nai dihif a coka[10][491]. Nikawrira, o Bantu tamdaw ato Nguni tamdaw a ponka ato nisongila’an a rocok macelolay to ko no i dihifay a coka[491]. I kefeng no pikarkaran ato i maci, o fa’elohay a nisongila’an o macakatay ato masasiromaay: nao sapicengel sakadademak tangasa kakiniyah a nipidemak to kasasiroma a sakatayal to nipisanga’. Nai 1850 mihecaan miteka, o mapatodong no nikacangilan to nano Netherland a ponka a nisongila’ay, misakolongay a Boolean tamdaw ato marariday mitoor to nano Europe a nirocokan ponka no kohecalay tamdaw a nisongila’an tangasa anini oyanan to ko kasasicamol no ponka a masanga’ a mapasadak[491].\n\nO nipitilid no South Africa nai mitiwa’ay to sici, syakay ato likisi a kasasiroma. Nai kohetingay tamdaw ci Saul Prachi i 1930 miheca mitilid to “Mhoudi” sa’ayaway nano Africa safaniyot a sowal ko sapitilid a nanengnengen. I 1950 mihecaan, “soni no tomtom” a cassi o sapilokes to sici, mimingay tilid ato paifaloco’ay a lalowadan, o malangihaay a sowal no i maciay kohetingay tamdaw a ponka.\n\nO sasapinangen ko mitiliday a kohecalay tamdaw ci Alan Patton, i 1948 mihecaan cingra misadak to tadamaanay nitilidan “Tangicen, kaolahan a kitakit”. I 1991 miheca, ci Nadine Gordimer pakalayap to Nobel kompay, malasa’ayaway pakaalaay to Nobel compay a nitilidan no South Africa tamdaw[492][493], o nitilidan ningra “No saka pito folad a finawlan” i 1981 mihecaan mihapiw[492][494][495]. Ci John Maxwell Coetzee pakaala to Nobel tilidan kompay[496], i pipakompayan, o Sweden kakoying pacecay ci Coetzeean o “o nano kasasiromaan a pisakilif a mido’edo to sapikihatiya no papotalay sakacekok no tamdaw” [497]. \n\nO Arthur Fugard a kiki maketonay ko romi’ad i South Africa, London (Hongt kamaro’an pikikian) ato New York toloay kaitiraan salawacay pikikian pasadak. Ci Olivier Schreiner a “Africa safaniyot kamaomahan a kimad” (1883 miheca) o pa’arawan to Victoria tilidan: ’aloman ko tamdaw to pakifafahiyanay a pacomod to nitilidan. \n\nTana mikihatiya ci Bretten Breitback to piliyang to picidekay to finacadan a midemokay onto a marofo. I 1979 miheca, ci André Brinker mipasadakay to natilid “katalaremasan romi’ad” ikor mapecec no kohecalay tamdaw sifo itiya, o sa’ayaway pasadakay to nitilidan a mapanecay a mitiliday[498].\n\nMitiya ato malifongay ponka (媒體與流行文化) \nIra ko tadamaanay mitiya a siya i South Africa, o Africa safaniyot a mitiya a ciwsing. I South Africa adihay ko radio kosi ato sinpon pasapinang to laloma’an no kitakit a kasasiroma tamdaw[25], o Inkiris a sowal ko sakasasowalan[458]. Nikawrira, roma a mo’etepay kasasiroma sowal iraay itira kasasiromaan a sakasasowal[458].\n\nAdihay ko kasasiroma no radiw a ongkak i South Africa[499]. Kohetingay tamdaw a maradiway misanga’ to nano Kuwedo a mitiwa’ay, sakanga’ay i paratohay, tilifi, cassi a mitiya mapasangilay[500]. O kasapinangan i ci Brenda Fassi, o niradiwan ningra “tadamaanay pahanhanan” o Inkiris a sowal ko piparadiw a malatadamaanay. Adihay ko nai rocokay a maradiway halo ci Ladysmith Black Mabasso, a o ni Soweto sepatay ko kacaca’of a mipangiha to no Africa safaniyot a ponkaan a radiw. Mapasadak ko no South Africa tadamaanay malosiyangay i hekal a ridiwan, mangalef ko ni Hugh Masikla, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Macabe, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor ato Samar Bea Benjamin. O no South Africa sowal a radiw mapapolongay to no kasasiromaan, matiya aniniay ci Steve Hoffmeyer, punk a (Fokofpolisiekar) radiwan ato nisanga’an a maradiway ci Jeremy Robosan.\n\nTalacowa i romaay no South Africa a ika caay ka adihay nisanga’an i South Africa, nika ’aloman ko ramaay kitakit a ika nisanga’an a laloma’ pakayniay i South Africa. Pina miheca, mitodong to no South Africa samanengnengay a ika to “saka siwa pi’efecan” [501]. Roma kasapinanang a ika ira “Karari’angan no tatiihay”, oni a ika i 2005 miheca a saka 78 lekad no Oscar a pipawacayan pakaala to no Oscar a romaay sowal a pawacay, oya “Carmen no Kayarisha” itini i 2005 miheca i Berlin kasakitakit a ikaan mapawacay to ^ekiman tomay kompay. I 2015 miheca, Oliver Hermanus a ika “awaayay ko tolas a ’alo” o sa’ayaway marapotay i Venice ikaan no South Africa a ika.\n\nKakaenen (飲食) \n\nAdihay ko kasasiroma kakaenen no South Africa[502]. O ’alomanay tamdaw maolag to kasasiromaroma no ponka a kakaenen, mangalef oya mangalayay mitenam komaen to kasasiroma no South Africa a kakaenen[502].\n\nO kakaenen a dateng no South Africa ato ponka no kakaenen saheto o titian ko tatanaan, mala o no South Africa a tadong i kasakapotan, itiniay tamdaw paini sa o “Braai” (o mi’id’idan a titi) [503]. Anini, i South Africa macowatay to ko fadiso’so’ a epah kinairaay kitakit, o fadiso’so’ a epah misanga’ay ko kacingangan; i Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paal ato Barrydale a lotokan, adihayay epah a fadiso’so’ cingangan i hekal[504].\n\nOnto (體育) \n\nSahalamhaman ato kalifongan no South Africa a onto i o waay mali, katop mali ato soedaay mali[505]. Rama a salongan nicokeran a onto ira midangoyay, comikayay, kalofo, posingko, salilay mali, sapad mali ato langciyo[505]. Talacowa no waay mali o kahalamhaman no kapah, nika o langciyo, pakatapelikay, sapad seray a onto macakatay a kalamhaman ito[505].\n\nNao i romaay kitakit a waayay mali club a ontoing no South Africa ci Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radepe, Phil Massinga, Benny McCarthy, Aaron Mokona ato Delro Buckley. Nano midemakay ko South Africa i 2010 miheca to kasakitakit a waayay mali a hekalan kompay[506][507][508], kasakitakit waay sakapot citodongay ci Sepp Blatter malaheci ko pidemak to nia hekalan kompay mapaini cingra to 9 (10 marafi’ay) fon karahekeran[509].\n\nTadamanay no South Africa a posingko halo “mimingay Jack” ci Jacob Matra, Wuyani Bangu, Wellcome Sita, Digan Tobera, Gerry Kotzer ato ci Brian Mitchell. I 2010 miheca, itini i Durban pakatapelikay onto ci Jody Smith pakaala to i Jeffrey Lambey sangoso’ kalalifet, nanoya o satadamaanay i hekal a pakatapelikay ontoing. Nanoya, o South Africa i 1979 miheca o cecay selal (ici-fancese) lalifet to tosiya hekalan kompay ci Judy Scheckert. Satadamanay a onto no South Africa sapad mali a ontoing halo Abraham Benjamin de Villiers, Hashem Amra, Dale Stein, Vernon Philander, Fafa du Plessis, mikihatiyaay to cangra to no Into tadamanay a sapad mali lalifet. \n\nNaonian, i South Africa adihay ko no hekalan a kanglangciyo a onto kalalifetan, tinako François Pinard, Jost van der Westerzen, Danny Craven, Fric du Briz, Nas Botha ato Brian Habana. Nao midemakay to i 1995 mihecaan ko South Africa to hekalan kanglangciyo kompay[510][511][512][513], itiya i 2007 miheca makaala to hekalan kanglangciyo kompay. I 1995 miheca hekalan kanglangciyo kalalifet, i 1996 miheca midemak ko South Africa to no Africa safaniyot kitakit kompay, ono kitakit a taypiaw miliyaw pakaala. Midemak ko South Africa i 2003 miheca hekalan sapadan lalifet ato 2007 miheca hekalan T20 sapadan kalalifetan. I 1998 miheca kasakitakit sapadan cefang wa’ecik lalifetan, o South Africa ki’aoten ko kaetipay Into palapalaan, pakaala to sa’ayaway kalalifetan a kompay. I 1998 miheca sa’ayaway hekalan mapohaway tamdaw a sapadan kalalifet, o South Africa pakaala to kompay. \n\nI 2004 miheca, ci Roland Schuman, Lyndon Ferns, Darien Townsend ato Rick Netlin midangoyay pakaala to i 2004 miheca Athens Olympics a kompay, nanoya mata’elif ko 4×100 pakoniyah katatongodan a hekalan tilad[514]. Ci Penny Haines i 1996 mihecaan Atlanta Olympics pakaala to kompay. I 2012 miheca, ci Oscar Pistorius sa’ayaway mikihatiya i 2012 miheca London Olympics maposotay wa’ay mamoko’ay cikay ontoing[515]. Itini i kalofo, ci Gary Player pakaala to kinapinaay demakan a kalalifet, o satadamanay i no kalofo cingara, itini i South Africa o cecay no lalimaay kalofo a mikihatiyaay. Roma a pakaalaay to tadamanay kalofo halo ci Bobby Locke, Ernie Ayres, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen, Charles Schwartzel. \n\nKasakitakit onto i South Africa a ta’akay kalalifetan kalahecian: (南非在大型國際運動會的成績)： \n\nKaciherangan Olympics: 26 ^ekim, 31 kim, 29 fodawan, 86 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 32) \n\nKasi’enawan Olympics: caay ka cingangan.\n\nHekalan ontokay: 6 ^ekim, 11 kim, 18 fodawan, 35 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 35)\n\nKaciherangan tata’angay ontokay: 27 ^ekim, 21 kim, 28 fodawan, 76 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 1, hekal saka 27)\n\nKasi’enawan tata’angay ontokay: caay ka cingangan.\n\nHekal kuntaw ontokay: 2 ^ekim, 1 kim, 8 fodawan, 11 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 26)\n\nKaciherangan kapah Olympics: 6 ^ekim, 5 kim, 4 fodawan, 15 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 4, hekal saka 27)\n\nKasi’enawan kapah Olympics: caay ka cingangan.\n\nSalongan no kitakit (國家象徵) \n\nSalongan no kitakit no South Africa[516]\n\nKaliyalaw kilang, no South Africa kitakit a kilang\n\nLangdaw tolatolaw, no South Africa kitakit a ’ayam\n\nCakoday mangcel, Salongan ’a’adopen no South Africa kitakit\n\nAngola kopangan foting, foting no South Africa kitakit\n\nKacedengan (節日) \n\nFa’elohay South Africa polong no kitakit kacedengan ato pihiratengan a hanhan[12][517][518]:\n\nKiwiko (教育) \n\nTina to’asan o nano micingcingan makowan no Inkiris ko South Africa, halo kiwiko a telekan i syakay saheto midotocay to no Inkirisan ko pakayraan, matiya o nikenelan sarina’ no Inkiris. Orasaka, o kiwiko no South Africa o no Inkiris a kiwiko, saka malecaday to no Inkiris[525]. \n\nNawhani o South Africa nao midemakay to kalalaed no finacadan, i ’ayaw o kohetingay tamdaw o awaayay ko solongoc to kiwiko[526], mangalef sapiraoyaw to takaraway kiwiko. Itiya, o daykako no South Africa saheto o kohecalay tamdaw ko patirengay to pitilidan, tangasa mapalasawad ko midemakay to kalalaed no finacadan to ikor, kohetingay tamdaw ira ko malalenay to salongoc a kiwiko. Ikor no nian, mipatireng ko South Africa to patodong to kohetingay tamdaw a daykako, tinako KwaZulu-Natal daykako. \n\nI 2007 miheca, o South Africa 15 mihecaan tamdaw mafana’ay to tilid ira ko 88.7%[527], tangasa i 2015 mihecaan macakat tangasa 94.3%[528], parana’an mapatodongay to i cemahaday to kitakit ko kafana’ to tilid. O South Africa nai kaemangay midemak to malitoloay lekad a kiwiko, ikor kowcong ato takaraway kiwiko a mikingkiway daykako ato kicik daykako. Minanamay tamdaw o ai saka 1 miheca minanam tangasa 12 miheca lekad, milayap to 12 miheca masarocoday kiwiko na pitilidan. R leyad o ’ayaw no pikiwiko a parana’an miheca[529]. Milakec to mimingay kiwiko no pitilidan to ’ayaw 7 miheca[530], oya ikor no 5 miheca o kawcong kiwiko. Paherek i 12 mihecaan lekad, o mitiliday misiking to no kitakit takaraway sapawacay, miketon to mamitilid to kakodaykako[529]. \n\nMalitoloay ko nipatirengan no kitakit a daykako no South Africa[525][531]: masiiked padamso to sakafana’ a pakayraan salalan daykako a recokan daykako, padamso’ to katayalan a sapawacay, karocekan to kicik a daykako (’ayaw no likong daykako) ato kapolongan a daykako, silsilen padamso to malatosaay pakayraan patodongan sapawacay. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, i South Africa ira ko 26 no kitakit patirengan daykako[531]: ira ko 11 nano lecokan a daykako, 6 ko sakikicik daykako, 9 ko kapolongan daykako[531]. \n\nI nano kalalaedan no finacadan, masepenay ko no kohetingay tamdaw a pitilidan cango’ot ko payso ato micidekay a Bantu kiwiko a nananamen, o nia nananamen a sifana’ dadengdeng sa cangraan to sakacifana’ a matayal[532]. I 2004 miheca, misitapang mifalic ko South Africa to takaraway kiwiko a lekakawa: oya mimingay daykako pakakomoden patata’ang to citodongay; oya nano takaraway kiwiko citodongay malice o “daykako”, misalof to caayay ka lalen. Tangasa i 2015 miheca, ira ko 140 ’ofad a mitiliday to tadamanay takaraway kiwiko miraoy to nai 1999 miheca mihapiwan dafongan sadama a halaka[533]. \n\nO kiwiko sakatadamaan no South Africa a sofal[342][534], kapolongan kiwiko pasadak to 2002 miheca tangasa 2005 miheca South Africa o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi to 5.4%[535].\n\nSapaising a isi (醫療衛生) \n\nMidotoc to South Africa kasafinacadan minga’ayan kingkiw a sa’osi, I 2009 miheca kohecalay tamdaw a pali’ayaw a ’orip ira ko 71 mihecaan, o kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 48 mihecaan[536]. O masadakay no South Africa a isingan sakatomelek macalap ko GDP to 9%[537][538]. \n\nDengan 16% ko mapa’oripay no isingan halaka ko South Africa tamdaw[539], salongan 20% a tamdaw ko nano tekedan isingan a sakatomenek[540]. Oya rafas tamdaw mangalay to pakoniyahay to sapaising ano eca pakayni ising a no paysoan halaka ko pa’aca[540]. Toloay ko isingan sakapot a Mediclinic, saki’orip isingan ato Nit isi kapolongan mi’emetan to 75% icifa kaaisal[540]. Salongan 84% a tamdaw mimitadoay to kapolongan isingan rocek[537], o nia rocek halafinay cango’ot to saki tamdawan a kinsaira ano eca citolasay ko kinaira a cikalifotan[541].\n\nO sakatolo kaitiraan tata’akay isingan ko Chris Hani Balawanath ising no South Africa[542].\n\nCango’otay to sakalifong no tamdaw\/AIDS (人類免疫缺乏病毒／愛滋病) \n\nO sa’alomanay madenga’ay to AIDS a tamdaw i polong no cikiw ko South Africa kitakit[25][177][543][544]. Midotoc i 2015 miheca Linhoko AIDS kapolongan mihalakaay citodangay a ratoh, o South Africa sa’osien ira ko 700 ’ofad madengaay no AIDS tamdaw[544][545]. Tadamaan ko latiih no AIDS i South Africa[25][29][177][543][544], I 2013 mihecaan salongan ira ko 560 ’ofad tamdaw (mata’elif ko tamdaw no South Africa to 10%) madengaay no AIDS adada[543]. I 2008 miheca a cecay nikingkiwan pahapinang, kasasiromaroma no finacadan no South Africa ira ko kasasiromaan no salifong to AIDS adada: ira ko 13.6% a kohetingay tamdaw to nano mangalefay AIDS adada, nika dengan 0.3% kohecalay tamdaw ko ciadadaay to AIDS[546]. O South Africa to mihecaan salongan masadak 30 ’ofad fa’elohay a AIDS adada, o pakaniay i AIDS adada mapatayay tangasa to i 27 ’ofad ko tamdaw[543]. I 2005 miheca, o South Africa sa’osien pasiiked ira ko 31% a citiyaday fafahiyan ato 20% a mato’asay tamdaw madengaay to AIDS adada[547]. O South Africa a finawlan madengaay no AIDS ira ko 21.5%, oya i kalahitayan madengaay to AIDS ato ciadadaay to AIDS takaraway to 23%[548].\n\n’Ayaway congtong ci Mbeki ato nano isian kakeridan ci Manto Shabalala-Mhiman halafinay eca paso’elin to kadengaan no AIDS adada[549], mida’oc cangra, ’alomanay South Africa tamdaw a kapatay o nano cango’otay ko kakaenen [550][551] ano eca kalapakoyocan, caay ko nano AIDS adadaan[552]. I 2007 miheca misitapang, o sapisi’ayaw to pi’enec no kasakitakit, itiya misatapang ko sifo misa’icel mico’ay to AIDS adada[553]. \n\nI 2009 mihecaan a pisingkiw, itiyaay congtong ci Juma patoro’ ci Alan Mozlledi hakasian malaise kakeridan, mimiketon cingra to sifo ningra o mamipatongal to sakiadah to AIDS adada[554]. Tangasa i 2015 miheca, South Africa to sakiisingan to AIDS macowat ko kanga’ayan[555], o sifo padamso to makeroday ko ‘aca no nga’ayay sapaiyo, saka li’ayaway ’orip no tamdaw nai 52.1 mihecaan macakat tangasa 62.5 mihecaan[549][556].\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n1. The Constitution. Constitutional Court of South Africa. [2009-9-3].（nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-11-18）.\n\n2. National Coat of Arms. South African Government. [2016-8-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-7-3）.\n\n3. Principal Agglomerations of the World. Citypopulation.de. [2011-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-25）.\n\n4.Mid-year population estimates 2021 (PDF). Statistics South Africa. 2021-7-19 [2021-8-29]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2019-7-29）.\n\n5. South Africa–Community Survey 2016. www.datafirst.uct.ac.za. [2018-11-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-25）.\n\n6. Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012 [2013-1-12]. ISBN 978-0-621-41388-5. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2018-12-25）.\n\n7. South Africa. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-05-22） （Inkiris sowal）.\n\n8. Gini Index. World Bank. [2011-3-2]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-26）.\n\n9. Human Development Report 2021\/2022 (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2022-9-8 [2022-11-22].\n\n10. South Africa, Masamaanay a sera?. Epoch sinpon. 2004-7-17[2018-9-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-9）.\n\n11. O nidemakan pala no South Africa. South Africa kowaping calay. 2008-11-6 [2018-10-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-20）.\n\n12. South Africa kitakit a nidemakan. Congko kacacofelan a demak. [2018-07-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-07-07）.\n\n13. （Inkiris sowal） Central Intelligence Agency. South Africa. The World Factbook. 2018-4-2 [2018-6-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-2）.\n\n14. Finacadan. Kasairaira no ponka. South Africa nano ira 11 sowal no kitakit. Conghua sinpon calay. 2018-9-21 [2018-9-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-26）.\n\n15. Minengneng to kasakitakit “kimad no maci”: Dipong a tadamaci caay ko Tokyo, Taypi caay ko no Conghua-minko a maci, Nisowalan safawah calay. 2017-2-17- [2019-7-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-7-30）.\n\n16. O tadamaci itinien ano eca itirawen? Kasakitakit paitemek mihirateng. BBC Congko tilid calay. 2017-12-8 [2018-11-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-11）.\n\n17. Republic of South Africa. Taywan (ROC) kacacofelan a demak. [2018-09-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-01-08）.\n\n18. 南アフリカ共和国. 日本外務省. 2019-11-18 [2018-9-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-1117）.\n\n19. South Africa. U.S. Department of State. [2018-09-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-09-11）.\n\n20. Johannesburg pakafana’ to demak. South Africa kowaping calay. 2008-12-29 [2020-1-26].\n\n21. South Africa Johannesburg masowal o satadamaanay a maci i Africa safaniyot. Congko kacacofelan a demak－Congko South Africa lekapot kasasowalan. 2017-10-11 [2018-9-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-30）.\n\n22. O niyaro’ no ^ekim—Johannesburg. Epoch sinpon. 2003-12-1 [2018-10-31]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-1）.\n\n23. “South Africa silicon saowac” Johannesburg. BBC Inkiris London calay. 2017-5-24 [2018-11-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-13）.\n\n24. Thomas Brinkoff, The Principal Agglomerations of the World （Felih mana’ang kapi, miteli i calay pina’angan）\n\n25. 20 miheca a South Africa: cecay kitakit, tosaay hekal. Mihokhokay calay. 2014-6-18 [2018-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-16）.\n\n26. A. Du Toit, H.B. Giliomee. Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents. University of California Press. [2013-6-7]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-10-6）.\n\n27. Xie Xuanjun: pala’ed to finacadan matatodongay i paraparatan. Boxun sinpon calay. 2017-3-14 [2018-10-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-8）.\n\n28. Apartheid pala’ed to finacadan telek. Hongkong Apple sinpon. 2013-3-26 [2018-11-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-8）.\n\n29. Kacakatan ato kasereran a South Africa: cecay kitakit, tosaay hekal. Congko calay. 2017-4-17 [2018-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-8-3）.\n\n30. “Sapipalamo’ecel to South Africa 4” Abby Sachs: so’elinay kalali’ay, Sadama a salongoc no kimpo. Takaray sunpon. 2018-9-20 [2018-11-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-12）.\n\n31. Palalanay to kalali’ayan—Sapipalamo’ecel to South Africa. Paratohay. 2016-11-1 [2018-11-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-12）.\n\n32. ’Ayaway mirikecay no South Africa ci Abby Sachs: Sapipalamo’ecel kai tenokay no kasarekad. Multidimensional sinpon. 2018-9-19 [2018-11-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-12）.\n\n33. Pakisinponan: “kitakit no talakal ni Idek”—South Africa nikapolongan kitakit. Fa’elohay kowapin calay. 2018-7-23 [2018-8-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-6）.\n\n34. Pakisinponan: “kitakit no talakal ni Idek”— South Africa nikapolongan kitakit. Fa’elohay kowapin calay. 2015-12-2 [2018-8-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-17）.\n\n35. Naw panganganen ko South Africa to “kitakit no talakal ni Idek?”. Fa’elohay kowapin calay. 2016-5-23 [2018-08-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-08-17）.\n\n36. O roma a kacingangan no South Africa, Nao paka o “kitakit no talakal ni Idek”. Fana’an no Daykako calay. 2017-5-2 [2018-8-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-17）.\n\n37. Rainbow Nation–dream or reality?. BBC News. 2008-7-18 [2013-8-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-9-8）.\n\n38. Russia mitiya: Misawad ko South Africa misanga’ to kinairaira kafana’an. Tencent sinpon. 2012-2-17 [2018-9-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-9）.\n\n39. O dengan macowatay kitakit i Africa safaniyot misanga’ to kinairaira a misawad aca. Anini mala o sasafaay to. Sina hitayan. 2017-10-13 [2018-10-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-27）.\n\n40.Kapolongan a sowal: Miliyaw a mala tata’angay kicayan i Africa safaniyot ko South Africa. Fa’elohay kowapin calay. 2016-8-12 [2018-9-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-9）.\n\n41. Inkiris a mitiya: O Nigeria mafahekol to nira ko tata’angay kicayan i Africa safaniyot. Mihokhokay calay. 2017-3-13 [2018-9-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-9）.\n\n42. South Africa kicay a nidemakan. South Africa kaping calay. 2008-11-6 [2018-11-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-21）.\n\n43. Kasakitakit Malataw hikoki lomaocan sa’ayaway itini i Africa safaniyot midemak. Kakak calay. 2011-9-29 [2018-8-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-6）.\n\n44. South Africa tomadawan kinaira a ci’epocay satata’akay i polong no cikiw. Congko kalali’acaan. 2010-9-21 [2018-8-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-2-15）.\n\n45. Mitiri’ to i Africa safaniyot tadamaanay kadofahay kitakit to kinairairaan. Fa’elohay kicayan. 2018-9-7 [2019-01-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-01-01）.\n\n46. Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves \"middle powers\" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from 'Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.\n\n47. 47.Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).\n\n48.Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455.\n\n49.Pfister R (2006) The Apartheid Republuc and African States （Felih mana’ang kapi, mateli i calay pina’angan）, H-Net\n\n50.Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East', Round Table, Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549.\n\n51.Flemes, Daniel, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (August 1, 2007). GIGA Working Paper No. 57. doi:10.2139\/ssrn.1007692\n\n52.Cooper, Andrew F; Antkiewicz, Agata; Shaw, Timothy M. Lessons from\/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?. International Studies Review. 2007-12-10, 9 (4): 675, 687. doi:10.1111\/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x.\n\n53.David A. Lynch. Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements. Rowman & Littlefield. 2010 miheca: 51 [2013-8-25]. ISBN 978-0-7425-6689-7. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-11）. Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracised.\n\n54.Buzan, Barry. The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. 2004miheca: 71. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7.\n\n55. www.aims.ca (PDF). [2018-7-27]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2006-7-21）.\n\n56.www.iss.co.za. [2018-7-27-]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-10-12）.\n\n57.\"Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is by far the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracized.\" See David Lynch, Trade and Globalization (Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), p. 51.\n\n58.Lekatep. Linhoko. [2018-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-03）.\n\n59. Macakat lekatep. Linhoko. [2018-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-19）.\n\n60. South Africa kicay nai kacilangod a miserer tararikor, congtong pacena’ay. Asdaq paysoan calay. 2018-9-7 [2018-9-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-10）.\n\n61.Fa’elohay icifa a rarawraw: Masereray kicay no South Africa, o pacena’ay saan ko congtong. on.cc waliay calay. 2018-9-6 [2018-9-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-6）.\n\n62. Congtong no South Africa: kaserer no kicay o pacena’ay, o mamipalowaden. Sina Hongkong. 2018-9-6 [2018-9-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-10）.\n\n63. South Africa saka 3 liyad GDP lomahad 2.2% mawanik ko kasereran. middle time. 2018-12-4 [2018-12-4]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-5）.\n\n64. Saka 1 hecek Africa safaniyot no niyah a nisanga’an hikoki. globalcalay. 2014-8-14 [2018-10-31]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-31）.\n\n65.O pipa’aca no South Africa to Taywan 11 a sapico’ay to timira tosiya, mido’edo miala to nano nifana’anto payso. Phoenix calay. 2014-8-14 [2018-10-31]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-31）.\n\n66. Mapatodong saka cecay i hekal hacikayay lalan ato pitokadan a kicik no South Africa. Yang Guang calay－paysoan. 2012-6-6 [2018-12-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-3-24）.\n\n67.South Africa. World Bank. [2011-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-11-1）.\n\n68.David Waugh. Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22). Geography: An Integrated Approach. Nelson Thornes. 2000 miheca: 563, 576–579, 633, 640 [2013-8-24]. ISBN 978-0-17-444706-1. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-11）.\n\n69.GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). The World Bank. [2019-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-09-30）.\n\n70. “Pa’ayaway sowal” a kafokilan: South Africa a sowal masamaanay malasowal no kitakit? Marayas romi’ad. 2014-2-6 [2018-11-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-11）.\n\n71.The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Chapter 1. South African Government. [2010-5-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-6-29）.\n\n72.Livermon, Xavier. Sounds in the City. Nuttall, Sarah; Mbembé, Achille (kawit). Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Durham: Duke University Press. 2008 miheca: 283 [2018-07-08]. ISBN 978-0-8223-8121-1. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-05-02）. Mzansi is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.\n\n73.Mzansi DiToloki. Deaf Federation of South Africa. [2014-1-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-1-16）. uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa\n\n74.Taylor, Darren. South African Party Says Call Their Country ‘Azania’. VOA News. [2017-2-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-6-24） （Inkiris sowal）.\n\n75.Wymer, John; Singer, R. The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1982 miheca. ISBN 0-226-76103-7.\n\n76.Deacon, HJ. Guide to Klasies River (PDF). Stellenbosch University: 11. 2001-1-31 [2009-9-5]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2011-2-21）.\n\n77.Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2018-07-08]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-24）.\n\n78. South Africa manengneng ko sa’ayaway tamdaw i fafa’eday no kilan ’okak. Masalaloma’ay hekal. 2017-8-22 [2018-11-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-10）.\n\n79. 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ISBN 0-521-21897-7.\n\n372. Caay kaserer ko tatiihay demak no South Africa. Fa’elohay kowaping calay. 2018-9-12 [2019-1-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-1-10）.\n\n373.Macacorok miketon to pafeli to dingki ko South Africa, finawlan, kalingadan kararawrawan. FTV sinpon. 2018-12-5[2018-12-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-6）.\n\n374. Caay kaedeng ko dingki no South Africa kitakit, midemak tolo romi’ad ko paterepan. Kicay sinpon. 2019-2-13 [2019-2-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-2-13）.\n\n375. Awaay ko ’ayaw to paterep to dingki i South Africa, macara ko ’orip no finawlan. Sina Taywan. 2019-2-14[2019-2-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-2-14）.\n\n376. Katalawan ko katerep no dingki i South Africa. Middle sinpon. 2019-3-10 [2019-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-10-30）.\n\n377.Kasakitakit pidemak to sera. CIA－Hekal nidemakan. [2010-07-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-12-13）.\n\n378. Kasakitakit kinairaan sacefang. CIA－Hekal nidemakan. [2010-07-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-05-28）.\n\n379. “I kaen ko sapaising” Misasaw to fala’ fitoka ko karo’. Epoch sinpon. 2018-9-8[2019-2-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-2-14）.\n\n380. “ Hongti no losay” macakat ko ’aca. Tadek sako South Africa to avocado ci’etan to 39 walwalan. CTS calay. 2018-11-6[2018-11-7]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-7）.\n\n381.Saki’emelay no Africa safaniyot sa’etal sakapot “katimolay Africa lekatep”, o nano “cecay nikeridan cecay lalan” a takaraway saopo. Fanalan sinpon. 2018-6-22 [2018-7-29]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-5-2）.\n\n382.So’elin ira ko simal i South Africa, 10 walwalan ko simal mafalic ko nina’angan simal i polong no cikiw a cuka South Africa. Fafaeday sinpon. 2019-2-13 [2019-2-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-2-14）.\n\n383. Fatacay! Lilis no riyar i South Africa manengneng ko simal, mana’angay ira ko 10 walwalan a Pa’etang. Pakonira sinpon. 2019-2-13[2019-2-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-2-14）.\n\n384. “Palapalaan no Africa safaniyot”. - South Africa. Maliyaw ko tilid nai “Palapalaan no Africa safaniyot” P.195, 1983-9- 3 pirina’.\n\n385. “Palapalaan no Africa safaniyot”. - South Africa. Maliyaw ko tilid nai “Palapalaan no Africa safaniyot” P.195-196, 1983-9- 3 pirina’.\n\n386. Patireng ko South Africa to satata’angay i hekal to patili a dingki. Sohu kicay. 2007-11-14 [2018-8-28]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-28）.\n\n387. South Africa dingki kosi: satata’angay i hekal to patili a dingki. Kakik hekal calay. 2013-4-24 [2018-8-28]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-28）.\n\n388. O maan ko sanga’ayay dingki a faco. Ka’amisay apocok fo’is dingki sinpon calay. 2013-10-14 [2018-8-28]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-28）.\n\n389. Kitakit kinaira dingki micekeroh i South Africa to toloay kinairaan dingki a fana’. Finawlan calay. 2015-3-21 [2018-10-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-14）.\n\n390. South Africa kinaira pasadingki comahad masangilay ko misafaloco’ay. Congko kitakit kinaira citodongay. 2012-5-11 [2018-10-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-14）.\n\n391.South Africa’s economy: key sectors. Brand South Africa. 2014-1-30 [2018-8-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-6）.\n\n392. South Africa midamaay macowat nidemakan. WTO\/FTA pilicayan calay. 2015-3-17[2018-8-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-2-22）.\n\n393.Banks and foreign exchange in SA. Brand South Africa. [2012-6-28]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-6-6）.\n\n394. “Micefis to Africa safaniyot”: ^ekim limaay kitakit misafaloco’ay, o maan ko nisafaloco’an no South Africa?. Pafaloco’ay sowal calay. 2018-10-29[2018-11-1]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-1）.\n\n395. Maserer ko kicay no South Africa, o pirarakatan malakasenengan. Central sinpon. 2018-12-13 [2018-12-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-14）.\n\n396. Macekal ko rakat no pirarakatan no South Africa. Africa macowat. 2018-9-6 [2018-10-7]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-5-2）.\n\n397. South Africa kitakit a nidemakan. Congko itini i South Africa a kacacofelan. 2017-1-1 [2018-8-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-6）.\n\n398.Public Transport. Department of Transport. [2018-10-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-6）.\n\n399.2013 - 2018 Comprehensive Integrated Transport Plan (PDF). capetown.gov.za. Transport for Cape Town. 2013-12 [2015-10-31]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2016-3-6）.\n\n400.Information for this article was updated based on information obtained from www.myciti.org.za, as at 2015-12-29.\n\n401.Roads. Department of Transport. [2018-10-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-6）.\n\n402.Rail. Department of Transport. [2018-10-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-6）.\n\n403.South Africa: Gautrain Gives Joburg a World-Class Touch. allAfrica. 2010-6-9 [2020-2-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-10-15）.\n\n404.Aviation. Department of Transport. [2018-10-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-6）.\n\n405.Brief History. South African Airways. [2016-12-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-6-12）.\n\n406.Maritime. Department of Transport. [2018-10-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-6）.\n\n407.Smit, Petronel. Deep-water port of Ngqura launched. Engineering News (Creamer Media). 2009-12-11 [2010-3-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-12-17）.\n\n408. Talakal ni Idek a lalan-saka 1 caayay kalaheci kalali’ay a sakifinacadan. netease sinpon. [2018-09-08]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-09-08）.\n\n409.Neva Makgetla. Inequality on scale found in SA bites like acid. Business Day. South Africa. 2010-3-31 [2013-6-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-5-25）.\n\n410.Black middle class boosts car sales in South Africa–Business–Mail & Guardian Online. Mail & Guardian. 2006-1-15 [2011-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-6-19）.\n\n411.Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008. OECD. [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-4-23）.\n\n412. O sakaserer no African National Congress no South Africa, o ni Mandela a to’asan a katadamaananawaayay to. Finawlan sinpon romaay kitakit calay. 2013-7-4 [2018-9-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-6）.\n\n413.Mapatay ci Mandala, masiday ko matiyaay o mafedohay kicay. Aniniay cassi. 2013-12-11 [2018-10-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-5-2）.\n\n414. South Africa pakalitemoh to kamilaliwan no cifana’ay tamdaw, mafolaw tayra i Inkiris Australia a kitakit. Finawlan calay. 2016-4-14 [2018-10-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-12）.\n\n415.Collier, P. World Bank, IMF study 2004. Journal of African Economies (Jae.oxfordjournals.org). 2004-12-3, 13: ii15 [2010-5-30]. doi:10.1093\/jae\/ejh042. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-8-11）.\n\n416.Health Personnel in Southern Africa: Confronting maldistribution and brain drain (PDF). [2010-5-30]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2011-4-30）.\n\n417.Haroon Bhorat; et al. Skilled Labour Migration from Developing Countries: Study on South and Southern Africa (PDF). International Labour Office. 2002 [2013-6-26]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2011-2-21）.\n\n418.South Africa's brain-drain generation returning home. CNN World. 2009-4-22 [2011-6-4]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-12-16）.\n\n419.South Africa's brain drain reversing. TimesLIVE. [2011-6-4]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-1-5）.\n\n420.Graduates confident about SA. TimesLIVE. [2011-6-4]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-1-5）.\n\n421.Osarakatay milinah mitokad to faloco’ no tamdaw-Barnard hakasi. Congko calay. 2002-4-26 [2018-9-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-9）.\n\n422. Fainayan tiring, fafahiyan ko faloco’- mitiko i ’ayaw no 50 mihecaan polong no cikiw sa’ayaway mifalic to faloco’ pitokad. Pakonira sinpon. 2018-2-17 [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-13）.\n\n423. Sa’ayaway milinah to faloco’, o faloco’ ko sakapatay. Finawlan calay. 2001-9-3 [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-3-24）.\n\n424. Micokeroh to sapeno, o Africa safaniyot misa’icel palasawad to kaliyalaway salifong. Sina Hongkong. 2018-5-2 [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-13）.\n\n425.Nobel Prize Winners By Country. WorldAtlas. 2018-3-7 [2018-8-5]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-6-12）.\n\n426.Nobel Prizes and South African Laureates. South African History Online. 2015-12-11 [2018-9-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-10）.\n\n427. Tadamaanay Sidney Brenner: nai maisalay pina’orip tangasa masaceliway fao kalahad. Kitakit Taywan daykako kakkako kiwiko cowatay cyosing-kakkako Shi Sharon. [2018-11-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-05-02）.\n\n428.VeriSign Acquires Thawte, Signio for More Than $1.2 Billion. 1999-12-21 [2012-8-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-10-29）.\n\n429.SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office. SKA 2011. 2011-4-2 [2011-4-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-9-17-）.\n\n430.Africa and Australasia to share Square Kilometre Array. BBC. 2012-5-25 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-20）.\n\n431.South Africa MeerKAT miraayay dadingo mitekaay, mahapinang masyasing ko sasifo’an no masa’aloay fo’is. Kakki sinpon. 2018-7-21 [2018-7-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-27）.\n\n432.katimolay ’apelad cikiw saki’emelay sapidadingo, mahapinang masyasing ko sasifo’an no masa’aloay fo’is. Epoch sinpon. 2018-7-27 [2018-7-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-28）.\n\n433.\"Most progressive water utility in Africa\" wins 2014Stockholm Industry Water Award. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). [2014-6-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-7-14）.\n\n434.WHO\/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:Data table South Africa （felih mana’ang ko copi, mateli i calay mana’ang.） 2010. Retrieved 2012-11-3\n\n435.Professor Says Cape Town Crisis Should Serve as a 'Wakeup Call to All Major U.S. Cities'. www.newswise.com. [2018-6-14-]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-6-14）.\n\n436.Why Cape Town’s drought was so hard to forecast. The Conversation. 2017-10-20 [2018-8-3]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-11）.\n\n437. Ma’atemay no safades no kakarayan no tamdawan, o Cape Town no South Africa o sarakatay i polong no cikiw awaayay ko nanom a ta’akay maci. Hongkong 01. 2018-1-29 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-11）.\n\n438. Samaanen no Cape Town miliyas ko kaawa no nanom?. Karayan cassi. 2018-5-10 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-11）.\n\n439. O nikaawa no nanom ko paherekan romi’ad no Cape Town. Middle sinpon. 2018-3-11 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-11）.\n\n440. O kafafalic no romi’ad ko kaawa no nanom 8\/27 paterep to nanom ko Cape Town. FTV. 2018-3-9 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-11）.\n\n441.Tadamaan ko kakedal no Cape Town i South Africa, miala to so^eda i katimolay ’apocok sakapisalof?. NTDTV. 2018-7-9 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-5-2）.\n\n442. Misamawmaw ko South Africa nai katimolay ’apocok micolo’ to so^da sapisalof to kakedalan no Cape Town. Congko sinpon calay. 2018-8-17 [2018-8-28]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-28）.\n\n443.\"The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water - like Cape Town\". BBC News. 2018-2-11 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-2-13）.\n\n444. Dengan o Cape Town i South Africa, polong no cikiw 11 maci saawaayay ko nanom, mapangangan ko Beijing. Hongkong 01. 2018-2-12 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-11）.\n\n445.Community Survey 2016. Statistics South Africa. [2018-5-2]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-22）.\n\n446.Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town–The New York Times. International Herald Tribune. 2008-5-23 [2011-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-2-21）.\n\n447.Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus. [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-1-24）.\n\n448.More illegals set to flood SA. Fin24. [2011-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-2-14）.\n\n449. Ano matefad ko kicay no Zimbabwe, maki’ayaw no South Africa. Central sinpon. 2019-1-19 [2019-1-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-1-19）.\n\n450.South African mob kills migrants. BBC. 2008-5-12 [2008-5-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-5-17）.\n\n451.Bearak, Barry. Immigrants Fleeing Fury of South African Mobs. The New York Times. 2008-5-23 [2008-8-5]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-5-1）.\n\n452.Lehohla, Pali. Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA. Business Report. 2005-5-5 [2013-8-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-8-14）. Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying 'race'. The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race. On the other hand, the Employment Equity Act speaks of 'designated groups' being 'black people, women and people with disabilities'. The Act defines 'black' as referring to 'Africans, coloureds and Indians'. Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this, race would have to be included in surveys and censuses, so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored. This was the reasoning that led to a 'self-identifying' question about 'race' or 'population group' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses, and in Statistics SA's household survey programme.\n\n453.Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012: 23–25 [2018-7-11]. ISBN 978-0-621-41388-5. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2015-5-13）.\n\n454.Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (U.S.). South Africa: time running out: the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa. University of California Press. 1981: 42 [2018-07-11]. ISBN 0-520-04547-5. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2016-01-24）.\n\n455. O saka tosa no South Africa ko Amilika?. Phoenix calay. 2019-6-9[2019-10-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-10-27）.\n\n456. Mi’eco ko 60walwalan tamdaw i Africa safaniyot.. Kakako tamdaw cassi. 2016-4- [2019-10-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-06-12）.\n\n457.World Refugee Survey 2008. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 2008-6-19 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-10-19）.\n\n458. Adihay ko sakasasowal no kitakit i South Africa nika caay ka sasifod. Epoch sinpon. 2003-3-11 [2018-10-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-26）.\n\n459.Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 1, Section 6. Fs.gov.za. [2010-5-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-11-13）.\n\n460.The languages of South Africa. SouthAfrica.info. 1997-2-4 [2010-11-7]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-3-4）.\n\n461. Gauteng kanatal rarima to ka’aloman no tamdaw, misa’icel “tomenek ko katomireng”. South Africa kaping calay. 2017-5-31 [2018-11-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-17）.\n\n462. Matongal ko tamdaw, tata’ang ko kapenec maci no South Africa. Fanawlan calay. 2016-11-9[2018-11-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-3-24）.\n\n463. Africa safaniyot ranikay ko pisanga’ to loma’ i maci. Phoenix paysoan. 2014-2-20 [2018-11-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-17）.\n\n464. Kamaro’an no pakoyocay finawlan o kararoman no South Africa. am730. 2012-10-16 [2018-11-4]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-4）.\n\n465. “Mirarakatay a safal” kohetingay pirarakatan o kamaro’an no pakoyocay i South Africa, masapatekay ko awaayay ko nanom dingki a totang a loma’. Hongkong Apple sinpon. 2017-7-30 [2018-11-4. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-4）.\n\n466. Micomod i laloma’ no cikiw a South Africa satata’angay kohetingay tamdaw ’etal- Soweto. Congko sinpon calay. 2010-6-7 [2018-11-4]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-5）.\n\n467. Matongal ko tamdaw no maci no South Africa masakapahay. Finawlan calay. 2015-5-27- [2018-11-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-5-2）.\n\n468.Community Survey 2016: Provinces at a Glance (PDF). Statistics South Africa. [2018-4-28].\n\n469.World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision, Online Edition. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. 2018 [2019-4-28].\n\n470.Census in brief (PDF). Statistics South Africa. 2003: 4 [2015-11-24]. ISBN 0-621-34293-9. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2015-11-25）.\n\n471.South Africa - Section I. Religious Demography. U.S. Department of State. [2006-7-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-7-20）.\n\n472.Wessel Bentley; Dion Angus Forster. God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses. Methodism in Southern Africa: A Celebration of Wesleyan Mission. AcadSA. 2008: 97–98. ISBN 978-1-920212-29-2.\n\n473.Truter, Ilse. African Traditional Healers: Cultural and religious beliefs intertwined in a holistic way. South African Pharmaceutical Journal. 2007-9, 74 (8) [2019-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-30）.\n\n474.van Wyk, Ben-Erik and van Oudtshoorn, Gericke N. Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications. 1999年: 10. ISBN 978-1-875093-37-3.\n\n475.Cumes, David. Africa in my bones. Claremont: New Africa Books. 2004. ISBN 978-0-86486-556-4.\n\n476.Campbell, Susan Schuster. Called to Heal. Halfway House: Zebra Press. 1998. ISBN 978-1-86872-240-2.\n\n477.Helwig, David. Traditional African medicine. Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. 2005 [2014-9-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-11-29）.\n\n478.South Africa. State.gov. 2006-9-15 [2011-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-10-29）.\n\n479.In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam \/ The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor. [2011-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-6-22）.\n\n480. matongal ko tamdaw to 20%, misolotay to tamdaw ko Halal kinaira i South Africa. Sangoso’ tilidancalay. 2017-12-6 [2018-10-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-7）.\n\n481.Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa. Religionnewsblog.com. [2010-11-7]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-10-1）.\n\n482.Itini i South Africa ko Yotaya tamdaw, caay ka ’aloman tadamaan ko nidemakan. Finawlan calay. 2005-12-1 [2018-10-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-13）.\n\n483.Rebecca Weiner, Rebecca Weiner (calay), South African Jewish History and Information (PDF), Jewish Virtual Library, 2010 [2010-8-13], （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-1-11）\n\n484. Mihirateng to ni Gandhi 21 miheca ko ’orip i South Africa, minengneng to pisalongoc no mafolaway teloc no Into. Phoenix calay. 2014-9-30 [2020-2-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-2-15）.\n\n485. O lecok no kakeridan ato sakowan a ponka no South Africa. Finawlan calay. 2013-8-1 [2018-11-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-21）.\n\n486.Black middle class explodes. FIN24. 2007-5-22 [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-8-22）.\n\n487.History of Scouting in South Africa. History of Scouting in South Africa. South African Scout Association. 2006 [2006-11-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-1-1）.\n\n488. I dihif no South Africa manengneng ko 7.3 ’ofad mihehacaan a ’ongcoy, ano eca itiyaay citanengay tamdaw mafana’ to a micoka. Kaitiraan sinpon. 2018-9-17 [2018-10-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-10）.\n\n489.Radford, Tim. World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave. London: Buzzle.com. 2004-4-16 [2011-4-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-8-28）.\n\n490.（Germany sowal） Johannes Haape (red.): Südafrika. München: APA Publications 1997, bl. 89\n\n491. O ponka no South Africa-Micomod i South Africa. Polong no cikiw a misanga’ay to lalosidan lekapot. [2018-11-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-03-24）.\n\n492. Nadine Gordimer: Mita’elif to ’adipel no kohetingay tamdaw ato kohecalay tamdaw. New York kowaping sinpon calay. 2014-7-15 [2018-11-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-18）.\n\n493. Miraod ci Nadine Gordimer: Kangodoan i faloco’ ni Mandela a tadamanay. Fa’elohay kowaping calay. 2014-7-17 [2018-11-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-18）.\n\n494.Erritouni, Ali. Apartheid Inequality and Postapartheid Utopia in Nadine Gordimer's \"July's People\". Research in African Literatures. 2006 miheca kasi’enawan, 37 (4): 68–84.\n\n495.South Africa reinstates authors. BBC News. 2001-4-22 [2009-6-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-3-7）.\n\n496. Pakaalaay to Nobel tilidan a mitiliday ci John Maxwell Coetzee. Congko calay. 2003-10-3 [2018-11-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-3-24）.\n\n497.The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee. Swedish Academy. 2003-10-2 [2009-8-2]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-3-7）.\n\n498.Brink, André. A Long Way From Mandela's Kitchen. New York Times. 2010-9-11 [2012-10-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-2-7）. One of my novels had the dubious distinction of being the first book in Afrikaans to be banned under apartheid.\n\n499. Kadofah ko ponka a ongkak no South Africa. Congko South Africa calay. [2018-10-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-07）.\n\n500.South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the \"party politic,\" and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success. [2018-7-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-5-11）.\n\n501. Mafelih no South Africa ko Hollywood. Hongkong apple sinpon. 2009-8-23 [2018-11-3]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-3）.\n\n502. Kaeso’ay kakaenen i South Africa, kasairaira no datengan. Dademakay sinpon. 2017-12-28 [2018-10-1]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-1）.\n\n503. Mitapayay kitakit, South Africa tamdaw mihecaan 41 kg ko nikaenan titi. TVBS. 2013-3-22 [2018-10-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-5-2）.\n\n504.South African Wine Guide: Stellenbosch, Constantia, Walker Bay and more. Thewinedoctor.com. [2011-10-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-1-18）.\n\n505.Sport in South Africa. SouthAfrica.info. [2010-6-28]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-6-29）.\n\n506. Fa’elohay ’apilis fa’elohay ka’ayaw, South Africa ato hekalan lalifet masanga’ ko fa’elohay to’as. Congko itini i Durban citodongay. 2010-7-12 [2018-10-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-23）.\n\n507.Caay ko mamatawal. 2010 hekalan lalifet. Hongkong apple sinpon. 2010-7-13 [2018-10-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-23）.\n\n508. Masiday ko maan no hekalan lalifet i South Africa. BBC kowapin calay. 2010-7-12 [2018-10-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-23）.\n\n509.Cooper, Billy. South Africa gets 9\/10 for World Cup. Mail & Guardian. 2010-7-12 [2010-9-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-7-15）.\n\n510. “Filomo” Misaopo ci Mandela to South Africa. Masowal no kimad no katop malian. Taywan apple sinpon. 2013-12-6 [2018-10-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-1-14）.\n\n511. Misalama ci Mandela to katop a mali, micokeroh to sakalali’ay no finacadan. Fali mitiya. 2013-12-6 [2018-10-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-24）.\n\n512. Caayay ka pidah a ki’emelay, Pakaynien ni Mandela i onto ko pinengneng to hekal manengneng ko South Africa. Aniniay sinpon. 2013-12-6 [2018-10-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-24）.\n\n513. Sapateray: “Caayay ka pidah a nisafaloco’an”–Kafahekaan Mandela ato mimaliay sakapot. Epoch sinpon. 2010-2-9 [2018-10-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-24）.\n\n514. O South Africa pakaala to 4ｘ100 kadadoedo pakoniyah midangoy a kompay. Epoch sinpon. 2004-8-16 [2019-3-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-4-3）.\n\n515. Itini i Olympic sa’ayaway ontoing, maketonay ko wa’ay pakacomod to sakina 2 kalalifetan. Epoch sinpon. 2012-8-4 [2019-3-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-4-3）.\n\n516.South Africa’s national symbols. Brand South Africa. 2016-9-15 [2019-10-30].\n\n517.NO. 36 OF 1994: PUBLIC HOLIDAYS ACT, 1994.. Government Communications (GCIS). 2008-3-28 [2008-3-29]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-8-21）.\n\n518. Kapolongan kacedengan romi’ad i South Africa. South Africa kowaping calay. 2008-11-6 [2018-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-16）.\n\n519.Government Website: Public Holidays Archive. South African Government Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-9-15）.\n\n520.First celebration of May Day in South Africa. South African History Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-9-15）.\n\n521.Speech by President Nelson Mandela on South Africa Youth Day Ladysmith, 16 June 1995. South African History Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-9-15）.\n\n522. South Africa, Tona ci Mandela ato kalalaed no finacadan mala likisiay to. New York sinpon kowapingcalay. 2013-12-10 [2018-11-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-11）.\n\n523.South Africa celebrates the first National Women's Day. South African History Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-11-13）.\n\n524.First celebration of National Heritage Day. South African History Online. [2014-9-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-9-15）.\n\n525. Pakafana’ to takaraway kiwiko no South Africa. South Africa kowaping calay. 2013-5-5 [2018-10-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-15）.\n\n526. Pitilidan romi’ad no South Africa, Gauteng kanatal salongan ira ko 6 ’ofad mitilid awaay ko pitilidan. Central sinpon. 2019-1-9 [2019-1-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-1-14）.\n\n527.National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. [2018-07-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-29）.\n\n528.Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (both sexes, female, male). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2015-8 [2015-11-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-9-5）.\n\n529.A parent's guide to schooling. [2010-8-31]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-7-22）.\n\n530.Education in South Africa. South Africa Info. [2010-6-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-6-17）.\n\n531. Pisatalolong misapinang to Africa safaniyot, takaraway kiwiko no South Africa. Saka 9 liyad. Kowaping taenengan. 2017-3-21 [2018-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-19）.\n\n532.Bantu Education. Overcoming Apartheid. [2010-6-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-8-15）.\n\n533.Cele, S'thembile; Masondo, Sipho. Shocking cost of SA’s universities. City Press. 2015-1-18 [2015-1-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-1-19）.\n\n534. South Africa: Micokeroh to sakanga’ay no finawlan, palolol to kasasiikedan a kiwiko. Congko kiwiko sinpon. 2011-5-17 [2018-11-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-9）.\n\n535.Human Development Report 2009–South Africa. Hdrstats.undp.org. [2010-5-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-4-15）.\n\n536.Peoples Budget Coalition Comments on the 2011\/12 Budget. Human Sciences Research Council. [2012-2-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-5-16）.\n\n537.‘Clinic-in-a-Box’ seeks to improve South African healthcare. SmartPlanet. [2013-8-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-7-30）.\n\n538. Sakiisian kinaira no South Africa, misa’icel misanga to manga’ayay isian a faco malo pinengnenganno Africa safaniyot. Sangoso’an no riyar calay. 2017-3-29 [2018-12-5]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-6）.\n\n539.What does the demand for healthcare look like in SA? (PDF). Mediclinic Southern Africa. [2013-8-25]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2013-10-2）.\n\n540.Motsoaledi to reform private health care. Financial Mail. [2013-8-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-7-7）.\n\n541.South Africa. ICAP at Columbia University. [2013-8-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-7-13）.\n\n542.The Biggest Hospitals in the World. TheRichest. 2013-1-2 [2020-2-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-5-2）.\n\n543. Miliyang to AIDS, pasifana ko South Africa to matanengay naira a demak. Kalali’aca cassi. 2013-11-24 [2018-8-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-9）.\n\n544. Madengaay no AIDS tamdaw no South Africa, mataelif ko 700 ’ofad tamdaw. on.cc calay. 2017-8-1 [2018-9-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-11）.\n\n545.HIV and AIDS estimates (2015). UNAIDS. 2015 [2020-2-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-2-12）.\n\n546.South Africa HIV & AIDS Statistics. AVERT. [2013-5-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-16）.\n\n547.HIV & Aids in South Africa. AVERT. [2006-10-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-10-13）.\n\n548. O sofitay no South Africa ira ko 23% a hitay madengaay no AIDS, mipadang ko Amilika to sapiadah. Sina hitay. 2005-6-8 [2012-05-08]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-02-04）.\n\n549. “Kasakitakit AIDS kalomaoc”. Nai caayay pasoelin tangasa pisa’icelan misi’ayaw, mipatireng ko South Africa mico’ay to AIDS a kanga’ayan. Fali mitiya. 2016-7-18 [2018-10-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-10）.\n\n550. Africa safaniyot: Micalap to malitosaay no polong no cikiw ko pakoyocay kaemangay wawa, romi’adan 53 ko mapatayay no South Africa. Wenhuy sinpon. 2017-12-18 [2019-1-5]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-1-17）.\n\n551. ira ko 40% cango’otay to kakaenen a South Africa tamdaw: cango’ot to hereraw tirengan a fana’. South Africa kowaping calay. 2017-12-9[2019-01-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-01-06）.\n\n552.Sack SA Health Minister–world's AIDS experts. afrol News. [2006-10-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-10-18）.\n\n553.Situation Analysis. HIV & AIDS and STI Strategic Plan 2007–2011 (PDF). info.gov.za. [2013-6-26]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2013-5-30）.\n\n554.Zuma announces AIDS reforms. UNPAN. [2010-3-9]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-12-27）.\n\n555. Manengneng no South Africa ko HIV sapico’ay no tatirengan, masafaloco’ay ko no AIDS a papeno mikingkiw. Patodongan calay. 2014-3-5[2020-2-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-2-15）.\n\n556.South Africa has excelled in treating HIV–prevention remains a disaster. The Conversation. 2015-12-1 [2020-2-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-12）.\n\ni 29 00 S, 24 00 E, noAfilika ko South africa.\nPolong no sekalay i 1,219,090 sq km “saka 25 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 1,214,470 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,620 sq km ” \nPolong i 54,300,704 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 79.40%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 7.60%, malo no roma to a sera 13%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO [[[Pretoria]] ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 27 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Jacob Zuma, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":44017,"character_repetition_ratio":0.133,"word_repetition_ratio":0.057,"special_characters_ratio":0.308,"stopwords_ratio":0.006,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.992,"perplexity_score":17762.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sweden","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Takaray sowal(概要) \n\nRoytin Hontian Kitakit(瑞典王國;Roytin a sowal:Konungariket Sverige), o itiraay i Skantinawiya Pecihan Kanatal itira i Saka’misan Yoropa, o tatapangan a niyaro’ o Stokormo(斯德哥爾摩; Roytin a sowal:Stockholm). O kaitiraan no sifo, Pikaykian no Kitakit ato loma’ no hontai itiniay tona taokay Stokormo.ona tokay itiraay i sakawalian a riyar, mingataay to PolotiRiyar, isaicomod no Milalon Fanaw, tadamakapahay kona pala itini, o pirenokan no mipalafangay.ilaloma’ no tokay ira ko 14 a kanatal ato cecay a pecihankanatal, 70 ko kayakay ko pakalitilitingay tona tata’angay niyaro’,matiya o ”isaka’amisay a winis”.\n\nItiya ho i saka 13 sici, ona Stokormo tokay kaitiraan no sici, ponka, kicay ato picolo’an. Ona tokay caay ka haop no lalood, orasaka, masongila’ ko katelik tahanini, anini ira ko safw no 400 so’ot ko pi’arawan to dafong a loma’, mapa’araw ko masamaamaanay a dafong,ono rikisi, finacadan, palapalaan ato sasongilaan.\n\nO kasofocan ni Arforoy Nopir ko Stokormo. Nani 1901 miheca misatapang, itira i saka12 folad saka10 romi’ad misaharateng cingranan i \n\nlalomaan, o honti no Royti ko pafeliay to Nopir Hofi, malaheci i, itira i sifoan a kakomaenan a pakalafi to lafang.\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \nItiraay i saka’amis no Yoropa ko kitiraan nona kitakit, isakawali no Skantiwiya Pecihan Kanatal, isawali misi’ayaw to PolotiRiyar ato Potiniya Kihaw, orasaka, ira ko ka’edaway a lilis no riyar. Isaka’etip o Skantiwiya Lotolotokan, onini o kalala’edan ato Nowi kitakit.\n\nO kakahad no sera no Roytin ira ko 449,964 km², o maedengay a malaliomah a sera mahaop ko 7.0%,[1] i sakalima ko kakahad i Yoropa, o sakakaay ko kakahad i Ka’amisay Yoropa. O pala kocedis a kakaya’,nani ka’amis tayra timol ira ko 1574 kilo, nani sa’etip tara wa[2]li ira ko 500 kilo, nani ka’amis tara timol a malikelon.\n\nPakitinien i pala ko pisiiked, toloay etal:saka’amis o Norlan Takaeaway Dafda, adihay ko lotok,kakahad ko kilakilangan; Swialan itiraay i sifo’ no sakatimol, sahetoay o tapolo a sera,ira ko 9 ofad a fanaw; isakatimol o Yietalan, o katatekoan no Smolan Dahetal ato ci’afoay a Skona Dafdaf. \n\nmahaop ko 15% a sera itiraay i ka’amis ho no Pocok no Saka’amis.[3]\n\nO sakakaay a kanatal o Kotolan Kanatal ato Wolan Kanatal; WinaenFanaw,Witoen Fanaw ato MilalonFanaw. O itiraay i katimol a WoleEtal ato isifo’ay a MilalonFanaw sakakaay ko kakodefet no tamdaw a maro’.\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nO tamdaw no Roytin o sasafaay ko lonok sanay a sofoc,o sato’edaway ko lalen a ’orip ato sakakaay ko kaliteng no ’orip a kitakit.[4] O polong no tamdaw mahaop ko 90% masacecayay i katimol ato sasifo’an a etal maro’, sakakaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw i, o Stokormo, Kotopow ato Maormo a maro’ tona toloay tokay.\n\nI 2004 miheca saka 8 folad a sa’osi to tamdaw, satapang sa a malafas to 900 ofad, i 2017 miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 romi’ad, o patokiay a tamdaw no Roytin cilafas to 1000 ofad.[5] [6] itini a mahapinangan ko pisalinahlinah a maro’ no tamdaw. I sa’aya’ayaw ho i, o matayalay a tayni a tamdaw ko ’alomanay, to ikor to i, o maforaway a tamdaw. I 2010 a pisolap mahaop ko 14.3 % o maforaway tamdaw, 9,2% caay ko nani Yoropaay tamdaw, ’edeng 5.1% o nani roma a kitakit no Yoropa a tamdaw.\n\nO maforaway a tamdaw o nani Fenlan,Torki,Toic,Tanmay,Norway, Polan, Ilako ato nani ’ayaway Nanslafo.[7] I 2005 miheca a pisa’osi o nani Ka’amisay Yoropa ira ko 20,162 tamdaw, nani Aciyaay ira ko 16,739 tamdaw, nani Afrika ira ko 5,625 tamadaw, o nani LatinAmirika ira 2,655 tamdaw.