Premise: How much had Westinghouse paid to Tesla, Brown and Peck?

Hypothesis: In 1897, Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to Tesla in stark terms, saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of Westinghouse Electric and Tesla would have to "deal with the bankers" to try to collect future royalties.


Premise: How much land do farms use in Victoria?

Hypothesis: A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops.


Premise: What were the two forms of environmental determinism?

Hypothesis: The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples.


Premise: When was the suspension by FIFA lifted?

Hypothesis: They upset some of the World's best teams and reached semi-finals of the 2003 tournament.


Premise: In the case Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, how many hours was the Dutch woman in question working in Germany?

Hypothesis: Conversely, in Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen the Court of Justice held that a Dutch woman living in the Netherlands, but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in Germany, did not have a right to receive German child benefits, even though the wife of a man who worked full-time in Germany but was resident in Austria could.


Premise: What are the two symbols that signify pharmacy in English-speaking countries?

Hypothesis: The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text.


Premise: Would word means burn in the Anglo-Saxon language?

Hypothesis: The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule.


Premise: When did the first French language bible appear?

Hypothesis: The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France.


Premise: What responsibilities were pharmacy technicians formerly limited to?

Hypothesis: Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.


Premise: When was the British Nationality Act passed?

Hypothesis: Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, one of the countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, a citizen of a British overseas territory, or a European Union citizen resident in the UK.


Premise: Where does the Rhine end?

Hypothesis: The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20 km).


Premise: The majority of building construction jobs are what?

Hypothesis: The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom.


Premise: What does the chloroplast peripheral reticulum do?

Hypothesis: Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum.


Premise: What was the final score of the game between the Broncos and Steelers?

Hypothesis: They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20–18, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock.


Premise: If the apparant force of two fermions is repulsive, what is the spin function?

Hypothesis: If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force), and vice versa, i.e. for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive).


Premise: What was Temüjin' sister's name?

Hypothesis: Temüjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei.


Premise: What was the shape that Faget designed for the Apollo command module?

Hypothesis: Maxime Faget's preliminary Apollo design employed a cone-shaped command module, supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power, sized appropriately for the space station, cislunar, and lunar landing missions.


Premise: Who used imperialism during their rule of the Mongol Empire?

Hypothesis: The Americas during the pre-Columbian era also had large empires such as the Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire.


Premise: What career does Joseph Stiglitz have?

Hypothesis: Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as "rent-seeking".


Premise: What was the first British empire based on?

Hypothesis: By the 1840s, Britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world.


Premise: Where does heat rejection occur in the Rankine cycle?

Hypothesis: The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle because, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle.


Premise: With what body must a pharmacy technician register?

Hypothesis: A pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register.


Premise: What is the term for a meeting of Mongol chiefs?

Hypothesis: At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan".


Premise: What are the two different types of immunity?

Hypothesis: To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue.


Premise: What bridge had a model of it at the Super Bowl Opening Night?

Hypothesis: The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.


Premise: Where is Audra McDonald from?

Hypothesis: Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student.


Premise: Who was first on the team in total tackles?

Hypothesis: Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109, while Danny Trevathan ranked second with 102.


Premise: When was the term "regeneration" first used?

Hypothesis: The actual term "regeneration" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a "renewal," and the Second Doctor underwent a "change of appearance".[citation needed]


Premise: In what year did Joseph Priestley recognize oxygen?

Hypothesis: Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first.


Premise: How many photosynthetic carotenoids are there?

Hypothesis: There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids.


Premise: In the fall quarter of 2014, how many students signed up for the university's  in total?

Hypothesis: In 2015, the College of the University of Chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8% for the Class of 2019, the lowest in the college's history.


Premise: What is another term for the pivot mounting?

Hypothesis: An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder.


Premise: When was the Lisbon Treaty established?

Hypothesis: In effect, after the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under European Union law, though the former is enforced by the European Court of Justice in relation to European Union measures, and the latter by the European Court of Human Rights in relation to measures by member states.


Premise: What was Old Briton's response to Celeron?

Hypothesis: When Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French.


Premise: When do juvenile develop into adults?

Hypothesis: In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents.


Premise: What device is a dry cooling tower similar to?

Hypothesis: Evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than "once-through" cooling by river or lake water; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling, but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water.[citation needed]


Premise: What did Roland Bainton say about Luther's position on Jews?

Hypothesis: His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial."


Premise: What was an example of a type of warship that required high speed?

Hypothesis: It was however superseded by the British invention steam turbine where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners.


Premise: Which Family Guy episodes contain Doctor Who references?

Hypothesis: Who have also appeared in the young adult fantasy novels Brisingr and High Wizardry, the video game Rock Band, the soap opera EastEnders, the Adult Swim comedy show Robot Chicken, the Family Guy episodes "Blue Harvest" and "420", and the game RuneScape.


Premise: What's the nickname for Newcastle's A167?

Hypothesis: Major roads in the area include the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19 heading south past Sunderland and Middlesbrough to York and Doncaster; the A69 heading west to Carlisle; the A696, which becomes the A68 heads past Newcastle Airport and up through central Northumberland and central Scottish Borders, the A167, the old "Great North Road", heading south to Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, Durham and Darlington; and the A1058 "Coast Road", which runs from Jesmond to the east coast between Tynemouth and Cullercoats.


Premise: What color are the numbers in the Super Bowl 50 logo?

Hypothesis: On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L.


Premise: How many miles, once completed, will the the Lewis S. Eaton trail cover?

Hypothesis: When complete, the Lewis S. Eaton trail system will cover 22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam.


Premise: Why did France choose to give up continental lands?

