The Battle of Grand Gulf was fought on April 29, 1863, during th: For four consecutive years, from 2020 to 2023, the UK maintained its fourth-place ranking in the Global Innovation Index, a position determined by approximately 80 indicators encompassing the political environment, education, infrastructure, and knowledge creation, among others.[286][279] During 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (for both). The UK ranked 1st in the world for Field-Weighted Citation Impact.[287] Scientific journals produced in the UK include publications by the Royal Society, Nature, the British Medical Journal and The Lancet.[288]