[8]\n\nSowal(語言) \nOna sifoan a sowal o Roytin Sowal, onini i, o Ka’amisay-Luerman ono Indo-Yoropa Rayray, o Skantinawiya sowal hananay ho a mitahidang,[9] miriniay to sowal no Tanmay ato Norwi, nikawrira, o ngiha’ ato pitilid cowa ka lecad. O Norwi ato Tanmay a tamdaw rahodayay a mafana’ to sowal no Roytin.\n\n2009 miheca saka 7 folad saka 1 romi’ad, malaheci a misanga’ ko fa’elohay a rikec no sowal, o malasifoan a sowal ko Roytin a sowal.[10] O sowal no Roytin malasifoan a sowal han?halafin ko kacacoli tonini, i 2005 miheca ira ko pasadak to sasanga’en a rikec to sapihayaw to malosifoan sowal,[11] nikawrira, caay ka laheci kona rikec. O sakaay a sowal ko sowal no Roytin, ono mamangay ko finacadan a sowal ira ko Fenlan sowal, Mian sowal, Sami sowal, Romu sowal ato Itisyu sowal.[12] \n\nMasiwar no katenak no kalali’aca to dafong, o Ikiris sowal malasamatenakay sowal itini i Roytin. I ikor no 1849 miheca, o malahatatanamen koawcong pitilidan a sowal ko Ikiris, i ikor no 1940 miheca, malahatatanamen no polong a pitilidan ko Ikiris, matiya o Sypanya sowal, Toiv sowal, Fransu sowal ato Italiya sowal.\n\nPitooran(宗教) \nI’ayaw no 11 sici, mita’ong to kawakawas no Ka’amisay Yoropa,ono to’asan ho a pitooran konini, o Uposala Pita’ongan (烏普薩拉; Roytin a sowal:Uppsala）i, o kahiceran no mitooray \n\nkonini. Tahira to saka 11 sici micomod to ko Kristo Pitooran, mafalic to ko rikec no kitakit milalang tono to’asan a pitooran, tangasa i saka 19 sici ta malahedaw kono to’asan a pitooran. I 1530 miheca ira ko pisalof to pitooran cowa ka pitoor to Tinsikiw ko lalomaan no hoti, o Fa’elohay Kristo ko pitooran. Ikor tono 18 sici, ta manga’ay ko mitooray to Yotaya ato Tinsikiw mipatenak to sowal no Pa’oripay i Roytin. 1951 miheca, mapacomod i rikec ko paifaloco’ay ko pitoor sanay tilid. 2000 miheca, laheci han to a misasip palasawad ko Royrin Kiwkai(瑞典教會; Roytin sowal: Svenska kyrkan), caay to nitolo’an no kitakit a pitooran.\n\nPakiraen i sa’osi, o tamdaw no Roytin ira ko 275,000 ko tamdaw cowa ko naifaloco’ay ko pitooran, o maforaway a tayni ira ko 92,000 ko tamdaw o Tinsikiw ko pitooran,100,000 ko tamdaw mitooray to Sa’etipay So’elinay Kiwkai, 500,000 ko tamdaw o Musulin.[1]\n\nTooren ko sa’osi i 2005 miheca, ira ko 23% a Roytin tamdaw paso’elin to Kawas, mahaop ko 53% tamdaw pakaso’elin iraay ko tadamaanay a ’icel no salo’afang ato ’Orip, 23% caay ka paso’elin to Kawas ato ’icel no salo’afang ato ’Orip.[2]\n\nO Uposala Sikyo Etal (烏普薩拉主教座堂; Royrin a sowal:Uppsala domkyrka), i 1287 miheca a mapatireng, o aniniay a kiwkai i, i 1885-1893 miheca a patirengen. O ’akawang i, ira ko 118.7 laya’,o sakakaay i Skantinawiya konini a kiwkai. Yo patireng i, o kiwkai no Roma Tinsikiw, o pipacalokan to honti ato pitademan itini, ikor no Pisalof to Pitooran, o Kiwkai no Roytin ko maro’ay itini, anini i, o kamaro’an no Uposala Sikyo.\n\nPacefafay tilid (註釋) \n[1] 《中國對外投資促進國別\/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。\n\n[2] 《中國對外投資促進國別\/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。\n\n[3] 瑞典地理概況 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），外語教育網-瑞典文化 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。\n\n[4] 《中國對外投資促進國別\/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。\n\n[5] 移民大量涌入致瑞典人口终破千万. [2017-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-02）.\n\n[6] 《瑞典人口2004年-2007年每月統計數據》 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-07-14.（瑞典文） - 於2007年7月10日查閱。\n\n[7] 瑞典移民局，《Pocket Facts: Statistics on Integration》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），ISBN 91-89609-30-1（英文） - 於2007年7月10日查閱。\n\n[8] 瑞典移民局，《Pocket Facts: Statistics on Integration》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），ISBN 91-89609-30-1（英文） - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 \n\n[9] 《中國對外投資促進國別\/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 \n\n[10] Landes, David (1 July 2009). \"Swedish becomes official 'main language'\". The Local. thelocal.se. Retrieved 15 July 2009.\n\n[11] 《瑞典語不會成為官方語言》（Svenskan blir inte officiellt språk） 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-10-14.（瑞典文），瑞典電視臺，2005年12月7日\n\n[12] 《新聞公告：語言法壢今天生效！》（Pressmeddelande: I dag börjar språklagen gälla!） 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2010-08-20.，語言委員會\n\n[13] 馬爾摩的穆斯林 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-01-13.（瑞典文） - 於2007年7月11日查閱。\n\n[14] 《歐盟民意調查機構關於宗教信仰的調查報告》 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-05-24.（PDF格式），（英文） - 於2007年7月11日查閱。\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n\n參考文獻 \n\n Mottoes of The Kings and Queens of Sweden. www.kungahuset.se. Royal Court of Sweden. [2015-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-23）.\n ^ Norborg, Lars-Arne. svensk–norska unionen. ne.se. Nationalencyklopedin. [2015-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-15） （瑞典語）.\n Befolkningsstatistik - Nyckeltal. Statistiska centralbyrån. [2018-09-20]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-27） （瑞典語）.\n Sweden. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-15] （英語）.\n Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC).\n Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-01-18）\n Summary of Population Statistics 1960–2012. Statistics Sweden. [2013-06-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-03-17）.\n Är svenskan också officiellt språk i Sverige? [Is Swedish also an official language in Sweden?]. Swedish Language Council. 2008-02-01 [2008-06-22]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-06） （瑞典語）.\n Population Statistics. Statistics Sweden. [2016-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-16）.\n 《中國對外投資促進國別\/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。\n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":2244,"character_repetition_ratio":0.061,"word_repetition_ratio":0.128,"special_characters_ratio":0.291,"stopwords_ratio":0.007,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.997,"perplexity_score":4913.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tabar%C3%A9%20V%C3%A1zquez","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tabaré Vázquez\n\nI 1940 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc ci Tabaré Vázquez, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Uruguay anini i ci Tabaré Vázquez, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":72,"character_repetition_ratio":0.123,"word_repetition_ratio":0.063,"special_characters_ratio":0.26,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.993,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamako%5E","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tamako (菸草) \nmipaloma ko 'Amis to tamako.\n\nkasasiromaroma (種類)\n\nkakarayan a romi'ad (氣候)","num_words":21,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.297,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.984,"perplexity_score":7918.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamim%20bin%20Hamad%20Al%20Thani","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani\n\nI 1980 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc ci Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Qatar anini i ci Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 25 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":83,"character_repetition_ratio":0.142,"word_repetition_ratio":0.054,"special_characters_ratio":0.265,"stopwords_ratio":0.036,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.995,"perplexity_score":61964.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tana%20Kuo","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tana Kuo (郭婞淳)\n\nTakaray a Sowal(概略)\n\nTana Kuo (郭婞淳)\n\nI 1993 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad(月) saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Tana Kuo.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Taywan(臺灣) anini i ci Tana Kuo.\n\nlalamod(配偶)\n\nsalikaka(兄弟姐妹)\n\nnatayalan(事蹟)\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n 中文維基百科\n \nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":70,"character_repetition_ratio":0.093,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.311,"stopwords_ratio":0.1,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.957,"perplexity_score":6193.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taur%20Matan%20Ruak","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Taur Matan Ruak\n\n \n\nI 1956 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc ci Taur Matan Ruak, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Timor-leste anini i ci Taur Matan Ruak, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 19 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":72,"character_repetition_ratio":0.122,"word_repetition_ratio":0.095,"special_characters_ratio":0.277,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.994,"perplexity_score":54506.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teodoro%20Obiang%20Nguema%20Mbasogo","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo\n\nI 1942 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 5 a romi’ad masofoc ci Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Equatorial guinea anini i ci Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, patirengan a romi’ad i 1979 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 3 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":85,"character_repetition_ratio":0.135,"word_repetition_ratio":0.053,"special_characters_ratio":0.24,"stopwords_ratio":0.024,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.938,"perplexity_score":59766.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomislav%20Nikoli%C4%87","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tomislav Nikolić\n\nI 1952 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc ci Tomislav Nikolić, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Serbia anini i ci Tomislav Nikolić, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 31 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.127,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.259,"stopwords_ratio":0.042,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tommy%20Remengesau","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tommy Remengesau\n\nI 1956 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc ci Tommy Remengesau, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Palau anini i ci Tommy Remengesau, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 17 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.127,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.26,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tony%20Tan","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tony Tan\n\nI 1940 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad masofoc ci Tony Tan, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Singapore anini i ci Tony Tan, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":67,"character_repetition_ratio":0.107,"word_repetition_ratio":0.069,"special_characters_ratio":0.271,"stopwords_ratio":0.03,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tr%E1%BA%A7n%20%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i%20Quang","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Trần Đại Quang\n\nI 1956 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 12 a romi’ad masofoc ci Trần Đại Quang, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Vietnam anini i ci Trần Đại Quang, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 2 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":82,"character_repetition_ratio":0.123,"word_repetition_ratio":0.055,"special_characters_ratio":0.272,"stopwords_ratio":0.024,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.996,"perplexity_score":55292.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsakhiagiin%20Elbegdorj","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj\n\nI 1963 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 8 a romi’ad masofoc ci Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Mongolia anini i ci Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 18 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":74,"character_repetition_ratio":0.135,"word_repetition_ratio":0.062,"special_characters_ratio":0.244,"stopwords_ratio":0.027,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.993,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tufuga%20Efi","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tufuga Efi\n\nI 1938 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc ci Tufuga Efi, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Samoa anini i ci Tufuga Efi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 11 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":73,"character_repetition_ratio":0.116,"word_repetition_ratio":0.062,"special_characters_ratio":0.272,"stopwords_ratio":0.041,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uhuru%20Kenyatta","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Uhuru Kenyatta\n\nI 1961 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc ci Uhuru Kenyatta, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Kenya anini i ci Uhuru Kenyatta, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":72,"character_repetition_ratio":0.123,"word_repetition_ratio":0.063,"special_characters_ratio":0.264,"stopwords_ratio":0.028,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukraine","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ukraine（烏克蘭）\n\nTakaray Sowal: \nUkolan ( Ukolan sowal:Україна，Roma tilid:Ukrayina; Kuwaping sowal:烏克蘭), itiraay I Sakawalian Yuropa, I katimol misisilisay ato Kahetingay Riyar(Ikiris sowal: Black Sea), isalawali malafiyaway ato Rosiya, isaka;amis malafiyaw ato Pirasoriya, isa’etip malafiyaw ato Polan, Slofako, Siyongyali, Romaniya ato Mortofa a kitakit. O kahiceraan no Sa’etioay kitakit ato Rosiya , o kahiceraan heca no Tinsikyo ato Saka’etipay So’elinay Kiyokai a punka.Mido’edo’ay to Rosiya ko kakahad no kitakit, ira ko 603,700 km², o polong 4,117 ko tamdaw (caay ho kassa’osien kono Kolimoya Picihan Kanatal).\n\nI saka 9 sici o tatapangan takay no Ukolan o Kiyif hananay ko pahiceraan, o litengan ho a Slaf Finacadan patireng to sa’ayaway a finacadan kitakit Kiyif-Rosu, away ko ikakaay ko ‘icel to no kitakit, tahira to i 12 sici matekop a malaklak.Nani sifo’an no 14 sici, madado’edo’ a makowan no Cincahan kitakit(Monko sowal:Алтан Орд，Altan Ord；Ikiris asowal:Kipchak Khanate; Kuwaping sowal:欽察汗國）,Polan Hontian kitakit, ato Litawan Sarawa’an kitakit(Latin sowal:Magnus Ducatus Lituania，Litawan sowal:Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė; Kuwaping sowal:立陶宛大公國）.[1] \n\nI 1700~ 1721 miheca a Ni’amisan Lalood(Rosiya sowal:Северная война，Loytin sowal:Stora nordiska kriget),malowid no Rosiya ko Loytin, ikor to i, mapapecihpech no icowacowaay a kitakit ko Ukolan. I 19sici o Hontian Rosiya Kitakit ko mipolongay a mikowan to Ukolan, o ’osaw to a pala i, o Awsiyong Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay. Itira to i Sakacecay Lalood no Hekal matatanga to Sapifelihaw to sifo a rawraw ko Rosiya, ora saka pacalcal a misiiked ko Ukolan. \n\nI 1922 miheca o cecay no mikapotay a patireng to Solin ko Ukolan, i kaherekan no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal, oya mikowanan no Polan a Saka’etioay Ukolan mapatateko i Sowiay Ukolan. \n\n1945 miheca mikapot i Linhoko.[2] 1954 miheca oya kakeridan no Kiyosanto no Solin ci Ninita Helosyefo ko milengatay a mikerid to Sakakay \n\nno Solin, o pikining to Katateko’an no Rosiya ato Ukolan a romi’ad a mipecih a pafelien ko Ukolan to Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal(Rosiya sowal:Кры́мский полуо́стров，Roma tilid: Krymskiy poluostrov; Kuwaping sowal:克里米亞半島)\n\nI 1991 miheca yo matekop ko Solin i, alasiikeiked sa koya 15 a mikapotat to Solin a kitakit, itira to a misiiked ko Ukolan malasiikeday kitakit, mikapot a patireng to Siikeday Kitakit a Lekatep. Misiiked to ko Ukolan rocoken ningra ko paranaan no sofitay no itiyay ho no Solin, malamido’edo’an to Rosiya o sakatosa a ci’icelay a kitakit itini i Yoropa. I 2014 miheca ma’eco no Rosiya ko Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal ora sa ka tangsolsol sa miliyas ko Ukolan to Siikeday Kitakit a Lekatep.\n\nYo misiiked ko Ukolan midemak to nipaliwalay to dafong a sapili’etan a kicay,caho ka citaneng to matiniay a cicay, orasaka 10 ko mihecaan ko kanglilos no ’orip no tamtamdaw.[3] Nikawrira, anini sato i, o sakatola a saadihayay ko nipasadakan a kakaenen i hekal.[4]\n\nI 2022 miheca saka2 folad saka 21 romi;ad milekal ko Rosiya to pisiiked no isakawaliay no Ukolan a sakowan o misiikedan a kitakit ko nini saan toTonnicuko Kitakit（Rosiya sowal:Донецкая народная республика;Roma tilid:Donetskaya narodnaya respublika; Kuwaping sowal:頓內次克人民共和國）ato Rokanseko Kitakit(Rosiya sowal:Луганская народная республика，Roma a tilid:Lugansk narodnaya respublika; Kuwaping sowal:盧干斯克人民共和國). Tahira tona miheca saka 2 folad saka 24 romi’ad milood to ko Rosiya to Ukolan.\n\nTatapangan no ngangan(國名來源)\n\nItiya ho i 13sici, sahetoay to mi’aroan to no Konko tamdaw ko Ukolan, nikawrira, oya i la’edan no Ukolan ato Polan a Kalisiy Sawra’an Etal ato i sak’amisay no saka’etip no Ukolan a Wolonsi Sakowan cowa ka ’eco no Monko a tamdaw, ono tosa a Sakowan no Sawara’an itiraay i katimol no \n\naro’ ningra. O nanicowaay kona Ukolan a sowal awaay ko kacipinangan, nikawrira, ona Ukolan oni patatekoan a tosaay tilid, o 「U」sanay i, ono「no mita, no itiniay」sanay ko imi nira, o「kolan」sanay i, ono「no mita kitakit\/o i salawacan a la’eday pala」sanay ko imi nonini, ’eminen a somowal i, o「I salawacanay a kitakit」sanay. Oya maro’ay itini a tamdaw o「Ukolan tamdaw」hananay to a mitahidang, o i「salawacanay tamdaw」ko pangangan, o nano ngangan no finacadan ko sapangangan to kitakit tora Ukolan.[5]\n\nRikisi(歷史)\n\nO pikakinkiw no mikakarkaray to katelang nalacolan,ira makera ko i’ayaway no 2 ofad ~3 ofad a notelangan ho nikunisan i ’ongcoy a cuka.\n\nO rikisi no Ukolan i, o Wiking tamdaw ko patirengay to Kifros i saka 9 sici, latek i 10 sici, o Sa’etipay Selafu Finacadan matateko mala To’asan Rosu Finacadan,patireng to Kifros Kitakit. Yo mikowan ci Sey Fracimil Swiyatoslawici(Rosiya sowal:Св.Влади́мир Святосла́вич; Kuwaling sowal:聖弗拉基米爾·斯維亞托斯拉維奇) o tadacomahaday a kitakit i hekal. Itiya a mipacomod to Saka’etipay So’elinay Kyokay, misanga’ heca to Rikec no Rosu. I saka 12 sici tahira i saka 14 sici,nani Tatapangan Tokay Kiyief matenak taraka’amis no saka’etip a pala, itira to a mala’afa’afas to hasakowan a pala, orasaka malaklak to koya finacadan to Rosiya tamdaw (Tata’angay Rosiya tamdaw), Ukola tamdaw(Mamangay Rosiya tamdaw) ato Kohecalay Rosiya tamdaw(Pirosiya).\n\nIngataay a mihecahecaan(近現代史) \nI 13sici tahira i 14 sici mitoker to picowat no Monko tamdaw, Rerman tamdaw ato Torki tamdaw.Latek nani 14sici satapang a miliyas to katelang Kifros malacitekeday tono niyah a sowal, punka ato pinangan no ’orip, laheci malamisiikeday a finacadan. I 1569 miheca, komoden ni Lupolin ko Polan Hontian kitakit ato Litawan Sawara’an kitakit patireng to Polan-Litawan Matatekoay Kitakit. To ikor to pinapina so’ot a mihecaan o Mosko Sawara’an Kitakit ko mipatatekoay mapapolong to ka’amis no sakawaliay pala, mala Rosiya Hontian Kitakita(Safang). \n\nO roma sato, o itiraay i katimol no saka’etip a pala o Polan-Litawan Matatekoay Kitakit ko mikowanay to aniniay Pirarosi ato aniniay Ukolan. Ano sahecien a somowal i, o aniniay a Ukolan itiraay i 17sici tahira i 14sici a malacecay a finacadan, italiyokan no Nipo’alo, o Kifu, Potawa ato Cinikof ko kahiceraan.\n\nI 17sici, mapapolong ko Ukolan ato Sa’etipay So’elinay Kyokay mi toker to Tinsikyo no Polan a mafodfod. 1654 miheca, o kakeridan no Kosako no Ukolan ci Pokotan Hominiceci(Ukolan sowal: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький;Polan sowal:Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; Rosiya sowal:Богдан Хмельницкий; Kuwaping sowal:博格丹·赫梅利尼茨基) matatilid ato Honti no Rosiya(Safan) to『Piliyaslafu sakarihaday kakaketonan』(《佩列亞斯拉夫和約》), tahidangen ko Hongti no Rosiya a mikowan, nanoyanan sato matateko ko sawalian Ukolan(sakawilian lilis no Nipo’alo) ato Rosiya Hongtian Kitakit,malekatep to ko Ukolan ato Rosiya.\n\nYo mamalepon ko 18 sici, o fafahiyan hongti no Rosiya ci Yiekacilina II(Rosiya sowal: Екатерина Алексеевна; Ikiris sowal: Catherine II; Kuwaping sowal:葉卡捷琳娜二世·阿列克謝耶芙娜) ato hongti no Awtili, ato honti no Polusi malacafay kinatolo a mipech to Polan, onini ko polong sato ko Ukolan ato Pirasosu mapateko i Rosiya. Cowa konini aca koni patekoan, i 1783 miheca malowid nira ko Otoman-Torki hongtian kitakit,patateko han to ko malamicongacongay kitakit no Otoman-Torki hongtian Kolimiya kitakit, safeleng sato ko tamdaw no Rosiya a mafolaw tayra i Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal.itini to i 1795 miheca a misatapang ko Rosiya micoroh a patenak to sowal no Rosiya i ’edef no Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal, paci’ecien ko pikihatiya no Ukolan tamdaw to Rosiya a pinangan.\n\nSolin a mihecahecaan(蘇聯時期) \nI 1917 miheca mapalolol ko kitakit, mafelih ko Rosiya Hontian Kitakit, ira ko padama no Toic Hontian Kitakit ta mapatireng ko siikeday Ukolan Kapolongan Kitakit. 1918 miheca matatilid ko Rosiya ato Malekatepay-Kitakit to《Pelisto-Litawan kakaketonan》（Rosiya a sowal:Брестский мир; Toic a sowal: Friedensvertrag von Brest-Litowsk; Kuwaping a sowal:布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約）, onini ko sapi’eco no Toic Hontian Kitakit ato Awdyong Hontian Kitakit to Ukolan, mapalsawad ko Ukolan Kapolongan Kitakit, mapatireng ko mi’aningay to Toic a Ukolan kitakit, mapateli ko sofitay no Toic itini. Yo malepon ko Sakacecay Lalood no Hekal malowid ko Toic, liyas sato to Ukolan, mapatatiko i Solin ko Ukolan, oya i sakawaliay no Ukolan patireng to Sowiay Sifo, mapatireng to ko Ukolan Sowiay Siyakaysiuki Kapolongan Kitakit. 1922 miheca patireng to Sowiay Siyakaysiuki Kapolongan Kitakit Lekatep(Rosiya asowal:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟; decdec a tilid:蘇聯) mikapot ko kawaliay Ukolan tona lekatep, malamisatapangay patireng a kitakit. O i saka’etipay a Ukolan mala no Polan a sera.\n\nYo sakaira no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal, malapecih ko Solin ato Toic to Polan, oya i saka’etipay a Ukolan mapateko i Solin.1941 miheca saka 6 folad saka 22 romi’ad malalood ko Solin ato Toic i Ukolan a pala, oya itiraay i Kifo a lslood 70 ofad ko mapatayay sofitay no Solin, o itiraay i Awtosa a lalood malowid no Romaniya ko sofitay no Solin, laheci han to no Toic a mipolong a mi’eco ko Ukolan.1943 miheca saka11 folad matepek no Solin ko sofitay no Toic,patikor heca ko Solin taira i Ukolan. Itini tona sakatosa a lalood itiniay i Ukolan ko kalaloodan, orasaka, tada mapadesay kona kitakit.\n\n1985 miheca yo mala Sakakaay no kyosanto no Solin ci Kopacifo (Rosiya asowal:Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв; Roma a tilid:Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev; Kuwaping a sowal:米哈伊爾·謝爾蓋耶維奇·戈巴契夫) macekiw to ko masamaamaanay a ka’intelan to Rosiya, ira to ko pisaharateng no Ukolan a tamdaw to sapisiikedaw nani Rosiya.\n\nIikor na misiiked (烏克蘭獨立後) \n1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka16 romi’ad, matalahekal no pikaykian no Ukolan kitakit ko《Tatapangan Salongoc no Ukolan a Pilekal》. 1991 miheca saka8 folad saka24 romi’ad, matekop ko Solin Patatekoan Kitakit, oya mikapotay i Solin a 15 kitakit alasiikeiked sato, o pikaykian no Ukolan kitakit tangsolsol sa a milekal to《Ukolan misiiked a lekal》. Tona miheca saka 12 folad saka 1 romi’ad, mihai ko tamdaw no Ukolan nami kapolongan pitopa, laheci sato miliyas to Solin misiiked, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Ukolan Kapolongan Kitakit, 337 ko mihecaan ta malaheci ko kapisiiked, tona romi’ad tomireng malacongton ci Liangnito ( Ukolan a sowal:Леонід Макарович Кравчук; Kuwaping a sowal:列昂尼德·馬卡羅維奇·克拉夫丘克) o sa’ayaway a congtong ko cingra.\n\n1996 miheca matongko ko fa’elohay a kimpo, o Tatapangan Salongoc, Misiiked ato nikafinawlan a kitakit sa ko pisetek i tilid, falicen ho ko ngangan no kitakit to Ukolan.2004 miheca, misinkiw to congtong ci Yusinko(Ukolan a sowal:Віктор Андрійович Ющенко;Kuwaping a sowal:維克多·安德烈耶維奇·尤申科) pakaala to 52% a satopa maala malacongtong. I 2013 miheca saka 11 folad o mitadipiay to Yoropa a kasafelaw satapang a mikangi to sifo,[6] to cila a miheca i 2014, sakaira ko lolol Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal,[7] [8] [9] matekop ko misawidangay to Rosiya sifo ni Yanukowici (Rosiya a sowal:Виктор Фёдорович Янукович; Ukolan a sowal:Віктор Федорович Янукович;Kuwaping a sowal:維克托·費奧多羅維奇·亞努科維奇), o misawidanay to Yoropa to ko mikowanay to Ukolan. 2014 miheca ’eco han to no Rosiya a patateko ko Kolimiya i Rosiya. 2019 miheca saka 4 folad saka 21 romi’ad oya misifayay i tilifi ci maala ni( Ukolan a sowal: Володимир Олександрович Зеленський;Roma a tilid: Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy; Kuwaping a sowal:弗拉迪米爾·亞歷山德羅維奇·澤倫斯基) pakaala to 70% a sayopa maala malacongtong.[10]\n\nFaco no sici(政治制度) \nO Ukolan a kitakit midamakay to Toloay ko Kasasiiked no Sakowan 'Icel, oranan i, o misanga’ay to rikec, misawkitay ato matayalay kona toloay kasasiked no ’icel a matayal. O kimpo ko pado’edoan no kalosakowan to tayal, nilalangan ko micowatay to demak no roma a sakowan.\n\nO congtong ko Sakakaay Kakeridan no kitakit, Sakakaay Lata o misanga’ay to rikec,[11] citodongay to tayal no kitakit o Sakakaay Sifo, mitengil to sowal no congtong. Cecayay ko Pikaykian no Kitakit, o Sakakaay Lata konini, o miketonay a misang’ to rikec no kitakit, o mihaian no rikec ira ko 450 ko tamdaw no kiing, o kalotamdaw ko mitopaay a misinkiw, sepat miheca ko kalakiingan. \n\nO sinkiw no congtong o kalotamdaw misimedan ko ngangan a mitopa, 5 miheca ko katayalan no congtong, milalangan to cilafas to tosa riyad a malacongtong(10 miheca).o kakeridan no sifo o congtong ko panganganay, mahai no Lata nga’ manga’ay malacongli.[12]\n\nO Ukolan mihaian no rikec ko adihayay a centang, o mipanganganay i pisawkitan ira ko 349 ko kasasiromaroma a kasarekarekad.\n\nLarengatan no rawraw no sici(政局動盪)\n\n2004-2005 miheca a sanokoltoay cengel a nipalolol.(橙色革命) \n(Ukolan a sowal:Помаранчева революція; Kuwaping a sowal:橙色革命又譯栗子花革命), itiya ira ko sinkiw no congtong, o kakeridan no 「Nomita a Ukolan」(Ukolan a sowal: Наша Україна) sanany a Rekad(tang) ci Wikoto Antoriyiwici Yusinko(Ukolan a sowal:Віктор Андрійович Ющенко)mipacoli toiraay ko milipaysoay tona sinkiw sanay a pakokot a mopakarat,sakakinatolo a miliyaw mitopa lahecai sato a maala malacongtong no Ukolan. Yo malacongtong ci Yusinko mikiteked tono niyah finacadan to demak,palalak saan a pafeli to finawlan to payso no sifo, ora sako ka’emed to ko payso macakat a ’atekak ko maamaan a dafong, itira to ko ka serer no ’orip no tamtamdaw. Roma sato i, ona sifo cilacila macacoli ko malatapangay, mangalefay ko mitao’ay to kitakit a「Nomita a Ukolan」a tang ato Malekateapay ni Yuliya Timosinko marari’ari’ang, o Tapang tono sifo ci Yuliya mapaci’eci a mapalasawad ko kamaro’an i sifo. Itiya sato i 2006 miheca a pisinkiw to iing no Pikaykian no Kitakit oya misawidangay to Sa’etipay Lekatep malowid, o misawidangay to to Rosiya ci Wikoto Fiawtorowici Yanukowici (Rosiya a sowal: Виктор Фёдорович Янукович; Ukolan a sowal: Віктор Федорович Янукович; Kuwaping a sowal: 維克托·費奧多羅維奇·亞努科維奇) ko maalaay malacongtong a miliyaw.\n\n2013 miheca o patalaw a mikangyi(toker)to sifo ko misawidangay to Sa’etipay Kitakit, oya sato o misawidangay to Rosiya a congtong ci Yanukowici paterep han to ningra ko Kakaketonan no Paifaloco’ay Kali’aca ato Sa’etipay Kitakit, misa’icel ato Rosiya a mapapadang. Oya sato mitadipiay to Sa’etipay Kitakit a kasafelaw a tamdaw,misaopo to to finawlan a mipacoli mitoker to sifo.[13]\n\n2014 miheca saka 2 folad saka 22 romi’ad,mangalef to ko larawraw sato ko ’edef no kitakit,mapalasawad to ko kamaro’an ni Yanukowici laliw sato a tara Rosiya madipot no Rosiya. Lalowadan no rawraw konini.\n\n2014 miheca o karawrawan no Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal(2014年克里米亞危機) \nO maro’ay i Kolimiya kanatal a tamdaw i, o Rosiya ko ’alomanay ora sa ka mikiRosiyaay ko faloco’ no tamtamdaw, yo malaplap no Ukolan ko misawidangay a congtong ci Yanukowici,sowal sato ko congtong no Rosiya:「misaharateng to kita to sapipanokayaw to Kolimiya patatiko tayni i Rosiya」saan. Tona miheca saka 2 folad saka 27 romi’ad o citapodoay a sofitay mi’eco to Sakakaay Pikaykian no Kitakit, maaro’ ko tadamaanay a kaitiraan no Kolimiya, orasaka, ma’emin sato no Rosiya a mapa’eker ko Kolimiya.\n\nTona miheca saka 3 folad saka16 romi’ad midemak to Kapolongan Pitopa(全民公投) no polong tamdaw no Kolimiya,mahaop ko 96.77% ko mihaydaay to sapitekkoaw i Rosiya,laheci sato ko pilekal patireng to Kolimiya Kapolongan Kitakit.[14][15][16][17] Nikawrira,o Yoropa Lekatep, Kanata, Dipon ato Amirika o caay ka tatodong i rikec konini a kapolongan pitopa saan,[18] [19]\n\n2022 karawraw i Ukolan \nItiya 2015 miheca matatilid to kakaketonan tilid ko Ukolan, Rosiya, Toic ato Fransu to Fa’elohay Kakaketona i Misko(Ikiris sowal:Minsk II；Kuwaping sowal:《新明斯克協議》), to saka caaw ka ngalef ko saso’iring a malalood.\n\nI 2022 miheca saka 2 folad saka 22 romi’ad mihai ko congtong no Rosiya ci Putin to pisiiked nani Ukolan ko ikawaliay a sakowan no Ukolan o Tonicuko(Ukolan sowal:Донецьк; Kuwaping a sowal:頓內次克) ato Rokansko(Rosiya a sowal:Луганская народная республика; Kuwaping a sowal:盧干斯克人民共和國), ocoren ni Putin ko sofitay no Rosiya tayra tona tosa a sakowan a midipot.[20] Tahira sato i 2022 miheca saka 2 folad saka 22 romi’ad saso’eli’elin[21] sato ko pilood ni Putin to Ukolan.\n\nTahapinangan Tilid(註腳) \n[1] Ukraine :: History – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. [2011-10-31]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-14）.\n\n[2] Activities of the Member States – Ukraine. United Nations. [2011-01-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-03）.\n\n[3] Macroeconomic Indicators. National Bank of Ukraine. [2007-12-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-21）.\n\n[4] Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister. Blackseagrain.net. [2012-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-21）.\n\n[5] З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва \"Україна\". Litopys.org.ua. [2011-10-31]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-11）.\n\n[6] Yanukovych: The man who sparks revolution in Ukraine. Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. 2014-02-20 [2014-03-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-01）.\n\n[7] Damien McElroy. Ukraine revolution: live – Ukraine's president has disappeared as world awakes to the aftermath of a revolution. The Daily Telegraph. 2014-02-23 [2014-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-24）.\n\n[8] Ukraine conflict: Tymoshenko speech ends historic day of revolution. BBC News. 2014-02-22 [2014-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-13）\n\n[9] Neil Buckley and Roman Olearchyk. Yanukovich toppled in new Ukrainian revolution. Financial Times. 2014-02-22 [2014-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-24）.\n\n[10] 乌克兰大选：喜剧演员泽连斯基高票胜出. BBC News 中文. [2022-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-27） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[11] 「會議」在烏克蘭語中為「Рада」，音譯「拉達」，在俄語中為「Совет」，音譯「蘇維埃」，「拉達」與「蘇維埃」實際上是同一個意思。2008年9月之前，中華人民共和國政府將「烏克蘭議會」譯成「烏克蘭最高蘇維埃」，從2008年9月4日起，中華人民共和國政府按照烏克蘭官方人士的意見將「烏克蘭議會」譯成「烏克蘭最高拉達」，參見 http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/ziliao\/2007-07\/26\/content_6432574.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n\n[12] General Articles about Ukraine. Government Portal. [2007-12-24]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-20）.\n\n[13] 烏克蘭十萬人抗議政府延遲加入歐盟. 亞太日報. 2013-11-26 [2014-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-03） （中��（繁體））\n\n[14] Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'. BBC News. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-17）\n\n[15] Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia. Reuters. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-04）.\n\n[16] Crimea 'votes to rejoin Russia' after controversial poll. ITV. 2014-03-16 [2017-11-26]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-05）.\n\n[17] Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine. The Guardian. 2014-03-17 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2014-03-17）\n\n[18] Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'. BBC News. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-17）.\n\n[19] Japan does not recognise Crimea vote – govt spokesman. Reuters. 2014-03-17 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-05）.\n\n[20] Putin orders Russian troops to Ukraine after recognising breakaway regions. [2022-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-21）.\n\n[21] 联大通过决议要求俄罗斯立即从乌克兰撤军. 聯合國新聞. 2022-03-02 [2022-03-05]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-03） （中文（簡體））.\n\nKakafitan i Papotal(外部連接) \n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":4613,"character_repetition_ratio":0.06,"word_repetition_ratio":0.027,"special_characters_ratio":0.247,"stopwords_ratio":0.01,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":6624.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amilika","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Amilika (美國) \nNipatatekoan a kitakit a Amilika (Inkiris: The United States of America、U.S.A.、 United States、U.S.), sakamoko’ (America), ka’amisay Amilika a kanatal o nipatatekoan a kitakit, aniniay a saki’emelay a dengan kitakit[, laenoay 50 ko kanatal patongal to nipatatekoan sifo i Washington no Colombia tadamaanay niyaro’, ira ko 5 a miliyasay a misiikeday a ser ato pinapina a papotalay palapalaan sakapot. O sera no kitakit ira ko 9,833,520 pinfang kongli (3,796,740 pnfang inli) , sakatosa a ka’amisay no Amilika (ikor no Kanata), o saka tolo ano eca saka sepat[. Tangasa i 2020 mihecaan, o tamdaw no Amilka ira ko 3.3 walwalan ko adihay, saka tolo no hekay ta’akay kitakit, saadihayay tamdaw a cemahaday to a kitakit.\n\nO Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit, ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an[23].\n\nO Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit[22], ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an.\n\nO Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit, ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an.I 19 sici miteka ko Amilika na misiiked nai Inkiris ko picalap a kitakit misitapang pasayra i kaetip micomod ato pasipapotal micowat, Amilika a nipatatekoan kitakit a sifo ’ayaw ikor 1803 miheca ato 1819 miheca kanatosa mi’aca to sera, kasasowal to Sakakaay a Micowatay no Ikiris Hontian Kitakit, mipidah to Mexico ato mitofok mipatay paci’eci papilinah to yincumin a maala ko ka’amisan konis 49˚ katimol, Grande ’alo ka’amisay a polong a sera, nai Russia a Hontian Kitakit ma’aca ko Alaska.\n\nNanoyaan dado’edo sa ko fa^elohay patireng to naomacalapay kitakit misingsi to pikapot to Amilika a nipatatekoan a kitakit, kasamatira a mahayda ko micowat to sera a fa^elohay kanatal, tangasa 1848 mihecaan o paseraan no Amilika malakec to ko ka’amsay Amilika a hekal. I 19 sici ikoran, katimolay no Amilika pitoay mihopeday to nifadesan tamdaw a kanatal mihapiw to sakapiliyasaw to nipatatekoan a misiiked mipatireng to malekatep kitakit a Amilika, nanoya ira ko laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood, ikor i pikowan ni Lincoln a mikerid to nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo i pifolaw maliyaw malekapot, itiya mapalasawad to ko pipadesay to tamdaw a rikec(Palakoliay-Faco)\n\nTeloc no 19 sici, nayaten n Amilika ko sakowan to sera tayra i Taypinyang no Hawai, I saka tosa a falicen to kikai ko sakatayal picikerohan miteka misa’ekimay a to’ek ato misaadahiay a to’ek a kacomahadan. Matatorod pakalowid to kalalood no ka’etipay no Amilika, saka Amilika sakipapotalay mikiharan mata’elif ko mo niyah, o ’icel no Amilika micomod tayra i Caribbean riyar ato ka’etip Taypinyang.\n\nMicomod to i 20 sici i, o Amilika i ikor no saka 1 kalalood a pikihatiyaan itiya mapatireng ko tatodong no ’icel no sofitay to sakihekalan. Paherek to 20 mihecaan ko pi’owang, o Amilika i 1930 miheca misi’ayaw to karawrawan no kicay, i saka 2 kalalood nohekal pakalowid k Amilika itiya a saranikay sato malasatadamaanay a kitakit. Mala o lekapot no lalimaay no sakapot i Linhoko, o Amilika cihenengay a kitakit, o sa’ayaway no hekal pakasanga’ay to heneng a sahadfek, dengan mikihatiyaay kalaloodan a kitakit.\n\nIkor no saka 2 kalaloodan amilika ato Russia pakayni i kasasiroma no nihiratengan ato kaitiraan nosici a malalifet i pinaay mo^etep miheheca ko ki’etecay a lalood, i kasasi’ayawan to sakikakarayanay kalalifetan sakalaheci manga’ay no tamdaw sa’ayaway tayra i folad halaka. I 20 sici a 90 mihecaan malopisak to ko Russia i, masowal to o saki’emelay to a kitakit i hekal[.\n\nO Amilika nai 19 sici telocan miteka osata’akay i hekal no kicayan, tahatini o pido’edoan i polong no cikiw a kicay, sakisofitay, kiwiko, pkingkiw to kakak, kakarayan a kakak pikingkiw ato isingan fana’ a sakiemelay kitakit. O Amilika ko takaraway kalaliacaan kitakit, sata’akay micomoday nohekal ato saka tosa a pasadakay to dafong a kitakit, o sakacecay Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit mido’edo tokasakitakit a payso, o paka’acaay dafong i o sakatosa. I finawlan a sakinaira, sakacowat no tamdaw, Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no tamdaw ato misanga’ay no tamdaw citodong to saki syakay kicay a pahapinang kacitodongan, malo kakeridan no hekal ko Amilika. Mocomod to ikoray no kikay ko sakatayal a to’ek ko kicay no Amilika, mipatadoay a tayal mihaop to todong no kicay, malasa’ayaway no hekal.\n\nLahecadsa, o misanga’ay to kalomaan hatira ko dadahal, saka tosa i hekal. Mihaop to 4.4% tamdaw no hakal ko Amilika patadamaan to sepatay no cecay (4\/1) to Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit ato toloay no cecay (3\/1) masadakay i polong no cikiw to sakisofitay, oni saki kicay ato sofitay saheto o satadamaanay to no hekal. O Amilika to sakisici atoponka a cecay kahapinangan nohekal o ci’icelay kitakit, i pikingkiw to kakak ato nifana’an mahaop malo o kakeridan no hakal. O Amilika o Linhoko, kingkonohekal, kasakitakit a payso a kiking sacefang, kasacefang no Amilika pa’ayaway a cefang ato kaitiraan a songto ko Amilika, i kasakitakit a demakan miheop to sakasasowal.\n\nNgangan no kitakit (國名)\n\nNo Inkiris ngangan (英文名) \n“The United States” onini a ngangan o lecok no Amilika ato so’elinay a pipangangan, sa’ayaway manengneng i misiiked a rotoh ato kimpo no Amilika (Constitution of the United States), I sakowan, misilsil ko kitakit to sasowalen to Amilika i, o pakaynian to sasowalan. Sa’ayaw o nairaan, tinako “The United States are” (nairaan kapolongan lekatep a), halo 1856 miheca nihaydaan dademaken a “kimpo no Amilika” saka 13 liyad nifalican ang. tangasa i paherek no laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood no Amilika, itiya a niira “The United States is” (niira kapolongan lekatep a). anini niira sanay to salongan[47][48], sakamoko’ ko pitahidang U.S..\n\n“United States of America”, nai ci John Dickinson mitiliday i 1776 miheca 6 folad 17 romi’ad a nipatatekoan a kitakit a kasatisil saka tosa a pa’ayaw tilid masadak[49], sakamoto’ tilid misakamoko’ U.S.A.. patodong to norikec a sakowan a pangangan, caay to kamatiya no US ko dadahal kananam. Talacowa tina tosaay manga’ayay to demaken, nika ira to ko sakacitodongan pidemak, USA sa’adihayay pidemak itiniay i onto a kalalifetan. Tinako i tilifi pahapinang to milifetay no kitakit a fayfay o ISO ko marocekay, misakamoto’ U.S.A., Amilika caay ka dengan koni, mitilid to kasatelek no Amilika sa’ayaway masadakay a taypiaw no citodongay a ngangan “United States of America”.\n\nRoma a sakamoto’ “America” (Amilika), I 1507 miheca, nai Germany micokaay ci Martin Wasemuller nisanga’an “o palapalaan no hekal”, Amilika kanatal sa’ayaw i coka no hekal mapatilid to “America” [50]. Nawhani misolapay no Itali ci Amerigo Vespucci paini tina ta’akay sera o fa^elohay caay ko nano itiyaay a na Columbus a nisowalan tiya kawaliay no Asiya. O Amilika nai Amilika kanatal a cingangan. I Inkiris a sowal, Amilika ato Milikan malecaday to “America”, o pifalic ko kasasiroma, ’ayaway pitoro’ to Amilika kanatal, ikoray pitoro’ to U.S. [51][52].\n\n“Columbia (kolompiya)” o nanaman pangangan to Amilika, o nai ci Columbusan, pinapina a demakan no Amilika tangasa anini o nian “Columbia” ko pangangan, tinako Washington Columbia tadaniyaro’, Columbia paratohay kosi, South Carolina maci Columbia[53].\n\nLikisi (歷史) \n\nMi’o’ot mikikiway pahapinang, ’ayaway ni Yis to 5 ’ofad mihecaan miteka masadak ko tamdaw i Amilika. Orira ato tamdaw malecad a masadak i Dipong ato Scandinavia a romi’ad. I ’ayaw no kairaan no tamdaw malinah nai Asiya ato Europe. O karomakatan no tamdaw nai salongan i ’ayaw 1.4 ’ofad tangasa 1.1 ’ofad mihecaan. Ikor masa o yincumin no Amilka[59].\n\nI 1492 miheca 10 folad 12 romi’ad, i no Spain fafahiyan hongti a nitoka’an, ci Columbus tahira i Bahamas palapalaan a San Salvador pala[59]. I 1493 miheca, ci Columbus itira i aniniay a Santo Domingo patireng to saka cecay a nicingcingan no Spain[59]. Ka’amisay Amilika kanatal a yincumin sarakat mihamham parono mipadang to mafalaway finawlan, nikawrira matokinihay aca o nipicingcingan a mipatay, milaplap ato mifades, nanoyaan miteka ko yincumin a macingcing[60].\n\nI 1607 miheca, itira i London a Virginia kosi i ka’amis Amilika Chesapeake Bay a James niyaro’ patireng to no Inkiris saka cecay nicingcingan[59]. Ikor, Inkiris i ka’amis Amilika Tasiyang lilis no riyar a kawali ka’amisay ato sasifo’an dado’edo patireng to picingcingan. I 1624 miheca, Netherlands (Holand) i Hudson ’alo patireng to picingcingan – New Netherlands, naitiya to ikor pinapina polo’ mihecaan misakakahad tayra i Connecticut ato Delaware ’alo[59]. I 1652 miheca tangasa 1675 miheca, Inkiris ato Netherlands kinatolo a malalood, ikor nanoya miliyas ko Netherlands to ka’amis Amilka, itiya matafad no Inkiris ko New Netherlands pado’edo micowat to picingcingan.\n\nTangasa 1775 miheca, ’ayaw no kalalood to pisiiked no Amilka, o Inkiris i ka’amis Amilika Tasiyang a lilis no riyar aniniay Amilika laloma’ tiya a mipatirengan to 13 a nicingcingan (New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina ato Georgia) [60].\n\nSiiked ato picowat (獨立與擴張) \n\nI 1760 mihecaan ato 1770 mihecaan, 13 ko ka’amisay Amilika nicingcingan ato Inkiris a masasirimok, saka i 1774 miheca ato 1775 miheca madado’edoay a kasasiwtoc. Pikihatiya no 13 a no macingcingay taypiaw to saka 2 lekad lalan a kalomaocan i 1776 miheca 7 folad 4 romi’ad masasitilid “paratoh pisiiked no Amilka”, oya kasasiwtoc mala o pisiiked a lalood, o taypiaw i kalomaocan miketong patireng to lalanay sofitay sapilifet to safitay no Inkiris, ci George Washington ko kakeridan[60].\n\nI 1781 miheca, “kasalekatep a tonekan” ya 13 a nipatatekoan a kitakit mapolong to mihayda, patireng to mido’ocay a kasalekatep. Nano Pppadang no Frence ato Spain, mataneng karorayan to 8 mihecaan sakisiiked a lalood, o saklalan a sofitay paherek ko pipidah to sofitay no Inkiris, itiya o Inkiris i 1783 miheca mitilid to “Paris tatonekan”, songila’ mihayda to 13 a ka’amisay Amilika nicingcingan a missiked. I 1787 mihecaan i Philadelphis a lomaoc, paini to no lekatep mafalic to o nipatatekoan a kitakit i kimpo, I 1789 miheca 6 folad, onini a “Nipatatekoan a kitakit a Amilika” milayap to ko 9 a kanatal ko mitliday to sapisitapang[60].\n\nI 19 sici miteka, o salaloma’an no Amilika miteka ira ko “ono kakarayan a niketonan ko ’orip”, “o nipafelian no kakarayan ko ’orip” mala o pakayraan no sici no Amilika a sowal[61][62], o roma to a sasowalen “o nipili’an no kakarayan” ko Amilika tamdaw sanay to sapisadadahalaw to sera ato ’icel. Nai 1803 miheca tangasa 1848 mheca, o pala no Amilika nai pisiikedan matongal to 3 sainanengan, pafalohang to fa^elohay a Nikapolongan Kitakit o “mamisakakahad to polong no ta;akay sera” sanay a pisafaloco’, pasayra i awaayay ko tolas ko pisadadahal, halo ’ayaw pi’aca to Louisiana micomoday to i laloma’ay a sera[63]. Mahaenay picowat i 1812 miheca a kalaslood itiya malitemoh ko kamoto’ay a safo’ot, nika ranikay nai kalaloodan a paherek a pado’edo ko demak. Nanoya kalaloodan, finawlan no Amilika matongal “nai Tasiyang tayra i Tayang” ko picowat a haratengan, o caayay ko mamafo’ot a ’orip. \n\nI 1848 miheca micalap to katimlay maci no Moxico, pakatapi’ i lalood no Amilika Moxico. Mihayda to ko Moxico to Taxas to piteko i Amilika, mikelac to 200 ’ofad pinfang kongli a sera (o malitosaay a sera) pafeli han ko Amilika[64]. Patoror ko sifo no Amilika pasietip ko pipamatang, mapatoror haca to pipalalan to no marar a lalan, itiya adihay ko siwtoc to Intian Yicumin. I 19 sici salepon sofitay no Amilika ato finawlan sofitay kinapinapina sapitekopan to Yincumin no Amilka a demak, tangasa paherekan saki’orip no Yincumin no Amilka[65].\n\nSapifades rikec, laloma’an lalood ato kakayan a saniyaro’ (奴隸制、內戰和工業城市化) \nMido’edo tomacowat ato comahad no kitakit, masadak to ko fa^elohay a hahiratengen, ka’amisay citodongay to nipatatekoan a sifo ato katimolay kanatal a sifo itini tosapisopedaw to sapifades ato sakowan no kanatal ira ko kasacirid no demak: ka’amisay kanatal maliyang to sapicowat to mifadesay a telek (caay ko sapiliyang to pifadesay a telek), miliyang to fa^elohay micomod a kanatal to sapifades a talek; okatimol kanatal miliyang to ka’amisay a kanatal to pilalang to matiniay saki’orip, orasaka militadoay to pifades a telek to saka cakat to misatakomoday a kinaira[24].\n\nI 1860 miheca mala congtong ko nikapolongan cefang ci Lincoln Abraham itiya, tata��ak ko kala siwtocan[66], onian o nano ni Lincoln a nikapolongan cefang ko miliyangay to sapicowat to mifadesay a telek. O South Carolina mala sa’ayaway mihapiw to sapiliyas to nipatatekoan a kanatal, tatootoor sato ko 6 a katimolay kanatal sapiliyasan, i 1861 miheca mipatireng to nipatatekoan kitakit a Amilika sapiso’ayaw miliyang to nipatatekoan kitakit a sifo. Caay ho kahalafin ko pipatireng ci Lincoln, ira to ko laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood, laloma'ay lalood no Amilika i 1865 miheca mapaherek, itiya paherek ko sapifades a telek ato no kanatal ira ko tatodong to sapaliyas to nipatatekoan a kitakit a solongoc sa a kalaliyang. Onini a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood malacawang no likisi no Amilika, nanoya matongal ko salingoc no nipatatekoan sifo[67], mapatireng ko tatodong no nipatatekoan cefang a mi’emet to sapikowan to Amilika a sici, tangasa i 1933 mihecaan.\n\nI 1902 miheca kawaliay hekal mafolaway no Amilika itira i New York Ellis pala mipatireng to kaysiya, marer a lalan ato kaliomahan (1902年美國東岸的移民在紐約埃利斯島創辦工廠，鐵路和農場) \nI laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood a nicowatan a kaki ato nai Europe ’alomanay mafolaway o saka damso to ’alomanay a matayalay to fa^elohay a kinaira no Amilika, i ’ayaw awaay ko mikiharay mapatireng to ko adihayay niyaro’ ato maci, ranikay macowat ko misanga'ay to dafong no Amilika ato sakapasayra i ci’icelay i kasakitakit. Matatood, o Amilika midemak to katalawan i roma kitakit to sakihongtian, halo kalalood i kaetipay Amilika[68] ikor no pilowid macalap ko Puerto Rico ato Philippine nano Spain a micingcingan i roma kitakit, o saka malaci’icelay no hekal kpo Amilika[60].\n\nTosaay kalalood no hekal ato karawrawan no kicay (兩次世界大戰與經濟大恐慌) \nSaka cecay kalalood no hekal i 1914 mihecaan miteka, sa’ayaw i kitenokay ko Amilika; nawhani o Germany milalood ko i lalinikay no riyar a tamina mipaleneng to ramakatay tamina no Amilika i Tasiyang (RMS Lusitania), saka’adihay ko mapatayay finawlan no Amilika, maforaw to ko finawlan no Amilika[60]. I saikoray a kalaloodan, o Amilika i 1917 miheca mikapot to kasatatelekan kitakit a miliyang to malekatepay kitakit.\n\nNawhani o likisian a demak, o finawlan no Amilika sini’adaay to Inkiris ato France, talacowa ira ko miliyangay a papinapina no Germany tamdaw ato Ireland tamdaw to pikihatiya[69]. O sakadamaaw no mikadomay ato nipatatekoan a sifo to adihayay a mikadomay i Europe o nian ko sapikihatiya no Amilika malalood. I Amilika nai 1917 miheca ona mikihatiya to lalood, sakilalood ira ko kafalican, saki kasatatelekan kitakit i 1918 mihecaan matapi’ay. Ikor no lalood, calemcemay to pihakitiya to demak no Europe, o Kararemay pikaykian kalomaocan caay pihayda to no kasatatelekan kitakit to pisetek to malekatep kitakit a Versailles tatelek[60]; mafelihay, pasayraay i pakacecayay ko halaka no Amilika.\n\nO kalaloodan o sakadoka’ no Inkiris France Germany a kitakit. Nawhani kalalood caay ho kai sera no Amilika, malosakacidafong ato katadamaan no Amilika. Satowitowis han i 1920 mihecaan, o miliomahan a pinaloma alokelong ko ’aca, macakat ko nitayalan a kinaira, saka macowat a cemahad ko kicay no Amilika. O roma sato macakat ko picaliw to payso ato kadom no laliacaan kowat itiniay tina kacomahad no kicay, itiya i 1929 miheca maseri’ ko nikadoman, nanoyaan sa kararawrawan to kicay[60]. Oni a kararawrawan no kicay paherek sato ko pikowan mikerid pinapina mo^etepay miheca to sici no Amilika, o nikapolongan cefang ci Franklin Delano Roosevelt ko macakatay mikowan.\n\nO sakatapi’elalaw no kicay, ni Franklin Delano Roosevelt a sifo misafa^eloh to pakayraan no sifo, mitongal a picara ko nipatatekoan sifo to kalaliaca no kicay, nikawrira, o kicay no Amilika tangasa ikor no saka tosa kalaloodan a mapalowad[60].\n\nI 1941 miheca 12 folad 7 romi’ad tona pihokhok no Dipong to Pearl harbor, mikapot ko Amilika miliyang to fascism (Nisatekedan a Mikowan) malekatep a milifet to mi’erecay kitakit. Padoedo a pinapina a kalaloodan malosakatadamaan a likisi no Amilika a kalalood, nikawrira tala’ayaway ato aikoray masanga’ ko adihayay a katayalan, ato no sofitay a misang'ay to lalosidan a sakapalowad ko kinaira nisanga’ay, o sakapasadak i katalawan a kicay no Amilika. Nanoya manga’ay mikihatiya ko fafahiyan no Amilika tina ta’angay katayalan[70].\n\nki’etecay a laloodan ato siwtoc no fanacadan (冷戰時期和種族衝突) \nIkor no katapi’ no lalood, Amilika ato Rossia a siwtoc masapinangay, o Amilika taypiaw no micongeday to sihong ca'enot halaka to kicay a kalaliacaan ato sakisici a pakoniraay nikapolongan sakowan, o Russia o taypiaw no micongeday to kisanto ca’enot halaka to kicay ato nisatekedan a mikowan, sakacowat no Russia ato niharatengan ko sakasiwtoc i 1940 mihecaan teloc lalingatoan a ki’etecay a laloodan[60]. Oni tasaay a kitakit i romaroma a sa’etal ato kitakit ko mikotayay to kalalood, halo South Korea lalood, Vietnam lalood, kinalimaay a lalood i Middle East (congtong) ato mangangataay to o heneng ko kalalood a katalawan sapirapot i Cuba, ato Afghanistan a lalood[60].\n\nI nisa’icelan to no Amilika a hikoki no kitakit ato kakarayan congpo, ikor i no Amilika romi’ad i 1969 miheca 7 folad 20 romi’ad sakinacecay malaheci ma’efer ko tamdaw tayra i mipatalafekangan i folad.\n\nOyaan i laloma’ no Amilika, o syakay no Amilika masapinang ko kasasiiked no finacadan, ngalef i no timolan. Nai 1950 mihecaan milingato, oni a misawacoay a rikec malosapilengat na Martin Luther king kakeridan to sakilongoc no finawlan a onto, tahaikor mapalasawad ko katimolay kasakanatal to misiikeday to finacadan a rikec[60], i 1964 mihecaan sakilongoc no finawlan mitelek to paherek to sakicimacimaan to finacadan ato sakicimaan a pisawacoan to tamdaw, halo katayalan ato kiwiko a misawacoay[71]. Talacowa anohatini, o sakifinacadan no Amilika ato caayay kalalen no kicay ira i salaloma’an a waray tangasa anini caayay ka haheci masalof[72].\n\nYanaa (當代) \n\nYana a mihecaan i 1970 katalawan to sakisimal sakatararikor no kicay, ci Ronald Reagan i 1980 mihecaan malacongtong, itiya o samato’asay a congtong. I 1980 mihecaan, misa’icel pasikicay picikeroh ni Reagan, saka i 1980 miheca milengato mapalowad ko kicay no Amilika. 1991 miheca o Russia malaliyas ko lekapot, dengan cecay to o Amilka ko sakiemelay kitakit i hekal[60]. Oyanan to ko pipaocor no Amilika to sofitay tayra i roma kitakit milalood, tinako i 1991 mihecaan a lalood i Persian gulf. I 1990 miheca, nawhani pasidigit kafalic ato calay ko misanga’ay to adihayay katayalan ato kicik kafafalic, mataneng to no Amilika ko awaayay ho a kacowat nokicay, fa^elohay a silicon malasatadamaanay to a kinaira no hekal kaitiraan, mahofoc ko matiyaay o Apple kosi ato Google ta’akay sakiratoh kinaira a kosi[76][77].\n\nI satapangan no 21 sici talikeda to 911 a demak, mapasemer ko faloco’ no finawlan no Amilka, sakadadefong no kacacofelan a demak no Amilika mipasatoker to masakakoki’an ca’enot a katalawan ko patonekan[78]. O Amilika sifo milingato mico’ay to sakakoki’an ca’enot lalood ato demak – Afghanistan lalood, i 2001 miheca 10 folad mawarwar ko Taliban sakowan no Afghanistan, ikor toya miheca 12 folad patireng linci sifo ko Afghanistan; haca i 2003 miheca mipalowad to lalood i Iraq, mawarwar ko sakowan ni Saddam Hussein, patireng to linci sifo ko Iraq[79]. \n\nNawhani o Amilika to saki tiniay sifo ikaka ko mitiya a pinangan ato sofitay a ’icelan, o saka rihanaw no finawlan i kaitiraan no sofitay. O Amilika to sakico’ay to sakakoki’an ca’enot i, nawhani kasademak malitemoh ko ka’acekan to pifades to marofoay ato pisailipalaw to finawlan a demak, matiya o pilifades no sofitay no Amilika to marofoay lalaloodan a Iraq, milokes ko sofitay to Koran a codad demak, mifohatan no wiki topipipatay to finawlan no Iraq a filomo (sasing) ato pipatireng no Amilika i kasaicowa no hekal a to’emanay pirofoan, malasaka’iloen no i niyaro’ay finawlan ato kasakitakit[80][81][82]. \n\nNai ikor no 2008 mihecaan, talahenot ko kicay no Amilika to sakinatosa localiw to payso a katalawan, masa matefad ko kicay, i matini lomowaday to a macakat, awaayay ko katayalan tamdaw nai ’akawangay to 10% masereday to. Nikawrira, polong no sakinatosa localiw to payso katalawan saki Amilika o kiemelay kitakit oya: to caay ka ngiyangi. \n\nI 2009 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, i likisi no Amilika sa’ayaway nano Afrika tamdaw congtong ci Baraba Obama mihapiw to piptirengan, i 2017 miheca 1 folad misawad. 2017 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, sakato’asay mihecaan congtong no Amilika – itiya 70 miheca ni Downer Trump mihapiw to piptirengan, i 2019 miheca kalifongan to COVID – 19 itiya, mangalef ko kasetol no kicay, macakat ko awaayay katayalan. I 2021 miheca 1 folad 6 romi’ad, micokeray ci Trump mimedok i kalomaocan no Amilika, mirawraw to pisa’osi ato piwacay to paheci no pisingkiw to congtong a citodongay saopo no lomaocan no Amilika[84][85]. 2021 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, 78 mihecaan ni Joe Biden mihapiw to piptirengan, i likisi samato’asay mihecaan no Amilika a ongtong malifet aca.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nO Amilika itiniay i kaetpay kalitosa no cikiw, nano Amilika, Alaska sa’etal ato Hawaii sa’etal toloay a masakapot: Amilika nano sera halo ka’amisay Amilika faniyot 48 kasasiriting a sa’etal; Alaska sa’etal i ka’amis Amilika faniyot pakaetip ka’amis latoso pala; Hawaii itiniay i Taypinyang kasapalaan. \n\nRoma, Taypinyang ato Caribbean riyar ira ko Puerto Rico no Amilika sera. I palapalaan, no “Amilika a sera” patoro’ to nao Amilika sera masasikiting to 48 a sa’etal, halo Washington Columbia (D.C), caay ka halo Alaska sa’etal, Hawaii sa’etal, Puerto Rico, Guam ato Amilikan Virgin palapalaan, Amilikan Samoa, ira ho ka’amis Mariana palapalaan, ato 11 awaayay ko tamdaw a kasapala (Bajo Nuevo pantaay hakal ato Serranella pantaay hakal) iraay ho ko kalaliyangan, so’elinay o Colombia ko mikowanay).\n\nDadahal no ’a’ecocen (領土面積) \nO Amilika nao saka tosa ta’akay kitakit, i hekal o saka tolo ano eca sakasepat ta’akay kitakit, o dadahal no sera halo niyah sera, ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot a Alaska ato Taypinyang tenokay a Hawaii palapalaan. O dadahal ira ko 937 ’ofad pinfang kongli (o no sera a dadahal ira ko 915 ’ofad pinfang kongli), ano patongalen to limaay a ta’akay fanaw no Amilika a todong makowanan 16 ’ofad pinfang kongli, cepo’ no ’alo, ngoso’ no minato, laloma’ay riyar a mililisay to riyar a nanom salongan ira ko 10 ’ofad pinfang kongli, o dadahal salongan ira ko 963 ’ofad pinfang kongli, ano tongalen ko riyar a sofal dadahal ira ko salongan 20 ’ofad pinfang kongli, dadahal solongan ira ko 983 ’ofad pinfang kongli. \n\nAno padeteng o dadahal no hekalan a sera, Amilika (salongan 915 ’ofad pinfang kongli) o saka tolo a tisil, rarikoran no Russia, Congko, ka’ayaw no Canada (salongan 909 ’ofad pinfang kongli) [86] \n\nSakakaay maocor citodong “no hekal alatek” matisil 9,833,517 km² oni sa’osi halo no niyah a riyaran dadahal[87] \n\nSakakaay maocor citodong “no hekal alatek” matisil nai 1989 miheca tangasa 1996 miheca miteka no Amilika polong no dadahal matisil 9,372,610 km². I 1997 miheca mafalic tangasa i 9,629,091 km², 2004 miheca mafalic tangasa 9,631,418 km², 2006 miheca tangasa 9,631,420 km², 2007 miheca tangasa 9,826,630 km², 2010 miheca tangasa 9,826,675 km²[88][89].\n\nI laloma’ no “Sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit pitiya a hong” matilid ira ko 9,525,067 km², oni a tilid halo sera ko dadahal ira ko 221,783 km², o limaay a ta’akay fanaw no Amilika a todong makowanan 155,641 km²; caay ko halo lilissay no riyar a nanom dadahal (laloma’ no nanom) ira ko 109,645 km² ato sofal riyar dadahal198,921 km²[90][91].\n\nSofal sera a pisakakahadan (領土開拓史) \nNai 1783 miheca 9 folad 3 romi’ad “Paris tonekan” kasasitelek, makahayda ko Amilika to pisikedan i, Amilika a sofal pasietip ko picowat, to kinapitoay, nao 13 ko kasa’etal matongal tangasa 50 to ko kasa’etal.\n\nTa’akay ko cwat: (主要大的進展：) \nI 1803 miheca 4 folad 30 romi’ad, Amilika ato France masasitelak to pakayniay to kalali’aca to Louisiana, Amilika 1500 ’ofad Amilika payso ma’aca ko 2,144,476 pinfang kongli a sera, matiya to aniniay Amilika a sera kadadahal to 22.3%, o itiyaay yaan Amilika a sera k dadahal, saka masadadahal pasayra kaetip macowat[24]:\n\nI 1819 miheca, nai Spain ma’aca ko Florida sa’etal[24];\n\nI 1845 miheca, Taxas nikapolongan kitakit mikapot to Amilika (Taxas nikapolongan kitakit i 1836 miheca misiiked nai Mexico) [24];\n\nI 1848 miheca, ikor no kalalood no Amilika ato Maxico, California nikapolongan kitakitnai Maxico misiiked mikapot to nipatatekoan a kitakit, citodong to ko Amilika to California sa’etal, Nevada sa’etal, Utah sa’etal polong a niyaro’, Colorado sa’etal, Arizona sa’etal, New Mexico sa’etal ato Wyoming sa’etal a todong niyaro’ [24]; 1864 miheca, masasitelek to Inkiris, citdong to Oregon sa’etal (halo aniniat Oregon, Washington ato Edward sa’etal) [24]; 1867 miheca 4 folad 9 romi’ad, Amilika pai 720 ’ofad amilika payso nai Russia gongti kitakit ma’aca ko Alaska, 1959 miheca macakat o saka 49 sa’etal no Amilika[24];\n\n1898 miheca 8 folad 12 romi’ad, paherek ko kalalood no Amilika ato Spain, o Spain 2000 ’ofad ko pipa’aca to Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico to Amilika; oya miheca a Hawaii nikapolongan kitakit mikapot to Amilika, 1959 miheca 8 folad 21 romi’ad, Hawaii sa’elin mala no saka 50 a sa’etal no Amilika[24].\n\nAniniay a rakat (現狀) \n\nNano Amilika ira ko 50 sa’etal ato Washington D.C (Washington Columbia) sakapot. Oya 48 sa’etal mararitiritingay, o saka’amsay Amilika faniyot sifo’an. Osaw tosaay sa’etal, Alaska itiraay ka’amis Amilika faniyot sakakaetip ka’amis, o kawali makakafit to Canada, kaetip ato Russia Siberia niyaro’ mila’ed to riyar masasi’ayaw; Hhawaii itiniay i Taypinyang a kasakanatal, kaetip katimol no ka’amis Amilika to 3700 kongli. Roma, ira ko milesapay i Caribbean riyar (Puerto Rico) ato Taypinyang (tinako Guam) papotalay no riyar a sofal. O sera no Amilika nai kawali tangasa Tasiyang, kaetip tangasa Taypinyang, katimol tangasa Maxico, ka’amis tandasa Canada, ka’amis so^eda riyar (Alaska sa’etal) [92].\n\nKasakowat (地形)\n\nRikec ato sici (法律與政治)\n\nRikec (法律) \nMidotoc to lecok no Inkiris ko rikec no Amilika to pisawkit, mirocok to “patododay to’asan” ko hoing no Amilika, o nano Inkiris Amilika Frace (riyaran rikec) a nisakapotan. I ’ayaw sifo’an no 19 sici, ’ayaway a pidemak noAmilika midoedo to itiyaay ho no Inkiris a tinakoan, ikor macowat to ko Amilika ira to ko no niyah a pisetek to rikec, tangasa aniniay Amilika polong no sarikec midoedo to no niyah to. \n\nO kimpo no Amilika ko pakayraan no rikec, polong no kasasiroma nai kimpoay o i laenoay no kimpo ko sapilaheci. O maanan to a rikec caay ka pico’ay to kimpo. O i satakaraway ko kimpo, ano mihayda to ko kalomaocan ato kasiwtoc no rikec to kimpo, o i satakaraway no hoying ko painiay to sapiliyang to rikec, o kasacecay no hoying no Amilika o midotocay to kimpo a mitmadaw to demak. O satakaraway hoying i Marbury kokso Madison fangafang (1803 miheca) a mahapinang ko ’icel no salongoc no hoying, malasarakatay no hekal ko Amilika mitomadaw to maliyangay a kitakit.\n\nI matini o samasongila’ay ato samalekoay to malacecayay mapolong a rikec “polong no kalaliaca a rikec” (UCC, 1952 mihecaan mahapiw) ato “pi’arawan sapitefoc rikec” (ALI).\n\nKasakanatal o awaayay ko no niyah tapangan salongoc a kitakit, ira ko no niyah a kimpo, miterek caira to nitelekan todengan no nipatatekoan a kimpo, no nipatatekoan a rikec ato nipatatekoan a kalomaocan a mihaydaan no kasakitakit nitelekan a kasahira a rikecan a sakowan. Polong no kasakanatal saheto no Inkiris a salongan rikec ko parana’an a nitelek. Louisana kanatal tona masangil no France “Napoleon sarikec” a dengan.\n\nKimpo (憲法) \nO sahalafinay ko likisi mipatirengay to Nikapolongan Kitakit ko Amilika, i 1789 miheca milingato “kimpo” o sa’ayaway midemak to masaheciay a kimpo.\n\nO kimpo noAmilika ato kalosalongoc a rikec to nisalofan o pisa’icel midama to sakapakoniraaw to finawlan: halo nisowalan, pakayraan a mitoor ato pakoniyah a mipasadak; mihayda to mi^ecelay piomadaw a salongoc; sakaira ato miwikid to sapilood a salongoc; pisingkiw salongoc, sasingkiwen salongoc ato kacidafong a salongoc. Talacowa o pihapiw topisiiked no Amilika mapatodong nohekal to sakacomahad to no tamdawan salongoc, ikor to nitelekan a kimpo o pidoedoan tadamaanay tosaki nikapolongan ato tamdawan salongoc, nikawrira pahapinang i likisi no Amilika, o milahecian ira ko kalaliyangan: tangasa i 1865 miheca o pipalasawad to mifadesay a telek; fafahiyan tangasa i 1920 miheca itiya ira ko pitopa a salongoc; 1964 miheca “finawlan salongoc a rikec” itiya to mapatireng paterep to mirapotay misawacoay to finacadan a rikec.\n\nSici (政治) \nO ’icel no nipatatekoan a citodongay malitoloay, o roma sato masasikantokay ato masasi’emetay (malitoloay ko ’icel):\n\nMirikecay citodongay: oya lomaocan, nai Fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan a malotosa. Ira ko nipatatekoan a pirikec a ’icel, pihapiw to lalood a ’icel, pihayda to telek a ’icel, kalali’aca no sifo a ’icel ato sapipalasawadaw a ’icel;\n\nMidemakay citodongay: oya congtong, micokeray congtong ato nao congtong nitoro’an a Fafa'eday a nihaydaan no kalomaocan kakeridan no citodongay ato kasirarem, citodong midemak to no nipatatekoan a sarikec a mikowan a ’icel;\n\nHoying citodongay: oya fafa'eday ato kararemay no nipatatekoan hoying, mitomadaway nai congtong nitoro’an mihaydaan no kalomaovcan; ira ko pisaheci a ’icel ato mifilihay to miliyangay to kimpo a rikec a ’icel.\n\nSaocor citodongay (情報機構)\n\nKalomaocan no kitakit (國會) \nKalomaocan no Amilika a kitakit tosaay ko kalomaocan faco a mirikecay, fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan.\n\nFafa'eday kalomaocan ira ko 100 a malomaocay, ano kasasi ’aloman malowan ko tamdaw, kasakanatal ira ko 2 a malomaocay, o sapipa'ading to mimingay a kanatal i nipatatekoan a tatodong ato sakinaira. 6 miheca a lekad ko fafa'eday kalomaocan, mile’ed to 2 miheca salongan malitoloay to cecay (3\/1) laliyawen misingkiw ko lomaocay.