Hypothesis: They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent.


Premise: What were the claims of corruption in the armed forces?

Hypothesis: In what are by Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment  and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers.


Premise: Who designed the ceiling and stained-glass windows of the Green Dining Room?

Hypothesis: The lower part of the walls are panelled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure, with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by Edward Burne-Jones.


Premise: How many years have imperialistic practices existed?

Hypothesis: Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term "Age of Imperialism" generally refers to the activities of European powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century, for example, the "The Great Game" in Persian lands, the "Scramble for Africa" and the "Open Door Policy" in China.


Premise: What was developed from Watt's measurements on a model steam engine?

Hypothesis: The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser.


Premise: What is the approximate condenser temperature in a turbine?

Hypothesis: This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]


Premise: Where does a private school get funding to operate?

Hypothesis: Teachers have the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors.


Premise: Which three doctors were in The Sirens of Time?

Hypothesis: Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure The Sirens of Time.


Premise: What use was suggested for the system

Hypothesis: A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.


Premise: How did Genghis Khan observed the surrender terms after Samarkand fell?

Hypothesis: After the fortress fell, Genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand.


Premise: French troops put down the Camisard uprisings between what years?

Hypothesis: In the early 18th century, a regional group known as the Camisards who were Huguenots rioted against the Catholic Church in the region, burning churches and killing clergy.


Premise: Name one way the Plowshares organization temporarily close GCSB Waihopai?

Hypothesis: The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.


Premise: When was San Francisco voted to be the location for Super Bowl 50?

Hypothesis: On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium.


Premise: What percentage of Filipino tertiary education takes place in private schools?

Hypothesis: Per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public schools.


Premise: Iqbal worried that India's mostly Hindu population would do what to Muslim heritage and culture?

Hypothesis: In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences.


Premise: When did Pope Leo X  excommunicate Luther?

Hypothesis: On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict)


Premise: Where do many merchants and explorers go?

Hypothesis: Throughout the centuries, the Kenyan Coast has played host to many merchants and explorers.


Premise: What was the topic of the error?

Hypothesis: Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II, said that "What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance" and the IPCC had investigated the other alleged mistakes, which were "generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment".


Premise: Who stated a change of the length of the Rhine?

Hypothesis: After this number was placed into the authoritative Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications.


Premise: How long ago did oxygen reach 10% of its present level?

Hypothesis: Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in Earth's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago.


Premise: Which c1622-23 sculpture by Bernini are included in the sculpture collection?

Hypothesis: Italian sculptors whose work is held by the museum include: Bartolomeo Bon, Bartolomeo Bellano, Luca della Robbia, Giovanni Pisano, Donatello, Agostino di Duccio, Andrea Riccio, Antonio Rossellino, Andrea del Verrocchio, Antonio Lombardo, Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi, Andrea della Robbia, Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, Michelangelo (represented by a freehand wax model and casts of his most famous sculptures), Jacopo Sansovino, Alessandro Algardi, Antonio Calcagni, Benvenuto Cellini (Medusa's head dated c. 1547), Agostino Busti, Bartolomeo Ammannati, Giacomo della Porta, Giambologna (Samson Slaying a Philistine (Giambologna) c. 1562, his finest work outside Italy), Bernini (Neptune and Triton c. 1622–3), Giovanni Battista Foggini, Vincenzo Foggini (Samson and the Philistines), Massimiliano Soldani Benzi, Antonio Corradini, Andrea Brustolon, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Innocenzo Spinazzi, Canova, Carlo Marochetti and Raffaelle Monti.


Premise: What entities are included in the federal health care system?

Hypothesis: In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority.


Premise: What program did Red Cross put together in 2011?

Hypothesis: This was last seen in August and September 2011 prompting the Kenyans for Kenya initiative by the Red Cross.


Premise: What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized use to make ATP?

Hypothesis: In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen.


Premise: What theorem remains valid in unique factorization domains?

Hypothesis: An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z[i], that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers.


Premise: Who wrote "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"?

Hypothesis: The debate is summarized in "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor" by journalist Thomas B. Edsall.


Premise: Who else did Tesla make the acquaintance of in 1886?

Hypothesis: In late 1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck.


Hypothesis: In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority.


Premise: How many granal thylakoids can be in each granum?

Hypothesis: The helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana, or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana.


Premise: When was the Methodist Episcopal Church founded?

Hypothesis: At this time, Methodists had not yet broken away from the Anglican Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church was not founded until 1784.


Premise: What was Galileo Ferraris?

Hypothesis: Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system — something for which Westinghouse had been trying to secure patents.


Premise: In what city's Marriott did the Broncos stay?

Hypothesis: The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.


Premise: How many members make up the Judicial Council?

Hypothesis: The Judicial Council cannot create any legislation; it can only interpret existing legislation.


Premise: By which year did full sized American cars shrink to be smaller?

Hypothesis: Chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 (except for the M-body Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury and Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue sedans).


Premise: What is the United States at risk for because of the recession of 2008?

Hypothesis: In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles.


Premise: What UN secretary went to Harvard?

Hypothesis: Abdiweli Mohamed Ali; U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Anthony Luzzatto Gardner.


Premise: At what time did Tesla get dinner?

Hypothesis: Tesla worked every day from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later, with dinner from exactly 8:10 p.m., at Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.


Premise: What did Luther refuse to do?

Hypothesis: I can do no other".


Premise: How much percentage of Victoria's land is taken up by farms?

Hypothesis: A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops.


Premise: What did Luther call  the consecrated bread and wine?

Hypothesis: Luther insisted on the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine, which he called the sacramental union, while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present.