\n\nkararemay kalomaocan ira ko 435 lomacay, o taypiaw no kasalomaocan a sa’etal, kasakanatal midotoc to ’aloman malowan no tamdaw a misingkiw to lomaocay, 2 miheca a lekad no lomaocay. O rocek midotoc to tamdaw, 10 miheca miliyaw kinacecay misaliyad, kasakanatal parocek to 1 ko kararemay kalomaocay. Nawhani kasa kanatal a tamdaw masasiromaay, imatinib kasa kanatal no kararemay kalomaocay fa^elohay a rocek no lomaocay (nai 2013 mihecaan mitekaan), ira ko 7 kanatal 1 ko lomaocay, sa’alomanay tamdaw o Califonia kanatal ira ko 53 no lomaocay, saka tosa o Texas kanatal 36 lomaocay, New York kanatal 27 lomaocay, Florida kanatal 27 lomaocay, Illinois kanatal ato Pennsylvania kanatal maka ha ira 18 lomaocay.\n\nCongtong (總統) \nO tatapangan no kitakit ko congtong, kakeridan no sifo, kakeridan no karayan riyaran, lalanan sofitay ato kalomaocan no sakarihaday no kitakit, ira ko todong mitoro’ i nipatatekoan kasatodong a kakeridan ato mikeriday, sa’akawangay hoying, kasafa'eday nipatatekoan hoying, niocoran a cacitodong a tamdaw, o ai fafa'eday kalomaocan a ’alomanay ko mihaydaay itiya manga’ay mapatodong, nakawrira ano midemak ato mipili’ ko lomaocay, mifalic to pihayda to sarikec no lomaocan, o mata’elif ko litosaan no kalomaocan manga’ay citodong. \n\nO congtong mikerid to micokeray congtong ato citodongay midemak to dademaken. I laloma’ nolekad, o laloma’an no congtong i itira toya White House (fahecalay loma’) a maro’. O congtong manga’ay mi’inga’ing to mihahecian no kalomaocan a rikec, nikawrira ano nirikecan mahayda no tosaay ko kalomaocan a faco to malitosaay no tolo (3\/2) piya, o mi’inga’ingan no congtong o mafelihay to. Manga’ay nocongtong pasayra i lomaocan midakdak to masamaanay sasowalen ato sapipatireng to rikec a halaka.\n\nO micokeray congtong sa’ayaway tamdaw mamirocok to congtong, midama to pidemak no congtong to demak no kitakit, o cafay no congtong mikowan, pitengilan ato taypiaw to congtong mikihatiya to tadamaanay saopo. O micokeray congtong o laloma’an no lomaoc to sakarihaday no kitakit, orasaka tadamaan kai lomaoc to sakarihaday no kitakit. O micokeray congtong citodong to kakeridan no tosaay ko pikaykian faco no kitakit, citodong to (ano eca patorod to cecay fafa'eday pikaykian citodong) to kalocalay kalomaoc faco no kitakit. ’alomanay caay pikihatiya to pipakamay ko micokeray congtong, dengan malalen ko paya to pipakamay. Micokeray congtong citodong to mikerid to sakisaopo no kalomaocan.\n\nCongtong ato micokeray congtong 4 miheca kinacecay misingkiw, nai 1951 mihecaan, mapatolas o cecay tamdaw sa’adihayay tosa a rekad. Talacowa congtong ato micokeray congtong a singkiw o finawlan ko misikiway, nikawrira sakacitodong o misingkiway tamdaw (misikiway o finawlan) ko miketonay – dengan o Maine ato Nebraska tosaay kanatal midotoc to nitopaan a todong no misingkiway a paya, roma 48 kanatal ato Washington a tadamaanay sa’etal ko “milowiday” a telek, no kanatal a misingkiway maemin pafelien to adihayay ko nitopaan a sasingkiwen a congtong, polong no kitakit a sasingkiwen 538 paya, o sasingkiwan ira ko 270 paya itiya a maala, o sa’osi malecaday to kalomaocan a lomaocay ko polonga to toloay i Washington a tadamaanay sa’etal a nisingkiwan a paya. Sasingkiwen a cefang i “papipa singkiw” o sakalahecian a demak, maalaay nisingkiwan i masingkiway a pitopa o papatayraen i maalaay i kanatal a congtong sasingkiwen, orasaka polong no pisingkiw itiya a romi’adan midotoc to kasakanatal a nisingkiwan a malaheci.\n\nO sa’alomanay a tamdaw no Amlika itiraay i California kanatal ira ko 55 a sasingkiwen, saka tosa o Texas kanatal 38 lomaocay, saawaayay tamdaw o Alaska a 7 kanatal ko 3 ko sasingkiwen a paya. Nengnengen ko matiniay a demak, i hatiniay to a rekad to pisingkiw to congtong, o ’alomanay ko tamdaw o kalalifetan no congtong a sasingkiwen. I likisi no Amilika kinapinaay mafangafang ko demak, o congtong sasingkiwen talacowa i pisingkiwan makisafa ko paya to sakalalifet, pakaala to maedengay ko sasingkiwen a paya a maala to. Nikawrira, caay ko nikaawaay to sasingkiwen ko mamiselic to singkiw; mafelih aca, sasingkiwen cimaay ko nitopaan, o mamiti’er aca to kapolongan a singkiw pahecian, haloya nawhani i ’ayaw a pihalaka caay sapinang to matiniay nitelekan a kacangootan (nawhani itiya ho caayho ka fangcal ko sakicalay, midama to mami’ari'ang mirawraw to Amilika, saka mipatireng to nia citodongay) to saka caay ka ikaka to adihayay a paya maala a malacongtong (caayay ko mirocokay to sasingkiwen), matiniay a telek o sakanga’ay no ta’akay a cefang kosakaalaaw.\n\nCongtong kadademakan a rawang (總統行政辦公室) \nI 1939 miheca, mihayda ko kalomaocan no kitakit tocecay ta’akay rikec, caciyasen patireng mito’eto pasi congtong ko cacitodong a midemak. Tangasa anini citodongay a matongal ko dademakay sa misadadahalay. Adihayay citodongay o mamikerid to hamaan to o lomaocay ko mamihayda, dengan o caay ka papina, tinako Amilika a midemakay sapikowan ato miyosangay kakeridan ato Amilika kalali’acaan kakeridan a taypiaw (sahato o lalomaan no kakeridan a selal), laloma’ noni saheto o matayalay nai nipatatekoan a kitakit citodongay. Kasasitodong no midemakay nai Kohecalay Loma’ madademakay citodongay ko mamikerid.\n\nAnini kasacefang no citodongay: (目前有以下組成機構：) \nKohecalay Loma’ kadademakan: oni citodongay i o congtong cecay ko midamaay, o kasakapot o congtong ko patodongay hamaan to o Kararemay lomaocan ko mihaydaay. ’akawangay tapang ono congtong a lekapot a misingkiw ato kapasdo’elinen ko citodongay, caay ka papina a dadermakay o sacofang misingkiw a mikingkiway ato talicayan ko citodongay. Kohecalay Loma’ a kakeridan ato micokeray kakeridan ko mamikerid.\n\nKicay komong wiyyinhuy\n\nLiyok mangilosay wiyyinhuy\n\nAmilika kitakit sakanga’ay lomaoc\n\nSaseraan no kitakit sakanga’ay lomaoc\n\nRawang kadademakan\n\nPikowan ato yosang kadademakan: nai 1921 miheca patireng, o kakeridan ato laloma’an a selal, papihaydaen ko Kararemay pikaykian.\n\nKitakit sawarak mi’emetay dademaken a kadademakan\n\nKakako ato kicic dademaken a kadademakan\n\nAmilika kalali’aca a taypiawso: Kakeridan “Amilika kalali’aca a taypiaw” o laloma’ay kakeridan a selal, papihaydaen ko Kararemay pikaykian\n\nSaka cowat no kicay komong wiyyinhuy\n\nPaocoray komong wiyyinhuy\n\nNipatatekoan a kitakit kadademakan (聯邦行政部門) \nNipatatekoan a kitakit kadademakan o tapang a kakeridan (po), o kakeridan no sakikacacofelan a demak no kitakit (kuo-o-cin), o salalomaananay dademakay no Amilika.\n\nAnini ira ko 15 nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika kadademakan:\n\nFayfay no Amilika i kuo-o-yin\n\nkuo-o-yin: I 1789 mheca patireng, i laloma’ay no kimpo a sa’ayaway kadademakan no nipatatekoan a kitakit. O todong to sakikacacofelan a demak (way-ciaw-po), satata’akay a kadademakan citodongay no Amilka, o kakeridan (kuo-o-cin). \n\nPaysoanpo: I 1789 miheca patireng.\n\nPisimaw to kitakitpo: I 1947 miheca patireng, kadademakan i limaay kalico’co’an loma’.\n\nSakirikecpo: caay ko sakihoying citodongay, o nipatatekoan a kitakit misolapay (FBI) itiniay laeno.\n\nSalaloma’anpo: citodongay mikowan to nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo to nanorocek a sera, onini caay ka lecad to roma kitakit to salalomaanpo patodong to yimeng ato sakarihaday a sakidemak.\n\nSaliomahpo\n\nKalali’acapo\n\nMatayalaypo\n\nIsi atokapolongan sadamapo\n\nKamaro’an ato niyaro’ comahadpo\n\nPicacolo’anpo\n\nKinairairapo\n\nKiwikopo \n\nMisawaday sofitay dademakpo\n\nSakirihaday no serapo\n\nMisiikeday citodongay no Nipatatekoan a kitakit \n\nMisiikeday citodongay dengan o ka’ayaway a 15 sifo kasarekad ira ho ko kacitodong to ’icel no Nipatatekoan a kitakit, oya ’alomanay wiyyinhuy a sakapot mapolong mikowan a citodongay. Nawhani o iraay ko tekadan a kicic ato sakisici a matenokay pahapinang to nano nipidemak o saka’akawang no nipidemak. O citodongay kakeridan i kasasiromaroma a mala no Nipatatekoan a kitakit mikowanay ato mitomadaway.\n\nMatini misiikeday citodongay i:\n\nAmilika nipatatekoan a kitakit pasasaay sasiiked a licikay ta’akay loma’ (美聯準總部大樓)\n\nNipatatekoan pasasaay sasiiked (聯邦準備制度): i 1913 miheca mapatireng, o citodongay to demak no takaraway kinko. Citodong mikowan misakingkoay ato misarikec to midemakay to sakipayso. Masarocod ko nai 12 a sa’etal a pipasasaan a dademaken no kingko. Sa’akawangay mikowanay kasaselal no nipatatekoan pasasaay licikay nai 6 a wuyyin sakapot, kakeridan no wuyyinhuy nai wuyyin citodong, o congtong ko patoro’ay o kalomaocan ko mihaydaay, kakeridan no wuyyinhuy 4 miheca ko rekad a manga’ay padoedo. O todong no rekad no citatodongay a wuyyin ato kakeridan milakec to pinapinaay no congtong ato kalomaocan ko kacitongong no rekad.\n\nTakaraway citodongay to saocor (中央情報局): 1947 miheca mapatireng, misopeday ato misaheciay to roma kitakit a sifo, kosi ato tekedan, sici, ponka, kaki a saocor, mipakakomod to romaroma a kitakit to aocoren a citodongay a pikihatiya, matiniay a saocor paratohen ko kasarekad no citodongay no Amilika.\n\nHikokian no kitakit ato citodongay to sakikakarayan no Amilika: 1958 mihecaan mapatireng, pateked to Amilika a kamok sapikingkiw to kakarayan.\n\nMisimaway to liyok a pala no Amilika\n\nNipatatekoan singkiwan wuyyinhuy: Mihimaw to nipatatekoan kadademak no pisingkiw ato pisa’opo to payso no sakadademak.\n\nNipatatekoan calay tingwa wuyyinhuy\n\nKasakitakit kalali’aca wuyyinhuy no Amilika: nihaydaan rikecan nipatatekoan a citodongay. Citodong pasa i mirikecay citodongay ato midemakay citodongay padomso to kasakitakit lali’acaan painiay to nifana’an a sowal, citodong to micomoday to sakasiwtoc a kikayan no Amilika, masawili’ay lali’aca (tanako: paliwal ato picalap to nano nitilidan a demak) sapirahid.\n\nPatinako a salolod (cen-cien) kalali’aca wuyyinhuy no Amilika: Sapidipot to ma’acaay to sa’isal (ko-piaw) ato salitadah (cay-cien) mipa’esolay.\n\nKalalingadan wuyyinhuy no Amilika: Sapidipot to mitahidangay ato makingaday.\n\nNina’angan ato nitilidan citodongay no kitakit: Mikowanay to sakilikisi no kitakit a nina’angan no kitakit.\n\nSakalemad no syakay citodongay: Mikowan to misawaday, sapalemed to masamo’ay ato saki’orip a payso patodong to hoking no syakay.\n\nSapikowan to matayalay a rawang: Padama to sakalalen ato kanga’ayan mipili’ ato sakanga’ay no malakomoyingay a lekapot.\n\nSakarihaday no kasasicolo’ wuyyinhuy no kitakit: Mitomadaw i Amilika to polong no malali’acaay no hikoki, todong no maraday lalan ato roma a ka’angian.\n\nYofingkyok no Amilika\n\nAmilika kasakitakit kacowat citodongay: Mikowan to no Amilika i macowatay i hekal, tenokay ato sakawali no Europe, ato ’ayaway Soviet Union (Russia) a lekapot kitakit i papotalay kitakit a kicay ato saki no tamdawan sadama a kamok.\n\nSakirikec no nipatatekoan a kitakit (聯邦司法) \nO hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit citodong mitomadaw to tosaay ato rafasay kasa kanatal a fangafang, mi’iloay to rikec no nipatatekoan a kitakit, tatonekan no kasakitakit, kimpo no Amilika, no riyar a kalali’aca rikec, mapingko a rikec a todong no demak.\n\nHoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit malitoloay a selal: sa’ayaw pitomadawan a hoying oya i kasaniyaro’ay no Amilika a hoying, ira ko 94, mitomadaw to salaloma’an nikowanan no Hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit kalodemakan; ira ko 12 pipacakatan hoying no Amilika, o pipasetek to nai kasa i laloma’ay no Hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit to nai niyaro’ay pacakatan a dademakan, adihayay a dademakan o sapilaheci a setak to nipacakatan a hoying; pilaheci misetak o sakakaay hoying no Amilika, to mihecaan nilayapan i safa no 100 ko tatomadawen no hoying, o todong a midemak a saikoray o pisaheci to kimpo no Amilika.\n\nSakakaay hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit ira ko 9 mipalitaay lekapot, o 1 malo tadamaanay a mipalitaay. Kasa mipalitaay o nano congtong a nitoro’an, pakayni i pitengil pihayda no fafa'eday lomaocay patorod. Sakinipatororan a kasademak, pakayni sa i pipaciro’ to kamay ko sapisetek.\n\nKasakanatal ato kasaniyaro’ a singkiw (各州與地方選舉) \nKasakanatal sifo no Amilika citodong to niyah a kimpo no kanatal, ira ko no niyah a fafa’eday kararemay a lomaocan (midotoc to kasasiromaan, dengan o Nebraska kanatal ko roma, cecayay ko kalomaocan). Kasakanatal pisikiwan masasiroma ko mihecaan. Kakeridan no kanatal 4 miheca ko rekad (dengan o Vermont kanatal ato Hampshire kanatal a kakeridan no kanatal 2 miheca ko rekad), manga’ay padoedo, ira ko ci sarekaday no kakeridan kanatal, ira ko awaay rekad.\n\nO nipatatekoan sifo ato kanatal sifo (聯邦與州政府的關係) \nI no nipatatekoan a kitakit a todong, o kanatal ato nipatatekoan sifo kasasifodan. Midotoc to sarikec no Amilika, kasakanatal ato kitakit malecaday ko salongoc. Nikawrira, i laloma’an kalalood no Amilika ato “Texas kanatal pakokot ci Whitean” patireng to pido’edoan i, o kanatal awaay ko tatodong miliyas to nipatatekoan a kitakit; midotoc to kimpo, awaay ko todong to kacacofelan a demak. nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika a rikec pakayni i kimpo a tatorodan a sofal ikaka ko no kasakanatal a niketonan kasasiromaromaan no sarikec, nakawrira o nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan itiniay i kimpo a nitelekan ko nidemakan; polong no caayay ka patorod i nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan materek i kasakanatal a sifo ato finawlan pakoniyah.\n\nO sasowalen, laloma’ay no kanatal a demak a citodongay saheto i kamayay no kanatal a sifo. Onini halo lalomaay a kasasiparatoh; pakayni dafong, misang'ay to lalosidan, kalali’aca ato kapolongan a patirengan a lakakawa; pakayni no kanatal a rikec, tinako to patay a tefoc; ato no kanatal lalomaan a dademaken. Adihay ko no kanatal a rikec palecadan i kasakanatal. Ira ho ko na kanatal sakowan ato no nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan a matati’edipay.\n\nTo pina mihecaan, nipatatekoan a kitakit a sifo to sakiisingan, kiwiko, sakalemed, sakaromaskat, kamaro’an ato no maci a kacomahadan a sofal miteka tadamaan ko pakayraan midemak. Kasakanatal a kimpo ato no nipatatekoan a kitakit a kimpo malecaday to, dengan sakidemak a milaheci ira ko sasiroma, saki tamdawan a salongoc ato sifo a kasakapot. I lali’acaan, paysoan, kapolongan patado ato palemeday citodongay, ono kanatal a kimpo i kaka ko no nipatatekoan a kitakit a kimpo ko nikatasim.\n\nSician a kasarekad (政黨) \nO nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo no Amilika ato kalomaocan ato kanatal a sifo ato lomaocan ira ko tosaay malalifetay a sician a kasarekad: oya pakoniraay sarekad ato nipapolongan sarekad. Oya mimingay a sician sa’iked o mikihatiyaay misingkiw ira ko maalaay.\n\nPakoniraay sa’iked to sakisyakay a pakayraan o pakoniraay, o polong no Amilika a tamdaw saheto o malalenay, ano o sofoc, finacadan, pasayraan no ’enep, pasayraan no herateng, pakayraan ato masamo’ay, orasaka mangalef ko pisa’imer to fafahiyan, Africa tamdaw, Latin tamdaw, Asia tamdaw, Yataya tamdaw ato LGBT Finacadan a salongoc. Sakikicay a demak o adahiay ato pakoniraay ko pakayraan.\n\nNipapolongan sa’iked to sakisyakay a pakayraan o mato’angay, sakikicay a demak o noto’asan ko pakoniraan, sakipapotal o ’atekakay ko pisamaw to kitakit a kacacofelan a demak, o mikiharay ko pakayraan.\n\nO finawlan no Amilika pasaraay tina tosaay a cecay noni, nikawrira roma a tamdaw pasayra toya misiikeday mimingay a sician sa’iked misingkiwan tamdaw, halo pakoniraay sa’iked, kangdaway sa’iked, kimpo sa’iked[86].\n\n1933 miheca tangasa 1995 miheca, Pakoniraay sa’iked mi’emetay to tasaay a kitakit pilisaotan, o nipapolongan sa’iked itira i 1947 miheca tangasa 1949 miheca ato 1953 miheca tangasa 1955 miheca tosa a rekad ko pi’awid to ’alomanay.\n\nI 1994 miheca nipapolongan sa’iked mifalic, ikor dengan i 2001 miheca tangasa 2002 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked micalap to kararemay a lomaocan, o nipapolongan sa’iked mimi’emet to tasaay fafa’eday kararemay a lomaocan ’alomanay a ’icel tangasa 2007 miheca 1 folad, i 2010 miheca 11 folad a pisingkiwan, nipapolongan sa’iked miliyaw pakaala to ’alomanay kararemay a lomaocan, mi’emet to kararemay a lomaocan. 2015 miheca mi’emet to fafa’eday lomaocan. 2019 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked ko ’alomanay to kararemay lomaocan, maledef ko pikowan.\n\nSakisingkiw to congtong, nai 1860 miheca ci Lincoln maala ko kalacongtong, o nipapolongan sa’iked padoedo sa to congtong (sepatay rekad) tangasa i 1932 miheca maala ci Roosevelt a malacongtong. I 1952 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked paherek ko kai 20 mihecaan ko pikowan. Ikor o pakoniraay sa’iked ato nipapolongan sa’iked macacalicaliw to a mikowan.\n\nI 2008 miheca 11 folad 4 romi’ad pakoniraay sa’iked a misingkiway ci Barack Obama ko maalaay i saka 44 rekad malacongtong no Amilika, i 2009 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad mapatireng, o sa’ayaway no Amilika o nano Africa finacadan a congtong no Amilika.\n\nI 2016 miheca 11 folad 9 romi’ad, nipapolongan sa’iked ci Donald Trump maala saka 45 rekad congtong no Amilika, mala o i likisi no Amilika a sa’ayaway caayay ko no sici ko lalowadan a congtong.\n\nI 2020 miheca 11 folad, pakoniraay sa’iked ci Joe Biden maala i saka 46 rekad congtong no Amilika, i likisi no Amilika samato’asay congtong, ci He Jinli maala to micokeray congtong, sa’ayaway i likisi no Amilika a fafahiya micokeray congtong ato sa’ayaway o nano Africa ato Asia finacadan a micokeray congtong.\n\nO kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \nDengan o Hawaii, o roma 49 1 kanatal o i tiraay i Amilika a sera. o Alaska, 48 a kanatal o makakafitay halo Washington, roma a sowal sera no Amilika. Roma a tamdaw o Alaska o i laloma’ay no “hiyah sera” a kanatal, nawhani o i tiniay i “salaenoay no 48 kanatal” a nilaedan no Canada sanay, nakawrira no saran a nengneng o ka’amisay no Amilika a sera sanay. Polong no sasowalen o halo Washington Colombia a sa’etal. Saka 50 a kanastal a Hawaii itiraay i Taypintang a palapalaan.\n\nO nicalapan no Amilika a sera, sa’etal ato nicalapan a ’etal. Satadamaanay itiniay a Washington Colombia a sa’etal, awaay ko todong no kanatal a sa’osi, i kalomaocan awaay ko taypiw, nikawrira i congtong a singkiw ira ko 3 a nisingkiwan. Roma i papotalay a riyar kasapala halo American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana palapalaan, Puerto Rico, ato US Virgin palapalaan. Palmera liyok rakarakaan o no Amilika patatekoan caayay kapatireng a sera, nikawrira tahanini awaayho ko maro’ay tamdaw. Paspotalay no Amilika a sera a palapala o Caribbean riyar ato Typinyang a adihayay awaayay ko maro’ay a palapalaan sakapot. Roma sato, nai 1898 mihecaan miteka, Amilika i Cuba a Guantanamo sa’efong iraay ko tadamaanay no riyaray a sofitay itira.\n\n’Ayaw no nicalapan no Amilika a sa’etal Panama picolo’an ’alo sa’etal, nai 1903 miheca tangasa 1979 miheca o nano Amilika a sera. roma, Philippines palapalaan nai 1898 miheca tangasa 1946 miheca o nano Amilika a sera, I 1935 miheca o Amilika patireng itira to Philippines no niyah siiked pikowan mala citodongay misiikeday kitakit, ikor i 1946 miheca Philippines so’elin o misiikeday kiakit, nikawrira Amilikas oya: to citodong to sofitay a kaitiraan, Amilika ato Philippines ano dofitay to, ponka to ato kicay to ira ko kasasiti’er.\n\nO yincumin a nano sera (Indian reserve) no Amilika a cicu, roma ikaka ko salongoc no noniyah a sa’etal, mitiya o kanatal, cisiikeday mikowan ato sarikec, o niyaro’ a sifo ko mikowanay.\n\nDengan no Amilika a kanatal ato ’a’ecocen, ira ko pina kitakit mangalayay mikapot a mikadep (Associated States), halo Micronesia nipatatekoan (1986 mihecaan ta anini), Palau kitakit (1994 mihecaan ta anini), ato Marsal kanatal kapolongan kitakit (1986 ta anini), o nia kitakit ira ko no kasakitakit a salongoc mikowan ato sakisera no kitakit to sakakaay mi’emet a salongoc mikowan, orasaka i kasakitakit o misiikeday i Amilika sanay ko nengneng. Nikawrira, oni a kitakit a sifo mihayda ro Amilika padamso to sapisimaw ato payso a sadama, pafeli ko Amilika to sakanga’ay no mipafekan, padamso to adihayay mikapot to salaloma’an no Amilika dademaken a halakaan, halo mitena’ to sakacilafo, mapa’orip nai latiih ato sapiliyaw patireng a halaka. Onini ko niyah a mikadep miti’er to Amilika a sapadamso to payso a mapadama mapararid ko demak no sifo ato sakadademak no payso saka’edeng.\n\nSaikoray o nia tadamaanay no Amilika a yincumin a nano sera (Indian reserve), nawhani sa’etal ira ho ko no niyaro’ a sakowan, misafaloco’an no kitakit sakaira sakowan, malecad to cecayay a kanatal no Amilika, talacowa o satadamaanay nidemakay no citodongay, nikawrira misiikeday a sici patateko citodong to cecay sa’etal ’a’ecocen, ono nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika a sakiniyaro’ a finacadan ko patdong to nia sa’etal.\n\nMaci (城市) \nAnini polong no Amilika ira ko salongan 77% tamdaw maro’ay no sa’etal a maci, ira ko malitosaay masopeday i 37 a tadamaci. Ona maci masanga’ ko ponka no Amilika, lecokan ato kicay. I 004 miheca, polong no Amilika ira ko 251 a maci mata’elifay ko 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw, ato 9 a maci mata’elifay ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw, halo i polongay no hekal a maci, tinako i New York, Los Angeles ato Chicago. Roma, ano patatekoen pacomod ko i lawacay no maci a kasa’etal, mata^elif to 50 ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw no ta’akay maci[87]. O nian to mihecaan polong no hekal masasipili’ ko nga’ayay karo’ay i maci, o saadihayay i laloma’an no kitakit a maci a kitakit ko Amilika.\n\nTakaraw macaka ko kicay no Amilika, tata’akay ko kinaira, ka’ayaw ko fana’ to sakaira, masongila’ ko citoongay; maomah kikayay malecsa ko kacomahad; o lalan, hikoki a fana’ ato sapicolo’ saheto o sa’ayaway i hekal; sakipapotal a kalaliaca kinaira saka tosa i hekal; sakipaysoan tadamacomahad; o sakikicay o sa’ayaway i hekal, o tamdaw a GDP mata’elif ko 6 ’ofad Amilika payso, sa’ayaway no macakatay tamdaw to 5000 ’ofad kitakit, o satadamaanay tono kicay i hekal, sakikicay a ’orip no tamdaw tadamaan ko nidemakan.\n\nSakacomahad a pakayraan (發展史) \nNengnengen ko kicay a pakayraan no Amilika, nai micingcingan a kicay maditditay mata’elif angasa i 20 sici malasatata’akay a kikayan kitakit i hekal.\n\nO Amilika nai 19 sici mata’elif to ko Inkiris malasata’akay a kicay i hakal, tangasa anini o finawlan ira ko sakakaay a saka’orip, i 2010 mihecaan a tamdaw o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi mata’elif ko 5 ’ofad Amilika payso, o sa’ayaway no hekal, o sakadofahay i polong no cikiw, comahaday no kicay ato macakatay ko ’orip a kitakit.\n\nDadahalay ko nengneng to kicay (宏觀經濟) \nO sakikicay citodong to tekedan sakaira no ^etan ato macacamolay a pakayraan. Pakayni to nia pakayraan, o malakomoday ato misiikeday citodongay ko sapinengneng to pakayraan no kicay, o sifo i laloma’an no kitakit kicay a saka’orip o sakidama ko tatodong; nikawrira, kasa sifo no kapolongan to GDP 36%; o i mamala cemahaday a kitakit i, o sakalemed no syakay a calay no Amilika mimingay, sifo to sakikalaliacaan a pikowan i safa no roma a cemahaday a kitakit[88].\n\nI kasa’etal kadademak no kicay caay to ka lalen. Tinako: I New York maci a kalaliaca no payso ato ^kim, picolo’ a tamina, pirina’, paratohay ato kwangkaw a kalo pakayraan no tayal a tenokan, o sa’ayaway no hekalan a kicay tenokan; I Los Angeles o likoto, ika ato tilifi a kamok pisanga’an tenokan, o kaetipay no sa’amisay Amilika fanoyot tangasa i no Asia Taypinyang sa’etal a kicay tenokan; o San Francisco apocok sa’etal ato lilis no Taypinyang kaetip ka’amis sa’etal o cifana’ay micomahad a tenokan, o Silicon satakaraway kicik i hekal ato kakako kingkiw tenokan; sasifoan kaetip no Amilika o kikakikayan a tenokan, i Detroit o pisanga’an to tosiya niyaro’, o Seattle o pisanga’an to hikoki itira, Chicago o itiraay a sa’etal a o kalaliacaan no payso ato ^kim a tenokan; kawali katimol o sakisapaiyo pikingkiw, pirarakatan ato pisasanga’an a kinairaan, o sakacilifonan i safa to romaroma a sa’etal, orasaka masalalad ko piolot to pipacefong to misanga’ay tayal.\n\nPadamaay tayal no Amilika, sainanengan o kalaliacaan no payso, picolo’ todafong a tayal, no sakihoking tayal ato kalaliaca padamaay a GDP o sata’akay a nidemakan, polong no kitakit sepatay ira ko tolo (4\/3) a dademakay matayal to padamaay tayal[89], o kakeridan no hekal ko kacingangan, o New York caay ko polong no saka cecay ta’akay maci ato kicay tenokan, ngalef o saka cecay saka tosa ni hekal a paysoan, padamaay tenokan. O kiwiko o satadamaanay a kicay kadadekan, to mihecaan masolot ko nai cowacowaay no hekal a mitiliday tayni minanam, nanoya masolot ko matanengay a tamdaw.\n\nI Amilika adihay ko kasairaira kadofahay no mararan, halo ^kim, simal ato uranium (yo), nikawrira adihay a kinaira militado to no romaay kitakit a pacomod. O satata’akay i hekal ko liomahan no Amilika, satadamaanay niliomahan halo ’ariray, emi, ’odax ato tafak, saka tenokan kaetip dadahalay dafdaf a sa’etal o kafahekaan liomahan kinaira masawal o “’ariri no hekal” sanay[90].\n\nNo Amilika a kinaira no kikayan ira ko tosiya, hikoki ato kalotingkian kasaira. o nisanga’an a hikoki, mapasadak ko kasaira no maamaan no sakalalood ato kalotingkian kasaira ko Amilika. O Amilika kimeto ko pirarakatan, o saka 3 i hekal kadadoedo[91].\n\nO Amilika sata’akat kaliacaan a cafay parareping to Canada (19%), Congko (12%), Moxico (11%), Dipong (8%) ko midoedoay i aikor, to romi’ami’ad ira ko 11 walwalan no Amilika payso ko kinaira no ’aca pakayni nai Amilika Canada a kitakit masadak. No Amilika a kicay malasakaay i hekal sata’akay tadamaanay a kicayan. Sa hatira to ko kicay a kimeto no Amilika, oasaka o adihayay kitakit no cikiw a kalali’aca a payso ato Amilika payso a makakafit, o kanga’ayan kaoradan romi’adan sakipinang lali’aca icifa ato tadahan a kompay o kacipinangan.\n\nI Amilika adihay ko kasasofal adihayay i kasakitakit a kacingangan, tinako Boeing, Apple, Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Mcdonald, KFC (Kentucky), Starbucks, Nike a maamaan, malenak i polong no cikiw.\n\nNai 1980 mihecaan kalacongtong ni Ronald Reagan i, matongal to ko fa^elohay pakoniraay kicay dademaken no Amilika, yan saka malowan to ko pikihar no sifo to kicay, malowan to ko sapalemed a kakawaan, mafalah mapalasawad to ko halafinay nidemakan nai karawrawan kicay, pasayra i pikiharan a Cairns a pakayraan a kicay. Orasaka, Amilika sifo saki syakay sakalemed a padomso to pipadama ikaka ko no roma kikayan ho kitakit ko kalowan, mikeror to sakisata i laloma’ no kitakit, militado to pakoniraay icifa ato tekedan niyah a padama citodongay. Talacowa fa^elohay pakoniraay paini to malohakay kicay sakacomahad kang’ayan no katayalan, nai matiniay a lekakawa no kicay malenak pasayra i picefis no Caytang, saka masada ko caayay kalalen a kalalifetan, ato i sasafaay a lifonan malakalaliyangan to no syakay, sa’aliwa’iwsa i kalomaocan ato congtng a singkiw masadak ko kalaliyangan a sowal.\n\nI 1990 mihecaan, o tingnaw (computer) ato kaloalay maledef micomod i Amilika to sakicemahad ato polong no kaki o sa’ayaway a kacingangan. 21 sician, mapelengay to ko mafowakay kalocalay a kicay, o saka nai hacikayay macemahad talahenotay a rara sato malahad ko kicay no Amilika. Talacowa o kicay no Amilika i ikor no 2003 miheca malaliaw to a nga’ayay ko kacemahad, nikawrira i 2007 miheca malaliyaw haca ko sakinatosa a pitadah to loma’, o saka ngalef mafenges ko Amilika ato polong no kicay no hekal, orasaka Amilika a paysoan ato kicayan a paso’elinan a misakamolasotan, saki no Amilika a payso ko pisa’osi to kasakitakit a ^kim ato tadasimal a kaingangan mapasadak a kasasowalen, \n\nYan saka tangasa i 2008 mihecaan, o sakinatosa a pitadah to loma’ a katalawan payso a faliyos maasik ko polong no cikiw, o saka paysoan langod masapeti’ ko kicay no kasakitakit, malasakasefad no polong no cikiw to paysoan, loma’an, tosiyaan, maamaan matekesay dafong, ato o kalali’aca no finawlan mangalef ko kaserer, mangalef o Inkiris ato Amilika a cemahaday to a kitakit. Anini pasodsod sa micomod ikoray no paysoan langod a to’asan, no kicay a demak ato ikor o mamiliyaw masasowal ato sapifalic to masodsod masapinang, nikawrira caay ko paso’elinen (o pisaadihay mirina’ to payso), matiratira aca, nikawrira no Amilika a kicay a todong ikakaay to ko kacingangan.\n\nMisanga’ay to dafong (工業) \n\nO saka tosa no hekal ko misanga’ay to dafong kitakit ko Amilika, o misanga’an a dafong kasairaira, ira ko marar, tosiya, tayhi tayal, simal, hikoki, kikay, misatamina, misatingki, mifokeloh, misa^kim, mirina’, mitinooy, misanga’ sapaiyo, kakaenen, sofitay kalalood. Misanga’ to tosiya ato pisatingki ira ko no hekalan ikaka to 1\/5. Tona mihecaan sakinaira i laed no fokeloh ira ko lahod a kafalic ato nipatatekoan a kitakit mifohat to sapipasadak to simal, o Amilika ko satadamaanay pasadakay to simal, masalof to ko karawrawan no Amilika to pina moetepay miheca a kinairaira siikedan a demak, tadamaan ko saki rihaday no kitakit. \n\nOrasaka o lahod a kinaira o saka tosa mikapiay laed no fokeloh a simal, matongal to ko pipasadak. Faelohay misanga’ay to dafong citodongay ira tingkian sakadademak, likat tingki, selapan, kidefetay kikay, talakarayan efer, kinairaira, kahirahira no pisapaiyo ato ifaeday a sakalalood a nisangaan dafong i kakaay no hekal.\n\nKaliomah (農業) \nO sata’akay i hakal ko liomahan no Amlika, malekoay ko sakatayal to kinaira o nga’ayay: saka sepat ta’akay i hekal ko Mississippi a ’alo mifatel to katimol ka’amis, o dafdaf no dadahal a sera malitosaay, o kaliomahan a sera maawd ko no hekal to 10\/1; matatodongay ko kasacalay, kakahad ko sera ni kitakit, kafafalic no romi’ad malekoay; tolo ko riyar nisi’ayawan (kaetip Taypinyang, kawali Tasiyang, katimol o Mexico hefong), ira ko adihayay i Taypinyang a kanatal pifotingan, ka’amis ira ko limaay fanaw, katimol kala’orad, kaetip ira ko takaraway lotok so’eda nanom, maparocek ko kinaira no nanom sapipananom to pinaloma ato pipakaen to foting ’afar; makimeto ko kicay, liomahan kinaira macakat ko fana’; manga’ay ko lalan; masamaamaanay pinaloma saheto o nga’ayay.\n\nNo Amilika a emi, hahac, ’ariray, parok, tafak, titi fitaol miluku hakarayra malasa’ayaway, o emi a kinaira 10\/1 no hakal; o hahac ato ’ariray ira ko 40%, nipakaenan kimeto ito, o sapadamso to kakaenen no tamdamdaw, i Amilika malosapakaen to ’a’adopen, talacowa o tamdaw mila’omay to titititi ato mila’omay tokakaenen a kitakit, nikawrira nawhani pakaka ko kaadihay no kanaira, ’osaw a kakaenen mapasadak ato paaca tayra roma kitakit oya sakacecay no hekal. \n\nNikawrira o sasa’imeren i niyaro’ no amilika away ko fa’edetay kasasiray, nawhani mangalay to pacomod to cocoa, coffee, paratan ’adeteng no kilang, pawli a fa’edetay pinaloma, no Amilika a fa’edatay pakayni i tingnaw (computer) mi’emetan ko liyok laloma’ay pipalagadan, i laloma’ no Amilika mataelif ko litosa no losay saheto nai kakki sakimeto i California sa’etal ko paloma. Roma caay ka dengan o nian ko nengneng to nipalomaan sakaira no kicay, nawhani takaraway ko kikay ato kakkian, ano oya sakamaomah a kikay, pakietec, piparo, pinalengaw kakki, liyokan a katayal pakapi mipolong i kinaira, so’elinay o aira ko masapinangay a nisa’osian, tinako i Amlika a Monsanto kosi talacowa o misatayhian kaysya, nika mirapot to ising sapaiyo a safal, halo midemakay to kasafalifalic no romi’ad k nidemakan, matiniay a kasasiisal to tayal a malasa’ayaway nisadakan a kaloira, pal ani sadakan malatakaraway to, nisadakan a kinaira padoedo sa misapinang, mahaenay “o cisofokay a pakaenay tamdaw”, “I pikingkiwan a maomahay” o nian koya tadamaanay i lofocay kaliomahan no Amilika hananay.\n\nKakak a nifana’an (科學技術) \nO Amilika i kakohak ato pifana’ nikingkiwan, ato fana’ a pinasanga’ misafa’eloh saheto o satadamanay i hekal. Malecad o Amilika ira ko adihayay a masalaloma’ay a kakki, orasaka o Amilika sakiroma kitakit ikaka ko kakki a kacomahad. \n\nO tamdaw to saki misang'ay to lalosidan adihay ko tadamaanay nisanga’an, halo sapipi’pi to parok a kikay, kanga’ayan sakatayal, pisanga’an calay saheto o nai Amilikaay, oya misang'ay to lalosidan “pisaadihay misanga’” nai niharatengan malaso’elinay to.Oroma tadamaanay nisanga’ay halo hikoki, dawdaw, tingwa.\n\nO Amilika nai 20 sici mifiyac to tadamaan a Manhattan to atomic bomb (yinctan) halaka, Apollo macakat to folad halaka ato tamdawan a lalengawan a halaka. I saka 2 kalaloodan nohekal, sa’ayaway ko Amilika misanga’ to atomic bomb (yinctan), o kakki no tamdaw mapatayra i atomic (yinc) a to’asan fa’elohay sici. I kafasawan lalood, o Amilika i kakarayan a kakhak ato nifana’an safal o ka’ayaway, nai kakarayan kalalifetan mapidah ko Russia, saka misanga’ to namal a ‘idoc a fana’, sakalalood pikingkiw, sakadademak kakhak ato tingnaw (computer) a sofal ko tala’ayaw, i 1969 miheca 7 flad, tona ci Neil Armstrong nai Apollo 11 haw a maeferay tamina a masadak i, malasarakatay tamdaw miripa’ to folad, o pahapinang to i tongroay kalalifetan.\n\nI saka 2 kalaloodan i, o Amilika to saki tingnaw (computer) ato kalocalay a kacowat tadamaanay, halo saka 2 lalood a nisanga’an a tingnaw (computer) ato sa’ayaway no sofitay sakadademak, tangasa anini o Google, Microsoft, IBM, Intel, Apple, Hp ato Dell o patodong to katadamaan no kosi to saki tingnaw (computer) ato saparatoh a sofal masanga’ ko ta’akay pisafa’eloh ato satadamaan. Roma Amilika a sapikacaw to kitakit misanga’ to ARPA calay o nifan’an tocalay pa’ayaway.\n\nItini i kakhak pikingkiw, Amilika a hakasi pakacitodong to Nobel prize (compay), mangalef i sakipina’orip ato isingan a sofal, parocek to Amilika mi’awiday ko pikingkiwan a liyokan to saki misolotay to cifana’ay. No kitakit a isi kingkiwyin o pasayraan to pina’orip isingkak noAmilika, malaheci ko no tamdawan pinangan a halaka, saka o tamdaw to piras, Alzheimer’s adada a mipaadadaay to sapiadah pikingkiw micomod to tadamaanay kalingatoan[92]. Saki kakarayan ato karayan a pikingkiw no sifo a citodongay o nano Amilika kitakit karayan ato karayan citdongay. Boeing kosi ato Lockheed Martin kosi a notekedan a misanga’ay to kacitodang nira.\n\nPicolo’an lalan (交通運輸) \nNawhani kakahad ko sera no Amilika mingapir aca to toloay riyar sakacomahad no kicay, saka adihay ko pipalalan picolo’ to dafong a nifana’an ato pinacolo’ o sakakaay i hekal. O lalan, o merar lalan a kasaki’ec o mikikakaay i hekal, hacikayay marar lalan pipatireng nawhani no hikoki tala’ayaw a tadamaan, maki’ayaw ko ka’aya’ayaway kitakit. Hikoian ato minato a nidemakan o ka’ayaway to i hekal. Nawhani ono maradan lalan a calay madahdahay, i laloma’an no kitakit a sakaromakat to maraayay o parakat to paliding ato pakahikoki ko ngapa’ay.\n\nLalan (公路) \nNawhani marataray ko kacomahad no Amilika to sakitosoya, o adihayay a maci micowat mali’ayaway ko pihirateng maci ato niyaro’ patatodong to calay no lalan a misafaco. O pipacalay to dadahalay sera no kitakit, misafaco ko Amilika patireng to manga’ayay karomakatan no kalotisiya, saharakatay a hacikayay lalan, o kitakit no Amilika faco no lalan militado to hacikayay lalan a calay. O sakacitodong itiniay i kasakanatal hacikayay lalan a calay a faco ko pipatirengan. O nia hacikayay lalan i 1950 mihecaan pakayni itiyaay ci Eisenhower patoroday patireng. Midotoc 2004 mihecaan a tilid, o lalan no Amilika o kakaya’ 6,407,637 kongli, o sakacecay i hekal.\n\nLos Angeles a hacikayay lalan a kacacofelan pido’edoan, ira ko mici’iwi’iwian nika manga’ay o calay no lalan, malopitodongan no kasahekal. Itini i picingcingan ho to’asan, i Amilika adihayay sa’etal o pakawiliay ho ko pido’edoan sarikec. Misiiked to ko Amilika i, macoker siikeday France ato ikoray 18 sici Europe mifolaway finawlan[93], nanoyaan sa ko lalan pakayraan mafalic pasikawanan romakat, oni a rikec i laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood mapolong no kitakit.\n\nMarar lalan (鐵路) \nPatirengen no Amilika ko mahifalatay i sekal mararay lalan a calay, ira ko 48 a sa’etal ko kanga’ay mocolo to dafong. Amilika marar kosi (Amtrak) a patirengan calay no marar lalan mifatel to 48 a sa’etal to 46 sa’etal, saki faso a todong. O kaya’ay no marar a lalan no Amilika o sakacecay i hekal[94]. Midotoc i 2007 miheca a tilid, o marar a lalan no Amilika polong no kakaya’ ira ko 226,427 kongli. Nikawrira nawhani o hacokayay lalan no Amilika ato hikokian kimetoay, o kasalalowadan ato sakamoko’ no romi’ad ikaka to no marar a lalan ko ranikay, saka o marar a lalan no Amilika caay kamatiya o no Europe ato Dipong ko kakimeto. O pisahapinang no Amilika sifo to hikoan a karomakat pakayni to marar a lalan a kosi i 1970 miheca madadoedo mapingko. Nikawrira midotoc to to’as a mafafalic, comahad to ko harateng no ’alomanay malacecay ko pico’ay to kafa’edat no hekal a o kapolong ko sapicolo’. Halo California sa’etal a mipasadakan pacowat to no California hacikayay marar a lalan a misahalakaan, sifo no Amilika ato kasa’etal a sifo misatatasay to misahalaka matayal to ’alomanay hacikayay marar a lalan sakanga’ay a mikingkiw, ikor no ralan o fa^elohay ko pipatalaan.\n\nMaci a lalan (城市交通) \nAdihay ko maci no Amilika iraay ko kapolongan sakaromakat a faco, nika i New York maci a pakalinikay calay lalan o sata’akay, romi’ami’ad mikalicay tamdaw o saka tosa no hekal ko ka’aloman, ikor no Tokyo no Dipong a pakalinikay lalan, o karomakat a marar lalan ato faso calay lalan tangasa i Long island, fafa’eday New York sa’etal, New Jersey sa’etal ato Connecticut sa’etal, mala sa’alomanay ko nicolo’an tamdaw sata’akay calay no lalan i hekal. Nikawrira o sasowalen, maci no Amilika kapolongan sakaromakat palalecaden to cemahaday to kitakit i aikoray ho, dengan caayay ka’aloman tinako New York, Chicago ato San Francisco a kapolongan sakaromakat ko macowatay a no takay, romaay to tamdaw masadak saheto miti’eray to tekedan tosiya ko saka romakat.\n\nNanom a lalan (水運) \nO Amilika sakatolo i hakal kakaya’ay mililisay to sekal a kitakit, manga’ay mapatireng ko adihayay minato. I sekal no Tasiyang a New York minato, ka’amis no Mexico ngoso’ay a Houston minato, ato i kawali no Taypinyang a Los Angeles minato (kakaya’ay tatafokan minato) o saka tolo ta’akay pisadakan to dafong minato no Amilika, oya masadakay micomoday satadamaanay minato i hekal. Kasatisi nai katimol tala’amis no Amilika a Mississippi a ’alo karomakatan no tamina saka tolo no ’aloan picolo’ to dafong kasakitakit no hekal, kafafaw o karomakatan ’alo a lalan ato limaay fanaw ato Hudson a matatongod, laloma’ay ’alo manga’ay ramakaten a micolo’. Itiniay i katimolay sekal no Michigan fanaw o saka tolo ta’akay maci Chicago tadamaanay no sekalan minato i Amilika.\n\nHikoki (航空) \nO Amilika tona misanga’ ko tamdaw to hikoki a masaheci ko Kaefer a kitakit, saki o dadahalay ko sera a kitakit a macomahad ko kicay no Amilika, o tataparan malacalay no hikoki a samacowatay a kitakit, nawhani sapalolol to kacasngo’otan no mararay a lalan, o ikakaay no so’ot a rarakaten, salaloma’an kasa’etal kakaya’ay rarakaten o hikoki ko pitadoan. Makalic to hikoki a tayra i roma a maci, o kananaman no Amilika tamdaw. Orasaka polong no kitakit ikaka to 1,500 no kaira no hikokiciw, o madaicoay hikokiciw a kitakit, macalap ko polong no cikiw to 25%[95].\n\nO mikalicay i, i 2004 miheca polong no hekal o sa’ayaway no 30 a marariday tayal a hikokiciw ira ko 17 i Amilika, kalo sakacecay i Hartsfield – Jackson hikokiciw no Atlanta. Saki nicolo’an a sa’osi, o cecay miheca, sa’ayaway i polong no hekal saka 30 ko marariday tayal a hikokiciw ira ko 12 i Amilika, halo saka cecay a Memphis kasakitakit hikokiciw (MEM) . Roma i, o Chicago, San Francisco (San francisco), Seattle, Huston, Miami, Washington o satadamaanay a hikokiciw. Nawhani o Amilika i polong no cikaw a faeferay a tayal o tadamaanay, o citodongay to sakaefer no kitakt (FAA) a mihapiwan a telek roma i mala no polong no hekal maeferay a o pinengnengan matatodongay.\n\nPirarakatan (旅遊) \nTalacowa pipatireng no Amilika to kitakit 200 ko likisi, nikawrira kimeto ko kicay no finawlan ato away ko saka tosa i hekal ko nika aniniay a ponka ato kicay ko kasenengan no parapatan a nengnengen a pirarakatan malaki’emelay a kitakit. Masowal ko tadamaanay i hekal a New York a maci, tadamaanay nipatirengan i Chicago, o ci ponkaay likisi a niyaro’ San Francisco, o niyaro no coyoh a Los Angeles, tadamaci a Washington, pipakiyawan niyaro’ a Las Vegas. Parapatan a pinengnengan kaliyalaway fokeloh koying, Colorado ta’angay ’efong, cilahay fanaw niyaro’, Olympic kitakit koying, limaay ta’akay fanaw pinengnengan, Hawaii kasakanatal, malinikay a Alaska sa’etal saheto o mihecaan pirarakatan caayay ka tararikor katayraan mirarakat. O Disney pisalamaan, piliyokan cikiw ika niyaro’, Amilika kitakit hikokian ato karayan kateraan o tadamaanay nipatirengan misolotay to ’alomanay mirarakatay tamdaw sakaira.\n\nPapotal kalali’aca (對外貿易) \nO saka tosa kitakit no hekal a kalali’aca ko Amilika, sata’akay micomoday kitakit i hekal, saka tosa kitakit pasadakay no hekal. O sata’akay pasadakay to ^mi, ’ariray, kakot ko Amilika. Oya hikokian, tingkian, tayhi a tayal a kinaira ko pasadakan. Roma, o Amilika o sata’akay pasadakay to sakalalood i hekal.\n\nMicomoday a dafodafongan i Amilika o manga’ayay a kinairaira, tingki, misang’ay to lalosidan, o pinasanga’an a lalosidan, komo, cocoa, kohi. O sakatadamaan kalali’acaan no dafong no Amilika ira ko Canada, Congko, Dipong, Mexico, Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, Into, Korea, Taywan, Brazil. O Canada ato Congko ko satadamaanay kalali’acaan kitakit no Amilika.\n\nTamdaw (人口)\n\nLikisi (歷史) \nI 1880 miheca tangasa 1900 mihecaan, o i maciay a tamdaw no Amilika nai 28% macakat 40 %, 1920 miheca tangasa i 50%, salongan nawhani o Europe malinah tayni. I 1890 mihecaan, ikor o maomahay no Amilika a tamdaw nao kikayan malenak saka o maomahay tamdaw makotay no kikay saka i maci ko aro’ a tamdaw makeroday malokelon.\n\nAniniay kadademak (現狀) \nMidotoc to no Amilika tamdawan pipalita i 2017 miheca nisaopoan a tilid, Amilika polong ira ko 321,004,407 no tamaw, ano engan mipili’an a finacadan, Amilika kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 73%, tamdaw ira ko 234,370,202 tamdaw, caay kapatodong ko Spin dotoc ato Lating Amilika tamaw a kohecalay ira ko 61.5%, tamdaw ira ko 197,277,729 tamdaw, ira ko Spin dotoc ato Lating Amilika tamdawan a kohecalay tamaw 11.5%, o tamdaw ira ko 37,092,473 tamdaw.\n\nIraay ko no Spin dotoc ato ira ko no Lating Amilika tamdaw polong 17.6%, tamdaw ira 56,510,571 ko tamaw, mihaydaay o kohecalay tamdaw sanay ira ko 11.5%, tamdaw ira 37,092,473 ko tamdaw, roma caay ko kohecalay tamdaw a Lating Amilika tamdaw ira 6.1%, tamdaw ira 19,418,098 ko tamdaw.\n\nO Africa Amilika tamaw polong no tamaw 12.7%, polong ira ko 40,610,815 tamdaw.\n\nO Asia Amilika tamaw polong tamaw ira ko 5.4%, tamaw ira 17,186,320 ko tamdaw, sata’akay a Asia finawlan a Holam Amilika tamdaw (halo Congko, Hongkong, Taywan, kawali katimol Asia a holan), macalap ko 1.3%, polong no tamaw ira 4,108,085 ko tamdaw, saka tosa o Into tamaw, ira ko 1.1%, tamdaw ira ko 3,672,647 tamdaw. \n\nO yincumin no Amilika i o Intian tamdaw, Alaska yincumin polong no tamdaw 0.8%, ira ko 2,622,102 tamdaw. \n\nO i Taypinyang a sera a yincumin no Amilika (o sowal: Taypinyang finawlan) polong no tamdaw 0.2%, ka’aloman ira ko 570,116 no tamdaw. \n\nTangasa i 2010 miheca, o tamdaw no Amilika polong tangasa 3.08 walwalan, itini hekal aikora no Congko, Intu saka tolo ko tamdaw, o katongal no tamdaw 0.59%[96]. Saan, caayay ko Spain a kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 64%, roma o Latin Amilika tamdaw, Africa safaniyot tamdaw, Asia tamdaw. Nai kasakanatal a nengnengen, o California kanatal ko sa’alomanay tamdaw no Amilika, ira ko 3720 ’ofad; o saawaayay tamdaw ko Wyoming kanatal, dengan ira ko 56.4 ’ofad; o Texas kanatal ko ranikayay matongal ko tamdaw no Amilika, ikaka to no 2000 miheca matongal to 430 ’ofad, tangasa to 2510 ’ofad. Kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika, Latin Amilika tamdaw ato Asia tamdaw caayay ka’aloman a finacadan polong no tamdaw ira 1.007 walwalan ko tamdaw (tangasa 2006 miheca 7 folad), itiniay i Amilika a Latin Amilika tamdaw mata’elif to ko 5000 ’ofad, macalap ko Amilika tamdaw to enemay ira ko cecay (16.66%), padoedo sa maro i Amilika a safaw finacadan ko aro’. Amilika a Holam tamdaw salongan ira ko 400 ’ofad (tangasa 2011 miheca). Mafana’ to Inkiris a sowal. Roma salongan ira ko 300 ’ofad tamdaw ko mafana’ay to Holam a sowal. Ira 51.3% ko finawlan mitooray to Kristokiw, roma a finawlan mitoor to Tingsokiw, Yotayakiw, caayay ko cima ciwha ira ko 4%. \n\nMidotoc to 2000 miheca a palita to tamdaw, salongan ira ko 79% a tamdaw maro’ay i tokay[97], o Amilika o masasiromaay finacadan caayay kalalen ’alomanay finacadan a kitakit, polong no kitakit ira ko 31 a finacadan mata’elif ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw, safa no 100 ’ofad a tamdaw adihay ho[98]. \n\nO ’alomanay Amilika tamdaw (I 2004 miheca ira ko 74.67%)[99] o Europe kohecalay malinahay a wawawawa, oni a malinahay itiya ho o picingcing ko kanga’ay no aro’, ’alomanay i o ikoray no laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood “Katimol miliyaway patireng a onto” a tayni i Amilika, nawhani caayay ko kohecalay tamdaw malinahay ato caayay ka papina a finacadan kalahofocay, caayay ko Latin Amilika a kohecalay tamdaw malowanay to[100]. \n\nO nano Europe a Germany (15.6%), Ireland (10.8%), England (8.7%), Italy (5.6%) ato Scandinavia (3.7%); adihay ko nai Slavic kitakit, tinako Poland ato Russia; roma a Europe a teloc malinahay nai kawaliay Europe, katimol Europe ato Canada a France sowal sa’etal. \n\nO yincumin no Amilika a Indian tamdaw ira ko 440 ’ofad no tamdaw[101], tonni ira ko salongan 35% miro’ay i no sifo mahalakaan a yincumin niterekan sa’etal. \n\nO Asia teloc Amilika tamdaw (caay ka citodong to i Hawaii ato Taypinyang kasa’etalay maro’ay) o saka tolo caayay ka papina a finacadan, i 2005 miheca mapalita ira ko 5%. O ’alomanay Asia Amilika tamdaw masaopo i kaetipay lilis no riyar ato Hawaii, o Asia teloc sa ta’akay finacadan o Congko, Hongkong, Macao, Singapore, Taywan, Malaysia, Kawali katimol Asia Holam tamdaw malekapot a Holam a Amilika tamdaw, padoedo o Into, Philippines, Vietnam, Korea ato Dipong. \n\nO Latin teloc Amilika tamaw o sata’akay finacadan a finawlan, polong no tamaw 16.1% (2005 miheca), toni laloma’an nai Mexico malinahay tayni ira ko 66%, pali’ayaw to sowal ikor no 10 miheca o mamacakat a ’aloman. \n\nO Africa teloc a Amilika tamdaw maledefay i laloma’an no Amilika, nikawrira katimolay a kohetingay tamaw o sa’alomanay, polong 3,500 ’ofad (12.12%). O tato’asan nangra nai ’ayaw no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood kalali’acaan a malafades. \n\nI 2011 miheca 6 folad 28 romi’ad, o nano Amilika katayalan mikingkiway (AEI) mihapiw to cecay maolahay to kitakit mipalita a pakafana’ pahapinang, mata’elif ko 6% finawlan (ira 61% a milicayan a o Amilika tamdaw o “tadamalita’angay”, 25% milicayan “malita’ang”) o nano Amilika tamdaw malita’ang, o ’alomanay Amilika tamdaw o kalasofitay o maolahay to kitakit sanay a pahapinang, o finawlan no Amilika saki sofitay no Amilika o takaraway ko nengneng[102] \n\nI 2020 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad, Inkiris a “romi’aday simpon” pasinpon, nawhani COVID-19 a salifong makatalawan ko kicay ato sakasomelet, patongal o kohetingay tamdaw ci George Floyd mapatay kararawrawan no syakay, o kalata’angan to kitakit no Amilika matefad tangasa 20 mihecaan salaenoay. Saka cecay mihapiwan a fa^elohay tilid pahapinang, saki niyahan no Amilika tamdaw “tadamalita’angay” padoedo saan mitefad, tangasa 2020 miheca dengan to 42%. \n\nI Gallup halafinay 20 mihecaan a finawlan pipalita mikingkiw, saka cecay pasadakan dengan caay ka tahira i 50% ko no kohecalay tamdaw a lekatep (49%) saki Amilika a “tadamaan” kalita’angan. I 2001 miheca, i ’ayaw no 911 kakoki’an salipalaw, Gallup midemak to polita a mikingkiwan pahapinang, milicayan tamdaw saki kitakit a “tadamaan” kalita’angan salongan 55%, ikor no 3 mihecaan, oni kakoki’an salipalaw malo sakarikec to no Amilika tamdaw, oni a palalecadan macakat to 65% tangasa 70%. 2005 miheca mitefad tayra i 61%, tangasa i 2015 miheca tangasa 54%[103].\n\nKasaselal no syakay (社會階層) \nI 2004 mihecaan no Amilika a syakay hakasi ci Leonard Beeghley mipalita to limaay to syakay kasaselal no Amilika mapasasiini to kasaselal syakay no Amilika ira i kalaeno[104], o micomoday kasacefang saheto Amilika payso:\n\nItiniay California San Jose kalawacay a sasifo’ay macakatay kasasiiraay salaloma’an malekatepay.\n\nTakaraway ko kinaira a laloma’an 5%, laloma’an kalietan i kakaay to 100 ’ofad, o maledefay to kaira no Daykako a ponka:\n\nSa’akawangay micomoday laloma’an 0.9%-- o patekan cidafngay ato walwalan a cidafongay;\n\nSasifo’ay selal, nai 46% -- ko fainayan micomoday to 5.7 ’ofad, fafahiyan mihecaan micomoday ira ko 4 ’ofad ko tamdaw, o pinanaan naira o misawaday tp Canglong daikako; o malingaday macalao 40.45 -- \n\nsalongan micomoda 2.6 ’ofad, o ’aslomanay o nai kasasi todong no safakay, paskoyacay a langdaway nicalapan 40%--45% 4 ’ofad ko kosi mitiliday, salongan fafahiyan a tamdaw ko 2.6 ’ofad, saheto saheto i cyukakko ko misawad; salongan fainayan micomoday 4 ’ofad, fafahiyan micomoday ira ko 2.6 ’ofad o misawaday to Congsi; o i laenoay pakoyocay a tamdaw, salongan laloma’an ira ko 12% ko saki’orip a malaloma’an mataelif to ko 1.8 ’ofad, o mitiliday to congsi misawaday. \n\nMitodong to paitemed ato laloma’an a paeneray masasiroma’ay a syakay selal a nengnengen, masapinang to tekedan a nipitilid ko kacitodong, i 2005 miheca polong no laloma’an no Amilika a micomoday ira ko 46326 Amilika payso, nika 18% a loma’an micomoday mata’elifay ko 10 ’ofad Amilika payso, o sakitekadan micomoday a miso’osian ira ko 32,140 Amilika payso (misa’osian 25 mihecaan a teked) [105]. O citodongay to caayay ka nengneng a tadamaanay a tayal ano eca dademakay to no syakay a demak malotadamaanay nitayalan, o i tadamaanay tamdaw, o macakatay ko kinaira nangra: o citadamaanay demak ato hakasi tamdaw ikakaay ko kinaira o 15% a malekapot, ’ayaw no 15% ko kinaira salongan milietanan ikakaay to 62,500 Amilika payso; o tadamaanay a nialaay to no daykako a kompay a tamdaw cikinaira o cidafongay, o ikakaay ko katadamaan[106].\n\nSowal (語言) \nTalacowa o Amilika awaay ko todong no rikec to sowal no kitakit, so’elin o Inkiris a sowal ko sakasasowal no kitakit. Midotoc i 2008 miheca mapolong, salongan 3 walwalan 1480 ’ofad (99.6%) nai limaay mihecaan ko laloma’an o Inkiris ko kasasowal. O Inkiris ko kararidan sakasasowal, marepetay a todong o Inkiris a sowal ko sapicomod a mafolaw ni longocan.\n\nSalongan Amilika tamdaw mipaini palasowalen no kitakit ko Inkiris a sowal sanay, ira ko 28 a kanatal ko mihaydaay to a niyaro’ay hoying to Inkiris a sowal; ira ko 3 kanatal mihaydaay to roma a sowal palalenay ato Inkiris a sowal: Louisiana kanatal a France a sowal, Hawaii kanatal no Hawaii sowal ato New Mexico kanatal a Spain sowal.\n\nDengan o Inkiris, ira ko tamdaw mata’elifay to 100 ’ofad tamdaw a sowal palamlamay to Spain swal, Holam sowal, Tagalo sowal, Vietnam sowal, France sowal, Korea sowal, Germany sowal[107].\n\nPakayraan (宗教) \nNai ’ayaw pipatireng no Amilika to kitakit o nicingcingan no Inkiris itiya awaay ho ko pakoniraay no pakayraan mitoor, ira ko katalawan to rikec no pakayraan, saki caayay pitoor to Kristokiw a tamdaw o a’epecen, kakari’angen, onini saki Tingsokiw a mitooray (roma o piliyang to cisakowanay to kiwkay) nikawrira o Kristokiw kasasoroma no kiwha mi’emet to kasa’etal to masasiromaay kiwha a mitooray midemak to sapi’epec a lakakawa[108]\n\nTona mapatireng to ko kitakit no Amilika, o kimpo no Amilika saka cecay nisalofan i 1791 miheca mahayda, mi’efec to kalomaocan no Amilika mitelek patireng to kitakit a pakayraan, o Amilika sa’ayaw mipadama to pakayraan pakonira a salongoc a kitakit, Amilika a nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo midemak to kasasiiked no sici kiwkay a katatelek, tatiih micoker tatiih miliyang to kasasiromaroma no pitooran. \n\nNikawrira na itiya nawhani pipadama to pitooran a mapakonira a comahad, o ’icel noKristokiw naikoran patireng to kitakit miteka marekrek comahad, saki amilika a sici a pisingkiw ira to ko todong a miselic a ’icel, dengan ni John Kennedy ato ci Joe Biden o Tingsokiw a mitooray, o kasarekad o congtong no Amilika sahetoay o Kristokiw mitooray.\n\nI 2007 miheca a nisa’osian a tilid[109]:\n\nKristokiw - 51.3%\n\nTingsokiw – 23.9%\n\nAwaayay ko pitooran – 16.1%\n\nRoma ano eca caayay pahapinang – 2.5%\n\nMormonism – 1.7%\n\nOrthodox kiwkay – 1.6%\n\nYotayakiw – 1.4%\n\nBuddha – 0.7% \n\nIslam – 0.6%\n\nI cemahaday to kitakit, o Amilika a pitooran talolong to sakikitakit. Nikawrira o Amilika i kasakanatal ira ko kasasiromaan. O Amilika masinanotay mi’imeray a Kristo ’aloman i katomol ato tenok kaetip a kasa kanatal, ’alomanay o nikapolongan (kong-he) a sician a kasarekad micokeray, katimolay kohetingay tamdaw sa’etal, kawali ka’amisay ato kaetip mililisay to riyar kanatal a mitooray o mafohatay ko faloco’, o no nikapolongan (min-co) a sician a kasarekad micokeran.\n\nKatimolay kanatal, o katimolay Amilika a paino’ay sata’akay kiwha, ikor o Methodist kiwkay; i kawali ka’amis o New England sa’etal ato mingataay to Mexico a lilis niyaro’, o Tingsokiw ko micalapay, nawhani itiraay tamdaw ’aloman nai Europe Tingsokiw sa’etal (tinako katimolay Bavaria no Germany, Ireland, Italy ato poland) mafolaway a teloc, ano eca ka’amisay Amilika roma a niyaro’ (tinako Quebec ato Puerto Rico) mafolaway a teloc, katimolay o nai Mexico a Latin Amilika mafolaway a teloc. Romaroma niyaro’ no Amilika sa’etal a Kristokiw tamdaw o masasiromaay kiwha mapapolongay.\n\nTalacowa ’alomanay Amilika a mitooray paso’elin to Fa^elohay Kristokiw, nikawrira nawhani o Fa^elohay mitooray o kasasirma no kiwha, orasaka Tingsokiw o ’alomanay ko mitooray, orasaka o Tingsokiw mitooray o nai Latin Amilika a teloc mafolaway sakatongal, takaraw ko nikasofoc nangra ira ko sapadang matingal ko mitooray no Amilika, mangalef o Tingsokiw. O Mormonism a ’icel caay ka eca o sasikolen.\n\nSyakay ato saki’orip (社會與生活)\n\nMicomoday kinaira no finawlan (居民收入) \nO saka’ayaway i hekal ko micomoday kinaira no finawlan no Amilika, polong no kitakit tamdaw salongan to mihecaan to kinaira 4.7 ’ofad no Amilika payso[110]. Onini a patoroan mingataay to misang'ay to lalosidan kitakit, tinako Switzerland (5.4 ’ofad Amilika payso), nikawrira o kacidafong i mamala cemahaday a kitakit masaopo, ato malalenay ko pisa’isal to Europe ato Australia palahecad, 40% a tamdaw malapakoyocay to, dengan 1% ko iraay, ka’ayaway tamdaw 20% ko cidafongay, nicalap to 70% a kinaira no kicay[111], orasaka oni a 1%, pala’isal to 40% no kitakit ko kacidafong. Nai 1975 mihecaan i, o kadademak no syakay, dademakay matayal malitosaay, o kaciheci no kicay a macakat pasayra i takaraway ko kinaira to 20% a laloma’an[112].\n\nO laloma’an no finawlan no Amilika takaraw ko kinaira, nikawrira o kasakanatal mahapinang ira ko kasacila^ed, tinako i West Virginia kanatal a kinaira no laloma’an 3.3 ’ofad amilika payso, o New Hampshire kanatal takaraw to 5.7 ’ofad Amilika payso[113][114], o mitodongay to no Inkiris kitakit (45575 Amilika payso) [115] ato New Zealand (30256 Amilika payso) a lala’edan[116]. \n\nTatenokan a kinairaay o marariday matayal a kinaira koni nai 1970 mihecaan oyaanan to, o masereray ko kinaira mangalef maserer ko kinairaan, talacowa matongal macakat ko nitayalan macakat ko kinaira. O kasakanatal no Amilika a masereray a lifon to kinaira a todong malalenay i cecay a toki 7-8 Amilika a payso, salongan ira ko no Europe ato Australia malitosaay no todong[117][118]. O mitakaway mafolaw a finawlan to kinaira o masereray ko lifon malosaka lapakoyoc a 10% matayalay[119], nikawrira mitafoay to titi a tayal ato maomahay a sakinaira saheto o mitadoay to mitakaway a matalay[120]. I 2005 miheca a nai Amilika citodongay to matayalay a paratohan i, nai 1960 mihecaan i, o kinaira micalap to no finawlan a GDP a masereray ato katayalan a micomoday malalen ko takaraw matiya ko tilid no likisi[121].\n\nPakafafahiyan salongac a onto i Amilika ato Europe mapalowad ko sakacakat no katayalan. I 1950 mihecaan a Amilika ciramoday a fafahiyan a katayalan dengan 11%, makisafa no i 1920 mihecaan[122]. Mataneng i 1960 mihecaan, 1970 mihecaan mihakelong to masawilihay a salongoc a onto o nano naikoran no fafahiyan salongocan, i 1978 miheca ci ramoday to fafahiyan no Amilika macakat 50% ko katayalan. I 1997 miheca tangasa i 61%, I 1990 miheca tangasa 21 sici a ’ayaway a mihecaan o kacakatan no kicay i, mihayda to “minokay i loma’ misolimet ko fainay ato wawa” a “mipili’ to salongoc no fafahiyan” rara sato a patiko[123], miliyaw patiko matayal ko fafahiyan no Amilikato 54%[124], i 2008 mihecaan macowat ko katalawan no hekal paysoan, nawhani kareteng ko saki’orip, o ciramoday fafahiyan no Amilika macakat ko katayal[125], dengan o caay kalalen ko kinaira no kasasilomaan, no fafahiyan a kinaira makisafa to no fainayan, fainayan a matayalay adihay ko madoka’ay matayal. Matiniay a demak dengan o Africa safaniyot, nawhani kohetingay tamdaw a kapah caayho ka raramod ci wawa ito ano eca marofoay ko mama, malainaay mangalay to katayalan sapahafay to wawa.\n\nIsi dadipotan (醫療保健) \n\nMidotoc to no hekal isi a sakapot i 1997 miheca to pakayniay to sapipaising a dotoc a pihapinang mirayray, o Amilika itini i no hekalan isi sakapot o saka 15 a kitakit[126]. Micalap to sa’osi no kapolongan polong no tamdaw ato nilaoman no tamdaw masasiteko i, o sakisomelet no malaomay (teked ato kapolongan malaomay mapolong) ikaka to romaroma kitakit ko no Amilika[127].\n\nNikawrira, hatiniay to ko masadakay caay pakadamso to kacitodong no sakapa’orip to kapolongan sakasomelet. Satakaraway miratohay to sakihekal a tilid pahapinang, o Amilika ato roma a kitakit misanga’ay to dafong a kitakit patatekoen i, o wawa a mapatayay takaraw, o saki’orip no finawlan makisafa no Sweden[128] ato France[129][130] a kitakit. No Amilika a ising salingan a kinaira a lifon o katakaraway i hekal[131]. Nikawrira o masosoay o kararimaan no kapolongan a isi, salongan malosaka adihay no masadakay to saki isi to pinaay so’ot a walwalan payso no Amilika. Palongen pisa’osi i no Amilika masapakoyocay tamdaw masosoay kaiaka ko takaraw nora[132].\n\nCaayto kalecad to no a kitakit, o saki sadama to hoking no kasomelet caay ka o kapolongan ko pa’acaay, oya o kitakit ato tekedan ko pafeliay, i Amilika awaay ko polongan no finawlan a sakasomelet a hoking, o congtong no Amilika ci Clinton patoror to fafahi ningra ci Hillaryan misafaloco’ to sapi patireng to a sakasomelet a hoking, manga’ay no finawlan no Amilika a ira ko isingan a hoking nasa, nikawrira matena’ no kalomaocan ato sapitekedan kasacefang. Midotoc i 2004 miheca a tilid, tekedan a sakasomelet makaloya to sakitekedan hoking pasadak to 36%, tekedan micalap to 15%, no nipatatekoan a kitakit, kanatal ato niyaro’ay sifo micalap to 44%[133]. I 2005 miheca, ira ko 4120 ’ofad a finawlan (polong no tamdaw no Amilika to 14.2%) toya a mihecaan a romi’ad awaay ko sakasomelet a hoking; nikawrira ira ko malitoloay to cecay a laloma’an mata’elifay ko 5 ’ofad no Amilika payso to kinaira, cangra a tamdaw malitosaay pakata’elifay to 7.5 ’ofad no Amilika payso ko tamdaw[134].\n\nOroma i, maedengay citodong to kapolongan hoking a tamdaw ira ko malitoloay to cecay tamdaw ko ccayay ho picomod. No isi a hoking i Amilika i no litengan a nitahidangan a sapalemed. Matiya to, ano adadaay ira ko ’icel palolol to sapaising, o paisingan o paoadamso to kacalohan a pitado, nikawrira kacalohan pipaising manga’ay milaplap to caayay palefod pafeli to sapaising a ’aca a adadaay. I Amilika, sapaising a sapaiyo ko saka peleng no tamdaw[135]. No Amilika sakipaising a pikingkiw wataay ko payso to pateli, onini o tekedan a padafohan. Midotoc i 2000 mihecaan a pisaopo, no tekedan caayay ko malali’acaay citodongay mipacomodan micalap to 7%, tekean a malali’acaay micalap to 57%, no sata a sacoker no kitakit a isi kingkiwying macalap ko 36%[136].\n\nKiwiko (教育) \nI Amilika, sakowan to kiwiko o kanatal ato niyaro’ay sifo ko citodongay, caay ko nipatatekoan sifo[137]. Nika, nipatatekoan sifo a kiwikopo mihayda to sapi’emet to kiwiko kiking a sakacitodong. O mitiliday sito ira ko telek a i no kitakit a pilayap nai ka’emangay pitilidan tangasa 12 mihecaan lekad no kiwiko; oya ka’emangay pitilid 5 miheca, sasifo’an 3 miheca, kawcong 5 miheca, masasiisal to no kitakit, no tekedan tosaay, o no kitakit a pitilidan ko ’alomanay, midemakay to caayay ka li’aca a todong a kiwiko; roma, ka’emangay tenokan a pitilid caay pa’aca ano eca malitosaay ko aca no sakalahok, o mitiliday o faso no pitilidan ko micolo’ay.\n\nTa, 18 mihecaan manga’ay misawad, nikawrira o romaroma a kanatal mihayda i 16 mihecaan manga’ayto miliyas to pitilidan[138]. Dengan o mitiliday i no kitakit a pitilidan, manga’ay no mato’asay no mitiliday i loma’ a mikiwiko to wawa[139], ano eca seraen patayra i kiwkay ano eca i no tekedan a pitilidan. Misawad to kawcong i, o mitiliday manga’ay mipili’ to no kitakit ano eca no tekedan a daykako. No kitakit a daykako nai nipatatekoan ano eca o kanatal a sifo milayap to sapa’aca, milayap to roma pakayraan a sapitilid a payso, nikawrira ’alomanay mitiliday i pisawad ito mapatiko to nicaliwan a sapotilid a payso. Tekedan a daykako a sapitilid mikikaka to no kitakit daykako a sapitilid payso. ’Alomanay mitiliday i ’ayaw picomodan to daykako ato kakoying micomod i katayalan ano eca malasofitay mietan to sapitilid a payso, Amilika a sofitay ato adihayay tekedan katayalan mipadang to matayalay to sadama a ta’akay sapikiwiko a payso[140][141].\n\nAdihay ko daykako no Amilika. Nai ’ayaw no 360 miheca malinah tayni i Amilika a Puritan nai 1 636 miheca 9 folad patireng to polong no Amilika saka cecay daykako – Harvard daykako[142], no Amilika a takaraway pikiwiko midotoc to no Europe to’asan daykako tinako no Inkiris Cambridge daykako ato Oxford daykako a to’asan. Macowat tangasa anini ira ko 2600 a daykako palilamay to kompay no bachelor, master, PHD sepatay miheca a daykako[143]. Oya tosaay miheca a no syakay kakoying adihay tangasa 3400 ko pitilidan.\n\n2009 miheca Linhoko pacowatay halaka a tamdawan picowat a sa’osi no kiwiko[144] nai Amilika kiwiko a saka 21 no hekal. I matini ira ko 7660 ’ofad a Amilika tamdaw milayapay to kiwiko (nai yociying tangasa daykako) [145]. Adihayay takaraway kakoying pitilidan no Amilika o malalifetay, ano kitakit ito ano eca no tekedan to a pitilidan. Polong no Amilika daykako pitilidan ira ko 3400 ko daykako[146]. Tadamaanay daykako halo Ivy malekatep, roma ira ko Stanford daykako, Chicago daykako ato Massachusetts kaki kakoying, o tatodong to sakofit no kiwiko i polong no cikiw, to mahecaan masolot ko nai kasahekal a sapitilidan tayni minanam.\n\nKakaenen (飲食) \nO kakaenen no Amilika misolot to no yincumin no Amilika a kakaenen a pakayraan ato sapisafel, tinako siciminciw, konga’ (potato), ’ariray, tamorak, o nian malokacango’otan ponka no Amilika. O apple pie, pizza, hamburger o nai ano eca nai Europe a nifalican, anini o Amilika ranikayay kakaenen a ponka a losid. Mexico lolodan ato tacos o nai Mexicoay. Nai Africa teloc Amilika tamdaw nai pifadesan itiya nai Africa mapacomod “Soul food” (adingoan kakaenen) mala o kakaenen no finawlan. Polong no sasowalen, nawhani adihayay ko takaraway kaloli a kakaenen, no Amilika a nananomen caay ko sakasomelet, orira masosoay tamdaw ’aloman i laloma’ no kitakit.\n\nO kaen no Amilika a tamdaw cecay romi’ad tolo ko kaen. O karanaman dafak pito ko toki tangasa falo ko toki. O nikaenan kasaniyaro’ ko kasasiromaan. O sakaranam ira ko niperecan to falo, miloko, ^mi, epang ato kohi a kakaenen. O ranam i loma’ a komaen, ano ira ko sakalalicay to dademakan mitado to karanaman, sasowalen “karanaman a tayal”.\n\nKalahokan 12 ko toki tangasa herek no lahok 2 ko toki. Nawhani mamoko’ ko romi’ad maraay ko loma’, orasaka o mitiliday ato matayalay caay ka i loma’ a malafi, mihawikid nai loma’, saka o saka taloay a kaen no Amilika o lahok ko rahodayay, manta’ay dating, epang, hamburger ato ’apeladay, hot dog, ato ociya. \n\nO kalafian i 6 ko toki tangasa 7 ko toki miteka, o kadofahay ko nikaenan, orasaka ono Amilika a sakalafi ira ko nga’ayay a kaen, tadakaen. O sakalafi ira ko niperecan to falo ato kohaw, oroma sato pasadak to kakaenen a dating. O mapasadakay a dating ira ko titi no kolong, titi no fafoy, nitapayan a kolong, ’ayam, ’afar, ham ato mi’id’idan titi no siri. Alomanay Amilika tamdaw maolah i ikor no kalafian ira ko koesanay kaenan, tinako o mikeritan, aysklim ato chocolate.\n\nI pa’aliwacan a romi’ad, ’alimanay laloma’an tosaay ko kaen. Patatekoen nangra ko ranam ato lahok ao ranam lahok a kaenan. Manga’ayay kini. Ira a laloma’an pa’aliwacan caay ka i loma’ a misacacak, polong sa laloma’an tayra i kakomaenan. O kaacangan lisin no Amilika i, laloma’an no Amilika mararid tayra papotal mipakelang ato mi’id’id to kakaenan.\n\nMitiya (傳媒) \nO Amilika to sinpon o takaraway ko pakoniyahan a kitakit, onini nai kimpo no Amilika to saki finawlan a midipotan[147]. Tongal sa no kicay ko kao cemahaday to ato kalalifetan no kalali’acaan, saka o Amilika itini i hekal o cemahaday to rocek no mitiya a kitakit. Amilika a mitiya mapolongay, halo tilifi, pahoso, sinpon, casi ato calayan. Adihayay a mitiya saheto o kalali’acaan to no tekedan mitiya a kosi, militado cangra to piparatoh, pi’aca ato pa’aca to nisanga’an a kinaira. \n\nI Amilika ira ko toloay ta’akay mitiya a kosi o to’asan a warner (ira ko calayan a tilifi sinpon calay, loma’an ikakang, to’asan lipay a casi ato warner malikaka tilifi calay li’aca), sinpon kakeridan (ira ko fox ratoh kosi, wall street sinpon ato New York sinpon) ato disney (ira ko Amilika ratoh kosi) [148].\n\nTilifi (電視) \nPolong no Amilika a kasaniyaro’ a tilifi ira ko masacicingan laloma’an, o adihayay masasiisalay to pitoay tekedan kosi i polong no kitakit awaayay ko calay tilifi: milecokay to toloay a tilifi calay-polong no kitakit ratoh kosi, Amilika ratoh kosi ato Colombia ratoh kosi[149], ato oya na mihecaan ranikayay macakat a sepatay tilifi calay-fox ratoh kosi, mapapolongay paramount tilifi calay (UPN), warner malikaka tilifi calay (WB) ato parkes tilifi calay (PAX).\n\nOya fafaeday awaayay ko calay tilifisanga’ay calay, ira ho i Amilika ko adihayay cicalayay tilifi lalan, oya pasadakay to ika, nano nisanga’an tilifi a ika, misyasingan to sakiloma’ a ika ato polong no cikiw sa’ayaway nitenekan 24 ko toki masaromi’ad a sinpon a cicalayay tilifi sinpon a tanektekay, onini tosaay laloma’an a to’asan warner kosi a tekedan. Masowal koya CNN.com calayan likisiay saka cecay sinpon calay (1995 miheca 8 folad 30 romi’ad mapatireng), anini i polong no cikiw 212 ko kitakit ato kasa’etal ira ko salongan 10 walwalan tamdaw ko minengnengay to CNN kamok. ABC kosi midemak to kasasiroma ato pakayraan paratoh a pakayraan, ira ko roma mikapiay paratohay a paratoh a pakayraan. Kasakamok: Boston rikec, toloay sofitay kakeridan (Command in Chief).\n\nParatohay pakayraan (廣播電台) \nNo Amilika a paratohay malitosaay ko ’etal, masasiiked to nipili’an ato nifalican. Manengnengan i milika malitosaay ko pakayraan masasiiked masasowalay ato radiwan, o nian o radiw ko sakakaay, masongila’ ko nisiikedan.\n\nAdihayay no Amilika o pakayraan no ratoh saheto o tekedan kalali’acaan a pakayraan. Polong no kitakit a kapolongan pakayraan no ratoh o sata’akay i Amilika a kapolongan paratohay a calay.\n\nSinpon (報紙) \nO adihayay sinpon no Amilika saheto o no tekedan, o papalosiyang ko saka ira no kicay. Sata’akay o “New York”, onini a sinpon masowal o “so’elinay ko pahapinang to syakay no Amilika”, o sinpon a painian o dadahalay ko pakafana’ to kasaniyaro’ no kitakit, kaolahan no mikingkiway ato citodongay. O kalali’acaan, paysoan a pawacay ko no “Wall street sinpon” ato noetipay “Los Angeles sinpon” ko kasangil, nika oni tosaay i sinpon a kaitiraan caay to pakalecad to “New York sinpon”. “Aniniay Amilika” talacowa mata’elif ko semo’otay ’ofad ko li’aca, nika dengan o kalawlaan, onto a sofal a sasowalen, cango’ot to tatodong no mitiya a kasatamdawan, caay pakatoor to toloay a ka sangilan. Oni a sepatay sinpon o sata’akay sinpon i Amilika, i adihayay kasamaci mapasadak.\n\nCassi (雜誌) \nCassi no Amilika macowatay, kasasiroma ato laloma’ no cassi kadofahay, o cassi i Amilika icowa to a ta’akay maci a pa’acaan to tilid ko pi’acaan. O adihayay cassi saheto laenoay o ta’akay mitiya kosi.\n\nAmilika toloay tadamanay sinpon a cassi: (美國三大主流新聞類周刊：) \n1. “To’asan”: 1923 miheca patireng, anini ira ko malasepatay a tilid, malaieal no Amilikaay, Europe, Asiya, timolay Taypinyang a nirina’an. O nano to’asan \n\nkasakitakit a todongan ato masangilay a cassi.\n\n2. “Sinpon lipayan”: 1923 miheca pasadak, adihayay kitakit ko pasadakan, nipasadakan aikoray no “To’asan”.\n\n3. “Amilika sinpon ato hekal a paratoh”: 1948 miheca nai “Amilika sinpon” ato “Hekal a paratoh” ko patatekoan.\n\nRoma cassi: (其他雜誌主要有：) \n1888 miheca Amilika kitakit palaan kakokay patireng pa’oliday to palaan kako a “kitakit palaan” (foladan a tilid): o kafana’an no tamdaw i hekal a cassi, to folafolad kasasiroma a sowal marina’ 900 ’ofad a tilid, ira ko 5 patekan ’ofad ko mitiri’ay.\n\n1894 miheca midemak to radiwan cassi “raratohan”.\n\n1913 miheca mirina’ to kasenengan cassi “kacinganganan”.\n\n1917 miheca misanga’ to kalali’acaan cassi “Forbes”.\n\n1953 miheca misanga’ to “playboy” (foladan) ato 1965 miheca pasadak to “’amanaw” tadamaanay no malakapahay a cassi. O “kalawlaan” (Variety, 1905 miheca midemak), “Holy wood simpon” (1939 miheca midemak) ato “salamaan lipayan” (1990 miheca midemak, ono to’asan warner kakeridan) a citodongay ika, tilifi, malawlaay cassi.\n\nCalay (網際網路) \nMatiya o calay o nai Akilikaay, Amilika redek sa ko calay a kadofah ato comahad ko kitakit. Citodongay misintingay kosi ira ko noniyah a calayan, ira ko papsangay, ira ko roma salongan a paposang.\n\nAmilika tamdaw misanga’an a calay tinako Facebook、Amazon、Google、Wikipedia、YouTube ato Twitter, saheto polong no cikiw mina’angan ato midemakan no ’adihayay tamdaw. Hawikidan a tanengan nga’ayay linahan a to’asan nikatayni, matiya o Instagram ato Pinterest a calayan kasalongan no tamdamdaw i hekal.\n\nAmilika o cecay calayan a mapakoniraay a kitakit, no calay a nisowalan madamaay no “Amilika kimpo saka cecay nisalofan” madipot. Orasaka, mitomadaw ko sifo to no calay a nisowalan awa:ay masadak. Nikawrira, o Amilika i calay mikantok to ta’angay to nidadingoan halaka a todong, matiraay saka “o ’ada no calay a tamdaw” ahan no awaayay ko kitakit a pasingsiay.\n\nSapakafana’ (通訊) \nO satadamaanay ko sapakafana’ a kasado’edo no Amilika. Imatinib, o apple (pinko) kosi ko sata’akay to sapakafana’ a kaki kosi. O sa’ayaway no Amilika a lopini’ay a sapakafana’ i 1877 miheca mapatireng, tona pipatireng masadak ko calayan a tingwa, tangasa 20 sici 70 mihecaan, mapasadak to saka cecay a wikidtingwa ato sapitahidang, 80 mihecaan, mapatayra i Congko. 2019 miheca, Amilika o i 3.1232 walwalan ko mitatoyay polong no cikiw o saka tolo (aikor no Congko ato Intu) [150]. Sa’ayaway i AT&T、Verizon、Sprint ato T-Mobile a wikidan calay misatingwaay ko pipatingwa. I Amilika ira ko sapatay wikidan calay misatiwaay micomod to 5G a to’asan, sa’ayaw pasadakan no Nokiya ato Samsong a kosi a nipasadakan 5G a wikidtingwa. Nanoya no Amilika a wikidan calay a misatingwaay micomod to i Facebook、Twitter、YouTube hananay sakapot calay rarong fangko.\n\nPikowan to sakarihaday (治安) \nO pikowan to sakarihaday o i niyaro’ay a imeng ato mikowanay to sakarihaday a kakeridan ko citodangay, sa’etal a imeng padamso to liyok a pipatado. No nipatatekoan a kitakit citodongay tinako nipatatekoan a kitakit palitaay ato Amilika no rikec a imeng kasateked a nidemakan. No nipatatekoan a kitakit ato sa’etal a rikec pakisarikec ko piliclic. Sa’etal hoying miliclican saheto o ciraraway nidemakan, nipatatekoan a kitakit hoying a niliclican o tadamaanay raraw ato nipacakatan a laliclicen.\n\nO i salaloma’an no cemahaday to a kitakit, o nikafolawan kaciraraw mangalef o no kowang a sakari’ang ato kapapatay a kaciraraw ikakaay to roma a cemahaday to kitakit[151]. I 2007 miheca salongan 10 ’ofad tamdaw ira ko 5.6 tamdaw ko mari’angay[152], o nia tilidan o taloay no kafiyaw Canada a kitakit[153]. No Amilika a kasapapatay nai 1991 miheca tangasa 1999 mihecaan matongal to 42%, imatinib mato mamatalelay to[152]. Orasaka kacitodong to kowang mala saka laliyangan a sasowalen no sici no Amilika.\n\nO Amilika ira ko satakaraway to nikantokan i polong no cikiw[154] ato saadihayay ciraraway a tamdaw[155]. I 2008 mihecaan ira ko mata’elifay 230 ’ofad tamdaw itiraay i nikantokan, kasa 100 tamdaw ira ko 1 tamdaw marofoay[156]. Anini nirofoan 7 ko ’aloman i 1980 miheca[157]. Africa teloc Amilika a fainayan marofoay o 6 no fohecalay fainayan, ato 3 no Spain ato Portugal teloc fainayan[154].\n\nI 2006 miheca Amilika nirofoan o 3 no poland, o komodan to kicay ato kacomahad sakapotan a takaraway kitakit[158]. O cacitodong oya nipatatekoan a kitakit a citodongay to rikec a nipasetekan a ni’esesan ato patoro’an to cisawarakay a ciraraway a dademakan[154][159], tinako ta’akay a salongan tamdaw nawhani oakayra i mimingay kalali’acaan to cisawarakay ko nirofoan[160]. \n\nTalacowa ’alomanay kitakit mapalasawaday to ko sapipatay a rikac, nika anini o Amilika a nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo patodong a miterek to sapipatay, ato iraay ho ko 34 a kanatal miterekay tonini a lekakawa. Nai 1976 miheca Amilika satakaraway hoying mipalowaday to sapidemak to sapipatay (i ’ayaw nipaterepan to 4 miheca), tangasa anini ira to ko 1000 tamdaw ciraraway a mapatayay tamdaw[161]. I 2006 miheca, Amilika midemak to pipatay a tamdaw sa’osien o saka enem no polong no cikaw, i aikoray no Congko, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq ato Sudan[162]. I 2007 miheca New Jersey kanatal mala i 1976 mihecaan sa’ayaway mipalasawadayo pipatay a kanatal, nanoyanan o New Mexico i 2009 miheca ato Ilinois kanatal i 2011 miheca mido’edo mipalasawaday to pipatay[163]. \n\nTo pinapina a miheca o nipiti’ti’ malowanay to, ira ko 31 a kanatal ato Washington Colombia sa’etal (halo New York kanatal, Washington kanatal, Ilinois kanatal, Massachusetts kanatal, Alaska kanatal, New Jersey kanatal, New Mexico kanatal, Hawaii kanatal ato California kanatal) mitena’ to pitilidan miseti’ to mitiliday, nika ira ko 19 a kanatal (halo Georgia kanatal, Mississippi kanatal, Utah kanatal, Arizona kanatal, Florida kanatal, Texas kanatal, Louisiana kanatal) midemakay ho to piseti’. O New Jersey kanatal i 1867 miheca o sarakatay mipaterep to piseti’ a kanatal, ikor to o New Mexico kanatal i 2011 miheca mipalasawaday to piseti’ i pitilidan. Talacowa o Amilika caay ka polong ko paterep to piseti’ no pitilidan, nika polong no lomaloma’an caayay to piseti’. O piseti’ caay ko patodongan no pikiwiko.\n\nPa’aliwacan romi’ad (節日)\n\nNo nipatatekoan a kitakit nipiketon to pipa’aliwac: (聯邦法定假日如下：)\n\nIra ko to’asan ato kasalongan a kalawlaan: (其他傳統與流行節日還有：) \nMingohahay: 2 folad 14 romi’ad, pa’odax to cyawkeli, cato at ohana sapakaolah to kaimahan tamdaw, pahapinang to kaolah ano eca kalawidang.\n\nPiliyawan ni Yis ma’orip: to mihecahecaan kacanglalan saka 1 pa’aliwacan, mihirateng ci Yisan nai ikoran ni Yis 33 miheca mapacek i ciwcika mapatay saka 3 romi’ad ma’orip a demak. O mitooray (Kristo) misanga’ to macengelay fitaol, pi;iyawan ma’orip fitaol tinako “fa^elohay ’orip” a pihapinang to palemed ato pafaloco’an.\n\nPifolaan romi’ad: 4 folad 1 romi’ad, mananamay pifolaan.\n\nPipatalawan romi’ad: 10 folad 31 romi’ad, ciriko’ to makaditay ato patalaway. Malingato i sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit no Celtic tamdaw to’asan a kaacangan romi’ad, masowal “mapatayay tamdaw a romi’ad” ano eca “kawaskawasan”. I ’ayaway no pipatalawan a dadaya ko kalawlaan, saki ’alomanay Kristo a mitooray no Amilika saki matiniay awaay ko epoc.\n\nKacacofelan a demak (外交)\n\nKacacofelan a likisi (外交史) \n\nO pifalican no Amilika itiya, o Amilika ato Europe a kitakit patireng to kacacofelan a demak, pakasowal to France, Spain ato Netherland mipadama miliyang to Inkiris. Pado’edo o pimatangan litelitengan, Amilika oya ko pasayra i France ano eca pasayra Inkiris tosaay ko pirakat. Itiya o Amilika saki Europe a demakan caay sapikiharan, pasafaloco’ sa to ka’amisay Amilika to sapisakakahad to sera. [milongoc to naicowaay]\n\nIkor o Amilika pasiromaay a demakan a masasiroma ko nisowalan pararima to Europe to itiniay i Latin Amilika to sangilay, sakadama to no hiyah i Amilika a safaniyot sa’etal a sapatodong a demakan. No Amilika a sapicowat a halaka mipatokitok to kalalood to Mexico ato Spain, oni tosaay a lalood paherekan o Amilika kopakalowiday. I katimol ka’amis laloodan i, o Amilika mipatorcek to Inkiris ato France to mipakamay to sakasiikedaw no nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika, sapicalapaw to Mexico. Nika paherek ko laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood, o Amilika i ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot citodong to sakerid itiya caay to kaira ko milifetay. [milongoc to naicowaay]\n\nMatongal a matongal to kaci’icel no kitakit itiya, misatapang to ko Amilika pasayra i roma’ay to a kitakit, mangalef to sakili’acaan ko pikowat. Nanoya, o Amilika micalap to i taypinyang adihayay a ’a’ecoen a sera, halo Hawaii, Philippines, mikihatiya to ci’icelay Europe malalifet to sapisangil to Congko. Naikoran no saka 2 lalood no hekal, o Amilika saki Linhoko mapatodong ko sakacitodong to demak, mala o mida’ocay a lalimaay rihaday licikay. [milongoc to naicowaay]\n\nNai kalalifetan, o Amilika sa’ayaw mitanam to sapidahdahaw to Soviet Union i kasaniyaro’ no hekal a nisangilan. O sapisi’ayaw milifet to Soviet Union, o Amilika, Canada ato 10 Europe a kitakit mapolong patireng to Saka’amisay Tata’angay Sa’etipay Riyaran (Tasiyang) a Kakaketonan Lekatep, o mapapolongay nipatatekoan ko nipatatekoan sapisi’ayaw milifet to masamaamaanay saka’amisay Amilika ato Europe a hitay a demak, ikor ira ko 14 a Europe a kitakit ko mikapotay to Saka’amisay Tata’angay Sa’etipay Riyaran (Tasiyang) a Kakaketonan Lekatep, halo Turkey ato papinaay a nano Warsaw Treaty (Huasa ) Kakaketonan Lekatep ato Republics of the Soviet Union (Soviet nikapotay Nikapolongan Kitakit). O sakisician a pihiratengan, o Amilika mikihatiya to no Kyosanto Kitakit a kapot to Syakayay kitakit malakapot to sakalalood, tinako tona kalatiihan no Congko Russia itiya malakapotay to Congko. [milongoc to naicowaay]\n\nPina a mihecaan, nawhani malacinowasay to ko Soviet Union (Soviet nikapotay Nikapolongan Kitakit), malasawad to ko sakalalifet i polong no cikiw, pasayra to noniyah a lilis a sakarihaday, mitena’ to mitakaway malafelay finawlan ato mitakaway pacomod to cisawarakay i laloma’ no kitakit, mangalef o Mexico ato Caribbean riyar a kitakit[166]. O Amilika kai katomerepan no lalood malakakeridan to no polong no cikiw, saki kinaira no kitakit ato kapolongan pakoniraay a sakaci’epoc no hirateng, sapiteka’ to katalawan a sakapot, “milafoay pakayraan” a kitakit ato ta’akay sapiri’ang a malopisak, o patosokan nonini o sakanga’ay no sakinaira no kitakit, matiya o mikiharay ko tatodong. Pina miheca nawhani o Congko sakikicay ato hitay ranikay macowat, o Amilika pasodsoday pa’icel to saki Asia (ngalef i Sauth sea\/Nan hay) patireng to kamaro’an no hitay[167].\n\nAniniay a demak (現狀) \nO kicay, sici ato hitay no Amilika masangil to polong no cikiw, sakacacofelan a demak o pamotekan ato kasasowalan no hekal. No Amilika a Kacacofelan a demak hatira o polong no hekal ko dadahal. Polong no kasakitakit mipatireng to kamaro’an ato matayalay i Washington tadamaanay ’etal. Tahamatini i hekal dengan o Taywan (ROC) (ona iraay ko kacacofelan, i 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad mapaterep tangasa anini, nika ira ko Amilika a nano Taywan cefang a sakamasaso’aliw no sifo), Ka’amisay Korea (Cawsien) Nikapolongan Kitakit, Iran Islamic Nikapolongan Kitakit (nao kacacofelan, i 1980 miheca 4 folad 7 romi’ad mapaterep tangasa anini), Arab Syria Nikapolongan Kitakit (nao kacacofelan, i 2012 miheca mapaterep tangasa anini) ato Bhutan hongti kitakit ko caayay patireng to Kacacofelan a demak. I 2015 miheca itiyaay a congtong ci Obama na tayra i Cuba, ikor Cuba ato Amilika mapalowad ko maketonay to 50 miheca ko Kacacofelan a demak, nanoya Amilika itiya ci Trump a sifo ato Ka’amisay Korea (Cawsien) micowat ko tapang a palowad to Kacacofelan a demak.\n\nO i pasaetipay hekal, minengneng cangra to Inkiris, Canada, Australia, New Zealand o tadawidang no Amilika saan, pasowal sa limaay mata a nipatatekoan. Itiniay i Asia, ikor no saka tosa lalood no hekal, Dipong, Korea ato Israil ato Amilika o makakedecay ko kacacofel, Dipong , Korea ira ko ko sofiyay no Amilika itira[168]. Polong no sasowalen, Saka’amisay Tasiyang a Kakaketonan Lekatep o matatekoay ko sofitay no Amilika itira, matahepoay ko ka’amisay Amilika ato Europe 30 a kitakit. Nawhan o matatekoay a sofitay, o Saka’amisay Tasiyang a Kakaketonan Lekatep i kasakitakit ta’akay sakicisian mihayda a malacecay. Roma i, o Amilika iraay ho ko caayay ko Saka’amisay Tasiyang a Kakaketonan malekatep a kitakit, cangra miraoy to pafeli no Amilika to sofitay ato sakalakapot topaysoan a salongoc.\n\nIkor no kasa’engeran no lalood a Amilika saki tenok nowalian ato Islam a syakay caay kafangcal ko sakacacofel a demak, samasa mararid ko paratoh no mitiya o mapidahay saan. Nai Palestine ato Israil a kacaengatan a kalalifet, i 911 a demak misatapang tahira i talahenotay no lalood i Afghanistan, lalood i Iraq, o canglahan no Alab mala kasi’enawan a Alab, malifet to no Libya ato Syria tangasa i Egypt, Lebanon tangasa anini caay ho kacekal ko pakayraan, o sakangalef ko liyang no i tenok kawaliay sa’etal a 20 ko kitakit ko pifelih to Amilika. Midotoc to paratohay, Amilika a sifo i lekatep no kakoki’an nipipatalaw, pakonira saan, o saka ira no ISIS hananay sakamatongal a katalawan[169][170]. Nikawrira mapalafangcal ko kasasinga’ay ’alomanay no Alabia kitakit ato Israil, nao matatekekay to Shia a Iran a sasiwaray itiya masasinga’ay to ko Sunny a Alabia kitakit a sasiwar[171].\n\nSofitay (軍事) \n\nO sofitay no Amilika a lalanay riyaray karayanay o satadamaanay i hekal, orasaka o sakisofitay a payso macalap ko no hekalay pasadakan to 47%, o sata’akay cicediay a sofitay, ira ko ta’akay no heneng a sakalalood i hekal, polong no hekal o tadamaanay ko ca’edong no sapihedefek, no aniniay a sofitay o sakacecay.\n\nO congtong no Amilika o satakaraway a kakeridan no Amilika a sofitay, o sofitay ko misimaway to kitakit a kakeridan ko citodongay, o citodongay miwatawat to sofitay o kasahitay no talicayan. Cangraay ko masacefangay a kakeridan talicayan lekatep lomaoc mitelek to sakalalood no halaka masakapot to sapidemak. Lalimaay ko kasasiiked sofitay no Amilika: o satakaraway a kakeridan no Amilika a sofitay mikowanay to lalanay sofitay, riyaray sofitay, karayanay sofitay, riyaray misolapay hitay ato sakarihaday a sera no kitakit a mikowanay mililisay to hekal a sofitay. Mililisay to hekal a sofitay i kalalinga’ayan o sakarihaday a sera no kitakit ko citodongay a mikowan, i kalaloodan patikol i misimaway to kitakit a riyaray sofitay.\n\nSofitay no Amilika i 20 sici tangasa anini matanengay to ko sakacecay lalood, sakatosa lalood, Korea lalood, Vietnam lalood, Kosovo lalood, Afghanistan lalood ato Iraq lalood a kalaloodan, o kinapinaay to mikihatiya to no Linhoko parihadayay a demak i Persian faniyot a lalood micalapay to Kuwait a sofitay no Iraq malaplap nai Kuwait.\n\nSofitay no Amilika a ’icel pahapinang to kalalinahan mikowan ato tingki lalood a ’icelan, sakitini ta’akay a kanga’ayan o sofitay no Amilika ranikay malekapot a misi’ayaw to sakalalood. O karayan sofitay no Amilika ira ko C-5, C-17 ta’akay sapicolo’ a hikoki, mapateli ko fa^elohay F-22 a misiyopay sakalalood hikoki ato F-35 kalapiyat saka tosa a sakalalood hikoki. O riyaray sofitay no Amilika ira ko 11 ta’akay karayan inaan a lonan, patihiay to sakaci’icel no sofitay a milood, o sakaranikay mico’ay to katalawan ko sofitay no Amilika. O Amilika i 1949 miheca 4 folad 4 romi’ad mikihatiya to kasa’etal mitena’ay sakapot no sofitay a Saka’amisay Tata'angay Sa'etipay Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep, o saka ira i sera no Amilika ko papotalay no hitay satena’ a sadipot. Imatini mikingkiway misanga’ to saka 6 a lalood hikoki (F\/A-XX\/F-X).\n\nPonka (文化) \n\nO ponka no Amilika palamit i nao picingcingan no Inkiris itiya, do’edo sa to niyaro’ay a kacowat no liyok masiiked ko misasiroma tadamaanay a ponka, halo Spain-Mexico misakolongay kapah a ponka, katimol ka’amis Amilika safanoyot a Intian tamdaw yincumin ponka ato ikoray micingcingay a ca’edesay sangilan, halo Europe, Africa safaniyot ato Asia safaniyot.\n\nPolongen kina sowal, o kahapinangan a ponka no Amilika masangilay nai kaetipay Europe, mangalef o Germeny, England ato Ireland[172], ato ikoray a Italy, Greece, ato tenokay Europe a Yotaya tamdaw a ponka a nisangilan. Nao palafadesan a Africa Amilika tamdaw ira to ko nai kaetipay Africa a ponka. O pala no Amilika a ngangan pahapinang to England, Netherland, France, Spain, ato Amilika a yincumin nanay matatekoay likisi.\n\nO sasowalen to ponka no Amilika matiyaay o “ta’akay pisamararan”: malinahay mafolaw tayni mihawikid to ponka, micomod i ponka no Amilika, ikor malapolongay i ponka no Amilika. Saan ira ko tatodongen a “macengelay a kaysing”: malinahay mafolaw mihewikidan ponka maleko noniyah a masiikeday ponka, caay kaleko to nanoya ponka no Amilika, o nihewikidan nangra a ponka o cecay malaponka no Amilika[173]. Aniniay syakay hakasi saki ponka no Amilika a patosokan pasayraay i kasasiromaroma a ponka, caay ko samarar, sata’akay a masapinang nisawadan ko misamararay a hirateng[174].\n\n’Ayaw no 20 sici a ponka no Amilika o mitodongay to nai Europe (ngalef no Inkiris) mirara macowat mala no niyahay to a ponka, ikor no 2 lalood micakat to ko kicay hitay sici a ’icel, ono niyah a ponka sakipolong no hekal, ngalef o Europe malasata’akasy a sangilay. Tangasa anini, o ongkak no Amilika malosiyang i polong no cikiw, ika no Amilika ato tilifi maledef i cikiw mapalosiyang. \n\nPakayni i ponka no Amilika o matiyaay o “micalapay” i polong no cikiw ko nanga’ayan, o nipipespes caay kalasawad i tangila matengil. ’Alomanay Europe tamdaw masawawaay ko ponka no Amilika saan, mangalef o France, Russia a kitakit to ponka no Amilika ko sapitiker. Oya kawaliay Asia, kawali katimol Asia, katimol Asia ato tenokay kawali sa’etal a ponka ato no Amilika caayay ka lalen, masadak matatiwtiway, masapinangay masangil o nicingcingan a Philippine, ato ikor no 2 laloodan a Ripon, Korea, Singapore a malekatepan a kitakit, orama sato o Asia Islam kitakit ira ko katatekohan. Nanoya ’aloman ko Canada tamdaw ato Australia tamdaw saki ponka no Amilika a sangilay o makacalemceman. O ponka no Amilika kacitodong i hekal o sapipalosiyang to Inkiris a sowal, mala o nihaydaan no hekal “No hekalan a sowal”, o France ira ko nano niyah a nisangilan misa’icel mico’ay to pisangil no Inkiris sowal a ponka, matiya o pina’ang i Africa safaniyot a sakasasowal to France a sowal.\n\nOngkak (音樂) \nOngkak no Amilika a kasasiroma ato pakayraan adihayay, o pahapinang to macengelay kaysing a ponka no Amilika. Misacakocakoday, bruce, jazz, hiha ato niyaro’ay a ongkak maledef i hekal saheto nai Amilikaay. I 20 sici, nai likodo pacomod, pirina a kasenangan ongkak malosiyang i polong no hekal, oya niradiwan a ongkak icowa to no hekal ira a matengil[175]. Tangasa anini. Ono calay a mitiya a to’asan ato calay a ongkak maledef micikeroh no Amilika a ongkak macowat i polong no cikiw.\n\nO likisi ongkak no Amilika manga’ay makilim i ’ayaway yincumin no Amilika to’asan sakapitooran a ongkak, kadado’edo kafolaw tayni no Europe kitakit, mapatongal ko ongkak no Amilika to nai Kristokiw a radiw, masasiroma a ongkak a niradiwan. Ikor kasarodis no kafolaw mahawikid ko masasiromaay sa’etal, masasiromaay ponka ato tadamaanay ongkak.\n\nAdihayay a Africa teloc Amilika tamdaw mihewikid to no Africa a to’asan ongkak, ikor no 19 sici miteka masapinang ko kasalongan ongkak no Amilika o nai Africa telocay Amilika tamdaw a bruce, ato i 1920 mihecaan miteka comahad ko fokoing a radiw. Africa teloc Amilika tamdaw a ongkak o parana’an kasenengan ongkak no Amilika, matatekoay to Europe ato yincumin a ongkak. Amilika ira ko ’adihayay kasaniyaroay ongkak ato nai Ukraine, Iraland, Scotland, Poland, Mexico ato Yotaya tamdaw nanay mafolaway a ongkak. Adihay i maci ato niyaro’ no Amilika a macowat ko masiikeday I niyaro a ongkak. I Detroit, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles nanay a ta’akay maci ato caayay ka sa’osi a kasaniyaro’ macowat ko no niyah a ongkak.\n\nTilidan a fana’ (文學) \nMatiya o roma a kasakitakit, no Amilika a tilidan o masatekeday ko nano comahaday a likisi mapatireng. I ’ayaw, o Amilika nai kawali a hekal no riyar a nipicingcing no Inkiris masatisil, orasaka no Amilika a tilidan a to’asan miingiray to no Inkiris a tilidan. Nikawrira, nanoya kacomahad ato nikafolaw a midotoc ko likisi, o tilidan no Amilika mata’elifay to ko no Inkiris a niyah a sakatadamaan ato dadahal nira. \n\nI sa’ayaway a picingcingan itiya, o tilidan no Amilika saheto o palata’ang to micingcingay ato Europe a kitakit a nikaira a sakanga’ay no fa^elohay a sera. Halo pitooran a kalaliyangan. Nanoya itini i pifelihan a kalalood ato sapisiked no Amilika, ci Benjamin Franklin ato Thomas Paine mitilid to pakayniay sician a tilid ato sician a sapisangil, mapalowad ko Fa^elohay kitakit a sapisiikedan a hirateng. Matilid ko misiikeday a saratoh ikor mala congtong no Amilika ci ThomasJefferson mapala o sa’ayaway matanengay mitiliday no Amilika. Do’edo sato i 1812 miheca a kalalood ato misiikeday a tilid a kangalayan, adihay ko fa^elohay, tadamaanay a mitiliday no Amilika ci Edgar Allan Poe a masadak a tadamaan. O kasiwtocan ko mifadesay a telek ato kadado’edo no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood mapakasangil sapisiikedaw a tilid no Amilika, tangasa i 19 sician, macowat to ko kikayan ko sakatayal ato paherek ko sapimatangan a romi’ad, o salitilidan no Amilika malasawaday to ko nano o cililisay a tilidan, ci Mark Twain malasakacecay o caayay ko kawaliay a hekal no riyar a tadamaanay mitiliday, mapalalan to ko no niyah i Amilikaay mitiliday. No Inkiris a mitiliday ci Maugham to nano nitilidan ni Melville a “kahecalay ’iso a tilid” o satadamaanay i hekal a mo^etepay a nitilidan, o ikakaay ho ni Mark Twain ko katadamaan. \n\nMicomd to 20 sician, o kikayan ko sakatayal sakafalic no syakay nanoya sa a comahad a kasairaira ato maci’iwian ko nitilidan no Amilika. Ci Hemingway pahapinang nai sakacecay lalood no hekal o ka’iwilan no tamdamdaw. 1925 miheca ci Fitzgerald pasadak to “o ’orip no sakakaay” pahpinang to 20 mihecaan ’ayaw no kalapekawan no kicay a kaoratan no Amilika tamdaw. O kohetingay tamdaw a tilidan, timolay a nitilidan, ato aniniay nitilidan itiya a macowat. I saka tosa lalood no hekal, fa^elohay a hekalan, fa^elohay finacadan, sa’etal, syakay a losid ato ’ayaway a to’asan caay to kalecad, ’alomanay mafolaway a nitilidan ato fa^elohay a fafahiyan pakayraan a nitilidan malanitilidan no Amilika.\n\nIkaan ato sifay (影視與戲劇) \nNai Amilika ko pitekaan no ika. Itiniay i Inkiris masofoc a misyasingay no Amilika ci Edward Muybridge syasingan ningra ko sarakatay a ika a comikayay a ^efa. Naitiya misitapang, o ika no Amilika ranikay a macowat, i California a Holly Wood ko kaitiraan macowat ko ika, o adihayay a ika a nifana’an a pisanga’ ato macowat saheto naitiniay, no Holly Wood a ika malasakacitodong a ponka no Amilika. I 1920 mihecaan, i Amilika a masongila’ay ika to mihecaan salongan ira ko 800, ci Richard Chaplin a tatawaen a sifay, midotocan i nitilidan “fasiyaw” a nifalican mitilid “Karawrawan no hekal a nga’ayay tamdaw” ato “satadamaan tamdaw” adihayay ika mapatenak tayra i cowacowa a kasakitakit, malokakafana’en no lomaloma’ ko Amilika.\n\nMatiniay a ika mapasadak o sakaira no kalali’acaan no Amilika, tinako ta’akay ika no Amilika “Titanic” “The lord of the Rings Trilogy: miliyaw tayni ko hongti” “Pirates of the Caribbean” “Avantar” “Transformers 3” saheto o mata’elifay ko 10 walwalan no Amilika payso ko kinaira nai kasaniyaro’ no hekal.\n\nO Amilika o sa’ayaway mafana’ay micowat to tilifi ato maledef a kitakit i hekal. I anini, i Amilika ira ko masapatekay ko ka’alomay no tilifi, o tilifi o ponka ato saki’orip no Amilika a tamdaw, maolah minengneng to tilifi o sakatadamaan no ’alomanay Amilika tamdaw. O finawlan no Amilika pakayni i tilifi mafana’ to laloma’ay papotalay no kitakit a sinpon a kalodemakan, miki’araw to ika, malalifetay, kartoon ato safonan a sifay. Ira ko 99% a laloma’an no Amilika o citilifiay to cecay, o ’alomanay laloma’an tosaay ko tilifi.\n\nOnto (運動) \n\nO onto o kapolongan a pahanhanan pikihatiya no Amilika, o kalalitemohan mihamham ko roma a fohokan a sapikihatiya. I Amilika o sata’akay kalali’acaan ko nitayalan a onto, pasayraay i matayalan a ontoing a tamdaw takaraw ko kinaira a payso. I polong no hekal satakaraway a kinaira a onto sacefang ato ontoing sahetoay i milika[177]. Masowal to “sepatay a tangal” a sofal no onto halo yakiw, Amilika wa’ayan mali, so^eda a piseti’ mali ato cadada mali. Oroma a mihamhaman a onto holo kalalifetan no tosiya ato to’asan no Amilika a onto, nai yincumin no Amilika a safaniyot a safangay onoc mali.\n\nI Amilika ira ko karekerekan katayalan onto a nipatatekoan, tinako kitakit katop mali nipatatekoan (NFL), Amilika katayalan yakiw nipatatekoan (MLB), kitakit cadada mali nipatatekoan (NBA) ato kitakit so^eda mali nipatatekoan (NHL).\n\nMicowat ko Amilika to kalofo ato salilay mali (tennis) a malaonto no kitakit. Nanoya o Amilika to nai kaetipay kitakit a posingko ato katayalan a masasemoay kacowatan, kalalifetan malokaki’arawen no ’alomanay tamdaw, itiya misolot to tamdaw i masamaamaanay onto a pakiyaway a demak, orasaka mapalowad ko tadamaanay to posingko i hekal a tamdaw. Orama a pa’etiway a onto, tinako nai Dipongay a malalifet to kongsotaw, o kahamhamen i Amilika, marariday a malalifet.\n\nI amilika adihay ko nai Europe, macowat i Amilika kina onto, tinako malalifetay to efa. O nano Inkiris a katop mali (sacor) kalihamhamen. Oroma nai Europe a efaay pimali ato sapad a mali, talacowa caay kaledef, nikawrira ’aloman ko tamdaw a miki’araway.\n\nTalacowa o nano Inkiris a tekeran mali (foodball) o kalihamhaman no hekalay a onto, nika i Amilika a tekeran mali (foodball) caay ka matiya o roma a kitakit ko kaledef nira, o nika ’aloman to no Latin Amilika safaniyot a tamdaw, Italia ato Spain a tamdaw i kasa’etal o kalahamhamen a onto. Itiya ikor no picomod i 2000 mihecaan, sa’aloman sato ko kohecalay tamdaw a kapah no Amilika mipili’ to tekeran mali (foodball) a onto, midotoc to kitakit a midemakay a niratohan i 2000 miheca a nipitomadaw, i Amilika ira ko 1600 ’ofad a tamdaw ko mipili’ay micokar to tekeran mali (foodball), nai 1987 miheca tangasa 2006 miheca, o tekeran mali (foodball) dengan o nian a onto ko macowatay saan[178], ’aloman ’aloman sato ko maci patireng to club micomod a masangil macahal a MLS (Amilika tekeran mali (foodball) a nipatatekoan); o tekeran mali (foodball) a kalalifet to no hekalan a kopay macakat ko sakasaheci (tingsu), I 2002 miheca o Korea ato Dipong micomod i fafaloay a kalalifet no hekalan a kopay, 2010 miheca i South Africa hekalan a kopay micomod i saliyawan kalalifetan.\n\nMaledef i daykako no Amilika ko onto, malecad o matayalay ko sofal a kahamhamen, mangalef o no Amilikaay a tekeran mali (foodball) ato cadada a mali (basketball) a sofal. Adihayay daykako ato kakoyin mapalowad ko kasacefang no miontoay, maparomi’aday ko kalalifetan no pitilidan. Daykako ato kakoyin a mipalowadan a onto kasairairaay, nai comikayay onto tangasa no nanom a pimali. Matiya ito, o kawcong no Amilika ira kasasiromaay a onto, toroma o onto i pitilidan a kalalifet malasasowalen i sinpon, o finawlan no Amilika to sakiontoan ko kaolah ato masafaloco’ a mahapinang.\n\nPirarakatan a palapala (旅遊景點) \n\nI Philadelphia a pisiikedan no Amilika a piharetengan: o cecay no Geoge a loma’ o kahengangay a lingka nipatirengan, naitiya i 1732 mheca tangasa 1753 mihecaan, itiya o Pennsylvania a micingcingan no kanatal a kalomaocan. I 1776 miheca 7 folad 4 romi’ad, nai Inkiris a micingcingay to ka’amis Amilika a 13 a kanatal mitaypiaw itini mitelek ci Thomas Jefferson ko mitiliday to “Amilika siiked a ratoh”. I 1787 miheca, Amilika kimpo itini mapatelek. I 1790 miheca tangasa 1800 miheca o Philadelphia malatadamaanay maci no Amilika itiya, oya mapatirengay a loma’ o kaitiraan a kalomaocan. I 1790 miheca mapatilid o nalacolan ponka no hekal.\n\nI San Francisco kingmon kayakay: (舊金山金門大橋) \nI 1933 miheca 1 folad 5 romi’ad misatapang matayal, i 1937 miheca 4 folad malepon. O tektek mi’awas to 1280.2m ko kakaya’, o sakacecay mi’awasay to 1000m mitelengan to waya a kayakay. Ira saka sepat no hekal a kayakay, takaraw 227.4m, o polong no kakaya’ kayakay ira ko 2737.4m.\n\nNew York (紐約)\n\nPakoniraay fafahiyan a samiyay: (自由女神像) \nPakoniraay fafahiyan a samiyay: o pafeli no France i 1886 miheca to Amilika pisiiked to 100 mihecaan a sapakaolah, tomireng i New York maci a pakoniraan a pala. 1984 miheca mapala o nalacolan ponka no hekal. O tadamaanay pirarakatan ato kamaro’an no Amilika.\n\nManhattan: (曼哈頓) \n\nKasaopoan no tadamaanay, o tada^kim ko cecacecay a sera.\n\nHongti kitakit a loma’: (帝國大廈) \n\nI 1930 miheca midemak, i 1931 miheca mipasarayan. I 1931 miheca tangasa 1972 miheca o satakaraway mipatirengan loma’ i hekal. Imatini o Amilika ato Amilika safaniyot saka 3 ko takaraw, saka 15 no hekal a katakaraw, o sasera ira ko 102 a selalan, o takaraw 381 m, i 1951 mihecaan mapatongal ko antila calay to 62m ko takaraw, polong no takaraw 443m. anini sala pito kafahekaan nitayalan no hekal.\n\nBroadway: (百老匯) \n\nPisifayan a pipangangan.\n\nWall street:(華爾街) \n\nKasaopoan no paysoan (金融中心)\n\nTenokan a koying: (中央公園) \n\nManhattan ’etal ta’akay macian koying, o kakahad 843 acre (3.41 pinfang kongli), kakaya’ 4 kongli, kadadahal 800m, o mimingay a liyadan no itiraay a fanawlan a kangdaway safaniyot. Nawhani mararad masadak i ika ato tilifi manengneng, malasatadamaanay i hekal no maci a koying.\n\nSinpon a potal (nipifalic o nanoto’as potal): (時報廣場（又譯為時代廣場）) \n\nO pipangangan nai “New York sinpon” (New York Times) na’ayaw mapatireng ko kamaro’an a loma’.\n\nLinhoko kamaro’an loma’: (聯合國總部大樓) \n\nNai 1949 miheca ato 1950 miheca mipatireng, i kawaliay no Manhattan ’etal, manga’ay minengneng to kawaliay ’alo.\n\nWashington DC (華盛頓特區)\n\nWashington pihiratengan ’otoc (華盛頓紀念碑：) \n\nI 1876 miheca misitapang misanga’, 1884 miheca 12 folad 6 rmi’ad paherek, ikor no 4 miheca mafohat ko mirarakatay. Oni ’otoc o kohecalay a ’adicaw fokeloh pipatireng, ta’araw 169.3m.\n\nLincoln piheratengan (林肯紀念堂：) \n\nI 1915 miheca 2 folad 12 romi’ad misitapang misanga’, i 1922miheca 5 folad 30 romi’ad paherek. Polong no nia nipatirengan masalipaay, o kakaya’ 58m, kakahad 36m, takaraw 25m. o mitodongay to to’as no Kirisiya Parthenon a pakawasan no ’adicaw patirengan katelangay a loma’. Ira ko 36 ko hecek kohecalay ’adicaw limoloay hecek mitaliyok to pihiratengan, todongay kalacongtong ni Lincoln itiya ira ko 36 ko kanatal.\n\nLos Angeles (洛杉磯)\n\nKodak pikikian (柯達劇院：) \n\nItira i lalan no Holly Wood, i 2001 miheca 11 folad 9 romi’ad misatapang. O Kodak kosi mipadangay to 7500 ’ofad Amilika payso sapipatireng, itiya citodong to sapipangangan. Anini i Los Angeles maci iraay, i 2002 miheca misatapang mala mida’ocay Oscar kompay kacedengan.\n\nNo Holly Wood a malikatay a lalan (好萊塢星光大道：) \n\nO mido’edoay to karomakatan no tamdaw a lalan i Holly Wood lalan ato Vine lalan no Amilika, i fafaed ira ko 2300 ko nano ci kompayay a mapahofi a ngangan i Holly Wood kasasowalan, pihiratengan cangraan to satadamaan nangra to kasalamaan.\n\nBeverly hills (比佛利山：) \n\nItira i kaetipay no Los Angeles a maci. Beverly hills ato kasafiyaw kaetipay o maliyokay no Holly Wood maci. Nai Beverly hills, Los Angeles a Bel-Air ato Holmby Hills toloay kasalakapot. Onini a sakowan o tadamaanay a loma’ masowal o “latoloay kohecalay ’ekim”, ’alomanay a tadamaanay masifayay aniniay ano eca i ’ayaway maro’ay itini.\n\nO tataparan nengnengan (自然風光)\n\nKitakit Koying no Amilika (美國國家公園)\n\nKaliyalaway fokeloh Kitakit Koying (黃石國家公園：) \n\nMapatireng i 1872 miheca, o sakacecay kitakit koying i hekal. Itira i sasifoan kaetipay Wyoming kanatal kaetip ka’amisan, pasayra i kaetip ka’amis minayat tayra i Idaho kanatal ato Montana kanatal, o dadahal ira ko 7988 pinfang kongli. Polong no cikiw to malitosaay pacena’ay a nemnem saheto itiniay, onini a faedetay a kafahekaan i hekal sata’akayma’oripay namal lotok iraay a wacay. Laloma’ no koying ira ko 200 ’aloman no tomay, 100 ko mafa’aray tomay. I 1978 miheca mapacomod i mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal.\n\nColorado ta’akay ’efong (科羅拉多大峽谷：) \n\nItira i Arizona kanatal kaetip ka’amisan, o nano Colorado ’alo nao pina:ay a so’otan ’ofad mihecaan a malihocay matiniay to, o kacengel mameliay, tonotono’ o katalawan. Ta’akay ’efong o kakaya’ nira ira ko 446 kongli, salongan talolong ira ko 1200 cm (kongce), dadahal nira nai 0.5 kongli tangasa 29 kongli kiya. Ta’akay ’efong kitakit koting i 1979 miheca mapacomod i hekalan tataparan nalacolan, polong no Amilika kalihamhaman a kitakit koying, midotoc misa’opoan mihecaan a mirarakatay a tamdaw salongan ira 400 ’ofad.\n\nTa’akay a henot (大沼澤地國家公園：) \n\nItira i katimol no Florida kanatal, kadofah ko kasairaira to ’a’adopen ato pinalengaw. Ira itira ko tadamaanay a lomoh a kilang, kiwli, maroda^eci tali, papo, fidang, malengaway cepo a kilang a kasairaira, itira o pisalamaan no nanomay ’ayam, wani, otter a ’a’adopen. I 1979 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal.\n\nKahongangay kilang kitakit koying (紅木國家公園：) \n\nItiraay i ka’amis no California kanatal lilisay no Taypunyang a riyar, onini a koying madipotay miterek i California ko kahongangay kilang kakahad to 45%. No California a kahongangay kilang itini i cikiw o satadamaanay a pinalengaw. O roma tonian, o kitakit koying madipot ko dadahalay rengorengosan (prairie) ato o iraay ponka a nalacolan, ato kakaya’ay 37 mile a parapatan a lilis no riyar. 1980 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal.\n\nOlympic kitakit koying (奧林匹克國家公園：) \n\nItira i Washington kanatal kaetip ka’amis kalico’co’ a pala, mingataay to Taypinyang, mingata to Seattle salongan 3 tangasa 4 ko toki a rakat. Onini a koying nai so^eda a lotok, farawfaway ’oradan ato riyaran malekapot, nai lilis no riyar a farawfaway so’emetay tangasa takaraway lotok si’enaway, mirarakatay a tamdaw sakinacecay sa ko pitaneng, masapinang kono cecayay miheca a kasasiroma no romi’ad, ato manengneng ko masasiromaay parapatan a pinalengaw. I 1981 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal.\n\nTa’akay ’acefel kitakit koying (大煙山國家公園：) \n\nItira i kawali no Amilika, milacalay to Tennessee kanatal ato North Carolina kanatal. Masowal kawaliay no Amilika saiko:ray to kakahaday a kilakilangan, micalap to 2100 pinfang kongli. Nawhani i laloma’an no koying a kasasiromaroma no takaraw, marocek ko nika’orad, malosakanga’ay no kasasiroma a malengaway itini a koying. Oroma onini a koying o da’ocan ka’oripan no Cherokee tamdaw. Nawhani o saka 441 a lalan mipihifalatay to koying, orasaka ona koying o sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a mirarakatan a kitakit a koying, 2008 miheca mirarakatay a tamdaw ira ko 900 ’ofad. I 1983 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal.\n\nO safangcalay pala kitakit koying (優勝美地國家公園：) \n\nItini i sasifo’an no California kanatal, ona koying o tadamaanay kasenengan a malikatay ’adicawcaw a fokeloh a tono’, cascas, tingalaway a nanom no ’alo, ta’angay fidengal a kilang ato kadofahay kasairairaan a cingangan, mata’elif ko 95% a sera mapatodong o nano nalacolan kalengawan a sofal. I 1984 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal. To mihecaan ira ko mata’elifay 370 ’ofad tamdaw ko mirarakatay tona koying, o ’alomanay o saki Yosemite Valley (co’ed) ko sakatayni.\n\nO Carlsbad dihif kitakit koying (卡爾斯巴德洞窟國家公園：) \n\nItiniay i kawali katimolay no New Mexico, mataelif ko 117 a dihif, ira ko cecay sakakaya’ay 120 Inli, oni a dihif mata’elif ko 40 ’ofad no Mexico awaayay ko wikol a pedadoki ato roma 16 ko kasasiroma a ’a’adopen. I 1995 miheca mapala parapatan nalacolan i hekal.\n\nO riyar no Hawaii (夏威夷海灘：) \n\nO dengan fa’edetay pala a kanatal no Amilika, nai 19 a palapalaan ato raka a karat malekapot. Polong no palapalaan o nano namal lotok a nidemakan. Imatinib dengan o tata’akay a pala Hawaii ko dademakay a namal a lotok. O kakinaira no kicay no Hawai o pirarakatan, o cifangcalay fa’edetay a romi’ad to mihecaan maso’ot ko masaso’otay ’ofad ko mirarakatay tamdaw nai hakalay kasakitakit a mirarakatay tamdaw.\n\nNiagara cascas (尼亞加拉瀑布：) \n\nNiagara ’alo katatongod Yili fanaw ato Ontario fanaw o sakalalaedan no New York Amilika ato Ontario no Canada, o karomakatan no nanom salongan 350m ko kakahed a Goat Island no Amilika ta matefad i kasatono’, malitosa no cecay a cascas: American Falls ato Horseshoe Falls. Salongan a nanom 5720 pinfang m\/s, milecad to Iguazu cascas ato Victoria cascas a o sata’akay cascas i hekal. O safangcalay a kasenengan, ta’akay a pipalatingkian ato pilifetan to taliyok a pidipotan a tayal ko kafahekaan i hekal, o kalihamhaman no mirarakatay a pisalamaan.\n\nRoma pakayraan (其他方面)\n\nAmerican Dream(lemed) (美國夢) \n\nO American a Dream(lemed), o nipipaso’elin kaitini i Amilika ko pisa’icel o malosaka ci nga’ayay ko ’oripan, orasaka o tamdaw pakayni i niyah a misa’icelan, codahan, kaiharetengan ato safaloco’an ko kacemahad, o caayay pilitado to patodong no syakay a selal ato padama no tao. No roma matiniay a niheratengan no tamdaw o sakikicay a malowad ano eca malatawkiay a harateng koni[179]. ’alomanay a Europe mafolaway tamdaw o cifaloco’ay a o American a Dream(lemed) ko satayra i Amilika.\n\nNika o caayay kapapina a tamdaw mi’epesay to American a Dream(lemed) o misangalefay to dafongan to sakakadofahaw milita’ang ato lipahakan pahapinang. Nawhani kao ’alomasnay kitakit a tamdaw caay ka matira, itini i Amilika o pakoniraay a kicay adihayay, awaay ko tatodong no sifo, saka o syakay no Amilika ranikay ko kadademakan. Nai pisiiked no Amilika tangasa i 19 sician, dadahalay a sera awaay ko maro’ay ato ciseraay, manan cifaloco’ay a tamdaw manga’ay micelap misafaloco’ mimatang. Tangasa i falicen to kikay ko sakatayal, ta’akay a parapatan a kinaira ato fa’elohay kakayan a fana’ ranikay ramakat i syakay no Amilika. [milongo o naicowaay]\n\nO salongoc no tamdawan (人權狀況) \n\nPapatirengan no Amilika to kitakit mitelek to kimpo midahdah to ’icel no sifo o sakacitodong no finawlan a mapakonira. O tatodong no salongoc a rikec o sapidipot to finawlan a caay ka forawen no nipatatekoan a kitakit. O tadamaanay saka cecay nisalofan a patosokan o sadama to pakoniraay a sowal, mirina’ pakonira, pakayraan a mitoor pakonira ato romaroma a salongoc. Oroma a nisalofan o sapidipot to finawlan a maliclicay piliclic a salongoc, caay ka wadwad ko ka’eca ka pasadakan ato sapa’ading a salongoc a kasasiroma.\n\nO sifo no Amilika nai 1940 mihecaan mipespesay to pina a kitakit ato sa’etalan to solongoc no tamdaw[180]. I 1970 mihecaan no Amilika a satakaraway citodongay no kitakit i laloma’an a calay to mihecaan mihapiw to i hekalay kasakitakit masapinangay salongoc no tamfawan pihapiw[181][182], orasaka maliyang ko kasakitakit to pipespes no Amilika, tinako o Congko nai 2003 mihecaan miteka, to mihecaan mihapiw “Amilika miforaway to salongoc no tamdaw a tilid” [183] ko sapicoay.\n\nO Russia midemak to Amilika salongoc no tamdaw a pitengilan, o Amilika saki salongoc no tamdaw to lekatep kitakit ato misa’adaay kitakit nidemakan malitosaay ko salongan, o solongoc no tamdawan pakinali ko pikihar to roma kitakit a sician[184].\n\nNo singapore kacacofelan a demak to saki Amilika a solongoc no tamdaw a patilid paca’of o Amilika to saki Singapore malitosaay ko salongan, saki Amilika miterek to Guantanamo pirofoan o Amilika to salongoc no tamdaw caay kasapinangan[185].\n\nO Vietnam mipespes to Amilika a pisakakinih ato moraraway a kafana’an a ratoh, saki Vietnam caayay ko dadahalay ko pipaini, caay katatodong i so’ilinay no Vietnam[186].\n\nNo Bolivia a congtong ci Morales saciswal sa Amilika a satakaraway citodongay no kitakit mihapiwan to salongoc to tamdaw a praroh to saki Bolivia laloma’an a demak pakinali ko kihar, sacisowal sa o Amilika sifo to saki Iraq hekal laloma’an caay pisaodo’ to solongoc pakayraan, a masasowal to no Latin Amilika sasafaniyot ato Bolivia a salongoc no tamdaw o ma’efoay ko nidemakan[187].\n\nNo Brazil a kacacofelan a demak sowal sa caay paso’elin ko Brazil to nihapiwan no Amilika satakaraway citodongay no kitakit a salongoc tamdawan a paratohan a matatodongay i rikec, o pakinaliay ko picalap no Amilika to hekalan a salongoc no tamdaw a kitakit[188].\n\nO Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea a kitakit milongoc to sofitay no Amilika i Iraq ato Afghanistan a midemak saka’aloman ko finawlan madoka’ay mapatayay midemak a palita, ato misawkitan a citodongay a tamdaw.\n\nIndia, Bengal, South Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia a kitakit, tahamatini mihayan no Amilika toloay ko cecay(3\/1) ko no kasakitakit solongoc tamdaw to sadipot a katatelek, paini i Amilika to sowal to karanikay mihayda ato midemak (kicay, syakay, ponka salngoc i kasakitakit a telek) “palasawad to saki fafahiyan a pisepen a telek” “no wawa salongoc a telek” “mapokongay tamdaw salongoc telek” masakemoday kasakitakit salongoc no tamdaw a telek[189].\n\nO Amilika to Linhoko a salongoc no tamdaw a licikay mafasaway ko pinangan. O Amilika i 2018 miheca 6 folad 9 romi’ad o i “Linhoko salongoc no tamdaw a licikay caay ho laheci ko pidama to salongoc no tamdaw” patodong i Linhoko salongoc no tamdaw a licikay[190].\n\nPasaheciay (注釋) \nLimaay ko niyah mikowanay to sera o Amilika Samoa, Guan, Northern Mariana palapalaan, Puerto Rico ato Amilika Viking palapalaan. Ira ko roma 11 awaayay ko tamdaw a maro’ a pala: Baker pala, \/Howland pala, Jarvis pala, Johnston liyokan karat, Kingman pala, Midway pala ato Palmera liyokan karat. Pakayni to Bajo Nuevo pangtaay tafok hekal, Navsa pala, Serranella tafok hekal ato Wick pala a ’a’ecocen salongoc ira ho ko kalaliyangan[17].\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n1. History of 'In God We Trust'. US Department of the Treasury. 03\/08\/2011 [03\/06\/2016]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-04-17）.\n\n2. U.S. Code: Title 36, 304. United States Code. United States: Cornell Law School. 08\/12\/1998 [2015-02-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-12-09）. 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[2010-10-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-05-15）.\n\n149. Fast Facts. Nces.ed.gov. [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-05）.\n\n150. What are the new back to school statistics for 2018?. The Washington Post. [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-02）.\n\n151. United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992). [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-21）.\n\n152. The 30 biggest media companies in the world. Business Insider. [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-01）.\n\n153. Types of Media. Sparknotes. [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-02-28）.\n\n154. Number of internet users in the United States 2019. Statista. [2020-03-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-11） （Inkiris a sowal）.\n\n155. Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001–2002) (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC). 2005-03-31 [2008-05-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2006-04-23）. Krug, E.G, K.E. Powell, and L.L. Dahlberg. Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle Income Countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998年4月, 7 (2): 214–221 [2011-06-18]. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 9602401. doi:10.1093\/ije\/27.2.214. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-05-01）.\n\n156. Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1988–2007. Crime in the United States 2007. FBI. 2008年9月 [2008-10-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-10-20）.\n\n157. 30 Curiosities of the United States.pdf (PDF). Statistics India. [2022-06-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2022-06-26）.\n\n158. New Incarceration Figures: Thirty-Three Consecutive Years of Growth (PDF). Sentencing Project. 2006年12月 [2007-06-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2016-04-10）.\n\n159. Walmsley, Roy. World Prison Population List (PDF). King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies. 2005 [2007-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2007-06-28）. For the latest data, see Prison Brief for United States of America. King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies. 2006-06-21 [2007-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-08-04）. For other estimates of the incarceration rate in China and North Korea see Adams, Cecil. Does the United States Lead the World in Prison Population?. The Straight Dope. 2004-02-06 [2007-10-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-09-15）.\n\n160. Pew Report Finds More than One in 100 Adults are Behind Bars. Pew Center on the States. 2008-02-28 [2008-03-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-03-03）.\n\n161. Incarceration Rate, 1980–2005. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2006 [2007-06-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-11）.\n\n162. Entire World—Prison Population Rates per 100,000 of the National Population. King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies. 2007 [2007-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-08-24）.\n\n163. The Impact of the War on Drugs on U.S. Incarceration. Human Rights Watch. 2000\/5 [2007-06-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-11-28）.\n\n164.Washionton misolapay singpon. [2011-06-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2004-06-03）.\n\n165. Executions in the United States in 2007. Death Penalty Information Center. [2007-06-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-09-07）.\n\n166. Executions Around the World. Death Penalty Information Center. 2007 [2007-06-15]. ��nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-09-13）.\n\n167. Quinn Signs Death Penalty Ban, Commutes 15 Death Row Sentences to Life. Chicago Tribune. 2011-03-09 [2011-03-09]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-03-11）.\n\n168.Mahathir mihamham to takaraway kakeridan no Amilika. www.enanyang.my. 2018-08-03 [2021-01-30] （Congko tilid）.\n\n169.Malaysia Shingapore sinpong. Takaraway kakeridan no Amilika ci Pompeo miliso’ ci Mahathiran. Malaysiakini. 2018-08-03 [2021-02-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-26） （Congko a tilid）.\n\n170. \"Transnational Issues\" （Saayaway pising mana’ang kapi, mateli i pina’angan a calay）. 20 April 2006. CIA World factbook. Accessed 30 April 2006.\n\n171. \"In challenging China's claims in the South China Sea, the US Navy is getting more assertive\" (nano Inkiris ko sowal)\n\n172. Foreign relations of the United States （Saayaway pising mana’ang kapi, mateli i pina’angan a calay）. 13 October 2005. Art History Club. Accessed 2 May 2006.\n\n173.Middle East makerih ko miliyanay to Amilika, pisaheci to Amilika o papidahay ko pakayraan a demakto saki Middle East. Chinanews.com. 2012-08-17 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-09）.\n\n174. 2012-12-25 07:13. Amilika “Kacacofel a demak” o saki Middle East o papadoedo. News.qq.com. 2012-12-25 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-09）.\n\n175.O sakapidah Israil a kacacofelan a demak itini ka’amisay no Africa caay ka laheci ato Amilika saki Middle East a dademak ko a sakangilay. BBC. [2020-12-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-05-04）.\n\n176. Adams, J.Q.; Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago, IL: Kendall\/Hunt Publishing Company. 0-7872-8145-X.\n\n177. Joyce Millet, Understanding American Culture: From Melting Pot to Salad Bowl （Saayaway pising mana’ang kapi, mateli i pina’angan a calay）. culturalsavvy.com. 2006\/6\/28\n\n178. Adams, J.Q.; Pearlie Strother-Adams. Dealing with Diversity. Chicago, IL: Kendall\/Hunt Publishing Company. 2001. 0-7872-8145-X.\n\n179. Provine, Rob with Okon Hwang and Andy Kershaw. \"Our Life Is Precisely a Song\" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 167. ISBN 978-1-85828-636-5.\n\n180. Maccambridge, Michael. America's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. \n\n26 October 2004. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50454-9\n\n181. \"The Best-Paid Athletes\" （Saayaway pising mana’ang kapi, mateli i pina’angan a calay）. 24 June \n\n2004. Forbes.com. Accessed 2 May 206.\n\n182. takaraway kakeridan no Amilika kasakitakit paratohay (Amilika pihapinangan) -（micokaran mali \n\niAmilika mikingkiw a misapinang）. Usinfo.org. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i \n\n2013-05-14）.\n\n183. Boritt, Gabor S. Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream. Page 1. December 1994. \n\nUniversity of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06445-6.\n\n184.O ’alomanay miliyang to saki salongoc no tamdaw o pacefaay a mihokokan no Amilika. 365jia.cn. \n\n[2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-10-25）.\n\n185. Human Rights. State.gov. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-05-20）.\n\n186.Salongoc no tamdaw a hokok, Embassy of the United States. Chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn. \n\n2016-09-27 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-02-06）.\n\n187.（Patorodan a hokok）2020 mihecaan no Amilika a picalap salongoc no tamdaw a hokok. \n\n[2021-08-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-30）.\n\n188.Russia sa’ayaw paini to solongoc no tamdaw a miliyang to Amilika. Csstoday.net. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-01-04）.\n\n189.Singapore miliyan to Amilika to saki salongoc no tamdaw a hokok malitosaay no demak. News.xinhuanet.com. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-11-19）.\n\n190.Vietnam miliyang to Amilika i 2007 mihecaa a salongoc no tamdaw hokok. News.qq.com.1970-01-02 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-10-01）.\n\n191.Bolivia a congtong miliyang to no Amilika a solongoc no tamdaw a hokok. News.qq.com. 1970-01-02 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-10-01）.\n\n192.Brazil miliyang to Amilika a no kitakit a roma kitakit a salongoc to tamdaw a hokok. Gb.cri.cn. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-03-04）.\n\n193. 1507. Amilika tamdaw salongoc no tamdaw miliyang ko ’alomanay kitaki. World.people.com.cn. 2010-11-07 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-03-04）.\n\n194.O Amilika nai Linhoko salongoc no tamdaw Licikay a piliyas to lekapot a paherekan. 2018-06-20 [2019-12-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-02-06） （Inkiris a sowal）.\n\n（美國）\n\nItini i 38 00 N, 97 00 W, noNo’amisan Amilika ko United states.\nPolong no sekalay i 9,833,517 sq km “saka 3 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 9,147,593 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 685,924 sq km ”\nPolong i 323,995,528 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 44.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 33.30%, malo no roma to a sera 22.20%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO Washington, DC ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 4 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Joe Biden, patirengan a romi’ad i 2021 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 a romi’ad.\n\nPacefaday a atilid(註腳) \nPasawalian 'Amis\n\nPikafitan i papotal(外部連接) \n\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nAmilika\nKitakit\nSa’amisay Amilika","num_words":37466,"character_repetition_ratio":0.081,"word_repetition_ratio":0.028,"special_characters_ratio":0.252,"stopwords_ratio":0.008,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":24459.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vajiralongkorn","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Vajiralongkorn\n\nI 1952 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc ci Vajiralongkorn, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Thailand anini i ci Vajiralongkorn, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 13 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":69,"character_repetition_ratio":0.122,"word_repetition_ratio":0.067,"special_characters_ratio":0.255,"stopwords_ratio":0.029,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":48411.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladimir%20Putin","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Vladimir Putin\n\nI 1952 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 7 a romi’ad masofoc ci Vladimir Putin, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Russia anini i ci Vladimir Putin, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 7 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":73,"character_repetition_ratio":0.117,"word_repetition_ratio":0.062,"special_characters_ratio":0.261,"stopwords_ratio":0.027,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.997,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willem-Alexander","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Willem-Alexander\n\nI 1967 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 27 a romi’ad masofoc ci Willem-Alexander, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Netherlands anini i ci Willem-Alexander, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 30 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":72,"character_repetition_ratio":0.125,"word_repetition_ratio":0.063,"special_characters_ratio":0.255,"stopwords_ratio":0.042,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":34540.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi%20Jinping","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Xi Jinping（習近平）\n\nI 1953 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc ci Xi Jinping, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no China anini i ci Xi Jinping, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 15 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit \n List of current heads of state and government\n\nChina","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.111,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.279,"stopwords_ratio":0.042,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":36892.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yang%20di-Pertuan%20Agong","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"I 1969 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 6 a romi’ad masofoc ci Yang di-Pertuan Agong, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Malaysia anini i ci Yang di-Pertuan Agong, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nMalaysia","num_words":70,"character_repetition_ratio":0.104,"word_repetition_ratio":0.098,"special_characters_ratio":0.269,"stopwords_ratio":0.029,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":48997.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yoweri%20Museveni","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Yoweri Museveni\n\nI 1944 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc ci Yoweri Museveni, malamikomoday a tamdaw.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit no Uganda anini i ci Yoweri Museveni, patirengan a romi’ad i 1986 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 29 a romi’ad.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis","num_words":71,"character_repetition_ratio":0.125,"word_repetition_ratio":0.065,"special_characters_ratio":0.261,"stopwords_ratio":0.042,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":51875.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hana","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"hana (花)\n\nO mialaan nai Dipong kona sowal.\n\nO falo han no roma a niyaro', no roma a finawlan.","num_words":20,"character_repetition_ratio":0.048,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.28,"stopwords_ratio":0.1,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":27725.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impic","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"impic (kuwaping a sowal: 鉛筆)\nIra ko impic no mako cecay.\n\nSiwkulang 'Amis","num_words":16,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.247,"stopwords_ratio":0.062,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":35913.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ising","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"ising（Kuwaping a sowal：醫生）\nO maan ko ising? \nO ising kako.\n\nSiwkulang 'Amis","num_words":16,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.253,"stopwords_ratio":0.062,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.857,"perplexity_score":12626.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kangcang","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"kangcang(kuwaping a sowal: 關山)\n\no mamangay a niyaro\n\nfangcalay a niyaro\n\nmaolah to kako toni a niyaro\n\nIra ko makapahay a kongying","num_words":24,"character_repetition_ratio":0.083,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.215,"stopwords_ratio":0.083,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":47510.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lengac","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"lengac （月桃）\n\nTo mihecahecaan i laloodan, o lengaw no lengac i teroc hacecacecay masafaliling mahadak a mifitelang ko hana, Hacecacecay sa manayat hacecacecay sa mapingaping, makapah a masasiroma ko falo no hana tadamisolotay faloco’ no tamdaw. I kafalwfawan mafitelak ko hana no lengac kahenga a ciheci sakapah sa ko lalan no lotok kalomihecahecaan no laloodan, o lengaw no lengac i teroc hacecacecay masafaliling mahadak a mifitelang ko hana. Hacecacecay sa manayat hacecacecay sa mapingaping, makapah a masasiroma ko falo no hana tadamisolotay faloco’ no tamdaw. I kafalwfawan mafitelak ko hana no lengac kahenga a ciheci sakapah sa ko lalan no lotok, toya kangdaw ho ko kaciheci, cuwa picomod i mata no tamdaw, namido^do to kafafalic no palapatan, saroma saroma sato a ta’angay ko heci a mafalic ko cengel, si^naw to ko romi’ad, masafaliling to ko heci no lengac mahapinang to no tamdaw ko kahengaay a heci no lengac, oya kahengangay ira ko kasasiroma no katatingroh. Oya kakahengang no heci nai kafalawfawan tahira i kasienaway, toya kakahengang no heci masakoheting to, ikol toi, mafitelak to koya heci malaslas to i sera mala sapaloma.\n\nnakamayan a dafong(手工藝品) \n\nItiya ho ko malitengay mafana’ay to misanga’ to nakamayay a lalosidan, ano milengac tistisen ho ko papah, tano po’oten a mikiskis ko mifalah ko maponi’ay, nga’ pawalien i cidal mi’icang, to hasapi sanga’ to lengac a sikal \/ damiyan. Itiya ho caho kacakat ko pipaisingan, adihay ko kacango’otan to sapiadah to adada, o tafedo’ no lengac nga’ayay kalacemelen sapilifasal.\n\nI kacanglahan a milengac nga’ayay ko tafedo’ tangtangen anca sapihemhem to kakaenen. Ki’edaway ko ’a’owakay no lengac, cuwa ka halilato’, ano misa’emo o papahen no lengac ko sapisa’emo tada fangsisay ko ’emo. O ’a’owakay ato papah o sapilolong to maamaan ato sapisanga’ to hatisaki, awaay ko fafalahen.