Premise: Who wrote about the distillation of drinking water from sea water?

Hypothesis: Al-Muwaffaq’s contributions in the field are also pioneering.


Premise: As of January 2016 how many digits does the largest known prime consist of?

Hypothesis: A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division.


Premise: Who was the first chair of the IPCC?

Hypothesis: Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015.


Premise: Other than T cells, what other immune cells express CYP27B1?

Hypothesis: Only after binding to calcitriol can T-cells perform their intended function.


Premise: What kind of membrane came from the host?

Hypothesis: The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium's gram negative cell wall, and not the phagosomal membrane from the host, which was probably lost.


Premise: What was the basis mentioned for the develpment of the general theory of relativity?

Hypothesis: This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity.


Premise: In the 1965-66 season, what place did ABC find it's self among the other networks in ratings?

Hypothesis: However, ABC's issues with its transition to color became secondary compared to the network's financial problems; in 1964, the network found itself, as Goldenson later wrote in the 1991 book "Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC", "in the middle of a war [where] the battlefield was Wall Street".


Premise: When did Richard Dean Adams make his inquiry?

Hypothesis: In 1893 Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls.


Premise: What was the date of the very first episode of Doctor Who?

Hypothesis: The first serial had been completed and the BBC believed it was crucial that the next one be a success, but The Mutants was the only script ready to go, so the show had little choice but to use it.


Premise: What ABC action series went up against NBC's variety shows in Fall 1957?

Hypothesis: These kinds of programs presented ABC with an image of the "philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks, which helped Goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television.


Premise: What is the high end of the temperature range in winter?

Hypothesis: In the summers, temperature ranges are 90-60's while as winters are 70-50's, usually all of Southern California have Mediterranean climate.


Premise: Why has the Muslim Brotherhood facilitated inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies?

Hypothesis: " All this compares very favourably against incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric.


Premise: Which IPCC author criticized the TAR?

Hypothesis: IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR.


Premise: When was the Royal University of Warsaw established?

Hypothesis: The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.


Premise: What weapon did Marco Pole report as the cause of Genghis Khan's death?

Hypothesis: According to The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury.


Premise: When was Japan accepted as an Arab-friendly state?

Hypothesis: By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state.


Premise: What was the horsepower put out by the turbines in Waterside Power Station

Hypothesis: During 1910–1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 hp.


Premise: What memorial was built years after Genghis Khan's death and burial?

Hypothesis: Years before his death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to the customs of his tribe.


Premise: Higher rates of health and social problems are just two of examples of effects from what?

Hypothesis: For the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907).


Premise: When was the opening of "Super Bowl City"?

Hypothesis: In addition, "Super Bowl City" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring games and activities that will highlight the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations, and cultural diversity.


Premise: What were the two main theories of immunity at the end of the 19th century?

Hypothesis: The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity.


Premise: What characteristic of oxygen makes it necessary to life?

Hypothesis: It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence).


Premise: What are some Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts missing?

Hypothesis: Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins.


Premise: How many graduate students does Harvard have?

Hypothesis: Harvard's 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors instruct 7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students.


Premise: How long after a banquet with Tugh Temur did Kusala die?

Hypothesis: However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign.


Premise: How old was Chopin when he moved to Warsaw with his family?

Hypothesis: One of the most famous people born in Warsaw was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize.


Premise: What plants create most electric power?

Hypothesis: However, most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant, so that indirectly the world's industry is still dependent on steam power.


Premise: Who fought in the French and Indian war?

Hypothesis: The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War.


Premise: What is the name of Elementary Schools?

Hypothesis: In Germany, teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies).


Premise: What is the name of Doctor Who granddaughter?

Hypothesis: The programme's first serial, An Unearthly Child, shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman.


Premise: What is one criminal behavior that is hard to stop by authorities?

Hypothesis: Threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies.


Premise: Who lead the school back to leading research institution in 2oth century?

Hypothesis: In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level.


Premise: What probiotic flora is found in unpasteurized yogurt?

Hypothesis: There is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora, such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt, helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children and encouraging preliminary data in studies on bacterial gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, urinary tract infection and post-surgical infections.


Premise: What techniques can be used to determine paleotopography?

Hypothesis: Thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust, the uplift of mountain ranges, and paleotopography.


Premise: What was the name of Börte's second male child?

Hypothesis: Börte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232).


Premise: Stratigraphers try to locate areas for what types of extraction?

Hypothesis: Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface, and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions.


Premise: What is as important as identifying plague symptoms?

Hypothesis: It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period.


Premise: Which fault can produce a magnitude earthquake of 8.0?

Hypothesis: Many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake, such as the San Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event.


Premise: What type of housing was erected in Warsaw as part of the Bricks for Warsaw process?

Hypothesis: After World War II, under a Communist regime set up by the conquering Soviets, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage, along with other typical buildings of an Eastern Bloc city, such as the Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union.


Premise: What is Raghuram Rajan's career?

Hypothesis: Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example.


Premise: What team was the winner of Super Bowl XXXIII?

Hypothesis: He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.


Premise: What does Rosenfield feel plays the most significant role in expanding the income gap?

Hypothesis: Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality.


Premise: When was Scotland invaded by William?

Hypothesis: William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships.


Premise: When did Luther write the Large Catechism?

Hypothesis: Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, "the way monkeys do it", but understood.


Premise: When was the heatwave in which Hopetoun recorded its highest temperature?

Hypothesis: Victoria's highest maximum temperature since World War II, of 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave.


Premise: What were shipbuilding and engineering important to Newcastle for in the 19th century?

Hypothesis: In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution.