\n\nPalidaw 'Amis","num_words":318,"character_repetition_ratio":0.066,"word_repetition_ratio":0.246,"special_characters_ratio":0.197,"stopwords_ratio":0.013,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":64592.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lukut","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"lukut （山蘇）\n\nira ku lukut atu cupel\n\no kasadakan no lihaf\n山蘇嫩葉口感美味 葉形奇特可當花材\n\nU suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah","num_words":22,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.229,"stopwords_ratio":0.045,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.988,"perplexity_score":81150.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Omah","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"O pipalomaan to maamaan a pala (sota'). \n\nNga'ayay a malangangan no tamdaw.\n\nSiwkulang 'Amis","num_words":18,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.25,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.991,"perplexity_score":38511.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakerang","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"o maan ko pakerang ?\nira ko mahanay a sowal\nPaPakayni to na pakerang hananay ma tamaay to ko sowar ni Ming LiLin mipaka lafi to matayaray\nsaka ccay\nMapaherekay to ko demak anini\n(matayar to to tayra no tireng ano dafak sanay)\nSaka tosa\nMi ahowiday to tayniay mipadang a matayaray \nSaka tolo\nPatara a'ayawen ko palo noya raroma'an\nhay mahapinang no tayniay a salawinawina ato widang. \nO papi hapinangay to wawa nona raroma'an to, tayniay aca a ngasaw ato widang.\nSalikoray to i \nIraay ko sapaka olah to matayaray,\nano tosa polo' aca manca Lima\npolo'aca ko haca ira\nmahamekay milayap koya matayaray ma^min.\nNawhan todongay opi \"haiay\" to tayar ira konian.\n O sapi ara to sapi pakerang ma^min haw i ,\nO kasasolutan no 'alomanay kiya,\nPakayni mahapinang ko pinangan no pangcah\/'Amis hananay,\nO Mafana'ay mihilateng hali padamaay ato hali adayayay a finacadan.\nkayni to na pakerang hananay ma tamaay to ko sowar ni Ming LiLin mipaka lafi to matayaray","num_words":181,"character_repetition_ratio":0.068,"word_repetition_ratio":0.093,"special_characters_ratio":0.205,"stopwords_ratio":0.017,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":60714.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sapal","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"sapal(幼苗)\n\nMaripa' no mako ko sapal no panay.\n\nSiwkulang 'Amis","num_words":14,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.258,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.935,"perplexity_score":14120.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satimolan%20a%20kanatal%20a%20kimad","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Nengneng han ko taliyok no cikiw saheto to o riyar a maemin , nika i satimolan no taypinyan adihay ko mimingay a kanatal . Onini mimingay kanatal , ano harateng han kona tamdamdaw o ikoray to tangasa toni a pala . Nikaorira awa ko mafana’ay a tamdaw , na samanen no tamdamdaw tangasa tonini a pala . Nano to’as awaay ho ko tilid , awaay ko sasing ato filomo , orasaka awa ko pakayraan no mita a mifana’ to ’orip no itiyaay ho a tamdamdaw . Nano to’as awaay ho ko tilid , awaay ko sasing ato filomo , orasaka awa ko pakayraan no mita a mifana’ to ’orip no itiyaay ho a tamdamdaw . Ro:ma i , pakakarkar kami tono liteng ho a loma’ , anca o ’okak no tamdaw , ato lalosidan no saka ’orip . Manga’ay to niyam konini pinakarkar a lalosidan , a mifana’ to ’orip no itiyaay ho a tamdamdaw . Nikaorira , onini sa a lalosidan maemin to makatelang , sa’osi han caay ka hakowa . O nisidayan sa no to’as a tamdaw , o saadihayay i , harateng han deng o sowal aca no tamdaw . Ano mafalifalic ko caciyaw i , nika nano to’as tangasa tahanini ira to caay kalasawad . Ira ko citanengay maherek mikadkad to sowal no tamdamdaw i , makafana’ to tona itiniay a kanatal a tamdamdaw , so’elin to nai Taywanay masadak a mafolaw saan . O tamdamdaw no itiyaay ho , ano pakariyar a mafolaw i , mihawikid aca to ciepocay a pinanowan ato pinalengaw miparo i lonan . Ira ko mikadkaday to kahirahira nonini pinalengaw , makafana’ to nai Taywan ko pisatapangan ko kafolawan a pala . Mikalic to lonan i riyar mikilim to faelohay a pala ko tato’asan no mita , tangasa to i satati’ihay kahiceraan a pala nona hekal . Matiya cinamalay a lotok caay ka citolas misanga’ misafaeloh to sera , o tato’as no mita pakafana’ titanan aka pitolas misa’icel misanga’ to faelohay .","num_words":350,"character_repetition_ratio":0.078,"word_repetition_ratio":0.141,"special_characters_ratio":0.228,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":146448.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tayi%27","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"tayi' (大便)\n\n大便\nTata'ang ko tayi' no kolong.\n牛的大便很大。\n\nTahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻)\n\nPikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) \n原住民族語言線上詞典 - tayi'","num_words":24,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.278,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.159,"perplexity_score":3813.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taylin","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"taylin o pacaliwen no paylang a caciyaw, o Amilika no sowal i, plice mahaenay！","num_words":15,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.205,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":63287.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Notimolan%20kalokanatal%20a%20finacadan","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Notimolan a kalokanatal finacadan (Inkilis: Austronesian languages, “Notimolan a kalokanatal”(Austronesia) a sowal, tosaay ko tilid: austro ato nesia pakapotan. Austro nai Lating a tilid austrālis, timol a sowal; nesia nai Kirisiya a sowal nesos, kalokanatal sowal, o adihayay ko kalokanatal i katimolay Taypinyang sanay.) o notimolan a kalokanatal finacadan ko nisowalan no i Tayangcu ato timolan no Asiya finacadan.\n\nHalo tungtiwen, Intonisiya, Malaysiya, Filipin, Wenlay, Matakaska, Keronisiya nipatatekoan a kitakit, Hawayi, ato Polinisiya ato Taywan yincuminco, Nahay huyhuy finacadan (Can ngasaw), Niwzilan a maoli finacadan (Polinisiya ngasaw), mafokilay somowal to no Papowa a Milanisiya finacadan (no Satimolan Kanatal a kasado’edo a aowal, o matiyaay no Papowa a finacadan ko silosi) alomanay finacadan.\n\nCangra malopisak i sa’amisan niyaro’ no Tay kitakit, Singkapo, saetipan no Yinan niyaro’ ato Canpo niyaro’ (maledef sasifo’an no Yinan ato satimolan Capo sakowan kitakit), Campotiya. Oni a niyaro’ o Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan. Notimolan kalokanatal finacadan a sowal, nai ’amis Taywan, talatimol o Niwsilan, kawali Fuhocyi kanatal, noetipan o Matakaska.\n\nTatapangan no rayray 歷史起源 \nTatapangan ato kalopisakan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, midotoc ko hakasi to sowal ato pikadkad to tatiri’en, patirang to sasowalen.\n\nNo Taywan a sasowalen 出台灣假說 \nNo hakasi a sowal, nai Asiya malinahay tayra i Taywan finacadan, i Taywan to a mala o Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ko sowal, ikor do’edo sato kanatal, malenak tayra i Taypinyang kasa niyaro’. Mahaenay a sowal, o nai Taywanay (Out of Taiwan) sanay a sowal. Oni a sowal sa’ayaway nai sowal a hakasi ko pasadakay, mirocokay masano’ayamay ko pacalayay to DNA ko pikingkiw, pakayni to sasowalen adihay ko pasadak to pitinako. Latek Pakayni to nia sowal adihay ko hakasi ko micokeray.\n\nCi Sutele ato ci Marke i 1975 mihecaan pasadak mihapiw, nao tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a sowal ko Taywan, hakalay mirocokay hakasi milayap to nikingkiwan ningra[17]. Mangalef ni Pitiro Pirwote (inkilis: Peter Bellwood) i 1991 mihacaan i “Kaki Amilika tamdaw) a cassi, pakayni toni mihapiwan ikor i, “o tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a sowal o nai Taywanay” sanay ko pahapinang, malo kalacecayan no alomanay a hakasi[18]. I:kor miliyaw pasadak, Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan o nai Asiya a pala a tayni saan, i ’ayaw no 8000 mihecaan tayni i Taywan, i:kor macowat to saki no riyaray a fana’(’icel), ditdit sa a mafolaw tayra i roma a kanatal, nengneng[19]; halafin to kakaya’ay romi’ad, paterep sa, ta mido’edo a mafolaw, ano mipili’ to ta’angay ato mamangay kitakit, saheto i fa^edetay ato ciherangay pala ko tadamaan a kanga’ayan.\n\nDotocen ko ni Pirwote a nikingkiwan, no Satimolan kalokanatal a sowal o nai Asiya a pala ko katayni han ko Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, latek o milecaday to tayniay i Taywan a tayni ato nai timolay Asiya finacadan, micedekay tayni i Taywan, i ’ayaw no 6000 mihecaan. Latek ’ayaw no 5000 mihecaan, itiya misatapang nai Taywan pasitimol malopisak tayra i Filipin a kanatal, masapinangay i sa’amisan a Lisong pala. Nanitira malinah tayra i Polocu, sawaklian no Intonisiya, o romi’ad latak i ’ayaw no 4500 mihecaan.\n\nNanitira talawali, talaetip ko kalopisak, kawali tayra i Miliyana a kalokanatal (Kuang a kanatal, Saipan a kanatal), tayra i timol Taypinyang a pala, tala’etip tayra i Malaysiya kanatal, Sumentala, romi’ad latek i ’ayaw no 3200 miheca. Pado’edo malopisak tayra i sifoan no Taypinyang Milanisiya a pala Kalulin kitakit. Nanoya pasitwali, latek i saka 300 mihecaan tahira i Polinisiya. Anini i Niwsilan a Maoli finacadan, o saiko:ray a malinahay, latek i saka 800 mihecaan[20].\n\nOnini a kalopisak a safaco, manga’ay o nokonga a kalenak ko kahapinangan, pakayni i katalawali malinah no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, ato timolan a Amilika a yincumin kalalitemohan, o konga ko sapalenak nai Amilika patayra i liyok no Taypinyang a pala[21][22]. Roma kacipinangan o i Taypinyang rorang a kilan. 2015 mihecaan Taywan daykako no lotok a liyok kinaira si ato Celi kitakit malakapot mikingkiw, misapinang to ’etipay Taypinyang a kitakit a patinako to rorang a kilang, masapinang kasaniyaro’ a rorang ato timolan Taywan a rorang a kilang ira ko kalecadan no langdaway a sapiwina a patodongan (inkilis: haplotype), ’etip Tapinyang kasakitakit a rorang kilang o nai Taywanay. Nawhani no Taypinyang rorang a kilang awaay ko okangan tawinaan sanay sasiroma a lengaw, caay ka lonok a sa ciheci, pakaynien no tamdawa ko pipasidenga ko pipalenak, saka maplasawad ko no ’a’adopen a nipalenakan. Taypinyang rorang a kilang a tolak o sakadademak no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, saki lekakawa o sakadademak ko tolak. Nawhani Taypinyang rorang a kilang ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan madadihecoay, mitoor ko nakilang to kalalinah no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan malenak. Mapahapinang itini malalikeday ma’orip kina no Taywan a sowal[23].\n\nNo nai palapalaan (tayliko) tatapangan a sowal 巽他大陸起源說 \nNi Setifen Openhaymo pasadakan. nai palapalaan (tayliko) tatapangan a sowal, no ki’etecay ho a wali-timol-Asiya masararem ho tono anini a riyar, Kafa kitakit, Sumentala kitakit ato Makaysiya kitakit makakafitay, masataylikoay, sakadadahal no Asiya. Nikawrira kaki’etecan, kalalaedan no ki’etec, macakat to ko nanom, malenlen to ko pala. Oni a palaay maro’ay mapalinah, matiya o Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan.\n\nKawaliay Asiya tayliko mililisay to riyar a sowal 東亞大陸沿海假說 \nI Fucien matanam i Tansesan ko nalacolan, i Cangcu-Tungsan-Tamawsan nalacolan, Nintesyaposin-huangkuasan-Piciw nalacolan, Ciencu-cinciangsan-saciw nalacolan, Fucu-pintan-kociwto nalacolan, midotoc to nikingkiwan malecad to Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan no punka. I Fucien masadakay a ’ongcoy, fokeloh pa’ot ato sacocok a po’ot, i Polinisaya manengneng to. I Fucien pinapina ta’angay kasadakan no fokeloh, misadita’an a nalacolan a nisanga’an, sakadademak, no ina a sowal ko pipacoroh, timolay Taypinyang, Indoyang a kalokitakit o tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, i wali-timol no Cungkuo mililisay to riyar a punka ira ko kararomakatan. Cungkuo yiyaw taykako ci Keyincin hakasi, mihadoy to makalasapiwina fana’ kafafalic pakairaan ato kicic, misilsil to i Macu-Liyan-tao masadakay a Liyan-tao tamdaw a horac, liyawen patireng mirocok a rayray, saka ’aya:way a Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan i ’ayaw no 8000 mihecaan o nai lilisay to niyaro’ no rirar no Fucien, miliyang to Taywan ato wali-timol-Asiya kitakit o ’ayaway nai Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan saanay sowal[24]. O nangra pihaen, E ato R9 o cecayay masadak i Taywan a yincumin a rocok, o Liyan-tao tamdaw ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ira ko sangasaw saan, malengat ko hekalay to no tamdawan fana’ a kalisaot ato kalaliyang; nawhani no calayan a E pisacecay to i Cungkuo tayliko awaay mahapinang, ato ni Ke a malawama ikoray pado’edo topakayniay i Liyan-tao saka 1 tamdaw a Y cengel heci no pikingkiw, makinsaay a tatosa a tamdaw to nano Liyan-tao tamdaw to malaheciay a cengel no pikingkiw, tangasa anini awaay ho i Taywan ko pihapiw, masiromaay a pikingkiw, awaay ko macaco’elisay a pahapinang a sowal. [25] Cunghuaminkuo mikingkiway to to’as ci Can-kung-I midotoc to no Fucu-pintan-kuciwto nalacolan pasadam, ikoray i no’etipan lilis a riyar no Taywan a Tafenkeng a punka ato nini a punka mamatatoresay, tosaay a punka laway pasowal I’ayaway iraay to Fucien ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ko lalengawan saan. [26]\n\nSowal 語言\n\nTatapangan: 南島民族國家\n\nSatimolan kalokanatal finacadan a sowal.\n\nSatimolan kalokanatal finacadan a kalofinacadan.\n\n以南島民族為重要民族：\n\nCaay ko miisiikeday sici 非獨立政體\n\nLikisiay a Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan a kitakit 歷史上的南島民族國家\n\nWali timol Asiya 東南亞\n\nTaywan 台灣\n\nTayangcu 大洋洲\n\nMatakaska 馬達加斯加\n\nTahapinangan Tilid (註腳) \n ^ Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 (PDF). Statistics Indonesia: 9. 21 January 2021 [21 January 2021]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-01-22） （印度尼西亞語）\n ^ 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President. Philippine Statistics Authority. [2021-08-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-07）.\n ^ Population, total - Data. data.worldbank.org. [2017-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-10）.\n ^ The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2012-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2010-12-28）.\n ^ Archived copy. [2013-07-22]. （原始內容存檔於2013-02-07）.\n ^ Archived copy. [2016-07-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-07）.\n ^ 存档副本. [2012-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2007-02-23）.\n ^ 存档副本. [2012-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2007-11-27）.\n ^ About 13.6%of the Singaporeans are of Malay descent. In addition to these, many Chinese Singaporeans are also of mixed Austronesian descent. See alsoArchived copy (PDF). [2007-04-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-07-04）.\n ^ 10.0 10.1 原住民人口數統計資料. 中華民國原住民族委員會. 2020年7月 [2020年7月]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-07） （中文）.\n ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2007-03-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-04-03）.\n ^ U.S. 2000 Census. [2012-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-18）.\n ^ The World Factbook. Cia.gov. [2013-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-21）.\n ^ A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012. Census of Population& Housing, 2011. Department of Census& Statistics, Sri Lanka. [2017-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）.\n ^ According to the anthropologist Wilhelm Solheim II: \"I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that 'Austronesian' is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family. It should never be used as a name for a people, genetically speaking, or a culture. To refer to people who speak an Austronesian language the phrase 'Austronesian speaking people' should be used.\" Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages.（January 2006）.\n ^ 國中社會1上歷史課本，頁94\n ^ Shutler and Marck 1975\n ^ Bellwood 1991\n ^ Bellwood （1997）\n ^ 引自李壬癸 1996，45\n ^ Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994. Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press\n ^ Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia, The Journal of Pacific History', Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001\n ^ 吳柏軒. 一顆種子改寫歷史 南島祖先台灣出發. 自由時報. 2015年10月9日 [2015-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2015年10月10日） （中文（臺灣））.\n ^ 馬祖亮島的「亮島人」經DNA演化基因証實為最古老的南島民族. 中央社. 2014年3月31日 [2015年10月9日]. （原始內容存檔於2015年9月24日） （中文（臺灣））.\n ^ 亮島專題之一》首次發現！澳學者 ：馬祖亮島1號人是早期出非洲的澳美人種. 新頭殼. 2017-09-14.\n ^ 首個國際性南島語族考古研究基地揭牌. 人民網. 2017年11月7日 [2017年11月20日]. （原始內容存檔於2017年11月18日） （中文（臺灣））.\n\nPotori'an Tilid (參考文獻) \n Bellwood, Peter, Man's conquest of the Pacific: The prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania, 1979\n Bellwood, Peter, Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago, 1986\n Bellwood, Peter, James J. Fox, and Darrell Tryon eds., The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Australian National University, 1995\n Diamond, Jahed, Guns, Germs, and Steel, Vintage & Random House, 1998\n Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.), 'Paths of Origins', ArtPostAsia Books, 2009\n\nNo potalay a pakakafit (外部連結) \nCristian Capelli; 等. A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001, 68 (2): 432–443 [2012-01-11]. PMC 1235276 可免費查閱. PMID 11170891. doi:10.1086\/318205. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-02-19）.\n\n本條目出自公有領域：Chisholm, Hugh (編). 大英百科全書 (11th ed.). 劍橋大學出版社. 1911.\n\nBooks, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University\n\nLanguages of the World: The Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language Family（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）\n\nEncyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages","num_words":2722,"character_repetition_ratio":0.092,"word_repetition_ratio":0.018,"special_characters_ratio":0.265,"stopwords_ratio":0.01,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.979,"perplexity_score":10427.6,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Notimolan%20%E2%80%99Apocok","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Kamaro'an 位置 \nNotimolan ’Apocok (ikilis a sowal: south pole) o pidotoc to nikaliyon no cikiw miketon to sakatimolay. O pahapinang to kasadefadefak Notimolan ’Apocok a palapalaan, patodong mipaketingan a kamaro’an. Do’edoen ko no kalokitakit to rarakaten a falono’, lalat no katimol no 60° o katimolay a pala o Notimolan ’Apocok no hekal todong, saka o Nantayang ato kalokanatal ato Notimolan ’Apocok no hekal a pala a sowal, 6500 ’ofad a kongli ko kadadahal.\n\nNipatonekan 定義 \nNo tilidan, katimolay no cikiw ko Notimolan ’Apocok. Nika ira ho ko notimolan ’apocok karopaw, notimolan ’apocok peno, notimolan ’apocok pala, notimolan ’apocok niyaro’, notimolan ’apocok taliyok sanay a tatodong. Sakipalapalaan to Notimolan ’Apocok o notimolan tolas no hekal ato notimolan cisyak no hekal.\n\nNotimolan tolas no hekal南地極 \nOna “Notimolan tolas no hekal” i salalomaan no notimolan karopaw, mapahecekay ko kacipinangan. Nika malinahay ko pala, i no cikiw a rikisi ’adihayay romi’ad notimolan karopaw o miraayay to Notimolan ’Apocok; o romasato, la’ed no romi’ad, Palapalaan a hakasi misasalof to Notimolan ’Apocok a kamaro’an. Inacila masalof Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan a romi’ad i 2000 mihecaan. Roma, no kakarayan a fana’, ano safi’en “Notimolan tolas no hekal” tayra i kakarayan a cikiw, mapacahcah i Notimolan tolas no kakarayan.\n\nNotimolan cisyak no hekal 南磁極 \n“Notimolan cisyak no hekal” [1], o malatosaay no cisyak koni. i ngataay no Notimolan ’Apocok a palapala, nikawrira o kamaro’an niira o matayoay ko kafalifalic. 1909 miheca 1\/16, nai ci Onaste Sakerton ko mikeriday to misolapay matamaay ko Notimolan cisyak no hekal.\n\nNotimolan taliyok 南極圈 \nlalat no katimol no 66° 34 a calay no Notimolan taliyok. i taliyokay no romi’ad ato dadaya, taliyokay masiikeday to safala’faay ato li’etecay a tolas.\n\nNotimolan karopaw 南極洲 \nNotimolan karopaw halo notimolan pala ato taliyok no kitakit, o dadahal niira 1400 ’ofad kongli, kasaliyaliyad 2.47 kongli. Notimolan karopaw ira 158.2 kongli ko ki’etecay. Notimolan karopaw a dadahal no pala mo^etep ira ko cecay. [2]\n\nNotimolan pala 南極大陸\n\nPatodongan: Notimolan ’Apocok karopaw 南極洲 \nNotimolan pala o nano Notimolan karopaw i liyokay no kanatal a pala, o saikoray a matama a pala I hekal koni, matifahaw sa i satimolay a cikiw. Notimolan ’Apocok a pala 95% matahepoay no kifetolay a so^eda, o “fohecalay pala” a han ko sowal. I hekal enemay a pala i, ikaka no Austaliya pala ko dadahal to Notimolan pala, o saka 5 a rayray. Ona tosaay Notimolan pala ato Austaliya pala o nitaliyakan riyar a tata’angay pala, taliyok ira ko Taypinyang, Tasiyang, Intoyang, mitaliyokan a cikiw no tata’angay nanom, matiya o ma’edefay (nengneng ko nanpinyang), miliyasay to roma a pala, ato payrayrang hekal miliyasay a pala, tangasa anini awaay ko maro’ay tamdaw itira, dengan papinaay a kaki misokoliway tamdaw macacalicaliway itira maro’ ato matayalay.\n\nSalongoc a Kitakit 主權 \n1820-1940 mihecaan, kasakitakit a misolapay madado’edo pakatama to kasasiroma no palapala i Notimolan pala, Ikilis, Niwsilan, Toic, Nanfiy, Austaliya, Ferans, Nowiy, Cili, Akenting, pelasil 10 kitakit a sifo to saki Notimolan karopaw a liyad pasadak to Salongoc a Kitakit, o halafinay to maledefay no so^eda to ’ofadan mihecaan o kafangafangan to no kalokitakit. Dotoc nai 1961 mihecaa saka 6 folad mahayda to “Notimolan ’Apocok tatonekan”, mafedi’ ko sasiwaay kitakit to pilongoc to Notimolan ’Apocok a sera to salongoc, telekan ko Notimolan ’Apocok o sapilinga’ay ko patosokan, ona Notimolan ’Apocok caay ko no nima a kitakit ko citodongay, o no polong no tamdaw i hekal koni.\n\nSakaromakat 交通 \nNotimolan ’Apocok pala o caayay ko rahodayay ngataen nina pala. Mingataay to Notimolan ’Apocok pala o timolay Amilika a karopaw, o Terike a riyar ko kalalaed to 970 kongli. O kararaay to Notimolan ’Apocok pala ato roma a pala ikaka ko kararaay, o taliyok o kifetolay a so^eda ato mapawpaway so^eda ko mitaliyokay, kasi’enawan sai mapawpaway so^eda tangasa 1900 ’ofad kongli ko dadahal; Notimolan ’Apocok pala taliyok no riyar a mapawpaway so^eda caay to ka sa’osi ko adihay no masalotokay a so^eda, masa kararimaan ato katalawan to romakatay i riyar.\n\nDitek no sera 地勢 \nToni a cikiw o sadadaha:lay ko Notimolan ’Apocok pala[3]. I fafaed no cikiw a pala to takaraw naira: Asiya karopaw 950 mi, ’amis Amilika karopaw 700 mi, timol Amilika karopaw 600 mi, Afelika karopaw 560 mi, Iropiya karopaw sapoeneray, 300 mi aca, no Tayang karopaw caay ka sapinang ko takaraw, latek somo’otay aca. Nawhani, Notimolan ’Apocok pala, o fadic niira, o takaraw 2350 mi, makikaka ko no roma a pala to takaraway a Asiya karopaw. Nikawrira, ano lihedaken ko ya mitahepoay so^eda i fafaed Notimolan ’Apocok pala, o takaraw niira ma’eden 410 mi aca, palecaden to ciseraay no cikiw a sapa’eneray.\n\nKasafalifalic no romi’ad 氣候 \nNawhani takaraw ko so^eda, kihepic ko fali, patongal han no li’etecay so^eda a pipatedi no cidal, Notimolan ’Apocok pala mala o sasienaway a pala, o falawfaw ikaka to No’amisan ’Apocok ko kalietec to 20°. Notimolan ’Apocok pala to mihecaan a ki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 25°. Notimolan ’Apocok pala i lilis no riyar a ki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 17-20°; i laloma’ay no pala no mihecaan ki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 40-50°; i kawali to timol a Notimolan ’Apocok takaraway pala o sasi’enaway, mihecaan a ki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 57°. Tangasa anini, fafaeday no cikiw ma’araw o saki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 89.2°, onini 1983 miheca saka 7 folad i Solien kawaliay a kacawan a manengnengay. \n\n[4] Notimolan ’Apocok o satakaraway ki’etec falawfaw nano Aispilansa kacawan i 2020 miheca 2\/6 malalatay 18.3° a Ses, ma’awid to ko no 1961 muheca kasafalifalic matilid satakaraway a fa’edetay a falawfaw[5].\n\nNotimolan ’Apocok a si’enaw o kaitiraan ko sakamatira, nawhani itira i si^enaway a pala ko kaitiraan, orira masamihecaan ko dadaya awaay ko tedi no cidal. Nasaan, o tedi no cidal ko nihaenan, ’akawang ko lalat, dadahal ko nikaselic no cidal, malowan ko pisolot to fa^edet no cidal. Itini i cikiw i ’akawangay a lalat ko kaitiraan no Notimolan ’Apocok, o sasafaay ko tedi no cidal, salongan to ko tedi no cidal. Roma i, Notimolan ’Apocok pala 95% madapong no so^eda, o pi’eceng to cidal 80%-84%, ’osaw caay to pakatahira 20 % ko i seraay, o hatiraay to ko fa’edet a matarang, mapatikol tayra i kakarayan. Ono Notimolan ’Apocok katakaraw no pala ato kihepic no fali caay pakasoped to fa’edet, samasa o marariday ko si^enaw no Notimolan ’Apocok.\n\nFali ’Apocok 風極 \nNotimolan ’Apocok pala o mangalefay ko ’icel no fali tina pala, o rakat no fali mata’elif ko 100 kongli to cecay toki a mararid. Mililisay to lawac no riyad a pala i Notimolan ’Apocok pakinali, o cikay no fali 40-50 mi ko widi. Itini i Felans a kacawan a pilalatan “Tielwiel” malalat kai widi 100 mi ko katata’ang (360 kongli ko cecay toki, ikaka to no faliyos Taypay ko kaci’icel), matiya to Pofose a fali ko kangalef 17 awid a 1.78 kakinali nira, o pikari’ang nira tangasa 12 awid to 3.18 kinalian. Tangasa anini o sa’akawangay ta’angay ’icel no fali matilid. Orasaka, Notimolan ’Apocok o “Fali a ’Apocok” ahan.\n\nO pakaka no si^enaw, halofali ko katalawan no kakak misolapay a malitemohay naira. Halofali paranikayay palasawad to fa^edet no tireng, sakaranikay madoka’ no ’okot a cimapatayay a demak. No dadaya a fali a pikari’ang, o cikay no fali cecay widi 40 mi (13 awid fali). Ano ira ko i papotalay a tamdaw, o katalawan a mapades ko ’orip. 1960 miheca 10\/10 herek no lahok, i Dipong Siyoho a pala midemak to kakok sapisolapan ci Futawsen hakasi, masadak taipapotal pakaen to Waco, talifahal sanay a cecay widi 35 mi ko cikay no fali, nanoya ^ca to patatikol. Tangasa 1967 miheca 2\/9 romi’a, mapatayay tireng ningra cila’ed 4.2 kongli ko ray matama itira.\n\nKakingkiwen 探索 \nI ’ayaw tona pakayra ko rakat no Ilopiya tamdaw pakanengneng to fa^elohay ato karomakatan a lalan, iraay to ko cicu no notimolan ’apocok karopaw, masapinang to ko lotok ’alo ato lilis no riyar no notimolan ’apocok karopaw. Ano aniniay fa^elohay a sapihelam to katato’edip no so^eda a mahapinang, matama salalinikay no so^eda o so’elinay pala no Notimolan ’Apocok, milecad to 16 sici a telangay cicu mahapinang to[8].\n\nO sarakatay pakatama to Notimolan ’Apocok pala a pakataminaay tangasa anini o malaliyangay ho, nikawrira no ’Elosi tamdaw Pilinsikawcin ko sakamatini. Sarakatay miripa’ to sera no Notimolan ’Apocok pala a tamdaw, latek o Amilika mikakotangay to lokedaw no riyar a tamina ci Yohani Tafiti a kakeridan. Ci Roald Amundsen cangra tomireng i Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan, 1911 miheca 12 folad. Nai kawiki tala kawanan: Roald Amundsen, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, ato Oscar Wisting, (sasing sakalalima ci Olav Bjaaland ko misasingay.) \n\nO sarakatay tangasa i Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan ci Roald Amundsen ato mikapotay icingraan, katangasaan nangra a romi’ad i 1911 miheca 12\/14 romi’ad. Ci Amundsen o sakalalifet ci Robert Falcon Scott i ikor no cecay folad tangasa i Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan. I pipatikolan, ci Scott ato kapot ningra a sasepat i nika cahiw ato pakinali no si’enaw a mapatay itira.\n\nItiya ira ko papitoay a misahinahinamay kapot pakayra i hekal ko rakat tangasa i Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan. Katangasaan nangra a romi’ad masilsil: \n\n1. Roald Amundsen ato Robert Falcon Scott\n\n2. Edmund Percival Hillary\n\n3. Vivian Forks\n\n4. Antero Havola\n\n5. Albert P. Crary ato\n\n6. Ranulph Twisleton ato Wykeham Fiennes\n\nO pihiratengan ci Amundsen ato Scott South ato Pole Station i 1958 miheca Kalokitakit cikiw wuli mihecaan patireng, mida’ocay ko pikingkiw ato matayalay to kadamadamaan.\n\nSamatelangay cokah no cikiw 地球上最古老的冰芯\n\nDipong Notimolan ’Apocok mikacaway a cefang i 2006 miheca 1\/6 romi’ad i Dipong pikacawan “Fuji Dome” i ngata matama, midotoc to no Dipong a ’Apocok a pala pikingkiwan a kakeridan ci Yoshiyuki Fujii a pasowal, o nano midapongan no Notimolan ’Apocok so^eda lalinik to 9994 ingce matama; Dipong kiwyiko kakakpo a komoying ci Umezaki pasowal, lalinikay no cokah a folang adihay ko kasafolang, onini laloma’ay masafolangay, latek i ’ayaway no masamihacaay ’ofad no mihecaan a iraay to,ano pakayni i pikingkiw, o kafana’an ko itiyaay a pala no cikiw, manga’ay sapili’ayaw to ikoray a romi’ami’ad. Pipasa^esa, samatelangay cokah no cikiw, o halafin nira latek ira ko 1 iyok no mihecaan.\n\nPaterep to waco. 禁犬令\n\nSarakat o waco ko sapikingkiwv ato sapisolap i Notimolan ’Apocok, mikotay to no tamdawan a mitaroh, o waco ko sakanga’ay dademak i Notimolan ’Apocok. Nikawrira macakat to ko no kikay, maserer ko no waco, ikor mala o daipoten to. Nikawrira o sakadademak no tamdaw ato pipacomod to waco malasakalasawad no roma a ’a’adopen, o saka^caaw ka matiya o ’ayam a malasawad. Orasaka “Notimolan ’Apocok katatelek a faco” o sapidama to pala no Notimolan ’Apocok ko pihirateng, 1991 miheca i Mateliya no Sepaniya mihapiw “Notimolan ’Apocok tatelek palapala sadipot tilidan” (Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty), pakapi to 2 tatelek: “Caay to pacomod to Waco i Notimolan ’Apocok pala ato so^daan;\n\ni Notimolan ’Apocok kanatal a polong no Waco kai 1994 miheca 4 folad maemin miliyas.” [9]. Mido’edo tina sapaterep a rikec, nanoya micomoday i Notimolan ’Apocok a kalokitakit a mikingkiway a kasacefang o caay to pihawikid to waco, Notimolan ’Apocok pala o ciawaayay to waco a hekal.Nikawrira o sakadademak no tamdaw ato pipacomod to waco malasakalasawad no roma a ’a’adopen, o saka^caaw ka matiya o ’ayam a malasawad. Orasaka “Notimolan ’Apocok katatelek a faco” o sapidama to pala no Notimolan ’Apocok ko pihirateng, 1991 miheca i Mateliya no Sepaniya mihapiw “Notimolan ’Apocok tatelek palapala sadipot tilidan” (Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty), pakapi to 2 tatelek: “Caay to pacomod to Waco i Notimolan ’Apocok pala ato so^daan;\n\ni Notimolan ’Apocok kanatal a polong no Waco kai 1994 miheca 4 folad maemin miliyas.” [9]. Mido’edo tina sapaterep a rikec, nanoya micomoday i Notimolan ’Apocok a kalokitakit a mikingkiway a kasacefang o caay to pihawikid to waco, Notimolan ’Apocok pala o ciawaayay to waco a hekal.","num_words":2645,"character_repetition_ratio":0.107,"word_repetition_ratio":0.126,"special_characters_ratio":0.228,"stopwords_ratio":0.005,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":36397.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li%20I-siw","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"O Li I-siw (Holam: 李易修; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lí E̍k-siu; ) cecay YouTuber i Taywan. Kwoli Taywan Sihan Daigak(國立臺灣師範大學) a mico^yap.\n\nTaywan\nTakaw\nYouTuber","num_words":44,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.255,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.265,"perplexity_score":6246.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afalian%20Lufic","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"O Afalian Lufic (Holam: 盧學叡;Ikilis: Afalean Lu; ) cecay mianingaya ato romadiw a tamdaw i Taywan. (臺北市立南港高級中學) a mico^yap, ca (中國文化大學) sowal no France Bungak hi' ato (台北市立體育學院) 動態藝術學系模特兒組 a mico^yap. Na u micamol to malalifet (超級星光大道) i (中視).\n\nAmis\nMianingaya\nRomadiw a tamdaw\nSiwkulang 'Amis\nTaywan\nTaypak","num_words":67,"character_repetition_ratio":0.054,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.235,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.76,"perplexity_score":23410.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costa%20Rica","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Takaray Sowal(概要) \nCosta Rica\nKosta Rika Kapolongan Kitakit (Sipanya a sowal:República de Costa Rica; Kuwaping a sowal: 哥斯大黎加共和國), Kosta Rika hananay a mitahidang to kaloromi’ad, o「kinatahtahay a salawacan no riyar」sanay ko imi nona \n\nno kitakit. Itiraay i Sifoay Amirika, ka’amis o Nikarakuwa, katimol malala’edan ato Panama, o tatapangan a tokay o Siehosi. O Kosta Rika hananay a kitakit ’i,o sarakatay a palasawad to sofita a kitakit i hekal, o sarihadayay ko ‘orip itini i Sifoay Amirika, o sakaay a kamaro’an no misawday to tayal a tamdaw hananay no《Fupisi》i 2020 miheca. o patirengay to rikec kalomaocan mahinapec mifoot to sakapidoedo no congtong to pirarid mato miliyangay to kimpo. 2003 miheca 4 folad, pakayni i kalaliyaliyangan, ikor mirikec kalomaocan niketonan a losid, mihayda to caay kanga’ay ko cecay a congtong to nisamaamaanan ko nirikecan to sapipadoedoaw masadak.\n\nKaitiraan(地理) \nO Kosta Rika a kitakit itiraay i sifo no Sifoan Amirika, saka’amis misi’ayaway to Kalopi Riyar(Sipangya a sowal:Mar Caribe; Kuwaping a sowal:加勒比海), i saka’etip miingiday to Tasiyang(Ikiris a sowal:Pacific Ocean;Kuwaping a sowal:太平洋), i lilis no Kalopi Riyar ira ko 212 kiko, i lilis no Tasiyang ira ko 1016 kiko, polongen ira ko 1290 kilo.Malalal’eday ato Nikalakuwa, o kalala’edanira ira ko 309 kilo, katimol no sakawali malala’eday ato Panama, o kalala’edanira ira ko 639 kilo, polongen ira ko 51100 km²,ilaloma’ nonini ’i,o sera ira ko 50660 km², o riyar ira ko 440 km².\n\nKa’amis no Costa Rica matatongod to Nicaragua (raraya’ no lilis 309 kongli), kawali katimolan matatongod to Panama (raraya’ no lilis 639 kongli). Polong ira ko 51100 pinfang kongli, no sera 50660 pinfang kongli, pingata to nanom 440 pinfang kongli, i safa no kaetip a Virginia no Amilika, palecalecadan to Ireland. \n\nCosta Rica kasakowat: masadafdaf ko hekal no riyar, tatenokan o masatifatifacay takaraway lotolotok a palaed. O kitakit mihapiw to niya kicay a riyar to 200 hayli. O karayan fa’edetay ato no Asiya fa’edetay, ira ko salongan a fa^elohay fa’edetay.\n\nSici (政治) \nCosta Rica ira ko masongila’ay patirengan kimpo a Nikapolongan Kitakit. O sakidademaken o congtong ko citodongay, o citodongay to’icel no kitakit ko congtong. Tosaay ko micokeray congtong ato cecay citodongay to sakilaloma’an no 15 cefang. Congtong ato nisingkiwan 57 a patirengay to rikec kalomaocan, 4 miheca ko liyad. 1969 miheca mahayda ko nifalican kimpo kinacecay aca lekad ko congtong ato patirengay to rikec kalomaocan. Matiratira aca, oya a patirengay to rikec kalomaocan milaed to lekad ta manga’ay misingkiw. Imatinib, ira ko sapipalowadan to sapifalican to kimpo, sakapidoedo no congtong saka tosa liyad, sakinian, o patirengay to rikec kalomaocan mahinapec mifoot to sakapidoedo no congtong to pirarid mato miliyangay to kimpo. 2003 miheca 4 folad, pakayni i kalaliyaliyangan, ikor mirikec kalomaocan niketonan a losid, mihayda to caay kanga’ay ko cecay a congtong to nisamaamaanan ko nirikecan to sapipadoedoaw masadak. midotoc tonini a nihaydaan, ci Oscar Arias mihayda i kasacefang ko pifalic to kimpo, i 2006 miheca maleko maala to sakinatosa a congtong, i 2010 miheca malepon ko lekad. 2010 miheca o micokeray congtong ci Laura maala congtong, o lekad tangasa 2014 miheca. Mipalowad ci Arias to mapakoniraay kalali’aca a tatonekan, nia tatonekan a kasatelek ira kota’akay kalaliyangan, o nia kalaliyangan o saka rarawraw no kitakit. \n\nO pisingkiw no Costa Rica to lifayin a lomaocan nisilsilan to sakacitodong. O nitekedan no kitakit a hoking ato sakitingwa, i 2009 mihecaan mapatodong to ko paitemekan lalifet citodong (’ayaw no nian, sakira no wikidtingwa mitala to cecay a foladan). Aloman ko kasakitakit citodong to niya pidemak ato kacitodong niya pikowan, halo dingki, kitakit a kingko (misi’ayaw to finawlan a kingko kalalifet) ato syakay sapaka’orip, onian citodongay sakicomahad no Costa Rica ’akawangay a saki’orip. Pitoay kanatal o congtong ko miocoray to kakeridan no kanatal, nikawrira caay kata’ak ko sakowan naira. Laloma’an no kanatal away ko siikeday mirikecay citodongay. Midotoc to kimpo, Costa Rica awaay ko sfitay, dengan o kincac ato pa’oripay sakapot ko papa’ading sakarihaday.\n\nRikisi(歷史) \nItiyaho i mihecahecaan ni Kolompo, iraay to ko Intian a tamdaw maro’ i Kosta Rika, ora saka o kacacefelisan no Sifo’ay Amirika a Ponka itini.\n\nI saka 16 sici oya maro’ay itini a Maya Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Maya peoples; Kuwapinga sowal:馬雅人）ato Acitiko Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Aztec; Kuwaping a sowal:阿茲特克) makowan no Sipanya, malasakowan no Sipanya. I 1824 miheca, macowat no Kosta Rika ko Niko Pecihan Kanatal no Nikalakowa,itiya sato i saka 19 sici saka 40 a mihecahecaan, misiiked to a tomireng ko Kosta Rika.\n\nI 1889 miheca, midemak ko Kosta Rika to sarakatay a sinkiw no congtong, tona sinkiw malowid ko kakeridan no sofitay oya Nisatekedan a Mikowanay ci Pirnato·Soto·Arfalo sawad sato to kakeridan, tona pisawadan ningra a romi’ad to saka 11 folad saka 7 romi’ad mala Kalotamdawan Romi’ad no Kosta Rika a kitakit. \n\n1914 miheca, o sarakatay a pisinkiw no kalotamdaw, ci Arfoloyto Konsaloys Fololoys(Sipanya a sowal:Alfredo González Flores; Kuwaping a sowal:阿爾弗雷多·岡薩雷斯·弗洛雷斯). Na malacongtong to ’i,makalah ta to ko pidemak to sapifalicaw to tayal no kitakit,oninian ko lalengatan no Tapang no Safitay ci Fitiriko Tinoko Korannatos (Sipangya a sowal:Federico Tinoco Granados; Kuwaping a sowal:費德里科·蒂諾科·格拉納多斯) keriden ningra ko safotay a mifelih ko congtong.[1]\n\nItiya sato i 1948 miheca, ira ko rawraw no sinkiw to congtong, ’aloman ko mikangiay a finawlan, tona miheca o tada ciomahay a tamdaw ci Hosi Mariya HipalitoFikoloys Filoyr( Sipangya a asowal:José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer; Kuwaping a sowal:何塞·馬利亞·伊波利托·菲格雷斯·費雷爾) mikomod to finawlan i sakatimolan no Kosta Rika matatoker ato sofitay, malowid no finawlan ko sofitay, yo malacongtong sato ci Filoyr palasawaden ningra ko sofitay, palaheci han to a mitilid i kimpo no Kosta Rika ko kaawa no sofitay, o dengan i hekal konini a kitakit ko awaay ko sofitay.[2]\n\nTamdaw(人口) \nO tamdaw no Kosta Rika o cilamlamay to ‘irang no yincumin ato Yoropa a tamdaw ato sahetoay o ‘ireng a Yoropa a tamdaw, polongen konini i,mahaop ko 94%, o sakakaay ko ka’aloman a\n\nmafolaway o Sipanya a tamdaw, ira ho ko Toic tamdaw, Polan a tamdaw, Italiya a tamdaw ato Yotaya a tamdaw.[3] O yincumin no Kosta Rika Intian mahadefek no Yoropa a mipatay, ora saka caay to ka papina ko ma’oripay,cifaloco’ ko sifo no Kosta Rika a mipa’ading to Intian a tamdaw, saka matongal to 114,000 ko tamdaw,mapecoh ko 2.4% no polong tamdaw nona kitakit, itiraay i katimol no sakawali a maro’.[4] I saka 19 sici ira ko nani Ciyamayka a mafolaway a tayni o teloc no kohetingay tamdaw, kahaop ko 3%, o Conko a tamdaw mahaop ko 1%.[5]\n\nIra heca ko nani Nikarakuwa a mafolaway a tayni to 10 % a Nikarakuwa tamdaw.[6]\n\nO ’orip no itiniay a tamdaw i,pasasotiri’en ato fiyaw a kitakit Kuwatimala, Sarwato, Hontoras ato Nikarakuwa, rihadayay, awa ko kalacemceman, takaraw ko pitilidan no itiniay,[7] onini ko sakaolah no Kolonpiya, Panama ato Piro a tamdaw tayni a paloma’.\n\nSowal(語言) \nOno sifoan a sowal i,o Sipanya a sowal,itira saka 16 sici micomod ko Sipanya a tamdaw a tayni micowat to pala no yuincumin malanikowanan no Sipanya. O sakacaciyaw no kaloromi’ad a Sipanya a sowal i,o Kosta Rika a Sipanya sowal hananay a mitahidang, o faco no sowal o Mikinkiway to Sowal a Pikinkiwan no Sipanya ko mitomadaway.[8] [9] o roma ira ho ko Limomkoriyo(Mekatelyu) o itiraay i sawalian a lilis no riyar a niyaro’ no kohetingay tamdaw a sowal ko nini, cowa ka sa’osi i rikec kona sowal. O pitilidan no tamdaw no Kosta Rika takraway, orasaka, o sowal no Ikiris ko malosowal to romi’ami’ad.\n\nPonka(文化) \nPatahtahay to masasiromaromaay ponka ko Kosta Rika,nawhani, o kacacefelisan no ponka no Sifo’ay Amirika ato Timalay Amirika itini. Nani 16 sici micomod a micowat ko Sipanya, isaka’amisan no Kosta Rika a etal o kalala’edan ato Maya Payrayrangan(Sipanya a sowal:Cultura maya; Kuwaping a sowal:馬雅文明) itini, ikatimo ato sasifo’an o pala no Cipoca Finacadan, o sa’etipay a lilis no riyar o kamaro’an no kahetingay tamdaw, o mipaliwalan nani Afrika i 17 sici tahira i 18 sici, mapatokeled tona mihecahecaan ira ko maomahay a tamdaw no Congko a tayni misakoli misanga’ to lalan no cinamalay.\n\nO cinganganay a radiw no Kosta Rika i,o Tambito ato Punto, tada masasiromaay itini i hekal kona radiw, patinako han o「punto guanacasteco」ato 「punto sancarleno」, adihay itini ko Maya ato riyariyaran a radiw ato kimad.\n\nTahapinangan Tilid(參考文獻) \n[1] 楊志敏; 方旭飛. 列国志·洪都拉斯 哥斯达黎加. 社會科學文獻出版社. 2011-01-01: 175. ISBN 9787509717394.\n\n[2] Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República. 1948-1953 (PDF). Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica. [30 July 2010]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-09-11）\n\n[3] Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (INEC). X Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda - Extranjeros. [2017-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-14）.\n\n[4] \"Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica.\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Retrieved 2 Dec 2013.\n\n[5] Book: Costa Rica: a global studies handbook, Author: Margaret Tyler Mitchell, Scott Pentzer （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n\n書: 《哥斯大黎加：總體研究手冊》, 作者: 瑪格麗特·泰勒·米切爾, 斯科特·彭策爾 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） （英文）\n\n[6] 尼加拉瓜难民涌入哥斯达黎加等邻国 难民署呼吁国际社会提供支持. 聯合國. [2022-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-18）.\n\n[7] The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2022-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-10）.\n\n[8] Canfield (1981:39頁)\n\n[9] Lipski (1994:222頁)\n\n參考文獻[編輯] \n\n 另日本有實質上的軍隊，很多國家獨立時就沒設立過軍隊。列支敦斯登在1868年因為經費開銷過大而廢除了本國軍隊。冰島於1869年裁撤了軍。\n \"Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica.\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Retrieved 2 Dec 2013.\n Book: Costa Rica: a global studies handbook, Author: Margaret Tyler Mitchell, Scott Pentzer （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 書: 《哥斯大黎加：總體研究手冊》, 作者: 瑪格麗特·泰勒·米切爾, 斯科特·彭策爾 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） （英文）\n Canfield (1981:39頁)\n Lipski (1994:222頁)\n Abolición del Ejército en Costa Rica （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes, San José, Costa Rica. 2004. ISBN 9968-856-21-5\n ^ 聯合國大會 第35屆 Resolution 55. Charter of the University for Peace A\/RES\/35\/55 page 2. 1980-12-05. [2008-05-03].\n ^ \"Costa Rica Weather\". Costa Rica Guides\n\n外部連結[編輯原始碼] \n\n （英文） 完整哥斯大黎加資訊網站（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n （法文） 哥斯大黎加\n （英文） BBC國家專欄：哥斯大黎加（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n （英文） （西班牙文） 哥斯大黎加科朗 - 美元（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n （英文） 哥斯大黎加（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n 維基媒體的哥斯大黎加地圖集 \n 維基導遊上有關哥斯大黎加的旅行指南\n OpenStreetMap上有關哥斯大黎加的地理資訊\n\nCosta riga（哥斯大黎加）\n\nItini i 10 00 N, 84 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko Costa riga.\nPolong no sekalay i 51,100 sq km “saka 130 ko rayray no ngangan. ”\n“O sekalay no sera i, 51,060 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 40 sq km ” \nPolong i 4,872,543 ko tamdaw.\n\nsera(土地)\nMasakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 37.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 51.50%, malo no roma to a sera 11.40%.\n\nsiyoto(首都)\nO San Jose(聖荷西) ko Siyoto.\n\nkatomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)\nPihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 15 a romi’ad.\n\nO Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Luis Guillermo Solís(路易斯·吉列爾莫·索利斯·里維拉,全名：Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. \n\nPi’arawan to lakaw\n CIA\n 外交部\n List of current heads of state and government\n \n\nPasawalian 'Amis\nCosta Rica","num_words":2775,"character_repetition_ratio":0.06,"word_repetition_ratio":0.122,"special_characters_ratio":0.25,"stopwords_ratio":0.014,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":8410.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No%E2%80%99amisan%20%E2%80%99Apocok%20kaitiraan","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan 北極點 \nNo’amisan ���Apocok kaitiraan, roma a sowal No’amisan ’Apocok (ikilis: North Pole), o pipangangan to fafa’eday no cikiw palapalaan a No’amisan ’Apocok, saka’amisay kaitiraan horac no cikiw, o karomakat maliyon ko cikiw no ka’amisay ato horac a kalalitemohan. O milonokay maliyol a No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan etal o No’amisan ’Apocok liyol. I palapalaan no No’amisan ’Apocok (o No’amisan ’Apocok ahan) a pisaheci matodongay: o milonokay maliyol no cikiw ato horac no No’amisan ’Apocok masapeno (roma a peno Notimolan ’Apocok, inian ko No’amisan ’Apocok ko sowal), itini tina cikiw a No’amisan ’Apoco o ka’amis no 90°, o ka’amis to todong, o katimol to nitoro’an. Notimolan ’Apocok o notimolan ’apocok karopaw a pala, No’amisan ’Apocok no ka’amisay i laloma’ay no ki^etecay a riyar. Awaay ko sera no No’amisan ’Apocok, dengan o ki^etecay a riyar a mararid a dademakay kifetolay a so^eda, orasaka caay ka lecad matiya o Notimolan ’Apocok, mida’oc mapatireng i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan.\n\nNika o Sulien ato aniniay Erose nai 1937 mihecaan patireng to mapawpaway a pikacawan, ira ko midataay to No’amisan ’Apocok. Nai 2002 mihecaan Erose mingata to No’amisan ’Apoco a pala patireng to cecay pikacawan a Barne, o sakicanglahan to mihecahecaan to dademaken. I 2000 miheca ira ko pakayniay i No’amisan ’Apocok a pikingkiw, makingkiw to kafafalifalic no romi’ad no No’amisan ’Apocok, o mamalaso’or ko so^eda no No’amisan ’Apocok, latek itira toya romi’ad i 2016 miheca[1][2] tangasa rikor no 21 sici halo mataloc. Erose 2007 miheca a Arktika 2007 a demak pakayni i He-pin-haw mico’enepay tamina malalat ko talolong no No’amisan ’Apocok riyar, 4,261 mi (13,980 inci) [3], i 1958 mihecaan no Amilika a Ingwulo haw a heneng-pakalalinikay cifar milalatay to, o talolong 4,087 mi (13,410 ft)[4][5].\n\nMingataay to No’amisan ’Apocok a sekal i o ka’amis no Kelinlan a Kafikepen a kanatal, kararaay to No’amisan ’Apoco 700 km(430 mi). Mingataay to No’amisan ’Apocok, ira ko maro’ay a tamdaw no Kanata a Nonate Kicikotalo pala a Alete, Mingataay to No’amisan ’Apoco 817 km(508 mi).\n\nTadasowal a pasetek 精確定義 \nHalafinay, paso’elin ko tamdaw o milonokay maliyol dadecdec no cikiw ato caay kafalic kaitiraan no No’amisan ’Apocok, tangasa i 18 sici ira ko misa’osi mafanay ci Layanghate Ola kakenaan onini a dadecdec o mamangoyangoy to amahay. Latek i 20 sici, mikingkiway to kakarayan misa’imeray to, ano nai cikiw paketingan a misa’imer to da’ocay fo’is, masapinang masiyol ko konis no cikiw. Matiniay a kasiyol latek o malinahay no ’Apocok, nikawrira o cecayay a laya’, o pinapina a lipay ato o caayay kasarikec a kasiyol. Latek 435 romi’adan ko ko kasiyol to nidadecdecan ni Ola 8 folad, anini pakaci Cintele siyol ahan. Matiniay a kasiyol papipasetek to 1 ” a patiri’, midotoc to milonokay maliyol a dadecdec pasetek i No’amisan ’Apocok caay ka tatodong.\n\nO kamaro’an no cikiw (no wali ka’etip toris, no timol ka’amis toris ato tongroh no riyar) ato makowatay a mapaketing sera, atalimay, malanah ko pala ato macelal ato kaperax, pasifa’ed maserer ko sera, o polong no palapala awaay ko maketingay a faco. Anini, kalokitakit a cikiw to milonokay maliyol ato piarawan ato kalokitakit kakarayan misa’imeray malalikowatay malakapot misetek to kasakitakit a no sera a piarawan faco malosakanga’ay a cacekeran, mido’edo misetek to makidefetay a sapilalat tonini faco no palapala i No’amisan ’Apocok, mihapiw to milonokay maliyol a dadecdecan ko kasiyol.\n\nMisahinahinamay i No’amisan ’Apocok 北極探險史\n\n’Ayaw no 1900 mihecaan \n’Ayaw i 16 sici, aloman ko tadamaanay tamdaw nasa, o dadahalay riyar ko No’amisan ’Apocok, i 19 sici o sowal no tamdaw nano ki’etecay fanaw ato macelakay a ’Apocok a riyar. Orasaka nanay mata’elif i cecay miheca matama ko mapawpaway so^eda a romi’ad kinapinapina a malikid matama kodemak, milepelay to ’iso a cifar kai sa’amisan si’enaway a kanatal.\n\n1900-1940 miheca \nMisahinahinamay no Amilika ci Foritelike Koke sacisowal sa i 1908 miheca tangasa i No’amisan ’Apocok [7]. Ropote Pili pasowal i 1909 miheca tangasa i No’amisan ’Apocok[8], nikawrira nawhani sapilalat tomolacay, caay ka sapinang o tahiraay cangra hanima i No’amisan ’Apocok. \n\nSaka cecay a masapinangay, i kakak a paso’elinen a mihinamay i No’amisan ’Apocok nai 1926 miheca 5 folad 12 romi’ad, nai Nowiy a mihinamay ci Rolte Amonsen ato Amilika micokeray tamdaw ci Linken Aielswos ko midemakay, itiya o ma’eferay cifar Norge ko sakadademak[9], ma’eferay a tamina o no Nowiy sifo, nikawrira o Italiya a patolocay ci Umberto Nobile ko misafacoay ato parakatay. O rakat nai Nowiy a Sewapa kanatal milacal to No’amisan ’Apocok tangasa i Alaska, itiya aloman ko kakak fana’ay ato matayalay tamdaw, ikor i 1928 miheca parakat to ma’eferay cifar sakinatosa pa’olid to No’amisan ’Apocok, nika i pipatikoan matefad, mapatay ko malitosaay tamdaw.\n\n1940 miheca – 21 sici \nPakacifar ko tamdaw a milifet tayra i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan a matilid, nai 20 sici misatapang, nikawrira kinapinapina milifet macenon, itiya no Sulien a mi’ariay to so^eda cifar nawhani matayo ko rakat madapong no so^eda, maleneng, pinapina romi’ad matama no parakatay to hikoki mapa’orip ko icifaray. Naikoran no saka 2 lalood alamidemak sa to heneng, adihay to ko pisanga’ to tadamaanay cifar madado’edo a tayra, milifet to sapilaheciaw to nidemaka i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan, onini malasakalalifelifetan no Amilika ato Elose, i 1958 miheca, o Amilika pakayni i Ingwulo haw a heneng-pakalalinikay milakec to No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan, ikor Syipanhaw a heneng-pakalalinikay o sarakatay talahekal i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan a ifar. O so’elinay pakafaleday romakat a cifar a tangasa i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan, ono Sulien a heneng-mi’ariay to so^eda cifar milaheciay, nanoya malowiday to no tamdaw ko No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan.\n\nRomi’ad ato dadaya 白天和黑夜 \nO No’amisan ’Apocok i kaciherangan i, salalad sa i fafa’ed kacacofelisan no calay no sera, o ’Apocok no romi’ad ahan, felihen i, i kasi’enawan salalad sa i la’eno no kacacofelisan no calay no sera, o Apocok no dadaya ahan. O kasadak no cidal i No’amisan ’Apocok i canglahan (i 3 falad 20 romi’ad), ikor 3 folad ko romi’ad, i kaciherangan (i 6 folad 21 romi’ad) ko satakaraway, tali’angay 23½°, ikor miteka to a patefo, katefoan i falawfawan (i 9 folad 23 romi’ad). Tona pakanengneng ko No’amisan ’Apocok to cidal i, o lilu no cidal matiya o cecay ato miladacay to saseraan a ’arawraway. ’arawraway satapang miingir to calay no sera, rara: sa a macakat, tangasa i kaciherangan i takaraway, itiya rara: sa a malikelon, ikor no kafarawfawan awaay to manengneng. ’ayaw no kasadak no cidal ato picelem to no cidal, nano fali a mapiked ko tedi no likat i sera o makakeremay a likat ahan. Makakeremay a likat i No’amisan ’Apocok i ’ayaw no kasadak no cidal ato ikor no picelem no cidal to 7 a lipay. Oni a nisowalan nawhani o kaliyol no cikiw a maselic ato mitaliyok to cidal maliyol. O kaselic no cikiw maliyol miming ko kafalic. i ’amisay a kaciherangan No’amisan ’Apocok misi’ayaw to cidal. Itiya rara: sa a misorikor to cidal, tangasa i kasi’enawan miliyas to cidal a miraay. Notimolan ’Apocok malecadayto, dengan 6 folad ko kalala’ed.\n\nRomi’ad 時間 \nKasaetal no cikiw, o Cinto ko miketonay to romi’ad no kasaetal ato romi’adan, nawhani o romi’ad ato kamaro’an no cidal malalenay (matiya kalahokan a cidal o satakaraway kamaro’an). Naka No’amisan ’Apocok to cecay mihaca kinacecay masadak ko cidal, kinacecay micelem ko cidal, nika polong no malocalay i No’amisan ’Apocok malalitemoh, caay kacitodong to no’ayaway a sarike. Awaay ko maketingay a maro’ay tamdaw i No’amisan ’Apocok, awaay ko maketingay a romi’ad no pala. Mihinamay manga’ay i kaicowa no etal dademak, tinako Kelinwiyce salingan a romi’ad ato kalomowadan a pala a kadademakan.\n\nKasafalifalic no romi’ad 氣候 \nNawhani o fafa’ed no riyar i No’amisan ’Apocok, o maliyokay no riyar, caay ka matiya o Notimolan ’Apocok ko takaraway a palapala, orasaka No’amisan ’Apocok a hemhem ikaka to no Notimolan ’Apocok ko takaraw. No’amisan ’Apocok a kasi’enawan (saka 1 folad) a hemhem −43 °C (−45°F) tangasa −26 °C (−15°F). kaciherangan (saka 6 tangasa 8 folad) a hemhem malalen ko ki^etec, matilid satakaraway a hemhem 5 °C (41°F), ikaka no Notimolan ’Apocok ko takaraw no hemhem to −12.3 °C (9.9°F) [10]. \n\nNotimolan ’Apocok a so^eda no riyar ira ko 2-3 mi (6 ft 7 in tangasa 9 ft 10 in ) kakifetol[11], nika o kifetol, kaingala’ kasayra, ato macelak ko rakat no nanom mafecak mido’edo to romi’ami’ad ato romi’ad a kafafalifalic[12]. O pikingkiw paini to pinapina miheca mapawpaway so^eda makakerekerem tokihepic[13], letek mapakangiro ko cikiw, nika anini mahapinang mangalef sa ko ki^etecay a kihepic, caayto patepi’ ahan mapakangiro ko No’amisan ’Apocok[14]. O pikingkiw to pinapina a mo^etep ko mihacaan i kaciherangan ko No’amisan ’Apocok o aawa to ko so^eda[15]. \n\nMalowan ko No’amisan ’Apocok a ki^etec no riyar, nika’eceng no cidal a so^eda o mamalowan, mangalef ranikay to a ciherangan ko cikiw, ranikay a masa’ariyotay ko ’Apocokay a sera, caay to kanga’ay ko kafafalifalic no romi’ad[16].\n\nO ’a’adopen pinalengaw 動植物 \nO tomay no No’amisan ’Apocok awaay a mirakarak i takaraway a wiyto i peiwiy 82° a pala, sakaawaay ko kaka’enen, nika i ngata no No’amisan ’Apocok matama ko naripa’an No’amisan ’Apocok a tomay, 2006 miheca o misahinahinamay kapot pakanengneng ira ko No’amisan ’Apocok a tomay masadak i ngata no No’amisan ’Apocok to 1 in (1.6 kongli) a kaitiraan[17][18]. I No’amisan ’Apocok ira masadak ko cifolatakay a lokedaw no riyar, nai la’ed no 89°40’ N caay ka tangasa 60 kongli (37 in) ko ray manengneng ko ngarap no No’amisan ’Apocok[19][20].\n\nIra i No’amisan ’Apocok ato i ngata matama ko ma’eferay ’ayam itira, halo syiwu, pawsyihu ato sacewu, nika ma’eferay ’ayam mikotod to cifar ato misahinahinamay kapot, mahinamay latek caay ko no ma’eferay ’ayam a kadademakan itira[21]. I No’amisan ’Apocok a nanom mtama ko fotifoting, nika caay ka adihay[21]. O cecay a mihinamay no Erose i 2007 miheca 8 folad maepod i dahetal no No’amisan ’Apocok, sacisowal sa awaay ko ma’oripay kahirahira saan[22][23]. Nika ikor mihinamay no Erose matama ko damay i dahetal, micelem a misyasing matama ko romaroma a ’afar ato ma’oripay[24].\n\nManengnengay a kaoratan 常見誤解 \nI No’amisan ’Apocok ato Notimolan ’Apocok karopaw saheto o ’Apocok a pala, nika o No’amisan ’Apocok dengan o ka’amis no Kanata ato Erose, saheto to so^eda ki’etecay, awaay ko tadapala, nika no Notimolan ’Apocok karopaw laenoay no so^eda saheto o palapalaanko iraay.\n\nPienengan a tilid 參考文獻 \n1.Richard Black (2001-04-08). New warning on Arctic sea ice melt （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. BBC\n\n2.David Ljunggren (2009-03-05). Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Reuters\n\n3.Russian sub plants flag at North Pole （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Reuters, Aug 2, 2007\n\n4.Андерсон, Уильям Роберт. \"Наутилус\" у Северного полюса. Воениздат. 1965 [2012-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-02）.\n\n5.Mouton, M.W. The International Regime of the Polar Regions. Hague Academy of International Law. 1968: 202 (34) [2012-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-03）.\n\n6.John K. Wright Geographical Review, Vol. 43, No. 3. (Jul., 1953), pp. 338–365 \"The Open Polar Sea\"\n\n7.Robert Bryce Cook and Peary: the Polar Controversy Resolved Stackpole 1997; Henderson, B. (2005) True North W W Norton & Company ISBN 978-0-393-32738-0\n\n78.1909年4月6日 人类首次徒步到达北极. [2014年11月5日]. （原始內容存檔於2016年3月4日）.\n\n9.Tierney, John. (2009-09-07) Who Was First at the North Pole? （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-04.\n\n10.\"Antarctic Sun: Heat Wave\" Archived 2013-06-16 at WebCite, US Antarctic Program\n\nBeyond \"Polar Express\": Fast Facts on the Real North Pole Archived 2012-02-03 at WebCite, National Geographic News\n\n11.Sea Ice. Sate of the Cryosphere. NSIDC. [6 March 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-05）.\n\n12.\"Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 per cent\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Daily Telegraph (2008-10-28).\n\n13.Model-Based Estimates of Change. IPCC. [6 March 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-13）.\n\n14.Jonathan Amos (2006-12-12). Arctic sea ice \"faces rapid melt\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, BBC.\n\n15.Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts. NOAA. [6 March 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2013-09-09）.\n\n16.Polar Bear – Population & Distribution （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, WWF, January 2007\n\n17.Explorers' Blog （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Greenpeace Project Thin Ice (2006-07-01).\n\n18.Antti Halkka (February 2003). Ringed seal makes its home on the ice. suomenluonto.fi\n\nThe Arctic Fox （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Magnus Tannerfeldt\n\n19.FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR (Ursus maritimus) (PDF). [2011-02-16]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-02-03）.\n\n20.Russia plants flag under N Pole （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, BBC News (2007-08-02).\n\n21.（俄文） News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）\n\n22.\"North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species\" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Observer, 2 August 2009","num_words":3175,"character_repetition_ratio":0.113,"word_repetition_ratio":0.024,"special_characters_ratio":0.263,"stopwords_ratio":0.007,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":12081.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%96%B0%E5%86%A0%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"COVID-19\n\nNangan no lifong(名稱) \nCikemi ko Fala’ a Midengaay Adada (kuwaping a sowal: 嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎; Ikiris a sowal:Coronavirus disease 2019;縮寫:COVID-19),[1] [2] o miladesay to pasasela’an a midengaay a adada,ona lifong caay ka tomerep na kairaan tahanini, o saadihayay ko mapatayay a lifong nona to’asan. O sa’ayaway a ciadadaay tonini i,o itiraay i Uhan-Si Fupie- Kowan no Congko i 2019 miheca.[3] Tahira i 2022 miheca saka 7 folad saka 22 romi’ad ira ko 5 fois ira ko 670 ofad ko madengaay, 638 ofad ko mapatayay,[4] tahanini matenakay ho kona lifong.\n\nkacipinangan no adada(症狀) \nAno ciadada tona lifong i,cifa’edetay, mako’ec, awa ko ‘angil, macahacah, caay to ka pakasanek.[5] [6] Na madenga’ tahira i kacipinangan no tiring i,1~14 ko romi’ad, cecay no kalitolo caay ka cipinang.[7] O ciadaday tonini a tamdaw i,cikemiaay ko fala’(81%), nahaop ko 14% maroraay pasasela’ away ko sanso, nengnengen i lintokin mahapinang ko kaawa no ‘icel no fala’ a pasasela’.oroma i,cecay cecayay to sela’, maseka’ ato masetay to ko lalosidan no tatirengan.[8] Mangalefay ko pikali’ang to malitengay, oroma a tamdaw ano maadaadah ira to ikor a pikali’ang to tiring, mangalefay ko kasamo’ no lalosidan no tatirengan.[9] Mikakinkiway ano hatini to parecep i tatireng to pisiwar to wakawak no tamdaw.[10]\n\nPidenga' no adada(傳播途徑) \nO pidenga nona lifong i, nani ngoso’ay a dinget ato nani ngoyosay a sopa’, patina han nano mako’ec, ma’esing, caciyaw ira a ma’efer ko dinget to sopa’ to micomod tayra i coscos no pasasela’an, matenak to i tatirengan.[11] [12] [13] ona miterocay a sopa’ talacowa caay ka ray ko piteroc i falifalian.[14] [15] nikawrira,ano i ingiday a tamdaw mapadengaay to nona sopa’. O roma sa i,mikapa ko tamdaw to ciadadaay a maamaan tangsol sa a mikapa to niyah a pising, ngoyos midengaay ko matiniay tona lifong,[16] [17] itira i pala’edef hananay a laloma oya pawpaw sanay a ma’efer a adada ano pasasela’ kita mihakelong to fali micomod i tatirengan.[18]\n\nCowa kacipinang ko kaadada(無症狀感染者) \nAno ciadada to tona lifong i sarakatay a tolo ko romi’ad i kakaay ko pidenga nona lifong, I’ayaw no kacipinangan ato cowa ka cipinang to adada a tamdaw madenga nona lifong,[19] [20] o kafana’an no mikinkiway i, mahaop ko 40%~45% a ciadadaay o cowa ka cipinang to adada a tamdaw.[21] [22]\n\nSapitaker a demak(預防措施) \n\nO sapitakeraw tona lifong a demak, kainaneng a misawsaw to kamay, aka ka piingid to tamdaw, lofoen ko ciadadaay to a tamdaw, pafalien ko lalomaan, ano mako’ec pitahepo to ngoyos ato ngoso’, aka ka pikapa to pising ano ca ho ka pisawsaw to kamay.[1] [2] itira i kapolongan a kitiraan aka ca ka citamokis, malowanay ko kadenga’ no lifong.[3] [4]\n\nTala’ayaway ho ko sapisang’aw to sapitaker a sapaiyo iro mitini,adihayay to ko mapasadakay a sapitaker a sapaiyo,miocor ko sifo no kalokitakit a papicocok(paciwsiya) to matiniay a sapitaker sapaiyo, malowanay to ko cilifongay a tamdaw.\n\nO Sapisanga’ay to Tatirengan a Lekatep (世界衛生組織;World Health Organization, WHO) mipatalahekal a milekal i 2020 miheca saka 1 folad saka 30 romi’ad “ o kaletengay a misaikeday a patenak to kacikemi no fala’ a lifong” o sasa’imeren a demak no kapolongan i hekal(PHEIC)[5] tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 11 romi’ad mahapinang to ko katenak i hekal.[6] O tapang no Linheko ci Kutolisu(安東尼歐•曼努埃爾•德奧利維拉•古特瑞斯 GCL GCC;Portokar a sowal: António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres) sowal saan: ona lifong nani kaherekan no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal o sakakaay ko kakaleteng a si’ayawen no tamdaw sanay.[7]\n\nPacefaday a Tilid(註解) \n[1] Coronavirus disease named Covid-19. BBC News. 2020-02-11 [2021-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-15） （英國英語）.\n\n[2] Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 22 (PDF). 世界衛生組織. 2020-02-11 [2020-02-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-02-26）.\n\n[3] Hui, David S.; I Azhar, Esam; Madani, Tariq A.; Ntoumi, Francine; Kock, Richard; Dar, Osman; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Mchugh, Timothy D.; Memish, Ziad A. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 02 2020, 91: 264–266 [2021-01-15]. ISSN 1878-3511. PMC 7128332 . PMID 31953166. doi:10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）.\n\n[4] COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University. [2022-07-22] （英語）.\n\n[5] 冠狀病毒症狀. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-05-13 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-17） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[6] Hopkins, Claire. Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection. Ear, Nose and Throat surgery body of United Kingdom. [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-05-27） （英語）.\n\n[7] Oran DP, Topol EJ. The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic : A Systematic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. January 2021, 174 (5): M20–6976. PMC 7839426 . PMID 33481642. doi:10.7326\/M20-6976.\n\n[8] Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-09-10 [2020-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-02） （美國英語）.\n\n[9] Post-COVID Conditions. 美國疾病控制與預防中心. 2021-04-08 [2021-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-03） （英語）.（中文翻譯 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館））\n\n[10] Post-COVID Conditions. 美國疾病控制與預防中心. 2021-04-08 [2021-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-03） （英語）.（中文翻譯 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館））\n\n[11] 2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）專題問答. 