Premise: What did frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers begin to do?

Hypothesis: Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP.


Premise: Who provided Spanish-language commentary alongside Raul Allegre?

Hypothesis: Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game (though per league policy, a separate Spanish play-by-play call was carried on CBS's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers).


Premise: When did the undergraduate program become coeducational?

Hypothesis: The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College.


Premise: How many original treaties establishing the EU protected fundamental rights?

Hypothesis: The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union draws a list of fundamental rights from the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration on Fundamental Rights produced by the European Parliament in 1989 and European Union Treaties.


Premise: To which period is the largest item from Italy that is included in the sculpture collection dated?

Hypothesis: It includes Canova's The Three Graces, which the museum jointly owns with National Galleries of Scotland.


Premise: How much time was left in the quarter when Stewart got the touchdown?

Hypothesis: Norwood had not done so, and with no resistance around him, he took off for a Super Bowl record 61-yard return before Mario Addison dragged him down on the Panthers 14-yard line.


Premise: What was the starting cost for a TV commercial lasting 30 seconds and airing during Super Bowl 50?

Hypothesis: CBS set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000, a record high price for a Super Bowl ad.


Premise: Microplates squeezing and rotating created the features of what?

Hypothesis: Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands.


Premise: Who was Bill Aiken's adopted mother?

Hypothesis: Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child.


Premise: What kind of non-peer-reviewed sources does the IPCC use?

Hypothesis: Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality.


Premise: ABC created what company as a syndication distributor in response to the FCC's fin-syn rules?

Hypothesis: When the FCC imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively created two companies:


Premise: What does the KCPE determine?

Hypothesis: At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training.


Premise: What degree did Martin Luther receive on 19 October, 1512?

Hypothesis: He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.


Premise: Which country does the Rhine encounter it's main tributaries?

Hypothesis: The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.


Premise: Of what was the Diet of Worms an assembly?

Hypothesis: On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms.


Premise: What country is ABC broadcast in, in contrast to Disney's other channels?

Hypothesis: In contrast to Disney's other channels, ABC is broadcast in the United States, although the network's programming is syndicated in many countries.


Premise: What was the name of the Norman castle?

Hypothesis: They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: Afranji, meaning "Franks."


Premise: Which town's massacre did Genghis Khan order in retribution for the treatment of his envoys?

Hypothesis: Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions.


Premise: What happened as a result of the Russo-Japanese War?

Hypothesis: As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia.


Premise: What has having an EU Citizenship increased?

Hypothesis: In Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem.


Premise: What year was the decision made to cancel Apollo missions 18 and 19?

Hypothesis: About the time of the first landing in 1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches; this eliminated Apollo 20.


Premise: What were many pastors unable to do?

Hypothesis: They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory. "


Premise: What fueled Luther's  concept of Christ and His Salvation?

Hypothesis: His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.


Premise: By what other name was the Gate known?

Hypothesis: In this last connection, the name could suggest the derogatory inference of superstitious worship; popular fancy held that Huguon, the gate of King Hugo, was haunted by the ghost of le roi Huguet (regarded by Roman Catholics as an infamous scoundrel) and other spirits, who instead of being in Purgatory came back to harm the living at night.


Premise: What is the polish word for wreaths?

Hypothesis: The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom.


Premise: What is composed of the Area Provost/Dean ad the several District Superintendents of the Districts in the Annual Conference?

Hypothesis: Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference, no appointments are officially fixed.


Premise: What do Plastoglobuli exchange contents with?

Hypothesis: Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma, but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network.


Premise: Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship game?

Hypothesis: They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20–18, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock.


Premise: What other CBS talk show played, after the main one that began immediately after Super Bowl 50?

Hypothesis: Following a break for late local programming, CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden.


Premise: When could V&A Dundee?

Hypothesis: It is planned that it could open within five years.


Premise: What enables the Scottish Parliament to scrutinize the government?

Hypothesis: The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question.


Premise: What is the longest time that a teaching certificate is good for?

Hypothesis: Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach.


Premise: Who is the publisher of the Doctor Who Adventures magazine?

Hypothesis: Doctor Who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day.


Hypothesis: Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years.


Premise: Who was the Chairman and CEO of Disney in 2002?

Hypothesis: 2002 saw the debut of the network's first hit reality series, The Bachelor (the elimination-style dating show's success led to a spinoff, The Bachelorette, which premiered the following year, as well as two additional spinoffs that later debuted in the early 2010s).


Premise: What is used to quantify the intuitive undestanding of forces?

Hypothesis: Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces.


Premise: Who does a gender pay gap tend to favor?

Hypothesis: Thomas Sowell, in his book Knowledge and Decisions, claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy, but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference.


Premise: When were Joseph Schumpeter and Norman Angell at their most prolific writing period?

Hypothesis: While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years.


Premise: What does teaching on an island result in?

Hypothesis: A principal of a large school with many years experience and several qualifications (M.A., H.Dip., etc.) could earn over €90,000.


Premise: How much heavier is oxygen 18 than oxygen 16?

Hypothesis: Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).


Premise: What is the name of the latest epoch?

Hypothesis: The Holocene (the latest epoch) is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right, another reason for expanding the fourth scale.


Premise: What are antimicrobial peptides that evolved as immune defense in eukaryotes called?

Hypothesis: These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system.


Premise: Which company is the gallery of Japanese art named after?

Hypothesis: The Toshiba gallery of Japanese art opened in December 1986.


Premise: Whose occupation of Kuwait did the US military personal seek to put an end to?

Hypothesis: Another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the Islamist movement was the Gulf War, which brought several hundred thousand US and allied non-Muslim military personnel to Saudi Arabian soil to put an end to Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait.


Premise: Why did CBS turn down the pitch for The Untouchables?

Hypothesis: The movement in westerns, which ABC is credited for having started, represented a fifth of all primetime series on American television in January 1959, at which point detective shows were beginning to rise in popularity as well.


Premise: For what size natural number does Bertrand's postulate hold?

Hypothesis: Another formula is based on Wilson's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once.


Premise: What does it mean for a disease to be enzootic?

Hypothesis: Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India.


Premise: Where did the president appoint cabinet members from?

Hypothesis: Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament.


Premise: What does it mean for a knot to be considered indecomposable?

Hypothesis: Any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots.


Premise: What direction did Watson say the mistake went in?

Hypothesis: Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.


Premise: What was constructed between 1978 and 1982 to link the Henry Cole wing to the rest of the museum?

Hypothesis: To link this to the rest of the museum, a new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house, the intended site of the Spiral, between 1978 and 1982.


Premise: Who did Wiesner hire to monitor and second guess NASA's decisions?

Hypothesis: But even after NASA reached internal agreement, it was far from smooth sailing.


Premise: Who stated he wanted Israel to vanish?

Hypothesis: During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly Sunni "Arab street," due to its support for Hezbollah and to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's vehement opposition to the United States and his call that Israel shall vanish.


Premise: Who was Richard's fiancee?

Hypothesis: Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.


Premise: What eventually happened to the Block I program after the incident?

Hypothesis: NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights.


Premise: WHy was the Merit network formed in Michigan

Hypothesis: With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit.


Premise: What type of studies explored student motivation?

Hypothesis: Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom.


Premise: Along with road vehicles, locomotives and ships, on what vehicles were steam engines used during the Industrial Revolution?

Hypothesis: Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles.


Premise: What is another type of public key cryptography algorithm?

Hypothesis: Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie–Hellman.).


Premise: What kind of electricity was Tesla investigating?

Hypothesis: The great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed his belief that the earth had a resonant frequency.


Premise: When did building activity in the palaces and churches take place in the later decades of?

Hypothesis: Building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century.


Premise: What do a plant's chloroplasts descend from?

Hypothesis: Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably.


Premise: What is economic liberalism one of the causes of?

Hypothesis: John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality.


Premise: How many Panthers players were selected to the Pro Bowl?

Hypothesis: Ten players were selected to the Pro Bowl (the most in franchise history) along with eight All-Pro selections.


Premise: In the Philippines, what percentage of secondary school students attend private schools?

Hypothesis: Government regulations have given private education more flexibility and autonomy in recent years, notably by lifting the moratorium on applications for new courses, new schools and conversions, by liberalizing tuition fee policy for private schools, by replacing values education for third and fourth years with English, mathematics and natural science at the option of the school, and by issuing the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools in August 1992.


Premise: What kind of allegations were brought after the 2007 election?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, there have been serious allegations of human rights violations, most recently while conducting counter-insurgency operations in the Mt Elgon area and also in the district of Mandera central.


Premise: At what speed did the turbine operate?

Hypothesis: On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine.


Premise: Which linebacker had the most sacks on the team?

Hypothesis: Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks.


Premise: Why was the Rhine regulated?

Hypothesis: The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake.


Premise: By when did most of France's Colonies gain independence?

Hypothesis: In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France.


Premise: What pope as a native of Poland?

Hypothesis: In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland:


Premise: What is a main advantage of the Rankine cycle?

Hypothesis: One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point.


Premise: Who was responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at Ologesailie and Hyrax Hill?

Hypothesis: Previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey, who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at Olorgesailie and Hyrax Hill.


Premise: How many full time teachers does Victoria have?

Hypothesis: Victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers.


Premise: How much money was spent on other festivities in the Bay area to help celebrate the coming Super Bowl 50?

Hypothesis: A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council to help fund the event.


Premise: What was the name of the first German settlement?

Hypothesis: The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884.


Premise: To what can the use of prolonged breathing of oxygen at 60 kPa lead?

Hypothesis: Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an O_2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis.


Premise: How much of Poland's national income does Warsaw produce?

Hypothesis: Warsaw, especially its city centre (Śródmieście), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies.


Premise: What analyst did not agree with the ruling of the incomplete pass?

Hypothesis: A few plays later, on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line, linebacker Von Miller knocked the ball out of Newton's hands while sacking him, and Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos touchdown, giving the team a 10–0 lead.


Premise: What was the steam engine an important component of?

Hypothesis: The atmospheric engines of Newcomen and Watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced, but high pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives.


Premise: What does the template for bills passed by the Scottish Parliament include?

Hypothesis: Instead they begin with a phrase that reads: "The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent on [Date]".


Premise: What type of process is the oxygen cycle?

Hypothesis: The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere.


Premise: What was given to high schools where former students went on to play or coach in a Super Bowl?

Hypothesis: Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the "Golden Super Bowl"; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's properties and painted on fields, the numbering of the 50-yard line on fields was colored gold, and beginning on week 7, all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed logos.


Premise: What Mongolian system did Kublai's government compromise with?

Hypothesis: Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system.


Premise: How did the Better Jacksonville Plan generate money?

Hypothesis: The Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny sales tax.


Premise: What caused the dynamos to be burnt out?

Hypothesis: In August 1917, Tesla explained what had happened in The Electrical Experimenter: "As an example of what has been done with several hundred kilowatts of high frequency energy liberated, it was found that the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out, due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them, and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation!"


Premise: Who has loaned the Raphael Cartoons to the museum?