世界衛生組織. 2020-04-17 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-14） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[12] COVID-19如何傳播. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-06-16 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）.\n\n[13] Q & A on COVID-19: Basic facts. 歐洲疾病預防控制中心. [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23） （英語）.\n\n[14] 2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）專題問答. 世界衛生組織. 2020-04-17 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-14） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[15] Stadnytskyi, Valentyn; Bax, Christina E.; Bax, Adriaan; Anfinrud, Philip. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020-06-02, 117 (22): 11875–11877. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7275719 . PMID 32404416. doi:10.1073\/pnas.2006874117 （英語）.[失效連結]\n\n[16] 2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）專題問答. 世界衛生組織. 2020-04-17 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-14） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[17] COVID-19如何傳播. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-06-16 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）.\n\n[18] 問答：2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）是如何傳播的？. 世界衛生組織. 2020-07-09 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-23） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[19] 2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）專題問答. 世界衛生組織. 2020-04-17 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-14） （中文（簡體））.\n\n[20] COVID-19如何傳播. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-06-16 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）.\n\n[21] Oran, Daniel P.; Topol, Eric J. Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020-06-03, 173 (5): 362–367 [2020-12-30]. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 7281624 . PMID 32491919. doi:10.7326\/M20-3012. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-21）.\n\n[22] Fauci Calls for Americans to Pull Together to Fight COVID-19. 美國微生物學會（ASM）. [2020-12-30]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-19） （英語）.\n\n[23] Nussbaumer-Streit, Barbara; Mayr, Verena; Dobrescu, Andreea Iulia; Chapman, Andrea; Persad, Emma; Klerings, Irma; Wagner, Gernot; Siebert, Uwe; Christof, Claudia. Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 04 08, 2020, 4: CD013574 [2021-01-15]. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7141753 . PMID 32267544. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD013574. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-21）.\n\n[24] Guidance on social distancing for everyone in the UK. GOV.UK. [2020-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-24）.\n\n[25] 佩戴口罩的注意事項. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-08-07 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23） （中文（簡體））\n\n[26] Feng, Shuo; Shen, Chen; Xia, Nan; Song, Wei; Fan, Mengzhen; Cowling, Benjamin J. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. 05 2020, 8 (5): 434–436 [2021-01-15]. ISSN 2213-2619. PMC 7118603 . PMID 32203710. doi:10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30134-X. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）.\n\n[27] 關於2019新型冠狀病毒疫情的《國際衛生條例（2005）》突發事件委員會第二次會議的聲明. 世界衛生組織. [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-30）.\n\n[28] 世衛組織總幹事2020年3月11日在2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）疫情媒體通報會上的講話. 世界衛生組織. 2020-03-11 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-12） （中文（簡體））. 因此我們評估認為COVID-19已具有大流行特徵。\n\n[29] 古特雷斯：全球面對二戰以來最嚴峻危機 世衛：新冠疫情在亞太地區“遠未結束”. 法國國際廣播電台. 2020-03-31 [2020-04-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-04） （中文（繁體））","num_words":2019,"character_repetition_ratio":0.088,"word_repetition_ratio":0.116,"special_characters_ratio":0.387,"stopwords_ratio":0.005,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.543,"perplexity_score":4496.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O%20romi%E2%80%99ad%20no%20kalokitakit%20sowal%20no%20ina","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"O romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina 國際母語日\n\nTo mihecahecaan saka 2 folad 21 romi’ad niketonan o romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina, o Linhoko kiwiko, kakak ato punka a lekatep i 1999 miheca mapasadak maketong, nai 2000 miheca, mihecahecaan saka 2 folad 21 romi’ad niketonan o romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina. Patosokan sakiliyok no hekal misinting midama to katadamaan no sowal, micekeroh palosiyang to sowal no ina a onto, saka ecaaw kalasawad ko sowal i hekal.\n\nLikisi 歷史\n\nCalay: Pangkalatis sowal a onto 主條目：孟加拉語言運動 \n1948 miheca, o Pakistan a sifo pala no kitakit a sowal ko Orto a sowal, sakapico’a’ang no sakawali a Pakistan a finawlan. I Pangkalatis sowal a onto i, ira ko 5 tamdaw i 1952 miheca 2 falad 21 romi’ad makowangay mapatay no sofitay[1]. 1956 miheca, no Pangkalatis a kinpo matelek o Pangkalatis sowal ato Orto sowal malosowal no kitakit.\n\n1971 miheca, Pangkalatis kitakit micidek to Pakistan a misiked, i Taka misafa’eloh patireng to “Pa’ading to sowal no ina a pihiratengan ’otoc” [2].\n\n1999 miheca 11 folad, Linhoko kiwiko, kakak, punka a lekatep saka 30 lekad a kalomaoc miketon kai mihecahecaan saka 2 folad 21 romi’adan o “o romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina” [3]. O romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina nai 2000 mihecaan kalomihecaan mitiway, o sapicekeroh to sakalacecay rihaday hekal ato kasahirahira no sowal, a mapadama ko polong a sowal no ina[4][5].\n\nKayki no Linhoko i saka 61 lekad i 2007 miheca 5 folad 17 romi’ad mihayda to cecay niketonan, mihapiw 2008 miheca o “Miheca no sowal i kasakitakit”, pahapinang to kasasiromaroma no sowal o picekeroh to kasasiromaroma no punka ato kasaspsap no kasakitakit a tadamaan, onini a niketonan o maro’ay i Kanata Wenkofa a Pangkalatis a tamdaw ci Rafikul Islam ko pasadakay.\n\nI 1998 miheca 1 folad 9 romi’ad patilid to tilid ci Kofi Annanan, milongoc cingraan to pihayda mihapiw to romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina sapipa’orip to sowal no hekal a caay kalasawad. Ci Rafikul paini yana romi’ad kai 2 folad 21 romi’adan, o sapihirateng to nano onto a sowal i Pangkalatis[6].","num_words":391,"character_repetition_ratio":0.12,"word_repetition_ratio":0.037,"special_characters_ratio":0.244,"stopwords_ratio":0.018,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":62439.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipitiya%3ARequests%20for%20adminship","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"safulo\nTaiwan's population of 23 million, there are 590,000 indigenous peoples in Taiwan (2021), divided into 16 ethnic groups, whose language and culture are all endangered. After working hard to make Ami available in October 2021, I am the leader and main editor of the Ami Wikipedia,I specifically applied to be an administrator because we are just beginning to translate and edit Amis Wikipitiya who could meet the editorial requirements of the wiki.Safulo ( kalalicay) 2022年10月4日 (tinosa) 10:55 (CST)\n\nsupport (支持)\nO tadafangcalay koni Wikipitiya, ano ira ko mikeliday tamiyanan midemakay mikowanay tonini i, o tadamanga'ayay kona demak, ci Safulo singsi ko safangcalay a malakowanliyen nona Wiki no Pangcah aray. ci Amoy ko ngangan nomako.\n\nO Wikipitiya mikowanay tonini i ci Safulo singsi ko safangcalay a malamikowannanay nona Wiki no 'Amis. ci Masao Nikar ko ngangan no mako. Aray. \n\nIra to ko matiniay a mamilosimet a tamdaw o sakacat no laheci no qikipitya no 'Amis,makapah a matilid ko maamaan no 'Amis a tamdaw pakayni i rikisi, punka ato pinangan, o nanengnengen no ikor a tamdamdaw, nanay mapa'icel no cimacima a tamdaw kona tadamaanay demak. ci Safulo kako. \n\nMinanamay ho kako to caciyaw no Pangcah\/'Amis, mafana' to kaira no Wiki, ira ko tahapinangan, nikaorira ano ira ko malamamikowan i, ci Safulo singsi ko matatodongay a mikelid toni a demak.ci Afuko ko ngangan no mako, Aray. \n\nTadamahemek ko faloco' ira ko hatiniay pasadakay to tilid no mita Pangcah, nanay ira ko mikowanay tona Wikipitiya, ci Safulo singsi ko matatodongay a mikelid kitanan. ci Hana ko ngangan ako. aray. \n\nTada mahemek ko faloco’ a mikapot toni a saopo no mitiliday to Wiki. Ci Safulo singsi ko matatodongay a mikelid kitanan. mapainiini to taneng. Itini tona cefang a mika’ered to Wiki, ira ko paini ako to pira’oy to kinairaira i malacalayay a paratohay, to kacangalan ako tono ’Amis a sowal. ci Mayaw ko ngangan ako. aray! \n\nTadamahemek ko faloco' mikapot toni wikipitiya, ira ci Safulo singsi a mikerid tamiyanan a mitilid tonini Wiki.Nanay o matatodongay ci Safulo singsi a mikowan tona wiki.ci Safulo singsi ko safangcalay a malakowanliyen nona wiki. ci Alofay ko ngangan no mako. Aray！ \n\nTadamahemak ko faloco' a mikapot tona wikipitiya,ci Safulo singsi koni keriday tamiyanan a mitilid tona wikipitiya, ano ira ko mamikowan tona wiki i, ci Safulo singsi ko matatodongay a malakowanliyen nona wiki,ci Panay ko ngangan no mako. Aray! \n\nCi Iyus kako, malipahak ko faloco' no mako to picoker tonini a halaka, sa'icelen no mita o Pangcah. \n\nCi Fayan kako, malipahak ko faloco' no mako to picoker tonini a halaka, sa'icel no mita.\n\nCi Halo kako, malipahak ko faloco' no mako to picoker to matiniay a halaka, minanay kako ci Safuloan a mala管理員.\n\nagainst (反對)\n\nabstaining (中立)","num_words":499,"character_repetition_ratio":0.1,"word_repetition_ratio":0.012,"special_characters_ratio":0.218,"stopwords_ratio":0.006,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":70581.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siaw%20Can-haw","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"O Amis Sinsin (Holam: 阿美老師; Siaw Can-haw(蕭傳顥); ) cecay mi'edaw a tamdaw to Ciweytusu(紫微斗數) i Taywan. Na u micamol to malalifet (命運好好玩) i JET綜合台.\n\nAmis\nMi'edaw a tamdaw\nSiwkulang 'Amis\nTaywan","num_words":50,"character_repetition_ratio":0.066,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.253,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.591,"perplexity_score":5898.2,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitoria%20Gok","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Viktoria Viktorovna Romanova-Gok (na fanau ia Iuni 15, 1994, Pyt-Yakh, Russia) o se tagata fai ata, blogger, ma le stylist.\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit","num_words":37,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.272,"stopwords_ratio":0.027,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.446,"perplexity_score":29693.5,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guam","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Guam (kuwaping a sowal: 關島) \nSa^etipan no Taypinyang a paslapalaan, caay ko nikomodan no Amilika a mapatirengay kitakit.\n\nGuam (Inkiris: Guam; Camolo sowal: Guåhån), caay ko nikomodan no Amilika a mapatirengay kitakit, i sa^etipan no Taypinyang a paslapalaan, caay ko nikomodan no Amilika a mapatirengay kitakit a cecay, sofoc sa ko Guam a tamdaw o Amilika a finawlan[3][4]. O hitay no Amilika i tini 4\/1. Akaniya ko tokay no Guam, i Titi a niyaro’ ko alomanay a tamdaw.\n\nI 2015 miheca o tamdaw no Guam 161,785 aloman, o dadahal no Guam 544 kongli, kadadi’ec no tamdaw 297 pinfang kongli, o Malianna pala ko satata’angay ato sakatimolay no pala, o satataangay pala no taliyok i Mikelonisiya.\n\nMonmon-Toto-Maite madadiecay ko tamdaw a kadademakan no sifo, ira ko 1,425 pinfang kongli ko tamdaw; Ilnalacan ato Omatak ko caayay kadadi’ec no tamdaw a kadademakan no sifo, 47 ko pinfang kongli ko tamdaw. Satakaraway a lotok no Guam o Kalapiyatay lotok, takaraw 406 ko laya’ (1,332 Ince).\n\nO Camolo a tamdaw o no Guam a yincumin, nai ’ayaw no 4,000 miheca maro’ay to tina palapalaan, o Potokis misolapay ci Fitinan Maycelon ko sa’ayaway tayni i Guam a Ilopiya tamdaw, I 1521 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad macakat i Guam. Nai 1668 miheca micingcingan no micingcingay, tinako o Tingsokiw a tintosi Tiyako Lois Te son Wiktoris (Inkilis: Diego Luis de San Vitores), I 16 sici tangasa 18 sici itiya, o picomodan no Sepaniya Manila misasalamaay tamina. Amilika ato Sepaniya a kalaloodan itiya, i kalaloodan no Amilika ato Sepaniya itiya, Amilika i 1898 miheca 6 folad 21 romi’ad macalap ko Guam (Inkilis: Capture of Guam), sakiParis katatelek, Sepaniya i 1898 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad o Guam mapaisal ko Amilika. Aniniay a Guam o nano Linhoko saka 7 caayay ko niya ko mikowanan a kanatal[5].\n\nI ’ayaw no saka 2 kalaloodan, o Guam ato 4 a kanatal – no Amilika a Samowa, Hawai, Wike pala ato Filipin – o no Amilika a kanatal i Taypinyang. 1941 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad, ikor romi’ad no Cencukang a lalood, o Guam macalap no Dipong, falican ko pangangan “Oomiyasima (おおみやじま)” hananay[6]. Micalap ko Dipong to 2 miheca iro 6 folad, oci mapatayay, mapamapacofcof maomah, ma’alip ato masamsam ko tamdaw[7][8][9]. Amilika a hitay i 1944 miheca 7 folad 21 romi’ad macefis ko Guam, toya romi’ad o pipakoniraan pihiratengan to miki’aotay kalalood[10]. Nai 1960 mihecaan, mirarakatay ato hitay no Amilika pikaliaca ko saka ira no kicay no Guam (Inkilis: Economy of Guam)tasaay sapicoker[11].\n\nLikisi (歷史) \nGuam ato ka’amisay Malianna palapalaan a yincumin sa’ayaway ato ’ayaw 2000 miheca o waliay katimol Asiya timolay a finacadan[12]:16. Malaikoray to a Camolo tamdaw. No to’as no Camolo a lekakawa malasepatay ko selal o Tapang (chamorri), i fafa’eday selal (matua), sasifo’ay selal (achaot) ato la’enoay (mana'chang) [12]:21.\n\nSpain picingcingan romi’ad (西班牙殖民時期) \nCi Ferdinand Magellan midotocay to hongti no Spain mitaliyok to na hekal i, i 1521 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad manengneng ko Guam[12]:41–42. Nikawrira tangasa 1565 miheca 1 folad 26 romi’ad ci Miguel Lopez de Legazpi a kakeridan itiya to sakacitodong to Guam mikowan[12]:46. 1565 miheca tangasa 1815 mihecaan, o Guam ato ka’amis Mariana palapalaan o no Spain i Philippines sakawali ko pacarcaran, o Guam no Manila a mirarakatay tamina kahiceraan pacarcar, oni a tamina Acapulco tangasa Minila ko karakat a calay[12]:51. Nai 1670 miheca 7 folad 23 romi’ad tangasa 1695 miheca 7 folad o kalaloodan pahanhanay, ato 1671 miheca ato 1693 miheca malefek no faliyos, 1688 miheca ira ko katalawan a salifong, saka o Chamorro tamdaw na o 50,000 malowan to tangasa 5,000 ko tamdaw[12]:86.\n\nCi Dorn Mariano Tobias i 1771 miheca 9 folad 15 romi’ad mapatireng citodongay mikowan i Guam itiya, misitapang misaomah, milongoc to pafeli no yincumin to sera, micoker pacomahad, nai Manila pacomod to Malonem ato kolong, nai Acapulco pacomod to tada lofa ato lofa, patireng to pisaparokan ato pisacilahan[12]:107–109. Paherek ko kalalood ni Napoleon, aloman ko nicalapan no Spain misiiked patireng to kitakit, o sakaira no kicay no Guam o nai Mexico palaliyoc pasayra Philippines[12]: 144. 1856 miheca malenak ko katalawan salifong, mapatay ko 3,644 tamdaw no Guam, naitiya mapacomod ko Caroline tamdaw ato Dipong tamdaw i Mariana palapalaan a maro’ [12]:157.\n\nO Amilika ato Spain malalood tangasa saka 2 kalalood no hekal. (美西戰爭至第二次世界大戰) \nI 1898 mihecaan a kalalood no Amilika ato S Spain a kasasicalap to Guam (Inkiris: Capture of Guam), o Spain saki Paris katatelakan, i 1898 miheca 12 folad 23 romi’ad, midotoc to aocoren kadadefongan 108-A patorod to hitay no Amilika to Guam, o Guam malakaromakatan mita’elif to sakatayra i Philippines, o ka’amis Marianna kanatal mapa’aca i Germany, ka’amis Marianna kanatal i 1919 miheca kalokitakit a lakatep miketon patorod to Dipong ko mikowanay[11]. Hitay no Amilika i 1899 miheca i Piti (Inkiris: Piti, Guam) patireng to minato, i 1901 miheca i Sumay mipatireng to minato no hitay[13]:13. Kalaloodan no Amilika ato Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apollinario Mabini i 1901 miheca mapalafel i Guam [14]:vi.\n\nMido’edo to Versailles katatelek, kalokitakit a lakatep i 1919 miheca miketon to ka’amis Marianna kanatal patored to Dipong a mikowan. Nai ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw mapatayra i Guam malamifalicay\/hongyako ano eca malamatayalay no Dipong, kalo’adaen no Dipong ko pinengneng to Chamorro tamdaw no Guam. Ikor no kalalood, Guam ato i ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw masasicangal, no Guam a Chamorro tamdaw ko sini’adaay ko ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw o sasaan, o ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw o nano mikowanan no Dipong to 30 mihecaan, o mipasayraay i Dipong.\n\nI saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal itiya, o Guam i lalood no Pearl minato itiya macalap no Dipong. Picalap no Dipong to Guam ira ko 31 a folad, mafalic ko ngangan “O Omiyasima” han[6]. Itiya, o yincumin no Guam mapalalingad, malaliyas ko laloma’an, marofo, mipatay, pasaopoen mirofo, patangic pala’a’alipan, ira ko 1,000 ko tamdaw ko nipatayan, oroma ira ko 10% kalaloodan mapatayay Guam a tamdaw, itiya o tamdaw no kanatal ira ko 20,000 tamdaw[15].\n\nAmilika i 1944 miheca 8 folad 10 romi’ad maala ko Guam, o hitay no Dipong to mapatayay mata’elif k 18,000 tamdaw, makatapi’an dengan 485 ko tamdaw, ci Shoichi Yokoi kakeridan i 1972 miheca 1 folad to a makatapi’, o saikoray i Guam sofitay no Dipong[16]. Itiya macalap to no Amilika ko ka’amis Marianna kanatal a mikowan.\n\nRomakatay i nanom a hikoki nai 1921 tangasa 1930 miheca micomod i Guam, o sa’ayaway kahiceraan no romakatay i nanom a hikoki i Taypinyang[13]:13. Ledef no Amilika a hikoki parakat nai San Francisco – Manila – Hongkong a calay, Taypinyang calay no tingki a kosi (Inkilis: Commercial Pacific Cable Company) i 1903 miheca mapatireng ko tingwa, tingpo a kamaro’an[13]:15. Ka’amis a hikociw (North Field) i 1944 miheca mapatireng, o pihiratengan ci James Roy Anderson (Inkiris: James Roy Andersen) a mafalic ko ngangan to Andersen hikociw no hitay.\n\nIkor no kalalood. (戰後) \nIkor no saka 2 kalalood, pakayni i 1950 miheca no Guam a kasakapot a rikec (Inkiris: Guam Organic Act of 1950) o Guam mala no Amilika a caayay kapolong a sera, mapatodong i laloma’ay no kanatal sifo a finawlan, mapafeli to no Amilika finawlan a salongc, Kuam a sifo i ’ayaw no 1968 miheca o katatelekan a sifo ko miocoray, Kuam kakeridan a pipili’ a rikec (Inkilis: Guam Elective Governor Act) ikoran o nipili’an no finawlan[17]:242. Nawhan o Kuam caay ko no Amilika a cecay kanatal, mipili’ to congtong caay ka nga’ay, o pikaykian no lomaocay awaay ko todong mitaypiw mipili’ [11]. Nikawrira manga’ay sakicefang to picoker to mamalacongtong a mipili’ [18].\n\nIkor no lalood i Vietnam tangasa anini. (越戰後至今) \nAntesen a hikokiciw no sofitay ti saki lalood i Vietnam, ikor mafalic to o saka 36 a kosacefang (Inkiris: 36th Wing# Pacific Air Forces) (36 WG), masa’isal to i Amilika Taypinyang hikoki hitay (PACAF) ato Amilika saka 13 hikoki cefang (13AF). 2012 miheca 9 folad, 13 AF paherek to ko demak mapapolong to tayra i hikoki hitay no Amilika i Taypinyang. Cecay miheca cecay ko kasaso’ayaw to no’amisay hitay a milalingsiw (Inkiris: Cope North) a ta’angay demak[19].\n\nI 1997 miheca 8 folad 6 romi’ad no Korea hikoki 801 haw matefad i Kuam, oya 747 hikoki mamatefo i masetol i Nimitz a lotok, saka i laloma’ay no hikoki 254 ko tamdaw i 228 ko mapatayay a tamdaw. I rayray a likisi no Kuam a tilid (Inkiris: National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam) nai 1974 miheca mapacomod i rayray a likisi no Amilika. I 1975 miheca mapacarcar ko 100,000 a malafelay tamdaw no Vietnam, 1996 miheca mapakamaro’ ko 6,600 a malafelay tamdaw no Kurd[13]:17.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nKaitiraan no Guam a pala i laed no sa’amisan 13.2˚ tangasa 13.7˚, sakawali 144.6˚ tangasa 145.0˚, o dadahal 212 pinfang ingli (549 pinfang kongli), o sata’angay saka 32 pala no Amilika, o satata’angay i Mariana a katimolay palapalaan, noroma o satata’angay no Micronesia a palapalaan, o nano Taypinyang a padiyac ato no Philippines a padiyac masasisetolay a mala’ongcoy, o Guam mingata to Mariana kasakengkeng no riyar a sera, onini a kasa’efong i saka’etip. Ka’etip katimol no Guam milifetay a mipalitaay a kakak to talolong no riyar, talolong 35,797 ingce (10,911 kongce). Satakaraway lotok o Lingtning a lotok, takaraw 1,334 ingce (407 kongce) [20].\n\nO pala no Guam kakaya’ 30 ingli (50 kongce); kakahad 4 tangasa 12 ingli (6 tangasa 19 kongli), o 4 no 3 no Singapore ko dadahal. Nawhani i ka’etip lawacay no Taypinyang a padiyac ato mingata to padiyac no Philippinse, noroma ira ko lonen, kalonenan ngata no Guam ira ko 5.0 tangasa 8.7. caay to lecad to no Miriana palapala a Anatahan pala ko kacimacelal, away ko macelal no Guam, nikawrira ngataay a Anatahan, ira ko pacefas no kasadak ko namal lotok a macelal a ’alafoh tayra i Guam[21].\n\nSaheto o raka ko taliyok no riyar no Guam, maropayay a ’alafoh i panahalay sera i malopisopedan to nanom, ka’amisay a lawac no riyar masatono’ay, katimolay masa’apoloay tangasa i lawac no riyar[1].\n\nO kasasiromaroma no romi’ad (氣候) \nO romi’ad no Guam o nano riyar a fa’edetay, o nai waliay ko fali, falawfaw ko romi’ad, matatodong i 30˚C ko takaraw 24˚C ko laenoay, ’orad to mihecaan 2,180mm. polong no sasowalen, o kafalawfaw caay pakata’elif to 32˚C anoca 21˚C. o dadaya kasoemet ikaka to 84%, nakawrira safoladan a soemet 66%. Kakedalan 12 folad laed to mihaca 6 folad; kaoradan 7 folad tangasa 11 folad. Saka 1, 2 folad o saemelay romi’ad, dadaya a falawfaw 21-24˚C, caay ka soemet. Satakaraway a falawfaw no Kuam tangasa i 96˚F (36˚C), i 1971 miheca 4 folad 18 romi’ad, 1990 miheca 4 folad 1 romi’ad a maditekay; poeneray falawfaw 65˚F (18˚C), 1973 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad a maditek[23].\n\nO kaitiraan a maro’ no Guam o “pangpangan no faliyos” [24]. I kasoemetan romi’ad mararid ira ko faliyos, 8 folad tangasa 10 folad o kacifaliyosan a foladan, nikawrira masamihecaan ira ko faliyos. Satakaraway picalap no faliyos to Guam itiya o takolil han ko ngangan, o rakat no fali ira ko 180 ingli to cecay toki (290 kongli); kasaliyad no fali ira ko 220 ingli to cecay toki (350 kongli), i 2018 miheca 10 fola 24 romi’ad macalap ko Saipan kanatal, katimolay a Guam malecad ko kakari’ang.\n\nNai 1976 miheca Pomila faliyos (Inkiris: Typhoon Pamela (1976)) ikor a micalap, no kilang a lomaloma’ falican to no amoto ko pipatireng[25][26]. Sapiliyas mitena’ to faliyos, i 1980 miheca o fasila no dinsing nao kilang falican to amoto. Pinapina a loma’ ato kosi mapakafit ko sapitena’ to faliyos (Inkilis: typhoon shutters).\n\nTamdaw (人口)\n\nLikisi a rayray no tamdaw (歷史人口) \n\nMidotoc 2010 miheca pisaosi, yincumin Chamorro tamdaw saalomanay no finacadan i Guam, makialoma no tamdaw to 37.3%, roma finacadan o nano Philippines tamdaw (29.3%), Amilika fohecalay (7.1%) ato Chuck tamdaw (7%), roma o no Taypinyang a kanatal ato Asia tamdaw. Tingsokiw ko pakayraan, ira ko 85% tamdaw no mitooray to Tingsokiw[1]. Roma, ira ko caay kapapina o Yatayakiw (Inkiris: History of the Jews in Guam). O Inkiris ato Chamorro a sowal ko no kitakit a sowal.\n\nSofitay (軍事) \n’Ayaw o Sepaniya ko micalapay to Guam, i 1898 miheca Amilika Spain a laloodan, itiya macalap to no Amilika, marepet ko sakowan to polong no Guam.\n\nI 1941 miheca, maocor no Dipong ko ta’angay a sofitay milood to Guam, ira ko 500 tamdaw no kanatal mipatap’ to hitay no Dipong, nanoya macalap no Dipong.\n\nI 1944 miheca, ocoran no Amilika ko ki’emelay a tamina hitay ato karayan hitay sapilood to hitay no Dipong i Guam, itiya i kanatalay hitay no Dipong 18,000 tamdaw ko mapatayay, 1,200 tamdaw ko marofoay, mapatayay a hitay no Amilika 3,000 tamdaw, madoka’ay 7,100 tamdaw, citodong mikowan ko Amilika to Guam[29][13]:87.\n\nAniniay a Guam o mapatirengay ko kamaro’an hitay no Amilika, o sowal i “o caayay kaleneng a Aircraft Carrier\". 2010 miheca, pasadak ko Amilika to 126 walwalan no Amilika payso sapisanga’ misadadahal to kamaro’an no sofitay, patodong saki kaetipay no Taypinyang satadamaanay pala no sofitay, pakini toni a demak: patireng to minato no Aircraft Carrier, sapitena’ to ma’eferay timera ato kasasilinsiwan; oroma i saki kanatal a hitay o sadama to liyok, o ariri no hikoki, ariri pasimalan, ariri no patimeraan, sapitena’ to pilood no timera. O dadahal no kamaro’an sofitay no Amilika i Guam kanatal 39,000 Inmo (16,000 kongcin), o dadahal 29%.\n\nO kasa’etal no sofitay (主要軍事區) \n1.Pala no riyar a hitay no Amilika i Guam (Inkiris: Naval Base Guam) – Sumay\n\n2.Amilika mililisay i riyar a cefang 14 ’etal, - Sumay\n\n3.Anderson pala no hikoki – Yiko maci\n\n4.Apra minato – Orote litosa no pala\n\n5.Ariri no afet riyar a hitay – sasifo’ pakatimol ’akawangay sera\n\n6.Kamaro’an kalalicay a tingnaw no riyar a hitay – Barringada maci ato Finengayan\n\nSici (政治) \nIkor no saka 2 kalaloodan, Amilika pikaykian no finawlan i 1950 miheca mahayda to kasacefang a rikec no Guam (Inkilis: Guam Organic Act of 1950), mapatireng no Amilikaay a sakadademak, pirikecan, mawacayay toloay salongoc a sifo, sapaini to yincumin no Guam ato ikoray masofoc a finawlan no Amilka. O tapang no Guam i ’ayaw no 20 miheca o congtong no Amilika ko miocoray, tangasa i 1970 miheca o finawlan ko mipili’ay, 4 miheca ko cecay lekad, manga’ay padoedo to kanacecay. O pikayki no mirikecay no Guam cecayay lekad, 2 miheca, ’ayaw 21 ko iing, i 1999 miheca mafalic 15 ko iing, polong no kanatal ko mipili’ay. O kasacefang no Guam ira ko Micotang ato Konghetang, milekoay to i Amilika a Micotang ato Konghetang.\n\nNai 1973 miheca, mihayda ko fanawlan pikaykian no Amilika patireng to caay singkiwen to malo kalomaocan i fanawlan pikaykian no Amilika. Malataypiaw no Guam a finawlan mikaykiay ato caay kalecad ko i 50 no kasa’etal a iing, i wiyyinhuy ko pikihatiya a pakamay, caay ka citodong to pihayda no finawlan a pikaykian, malecad no kasa’etal a wiyyin ko salongoc, halo pipalowad to pitelek, oni a taypiaw i niyaro’ no Guam mamipili’ [11].\n\nKicay (經濟) \nO sakaira no micomoday no Guam miti’er to mirarakatay ato patodong kamaro’ no sofitay no Amilika i palaan[30]. Mihecahecaan no mirarakatay o Dipong a tamdaw ko ’alomanay, tayniay ira ko 75%, icowacowa ira ko no Dipong a tilid to kacipinangan ato pihapiw, roma to, ira ko nai Korea, Amilika, Philippines, Taywan a mirarakatay[31]. O sakimirakatay a micomoday ira ko 1590 ’ofad payso no Amilika. I 2003 miheca, awaayay ko katayalan 14% ko tamdaw no Guam, mataloc to 3.14 yok payso no Amilika[32].\n\nI 2008 miheca, Mikelonisiya a hikoki satata’angay a kaysya i Guam, 1,400 ko tamdaw to matayalay, mala no Amilika a saka tosa kaysya[33]; anini o cecay to kapolongan hikoki, no Cikako kapolongan mikafoay kaysya (Inkilis: United Continental Holdings) [34]. Nia kaysya patodong to kinaira no matayalay to mihecaan i 9,000 ’ofad Amilika payso.\n\nSakalacalay no tingwa (通訊) \nImatini, o wikidtingwa maledofay to i palaoalaan no Guam, malaheci ko saki wiki ato tilifi nai calay pipatirang. ’alomanay finawlan sahetoay o wikidtingwa, i ’ayaw no 1990 miheca rarid sa a maketon, anini hakanga’ayan. O Guam nai 1997 miheca micomod i ’amisay Amilika ko fangko (no kitakit 671 mafalic to no ’amisay Amilika patongal 1 fangko 671), palasawad ato pikapot tono Amilioka ’atekak ko ’aca i kasakitakit[36].\n\nImatini, o wikidtingwa maledofay to i palaoalaan no Guam, malaheci ko saki wiki ato tilifi nai calay pipatirang. ’alomanay finawlan sahetoay o wikidtingwa, i ’ayaw no 1990 miheca rarid sa a maketon, anini hakanga’ayan. O Guam nai 1997 miheca micomod i ’amisay Amilika ko fangko (no kitakit 671 mafalic to no ’amisay Amilika patongal 1 fangko 671), palasawad ato pikapot tono Amilioka ’atekak ko ’aca i kasakitakit[36].\n\nO sakaromakat (交通) \nO Antonio Wangpot kasakitakit a katefoan no hikoki i Guam. Awaay ko pafesotay nai Guam ato Amilika a hikoki, pafesotay tayra i Hawaii Tangsiansan (rakat 7 ko toki). Oroma, Guam ira to romi’ami’ad masaso’aliway i ’amis Maliyana palapalan, Philippines Manila (rakat 3 ko toki) ato mirarakatay nai Dipongay (rakat 3-4 ko toki) ato Korea, roma a rakat no hikoki caay ka rarid to romi’ami’ad. O papacalay ko Taywan. Kapolongan hikoki o paparakat to nai Sanghai Potong kasakitakit hikoki a to Hongkong sakakitakit hikoki to paromi’aday a rakat, ato nai Beijing to kafalifalican romi’ad.\n\nKasaso’aliw nai Guam ato Amilika, manga’ay mikalic to no Amilika hikoki i Dipong, Korea, Congko a pakotay to pikalic, nika mipatodong to paspoto a calay tilid.\n\nCaay kaadihay ko faso no Guam, awaay ko mikalicay tamdaw, saheto ono niya ko sakaromakat.\n\nSapaising a isi (醫療衛生) \nI Tamuning a pihiratengan ising i Guam (Inkiris: Guam Memorial Hospital) o sifo no Guam ko citodongay[37]. O wiyyinhuy no Amilika ko patodongay to ising ato wadis ising ko milosiyangay, i Akanakaw niyaro’ (Inkiris: Agana Heights, Guam) no Amilika a riyar hitay ising ko cacitodong ato laloma’an ko matayalay midama[38]. I palaay o CareJet i fafaeday pa’oripay mamidama, patayra i Guam ato liyok no palapalaan ko adadaay tamdaw[39]. Itiya i 2016 miheca misatapang i kasapala ko no niya patirengan ising[40].\n\nMalikakaay maci (姊妹城市) \n1.Dipong Toyma maci: Nai 1977 miheca masasi malikakaay fafahiyan pala.\n\n2.Taywan Taypi maci: I 1973 miheca 1 folad 12 romi’ad malakayat.\n\n3.Taywan Tawyin maci: I 2021 miheca 12 folad 15 romi’ad malakayat.\n\n4.Taywan Taycong maci: I 2022 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad malakayat.\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n1. Australia-Oceania :: Guam (Territory of the US). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2015-08-26]. (nina’angan tilid, 2013-12-03).\n\n2. Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index mana’ang kalocalay, na’angan romi’ad 2011-10-05., United Nations ESCAP, February 2009\n\n3. U.S. Territories. [2007-02-09]. (nina’angan tilid, 2007-02-09)..\" DOI Office of Insular Affairs. February 9, 2007.\n\n4. DEFINITIONS OF INSULAR AREA POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS.. [2007-11-14]. (nina’angan tilid, 2011-07-21). Office of Insular Affairs (Inkilis: Office of Insular Affairs). Retrieved October 31, 2008.\n\n5. The United Nations and Decolonization. www.un.org. [2017-07-04]. (nina’angan tilid, 2014-02-27).\n\n6.Pirarakatan citodongay, グアムの歴史. グアム sifo pihalamaan citodongay. [2020-10-06]. (nina’angan tilid, 2021-05-22).\n\n7. War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co... |National Library of Australia (felih mana’ang kapi tilid, mana’ang kalocalay). Catalogue.nla.gov.au (September 20, 1994). Retrieved June 13, 2012.\n\n8. \"Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission |July 21, 2004 mana’ang kalocalay pina’angan romi’ad 2013-01-20..\" Office of Insular Affairs (Inkilis: Office of Insular Affairs). Retrieved September 19, 2012.\n\n9. Higuchi, Wakako. The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam, 1941–1944 (PDF). The Journal of Pacific History. 2001, 36 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080\/00223340120049424. (Nano nina’angan (PDF) mana’ang i 2013-01-20).\n\n10. Guam police arrest suspect in memorial theft. Marine Corps Times (Inkilis: Marine Corps Times). Associated Press. 2007-07-07 [2010-04-05]. (nano nina’angan i 2011-05-15).\n\n11. Carano, Paul; Sanchez, Pedro C. A Complete History of Guam. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 1964. OCLC 414965.\n\n12. Carano, Paul; Sanchez, Pedro C. A Complete History of Guam. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 1964. OCLC 414965.\n\n13.Rottman, G. (2004) Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-811-3\n\n14.Mabini, A., 1969, The Philippine Revolution, Republic of the Philippines, Dept. of Education, National Historical Commission.\n\n15. Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 (mana’ang ko kapi tilid, mana’ang i kalocalay), Transaction Publishers, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8\n\n16. Kristof, Nicholas D. Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead; Japan Soldier Hid 27 Years. The New York Times. 1997-09-26 [2017-07-04]. (Mana’ang ko tilid 2009-02-01).\n\n17. Rogers, Robert F. Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1995.\n\nCurry, Tom. Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico. NBC sinpon. 2008-05-28 [2016-08-19]. (nano nina’angan tilid 2016-08-15).\n\n18. US, Japan, Australia to hold Cope North 2017 February 9, 2017 (nano kapi nina’angan, mana’ang i kalocalay) Guam Post Retrieved March 27, 2017.\n\n19. \"Geography of Guam\". Official site of Guam, April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2014 from Archived copy. [2016-05-02]. (nano nina’angan tilid 1996-10-27).\n\n20. \"Home page of the Anahatan volcano\". USGS-CNMI, November 8, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from http:\/\/hvo.wr.usgs.gov\/cnmi\/ (nina’angan kapi tilid, mana’ang i kalocalay).\n\n21.2010 Guam Summary File - Total Population. US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau. [2019-09-24]. (nano nina’angan tili i 2021-05-10).\n\n22. Climatological Report. National Weather Service. 2014-02-26 [2014-02-26]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2014-03-07).\n\n23. National Weather Service Dedicated Forecast Office in Typhoon Alley. US NOAA NWS. 2000-04-27 [2012-08-19]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-01-07).\n\n24. Guam Catastrophe Model. Risk Management Solutions. [2007-06-16]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-02-07).\n\n25. Winds. PacificWorlds.com. [2007-06-16]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-08-27).\n\n26. NOWData–NOAA Online Weather Data. Amilika kitakit no riyar ato hekalan citodongay. [2012-11-17]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-10-31).\n\n27. Climatological Information for Guam, Pacific Islands, United States. Hong Kong Observatory. [2012-11-17]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-01-20).\n\n28. Casualty List - U.S. Armed Forces - 1944. National Park Service, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam. [2017-03-08]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-07-01).\n\n29.Pihomongan no hitay, Guam Visitors Bureau. [2017-07-05]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-13).\n\n30. Visitor Arrival Statistics. Guam Visitors Bureau. [2016-08-27]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-07-07).\n\n31. 2004 Guam Yearbook (PDF). [2007-07-19]. (nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2005-10-29).\n\n32. Kerrigan, Kevin. Guam Will Be The Pacific Hub for Merged Airlines. [2016-08-20]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-05-11）.. Pacific News Center (May 5, 2010). Retrieved October 5, 2010. \"Continental Micronesia is Guam's single largest employer. About 1400 jobs here on dependent on the airline.\"\n\n33. \"Company Information.\" (Archive) United Continental Holdings (Inkilis: United Continental Holdings）. Retrieved November 16, 2012.\n\n34. Blair, Chad ( 2008-05-30). \"'Air Mike' a rare bright spot in local aviation (nano kapi nina’angan, i kalocalay mana’ang). \" Pacific Business News (Inkilis: Pacific Business News).\n\n35. J. N. Deak. PL-NANP-004 (PDF). North American Numbering Plan Administration. 1996-08-05 [2010-10-12]. (nano tilid (PDF) mana’ang i 2010-11-26).\n\n36. Welcome to the official Guam Memorial Hospital Authority Website! – Tonyt (nano kapi a tilid, mana’ang i kalocalay). Gmha.org. Retrieved June 13, 2012.\n\n37. U.S Naval Hospital Guam (nano kapi nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay). United States Navy\n\n Guam's CareJet Program Resumes Service. Air Medical Net. 2012-09-10 [2016-04-21]. (nano nina’angan i 2016-04-05).\n\n38. Sablan, Jerick. No. 5: Guam Regional Medical City opens. Pacific Daily News. 2016-01-04 [2016-04-21].\n\nGuam","num_words":5655,"character_repetition_ratio":0.057,"word_repetition_ratio":0.056,"special_characters_ratio":0.29,"stopwords_ratio":0.007,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.991,"perplexity_score":19953.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George%20Harrison","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ni George Harrison[nb 1] MBE (25 Pebrero 1943 – 29 Nobiembre 2001)[nb 2] ket maysa idi nga Ingles a musikero ken kumakanta-mannurat ti kanta a nakagun-od ti internasional a kinalatak a kas ti mangidaulo a gitarista ti Beatles. No dadduma naawagan iti \"ti naulimek a Beatle\", ni Harrison ket inabrasa na ti kultura ti India ken timmulong a nangpalawa ti sakop ti nalatak a musika babaen ti panangikabilna ti instrumentasion ti India ken ti Hindu-a naitunos nga espiritualidad iti obra ti Beatles.[2] Urayno ti kaaduan kadagiti kanta ti banda ket insurat babaen da John Lennon ken Paul McCartney, kaaduan kadagiti album ti Beatles manipud idi 1965 ken agtultuloy ket naglaon ti saan a basbassit ngem dua a komposision ni Harrison. Dagiti kantana para iti grupo ket mairaman ti \"Taxman\", \"Within You Without You\", \"Bayat a Siaannad nga Agsangsangit ti Gitarak\", \"Here Comes the Sun\" ken \"Something\". \n\nDagiti immuna nga impluensia ti musika ni Harrison ket mairaman da George Formby ken Django Reinhardt; Da Carl Perkins, Chet Atkins ken Chuck Berry ti simmaruno nga impluensia. Idi 1965, isu ket nangrugin a nangidaulo kadagiti Beatles iti folk rock babaen ti interesna kenni Bob Dylan ken dagiti Byrds, ken agturong iti Indiano a klasiko a musika babaen ti panagusar kadagiti instrumento ti India, a kas ti sitar, nga isu ket nagbalin a naam-ammo iti set ti pelikula Tulong![3] Isu ket nagtokar ti sitar kadagiti adu a kanta ti Beatles, a nangrugi iti \"Norwegian Wood (Daytoy a Tumatayab ket Nagtayab)\". Gapu ta inrugina ti panangabrasa ti banda iti Transcendental Meditation idi 1967, kalpasanna ket nakapataud ti pannakaikameng iti movimiento ti Hare Krishna. Kalpasan ti panagsina ti banda idi 1970, ni Harrison ket nangiruar ti triple nga album nga All Things Must Pass, ti kritikal a nadayaw nga obra a nangpataud ti kababalligian a napadayawan a single na, \"My Sweet Lord\", ken nangiyam-ammo ti pirmana nga uni a kas maysa a solo nga artista, ti slide a gitara . Isu ket nangorganisar pay ti 1971 a Konsierto para iti Banglades a kaduana ti Indiano a musikero a ni Ravi Shankar, ti maysa a prekursor kadagiti naud-udi a makagunggona a konsierto a kas ti Live Aid. Iti papelna a kas maysa a prodyuser ti musika ken pelikula, ni Harrison ket nangpataud kadagiti aramid a napirmaan iti label ti rekord ti Apple ti Beatles sakbay a nangibangon ti Dark Horse Records idi 1974; isu ket kaduana a nangibangon ti HandMade Films idi 1978, idi damo tapno mangpataud ti komedia a pelikula ti troupe ti Monty Python a Ti Biag ni Brian (1979).\n\nNi Harrison ket nangiruar kadagiti sumagmamano a nalatak a single ken album a kas maysa a solo a managpabuya. Idi 1988, isu ket kaduana a nangibangon ti platinum-selling a supergrupo a ti Traveling Wilburys. Maysa a nabunga nga artista ti panagrekord, isu ket naiparang a kas maysa a sangaili a gitarista kadagiti track babaen da Badfinger, Ronnie Wood ken Billy Preston, ken nakitinnulong kadagiti kanta ken musika a kaduana da Dylan, Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr ken Tom Petty, ken dagiti dadduma pay. Ti magasin a Rolling Stone ket nangiranggo kaniana a numero 11 iti listaan ​​da kadagiti \"100 a Kadakkelan a Gitarrista iti Amin a Panawen\". Isu ket dua a daras a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee – a kas kameng ti Beatles idi 1988, ken kalpasan ti ipapatayna para iti solo a karerana idi 2004.[4]\n\nTi immuna a panagasawa ni Harrison, kenni modelo a ni Pattie Boyd idi 1966, ket nagpatingga iti diborsio idi 1977. Iti simmaruno a tawen isu ket nakiasawa kenni Olivia Arias, a kaduana ket addaan iti anak a lalaki, ni Dhani. Natay ni Harrison gapu iti kanser ti bara idi 2001 iti edad a 58, dua a tawen kalpasan a nakalasat iti panangraut ti maysa a nangraut babaen ti kutsilio iti pagtaenganna, ti Friar Park. Napuoran dagiti bangkayna, ket naiwaras dagiti dapo sigun iti tradision dagiti Hindu iti pribado a seremonia iti karayan Ganges ken Yamuna idiay India. Isu ket nangibati ti estate a dandani £100 a riwriw.","num_words":828,"character_repetition_ratio":0.059,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.218,"stopwords_ratio":0.001,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":147022.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ringo%20Starr","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ni Sir Richard Starkey[2] MBE[3] (nayanak idi 7 Hulio 1940), ammo a propesional a kas ni Ringo Starr, ket maysa nga Ingles a musikero, kumakanta, mannurat ti kanta ken aktor a nakagun-od ti internasional a kinalatak a kas ti drummer para iti Beatles. Ni Starr ket sagpaminsan a nagkanta kadagiti lead vocals a kadua ti grupo, kadawyan para iti maysa a kanta iti tunggal maysa nga album, a mairaman ti \"Yellow Submarine\" ken \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". Isu ket nagsurat ken nagkanta pay kadagiti kanta ti Beatles a \"Don't Pass Me By\" ken \"Octopus's Garden\", ken naipadayaw a kas maysa a kadua a mannurat kadagiti uppat pay. \n\nNi Starr ket naparparigat kadagiti makapapatay a sakit bayat ti kinaubingna, nga addaan kadagiti panawen ti napaut a pannakayospital. Isu ket apagbiit a nagtagtaginayon ti maysa a puesto iti British Rail sakbay a nakagun-od ti maysa nga aprentis a kas maysa a makinista iti maysa a managaramid ti alikamen ti pagadalan ti Liverpool. Di nagbayag kalpasanna, ni Starr ket nagbalin nga interesado iti UK skiffle craze ken nakapataud ti napasnek a panagdayaw para iti genre. Idi 1957, isu ket kaduana a nangibangon ti immuna a bandana, ti Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group, a nakagun-od kadagiti sumagmamano a natan-ok a lokal a panag-book sakbay a ti uso ket nagpatulong iti Amerikano a rock and roll idi agarup a nasapa a 1958. Idi nabukel ti Beatles idi 1960, ni Starr ket kameng idi ti sabali a Liverpool grupo, ni Rory Storm ken dagiti Bagyo. Kalpasan a nakagun-od ti kalalainganna a balligi idiay UK ken Hamburg, isu ket nagikkat iti Hurricanes idi isu ket nadawat a makikadua iti Beatles idi Agosto 1962, a nangsukat kenni Pete Best.\n\nMalaksid kadagiti pelikula ti Beatles, ni Starr ket nagtignay kadagiti adu a dadduma pay. Kalpasan ti panagsina ti banda idi 1970, isu ket nangiruar kadagiti sumagmamano a naballigi a singles a mairaman ti US top-ten hit a \"It Don't Come Easy\", ken numero uno a \"Photograph\" ken \"You're Sixteen\". Ti kababalligian a single-na iti UK ket ti \"Back Off Boogaloo\", a nagpuntiria iti numero dua. Isu ket nakagun-od ti komersial ken kritikal a balligi babaen ti 1973 nga albumna a Ringo, a daytoy ket maysa idi a top-ten a nairuar nga agpada idiay UK ken E.U. Ni Starr ket naitampok kadagiti adu a dokumentario, nangisangaili kadagiti pabuya ti telebision, nangisalaysay kadagiti immuna a dua a serye ti programa ti telebision dagiti ubbing a Thomas & Friends ken nangiladawan ti \"Mr. Conductor\" bayat ti umuna a panawen ti serye ti telebision dagiti ubbing ti PBS a Shining Time Station. Manipud idi 1989, isu ket nagturong kadagiti sangapulo ket tallo a panagduduma ti Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band.\n\nTi estilo ti panagtokar ni Starr, a nangipaganetget ti rikna ngem ti teknikal a birtuosidad, ket nakaimpluensia kadagiti adu a drummer a mangpanunot manen ti panagtokarda manipud iti panirigan ti komposision. Isu ket nakaimpluensia pay kadagiti nadumaduma a moderno a tekniko ti panagtambor, a kas ti naipada a panagiggem, panag-tuno kadagiti tambol iti nababbaba, ken panagusar kadagiti alikamen ti panag-muffling kadagiti singsing ti tono.[4] Iti panagkunana, ti kasayaatan a nairekord a panagpabuyana ket iti \"Rain\" ti Beatles.[5] Idi 1999, isu ket naikabil iti Modern Drummer Hall of Fame.[6] Idi 2011, dagiti agbasbasa iti Rolling Stone ket nanginagan kenkuana a kas maikalima a kalaingan a drummer iti amin a panawen. Isu ket namindua a naikabil iti Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, a kas maysa a Beatle idi 1988 ken kas maysa a solo nga artista idi 2015,[7] ken nadutokan ti maysa a Knight Bachelor iti 2018 a Baro a Tawen a Pammadayaw para kadagiti serbisio iti musika.[8] Idi 2020, isu ket nadakamat a kas ti kabaknangan a drummer iti lubong, nga addaan iti neto a kinabaknang iti $350 a riwriw.[9]","num_words":745,"character_repetition_ratio":0.064,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.217,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":119092.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John%20Lennon","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ni John Winston Ono Lennon[nb 1] (nayanak a ni John Winston Lennon; 9 Oktubre 1940 – 8 Disiembre 1980) ket maysa idi nga Ingles a kumakanta, mannurat ti kanta, musikero ken aktibista ti kappia a nakagun-od ti sangalubongan a kinalatak a kas ti nangibangon, kaduana a mannurat ti kanta, kaduana a mangidaulo a bokalista ken ritmo gitarista ti Beatles. Ti obra ni Lennon ket nailasin babaen ti rebelioso a kinatao ken acerbic a kinasaririt ti musikana, panagsurat ken panagdrowing, iti pelikula, ken kadagiti interbiu. Ti panagkaduana iti panagsurat ti kanta kenni Paul McCartney ket agtaltalinaed a kababalligian iti pakasaritaan.[2] \n\nNaipasngay idiay Liverpool, nairaman ni Lennon iti skiffle craze idi tin-edyer pay laeng. Idi 1956, isu ket nangporma ti The Quarrymen, a nagbalbaliw a nagbalin a Beatles idi 1960. No dadduma ket naawagan iti \"ti masirib a Beatle\", isu ket immuna idi a de facto a lider ti grupo, ti papel nga in-inut a naited kenni McCartney. Babaen ti panagsuratna iti kanta iti Beatles, ni Lennon ket nangabrasa kadagiti nakaad-adu a musikal nga impluensia, idi damo ket nagsurat ken kaduana a nagsurat kadagiti rock ken pop-a naipangpangruna a hit a kanta kadagiti immuna a tawtawen ti banda, kalpasanna idi agangay ket nangikabil kadagiti eksperimental nga elemento kadagiti komposisionna iti naud-udi a kagudua ti Beatles'. karera bayat a nagbalin a pagaammo dagiti kantana gapu iti umad-adu a panagbalbaliwda. Di nagbayag, pinalawa ni Lennon ti obrana kadagiti sabali a media babaen ti pannakipasetna kadagiti adu a pelikula, a mairaman ti Kasano a Nangabak iti Gubat, ken panagsurat iti In His Own Write ken A Spaniard in the Works, agpada a koleksion dagiti awan serserbina a sinurat ken linia a drowing. Nangrugi iti \"All You Need Is Love\", dagiti kantana ket inampon a kas kanta babaen ti kontra-gubat a tignay ken ti dakdakkel a kontrakultura idi 1960s. Idi 1969, isu ket nangrugi ti Plastic Ono Band a kaduana ti maikadua nga asawana, ti multimedia nga artista a ni Yoko Ono, ket nangangay ti dua a lawas a kontra-gubat a demonstrasion a Bed-ins para iti Kappia, ken pimmanaw iti Beatles tapno mangrugi iti solo a karera.\n\nIti nagbaetan ti 1968 ken 1972, da Lennon ken Ono ket nagtitinnulongda kadagiti adu nga obra, a mairaman ti trilogia dagiti avant-garde nga album, sumagmamano pay a pelikula, ti solo a debutna a John Lennon\/Plastic Ono Band, ken dagiti internasional a top-10 a singles a \"Give Peace a Chance\", . \"Instant Karma!\", \"Imagine\" ken \"Naragsak a Paskua (Nalpasen ti Gubat)\". Idi immakar idiay Siudad ti Nueva York idi 1971, ti panangbabalawna iti Gubat ti Bietnam ket nagresulta iti tallo a tawen a panangpadas ti administrasion ni Nixon a mangideporta. Nagsina da Lennon ken Ono manipud idi 1973 aginggana idi 1975, a bayat daytoy ket nangpataud ti album ni Harry Nilsson a Pussy Cats. Isu ket addaan pay idi kadagiti chart-topping a panagtitinnulong kenni Elton John (\"Aniaman a Magun-odka babaen ti Rabii\") ken David Bowie (\"Fame\"). Kalpasan ti lima a tawen a panagsardengna, nagsubli ni Lennon iti musika idi 1980 babaen ti panagtitinnulong ni Ono a Double Fantasy. Isu ket pinatay babaen ti maysa a managayat ti Beatles, ni Mark David Chapman, tallo a lawas kalpasan ti pannakairuar ti album.\n\nKas maysa a performer, mannurat wenno kaduana a mannurat, ni Lennon ket addaan idi kadagiti 25 a numero-uno a singles iti Billboard Hot 100 a tsart. Ti Double Fantasy, ti nalatak nga albumna, ket nangabak ti 1981 a Gunguna ti Grammy para iti Album ti Tawen. Idi 1982, nangabak ni Lennon iti Brit Award para iti Naisangsangayan a Kontribusion iti Musika. Idi 2002, ni Lennon ket nabutos a maikawalo iti maysa a surbey ti pakasaritaan ti BBC kadagiti 100 a Kadakkelan a Briton. Ti Rolling Stone ket nangiranggo kaniana a kas maikalima a kadakkelan a kumakanta ken maika-38 a kadakkelan nga artista iti amin a panawen. Isu ket naikabil iti Songwriters Hall of Fame (idi 1997) ken ti Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (namindua, a kas kameng ti Beatles idi 1988 ken kas maysa a solo nga artista idi 1994).","num_words":807,"character_repetition_ratio":0.053,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.218,"stopwords_ratio":0.001,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":115755.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grover%20Cleveland","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ni Stephen Grover Cleveland (Marso 18, 1837 – Hunio 24, 1908) ket maysa idi nga Amerikano nga abogado ken politiko a nagserbi a kas ti maika-22 ken maika-24 a presidente ti Estados Unidos manipud idi 1885 aginggana idi 1889 ken manipud idi 1893 aginggana idi 1897. Ni Cleveland ket isu laeng ti presidente iti pakasaritaan ti Amerika tapno agserbi kadagiti dua a saan nga agsasaruno a termino iti opisina.[b] Isu ket nangabak ti popular a butos para kadagiti tallo nga eleksion ti presidente —idi 1884, 1888, ken 1892—ken maysa idi kadagiti dua a Demokrata (a sinaruno babaen ni Woodrow Wilson idi 1912) a nabutos a presidente bayat ti ti panawen ti dominasion ti presidente ti Republikano a napetsaan manipud 1861 aginggana idi 1933. \n\nIdi 1881, ni Cleveland ket napili a mayor ti Buffalo, ken idi 1882, isu ket napili a gobernador ti New York. Isu ti lider dagiti pro-business a Bourbon Democrats a bumusbusor kadagiti nangato a taripa, libre a pirak, implasion, imperyalismo, ken subsidio kadagiti negosio, mannalon, wenno beterano. Ti krusada para iti politikal a reporma ken piskal a konserbatismo ket nagaramid kaniana nga ikono para kadagiti konserbatibo nga Amerikano iti dayta a panawen.[1] Ni Cleveland ket nangabak ti pammadayaw para iti kinamapagpiaran, panagpannuray iti bagina, kinatarnaw, ken panagkumitna kadagiti prinsipio ti klasiko a liberalismo.[2] Nakilaban iti napolitikaan a panagkunniber, patronahe, ken bossismo. Kas maysa a repormador, ni Cleveland ket addaan idi ti kasta a dayaw a dagiti kapada ti panagpampanunotda a Republikano, a tinawtawagan iti \"Mugwumps\", ket kaaduan a nangibolta ti tiket ti presidente ti Partido Republikano ken nag-swing iti suportana idi eleksion idi 1884.[3] Bayat a nangrugi ti maikadua nga administrasionna, dimteng ti didigra iti nasion idi a ti Panic of 1893 ket nangpataud iti nakaro a nasional a panagleddaang. Daytoy ket nangdadael ti Demokratiko a Partidona, a nanglukat ti dalan para iti panagreggaay ti daga ti Republikano idi 1894 ken para iti agrario ken silverite a panagagaw ti Demokratiko a Partido idi 1896. Ti resulta ket ti napolitikaan a panagtunos manen a nagpatingga ti Sistema ti Maikatlo a Partido ken nangirugi ti Sistema ti Maikapat a Partido ken ti Progresibo Era.\n\nNi Cleveland ket maysa idi a nakabutbuteng a managaramid ti patakaran, ken isu ket nakagun-od pay kadagiti katupag a kritisismo. Ti panagibiangna iti Pullman Strike idi 1894 tapno agtultuloy nga aggaraw dagiti riles ti tren ket nakapungtot kadagiti union ti trabahador iti intero a pagilian malaksid iti partido idiay Illinois; ti suportana iti balitok a pagalagadan ken panagsuppiat iti nawaya a pirak ket nangiyadayo ti agrario a payak ti Demokratiko a Partido.[5] Nagreklamo dagiti kritiko a ni Cleveland ket bassit ti imahinasionna ken kasla naabbungotan babaen dagiti didigra ti ekonomia ti pagilian —dagiti panagleddaang ken dagiti welga —iti maikadua a terminona.[5] Uray pay kasta, nakalasat ti reputasionna gapu iti kinamatalek ken nasayaat a kababalinna kadagiti riribuk ti maikadua a terminona. Insurat ti biograpo a ni Allan Nevins, \"[I]n Grover Cleveland, ti kinatan-ok ket adda kadagiti gagangay imbes a dagiti naisangsangayan a galad. Isu ket awan idi kadagiti endowment nga awan kadagiti rinibu a lallaki. Isu ket nagtagikua ti kinamapagpiaran, tured, kinatibker, panagwaywayas, ken sentido komon. Ngem.\" isu ket nagtagikua kadagitoy aginggana ti maysa a tukad a saan a tagikua dagiti dadduma a lallaki.\"[6] Idi panagpatingga ti maikadua a terminona, ti pannakaawat ti publiko ket nangipakita kaniana a maysa kadagiti saan unay a nalatak a presidente ti E.U., ken isu ket idin ket nailaksid urayno babaen dagiti kaaduan a Demokrata.[7 ] Ita, ni Cleveland ket ibilang babaen dagiti kaaduan a historiador a kas maysa a naballigi a lider, ken nadayaw para iti kinamapagpiaran, kinatarnaw, panagtungpal kadagiti moralidadna, panagsuppiat kadagiti beddeng ti partido, ken epektibo a panangidaulo.","num_words":699,"character_repetition_ratio":0.066,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.204,"stopwords_ratio":0.003,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":124567.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barack%20Obama","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Barack Obama (巴拉克‧歐巴馬)\n\nHai, maedeng ita. (Yes we can.) 2008\/11\/5 \n\nI 2008 miheca 11 folad 5 romi’ad, no niyah Amilika, saki fa^elohay tilid no likisi i hekal. Saka 56 rekad congtong no Amilika a singkiw, nai 232 mihecaan na mapatireng ko kitakit no Amilika masofoc ko cecay fohetingay tamdaw congtong ci Barack Obama. Tona milicay ko sinpon palosiyangay no tilifi to cecay a finawlan i, paca’of cingra to o Africa a dotoc Amilika tamdaw o kalita’angan, nikawrira o sakafalicaw no aniniay Amilika tamdaw, o nian ko sakalita’angaen ako saan. Mahapinang to oni Amilika a finacadan a kasaparod, ma’awasay to ko kasa’epec no finacadan, tayra to i fa^elohay a tato’asan.\n\nAnini 47 ko mihecaan ni Barack Obama, o nano Kenya kitakit tayni i Amilika mitilid, o mikingkiway to no tamdawan ko ina, itira i Hawaii ko sofoc ni Obama, o Africa dotoc Amilika tamdaw, anini, o saka sepat a masakapahay no Amilika congtong cingra. Tona misi’ayaw cingra to ’alomanay finawlan a ma’acang, ci Obama i 11 folad 5 romi’ad a dadaya mihapiw cingra a papelo: Yes, We can. (Hai, maedeng ita.) sanay a pisalemed no Amilika.\n\nHalo, Chicago! (哈囉，芝加哥) \nTada: kakahemekan ako masa’icel a pakaki’aotay a fafa’eday lomaocay i New Hampshire ci Bill Clinton.\n\nI ’ayaw no pinapina a lipay, awaay ko pakahiratengay a tamdaw to mamalaheci ko nademak anini a dadaya lalahecien a demak. Itini to nia karomakatan a milafo, tararikoray ho kita, matiya o romakatay i tonotono’an a sacokacok.\n\nNikawrira mapahapinangay matilid i nisa’osian i, o kasadak iso a mihapiw to sasowalen o “sakafalicaw” no demak. Itini to nia tatokian, pakaynien i ngiha iso ato sapifalicaw no pitopa iso a paya. Itini to nia pitopaan, o a ira ko cecay a demak i Amilika masapinang.\n\nIra ko cecay a demak to mamasapinang, tona o fainayan ato fafahiyan cangra itira i kaso’edaan a folad, I Dimont ato i Davenport, i Lebanon ato Concord a masatisil marayaray ko mipacelcelay, nawhani paso’elin cangra, o mamafalic ko nakitakit saan.\n\nO a ira ko cecay a demak a mamasapinang, o kapah tamdaw ato cifaloco’ay a kapah tamdaw, nao caayay ho pikihatiya to sici, na o caayay ho pakanengneng to paya sapisingkiw, nawhani i faloco’ nangra, mafana’ cangra anini o mamafalic koni.\n\nO a ira ko cecay a demak a mamasapinang, tona o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ko dengan no niyah a sician a kasarekad ko nicokeran, o sakalacecayaw no pafaloc’an, ano cidafongay to ato pakoyocay to tamdaw; o kohetingay tamdaw ato fohecalay tamdaw, o Latin ato Asia a tamdaw; ano nai Iowa sa’etal a mimokal ato New Hampshire sa’etal ato Nevada sa’etal ato South California sa’etal to, sahetoay o mipatalaay kita to mamikerid to fa^elohay pasayraay no kitakit a rarakat. Oraan koya mamasapinang a demak i Amilika. O “kafalic” sanay a demak masapinangay a demak i Amilika.\n\nManga’ay iso a mikihatiya to roma a fa^elohay a sici a kasarekad, malomikeriday to halafinay to’emanay a sici nina kitakit, o fa^elohay ’alomanay kasarekad o pakoniraay sarekad (Mincutang), o caay pikapot to sarekad a tamdaw ato nipapolongan sarekad (Kunghetang), ano cimaay to ko mafana’ay manga’ayay paini to masasiromaay a mala o miliyangay a tamdaw; o kafana’an to no fa^elohay a sakapot, ano mapalosingang ita ko sasowalen, o tatamorongen ita ko ’icel no micalapay to karomakatan a lalan, mapalowad ita ko sakanga'ay tahira toya hekal. awaay ko caayay ka salof a demak ita, awaay ko caayay ka felih a ’oripen. \n\nO fa^elohay a sarekad no Amilika manga’ay misalof to caayay ka kararimaan, caayay ka o nga’ayay pidemak to sakadamaay notireng a telek. Manga’ay ita mikerid ko ising ato adadaay; mitahidangan ato mitahidangay; o pakoniraay sarekad ato nipapolongan sarekad a malacecay, maedeng pasifana’en ita ko mali’acaay to sapaiyo ato mipahokingay, tona maro’ cangra a masasowal i, aka to kalalikel mi’aca to ’anengan. Caay kai matini. Caay kai aniniay. \n\nO fa^elohay alomaay sici a sarekad kita a maedeng mipaterep toya mikoliniway a malinah patayra i roma a kitakit a pakatayalay kosi to matayalay o sakaserer no sata, pala o malosakanga’ay a maserer ko sata no malalokay a matayal, nawhani o sakanga’ay i cangraan koni. \n\nMaedeng paterepen ita ko kangodoen no kaemangay ita i pangpangan no pitilidan, patayraen cangra i nga’ayay sakacakat rakaten a lalan. Manga’ay ita paterep to palata’angay to singsi, o pipatodong to pipacakat to lifon ko nga’ay malosapakaolah to satadamaan nangra. Kita o fa^elohay alomaay sici a sarekad ko mamilaheci toni a demak. \n\nMaedeng pakaynien ita i maomahay ato kakako tamdaw a taneng; o ’icel no finawlan ato malatawkiay kosi, na itini kitakit pakayni i mitodisay to simal masadak a mipa’orip, mapa’orip ko dohaw no mita, nawhani caay ko mamiliyaw ma’orip caira. \n\nAno maala kako a malacungtong, paterepen ita ko kalalood i Iraq, keriden ita ko sofotay a panokayen. Pahereken ita ko kalaliyang a lalood to Qaeda in Afghanistan sakapot. O dadipoten ita ko misawadayto a sohitay; palowaden ita ko tadancaay a pinangan ko nengneng no kasakitalit titaanan. \n\nO roma sato, o ecacaay to ka o 911 demakan ko sapiala to singkiw sakaira no nipitopa, nawhani caayko sakaala a halaka ko raan, o sapipalowadaw to polong no Amilika ato polong hekal malacecay ko pilifet to 21 sici a katalawan no hekal: masakakoki’an, sakalatiih a sakari’ang, malatiihay kafalifalic no romi’ad, sakalapakoyoc, kapapatapatay no finacadan ato adada.\n\nO polong no patosokan sakimilafoay konini. Ira ko nga’ayay pakayraan a milaheci. Saheto o cifaloco’ay to hakanga’ay no kitakit kita, so’elinay foloco’ ko sapipatadoaw to nia kitakit.\n\nNikawrira masasiromaay ko pakayraan to sapilafo ita, nawhani caay ko nika lacungtong to ako a o maan ko dademaken, halo ita mapolong ko dademakay, o miolahay ho tonini a kitakit a tamdaw i, o mamifalic to nian.\n\nNawiro o nomisoay koni a dadaya a han. O no kasawasilay, o no milonokay, o polong no paso’elinay to kafahekaan masaopoay kamo ko nianan.\n\nKafana’en ita, o raraya’ ho ko kalaloodan. nikawrira hiratengaw, ano masamaamaan ko kaira no misa’etay to rarakaten a lalan, awaayko pakatena’ay to sapatekay masa’ofaday a ngiha to sapifalicaw nanay.\n\nAka piti’er kita a milecad to radiw no milokesay, tata’ata’ang ko ngiha a radiw nangra o malosakacaay ka sasinga’ay. O sapihapinang a paso’elin, mapapipaterep kita tonini a demak, mapatalaw kita to sowal, o moraraway ko pafaloco’ to finawlan no kitakit ko nian saan.\n\nNikawrira caayko mahaenay konini a demak, caayko tao ko nian, o Amilika, o caay kamoraraw ko pafaloco’an itini. I ’ayaw, tona misi’ayaw kita to caayay kalaheci a demak i, tona matoro’ kita caay ho ka songila’ ko demak, ano eca tona mimaan a mitanam, caay pakalaheci ko demak saan toya i, o finawlan no Amilika ko cecay rahodayay sapasifana’ a saca’of: kalacecayaw ko hirateng ato salo’afang no finawlan.\n\nHai, maedeng ita.\n\nOnini a sifana’ matiliday to i pipatirengan to kitakit a tilid, mahapiw to pakafana��� to cihaw no kitakit.\n\nHai, maedeng ita.\n\nKalosasowalen no mafadesay ato mapalasawaday to malafadesay a mayakyak ko nian, i to’emanay a dadaya, mapalalan no likat mapatedi ko sapakoniraan.\n\nHai, maedeng ita.\n\nKalosasowalenanay ko nian, itini i kasakapot a malinagay, o sakacipaya a misa’icel to no fafahiyan ko nian. O masafoladay ko pipili’ mamalacongtong no kitakit, ano eca o mamikerid titaanay a patayra i tokos, ta pasowal a mitoro’ to sakatayra i kitakit no kakarayan a lalan a hongti matiya.\n\nHai, maedeng ita.\n\nNai maraayay hekal marepetay a mafolaway kasasowalan, palaplap a tayra i noetipan a hekal ko mimatangay a miraradiway.\n\nHai, maedeng ita. \n\nManga’ay ita pasayra i mo^ecelay ato malalenay. Manga’ay kita pasayra i cito’ekay ato kacemahadana a tala’ayaw. Manga’ay ita miadah ko nia kitakit. Manga’ay ita misalof konini a hekal.\n\n“Yes, We Can.” Hai, maedeng ita.\n\nOrasaka, ano dafak, tona tayra kita i katimol ato ka’etip a mirakat i, kafana’an ita itiraay i Spartanburg matayalay to tinooy karorayan ato itiraay i Las Vegas marorayay mifanaw to kaysing; tona mafana’ kita to cecay i Dillon a wawa to fafahiyan sacifaloco’ saan sakatayraan toya makadadacay to a pitilidan ato itiraay i lalalan no LA i lalanay minanam a wawa to fainayan malecaday I; aka to kao kasasiroma no sici a hareteng a masasiketed masapitao, o malacecayay kita, o cecayay a kitakit kita.\n\nKa lakayat kita, o toloay a tilid ko sakafa^eloh a kimad no Amilika, rayrayen ita konini, “Yes, We Can.” Hai, maedeng ita.\n\n \nNi Barack Hussein Obama II (\/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə\/ (dumngeg) bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə;[1] naipasngay idi Agosto 4, 1961) ket maysa nga Amerikano a retirado a politiko a nagserbi a kas ti maika-44 a presidente ti Estados Unidos manipud 2009 aginggana idi 2017. Ni Obama, a kameng ti Demokratiko a Partido, ket isu idi ti immuna nga Aprikano-Amerikano a presidente ti Estados Unidos.[2] Isu ket dati a nagserbi a kas maysa a senador ti E.U. manipud idiay Illinois manipud idi 2005 aginggana idi 2008 ken kas maysa a senador ti estado ti Illinois manipud idi 1997 aginggana idi 2004, ken dati a nagtrabaho a kas maysa nga abogado ti karbengan sibil sakbay a simrek iti politika. \n\nNaipasngay ni Obama idiay Honolulu, Hawaii. Kalpasan ti panagturposna iti Columbia University idi 1983, nagtrabaho a kas maysa nga organisador ti komunidad idiay Chicago. Idi 1988, isu ket nagpalista idiay Harvard Law School, nga isu ket isu idi ti immuna a nangisit a presidente ti Harvard Law Review. Kalpasan ti panagturposna, isu ket nagbalin nga abogado ti karbengan sibil ken akademiko, a nangisursuro ti konstitusional a linteg idiay Unibersidad ti Chicago Law School manipud idi 1992 aginggana idi 2004. Nagturong iti elektibo a politika, isu ket nangibagi ti maika-13 a distrito iti Senado ti Illinois manipud idi 1997 aginggana idi 2004, idi isu ket nagtaray para iti Senado ti E.U. Ni Obama ket nakaawat ti nailian nga atension idi 2004 babaen ti Marso a panagballigina iti primaria iti Senado, ti nasayaat a naawat a kangrunaan a panagbitlana iti Hulio a Demokratiko a Nailian a Kumbension, ken ti landslide a panagbutosna iti Nobiembre iti Senado. Idi 2008, kalpasan ti nasinged a primaria a kampania a maibusor kenni Hillary Clinton, isu ket innominar babaen ti Demokratiko a Partido para iti presidente ken pinili ni Joe Biden a kas ti kaduana a tumataray. Ni Obama ket nabutos ngem ti Republikano a nominado a ni John McCain idi eleksion ti presidente ken nainaguraran idi Enero 20, 2009. Siam a bulan kalpasanna, isu ket nainaganan a kas ti 2009 a Premio Nobel ti Kappia a premio, ti desision a nakagun-od ti naglaok a pammadayaw ken kritisismo.