Hypothesis: There is also on display a fresco by Pietro Perugino dated 1522 from the church of Castello at Fontignano (Perugia) and is amongst the painter's last works.


Premise: What did the richest 400 Americans have as children that helped them be successful adults?

Hypothesis: Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start".


Premise: Who published the State of the Planet 2008-2009 report?

Hypothesis: Michael Oppenheimer, a long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach as in the previous IPCC assessment reports.


Premise: The Rhine forms the border between Austria and what other country?

Hypothesis: The Alpine Rhine begins in the most western part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East.


Premise: What treaty took the place of constitutional treaty?

Hypothesis: However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force.


Premise: Why did Harvard end its early admission program?

Hypothesis: Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities, yet for the class of 2016 an Early Action program was reintroduced.


Premise: Because speakers are drawn from across Scotland, what do the represent the balance of?

Hypothesis: The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith.


Premise: What type of status did the UMC vote to seek in the National Association of Evangelicals?

Hypothesis: However, there are some in The United Methodist Church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the "blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity."


Premise: In what year did ABC stylize it's logo as abc?

Hypothesis: The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1957) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney–ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.


Premise: What is the former name of the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries?

Hypothesis: The V&A Theatre & Performance galleries, formerly the Theatre Museum, opened in March 2009.


Premise: What is the most snow Fresno has ever had?

Hypothesis: Snow is a rarity; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches (0.06 m) on January 21, 1962.


Premise: What factor may make a teacher's role vary?

Hypothesis: A teacher's role may vary among cultures.


Premise: What does Salafism in its harshest form encourage its followers to view the religion of others with?

Hypothesis: While this effort has by no means converted all, or even most Muslims to the Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations, and has set the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the "gold standard" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims.


Premise: What is tertiary education?

Hypothesis: Education in Australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories.


Premise: Which three doctors were in The Sirens of Time?

Hypothesis: Additionally, multiple Doctors have returned in new adventures together in audio dramas based on the series.


Premise: When did France begin in earnest to rebuild its global empire?

Hypothesis: Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire.


Premise: The Mitchell Tower is designed to look like what Oxford tower?

Hypothesis: The first buildings of the University of Chicago campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a "master plan" conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb.


Premise: What has shortened the Rhine river?

Hypothesis: The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20 km).


Premise: When was the great plague of London?

Hypothesis: By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England.


Premise: Where did Jebe's division of Genghis Khan's army campaign in Khwarezmia?

Hypothesis: The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest and attacked Khwarzemia from that direction.


Premise: What, rather than Islamism, requires explanation?

Hypothesis: Islamists have asked the question, "If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam?"


Premise: What did the network install in 1999

Hypothesis: The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States.


Premise: What is the subsystem that protects the human brain?

Hypothesis: The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.


Premise: Where did the Broncos practice at for Super Bowl 50?

Hypothesis: The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.


Premise: What did Luther think of Purgatory?

Hypothesis: He also rejected the existence of Purgatory, which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death.


Premise: What was the boat called?

Hypothesis: The crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat, such as magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside.


Premise: Some of the objects held in the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art come from which European country?

Hypothesis: The displays in this gallery cover objects from Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Afghanistan.


Premise: Who wrote the Nong Shu?

Hypothesis: Some Yuan documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century.


Premise: What are the two principal Asian-American groups living in the west side neighborhood of Fresno?

Hypothesis: The neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of Fresno's African-American community.


Premise: What did Neoclassical economics view the inequality in the distribution of income as being from?

Hypothesis: Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land.


Premise: What percentage of primary schools used Welsh primarily or exclusively?

Hypothesis: Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16.


Premise: What does corporal punishment cause a student?

Hypothesis: In past times, corporal punishment (spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world.


Premise: During the Bronco's playoff games, who did not throw at all?

Hypothesis: They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20–18, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock.


Premise: What is Thomas B. Edsall's profession?

Hypothesis: Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality," and consumption is more important than income.


Premise: When did Archbishop Albrecht send Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses to Rome?

Hypothesis: He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome.


Premise: What are the points of algebro-geometric objects?

Hypothesis: Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory.


Premise: What kind of chloroplasts do cryptophytes have?

Hypothesis: Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast.


Premise: How did the final Song emperor die?

Hypothesis: The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty.


Premise: What country is this statistic for?

Hypothesis: A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education; be they a volunteer, bus driver, teacher, administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career.


Premise: What si the comparison to sea level with the oxygen level in space suits?

Hypothesis: In the case of spacesuits, the O_2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal), and the resulting O_2 partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level O_2 partial pressure (for more information on this, see space suit and arterial blood gas).


Premise: Who developed the first commercial steam powered device?

Hypothesis: The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery.


Premise: What period did plates reverse directions to compress the Tethys floor?

Hypothesis: In southern Europe, the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present).


Premise: What group operates St Dominic's College in Wanganui?

Hypothesis: There are three private schools (including the secondary school, St Dominic's College) operated by the Catholic schismatic group, the Society of St Pius X in Wanganui.


Premise: What is an example of a rotary engine without pistons?

Hypothesis: Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs.[citation needed]


Premise: What reality series was the first spinoff of the Bachelor for ABC?

Hypothesis: In September, Disney Chairman/CEO Michael Eisner outlined a proposed realignment of the ABC broadcast network day parts with the similar unit in its cable channels: ABC Saturday mornings with Disney Channels (Toon & Playhouse), ABC daytime with Soapnet and ABC prime time with ABC Family.


Premise: What organization did General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invite members of to serve in his government?

Hypothesis: His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979.


Premise: Along with electric motors, what type of engines superseded piston steam engines?

Hypothesis: Considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines, the "steam age" is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century.


Premise: What gorge is between the Bingen and Bonn?

Hypothesis: Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion.


Premise: What type of shadow does the North Pennines cast?

Hypothesis: The climate in Newcastle is oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic Drift).


Premise: Who led the attack of the French colony in 1565?

Hypothesis: On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it.


Premise: What is the nickname for ABC's logo from the 2000 campaign?

Hypothesis: In 2000, ABC launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo, also called "the dot", in which comic book character Little Dot prompted visitors to "download the dot", a program which would cause the ABC logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner.


Premise: How many affiliates did ABC have in 1949?

Hypothesis: In 1951, a rumor even mentioned that the network would be sold to CBS.


Premise: What reconstructions supported the 1999 paper's information?

Hypothesis: This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.


Premise: What tribes were the Romans fearful would invade from the North?

Hypothesis: The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds, and was constructed primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion.


Premise: What did Protestant nobles form the following year after the signing of the Augsburg Confession?

Hypothesis: Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.


Premise: At what university is Bellomy Field located?

Hypothesis: A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council to help fund the event.


Premise: When had the Brotherhood renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals?

Hypothesis: While Qutb's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood, led by Hasan al-Hudaybi, remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism.


Premise: On what date did the first railway trip in the world occur?

Hypothesis: The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the Pen-y-darren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales.


Premise: The Skylab had what type of equipment onboard that was supposed to be used in a different mission?

Hypothesis: It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope that would have been used on the Apollo Telescope Missions.


Premise: The defeat of the Arab troops in the Six-Day War constituted what for the Arab Muslim world?

Hypothesis: The quick and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world.


Premise: How can pyrenoids replicate?

Hypothesis: Pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo".


Premise: What company did Eisner become president of when he left ABC in 1976?

Hypothesis: In the early 1970s, Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966, became the network's program development manager.


Premise: What was Tesla's father's original plans for Tesla?

Hypothesis: Shortly after he arrived, Tesla contracted cholera; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times.


Premise: What is the total number of professors, instructors, and lecturers at Harvard?

Hypothesis: The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to magenta) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when Charles William Eliot, a young graduate student who would later become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869–1909), bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta.


Premise: What is another word for cryptophytes?

Hypothesis: Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast.


Premise: In a market economy, what is inequality a reflection of?

Hypothesis: In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord).


Premise: What award was given to Corliss?

Hypothesis: When Corliss was given the Rumford medal the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine".


Premise: What is the lowest recorded temperature in Victoria?

Hypothesis: The state's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) was recorded at Omeo on 13 June 1965, and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970.


Premise: How many of the fifteen points of discussion were agreed on?

Hypothesis: Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.


Premise: How much is China's investment in Kenya?

Hypothesis: Kenyatta was "[a]ccompanied by 60 Kenyan business people [and hoped to] ... gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda, as well as a nearly $1.8 billion dam", according to a statement from the president's office also at the time of the trip.


Premise: An illustrated, paraphrased version of this appeared when?

Hypothesis: Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin.


Premise: What are the two major thoroughfares of Sunnyside?

Hypothesis: Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue.


Premise: What do progressive moderates of Islam seek to separate?

Hypothesis: Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error.


Premise: Why are people who distribute leaflets inside courthouses not been arrested?

Hypothesis: The necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt without denouncing their politically motivated acts, and to present their political beliefs in the courtroom.


Premise: What kind of memory was Tesla thought to have?

Hypothesis: Often, the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across; at other times they would provide the solution to a particular problem he had encountered.


Premise: When was the last time California hosted a Super Bowl?

Hypothesis: It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003.


Premise: What type of studies explored student motivation?

Hypothesis: Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn.


Premise: Who inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code?

Hypothesis: Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services.


Premise: Where do cacti have chloroplasts?

Hypothesis: In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves.


Premise: How does cooling of the local environment affect the mnemiopsis?

Hypothesis: Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism.


Premise: What index is an indicator of the effects of taxes applied to social spending?

Hypothesis: The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.


Premise: How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's designs?

Hypothesis: Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.


Premise: What late Gothic architectural sculptural feature is found on the tower above the main entrance?

Hypothesis: Likewise the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame, a feature of late Gothic architecture and a feature common in Scotland, but the detail is Classical.


Premise: What were the two Huguenot neighborhoods created in Berlin?

Hypothesis: The Berlin Huguenots preserved the French language in their church services for nearly a century.


Premise: Where was war fought?

Hypothesis: The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.


Premise: Who did Martin Luther say was the lone granter of forgiveness?

Hypothesis: He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error.


Premise: Who was a prominent Huguenot in Holland?

Hypothesis: One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle.


Premise: Who was Emma's brother?

Hypothesis: This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England.


Premise: What is essential for the successful execution of a project?

Hypothesis: For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential.


Premise: By sunlight, what compound did  Priestley concentrate on to make the gas he called "dephlogisticated air"?

Hypothesis: In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".


Premise: What type of soil is considered a product of soil management by indigenous peoples in the Amazon Forest?

Hypothesis: The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed.


Premise: What would a Preschool teacher make, salary-wise?

Hypothesis: Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed.


Premise: By 1544 what did Luther have to deal with in his health?

Hypothesis: The years of struggle with Rome, the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers, and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident, in which Luther had played a leading role, all may have contributed.


Premise: What was Newton's quarterback rating for 2015?

Hypothesis: The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections.


Premise: What academy did Tugh Temur found?

Hypothesis: His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (Chinese: 奎章閣學士院), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment".


Premise: What were shipbuilding and engineering important to Newcastle for in the 19th century?