\n\nDagiti tignay ni Obama iti umuna a termino ket tinamingna ti sangalubongan a krisis pinansial ken karaman ti maysa a kangrunaan a pakete ti stimulus, ti paset a panangpalawa iti pannakakissay ti buis ni George W. Bush, lehislasion a mangreporma iti panangtaripato iti salun-at, maysa a kangrunaan a bill ti reporma iti pinansial a regulasion, ken ti panagpatingga ti maysa a kangrunaan a presensia ti militar ti E.U idiay Iraq. Dinutokan pay ni Obama dagiti hues ti Korte Suprema a da Sonia Sotomayor ken Elena Kagan, ti dati ket isu ti immuna nga Hispanic American iti Korte Suprema. Isu ket nangibilin ti panagraut ti kontraterorismo a nangpapatay kenni Osama bin Laden ken nangibaba ti modelo ni Bush a kontra-insurhensia, a nangpalawa kadagiti panagraut ti eroplano ken nagaramid ti nasaknap a panagusar kadagiti naisangayan a puersa bayat a nangiparegta ti dakdakkel a panagpannuray kadagiti militar ti mangsangaili-gobierno.\n\nKalpasan ti panangabakna iti eleksion manen babaen ti panangabakna iti kalaban a Republikano a ni Mitt Romney, nagsapata ni Obama iti maikadua a termino idi Enero 20, 2013. Iti maikadua a terminona, nangaramid ni Obama kadagiti addang a manglaban iti panagbalbaliw ti klima, a nagpirma iti kangrunaan nga internasional a katulagan iti klima ken ehekutibo a bilin a... limitaran ti carbon emissions. Indauluan pay ni Obama ti pannakaipatungpal ti Affordable Care Act ken dadduma pay a lehislasion a naipasa iti umuna a terminona, ken nakinegosio iti nuklear a katulagan iti Iran ken na-normalize ti relasionna iti Cuba. Dakkel ti bimmaba ti bilang dagiti soldado nga Americano idiay Afghanistan bayat ti maikadua a termino ni Obama, nupay nagtalinaed dagiti soldado ti U.S. idiay Afghanistan iti intero a panagpresidente ni Obama.\n\nBayat ti termino ni Obama kas presidente, dakkel ti simmayaatan ti reputasion ti Estados Unidos iti ballasiw-taaw ken ti ekonomia ti Amerika, nupay nakapadas ti pagilian iti nangato a lebel ti partisan divide. Pimmanaw ni Obama iti opisinana idi Enero 20, 2017, ken agtultuloy nga agnanaed idiay Washington, D.C. Nangrugi a naibangon ti presidential library-na idiay Chicago idi 2021. Manipud idi pimmanaw iti opisinana, nagtalinaed nga aktibo ni Obama iti Demokratiko a politika, agraman ti panagkampania kadagiti kandidato iti nadumaduma nga eleksion ti Amerika. Iti ruar ti politika, ni Obama ket nangipablaak kadagiti tallo a nalatak a libro: Dagiti Arapaap manipud iti Amak (1995), Ti Tured ti Namnama (2006) ken Ti Naikari a Daga (2020).\n\nDagiti ranggo babaen dagiti eskolar ken historiador, nga isu ket naiparang manipud idi 2010, ket mangmatmat ti kinapresidentena a paborable ken mangikabil kaniana kadagiti akinngato a tukad dagiti presidente ti Amerika.\n\nMifalicay to tilid (文字翻譯) \nCi Masao Nikar - 'Amis\/Pangcah.\n\nAmilika","num_words":2958,"character_repetition_ratio":0.044,"word_repetition_ratio":0.001,"special_characters_ratio":0.21,"stopwords_ratio":0.008,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.982,"perplexity_score":34759.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joe%20Biden","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ni Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (\/ˈbaɪdən\/ (dumngeg) BY-dən; naipasngay idi Nobiembre 20, 1942) ket maysa nga Amerikano a politiko nga isu ti maika-46 ken agdama a presidente ti Estados Unidos. Maysa a kameng ti Demokratiko a Partido, isu ket dati a nagserbi a kas ti maika-47 a bise presidente manipud idi 2009 aginggana idi 2017 babaen ni Presidente Barack Obama, ken nangibagi ti Delaware iti Senado ti Estados Unidos manipud idi 1973 aginggana idi 2009. \n\nNaipasngay idiay Scranton, Pennsylvania, immakar ni Biden a kaduana ti pamiliana idiay Delaware idi 1953. Isu ket nagadal idiay Unibersidad ti Delaware sakbay a nakagun-od ti degree-na iti linteg manipud iti Unibersidad ti Syracuse. Isu ket napili iti Konseho ti Kondado ti Baro a Kastilio idi 1970 ken nagbalin a maikanem nga ub-ubing a senador iti pakasaritaan ti E.U. kalpasan a nabutos iti Senado ti Estados Unidos manipud idiay Delaware idi 1972, idi agtawen iti 29. Ni Biden ket isu idi ti tserman wenno ranggo a kameng ti Senado a Ganggannaet Relations Committee iti 12 a tawen. Isu ket nangidaulo ti Komite ti Hudisial ti Senado manipud idi 1987 aginggana idi 1995; indauluanna ti panagregget a mangipasa iti Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act ken ti Violence Against Women Act; ken nangimaton iti innem a pannakadengngeg ti pammatalged iti Korte Suprema ti E.U., agraman dagiti nasuppiatan a pannakadengngeg da Robert Bork ken Clarence Thomas.\n\nNi Biden ket saan a naballigi a nagtaray para iti Demokratiko a nominasion ti presidente idi 1988 ken 2008. Pinili ni Barack Obama ni Biden a kas ti running matena idi 2008 ken 2012 nga eleksion ti presidente. Bayat ti dua a terminona kas bise presidente ni Obama, masansan a nangibagi ni Biden iti administrasion kadagiti negosasion kadagiti kongressional a Republikano ken nasinged a mamalbalakad ken ni Obama.\n\nInabak da Biden ken ti running matena a ni Kamala Harris dagiti agdama a da Donald Trump ken Mike Pence iti 2020 presidential election. Idi Enero 20, 2021, isu ket nagbalin a ti kalakayan a presidente iti pakasaritaan ti E.U., ti immuna nga addaan iti babai a bise presidente ken ti immuna a presidente manipud idiay Delaware. Kas presidente, tinaming ni Biden ti COVID-19 pandemic ken ti simmaruno a recession. Isu ket nagpirma ti American Rescue Plan Act, ti bipartisan nga Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, ti Inflation Reduction Act, ti CHIPS ken Science Act ken ti Respect for Marriage Act, a nangkodipika kadagiti proteksion para iti panagasawa ti agpada a sekso ken nangikkat ti DOMA. Isu ket nangidutok kenni Ketanji Brown Jackson iti Korte Suprema. Iti foreign policy, insubli ni Biden ti pannakaikameng ti America iti Paris Agreement maipapan iti panagbalbaliw ti klima. Isu ket nakompletona ti panagikkat dagiti tropa ti E.U. manipud idiay Afganistan, a nagpatingga ti gubat idiay Afganistan, a bayat daytoy ket narba ti gobierno ti Afganistan ken dagiti Taliban ket nangagaw ti kontrol. Isu ket simmungbat iti 2022 a panangraut ti Russia iti Ukraine babaen ti panangipakatna kadagiti sansion iti Russia ken panangipalubosna kadagiti ganggannaet a tulong ken panagipatulod kadagiti armas idiay Ukraine.","num_words":644,"character_repetition_ratio":0.065,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.208,"stopwords_ratio":0.002,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":111960.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles%20III","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ni Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; naipasngay idi 14 Nobiembre 1948) ket Ari ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian ken dagiti 14 a dadduma pay a pagarian ti Mankomunidad.[fn 1] Isu ket isu idi ti kapaut ti panagserbina nga agtawid a nabatad ken Prinsipe ti Gales ken, idi agtawen iti 73, ket nagbalin a ti kalakayan a tao a simrek iti trono ti Britania, idi pimmusay ti inana, ni Elizabeth II, idi 8 Septiembre 2022. \n\nNi Charles ket naipasngay idiay Palasio ti Buckingham idi las-ud ti panagturay ti apongna iti ina, ni Ari George VI, ken agtawen idi iti tallo idi ni nanangna ket simmang-at iti trono idi 1952, a namagbalin kenkuana nga agtawid a nabatad. Isu ket naaramid a Prinsipe ti Wales idi 1958 ken ti investiturena ket naangay idi 1969. Isu ket nasursuruan kadagiti pagadalan ti Cheam ken Gordonstoun, a kas ti amana, ni Prinsipe Felipe, Duke ti Edinburgh. Idi agangay, nangbusbos ni Charles iti innem a bulan iti kampus ti Timbertop ti Geelong Grammar School idiay Victoria, Australia. Kalpasan ti pananggun-odna iti Bachelor of Arts degree manipud iti Unibersidad ti Cambridge, ni Charles ket nagserbi iti Air Force ken Navy manipud idi 1971 aginggana idi 1976. Idi 1981, isu ket nakiasawa kenni Lady Diana Spencer, a kaduana ket addaan kadagiti dua nga annak a lallaki, da William ken Harry. Idi 1996, nagdiborsio ti agassawa kalpasan a nakipaset ti tunggal maysa kadagiti nasayaat ti pannakaipakaammona nga extramarital affairs. Natay ni Diana iti pannakadungpar ti lugan iti simmaganad a tawen. Idi 2005, nakiasawa ni Charles iti nabayagen a kaduana, ni Camilla Parker Bowles.\n\nKas Prinsipe ti Wales, ni Charles ket nangaramid kadagiti opisial nga annong ken dagiti panagkallaysa iti pannakabagi ti Reyna. Isu ket nangibangon ti youth charity ti Prince's Trust idi 1976, isponsorna ti Prince's Charities, ken maysa a patron, presidente, wenno kameng ti nasurok nga 400 a dadduma pay a charities ken organisasion. Isu ket nangitantandudo para iti konserbasion dagiti naipakasaritaan a pasdek ken ti kinapateg ti arkitektura iti kagimongan.[2] Maysa a kritiko ti modernista nga arkitektura, ni Charles ket nagtrabaho iti pannakapartuat ti Poundbury, ti maysa nga eksperimental a baro nga ili a naibatay kadagiti panagramanna iti arkitektura. Maysa pay nga autor wenno kaduana nga autor ti nasurok a 20 a libro. Maysa nga environmentalista, ni Charles ket sinuportaranna ti organiko a panagtalon ken panagtignay tapno malapdan ti panagbalbaliw ti klima bayat ti panawenna a kas ti manager dagiti estate ti Dukado ti Cornwall, a nakagun-od kaniana kadagiti premio ken pannakabigbig manipud kadagiti grupo ti aglawlaw;[3] isu ket maysa pay a nalatak a kritiko ti panangampon kadagiti genetiko a nabaliwan taraon, bayat a nababalaw ti suportana iti homeopathy ken dadduma pay nga alternatibo a medisina.","num_words":539,"character_repetition_ratio":0.059,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.203,"stopwords_ratio":0.006,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":127447.1,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape%20Town","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Cape Town (開普敦) \n\nCape Town (Inkiris: Cape Town, South Africa sowal: Kaapstad [ˈkɑːpstat], Xhosa sowal: IKapa), manga’ay sowalen o Cape Point maci[6], Corner maci[7]ano eca Cape niyaro’, saka tosa ’alomanay tamdaw a maci i South Africa, o niyah pikowan a sakapot ta’akay tokay a Cape Town maci, no kaetipay Cape kanatal a tada ta’akay a maci. Cape Town o ta’akay niyaro’ a pitelekan to rikec no South Africa, orasaka kalomaocan ato adihayay kasasiromaroma no sifo citodongay ira itini. Oni a niyaro’ oci makapahay a tataparan a nengnengen ato cinganganay a minato, katengilan a ngangan a sowal to lalekoan “o pitahekaan no Kawas” a parar a lotok, no Inyoyang ato Tasiyang a a kacacofelisan no riyar a Cape point. O Cape Town tona makapah ko tataparan ato liyok no palapala a kasasowalen o samakapahay a paniyaro’an i hekal, o cecay a pirarakatan i South Africa.\n\nSa’ayaw noni a maci o mitaliyokay to minato ko sakacomahad, nawhani nai Netherland pasayra i Kawaliay Afroa, Into ato Asia a kalali’acaan no tamina o mamita’elif itini a miceroh to dafong, hala:fin ito mala o pipacararan no Europe tamdaw kona katimolay no Sahara Afria faniyot a niyaro itini. Ikor Europe a tamdaw patireng to cangra to saka cecay parana’an no sofitay a Castle of Good Hope (Nga’ayay pikecoran a niyaro’), ’ayaw no kaitira i Johannesburg patireng ato Transva manengneng ko adihayay tada^ekim ato mali^emiay fokeloh tiraan i, katimolay no Africa faniyot o Cape town ko sata’akay a maci.\n\nI South Africa ko saka tosa a katayalan a hikokiciw i o Capa town - Capa town kasakitakit hikokiciw, o pakayraan no icowacowaay mirarakatay a tayni i South Africa.\n\nMidotoc i 2007 mihecaan i polong no kitakit no South Africa micalap to tamdaw a tilid, i Cape Town ira ko 350 ’ofad ko tamdaw. O dadahal no pala a sera ira ko 2,499 pinfang kongli[8], patinako to roma a maci no South Africa a ikaka ko dadahal, matakal ko kasacekcek no tamdaw (1,158\/pinfang kongli) [8].\n\nLikisi (歷史)\n\nI ’ayaw no kacitilidan a ta’asan (史前) \n\nI 1486 mihecaan, o Portugal a pakataminaay a tamdaw ci Bartholomew Diaz sa’ayaway a rakat a tilid nira to Cape Town a niyaro’ [9]. Nikawrira i ’ayaw noni, awaay ho ko nitiliday to likisi no Cape Town. Nikawrira, karkar i han ko malafokeloh a ma’oripay a losid ato nipikingkiwan a mapahapinang i ’ayaw itini iraay to ko ma’oripay tamdaw itini tina sera[10].\n\nSa’ayaway maro’ay itini tina sera a tamdaw salongan manengneng i ’ayaw ni Yis to 10 ’ofad mihecaan o fokeloh ko sakadademak a to’asan. Milakec cangra to kaki^etecan a to’as romi’ad, nikawrira itiya i kacinanom i sararem no aniniay to 120cm ko po^ener, nawhani matongal ko kaso^emet, ikor o dafdaf no Capa rara: sato maledef to ko kilakilng, sakangedaw sato ko rengorengos. Roma i, i nano ka’ayaw ni Tis to 8000 mihecaan kaciseraan i malafokeloh a ma’oripay a losidan, pahapinang to itiniay finawlan itiya to mafana’ misanga’ to pana’ ato ’idoc sapi’adop. Ikor no 6000 mihecaan, pinapina maro’ay i laloma’ay niyaro’ a tamdaw malinah a tayni maro’, saka mapacomod ko sakamaomah a fana’, patoror to itiniay tamdaw miteka maomahay ito ko saka’orip[11].\n\nPatireng to niyaro’ (建城) \nSarakatay tahini a Europe tamdaw i 1486 mihecaan ci Dias ko mikeriday a tangasa. Ikor, o Portugal pakataminaay ci Vasco da Gama i 1497 miheca micowat to nai Europe tangasa i Asia a rakat calay fatad micafer pacarcar itini. Roma, o parar a lotok o cecay a Portugal pakataminaay ci António de Saldanha ko mipanganganay, o sasowalen “Masangoso’ay a parar (Taboa da caba)”. I ’ayaw noni, o nia lotok a nano ngangan o itiniay a Khoi finacadam tamdaw panganganay o lotok no riyar (Sea Mountain，Hoeri 'kwaggo) [12].\n\nO Cape Town ato Europe masasiketay i 1652 mihecaan. O sinciw (kakeridan no tamina) no Netherland ci Jan van Riebeeck ato roma niocoran no Netherland kawaliay Into a kosi (East India company) matayalay a tayni, patireng to maraayay rakat i Asia a picaferan picerohan no tamina. Toloay tamina nangra i 1652 miheca 4 folad 6 romi’ad tangasa itini[13], ranikay patireng to kamaro’an, pisadatengan ato pisalosayan, onini a pisadatengan a liyok ira ho taha matini anini a kosi pahanaan (Company Gardens).\n\nRoma i, o nai parar a lotok malikelonay a tingalaway ’alo a nanom (Fresh River) mapalalan a lokiyolan to nanom malo sapipananom to nipalomaan, o nipalomaan a kinaira saka fafalifalic to no itiniay a Khoi finacadam tamdaw to siri ato kolong, itira haca i kawali katimol no parar a lotok ato Hout a kasangoso’ a kilakilangan ko pipatireng to loma’ ato tamina padamso to ma’edengay sapatorod a kilang.\n\nMatiniay, kawaliay Into a kosi (East India company) misadefak to polong no kalali’acaan a demak, milalang to kalali’aca no tekedan. O Netherland a tamdaw mipangangan to no finacadan cangra, tinako itiniay a milafelay pakaen to ’a’adopen a finacadan o Hottentots a tamdaw a han, oya maro’ay i lilis no riyar ’etal mitokoay ko saka’orip finacadan o Strandlopers tamdaw ihan, ato mi’a’adopay ko saka’orip a finacadan i o Bushmen tamdaw (o sasowalen to maro’ay i mademetay pala a tamdaw.)\n\nSa’ayaway manengneng ko Asia tamdaw malinah tayni i pasatimol i 1654 mihecaan, oni mafolaway saheto o mapalafacay itini Africa kasafaniyot no Neherland Dutch Batavian High Court (hoying) [14]. O nia Asia tamdaw malekapot to macengelay tamdaw no Cape (Cape Coloured) sanay a finacadan, pataynien naira ko Islam itini. O sa’ayaway misadadahal to ’a’ecocen a sera nai 1657 miheca, itiyaay a kawaliay Into a kosi (East India company) pakayra toya Liesbeeck ’alo mililisay iriyar a omah palalikelen ko satofangan a maomah, mipatongal paloma to sakaira no omah, nikawrira oyaan to miterek to kinaira a payso ko kacitodong mikowan.\n\nOya mihecaan, sa’ayaway nai Java ato Madagascar a mapacomod a mafadesay miteka pakatayal i cngraan. I 1658 miheca, o Europe tamdaw miteka ato itiniay yincumin masasiwtoc to saki’a’ecoen a sera, macefis nangra ko sera no Xhosa finacadan tamdaw. Ikor, i 1666 mihecaan o Europe tamdaw miteka i Van Riebeeck patireng to no kilang miliyaw patireng to kamaro’an no sofitay a Castle of Good Hope (Nga’ayay pikecoran a niyaro’), oni pikecoran i 1679 miheca mipasarayan, o samatelangay a nipatirengan i South Africa a loma’[15].\n\nI 1679 miheca, o sa’ayaway niocoran no Netherland a congto ci Simon van der Stel tangasa i Cae Town, mikotay ci Van Riebeeck mala kakeridan no itiniay[16]. Misa’icel cingra mipaloma to pisafadiso’so’an ato pisa’epahan, onian a kinaira mapatireng ko tadamaanay tatenaan. Oroma i, misa’icel cingra misadadahal to nicingcingan sera no kalangangan ato ’a’ecocen. I 1688 miheca, sa’ayaway caayay ko no Netherland a mafolaway tayni i Cape Town, cangra i o nai France miliyangay to fa^elohay Kristokiw a mitooray (Protestant) a onto makari’angay a Huguenots mitooray. Kawaliay Into a kosi (East India company) padamso i cangraan t kamaro’an atokamaomahan a sera, cangraay ko misatadamaanay to kacowat no piso’epahan i ikor[17].\n\nNanoya kadadoedo no mafolaway nai papotal, tangasa i 1754 mihecaan nai papotalay tamdaw i Cape Town ira ko 5,510 tamdaw a Europe tamdaw ato 6,729 tamdaw no malafadesay[18]. Nikawrira i 1780 miheca, o Inkiris ato France miteka cangra malalood, o mikapiay a France to Netherland mikapot tina lalood, saka mipaocor ko France to cecay a sofitay tayni i Cape Town mipadang to mamisimaw[18].\n\nNikawrira ikor a sofitay i 1784 miheca mapapihawat, o France i 1795 miheca micalap to Netherland, mala sakatalawan no Netherland kawaliay Into kosi (East India company) to paysoan. Itiya, patireng to no Netherland Batavia nipatatekoan kitakit a wawa no hongti no Netherland ci Prins van Oranje (William 5) milaliw tayra i Inkiris mikilim to sadipot. Onini a demak malo sakaira no pakayraan no Inkiris a sakanga’ay. Itiya i, caay kakimeto no sapiparatoh a sinpon, o sinpon no Europe kakaya’ay ko romi’ad ta mayakyak tangasa i Africa a faniyot. Onini sai, kakeridan no Cape Town caay kafana’ to saki Europe a demakan, o kafana’an dengan o picefis no France to sera no Netherland, orasaka alatek i kalaloodan mafalic mocirid ko no Netherland. Itiyaan, o sofitay no Inkiris mihawikid to nano nitilidan no wawa no hongti no Netherland ci Prins van Oranje (William saka 5) patorodan tilid salongoc to i Cape Town a sofitay to sapidipot. Itiya macacolicoli ko malatapangan no Cape Town o papaso’elinen cangra hakiya saan, o Inkiris talifahal sa milood to “Battle of Muizenberg” a malaheci ko picalap to Cape Town, nanoyaan mihapiw to Cape Town a mala o pakoniraan to ko minato[19].\n\nI ngataay to’asan (近代) \nMidotoc to France ato Inkiris a kasasinga’ay katatelekan, o Cape Town i 1802 miheca patatikolen i kamay no Netherland. Nikawrira, ikor no 3 miheca o nia tosaay kitakit miliyaw malalood, o sofitay no Inkiris maocor a patayra i Cape Town. Nikawrira, toni a romi’adan malo sakacowat malamaci ko Cape Town itiya (o ngangan no Cape Town to Inkiris “Cape Town” a “Town” niyaro’ sanay), ta’akay mamangay lalan miteka maselen ko cicir no nanom, miteka macowat mapatureng ko maci.\n\nRoma, mitelek cangra to sakimalafelay a rikec, mapatangic ko itiniay a yincumin niyaro’ mido’edo to telek sapaliyas to sera a pakamaro’an, i caay ka pihaydaan tatiih milonok milinah. O Inkiris ato France a kalalood i 1814 miheca o Inkiris ko pakalowiday a paherek. mitelek ko Inkiris to cecay a tatonekan saka’ga'ay naira papayso mi’aca to romaroma a kitakit sakacisera. O nihaenan no Inkiris ta’akay payso mida’oc ma’aca ko Cape Town.\n\nItiya, o nengneng no Inkiris to Cape Town sakidemak a mikowan o sapi’emetay nangra to Into a parana’an. Itiyaay a Netherland a sifo pakayni i kalalood a macara, tadanca to ko sakipayso, samaanen sa hayda sato to tatonekan, nikawrira mahayda cangra to kanga’ay i Cape Town mipacarcar mipasanga’ to tamina ato miceroh to dafong.\n\nRoma i, I 1809 miheca a mitelekan nangra to sapakamaro’ to malafelay a rikec miliyaw tina rikec i 1829 mihecaan mapalasawad. Naniya, nanoya malafelay kopakaenay finacadan a Huttudo finacadan amdaw itiya malecaday to o Europe tamdaw ko todong. I 1834 miheca, pipakonira to nisafadesan, salongan ira ko 39,000 tamdaw to nia mapalasawad ko lafades a ngangan. pipakonira to mafadesay mapalowad to ko itiniay nano Malay muslim a niyaro i maci kaysing i Cape Towm (City Bowl) mapatireng ko Malay Bo-Kaap. Oya miheca, mapatireng ko pirikecan kalomaocan i Cape Town[20].\n\nI likisi no South Africa ira ko cecay a tadamaanay a demak i 1836 mihecaan a kalafelan (Great Trek), itiya salongan ira ko 10,000 a laloma’an no Netherland kasasiroma no harateng pasa’amis mikilim to fa^elohay kamaro’an a sera, nanoya macowat to ko i kasa’etalay no kitakit. Ikor i 1840 miheca mapatireng ko niyah pikowan no Cape Town, itiya polong no maci ira ko 20,016 a tamdaw, ira ko 10,560 fohecalay tamdaw[21].\n\nMisiiked to ko South Africa itiya, o Cape Town malakaolahan a pirarakatan, nikawrira itiya to a ira ko sakalatiih no syakay. I polong no hekal o sakasaay ko sasipatayay a demak i Cape Town, oroma sato o AIDS adada, miladesay adada ato ciraraway to sawarak a iyo demak kararimaan no Cape Town.\n\nPalapala (地理)\n\nKasakowan to sera ato kasasiroma no romi’ad (地形與氣候) \n\nO kasa’etal no Cape Town i paka’amis a latosa a kasangoso’. O lotok no pala ’akawang po^ener, maliyok no tomirengay a tono’, matiya o kaysing, o reping ira ko Kawasan look (Devil's Peak) ato tangal no laon lotok (Lion's Head). I latosa a kasangoso’ ira pasayra to Tasiyang a tokos, o nga’ayay sakecor (Cape Point) ko patolasan.\n\nLatosa a kasangoso’ ira ko masatenokay riyar (the mediterranean) a kasasiroma no romi’ad, masapinang ko lasepat. Kasi^enawan i saka 5 folad tangasa 8 folad no miheca, o’ol a fali ato nai took ’adiyoc nai Tasiyang a kadefahay a nanom, salongan a hemhem dengan 7°C. kaciherangan nai 11 folad tangasa roma miheca 2 folad, mahemhem ko romi’ad a fo’edas, salongan a falawfaw i 26°C. roma o kasasiroma no lotok, kasasi’etal masasiroma ko ka’orad[22].\n\nItini latosa a kasangoso’ nano kaetipay no Cape Town o katimolay Tasiyang o nai faleday a nipi’enecan, masapinang kokaetip katimolay a kiemelay fali, o makaditay a fali maiyof to, o itiniay a tamdaw to na kiemelay fali o “ising no sangoso’” (Cape Doctor).\n\nKinaira no paraparatan (自然資源) \nMasowal no hekal ko south Africa o citada^ekim ato cimali^emiay fokeloh, nikawrira o kasadakan no kinaira i ka’amisay a sa’etal i Noord-Kaap kanatal. O nililisay to riyar i kaetip Wes-Kaap kanatal no Cape Town awaay kinaira. Nikawrira, o kaliomah, pifotingan ato pisasimalan a misang’ay to lalosidan ko sakacowat no Cape Town.\n\nSa’ayaw, nawhani o co’eco’ed no lotok no Cape Town malakaliomahan a kadofah kolosalosayan, tinako o lingko, fadiso’so, mami’, tada kacinganganan ko fadiso’so itini. O nai Netherland tamdaw misitapang maro’ itini miteka micowat to pisaepahan ko Cape Town, sakitini to fadiso’so a pipaloma mikantok ma’imeray ko kicic tadamaanay. Nanoya, itini o kahiceraan no ’a’adopen ko Cape Town, ira ko macekelay ’ayam, mawatawatay howak, riyar a waco, riyar a lokedaw, ’iso ato fafoy no riyar, mapatireng ko pidipotan to mawatawatay howak ato i Duiker Island a riyar a lokedaw.\n\nKadofahay ko fotifoting i Cape Town, o lilis no sa’etal masowal no hekal o kadofahay ko fotifoting saan. Katimol Tasiyang a Benguela a ki’etecay a fali mita’elif itini, o sakaadihay kaeso’ay fotifotingan. Imatini, itiniay i Tasiyang a pifotingan mapadamso ko polong no South Africa salongan 75% a nifotingan, malosakaira no itiniay Wes-Kaap kanatal 28 ’ofad ko katayalan. Itiniay adihay ko kinaira a fotingan, ira ko ’afar, setek ato dadesi.\n\nRoma i, itini i Cape Town a tatodong lalinik no Tasiyang manengneng ko sasimalen, parapatan a lahod to nano kinairaira no pala, orasaka misanga’ay to sasimalen o kacowatan, o kacitodongan micowat to sakacikinaira no South Africa ko Cape Town.\n\nO roma sato, latosa a kasangoso’ no sangoso’an a pinalengaw pidipotan nai 2004 miheca o rocek no hekalan saan ko Linhoko kiwiko ponka sakapot.\n\nSici (政治) \n\nO Cape Town o nano ta’akay tokay a niyah kowan a sa’wtal. O ci kalomaocan ira ko 210 ko lomaocay sakapot, ira ko 28 a tamdaw masakopot to cacitodong a wuyyinhuy. O sasowalen, o Cape Town o cecayay kapolongan a citongay ato cecay a kakeridan no mikowanay. Polong no niyaro’ masaliyad to 105 a ’etal, kasa’etal manga’ay misingkiw to cecay a mikapot to lomaocan. o rama no 105 tamdaw o patodong to faco no pisingkiw. Kakeridan a todong o nai lomaocay a singkiwan.\n\nAniniay a kakeridan o no pakoniraay a lekatep ci Helen Belle. I ngataay i 2006 mihecaan no niyroan sifo a singkiw, o pakoniraay a lekatep ko sata’akay no Sician a kasarekad a lomaocay[27].\n\nNo maci a nanengnengan (城市景觀)\n\nO kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \n\nI Cape Town maci sifo i ’ayaw a caay ho kakomod malacecay ko pidemakan (Unicity) i, oni a maci misiikeday to 6 a sa’etal no pidemakan, talacowa malacecayay ko sakowan, nikawrira roma a sa’etal midotocay ho to telangay a siiked. 6 sa’etal a kadademakan:\n\nPolong no nisa’osian a tamdaw (人口統計) \nMidotoc to i 2001 mihecaan South Africa polong no kitakit misaopoan to tamdaw[28] a tilid, no Cape Town polong no tamdaw 2,893,251 tamdaw, milesap i 759,767 a laloma’an, ira ko 87.4% loma cirocekay to taino’an, ira ko 94.4% loma’ cecay lipay ira ko cecay papisorot to pinafalah. Roma, ira ko 80.1% loma’ o cidingkiay, ira ko 16.1% nai saka^efo ano eca cimapatayay, o ina a cecay ko tatoka’an no loma’.\n\nTa’akaay Cape Towa a finawlan ira ko 48.13% ko macengelay tamdaw, Africa fohetingay ira ko 31% ko tamdaw, fohecalay ira ko 18.75% ko tamdaw, roma o Asia faniyot ira ko 1.43% tamdaw, o itiniay i laloma’ay no Cape Town maci nawhani ’akawangay ko ’aca no loma’ orasaka o fohecalay tamdaw ato cicengelay tamdaw macakatay micalap to 80%, o kohetingay tamdaw itiraay lawacay a sapakoyocay ko aro’. O 46.6% a finawlan sasafaay no 24 ko mihecaan a kapah, o 5% a finawlan kakaay no 65 mihecaan mato’asay. Tenokay 26 ko mihecaan, malikelonay o kaira no kohetingay tamdaw, o fainayan fafahiyan ko palahecad, o 100 fafahiya to 92.4 ko fainayan. 19.4% ko finawlan ko awaayay ko katayalan, o 58.3% ko awaayay ko katayalan o kohetingay tamdaw, 38.1% o camel tamdaw, 3.1% o fohecalay tamdaw, roma 0.5% o Asia tamdaw.\n\nSakisowalan, 41.4% a finawlan o no South Africa Netherland a sowal to romi’ami’ad, 27.9% o Inkiris sowal, 28.7% Xhosa sowal, ira o 0.3% a tamdaw o Zulu sowal, 0.7% o Sesoto a sowal, 0.1% o Setswana sowal, 0.7% caay ko todong a kasasowalan to romi’ad. Pakayraan, 76.6% a finawlan o Kristokiw, 10.7% awaayay ko pakayraan, 9.7% o Muslim, 0.5% o Yotayakiw, ira ko 0.2% Intokiw, 2.3% o roma pakayraan.\n\nSakikiwiko, fafaeday a 20 mihecaan 4.2% finawlan caay pitilid, 11.8% ko caayay pakalaheci to mimingay a pitilid, 7.1% ko misawaday to mimingay pitilidan, 38.9% ko caayay pakalaheci to kakay a pitilid, 25.4% ko milaheciay to kakaay pitilid ato 12.6% misawaday to daykako. 15 miheca tangasa 65 mihecaan a matayalay a tamdaw mihecaan a nicomoday 25.774 South Africa Rand. (1 rand falic to 0.164179 Amilaka payso).\n\nKicay (經濟) \n\nKicay no Wes-Kaap kanatal nai Cape Town tenokan, orasaka o polong no pisanga’ay to kalodafong a niyaro’, mala no kanatal kasadakan no laloma’ay dafong a minato. Nawhani to mihecaan ira ko ’alomanay masa’ofaday mirarakatay a tayni, orasaka o sakaira no kicay o nano pirarakatananay. O no Wes-Kaap kanatal a kalomaocan itiniay to nano South Africa kalomaocan kaitiraan, Cape Town mitamorongay to no kitakit a sakaira no kitakit. Cape Town to mihecaan midemak to adihayay kalomaocan, todong no lomaocan i 2003 mihecaan patireng i Cape Town to fa^elohay kasakitakit kalomaocan pinengnengan. No maci a kinaira ato nipipatireng a karanikayan a macowatan. Kasasilecad to roma a maci no South Africa, o Cape Town macakat ko picomod no mitiliday to kaucong ato sakacidafoh no pikiwiko, o sakacakat i kasakitakit ko kalalifetan ko Cape Town[29].\n\nI Wes-Kaap kanatal a liomahan a kinaira malisepatay a cecay (4\/1), o sakipapotal a masadakay micalap to malitosaay no kitakit. O yaan to i Wes-Kaap kanatal pirarakatan o samacowatay niyaro’ i South Africa, mirarakatay calap polong no Wes-Kaap kanatal a o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi 9.8%, no laloma’an no kanatal 9.6% a finawlan padamso to katayalan. I 2002 miheca, ira ko 100 ’ofad nai roma kitakit mirarakatay tayni i Cape Town. Oni kanatal o kacitodongan no kitakit to kacowatan a tatenokan, nawhani i lilis no riyar lalinikay no Tasiyang kadofah ko simal ato parapatan a rahod[30].\n\nO misanga’ay totamina a kosi ira i Cape Town ko kadademakan kosi ato pisanga’an to tamina,misanga’ to sapatayra roma kitakit. Sakiseraan ato patirengay to loma’ macowatay, nawhaniira ko alomanay tamdaw itini ma’aca to sakipa’aliwacan a lalosidan[31].\n\nPirarakatan (旅遊) \n\nO Cape Town o falawfaway ko romi’ad, makapahay ko talapalaen, kasasiromaroma no i papotal sapikihatiya ato manga’ayay ponka malo no South Africa a pihamhaman no pirarakatan, mangalef i saka 10 folad tangasa 3 folad o kaciherangan (kasi^enawan no ka’amisay cikiw) o ka’alomanan no pirarakatan no Europe Amilika a mirarakatay tamdaw[32].\n\nLaeno o pirarakatan a katayraan i Cape town[33][34][35]:\n\n1.Parar a lotok.\n\n2.Cape Point, teloc litosaan no ngoso’an.\n\n3.O Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, ira ko tadamaanay a hotilo, ira ko kasahirahira no patiyamay, pisanga’an to tamina atopinengnengan to foting a kali’acaan.\n\n4.Robben Island (pala), kaitiraan no Mandela marofo to 27 mihecaan a pirofoan.\n\n5.O Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens (pinalengaw).\n\n6.Chapman's Peak Drive a lalan.\n\n7.Signal Hill (mikarong ngiha), pinengnengan to kasinian.\n\n8.Tafotafokan no Cape town\n\n9.Pacacekeroh to “the Cape Town Pass” (sapipasonol i Cape Town) sapirarakat a paya, sakacaay pa’aca mikalic to karomakatan, pirarakatan a faso ato pasamo to kakomaenan mi’aca to dafong.\n\nTalapapotalay sapikihatiya (戶外活動) \nLitosaan no ngoso’an o adihayay lotolotokan a parapatan matodong tomakapahay fohecalay tafok no Cape Town, i Blouberg a taftafokan a pisisiran totapelik ato fayang a tamina a piontoan, to mihecaan saka 9 folad tangas aroma miheca saka 2 foladan ira ko mirarakatay tamdaw tayni misisir to tapelic. I Boulders Beach o katadamaanan no howak no South Africa.\n\nI Victoria & Alfred Waterfront a riyar, Hout hefong ato Simon niyaro’ o pirarakatan mikalic to tamina. Roma i Robben Island (pala) o pita’elifan no mirarakatay, roma a tamina tayra i Seal Island (pala) miki’araw to adihayan Waco no riyar i South Africa.\n\nLitosaan no ngoso’an ’aloman ko romakatay atomikalicay to lotok a lalan, tinako i parad a lotok, laion tokos ato kawas tokos. O Cape Town, pakananomay ato papotalay pikihatiyaan halo misisiray to tapelic, micelemay, mi’eseray to tapelike a fali kopang, patikeday, parakat to faso, mi’eseray maefer, minengnengay to ’ayam ato minengnengay to ’iso.\n\nMinengnengay to ’iso o kaolahan a kamok konian, to mihecaan saka 8 folad tangasa 11 folad opinengnengan to Southern Right Whale (patokosay ’iso) a kasafalic, oya Brinell ’iso to mihecaan manengnengay to. Hymarius a lilis no riyar to 100m ato False Bay (lilis no riyar) manengneng ko ’iso. Saki ka’amisay hekal no riyar no Cape Town manengneng ko Hector’s dolphin (fafoy noriyar) ato cifolisay a dolphin (fafoy noriyar) [36].\n\nSaka 8 folad tangsa 9 foladan tayra i kaetipay hekal noriyar no South Africa a Namaqualand i, nawhani i kasi’enawan a ’oradan mapaloso’, ya tafotafokan masafa^elohay, molengaw macelak ko kalohanahanaan.\n\nTadamaanay ponka (文化特色) \nJazz, pitanam mi’owak to fadisoso a ’epah, o nano Netherland likisi patirengan loma’ no Cape Town, saheto o saka ci ponkaay no maci pirakatan no mirarakatay[37][38][39][40].\n\nNawhani masiikeday no Nitherland ato Inkiris a pikowang, o lomaloma’ no Cape Town masiday ko nai Europe a losid. Dengan pinapina a loma’ no Nitherland nai 1685 mihecaan nipatirengan a fadisoso ’epah a pinengnengan, ato no Baroque a losid patirengan a kadademakan no cisifo a loma’, itira i Long Street (karaya’ay lalan) a mapatirengay a Victoria loma’. Ira ho i Malay a saniyaro’ Pokap a Mosque (cin-cen-se), malo kacacoelielis no ponka ko Cape Town.\n\nRoma i, i St.Georges Street a Green Market Square (kangdaway a potal) o tadamaanay no ’atimela a cifa, mipa’aca to no niyaro’ay ato nai romaroma Africa faniyot kitakit tinako Zimbabwe, Kenya a pinasanga’ a lalosidan.\n\nCecay miheca kina cecay ko ilisin no Cape Town (Cape Town Minstrel Carnival, South Africa Netherland sowal: Kaapse Klopse) to mihecaan saka 1 folad 2 romi’ad mipa’oric ko mi’oricay. Mikihatiyaay a kasaselal ciriko’ to kasasiromaan a sanengsengay, mitatoy to saong ano ca o misoni kasadatok, mirakat to lalan.\n\nMirocokan ponka no hekal (世界文化遺產) \nO nano pirofoan a Robben kanatal i 1999 miheca 12 folad pala no hekalan ponka a mirocokan itilid i kiwiko kakak ponka sakapot no Linhoko. O nian o nano pirofoan to ’ayaway congtong ci Mandelaan a kanatal sata’akay mililisay to South Africa, nai 1615 miheca miteka o pirofoan ato pipalafacan to ciraraway tamdaw a pala, ’ayaw o nano pipalacidekan to midengay a fidas adada ato misakosemetay tamdaw, ato kaitiraan no riyar sofiyay. Oni pirofoan nai 1996 miheca mapaterep, i 1997 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad itiya mala pinengnengan no tamdamdaw[41].\n\nCalay no karong pitiya (通訊媒體) \nNawhani o Cape Town o satadamaanay a karomakatan no kaetip katimol no South Africa, saka ira ko pinapina a pasinponay ato cassisya itini ko katayalan. Tinako mirina’ to Inkiris sinpon a Cape Argus ato Cape Times a Independent News and Media. Ira ho ko mirina’ay to no South Africa sowal a Die Burger sata’akay mitiya a kakerikeridan Naspers i South Africa[42]. Roma, o Cape Town daykako mirina’ to nangra mitiliday a daykako sinpon (Varsity).\n\nI Cape Town ira ko masatisilan niyaro’ a sinpon, i kasaniyaro’ ira ko no niyah a demak sinpon no niyaro’. Ta’akay a niyaro’ a sinpon:\n\nInkiris mimingay sinpon\n\nAthlone a Athlone Sinpon (News)\n\nAtlantic Sun (Tasiyang cidal sinpon)\n\nConstantiaberg a Constantiaberg Bulletin (macikayay sinpon)\n\nFalse Bay a False Bay Echo (wadihang sinpon)\n\nHelderberg a Helderberg Sun (cidal)\n\nPlainsman\n\nBellville a City Vision (ngiha no niyaro’)\n\nSentinel News\n\nSouthern Suburbs Tatler\n\nTable Talk\n\nTygertalk\n\nSouth Africa Netherland sowal a sinpon\n\nLandbou-Burger\n\nTygerburger\n\nXhosa sowal sinpon\n\nCape Flats a Vukani[43]\n\nO tatenokan no paratohay mitiya ko Cape Town, ira ko pinapina itini a paratohay a laciw. Roma, o kadademakan no paratohay kakerikeridan no South Africa itini.\n\nLiciw a calay halo[44]:\n\nGood Hope FM\n\nKFM 94.5 fm\n\nVoice of the Cape 95.8 fm\n\nCape Talk 567 mw\n\nUCT Radio 104.5 fm, o calay saki daykako no Cape Town\n\nOnto (體育) \nO satadamaanay a onto no Cape Town i o katop mali, soedaay mali ato wa’ay mali[45].\n\nI Cape Town ira ko tatosaay nano South Africa a kalalifetan a sakapot, siiked o Santos ato i 1999 miheca nai Seven Star (pitoay fo’is) ato Cape Town Spurs (ceka) makakomoday a Ajax Cape Town kapot.\n\nNai Cape Town a saniyaro’ Newlands o katop mali lekatep katop mali kapot i Wes-Kaap (Western Province) sa’etal a pidotocan, aniniay a kakeridan ci Schalk Burger. O Newlands o katimolay cikiw satadamaanay 14 katop mali a lekatep (Super 14) a kapot Stormers a pidotocan, onini a kalalifelifetan iini i South Africa, New Zealand ato Australia a sakapot malalifet.\n\nRoma, i Newlands ira ko cecay a soedaay mali a Cape Cobras i Cape Town, kapot mimali nai Wes-Kaap a soedaay mali ato Paulante soedaay mali makakomoday.\n\nO nga’ayay a kafafalifalic a romi’ad saka nga’ay no miontoay awaayay hanhan. Dengan no sakapot a onto, no paitemekan a onto to kalofo ato Tennis o kakerihan to, manga’ay ko pipatireng to kaitiraan.\n\nIra mapatireng ko 50,900 ko tamdaw i Newlands katop mali kalalifetan (onofa) ato 25,000 kamaro’an Newlands soedaay mali a kalalifetan (ontofa), no Santos a Avalon kalalifetan (ontofa) misatatasay misanga’ to saki 2010 mihecaan no hekalan pinanaman (ontofa). Roma, mipatireng ho maedengay to 70,000 tamdaw ko miki’araway mafohatay ko fadahong a Greenpoint Stadium a kalalifetan.\n\nKaromakatan lalan (交通)\n\nKasasiiked marar lalan (鐵路系統) \nI Cape Town ira ko tosaay halafinay ko rakat tayra i romaroma a niyaro’, nai Shosholoza Meyl a citodongay mikowan. Capa Town syataw no cinamalay to romi’ami’ad ira ko rakat tayra i Pretoria, Kimberly ato Johannesburg. Roma mapatodong ko cecay lipay cecay a rakat tayra i Durban, Bloemfontein ato Pieter Maritzburg. Oroma, o Cape Town o kasatikotikan to Pretoria a Blue Train (langdaway paliding) a syataw.\n\nRoma, ta’akay a calay to i maciay no marar lalan (Metrorail) sakalakiting to kasaniyaro’ ato Cape Town, halo lawacay niyaro’ ira ko 96 a syataw.\n\nHikokiciw (機場) \nO kasakitakit hikokiciw no Cape Town sapipadamso to sakifinawlan ato mirarakatay i kasaniyaro’ ato kasakitakit a hikoki, o matamoray ko tayal to sakihikoki i South Africa, midoedoay to Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw no Johannesburg[46].\n\nKapolongan faso (公共汽車) \nGolden Arrow Bus Services ko citodongay romakat to kasamaci a Kapolongan faso kasapadang, roma ira ko pinapina a tayraay i Cape Town ano eca maraayay ko raka tayra roma a niyaro’.\n\nKasasiiked no narikayay kapolongan sakaromakat (快速公交系統) \nI Cape Town ira ko MyCiTi hananay a narikayay a kapolongan sakaromakat a calay (BRT), i 2010 miheca, o saki 2010 miheca hekalan waay mali a kalalifetan mapatireng misitapan dademak, padamso to i tenokay, i ontofa micada ato hikokiciw a faso. Itiya MyCiTi kapolongan sakaromakat a calay masakakahaday i polong i maci no Cape Town.\n\nTakosi (計程車) \nTasaay ko takosi i Cape Town, siiked to pakatokiay takosi ato mimingay faso (kohetingay) takosi. Masasiromaay to no roma a niyaro’, pakatokiay takosi o caayay ka nga’ay mirakarak mikilim to mihololay, mitala to patingwa ta manga’ay militemoh mamicada. Orasaka, pakatokiay takosi caay ka adihay. Oya mimingay faso takosi polong no finawlan a nipili’an sakaromakat[47].\n\nTalacowa maedefay, nikawrira o kikay no faso ato parakatay a losid caay ka fangcal, o parakatay caay pidotoc to sakaromakat to lalan rikec. Nawhani o matayalay no South Africa to sakikapolongan a picolo’ a salongoc, matiniay a takosi maparafas ko pakalic, o sakacikatalawan ko parakat i lalan[48][49].\n\nHacikayay lalan (高速公路) \n\nIra ko toloay lalowadan hacikayay lalan no Cape Town, malacalay to Cape Town ato Bloemfontein, Johannesburg, Pretoria ato Zimbabwe a N1 lalan, malacalay to Port Elizabeth, East London ato Durban N2 lalan, ato malacalay to Noord-Kaap ato Namibia N7 lalan. N1 ato N2 lalan saheto nai ka’amisay no Buitengracht Street malingad, tangasa i Central Business District sakawali malitosa ko lalan, N1 pasayra i maci a pakawali tala’amis, o N2 mitaelif to kasakitakit hikokiciw no Cape Town pasayra kawali talitimol romakat. N7 lalan pakayra i Michelle dafdaf miteka, tedac pasi’amis ko rakat, miliyas to Cape Town malalitemoh to N1, N2 lalan macacoaliw.\n\nO Cape Town o malacalayay to kasasiromaroma a maci ko dotoc no lalan, kasacecay hacikayay lalan ira ko kasacapa’ M-lalan (M-roads) mitedac tayra i maci a tayra roma a lalan. Tinako N2 a lalan masacapa’ tayra M3 capa’ pasayra kawali no parar lotok ato Fort Mason, o N1 lalan masacapa’ to M5 lalan micalay to Cape dafdaf, ira ho R300 lalan mitongod to Michelle dafdaf ato Belleville.\n\nRiyaran a lalan (海路交通) \nNai parar hefong ira ko ta’akay minato, o picaferan no romakatay tamina no katimolay cikiw. I 2004 miheca oni a minato ira ko 3,161 micolo’ay to dafong tamina ato 920 ’ofad ton no dafong[50].\n\nRoma, i katimolay no mici Simon's Town a minato, o kaitiraan no riyar sofitay no South Africa.\n\nSakakaay kiwiko no Cape Town (開普敦的高等教育) \nI Cape Town ira ko sepatay daykako ato pinapina takaraway yin pitilidan.\n\nI satenokan maci no Cape Town sakaira no katadamaan no Cape Tpwn daykako, Wes-Kaap daykako ato Cape Peninsula University of Technology, ona daykako pakompay to kasahakasi to hakasi(degree, master, PhD). Ira ko 9 pitilidan milesap i kasasiroma a Wiysin maci no Cape Town[51]. Ira ho mingataay to maci 50 kongli ko ray a Stellenbosch daykako.\n\nO Cape Town daykako i South Africa o satadamaana a daykako, i ’ayaw oya miliyangay to pala’eday to finacadan a tenokan. Oni pitilidan nai 1829 mihecaan mapatireng, i South Africa nikapolongan kitakit a sakacecay daykako. I pipatirengan itiya i, o ngangan no daykako o South Africa kakoyin (South African College), o sakipatenakay (palosiyangay) padamso to pikiwiko a sadama. Ato ikor to mihecaan a kacowat i, o Cape Town a daykako malasatadamaanay i hekal a akawangay pitilidan.\n\nI hekal sa’ayaway no tamdaw milinah to faloco’ a tokad itiniay i Cape Town daykako patirengan a ising ci Chris Bennett hakasi (Prof. Chris Barnard) milahecian. Roma, i Cape Town daykako ira ko tatosaay naitini miliyasay misawad pakaala to Nobel Prize (kompay), siiked nai 1979 miheca Nobel Prize senli ato isingan kompay ci Allan Cormack, ato 1982 miheca Nobel Prize tayhi kompay ci Aron Klug.\n\nTadamaanay tamdaw (著名人物) \nAllan Cormack, 1979 miheca Nobel Prize senli ato isingan kompay.\n\nAron Klug, 1982 miheca Nobel Prize tayhi kompay.\n\nJohn Maxwell Coetze, 2003 miheca Nobel Prize nanolitengan kompay.\n\nMark Shuttleworth, nai South Africa IT o walwalan cidafongay laloma’an i Cape Town, midakaw to TM-33 kakarayan tamina a mirarakat i kakarayan.\n\nNelson Mandela, nai o marofoay i Robben kanatal to 27 mihecaan ko halafin a South Africa congtong.\n\nMalikakaay maci (姊妹城市) \nLaloma’ay no kitakit\n\nSouth Africa Durban[52]\n\nPapotalay no kitakit\n\nFrance Nice\n\nAmilika Texas sa’etal Galveston[53]\n\nBelgium Antwerp\n\nMifalicay to tilid (文��翻譯) \nCi Masao Nikar - 'Amis\/Pangcah\n\nPihapinangan (參見) \nPretoria\n\nBloemfontein\n\nCape Town niyaro’ masatisil\n\nPacefaday tilid (注釋)\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n1. Pollack, Martin. Achmat Ebrahim is the new city manager of Cape Town. City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality. 2006-05-31 [2007-03-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-04-16）.\n\n2. City of Cape Town. Municipal Demarcation Board. [2008-03-23].\n\n3. Community Survey, 2007: Basic Results Municipalities (PDF). Statistics South Africa. [2008-03-23]. （nano tilid (PDF) nana’angan i 2013-08-25）.\n\n4. Community Survey 2007 interactive data. Statistics South Africa. [2009-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-08-05）.\n\n5. Census 2001 interactive data. Statistics South Africa. [2009-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-08-14）.\n\n6.Cen kong ce. Hongkong patoroan. Kalali’aca mirina. 1983 [2020-03-29]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-05-16） （holam-hongkong）.\n\n7.Tingyiho. Congko roma kitakit kalongangan no niyaro’ citing. Conghua liohongan. 1924 [2020-04-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-05-16） （holam-hongkong）.\n\n8. Cape Town palapalaan (Inkiris). Cape Town sifo citodongay. 2003-8-19 [2007-3-16].[malasawad ko calay]\n\n9. Cape Point kalocalay pina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-09-30. Conghua pirarakatan kaitiraan sapatoro’.\n\n10. Review Essay: From Cape Town to Cairo: Africans Making Cities in British Colonial Africa，Journal of Urban History\n\n11. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies kalocalay nina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad\n\n2007-06-11.，Jared Diamond.\n\n12. Cape Town region of South Africa: An Overview kalocalay nina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad \n\n2007-05-25.，CapeInfo.Com\n\n13. pakayni Cape Town（felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），World Newspaper Congress \/ Cape \n\nTown 2007\n\n14. Cape Town History mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-06-14.，Book Cape Town\n\n15. “mirarakat to hekal patoroan 10:South Africa”, Senminhe, Liawnin kiwiko mirinaay,1998-1, ISBN \n\n7-5382-4995-8\n\n16. European Settlement （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），Cape Connected\n\n17.「Encounter at the Cape: French Huguenots, the Khoi and Other People of Color」，《Journal of \n\nColonialism and Colonial History》，2004, saka lima rekad.\n\n18. Cape Town's history mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-02-03.，CapeInfo.Com\n\n19. The History of Cape Town （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），Cape Town South Africa \n\nInformation\n\n20. Cape Coloureds - Cape Malays - Coon Carnival （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），About \n\nSouth Africa\n\n21. History of SOUTH AFRICA （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），HistoryWorld.net\n\n22. Cape Town kafafalic no romi’ad, mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-05-31. South Africa \n\nromi’ad citodongay.\n\n23. World Weather Information Service- Cape Town. [2010-05-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-26）.\n\n24. Cape Town\/DF Malan Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric \n\nAdministration. [8 April 2013].\n\n25. Climate data: Cape Town. Old.weathersa.co.za. 28 October 2003 [17 March 2011]. （nano nina’angan \n\ntilid i 2011-03-14）.\n\n26. Hottest temperature. enca.com. [6 March 2015]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-07-20）.\n\n27. Cape Town kalomaocan (PDF). Misiiked singkiw wuyyimhuy(South Africa). 2006. （nano nitilidan \n\n(PDF)mana’ang i 2006-03-18）.\n\n28.Nina’angan kapi. [2005-06-09]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2005-04-11）.\n\n29. City of Cape Town: Economic Statistics mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-05-20.\n\n30. South African Department of Minerals and Energy mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad \n\n2009-01-03.\n\n31. South African Boatbuilders Business Council mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2017-01-06.\n\n32. Official Western Cape and Cape Town tourism guide mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad \n\n2007-11-26.\n\n33. Table Mountain Aerial Cableway. [2007-05-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-12-21）.\n\n34. Cape Point, South Africa. [2007-05-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-09-28）.\n\n35. Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2006-08-11.\n\n36. Cape Town Whale Watching mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2006-04-22.，Afton Grove\n\n37. Cape Winelands. [2007-05-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2004-09-24）.\n\n38. The Western Cape wine lands. [2016-03-31]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-02-14）.\n\n39. Cape Dutch Architecture （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），Encounter South Africa\n\n40.《A Comparative Evaluation of Urbanism in Cape Town》，University of Cape Town Press，1977, saka 20-98 felih, ISBN 0-620-02535-2\n\n41. UNESCO World Heritage Centre （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay）, Linhoko hekal ponka nirocokan\n\n42. South Africa Newspapers （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），ABYZ News Links\n\n43. South Africa Newspapers （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），Daily Earth\n\n44. Radio companies （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），BizCommunity.Com\n\n45. 《Time Out: Cape Town》，Time Out Publishing, 2006, saka 127–130 felih：onto, ISBN 1-904978-12-6\n\n46. Cape Town International Airport mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2006-06-25. SouthAfrica.info\n\n47. Transport mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2011-11-28. CapeTown.org\n\n48. South Africa's minibus wars: uncontrollable law-defying minibuses oust buses and trains from transit （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay）, LookSmart\n\n49. Transportation in Developing Countries: Greenhouse Gas Scenarios for South Africa mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-06-21. Pew Centre\n\n50. Introducing SAPO mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2011-08-01.，South African Port Operations\n\n51. History mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-06-09. Cape Peninsula University of Technology\n\n52. Media Release: Street Renaming mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-09-27. City of Cape Town\n\n53. Online Directory: Texas, USA mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2008-02-10. Sister Cities International\n\nPapotalay calay (外部連結) \nCape Town no sifo calay (mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad)\n\nOpenStreetMap ira i 32675806 Cape Town palapalaan kacipinangan","num_words":8598,"character_repetition_ratio":0.076,"word_repetition_ratio":0.024,"special_characters_ratio":0.245,"stopwords_ratio":0.007,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":22520.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mipalasawad%20to%20polong%20masafacoay%20pisakakinih%20to%20fafahiyan%20a%20kakaketonan","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"“Mipalasawad to polong masafacoay pisakakinih to fafahiyan a kakaketonan”\n\n《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》 ===\n=== （英語：The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women，CEDAW） \n\n Sakacecay:Tatodong no Pisakakinih (歧視的定義) \n[[Faylo:Cedaw.jpg|縮圖|“Mipalasawad to polong masafacoay pisakakinih to fafahiyan a kakaketonan”《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》（英語：The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women，CEDAW）]]O “pisakakinih to fafahiyan” sanay a sowal tona kakaketonan o masamaamaanay a pisasiroma, piwanik ato pitolas koni toro’an, o pisiwar ato pipatosokan nonini i, ma’edengay a mitena’ ano ca mihakeno to sakafana’aw, sapi’isalaw ano ca sapidemakaw to sieci, kicay, syakay, ponka,finawlan ato roma a Salongoc no kalatamdaw ato katomiregan no paifaloco’ay no ciramoday ato ano caay ho kaciramod a fafahiyan to nilalen no fainayan ato fafahiyan.\n\n Sakatosa:Palasawad to pisakakinih (消除歧視)\nO matatiliday tona kakaketonan a kasakitakit,masacecay ko pilanang to masamaanay to pisakakinih to fafahiyan, tangsolen a midemak ko matatodongay halaka, micikeroh to hadademaken, palahedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan. O sapilaheciaw toni a patosokan, alamidemak to:\n\na. Ano caay ho ka paro i “Tatapangan Rikec no Kitakit” ko kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan, karamkamen a pacomod, o rikec ato roma a matatodongay tayal ko sapilaheci tonini a lekakawa;\n\nb. Misanga’ to rikec ato roma a demak, mahaop ko pisa’et toya romi’ad, mitaker to ’emin a pisakakinih to fafahiyan;\n\nc. Patireng to malalenay salongoc no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a sapa’ading rikec, o citodongay to pisawkit ato roma a kapolongan kowanno sifo ko mamidemak tonini, midopo\/ mitared(保證)to so’elinay pipa’ading to fafahiyan saka ca ka cipades to masamaanaanay a sakakinih;\n\nd. Cowa to ka pidemak to masamaamaanay a pisakakinih to fafahiyan a tayal ato demak, o demak no sifo ato kapolongan kowan midopo to caay ka pifelih tona demak;\n\ne. Lahecien a mitayal ko matatodongay a kalodemak to sapipalasawadaw to pisakakinih to fahahiyan no kalotamdaw, saopo ato tata’angay katayalan.\n\nf. Lahecien a mitayal ko matatodongay a kalodemak mahaop ko pisanga’ to rikec, misalof ano ca mipalsawad to aniniay a misakakinihay rikec, lekakawa, pinangan ato tinakoan;\n\ng. Palasawaden ko i nisefelay-rikec(刑法) no kitakit to nisakakinihay to fafahiyan a ’emin nisetekan.\n\n Sakatolo:Tatapangan Salongoc ato Tatapangan Naifaloco’an(基本權利和基本自由)\n\nLahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko picapopo to polong a kasaetal, pacideken itini i sieci, syakay, sak’orip, ponka, demaken ko ’emin a matatodongay a hadademaken mahaop ko misanga’ to rikec, mitared to sakapatahtah a cemahad ato macakat ko fafahiyan, o patosokan nonini i,o sapipalaheciaw to katomirengan i kasalalen ato fa’inayan midemak,mikilac to salongoca no kalatamdaw ato tatapangan naifaloco’an.\n\n sakasepat:Mitayal to cidekay a dadademaken(採取特別措施)\n\n1. Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko pidemak a micaloh a palaheci ko pacarcaray a lekakawa to kalalen no fafahiyan ato fa’inayan. Ona lekakawa cow akoya nitoro’an tonian kakaketonan a pisakakinih, aka ka malaparariday a kakinih ato kasasirom a patosokan; yo malaheci to ko kalalen no talikeda ato pidipot no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan, palasawaden konini a lekakawa.\n\n2. O sapipa’adingaw to winaay a pinangan a nitayalan a cidekay lekakawa no makaketonay kitakit, cowa ko misakakinihay.\n\n Sakalima:Oya makakafitay i tiring a kasasirom sanay a masa’alitaday harateng ato makakinihay pinengneng(有關性別角色的陳規定型觀念和偏見)\n\nLahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong a matatodongay lekakawa:\n\na. falicen kono syakay ato ponka a pinangan no fafahiyan ato fa’inayan, ta mafalic ko misakakaay ato misafayay a harateng ano ca oya masalalekoay tayal no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan sanay a sakkinih, pinangan ato roma a ’emin a demak;\n\nb. mitared to pipasifana’ no loma’ mihaop to mi’ecelay ko kafana’ to kasasitekelokelo no wina ato kapolongan a tayal no mama ato wina ko pipa’orip ato pipasifana’ to wawa, ano ira to ko masamaanay a demak i’ayawen ko hahor no wawa.\n\n Sakaenem:O makakafitay ato mipa’acaay to fafahiyan ato misakemotay a mikali’angay to rikec a lafo(與販賣婦女和賣淫有關的違法犯罪)\n\nLahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong a matatodongay lekakawa, mahaop ko pisanga’ to rikec to sapitakeraw to ’emin a faco no mali’acaay ato papisakemotay to fafahiyan to sakaci’epoc a demak.\n\n Sakapito:Cisalongoc no sinkiw i kalosinkiw, mikapot ato sifo a misanga’ to dademaken lekakawa ato mikapot to caay kono sifoay a kasawasil ko fafahiyan(婦女在所有選舉中擁有選舉權以及參與政府的政策制訂和參加非政府組織)\n\nLahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong matatodongay tayal, mipalahedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan i sieci ato kapolongan ’orip mitared to kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan:\n\na. ira ko salongoc no fafahiyan masinkiw i kapolongan sinkiw ato pitopa no finawlan,\n\nb. mikapot ato sifo a misanga’ mitayal to dademaken lekakawa, matayal heca to polong a kasasa’eran tayal no sifo,\n\nc. Mikapot to makakafitay i kapolongan ato no sieciay a ’orip no caay kono sifoay a saopo ato kasawasil.\n\n Sakafalo:Niocoran salongoc i kasakitakit(國際上的代表權)\n\nLahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong matatodongay tayal, mitared to kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan caay ka sakakinih,ira ko talikeda malaniocoran no sifo mikapot to tayal no kasakitakit a saopo.\n\n Sakasiwa:Kika no Kitakita(國籍權)\n\n1. Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko malalenay salongoc to piala,pifalic ano ca miosaw to kika no kitakit ko fa’inayan ato fafahiyan.\n\nLahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko pitared,ano mararamod ato roma a kitakit a tamdaw ano ca i kararamodan mifalic ko fa’inay cowa ko mamafalic kono fafahi a kika no kitakit,mapalahedaw ano ca mapaci’eci a pakafit to kika no kitkit no fa’inay.\n\n2. Laheciaen no makaketonay kitakit a pafeli ko malalenay salongoc to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan to pakayniay i kika no kitakit a demak.\n\nSakamo’etep Salongoc no pasifana’ ato pikonlin, mahaop ko sapikapot to onto ato misahalaka to sakaciwawa a fana’ a salongoc(教育和培訓權利，包括參加體育和獲取計畫生育知識的權利'')\n\nLahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong matatodongay tayal to sapipalahedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan, patared to fafahiyan cikilac to malalenay a salongoc i pipasifana’an, mipatared to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan i :\n\na. I kasasiromaroma a sakowan no kiwiku,i misatokayay to i niyaro’ to malalen ko kacitodong i cidekay-taneng,pidama to sakatayal, minananam ato ato piala to kompay. I’ayaway no pitilidan,kalopitilidan, kacitatodong,cidekay-taneng ato ikakaay kacitaneng a kiwiku ato masasiromaromay a pikonlinangan to sakatayal malaheci a mapatared ko matiniay a kalalen;\n\nb. o patosokan no sapasifana’,salifet, kacitodongan no singsi,pitlidan ato kakoc ato hacowa no dafong malalen a malecad;\n\nc. o sapipalasawadaw to masamaanay a masalalekoay harateng i kasasa’er ato kasasiromaroma a pipasifana’an to tayal no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan,lahecien ko pipa’icel to palacafay no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan mitilid,ato mipadangay milaheci tonini patosokan no pasifan’,sacideken a milaheci ko pisanga’ to sapasifana’ tilid ato matatodongay sapasifana’;\n\nd. malecad ko pilayap to sap’icel a payso no sifo ato roma a padahof no sifo to sapikinkiw payso;\n\ne. ono malitengay kiwiku marapot kono sakafana’ to tilid ato mi’asipay ato mitiliday taneng malecad ko kacitalikeda, mapacidek ko nikacaloh a misakamoko’ to kalala’edan no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan i kiwiku.\n\nf. milowan to (misatociway) ifataday ko pisawad no fafahiyan a mitiliday, patalaen ko kasasiromaroma a dademaken to sapaini to pali’ayaway ko pisawad a mitilid a kaying ato fafahiyan;\n\ng. malecad ko talikeda a misarocod mikapot to ma’aiseday ato miyatayat;\n\nh. ira ko talikeda a milayap to mitomadaway a milayap to sakacicidekay a fana’,ta mapalaheci ko pipa’ading to katanektek ato rihaday no loma’, mahaop ko pali’ayaway misahalaka to maciwawa a fana’ ato tomadaw.\n\n Sakacecay safaw:Cikilac to salongoc no katayalan, sadipot no syakay ato mipadangay a midama mahaop ko sapidipot a dafong(享有工作、社會保障和輔助性社會服務包括保育設施的權利)\n\n1. Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko ’emin a dadademaken to sapipalahedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan i katayalan, ta matared to ko kacikilac to malecaday salongoc, macidekay ko:\n\na. cimacima to a tamdaw ira ko cowa mama’afas a sakatayal salongoc;\n\nb. cikilac to malecaday a salongoc to sakatayal a talikedaan, mahaop ko kalalen no nipiri’ a miala a lalekoan;\n\nc. cikilac to naifaloco’ay a pisimsim to cidekay tayal ato demak, mipacakat ato pi’ading to katayalan, o ’emin a pidemak to sakarihaday ato sakatayal, milayap to pitomadaw ato sapacakataw to tayal, mahaop ko salongoc to mihatatanam pakonlin,ikakaay tayal a pihatatanam ato kaloladay a pikonlin;\n\nd. masananawiray ko ’epoc a tayal cikilac to mananawiray a lifon, mahaop ko salongoc no sakarihaday ato malalenay demak, yo mamisawkit to nitayalan mananawir to ko kacisalongoc to malalenay demak;\n\ne. cikilac to sapa’ading no syakay a salongoc, masateked i pisawadan matayal, kaawaan no tayal, adada,masamo’ ko tireng ato maliteng ato ca malahedaw ko ’icel a matayal, cikilac heca to cilifonay a pahanhan;\n\nf. itini i katayalan cikilac to sakatanektek ato sapa’ading no syakay, mahaop ko salongoc to sapa’ading to sakaciwawa.\n\n2. O sakacaayaw ka sakakinih ko fafahiyan yo mararamod ano ca ciwawa, mipa’ading to kaciheci no katayalan salongoc, o makaketonay kitakit lahecien ko pidemak to matatodongay demak:\n\na. milalang to papisawad to nika citiyad ano ca pahanhan i kaciwawaan, ato o nika raramodan ko pi’arawan a miskakinih a papisawad to tayal, o misakemotay toni a makaketonay kitakit patefocen;\n\nb. midemak to cilifonay a nikasofocan pahanhan ano ca o mananawiray a sakrihaday no syakay a nika, sofocan pahanhan, cowa ko mamalahedaw ko tayal,kanawan ato sapakaolah;\n\nc. pa’icel to mipafeliay to sapadang a tayal, masateked i mipatireng ato mipacemahad to yociin a kadado’edoan no tayal,ta manga’ay ko ciwawaay patokeled tono loma’ ato katayalan mikapot to kapolongan demak;\n\nd. o matayalay i midoka’ay to tireng a cipoyapoyay fafahiyan, pafelien to micidekay a pipa’ading.\n\n3. Lahecien ko pido’edo to sakakaay taneng a fana’, i nipatonekan a romi'ad mihapinangan to mamakafitay tona rikec to pipa’adingan, ano ira ko mifelihay tona rikec lahecien ko pisalof,palasawad ato pipatenak.\n\n Sakatosa safaw:Salongoc no Cinpaoka(保健的權利)\n\n1. Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko matatodongay demak to pipalahedaw to fafahiyan i kapolongan-paising to cinpaoka, patareden canira to pakaala to masamaanay a sakaciwawa a halaka to cinpaoka sakatayal.\n\n2. Talacowa ira ko pirikec i sakacecay tosir nona Satoko, lahecien no makaketonay kitakit mipatared paini to citiyaday, masofocay ato pahanhanay nikasofoean to matatodongay a tayal, ca ko papaysoen, patared heca i kacitiyadan ato pipacocoan midipot mapafeli to patahtahay a tadamaanay kaen.\n\n Sakatolo safaw:Salongoc no laloma’an milayap to sapatiyap payso,salongoc no mikiyam ato salongoc to mikihatiya to lawla ato laday ’orip a ponka(領取家屬津貼的權利、獲得信貸的權利和參與娛樂活動和文化生活的權利)\n\nLahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko matatodongay tayal to sapipalhedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan i pili’etan ato ladayyay ’orip no syakay, patareden canira to kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a malecaday salongoc, mangalefay i :\n\na. salongoc no laloma’an milayap to sapatiyap a payso;\n\nb. salongoc no laloma,an micaliw to payso i kinko,patanpo ato romaroma a picaliw;\n\nc. salongoc no pikapot to lawla,onto ato kasasiromaroma no ladayay ’orip no ponka.\n\n Sakasepat safaw:Salongoc no i niyaro’ay a maomahay fafahiyan(農村婦女的權利)\n\n1. Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko piharaten to i niyaro’ay a maomahay fafahiyan to pisi’ayaw to micidekay a karorayan demak ato saka’orip, mangalefay i cowa kono misanga’ay to dafong a tayal ko kaci’icel nangra, orasaka lahecien ko pidemak to matatodongay a tayal to pipa’ading toni setekan tona kakaketonan a kalosarikec.\n\n2. Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko pidemak to matatodongay a tayal to sapipalsawadaw to pisakakinih to i niyaro’ay maomahay fafahiyan, patareden ko kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan mikapot to sakacemahad no niyaro’ a tayal mikilac heca to kaci’epocan, patosi’aya patared to sakacisalongoc to :\n\na. mikihatiya to misanga’ ato midemak to kasasiromaroma sa’er a halaka no sakacemahad;\n\nb. mira’oy to patahtahay a dafong no cinpaoka, mahaop ko fana’, mitomadaw ato tayal no misahalaka to sakaciwawaw;\n\nc. tangsol sa milayap to kaci’epocan nani sapa’ading no syakay;\n\nd. milayap to masasiromaromaay a so’elinay ato cowa ko so’elinay a pikonlin ato pasifana’, mahaop ko malaheciay ko kafana’ miasip ato mitilid a pikonlin ato pasifana’, cikilac to ’emin a maci’epoc no katayal sakisyaku ato patenakay tayal, a mipacakat to tadakaysa a taneng no tayal;\n\ne. mikomod a patireng to niyah kasawasil ato patomaliway saopo, matayal ato niyah a katayalan mipecoh to malalenay a sakacakat a talikeda;\n\nf. mikihatiya to ’emin a demak no syaku;\n\ng. ira ko talikeda a pakaala to picaliw to payso sakiliomah,ra’oyen ko dafong no pipaliwalan ta maala ko tatodongay a sakatayal taneng, milolol to sera ato pipamatang to sera a halaka cikilac to malalenay sapaini;\n\nh. cikilac to matatodongay a saka’orip, mangalef i kamaro’an, sak’orip,nanom ato dingki, micolo’ay ato paratohan.","num_words":2717,"character_repetition_ratio":0.107,"word_repetition_ratio":0.03,"special_characters_ratio":0.192,"stopwords_ratio":0.007,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":16708.4,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edgar%20de%20Wahl","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Edgar de Wahl (23 August 1867 – 9 March 1948) pa to liu an serep lo hal ngakap apay tatsupan Baltik Jerman i tehyang, matematis mi luy, lixang mi inulakan. Pi malisan ya, mi tupa ay manunutun sa iye ki, la dehaka si Interlingue ya inutulul ni iye, ya tupa sa ngaki nga Occidental pa tems iti.","num_words":66,"character_repetition_ratio":0.0,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.264,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.182,"perplexity_score":91012.8,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saint%20Vincent%20and%20the%20Grenadines","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Inkiris a sowal: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), decdec a tilid Saint Vincent, ano eca Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, o Latin Amilika safaniyot a kitakit, itiraay i katimolay no mimingay Antilles kasakanatal i Caribbean riyar, laedan no Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, o tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a sakapot. O finawlan saheto o kohetingay tamdaw ato kohetingay kohecalay a camel a tamdaw.\n\nLikisi (歷史) \nO nano niyaro’ kamaro’an no Indian Caribbean ko Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.\n\nI 1492 miheca, tangasa i Saint Vincent ci Columbus itiya i, irato: maro’ itini ko Caribbean finacadan ko Indian tamdaw.\n\n1627 miheca, macalap no Inkiris ko napala. Ikor o France mihapiw o noniyah citodongay salongoc mikowan to nia pala, ona tosaay a kitakit macacefis tina pala a kinapinapina malalood.\n\n1783 miheca, i “Paris kalatelek” so’elin o Inkiris ko mikowanay tina pala.\n\n1833 miheca miteka, o nano pasifaliay a palapalaan a sera ko Saint Vincent.\n\n1958 miheca 1 folad, o Saint Vincent ato Grenadines a palapalaan malacecay mikapot to “kaetip Intu nipatatekoan a kitakit”, tangasa 1962 miheca 5 folad kaetip Intu nipatatekoan a kitakit malicinowas.\n\n1969 miheca 10 folad, o Saint Vincent and the Grenadines midemak to “no niyah laloma’an a pikowan”, o no Inkiris a kasacofelan a nipatatekoan a kitakit, nika saki kacacofelan a demak, sapitena’ a demak o Inkiris ko mikowanay.\n\n1979 miheca 10 folad 27 romi’ad, o Saint Vincent and the Grenadines mihapiw to pisiiked, nika oya a Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep ato sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit sakapot.\n\nPalapalaan (地理) \nO Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit o nano Saint Vincent a pala ato kasapalapala no Grenadines a masakapot, o dadahal ira ko 389 pinfang kongli, o ta’akay maci o Kingston. No Saint Vincent a palaan dadahal ira ko 346 pinfang kongli, kakaya’ 26 kongli, kakahad 15 kongli, Grenadines palapalaan halo 32 a mimingay pala, o dadahal 45 pinfang kongli. O Grenadines palapalaan ira ko Bequia pala, Mastic pala, Canouan pala, Union pala, Myro pala, mimingay Saint Vincent pala ato Pam pala ira ko tamdaw maro’ay.\n\nSaint Vincent a pala ira ko namal lotok a pala, makofakofay ko lotok, awaay ko dafdaf. Satakaraway tokos o Soufriere namal lotok, nai riyar 1234m ko takaraw, mararid mafowak, tinako 1970 miheca kina 20 ko kafowak.\n\nO nai kitakit ira ko toloay no sekal a tataparan pinalengaw: pasifaliay a palapalaan o paso’emet ko kilakilang ato pasifaliay a palapalaan makedal ko kilakilang. I 2019 mheca o kilakilangan salongan 6.95\/10, itini i polong no cikiw 172 ko kitakit o saka 61 ko kanga’ayan no kilang.\n\nTalacowa o fa’edetay, nika o fali nai riyaray ko mipatatodongay, to sakadamsay no kafafalicfalic no romi’ad, ’oradan 2540mm to mihecaan, kaciherangan kafarawfawan adihay o kafaliyosan.\n\nO kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) \nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit masilsil to 6 a niyaro’ kadademakan a ’etal:\n\nCharlotte Parish\n\nGrenadines Parish\n\nSaint Andrew Parish\n\nSaint David Parish\n\nSaint George Parish\n\nSaint Patrick Parish\n\nKicay (經濟) \nO sakinaira no Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit o kaliomah ato kasakitakit a paysoan, o pinaloma o pawli. Kasakitakit a paysoan o Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ko sakinaira no kicay.\n\nPirarakatan o sakaira no kicay no Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit.\n\nSofatay (軍事) \nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit o nano tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep, nika o nia kitakit awaay ko sofitay, itini Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit ira ko Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force ato Coast Guard. O saka rihaday mapa’orip ko kitakit, o Regional Security System o pikapot to lekatep.\n\nKacacofelan a demak (外交)\n\nTamdaw (人口) \nI Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit salongan ira ko 12 ’ofad tamdaw, o nano Africa teloc kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 75%.\n\nPinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) \n1. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-05）.\n\n2. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-05）.\n\n3. St. Vincent and the Grenadines. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-09-20） （Inkiris swal）.\n\n4. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2019-12-09）.\n\nPapotalay kasacalay. (外部連結)","num_words":1007,"character_repetition_ratio":0.147,"word_repetition_ratio":0.063,"special_characters_ratio":0.244,"stopwords_ratio":0.007,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.98,"perplexity_score":20599.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kanafarangaw","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Saka 1 a cfang: O pa’ayaway a sowal\n\nYo sapikitohaw to ’orip no itiniay i Taywan a Yan-cu-min a finacadan i, maroray a mikakilim to nikaawa no tilid tono to:’as a dmek. Saka, awa ko mapalitaay ato masongira’ay a rayray no ’orip no to’as no Yan-cu-min a finacadan.\n\n1. Yo ira ko pita^lif no tamina no Potoriko i 1543 a mihcaan i, ma’araw nangra ko nika kapah no pala no Taywang. sowalsa cangra toniniy a pala i, “Ilha Formosa”, “Wata o makapahay a pala” saan. Saka nanoya a pangangan cangra to Taywan i, o “Formosa” hanto no sa^tipay a kitakit ko pipangangan. Saka, o sa’ayaway cangra a misolap to pala no Taywan. Nikawrira caayka pikowan cangra to pala no Taywan. \n\nO kasa finacadan itini i Taywan i, ira aca ko sasilomaloma nocaciyaw ato pinangan no ’orip a masasicidek ko nikamaro’ nangra. Iraay ko nikasasiloma no caciyaw ato kasasiloma no pinangan no ’orip, caay karcad aca ko mihcaan to pipatirengan to niyaro’ nangra to hakamaro’an a pala. Saka, awaay ko nikalaccay nangra a patireng to mikomoday a kitakit a mikowanto Taywan. \n\nYo taynito a mikowan ko Oranta i, sakilacen nangra ko pikowan. taliyok no Tai-ciw a kasafaniyot i, pangangan han to Ta-tu a kitakit. Itini Ping-tong tangasa i Tay-nan i, Ma-cya a kitakit han nangra. I Palidaw a kowan ira ko Ta-kwi-wen a kitakit a mapatireng.\n\n2. 1636 a mihcaan i, o pikowan no Oranta i Ce-kan hananay a niyaro’, caayto ka ’aloman ko malonem to ’a’adopen itira. Saka,mahayda ko Payrang a tamdaw ami’adop to malonem i ka’ami:say a pala, o Fu-wey-long hananay; O kasadakan no sipnoay a malonem itira. Itini aca ko pipacakayan no Yan-cu-min to kator no malonem. Yo sa’aloman sato ko loma a Payrang a tayni i, ma’arang koya sa’ayaway a Payrang. Saka, 1637 ato 1638 a mihcaan i, papikapoten no Payrang ko Yan-cu-min a pacoli to Oranta a tamdaw. Oya rawraw itiya i, mapatay ko 3 a tamdaw no Oranta. Saka, ocoren no Oranta ko sofitay amilo’od to niyaro’ no Fu-wey-long. Nanoya, rarangento no citodongay ko Payrang a micomod i niyaro’ no Yan-cu-min. Nanoya makowan no Oranta ko sakatimol no Tay-nan; sa’amisan no Taywan i, o Spanis ko mikowanay. Nikawrira, 1637 a mihcaan i, lowanen no Spanis ko sofitay a miliyas to Tam-swy. Saka, mafana’ ci Antoni Fan Timen i, tangsor saan cingra a miocor to sofitay. ta ma’afas nangra ko Ki-lung, malaplapto ko Spanis i 1642 a mihcaan. \n\n \n\nNanoya ha^min hanto no Oranta a mikowan ko Taywan. 1644 a micaan i, loodwn no Oranta koya maliyaliyangay a niyaro’ no Yan-cu-min. Haloya Ta-tu hananay a kitakit a malfo nangra. Saka, nani sa’amis no Taywan tangasa i katimol, nga’ay to a tomdac ko rakat a malaccayto. \n\n1645 sakaccay a folad lfoen aca nangra koya lomaloma a niyaro’ no Ta-tu. Saka ha^min hanto nangra a mikowan ko polong no sa^tipan no Taywan a pala.\n\nFong-cyin hananay a pikownay： \n\nMapacomod no Oranta ko mipikceng a pikowan, a malasakakay a mikowanay. Saka, halo i-hwiy(議會) a sa’opo a makowan. O satakalaway ko siy-fo no Oranta a mikowananay, o kamaro’an no Yan-cu-min a pala i, o nililaman i siy-fo saparocek to Yan-cu-min konini. Orasaka, ano micumod ko Oranta ato Payrang a tamdaw i pala no Yan-cu-min, a mifotingto, mikilangto ato nipi’adop i, caka^ca a patli to payso sapadahof to todongto no miaraan i pala no Yan-cu-min. Ano ira ko pisawkit a dmak no Yan-cu-min i, do^do^ han ko pinangan no kasa finacadan a midmak. Ano o papatayen ko raraw nira i, ato o lalaplapen nai Taywan a ciraraway i, o sakakaay no Taywan a i-hoy(議會) ko mistekay a midmak.\n\nO sata tono mihcaan: \n\n1642 a mihcaan ko pisatapang a misata ko mikowanay, 10 a lolong ko panay to sapasata i Oranta. Awaay ko pinang tonika hakowaen ko tatodong no lolong. Saka, ikorto i, ccay a laloma’an 20 ko tingting no panay, ato 4 ko kator no malonem to sapasata to ccay a mihcaan sato ko sa’osi. Nikawrira, o mipatirengan a mala kakitaan a laloma’an i, caay ka patri to sata. Nikawrira, caay ka lcad a malalen ko pipasata. O tiniay i Kilang ato i sawalian no Taywn a Yan-cu-min i, caay ka kahi a pasata. Lomasato, o itiniay i Tam-suy a Yan-cu-min i, rekenan no sofitay no Oranta cangra, saka pasata sato.\n\n Taracowa, caay ko sakakaay micumuday no siy-fo kona pisata, o loma a niyaro’ cango’otay to kakaenen. Saka, 1648 a misatapang, mapalasawad to ko pipatli no kasa niyaro’ to sata tono mihcaan. Saka, 1650 a mihcaan, o citodongay a tapang ci Patawiya, palasawaden ningra ko polong no pisolot to sata. O lifon no singsi i, o ko-si no Oranta ko cirocekay a palifon.\n\n3. 1895~1945 o pikowan no Dipong to Taywan： \n\nPakayni i pikowan no Dipong ato Yoropa a kitakit, caay ka lcad, O fa^lohay cangra a mikowan to Taywan. O Taywan Sotokufu ko cirocekay a miharaka to masamaamaanay a rikec, a mikowan to polong no hadmak i Taywan. O pialaan han no Dipong a miala ko kalimlaan a dafong ato pipalakuli to tamdaw no Taywan, a saka ci’icel no kitakit no Dipong. Lomasato i, kalapasalipa’an han no Dipong, a nga’ay pasitimol a micuwat to Nan-yo a kasakitakit ko Taywan. O pikowan no Dipong to Tawyan i, o kingcac (imeng) ko tatapangan nangra a mikowan, awaay kono Taywan a tamdaw a mala kaklidan. Pakayni i pitilidi kongkoan, ira ko pisakakinih no Dipong. Masasiloma ko pakafana’ ato pitilid no Taywan a tamdaw. \n\nMisatapang ko pikowan ni Taisiyo a hongti no Dipong to Taywan i, mangalef konika pireken nangra to Taywan a tamdaw. Saka, misatapang to ko piculi no tamdawdaw to dmak no Dipong. O sakanga’ayaw nangra a mikowan to Taywan i, cidmak cangra to \"hwang-ming-hwa\" hananay a pala o Dipong hanto nangra ko Taywan a tamdaw. Ono Dipong to ko caciyaw, ono Dipong to kaciriko’. Saka, o tayraay i piloodan, o kapah to no Taywan ko maocolay. Saka, mangalef mangalef ko pireken no Dipong to Taywan a tamdaw.\n\n4. 1603 amicaan ira a matilid ni Chen-ti hanana a ci tanengay a tamdaw, \"Tong-fan-ci\" sanay a tilid. i laloma’ nira ira ko \"Tong-fan\" hananay a tilid, o tatodong no niniy a sowal i, onini i sawaliay a tamdaw i, awaay konika fana’ to maaman aca a misapangcahay a tamdaw sanay a milukesay a pangangan. \n\n1800 amicaan i, o \"Cing-caw\" to ko mikowanay to Taywan. Mafalic ko pangangan nangra to Yan-cu-min, o \"Sen-fan\"(生蕃) han nangra ko pipangangan. O tatodong nonini i, oya caayho ka kowan no aping a pala, pakoniyaniyah sanay a mikowan to niyaro’ no tireng. O loma aca ko pinangan no ’orip nangra, caay ka ngaay a pacicien cangra a pala aping ko ’orip. Oyana \"Sow-fan\"(熟藩) hananay a tamdaw i, mihaklongay to pikowan no Cing-caw a cen-fo; patliay aca to sata no cen-fo o sanay ko sa’osi to hatiniay a finacadan. \n\nNga’ay aca a macnger no pinangan no aping a mala apingto ko ’orip. \n\nNikawrira, ano mala apingto ko pinangan no ’orip, oyananto ko kacingangan toya \"Sen-fan\", \"Sow-fan\" hananay. Ta caay ka tatko to so^linay a aping saan ko picidek nangra. Hatiniay ko nipisakakinih no itiya:ayho mikowanay to Taywan.\n\n.\n\nSaka 2 a cfang: O rayray no kakawa no niyaro’ ato ’orip no ’Amis\n\n1. O rayray no kakawa no niyaro’:\n\nO ’Amis a finacadan itini i Taywan i, o sa’alomanay i sa’opo no Yan-cu-min. I Paposongan, i Kalingko ato i palidaw no Pington a kowan ko nikatnak no ’Amis. Ano ’arawen ta ko nika tnak no ’Amis i, i sa’amisan, i sasifu’an (nai Siwkorang ato sawalian i lilis no riyar), ato timulay (paposongan ato i palidaway a ’Amis), a masakilac ko nikamaro’.Ano loloden ko kalalitmoh no ’Amis ato loma a cisakowanay a kitakit i, i ’ayaw to 400 a mihcaan matilid i tilid no Oranta a kitakit. Nikawrira, tahirato i pikowan no aping to saikolayto to 20 ko mihcaan, a ma’araw konika matokitokto ko nikacacamor no ’Amis ato loma a mikowanay a finnacadan. \n\nPakayni i no ’ayaway a tilid a ma’araw ita ko pidimokos no kakitaan to niyaro’, ato sa’opo no kapot a marikec ko pikowan to niyaro’, ato o ina ko citodongay a mikowan to parod no laloma’an, a makakiting ko sarawinawina. \n\n1 、O ’Amis hananay a finacadan, o kakitaan ato kapot no fa’inayan ko citodongay to dmak no niyaro’. Nikawrira, pakayni i rayray no lamod i, o fafahiyan a ina ko tatapangan no raray no lamod. Mikadafo ko fa’inayan; saka pakayniay i dafong i, o ina ato fafahiyan a wawa ko citodongay. Saka, o ina ko citodongy a pakilac to dafong. Nani 1960 a mihcaan, irato ko nikacacamur no kalalamod to loma a finacadan, mafalicto ko kakawa no loma’. Mikadafoto ko fafahiyan no ’Amis i fa’inayan. Saka, o fa’inayan to ko citodongay to \n\ndafong no loma’. \n\n2 、O sakakaay a kakridan no niyaro’ ko kakitaan hananay. \n\nPakayni i kapot no fa’inayan ato laloma’an no citodongay to ta’ong a mipili’ to hakakitaan a midipot to niyaro’. Tinako to nika mapatireng ci Kolas Mahengheng a mala kakitaan no Farangaw a niyaro’. Tonika ta’angay no tireng nafekfek, ci’icel a mikerid to ro’od a midipot to niyaro’ a mala kakitaan. \n\n3、O kapot hananay, o ccay a tadamaanay likakawa no niyaro’, \n\npakayni i kasasiloma no mihcaan a mapakilac to dmak, a midimokos to kahilahila a dmak no niyaro’. Nani 13~14 ko mihcaan no pakalongay micumodto i sefi, minanam to kahilahila no taneng, sapilood a dmak no fa’inayan. 3 no mihcaan, ira ko pipangan to mamalakapah a pakalongay to ngangan no kapot. itini i sfi ko fa’inayan a minanam to hadmak to sapidipot to niyaro’. Ono Farangaw a pangangan to kapot i, o iraay a malitmoh ta’angayay a dmak ko sapangangan toya kapot. Tinako, Laminkok sanay a ngangan no kapot, o katayni no minkok i Taywan, saka malongangan no kapot toya kalakapahan a mihcaan. Ta mahalateng tamdaw. \n\n2. O rayray no ’orip no ’Amis:\n\n1. O paniyaro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw:\n\n O ka’aloman no tamdaw no ’Amis a finacadan i, paka 213,958 ko tamdaw (i 2020 a mihcaan no saka 4 a folad a sa’osi konini). Mato sowal i ’ayaw, tonika kakahad ko pala to nikatnak no ’Amis, ira ko i’amisay, ira ko itimolay, ira ko isifo’ay a pala ko kasasiloma no aro’ no niyaro’ no ’Amis. Ira aca ko nika sasiloma no pinangan no rayray no ’orip. \n\n Pakayni i kaciriko’, ato caciyaw, ato pangangan to ngangan no kapot, caay ka lcad. Ato kasasikilac no isfiay to tayal no kapot i, caay ka lcad. Pakayni pikrid no isfiay, mama no kapah i, caay ka nga’ay a mipaculi, odeng o pido^do a ccay to sowal no kafafaw. Ikor nonini a tilid pasowal kako to lisin no ’Amis. \n\n2. pakayniay i lisin no ’Amis:\n\n Pakayni i pidmak to lisin caay ka lcad ko rayray no kasa niyaro’. Ira ko kiloma’an, ilisin, mitiwas, mifuting, miksi’, mitato’as, misalifong, pakacidal ato paka’orad. Ira aca ko kasasiloma no rayray no dmak ato paysin. O loma saca, caay ka nga’ay ko fafahiyan a mikihatiya a mikapot. O loma mapatayto ko malitengay citodongay to lisin i, caay to ka mapasifana’ ko rarem. \n\n(1) Ono Kiloma’an a ilisin:\n\nO kiloma’an no ’Amis a tamdaw i, o tadamanay a dmak. Ano palalimlimen to pipafilongaan no payrang, malcad ko nika o tadamaanay a romi’ad. Itini i kiloma’an, o kalalitmohan to riteriten a kasa’opo. O pinanaman to sakacakat no ’orip, o kafana’an topinangan no ’Amis, mafana’ a mangodo to mitapalay, o mikonglingay to hadmak sakakapah no niyaro’ ato pinanam to picu’ay to ’ada a dmak. \n\nYo kadiponganho, ira to ko misatokiway a pitoolan a micomod i niyaro’. Milalang tono kiloma’an a dmak a mikapot. Sato caayto kakrih ko niyaro’ a malaccay ko dmak. I saka 7 a fulad tangasa i saka 9 fulad ko dmak to kiloma’an, onini a kiloma’an i, o ccay no piahowid to nikanga’ay a kadofah no panay, ato malahci to ko pipanay. Onini a romi’ad do^do hananay ko kton no itokalay. Mihamham to ’adingo no riteng, a mipakaen to ’adingo no riteng. Mifuting ato mi’adop ko kapah a pawsa to maritengay. Makro ko kapah ato kaying, ato mirikec to kasakapot a malaccay ko dmak. O dmak no kasa niyaro’ caay ka lcad ko pidmak, ira ko toloay a romi’ad, ira ko pitoay a romi’ad. \n\n Itini pipipan a romi’ad i, ira aca ko kalalifet to radiw ato kakro no masakapotay a kapah ato kaying. Ono pakaifan (pakatimay) a romi’ad a adiw ato kro no salawina a mihmek a maacang i, itini i kiloma’an caay ka nga’ay a konini a radiwen a kroen. Ikaloromi’ad i, caay kanga’ay a radiwen ato nikakro tono kiloma’an a radiw ato kro. \n\n(2) Mikesi’:\n\nOloma a pangangan i, o pifutingan a lisin hananay. O dmak i, o naliti’ to mi’opiran patsek han i sra, oya tloc a dongec ko mama’osaw, oya papah ’opirhan. O tatodong nonini i, patiri’ tonika ci’icer a ma’orip sanay. Mita’ongay ko ’Amis a tamdaw to kawas no riyaer, caay ka olah ko kawas no riyar to kandaway a papah. O niniya ko sakacaloway no ’Amis to dongec. O dongec i, oya salo^englay a troc no kilang ato talod. Saka, caloway ko ’Amis a tamdaw to kalo dongec no kilang ano o tarodto. \n\n(3) O lisin no pilamloan：\n\n Ano pilamloan to a romi’ad, o papah no sangrad ko sapilolong. Nawhani, o tada dateng koninian i pilamloan. O saka fcol a kakaenen no ritenganho ko lamlo. Nawhani, o lamlo hananay a pinaloma i, mato sitangilaay, simataay a pinaloma. Ano caay kapalita to dmak i, iraay ko piledek no lamlo to tamdaw, saka ano militod to lamlo caay ka nga’ay patlas sa acaciyaw. Ano pasla’to, ano malahcito ko dmak i, caay kanga’ay a misti’ to tamdaw ato ma^etot. \n\n(4) O lisin no pipalomaan：\n\nAno maraod ko pipalomaan to lamlo, mitangtang to kohaw no tatokem a mita’ong to kawas, ta nga’ay ko rengaw no lamlo. \n\nLomowad to papacem, nga’ayto a malingad a paloma.\n\n(5) Pi’adopan a lisin:\n\n Onini a lisin i, o saikorto a lisin to mihcaan. O sapakaen to palo no loma’ ato salawina ato kapot a matayal, a komaen tonini mi’adopan. o calowayay i, o ’ayam ato hci no kilang ko sapalamlam a mitangtang. \n\n(6) Patireng to loma’ a lisin:\n\n Salakat nomihcaan a lisin ko nini, onini a lisin i, o lisin to midipotay to pinaloma, ato pi’adop a Malataw a kawas. O lisin nofai’nayan a macakat ko kapot, anini onini a lisin i, i kiloma’an a midmak. Caay ka nga’ay ko fafahiyan a tamdaw a mikapot. O kaka^nen a dating, o tawsiw, mitodohan a koko’, o dongec ato papah no laput ato tali; Caay ka nga’ay a komaen to papah no kalodatng. \n\n(7) O pita’ong to ritng a lisin:\n\n O citodonga aci dmak tonini a lisin i, o fafahiyan a masayray, micamol ko palo no loma’ a m^min. O saka tayal i, o kacipa’ay, o ’icep, o ^pah ato faes. \n\n(8) Pakelang:\n\n O tatapangan nonini a dmak, mahrek ko pina’eng to mapatayay a tamdaw i, ci dmak to paklang hananay. To ccay nikalahcito no dmak a mitadem. Nikawrira, ano malahcito a patileng to loma’, ano patono to malasofitayay, ato ikor to pakaif, cidmak to paklang a tayni i ’aro a mifuting ko kapah, pakaen to salawina a milahci to dmak no loma’. \n\nSaka 3 a cefang: O rayray no ’orip no Farangaw\n\nO pa’ayaway a sowal:\n\nAno litosen ko ’orip no Taywan i, ma’araw ita ko pikowan no lomaloma a kitakit. Itini tono yan-cu-min a ’orip, ma’araw ita ko nano mitinakoan nangra a ’orip to pipades no mikowanay, a palawacu to tamdaw no kasa niyaro’.\n\nPakayni i rakat no Farangaw a tamdaw a mafolaw i, awaay ko ma’osaway a tilid. Saka, away ko kafana’ no wawawawa. Pikakilim no citanengay a mitiliday to kongko no niyaro’ i, adihay ko kasasilumaluma no kongko to mapasadakay a tilid. Mato sowal ako i ka’ayaw a tilid; 2018 a mihcaan ma’araw ko pimali no “Kano”(嘉農) i Dipong a malalifet. Maharateng ako koya pasifana’ay a singsi ci Isikawa ko ngangan nira. Kilimhan ako i tin-naw koya mimaliay no Kano i, a^nemay kono Farangaw a kapah i laloma’ nonini a Kano. Mitayhyo cangra to Taywan a milifet to Dipong. Ma’osaw nangra ko nga’ayay a ngangan no Taywan. Hatiraay ko nikaci’icer nonini mimaliay a kapah no Farangaw. Nanoya ci faloco’ kako to sapitilidaw to kongko no Farangaw a niyaro’.\n\nMa’araw ako ko mitilidan ni Cang-i-fen hananay a singsi, to pakayniay to nika lasawad no niyaro’ no Farangaw sanay a tilid. Sowal sa konini a singsi, manga’ay kamo o wawa no Farangaw ko mitiliday to kongko no tiringto a niyaro’ sanay a sowal ningra. Saka, mapalowad i faloco’ no mako konini a sowal. Sakimukimur sato a mikilim to malitengay ato kapah no Farangaw, a misa’opo to kongko no niyaro’.\n\nPakayni i taneng no kapah ato iraayho a ma’orip a malitengay no Farabgaw, to saka ’osaw no kongko no niyaro’, to saka nga’ay no wawawawa a mafana tono liteng a kongko no niyaro’. Mangaref ko miliyasay to niyaro’ a kapah ato kaying, awaayto ko nikafana’ to dmak no liteng ato rayray no ’orip no Farangaw. Pakayni tonini a tilid a mafana’ cangra to tadamaanay a ’orip no Farangaw a niyaro’.\n\n1. O rayray no kafolaw no Falangaw a tamdaw\n\nSaka 1 a kongko: O kamaro’ i \"Sa-ken\"\n\nO niniya Sa-ken hananay a pala i,o kamaro’an no liteng no ’Amis. Halafin ko nikamaro’ nangra itini, ’aloman’alo:manto ko tamdaw. Saka, ma’osi ko payrang, misamsam to ’Amis. Ma’araw no liteng ko nika malapayrangay ko ’orip no Ping-pu a finacadanno i, cifalo’ sato cangra to saka piliyasaw to Sa-ken a niyaro’. \n\nI \"Cya-cing a mihcaan\", masowal ko nikamro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw i Tay-nang a kowan. Masamsam no loma a finacadan ko nikamaro’ nangra, ira ko 300 no tamdaw i tiya.\n\nItini tonini a Sa-ken hananay a niyaro’, iraay ko palidaw (ping-pu) hananay a finacadan, malaliday cangra a mafafalic to kakaenen to payrang, saka paka’aca cangra to frac, o hmay ko mika^nan nangra. Saka, pacimir han no ’Amis cangra to komaenay to hemay a tamdaw hananay. I laloma’ nonini a palidaw a tamdaw i, ’aloman ko ci nganganay to \"May\" hananay a ngangan. O nanitiniay to pacimir no ’Amis toya komaenay to \"hmay\" a palidaw sanay a sowal. Ira ko ccay a fafahiyan a singsi, o ngagan ningra ci Cen-i-miy. o tatapangan no laloma’an ningra i, \"May\" hananay, o nano palidaw a tamdaw cingra. \n\nMato sowal a masamsam no payrang ko ’Amis itini, ci faloco’ to sapiliyasaw to niniya Sa-ken hananay a pala. Onini a Sa-ken a niyaro’ i, o kasadakan no ’Amis a pala. Anini pangangan hanto konini a pala, o Sa-ken han no aping a pangangan. \n\nSaka 2 a kongko: O kongko no Palidaw\n\nOya mafolaway nai Sa-ken no Taynan a ’Amis, milakowit to niyaro’ no Takaw ato Pingtong, patefu i Palidaw a macakat cangra. I ngata no Ken-ting toya hacitinsyo(核能發電廠) hananay anini a pala a macakat. Yo tahira itini cangra i, ccay a fulad cangra mikakilim to dangah, caay ka hera nangra ko dangah. Saka, mitodoh to sara a misanga to sapitatang to kaka^nen a kapuwa, halo kaysing ato pipaloan a kapuwa. Saka itini pipalita no Kaw-ku-syi(考古學家) a mafana’ to to’as no ’Amis a tamdaw. Onini a mitodohan nani sera a kapuwa ato kaysing i, o no ’Amis a masanga’ay a lalosidan saan a mitilid. \n\nHalafin ko mihcaan i, ’aloman’aloman ko tamdaw no ’Amis. Mikilim cangra to kakahaday a pala, saka malinah cangra a tayni i Palidaw(Man-siw-syang). Yo itini ko nikamaro’ to niniya pala i, ira ko Paliwan a finacadan, caay ka olah ko Paliwan a tamdaw to nika paniyaro’ no ’Amis. Halafin ko kamaro’ itini i, mipatireng to ^eri’ a loma’. Saka, nga’ayto ko nika laccay no kamaro’ itini.\n\nIra ko ccay a tamdaw ci \"Chen-ta\"(陳達) hananay. Mafana’ay cingra a paladiw, o sowal ningra i, o ’Amis ko fufu ako saan ko sowal nonini a tamdaw.\n\nIra aca ko ccay a tamdaw malo’ay i Kwi-san(龜山) no To-wing, ci Pan-te-kwi ko ngangan. Nano tumuk no To-wing a kowan cingra. O sowal ningra i, o ’Amis ko liteng niyam, maro’ay i Palidaw saan.\n\nSaka 3 a kongko: O kongko no Mu-tan a pala\n\nOya malo’ay i Palidaw a ’Amis ’aloman’alomanto ko tamdaw. Saka, mafolaw a tayni i ngata no Mu-tan a niyaro’. O Paliwan a tamdaw ko itiraay, ma’osi to nikafolaw no ’Amis a tayra. Pahmot pahmot han no Paliwan ko ’Amis a milokes. Saka, pacimir hanto no ’Amis \" o mipapahmotay a tamdaw\". Saka, ikor nonini panganga sato ko tamdaw tonini a niyaro’ i, \"Mu-tan\" han ko ngangan. Onini a ngangn i, o pacimir no ’Amis toya pahmotay a Paliwan. Ci ngangan sato konini a pala o Mu-tan hanto. O nai tiniay i pacimir no ’Amis konini a ngangan.\n\nYo miliyas to Mu-tan tara’amis ko folaw a tayni i \"Si-hay\"(旭海) hananay a pala. Ikorto tono aniniay i, mapatireng ko pitpongan to nanom, Mu-tan a fanaw. Yo tangasa i Si-hay a pala, ta’angayay ko taprik no riyar, caay ka nga’ay a pakatamina. Saka, halafin itini ko aro’ no ’Amis. ’Aloman’alomanto ko tamdaw i, sowal sato ko kakridan no niyaro’, mafolaw a tara ’amis ko rakat. Kamo o adadaayto ko tireng i, nga’ayto masiday tonini a pala, han no kakridan. ’Aloman ko masidayay itini i Si-hay hananay a pala. pangangan sato ko tamdaw tonini a pala i, o \"Si-hay\" hanto. O sowal no ’Amis i ’alomanay ko masidayay a tamdaw tonini a pala. Onini koya saka ira no ’Amis i Palidaw a niyaro’.\n\nNanitini i Si-hay a mafolaw tara ’amis ko rakat, mido^do to lilis no riyar. Ira Ko nolitengho a lalan, anini pangangan han i, \"A-lang-i-ku-taw\" hananay a lalan.\n\nSaka 4 a O kongko no” An-soh”\n\n Yo tahila cangra i An-so hananay pala, itira ko hanhan no finawlan. O nanom nonini a pala ancohay ko hanek, saka pangangan han nangra ko nini a pala to “An-coh”. Anini sato , o ngangan no nini a pala i, “An-soh ” han no aping, o nano pacimir no ‘Amis to nika an-coh no nanom itira. \n\n Nanitini i An-coh, tara ‘amis aca ko rakat no finawlan. Yo tangasa i Tafadi ira itira ko Paliwan a finacadan. Caay ka ri’ang ko itiraay a paliwan a tamdaw. Sowalsa ko paliwan taracuwa ko rakat namo ? saan a milicay. O Tatara’amis ko rakat niyam, han no finawlan a pacako. Saka,pangangan sato ko paliwan tonini a finacadan i, O ‘Amis a finacadan saan a pangangan. \n\n Nani tira i Tafadi, mikalto to Sicalamayan ‘Anasolay ato sa’amisan no Kasafakan,Ta pahicra i sawalian no Tipod, o Masadsaday hananay a pala Itini a halafin ko nikamaro’ no ‘Amis. Sa’loman sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw itira. O pangangan toniniya a pala i, o Alapanay. O ‘alomanay To citodongay ami tiliday to kongko no finacadan, O ccay no palowadan a pala no kasa finacadan ko niniy a pala saan. Yo tayla ami liso’ toniniya pala i, ila a mapatileng ko no ‘Amis a hecek, ilakono Paliwan a hecek ato no Piwma a hecek to niniya pala.\n\nO sowal no kongko , ila a palmed to kakitaan ci Tafutafu ato fafahi ci Talunaton ko kawas, keriden ko finawlan a tala’amis a mafolaw ami kilim ko matatodongay a kamalo’an a pala. Mahalek a mi^edaw ko masaylay, keton sato to lomi’ad a palowad nani Palidaw ami kalto to Sihay ato Tafadi ato Sicalamayan ta tofo sato i satimolan no Anasolay, itini a halafin a paniyaro’ ko ritng.\n\nCcay a lomi’ad fiyok sako ta’angayay a fali ato ‘olad, a kahngan ko to^em i kakalayan, halo calafong ami tahpo to paniyaro’an. Ala sato ko kakitaan to cokor a pasikakalayan a pacara’ ami tolon, Kamo o Cipalaay！tengiren ko longec ato tolon niyam. Pafelien ko wawa ato fofo niyam to haka malo’an a pala！ Nanoya pahcek han noya kakitaan ko cokor i sera, itiya tansor sakoya calafong amiliyas a makapah ko lomi’ad, Sowalsa koya kakitaan: finawlan a mapolong palowad a tala’amis akaka taraw, akaka patatikor han nira pakimad ko finawlan. Palowad to a tayni i Salesen atayni i Funonfunon, Nanoya ilato ko miliyasay a palowad a tayni i Sikano ato Kancang a pala. Ikol no nini a mafulaw tayni i Liyafu a pala a paniyaro’ ko finawlan. \n\nSaka 5 a kongko: O kongko no liyafo （i ’ayaw no 1840 a mihcaan） \n\n1. Pakayni i tilid ni Nakamura, tonika pikowan no Olanta. O matiliday ko niyaro’ no Piwma, awaay a matilid ko Farangaw sanay a ngangan. Nikawrira, o matiliday i 1655 a mihcaan i, ira a mapakapi i tilid nira ko facu no paniyaro’an. Ira a matilid ko ganga no Farangaw-siya sanay. Saka, sowal sa ko sitodongay a mitilid, i’ayaw no 350 no mihcaan i, caayho ka paniyaro’ ko Farangaw i paposongan a pala.\n\n2. Opitilid ni Tyin-tay-an-ting i tilid nira i, sowal sa ono Cin-tay a matilid a likisi no Taywan i, itiniay aca i Tay-tong-cow a tilid (台東州采訪冊) a ma’araw ko nganga no Farangaw-siya. Sowal sa, ira ko 450 a fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a tamdaw, ma’or i kalala’ed no Fukid ato Li-i-san a tokos koya tamdaw. Taracuwa iraay a matilid i tilid ni Ce-ing i Tay-tong-cow-ci (台東州誌). Masowal nira ko nika marari’ang a malalood ko Farangaw ato Piw-ma. Saka, oya ’Amis hananay a tamdaw i, o Farangaw koriraan.\n\nO maroroday a matilid ni Tyin-tay-an-tin i 1900 a mihcaan i, o kowan no Piwma hananay ko Paposongan a pala. Toya tilid to micukaan nira a kamaro’an no niyaro’ i, Mahapinang a ma’araw itira ko Farangaw-siya sanay a paniyaro’an no ’Amis.\n\n Itiya i, o kasapaan ko nika ’aloman ko tamdaw no Farangaw a niyaro’ itini i sa’opo no Yan-cu-min. Misatapang ko pikowan no Dipong a misa’osi to tamdaw no kasaniyaro’ i, O Piwma 692 ko tamdaw, ono Tipud 987 ko tamdaw, o Farangaw 1,299 ko tamdaw.\n\nPaniyaro’ ko Farangaw i Paposongan, o \"Piwma ’Amis\" han ko pangangan to i Farangaway a ’Amis. Ma’osi ko Farangaw a hatini ko nika pangangan no mitatiliday to likisi a tamdaw. Tangasa i pitilid no Taywan-sen-un-siyn-hwiy (省文獻會) to tilid no Yan-cu-min a ngangan i, irato a matilid ko \"Farangaw a ’Amis\" sanay a matilid. Saka, i ikolto a mitatiliday to likisi a tamdaw i, mafalicto ko pitilid nangra toya piw-ma ’Amis sanay a mala \"Farangaw ’Amis\" sato ko pitatilid.\n\nO pikakingkiw na Ma-yin-tung-i i ’a:yaw no 100 a mihcaan (1830) i, irato a matnak i limaay a kasafaniyot no kamaro’an a pala. 1850 tangasa 1860 a mihcaan, Yo misatapang ko ’Amis a mafolaw nai Palidaw a pala, tangasa nika maro’ i Liyafu, sacumod no ’aro no Palimereng. Oloma i, tahira i kakawasan, i nalaculan ato kanaFarangaw a pala.\n\nAno pakaynien i rayray no ngangan no kasakapoy a mihapinang to mata’lifay a mihcaan i, irato ko 189 ko mihcaan. Nai sa 1 tangasa i saka 9 no kapot, itiniayho i Liyafu a pala ko paniyaro’. Nai sa 10 no kapot satapang a talawalito ko nika salinalinah a paniyaro’, ta tangasa to i Farangaw. Ano hatira ko sa’osi i, 24 ko mihcan ka itira i Liyafu a pala. Itini haca a mahapinang ko nika halafinay ko mihcaan to nika safolafolaw no ’Amis itini tona pala. \n\nO ngangan no kapot（大馬蘭部落年齡階層名稱）\n\n 年齡階層名稱資料陳藍姆洛整理提供\n\nAno ’arawen ko makorkoray no mikorkoray toya nalaculan no \"piy-na-un-hwa\" i 1980 a mihcaan itini i pala no Liyafu i, ira makorkor ko nano lalodisan no malo’ay a tamdaw i ti:yaho. Ano ’arawwen ko makorkorlay a taknip ato kahilahila no lalodisan i, ono liteng no ’Amis konini a lalodisan saan ko sowal no mato’asay a mama no niyaro’.\n\n30 kong-cin (公頃) ko nika kakahad no makorkoray, saka ono ’alomanay finawlan a kamaro’an a masaniyaro’ay konini a pala. Iraay ko pipengpengan to lamlo, tipos a panay, pitapayan to mi’adopan, tifkan, fakloh a caklis, fakloh a pitayaw, ato kahirahira no saka’orip a lalodisan no iti:yaayho.\n\nSaka 6 a kongko: Ikol no 1840 mihcaan a kongko\n\n1. 1840〜1852 a mihcaan：\n\nTonini a mihcaan masalaloma’ayho no pikowan no piw-ma a tamdaw ko kaitiraan a pala no Farangaw. 1815 a mihcaan maliyang ko piwma to nikamaro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw; Mararid cangra a mifret to ta’i no kolong ato no diyong i tatapangan no nanom. 1855 a mihcaan ira ko pilisata no tomok no piwma. I saikoikol no \"Cing-caw\" iraay a matilid kinini, tonika ri’ang no piwma. Saka malalid a masasilood ko ’Amis ato piwm. \n\nYo itiniho ko nika maro’ i Liyafu, ira ko sowal no malitengay to pi’afas no piwma to ckiw ato foting no mifotinay; O panay aca ko loma. Nanoya palocek sako piwma to mimingay a paniyaro’an, caay kakahiyen no Farangaw. Saka toro’ sato ko piwma to taliyok no Li-yu-san a tokos. Saka itini i 1840 a mihcaan miliyas to Liyafu, tayni i sawalian no palimeleng i Sifulosay, Kakawasan, nalaculan ato KanaFalangaw a paniyaro’.\n\n2. 1852 ~1868 amihcaan：\n\nO kalinah no Farangaw a ’Amis nani Liyafu tangasa i Nalaculan a pala. Ira ko 12 no mihcaan ko kalalinah a pacarcar i Sifulosay, i Simpaykiok, ta paniyaro’ sa i Nalaculan. 1852 a mihcaan i, o kahofocan ci Kulas Mahenghengan i niyaro’ no Nalaculan. Yo 16 ko mihcaan ni Kulas i, irato ko kalalood to Likafong a tamdaw. Saka itini i kararood, ira ko mapatayay a kaklidan no Farangaw. 1868 a mihcaan, kriden ni Kulas Mahengheng ko kapah no Farangaw, malalood to Likafong a tamdaw i Matang a pala, \"Ciroan\" hananay a lood konini. 16 ko mihcaan ni Kuoas Mahengheng i tiya. Malowid no Farangaw ko Likafong. Saka, halafin a awato ko kalalood.\n\nItini i nalaculan ko paniyaro’ no Farangaw, maedng 30~40 ko mihcaan itira. Ano ira ko ta’angayay a fodo’ i, mararid a marakat no cedas. Manawnaw ko paniyaro’an i nalaculan, ira aca ko ta’angayay a lifong. Siharateng sato to sakalinah, a tayra i kanaFalangaw a pala. 1887,1892 a mihcaan i, palalinah i KanaFarangaw ko niyaro’ no Farangaw. Onini i, ma’araw i tilid no \"Cing-caw\" saikoikolto; Tangasa i satapangan no Dipong a mikowan to Taywan. Saka, i tiya o sata’angayay a niyaro’ ko nika’aloman no tamdaw no Farangaw.\n\n3. 1887〜1892 a mihcaan：\n\nYo 1875 a mihcaan i, 24 ko mihcaan ni Kulas Mahengheng, mapili’ mala kakitaan no Farangaw; Taracuwa marowidto no Farangaw ko Likafong a milood. Kawrira, caay kapisawad ko pisasolap no Likafong to niyaro’ no Farangaw, ato pi’afas to panay. Ira ko kapah no Likafong nani ^etip, nani timor a milikot to Farangaw. marowid ni Kulas Mahengheng a milo’od ko Likafong a tamdaw.\n\n 1887 ~1802 a mihcaan a paniyaro’ i kanaFarangaw i, Nga’ayto ha pitapalan no kapah koya tukos no nalaculan ato pitna’ to ’ada. Misanga’ ko kapah to ’adiper a kali to sapitna’ to picumod no Likafong, ato pinapina a tatkasan sapitapar no kapah to niyaro’ no Farangaw. Nanoya awayto ko pirawraw no Likagong a tmdaw. Saka nga’ay to ko pisaomah no maomahay to omah.\n\nIkor no 3 a mihcaan i 1884 i, tahidangen ni Mahengheng ko kakitaan no piwman a masa’opo i Takatay (班鳩) hananay, a malalicay to saka lali’ay no noyaro’. masasingodoto a masasifiyaw no niyaro’. Saka nanoya Nga’ayto ko ’Amis a misaomah i kakahaday, i matang ato i ining a pala.\n\n1897 a mihcaan, patadoen ni Mahengheng ko mikowanay to Posong a tapang no Dipong, a mipatireng to pinanaman to tilid a kokoan i Farangaw. Oya Sin-sen kwo-siw hananayto anini.\n\n1899 a mihcaan 12 a fulad i, kriden ni Kulas Mahengheng ko kapah no Farangaw to 202 a tamdaw a misanga’ to kali a pacumud to nanom nani Likafung a ’alo. Oya kali no ma-tang hananay, to hasapananom to omah no Matang. 1904 a mihcaan malakapot ci Kulas Mahengheng to tapang no Posong ci Nakamoli Maucu ato kakitaan no piwma ci Kucay-law a tatolo, mipacakat to tilid i So-tok-fu, milongoc to sapisanga’aw toya piy-nan-ta-cun(卑南大圳) hananay a kali, to saka nga’ay a pananom to omah no Posong, no piwma ato no Matang, ma^deng 800 a kofo a omah. Sakakapahto no saomahan no Alapanay, Matang ato Ining a kowan. O saomahan no Farangaw konini.\n\nNanoya nga’ayto ko pisolimet ni Kulas Mahengheng to dmak no niyaro’ no Farangaw, ato kasaniyaro’ to icuwacuwaay. Saka pakayni ci Kuoas Mahenghengan, masalof to ko rawraw no kasa niyaro’ a ma^min. Ikor no ccay a folad, o roray to no tireng ni Mahengheng, ta saka patay hanto nira a miliyas tonini a hkal. O mihcaan nira i tiya i, 56 ko mihcaan nira a mapatay. I o’rip no mira i, away to ko notekdan a nika’orip nira, sahto o saki no kitakitan a dmak ko nitayalan nira to saka nga’ay no kasa niyaro’ a malali’ay a malafinaw. O hatiniay a olah no damk ni Kulas Mahengheng i, caay ko tatawalen ita, o nananamen ita ko hatiniay a ma’osaway nira a dmak.\n\n2. O konko no fasiyaw i niyaro’ no Farangaw\n\nPa’ayaway a sowal： \n\n Tada miahowid ko faloco’ to pitilid no ’alomanay a nitiliday to kongko no liteng no Farangaw. Mato sowal, awaay ko tilid no riteng saka adihay ko nika sasiloma no matngilay a kongko. Saka adihay ko matawalayto a kongko no riteng. Nikawrira pakaynien i iraay a tilid no wawa ni Kulas Mahengheng ci Kwo-kwang-yi(郭光也) ci Falonga, to mao’saway nira a tilid, ato nano matilidayto no papinapina a kongko no Farangaw i, So^linay a malalingiayto to kongko no liteng no Farangaw.\n\n O sowal ni Parac na ’Anga o Pawtawan (1889 a mihcaan a hofocen, 1992 a mihcaan ko patay). Nano masairay ko o’rip nira i Farangaw. O wama no mako cingra): \"Yo pakalongayho ko ’orip niyam i, na paino’ay to kami a mihopac to koror no fofo ci Kulas Mahenghengan\" saan. o adihayay ko nikafana’ nira a mikitoh to kongko no ritenganho.\n\nSaka 1 a kongko: Matakaw ko wacu\n\n Ira ko ccay malalamoday ci Malaca ato ci Lipay, o Lalangesan a laloma’an. Itira i Samraday ko loma’; O mafana’ay a misamarad cingra. Misanga’ to pitaw, to fonos, ato kowang ko niniya malalamoday. Ccay a romi’ad, misafaes (tolon) a mitangtang to kahilahila no sapatafang nangra. Pasitira i Malataw ko pita’ong to sipalaay to nikaira nangra. \"Paka lemeden kami a malalamod to sakacaaw ka adada, a malofic ko maomahan no wawawawa, paflien kami to ’icer to sacacaaw ka rarima a ma’orip. Oninian a sapatafang a ma^min layapen, o citodongay a midipot to ’otip niyam a malalamod\" han nangra a pacakat.\n\n Nanoya mahofoc ko wacu nangra to makapahay ko cnger a totoy. Ccay a lomi’ad ira ko piwma a pasanga’ to kowang. Ma’araw nira koya totoy a wacu noya malalamoday. Cifaloco’ to koya piwma to sapiaraaw tonini a totoy. Saka, minokayto koya piwma i, misanga’ to sapakaen toya totoy; Salafi’ sato a mitakaw toya totoy.\n\nSaka 2 a kongko: Katrangay fanaw：\n\n Nanoya matakaw na Alayang aci Tukupis ko wacu ni Malaca. Makungling koya tatosa a wacu a malamafana’ay a mi’adop. Yo mi’adop ca Alayang aci Tukupis i Alukan a pala i, marper noya wacu ko malunem, milaliw koya malunem tayra i sa^tipan no tokus. Saka reperen noya wacu koya malunem, miclem i fanaw koya a’adopen, saka tooren noy ccay a wacu a micfong i fanaw. Halafin caay ka pawpaw koya malunem ato ya wacu, haloya ccay a wacu a mikorkor to sapasadakaw to nanom, caka fanaen mapowak koya tifu, masadak ko nanom noya fanaw, matalaw ka ’alolan koya mi’adopay saka milaliw cangra.\n\nSaka 3 a kongko: Sapipa’odisan ca Malaca a malalamod\n\nTo ccay a romi’ad, ira ko piwma a tamdaw a pasanga’ to kowang. Sifaloco’ ci Malaca ato ci Lipay a malalamod, to sapipa’odisan toya mitakaway to wacu a piwma. Saka patay hanto nangra a malalamod koya piwma a tamdaw. Tapayen nangra ko tireng noya piwma i hacaca no parod. Ikor no 10 a romi’ad, mikilim ko wama noya piwma a milicay, sowal sa ci Malaca caay kafana kami han nangra ko wama noya piwma. Nikawrira ma’araw noya wama ko mitapayan nangra a u’o noya kapaha a wawa nira. Saka marengat ko faloco’ noya wama to sapipa’odisan. \"Mana patayen namo ko wawa ako\" saan ko faloco’ nira a ci’ifor. O malo’ay itira i Samaraday a niyaro’ i, 15 aca ko laloma’an. Caay ka ’aloman ko tamdaw. Saka mataraw to ci Malaca ato ci Lipay to sapa ’odisaw noya piwma.\n\nSaka 4 a kongko: Misatapang ko rawraw no ’Amis ato Piwma.\n\nO kakridan no Piwma ci Pikay kriden nira ko kapah no piwma a tayra i Samaraday a niyaro’. Malowid ko ’Amis. Saka milaliw tayra i Kalahay a pala, tangasa i kanafarang a milaliw, tara ’amis a milaliw cangra. Matalaw ko piwma a milakec to ’aro, sa tahidang sato loma a niyaro’ a micu’ay to piwma. Ikalalood nangra i malowid ko piwma, tata’ang ko doka’ ni Pikay saka，mitahidang to Cilafusay a widang ci Alifu a mi dama。Ci Alifu a tamdaw ko pa’oripay ci Pikayan, saka mapakaolah no piwma ci Alifu a tamdaw.\n\nSaka 5 a kongko: Ci wadisay ko kamaysi’an a fafahiyan\n\n Ira ko ccay a fafahiyan a maro i satimolan no ta’angay a kali no piwma i piyakong hananay a pala. Yo cifa’inay cingra caay ka halafin mapatayay koya fa’inay nira, miliyaw aci fa’inay hatira ko nika patay no fa’nay. Ccay a romi’ad licayen noya Ina nira amipalita, sowal sa koya wawa nira, inaaw ciwadisay ko kamaysi’an ako han nira a pasowal ko ina, safahka saan ko ina nira a mitinger. Saka malalicay cangra nalalamod ta sanga’sato koya malalaloday to lipa (hakok) to sapa’alolan i palimaleng toya fafahiyan a wawa, to taraw nangra to niyaro’ay a tamdaw.\n\n Yo ma’alol to tara riyar koya lipa i, patfo i riyar no Tipod, saka sadak hanto no kapah no Tipod a mifuhat i, ma’araw nangra ko fafahiyan a tamdaw, saka malosiyang tangasa i kakitaan no Tipod. O maka pahay a fafahiyan manga’ay a malafafahi ako sato ko kakitaan no Tipod. Sowal sa koya fafahiyan to kaciwadis no kamaysi’an nira，sowal sa ko kakitaan, cadien kapah koya wawadis tangasa caay to ka piktem. Saka kalafafahi hanto no kakitaan no Tipod koya fafahiyan.\n\nIkor no kalalamod noya fafahiyan ci wawa cangra to tatosa ko fa’inayan ci Lalifayang ato ci Yawnayang ccay ko fafahiyan a wawa. Ta’angay to koya wawa, sowal hanto noya ina ko wawa nira, manga’ay kamo a miliso’ to fofo namo. Yo mahera nangra koya fofo i, wata: ko lipahak noya fofo, iraayho a ma’orip koya a pa’alolan i palimereng a wawa saan a paka’araw totloc no tiring.\n\nSaka 6 a kongko: Patayen noya tatosaay malikaka ko ‘oner\n\nCcay a romi’ad mifaca’ koya fafahiyan a safa ningra, awaay a minokay saka tayra koya tatosaay a malikaka i pifaca’an, awaay mahera nangra ko safa, nikawrira ira a ma’osaw ko riko’ i pifacaay, nengneng han nangra ko naikoran no lakat no ’oner, ma^dengay makaenay to no ’oner ko safa sato cangra, a mido^do to naikolan noya ’oner, tangasa i tokos ma’araw nangra ko ofang noya ’oner, miara koya safa to kilang a mifahfah toya ’oner, o kaka sato i, mitara i katihi noya ofang to sapitpocaw nira toya ’oner. Yo sdak sato koya ’oner i, tangsor han noya kaka a mitpoc koya ’oner. Saka ira a masadak ko ka dang noya safa. Mapatay to nangra koya ’oner, minokay to cangra i nayaro’. Nikawrira o naikolan nangra mafadi’ ko kilang ato rengos. mafana’ ko i niyaro’ay caay ka pacumoden nangra koya tatosaay a malikakaay. paitik han to no niyaro’ay i papotar no niyaro’. Pawsa han to ko kakaenen nangr. Mitakaw cangra to tfos no piwma saka marpetay koya safa, paliten no piwma, pakaen han no piwma to rarikah ato ’arikak koya safa, saka sifaloco’ to koya kaka to sapa’oripaw.\n\nSaka 7 a kongko: Pa’oripen no kaka koya safa a mifasiyaw\n\nNanoya a malofo koya safa, takawen noya kaka a miliso’, safaaw misanga’ kako to ta’angayay a fasiyaw, ano misiyop koya fasiyaw i, halikien a mirpet koya wikor no fasiyaw, ta tengteng hanto kiso a pa’orip han nira a pasowal koya safa.\n\n Oya kaka pakitingen nira ko fasiyaw nira i ’ongcoy i Fudafudak, tangasa anini iraayho koya ’ongcoy. Nanoya pa^fer han to no kaka ko fasiyaw a tangasa i kapalitan noya safa. Safahka sato a matalaw ko piwma a paka’araw toya fasiyaw. Sowal sa koya safa, pasadaken kako, cuwa ko mamarpet namo kora fasiyaw, saka pasadak hanto no piwma koya safa a mitatoy to siwtu. Yo marpet nira koya wikor no fasiyaw i, tengteng han to noya kaka ko fasiyaw a talafekang. Itiya matfad koya siwtu toya mitatoyan noya safa. Saka tatodong sa koya sitiyaday a fafahiya a mapowak ko tiyad nira a mapatay. Nanoya mapa’orip to koya safa a tangasa i tatapangan no tokos, cuyacuy okaok han to noya safa ko mikaenan nira. Tangasa 30 no nihcaan caay ka lengaw ko pinaloma toya pala saan ko sowal. \n\n3. Samaanay ko pikamusas no Dipong tangasa i kamingkokan to niyaro’ no Farangaw\n\nAno songira’en ita a misa’osi ko midfongay aca to niyaro’ no Taywan i, 1624〜1662 a mihcaan, o pidfong no Olanta paka 38 ko mihcaan. 1626〜1642 a mihcaan, o Sipanya 16 ko mihcaan. 1662〜1683 a mihcaan ci Ceng-cen-kong paka 21 a mihcaan ko pikowan. 1884〜1895 a mihcaan i, o Cing-ti-kwo ko mikowanay paka 211 ko mihcaan. 1895〜1945 a mihcaan, o Dipongto, 50 a mihcaan. 1945 a mihcaan, a misatapang o aping to ko mikowanay to Taywan, tangasa anini. Itini i pikowan nangra i, a dihay ko misakakinihay a dmak, a midoka’ to ’orip no Taywan a damdaw. o hatini ay a dmak i, caay ka ^emin no sasowalen a pahapinang. O sasowalen ako tonini a tilid haw i, i ikor no lood ira koya \"Ma-kwan-tyaw-yi\"(馬關條約) hananay a mapafli ko Dipong a mikowan to Taywan, tonini 50 a mihcaan samaanay ko pikowan no Dipong to Farangaw a niyaro’.\n\n1. Pala Dipongen ko pinangan no Taywan;\n\nYo misatapang ko katomireng ni Tiyn-cyin-c-lang a mikowan to Taywan, do^do han nira ko pinangan no Dipong a mifalic ko pikowan to Taywan.\n\n(1) hwang-min-hwa(皇民化)：Mala finawlanto no hongti no Dipong;\n\n1937 a mihcaan tangasa i 1945 a mihcaan, papifalic tono Dipong a ngangan, ono Dipong to ko caciyaw, ono Dipongto ko pinangan no ’orip, ato misi’ayaw to lo’od a dmak tangasa 1945 a mihcaan.\n\nSaka ccay a liyad i 1936〜1940 a mihcaan i, \"Palowad to polong no finawlan a mido^do to sa’osi no kitakit\" hananay a dmak. Saka tosa a liyad i 1941〜1945 i, oya \"hwang-min-hwa\" a pala finawlanto no hongti no Dipong hasnanay a dmak. Papido^doen nangra ko Taywan a tamdaw to pinangan no Dipong, o caciyaw, o kaciriko’, o kaciloma’, o pita’ong to to’as ato pitoolan i, ono Dipongto ko tata’ongen a kawas.\n\n(2) Pisorot to sofitay;\n\n1937 a mihcaan a misatapang a miara to kapah, to mamalo mi’olongay to kaka’enen no sofitay i pilo’odan. Irato ko piara no Dipong to \"kaw-sa-i-yong tuy\"(高砂義民隊) a tayni i Nan-yang a milo’od. Nai 1942〜1943 a mihcaan, kani 7 ko piocor to sofitay no taywan. Kina ccay ira ko 100〜600 ko tamdaw to mapalingaday. O polong i, ma^deng 4,000 ko malingaday a tayni i piloodan.\n\nI saka 3 no folad 1942 a mihcaan, 500 ko kapah palingaden a milood taira i Filiping. I saka 5 a folad malowid nangra ko padaka a sofitay i Pa-tan-taw hasnanay a pala. Saka tosa a lingad i saka 6 a folad, ira ko 1,000 a tamdaw. Saka tolo a lingad i saka 11 a fulad, 414 ko tamdaw. Saka spat, i saka 6 a folad no 1943 a mihcaan, 200 ko tamdaw. Saka 5 a lowsad 500 ko tamdaw, saka 6 a lowad 800 ko tamdaw, saka 7 a lowad 800 ko tamdaw. Saka mapolong i, 3000 ko mapatayay a sofitay no Taywan i Filiping. Saka 10〜11 a folad no 1943 a mihcaan, malingad aca ko 500 a tamdaw a tayra i Li-song-taw no Filiping. Mapatay a ma^min koya sofitay no Taywan, awaay ko ma’oripay a minokay.\n\nIra ko ccay a kapah no Farangaw, ci Ngayaw na Tafakuan. Maocor a tayra i San-ta-ken no Broniyo a niyaro’ a milood. Awaayto ko kakaenen, awaayto ko timra no kowang to sapilood. Saka ’aloman ko mapatayay i piloodan. Ma’orip aca konini ci Ngayaw hananay a minokay i Taywan.\n\n2. Pakayni i pakatayar a pisakoli no Farangaw;\n\n1936 a mihcaan o matiliday i tilid i, o ’Amis a tamdaw ko ’alomanay a misakoliay no Dipong, ma^deng 84 ko ca’or ko misakoliay a ’Amis a tamdaw. O Farangaw aca i, 6.9 a ca’or ko misakoriasy. O tayar a misanga’ to lalan no ci’acflay, o lalan no tosiya, o kayakay. Misanga’ aca to tifo ato ka^feran. Misakali aca to kali no omah. Ano ira ko tahidang to pisakoli, caay ka ngaay a culien. Ira ko cima to paculiay i, seti’en no kincac (tayring), saka matalaw ko tamdamdaw.\n\nTo sakacaaw pacuri no niyaro’, oya miming no lifon, nga’ay sapatri to sata. Ano kaliomahanto matayar tono omah a tayal. Pahanhanan no omah a tayar i, misakoli tono kakomodan. Ira ko sowal no maritengay, o caciyaw to pakayniay to Dipong i, ano marpetto a malofo, patayraan i Nasayasay. Saka matalaw ko tamdamdaw. Mangaref yo 1941 a mihcaan a malalood to Padaka. O harateng sa no Dipong a miara to kakaenen, o frac ato kolong to hakakaenen no sofitay. Halo o malad no palatawan, araen no Dipong.\n\nIra ko ccay a malitengay ci Parac na ’Anga, \"misakoliay kami a matayal, matating i tonotono’an a misanga’ to lalan. Ano malafot koya saso’ot, o patayto a matfad i tono’tono’an\" saan ko sowal nira.\n\n3. Sakalasawad no sra ato omah no Farangaw\n\n(1) I ka Dipongan a dmak：\n\nI ka Dipongan i, awaayho konika ’aloman no tamdaw i Paosongan a pala, saka ci faloco’ ko Dipong a patayni a pakafolaw to tamdaw. 1917〜1919 a mihcaan misastapang a misilsil to sra no Posong. I to’to’, i piwma, i Likafong, i Tipod, i ’Anasolay. I liomah aca no Farangaw, i si’asiloay, i Fokid, i Matang a pala. Ono Farangaw itiyaho a liomah konini. Misatapangto ko Dipong a mifakciw to sakino mafolaway no Dipong a kaitiraan a sra. Saka ma’afasto ko liomah no Farangaw. Itiyaay a malitengay, o pikaomah aca, caay ka fana’ to sapifakciwaw to omah. Saka mifakciw to i, ma’afas no Dipong ko liomah no ’Amis a tamdaw. Caay ka fana’ to tilid ko maritengay, saka masakaniw a mafalic ko ngangan no omah.\n\n Oloma sato, paloma to tfos tosapisanga’ to ’odah. Paci^ci sa ko Dipong papipaloma to tfos. Oloma i, ma’afas ko liomah mala no kitakitto a palomaan to tefos. Olama sato, o liomah no Farangaw papipaloma to pawli. O kalitosa no omah paci^ci sa ko Dipong a papipaloma to tfos ato pawli. Hatiniay ko pireken no Dipong to liomah no Farangaw, caay ka nga’ay a paculien.\n\n(2) Ikor no lood nika falic no ’orip no Farangaw:\n\nPakayni i matiliday a pirorod to nika falic no ’orip no Frlangaw. Tosa ko masadakasy a sowal, pakayni i kafolaw no tamdaw a pasayni i kamawmahan a pidmak to liomah. Ato kafolaw no tamdaw a tayni i ta’angyay a niyaro’, toya caay ko omah ko katayalan a pala. itiya i, caay ka ’aloman ko tamdaw tonini a pala no Posong i matano ’alomanay a tamdaw. Nikawrira caay ka haydaen no Dipong ko payrang a tamdaw a pacumod i niyaro’ no Yan-cu-min. Saka ikor nonini, misatapangto ko payrang a sapicumodaw i paniyaro’an no Farangaw. Misatapang aca ko kapah no niyaro’ a matayal tayni i to-kay. Olomasato misatapang to ko papotaray a payrang to sapi’acaaw to sra no paniyaro’an no Farangaw.\n\nIra a matilid ni Cang-i-fen(張玉芬) a singsi, koya malahdawayto a niyaro’ hananay a tilid nira. Matilid nira ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw, yo masa’osi konini a tilidi i, macucuk ko faloco’. Ano hatiniay ko ’orip i Farangaw, mangaref ko tangic no faloco’. Ano caay ka ha’enen no citongay a mirayray toya tu-se-ci-hwa hatiniay a dmak i niyaro no Farangaw, wa caay ko hahatini a mapalasawad ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw. Caay ko paculiay to dmak no cen-fu. Nikawrira yo misatapang tonini a dmak i, manga’ay a misaharaterareng to kasongila’ no paniyaro’an no Farangaw itiini. Iraho ko kakahaday a sra i satimol no tokos a Matang ato Ining. Ma^edng itira ko pipatirengan to fa^lohay a ci-hwa itini tonini a pala saan ko faloco’; Ta caay ka mapalasawad ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw tahanini.\n\nSaka 1: Pakayni i palamitan a niyaro’ ato rayray no ’orip no Farangaw a mihalatng：\n\nSowal sa ci Can-i-fen singsi to pakayniay to dmak no sfi, masowal nira ko pakayniay \"niyaro’\" hananay a ngangan. Ano tosilen ita ko kamalo’an no misa’Amisay, o paniyaro’an ko mahapinangay. Sowal sa ci Li-i-yin (李亦園教授) a singsi to pakayniay i \"niyaro’\" i, masalaloma’ay no ’adipel a tamdaw saan ko pahapinag nira. Saka itini mahapinang ita konika kadadipot a mitna’ to ’ada a paniyaro’. Sowal sa ci Fong-ciyn-cang (馮建彰教授) a singsi, yo mitosil cira to paniyaro’an no Farangaw i, o ccay no marayrayay a matinakoay no ’orip no Farangaw tonini a \"pala\", saka laccay sa ko kamalo’ i Farangaw a pala.\n\nAno nengnengen ita ko nika paniyaro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw, itira ko ’aro itra ko nika ci omah itira ko paloma’ a masasidipot to sakacaaw ka samsam no loma a finacadan.\n\nO sowal no litengen \"caay ka ccay aca a rami’ad a mapatireng ko niyaro’ no Roma\" sanay a sowal i, ano han ita ko pi’araw to niyaro’ no Farangaw i, o halafinayto a pakayni i lo’od, pakayniay i ’icer ato taneng ato losa’ no malitengay konika tomireng ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw tonini a pala. Ano han ita ko nika fana’ to nika tomireng no niyaro’ i, caay ka kahmaw ko piharateng ita to paniyaro’ a pala no kalo finacadan.\n\nO niyaro’ no Farangaw ato loma a niyaro’ ira ko nika caay ka lecad a pinangan. Pakayniay i sa’opo no kapot, itiniay i sfi ko fa’inayan a misirsir to dmak no niyaro’. Saka o kasa’opoan no fa’inayan ko sfi, a minanam to dmak no niyaro’ ato sapilo’od a dmak. O sfi hananay i, o palowadan to ’orip no fa’inayan a tamdaw. Saka o niyaro’ hananay no ’Amis i, o sasifo’an no ka’oripan no tamdamdaw, caay ka nga’ay ko tamdamdaw a mi’afas a mipreng to paniyaro’an.\n\nSaka 2: Naitini i Palidaw ko nikafolraw: \n\nYo nanitini i Palidaw ko nikafolraw a tayni i paniyaro’an no Farangaw. O ccayay a laloma’an kita, o ccayay ko kasadakan a pona sanay. Payni i pisafolafolaw no ’Aamis a tamdaw, adihay to ko matinakoay nangra a dmak, to saka fana’ no malitengay a misi’ayaw to sasiloma no finacadan. Saka tangasa to nika ira ni Kulas Mahengheng a ma’orip, mafana’ a malali’ay to loma a finacadan, a misaysay to rawraw no kasa niyaro’. 1884 a mihcaan sa’opoen nira ko kakitaan no piwma, to saka lali’ay a malo’ i paposongan a pala.\n\n 1887〜1892 a mihcaan i, to sakanga’ayaw no finawlan a paniyaro’. Misanga’ to kali ha’adipel no niyaro’ to sakanga’ay a mitena’ to ‘ada. Mapatireng ko 7 a sfi to saka nga’ay a misa’opo to pakah a midipot to niyaro’. To saka nga’ayto no malingaday a maomah. Hatiraay ko nika rikec no Farangaw.\n\n O paniyaro’ no Farangaw i paposongan, mangata ko panyaro’an no payrang. Adihay ko pinanam no kapah ato kaying to fa^lohay a pinangan to ’orip no payrang.\n\n Ano ’arawen ita ko mihcaan no kapot, i 1819 a mihcaan a misatapang. Saka 176 to ko mihcaan to nika mapatireng ko kasakapot no Farangaw. O pangangan to ngangan no kapot i, o iraay a masadak admak toya mihcaan, saka kalanganganen no kapot.\n\nI sfi ko kapah a minanam to kalodmak no niyaro’, pakayni i dmak no kiloma’an ato kahilahila a dadmaken no fa’inayan, ato mafana’ a mangodo a midipot to malitengay, a mapatireng ko masongila’ay a pinangan no fa’inayan a tamdaw.\n\n O pakayniay to riko’ no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan ira aca ko nika sasiloma no teser no riko’, ato dmak no kiloma’an ato lisin no niyaro’ i kiloma’an, tangasa anini caay ka falic. Ano sakero to i kiloma’an ira aca ko no Farangaw a pinangan.\n\n Pakayni i paniyaro’an no Farangaw i paposongan i, o sata’angayay a niyaro’, o tamdaw sa i, o sa’alomanay. Saka yo patireng ko Tay-tong-su to masalaloma’ay no tu-su-ci-hwa ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw, caay paka harateng hakiya to nika halafinto ko paniyaro’ no Farangaw toniniya pala? Ma^deng cangra a mi’osaw to paniyaro’an no Farangaw a mikilim to loma kakahaday hapicowatan sapatireng to fa^lohay paniyaro’an. I satimol no tokus i Matang, ato Ining. Itiyaho away ko loma’, o omahho. Ano ha^enen ko piharateng no citodongay to tu-su- ci-hwa, wa ma’osawto ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw, to saka caaw ka liwasak no niyaro’. Ano nengnengen ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw i, sahto o paloma’an aca ko pisa’osi, awaay ko pisao’si to sang-yi-ci hananay a ma’araw.\n\nO malitengay i tiyaho caay ka fana’cangra to tilid. Itini to kali’aca, oloma masakaniway no payrang ko malitengay i tiyaho. So^linto i ikor no lo’od ’aloman ko malingady tayra i Tay-pak a matayal. Nikawrira o Falangaw a tamdaw i, o ciomahay ma^min, Ira ko pipahanhanan to tayal i omah i, tayra i Tay-pak a matayal. Ano kamaomahanto minokayay ko ’alomanay i niyaro’ a maomah. O wawa ato malitengay i masiday i niyaro’, i loma’ saan.\n\n Nanoya mala tu-su-ci-hwa-cito ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw. cifaloco’ ko ’alomanay a payrang to sapi’acaaw to paloma’an a sra no Farangaw. Mato sowal ako, ano caay ka mapalalan to To-su-ci- hwa-ci ko paniyaro’an no Falangaw i, mimaan hatini ‘alomanto ko payrang a mi’aca, ta ca’ay ka hatini a mapalasawad ko niyaro’ no Farangaw.","num_words":11173,"character_repetition_ratio":0.07,"word_repetition_ratio":0.001,"special_characters_ratio":0.25,"stopwords_ratio":0.012,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":1.0,"perplexity_score":34297.3,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirakarakay%20lahod%20to%E2%80%99edip","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Mitongalay to’edip, miliyasay to’edip, tingrohay no mirakarakay lahod to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：游離層） laenoay no papotalay a lahod to’edip, la’ed to sera 800 kongli, Taykongcan no kasakitakit itiraay toni a kato’edip no lahod to’edip.\n\nPinengnengan\nPapotalay a lahod to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：外氣層）\nSasifoay to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：中間層）\nMaladacay to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：平流層）\nKasacoelisan to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：對流層）\n\nTatiri'an a tilid\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n大氣概述全書下載| 交通部中央氣象局","num_words":91,"character_repetition_ratio":0.198,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.205,"stopwords_ratio":0.011,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":16086.0,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sasifoay%20to%E2%80%99edip","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Tenokay lahod a to’edip、Sasifoay to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：中間層）, itira i 50 tangasa 85 kongli ko takaraw, o kacakat katefad no falawfaw.\n\nPinengnengan\nMirakarakay lahod to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：游離層）\nMaladacay to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：平流層）\nKasacoelisan to’edip（kuwaping a sowal：對流層）\n\nTatiri'an a tilid\n\nNo papotalay a kakafit\n大氣概述全書下載| 交通部中央氣象局","num_words":66,"character_repetition_ratio":0.192,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.211,"stopwords_ratio":0.015,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.999,"perplexity_score":15754.7,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uway","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Uway 藤 \nNaw makayniay i m.wikipedia.org no codad misahec mifelihi a micoyako .\n\nTahapinangan 說明 \nO maanko uway hananay?\n\nO pinalengawan a kasi iked cidek onokilakilangan a tatelek okangdawyko kolit no uway , matilid i codad ngangan:(Calameae)ouwayhan ko nipangangan ciraan .Saiyaway nopalamitan o tatapangan no uway,namakayniay i Fiyeco、yaco、Tayangco afinacadan no pala .\n\n①o lagndaway kolangaw no uway awakocaagn satarayasa anpocien misiuway o kangdaway kokolit kimormor mo’ecel sapoo’poo’sa opapahnira matiya o kapal notamdaw amacici kaypapah, otatapangannir aitekak caaykatalaw tonanom . \n\n②okolit nira ¹o fohecalay、o kangndawway ²o milaladay ko lanagw nira mato badiso’so’ mikayakay milalahad、anoca matolangaw no tamorak(ciyak) ³nano iti:yaho no mientay a’ tatelek to mihecaan , iraay toko pangangan to ; Ten-wen-ce’ hanany a ngangan.\n\nlalengawan 生長 \nMasamaanay kolangawno uway?\n\nSo'lin masowalto inasani tonika namakacowaay ko langawno uway asaa'ntokita a mapaaw,onikafanan nomita namakayniayi Fiyeco、yaco、Tayangco afinacadan nopala .\n\n① awako milecaday to langawnira : \n\n¹ e'minno kalatoo'dtoo'd ato maamanno pinaloma awayko milicadayto langawnouway ouway acacyko sicekaay nolangaw ,\n\n² langaw sananaycira : \n\ncaayko nipalomaan notamdaw kouway ilotolotokan alemangawcira i masatap'tap'pay caaay kaala no tamdamdaw,olangaw matiya o tefos sapoo'poo' sakolangawnira, oroma i midogndogn to lilis no sauwac anoca i sinanomay i somet’tay a sera no lotok , mikayat kolangawnira , mikihahira a malalad , mikayakay midodo tolangaw no kilakilangan , itira i langaw notao cira amicahe’fak kolangawnira, pakayni i tatapangan tangasa i teloc o a’tekak maemin kolangawnira .\n\n³ Cecay mihecaan kinaca:cay a sihecicira :\n\no hecino uway matohecino badiso'so' cacey nikacacey a pelad caaykahaen o badiso'so' cacalaycay koheci cihecisacira okangdaway kokolitn nohecin temeri'sa amelawen anomarohem tokyaheci mala o kangdawayto kokolitnira , anokaen nomita kyaheci celmien a'nger aredam mikalat tosema' , o kasadakan nohecinira i ikor tonolaloodan ato pitoles no kacahiwan , i limaay ato pitoay no folad kokacihecian i lotolotokan a lemangaw ko uway. Opocino uway tomessa toboan noceka’ maemin haro opapapapahnira oceka’ amaemin olangaw nira masadohepic madicem matiya o wadis a matosarosaros kokatalem amikafit micocok kyaceka,madicem masadohepic matiya owadis a matosarosaros macofed ko nikadicem noteloc nay satapangan nopapah,anomacocok kita maceka kokamay nomita cakasatodong koadada nokamay tonikasadak no remes.\n\n② Macakat macakat toko syakay !\n\nCemakat tokoorip notamdamdaw , pakayni i nika cemakatcemakat nosyakay atonika remahadremahad notamtamdaw ,masaroma tokonipihareten atonipimelaw noheni o misyobayai sapacaofaw mitomes amifecol to miaca’ay ato paaca’ay no misiyobaayi itini i pisyobayan nagnra . orasaka a’melik ko ponoponoa'n no misyobayai itinien \n\nilotok noheni apaloma ,ta malingato kotamdaw mikali mikorkor .misayar to lotolotokan ‘eminhan miferfer malitek kokilakilangan sakohecar sato Kolotolotokan malaa’nal tokolotolotokan a melawhan(negn negnhan) tonamasayar nomisyobayai atamdaw koyalotok .\n\nSapimaan 用途 \nO sapimaan ko uway?\n\n①Uwayhananay tadao kalimelaan no tamdamdaw , adihay ko sadademaken amiala micekymas ciraan , pakayni i nakamayan notamdaw masangako masama:anay a kakaolahan notamdaw . tadamaka:pah masato:don fangncalsa konakamayan(手工) okamay notamdaw komimirmir(捏)、misangato kalatoodtood nomaa'maan nouway nisangaan.\n\n②o maanko masanga'ay?\n\noe'lon、opinanoman toociya asapad、osasetie'、oaie'c、otokar、otataker、osaksak、atloma' . ³ Amis\/Pagncah oloma' no tomok !\n\nosowal no matoasay i a:yaw kitaomasa Amisay\/Pagncah caaypacefasa(隨便) patiregn a siloma' tonouwayan a loma' . hayi ! ancaayko tadamaanay okakangodoan ocinganganay i niyaro ko oripnignra . tinakohan omala tomokay、kakitaan、adi:hay dada:hr ko omaomaahn nignra , sisa melawhan iraayhenkita mafana'tokita tonika onotomok onokakitaan kinaloma' sakotomdaw mimelaw .oloma' no i:tiyaay a finawlan oele'、onalitie'、openen、ufoloe'、opapah nobalidas orotong(mikitodongay to uway marecad misasengi amelawen) haysolin mahaenayko loma' nomasaAmis\/Pangcah , irakonika cacidek nosaromaroma noloma' hay mahaenay kosowal okongnko no matoasay iti:ya.","num_words":1090,"character_repetition_ratio":0.039,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.173,"stopwords_ratio":0.048,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.998,"perplexity_score":8757.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raditya%20Adi","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Ni Raditya Adi ket maysa nga Indonesiano a Rapper ken Songwriter, ni Raditya Adi ket nangrugi ti karerana iti musika idi 2022, isu ket nangirugi ti immuna a single na, \"Orang Miskin\" a kaduana ni Jenieta Yobel Lie.\n\nKarera \nRinugian ni Raditya Adi ti nagaramid iti musika iti ubing unay nga edad. Nasapa a paset ti 2022, inruarna ti immuna a single na a napauluan iti \"Orang Miskin\" a nakairamanan ni Jenieta Yobel Lie.\n\nDiskograpia \n\n Orang Miskin\n Aku Orang Susah\n\nReperensia","num_words":108,"character_repetition_ratio":0.103,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.224,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.994,"perplexity_score":128214.9,"cluster_detection":-1} +{"url":"https:\/\/ami.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sahrul%20Projectt","collection":"wikipedia","source":"wikipedia","original_code":"ami","text":"Sahrul Projectt (lahir 16 Maret 1995) adalah disjoki, pencipta lagu dan editor musik asal indonesia. pria kelahiran Sulawesi Tengah ini memulai karirnya sebagai Arrangement musik original.\n\nKehidupan Pribadi \nSahrul merupakan anak pertama dari tiga bersaudara yang mempunyai passion di bidang musik. Hal ini membuat ia bekerja keras dengan menciptakan lagu dan aransemen musik ketika lulus SMA.\n\nKarir \nSahrul memulai karir musik pada tahun 2021, kemudian pada tahun sesudahnya dia bergabung dengan label musik SoundOn yang membuat lagunya viral di media sosial.\n\nDiskografi \n\n Pak Pong Vong Thailand Style\n Rasa Nyaman\n Bum Bum (Remix)\n Untuk Pengisi Hatiku \n Party Mix Vol.1 (Album)\n\nRujukan\n\nPautan Luar \n\n Sahrul Projectt di Instagram\n\nKategori:Musik\nKategori:Orang hidup","num_words":153,"character_repetition_ratio":0.05,"word_repetition_ratio":0.0,"special_characters_ratio":0.199,"stopwords_ratio":0.0,"flagged_words_ratio":0.0,"lang_id_score":0.959,"perplexity_score":103779.4,"cluster_detection":-1}