Hypothesis: Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.


Premise: Who forced four fumbles for the Broncos in the 2015 season?

Hypothesis: Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three.


Premise: What is the conventional method to measure the Rhine?

Hypothesis: The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note 7] The "total length of the Rhine", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres (766 miles) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010.[note 1]


Premise: Where was Evan Washburn located while announcing during the game?

Hypothesis: In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL.


Premise: How many universities offer an Initial Teacher Education (ITE) program?

Hypothesis: In Scotland, anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS).


Premise: What country is this statistic for?

Hypothesis: Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts.


Premise: Who were the Super Bowl 50 sideline announcers?

Hypothesis: (An earlier version of EyeVision was last used in Super Bowl XXXV; for Super Bowl 50, the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.)


Premise: What are presented to parliament in addition to the bill itself?

Hypothesis: If the whole Parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill, it then proceeds to Stage 2.


Premise: What is set aside for question periods in the debating chamber?

Hypothesis: Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber.


Premise: What was special about Tesla's memory?

Hypothesis: Nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence.


Premise: What academy did Tugh Temur found?

Hypothesis: Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead.


Premise: Breaking down barriers to trade and enhancing the free movement of goods is meant to reduce what?

Hypothesis: Like in other regional organisations such as the North American Free Trade Association, or the World Trade Organisation, breaking down barriers to trade, and enhancing free movement of goods, services, labour and capital, is meant to reduce consumer prices.


Premise: Which theorem states that every large even integer can be written as a prime summed with a semiprime?

Hypothesis: Weaker statements than this have been proven, for example Vinogradov's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes.


Premise: What is an annual two-day multicultural event held in Newcastle in late August?

Hypothesis: In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.


Premise: Where is 97% of the population located?

Hypothesis: The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period.


Premise: What position does Von Miller play for the Denver Broncos?

Hypothesis: Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2½ sacks, and two forced fumbles.


Premise: Huguenots in Killeshandra and County Cavan expanded what agricultural industry?

Hypothesis: Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry.


Premise: What liberal succeeded Joseph Willard as president?

Hypothesis: Henry Ware was elected to the chair in 1805, and the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency of Harvard two years later, which signaled the changing of the tide from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian ideas (defined by traditionalists as Unitarian ideas).:4–5:24


Premise: Who is considered the leading figure in the Arts and Crafts movement?

Hypothesis: In the later 19th century, the increasing backlash against industrialization, led by John Ruskin, contributed to the Arts and Crafts movement.


Premise: The mountain ranges tail off into what kind of geographical formation?

Hypothesis: Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country.


Premise: A growing number of new forms of procurement involves what?

Hypothesis: There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project.


Premise: How many fraternities are apart of the university?

Hypothesis: Four of the sororities are members of the National Panhellenic Conference, and ten of the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council.


Premise: What was the wedding date?

Hypothesis: The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor.


Premise: What concept, originally discovered by Black, was later discovered independently by Watt?

Hypothesis: Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature.


Premise: What is the land area of Jacksonville?

Hypothesis: Nassau County lies to the north, Baker County lies to the west, and Clay and St. Johns County lie to the south; the Atlantic Ocean lies to the east, along with the Jacksonville Beaches.


Premise: How many NFL teams have finished the regular season with one loss?

Hypothesis: The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.


Premise: What did Tesla begin to research in March 1896?

Hypothesis: In his research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays.


Premise: How much is terra preta distributed over the Amazon forest?

Hypothesis: Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management.


Premise: How fast were the winds around St. Augustine in the 1964 hurricane?

Hypothesis: The strongest effect on Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora in 1964, the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane-force winds.


Premise: How could human inequality be addressed without resulting in an increase of environmental damage?

Hypothesis: If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level (1/3 of current levels, so about 2 billion people), human inequality can be addressed/corrected, while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage.


Premise: Where did most chloroplasts come from?

Hypothesis: Being in the early stages of endosymbiosis, Paulinella chromatophora can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved.


Premise: In what does the doctrine of legitimate expectations have roots?

Hypothesis: The doctrine of legitimate expectation, which has its roots in the principles of legal certainty and good faith, is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty in European Union law.


Premise: How many sons did Börte bear Genghis Khan after Jochi?

Hypothesis: Börte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232).


Premise: What 2015 NFL team one the AFC playoff?

Hypothesis: The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24–10 to earn their third Super Bowl title.


Premise: How high was the stone wall built around Newcastle in the 13th century?

Hypothesis: A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland.


Premise: Is the Pope's confessor a Bishop?

Hypothesis: These positions include: the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy (see Optina Monastery, which had a long line of said starets); the Priest or Confessor in Roman Catholicism, who is often a man in Holy Orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen (even the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority), which is often a semi-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the Orthodox Catholic and Protestant traditions; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements (generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline) of mentorship (both of adults and children, in the latter case often a youth pastor) in the Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions, which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically Roman "confessor" position in some of the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican.


Premise: How are green chloroplasts' Plastoglobuli arranged?

Hypothesis: In old or stressed chloroplasts, plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains, still always anchored to a thylakoid.


Premise: How many cities in southern California have over 200,000 residents?

Hypothesis: Many of southern California's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast, with the exception of San Bernardino and Riverside.


Premise: One of FIS' agenda items was to force women to start doing what?

Hypothesis: The FIS won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état.


Premise: What art historical style was used in the decoration for the northern part of the museum?

Hypothesis: The style adopted for this part of the museum was Italian Renaissance, much use was made of terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by James Gamble & Reuben Townroe having six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton (astronomy); James Watt (mechanics); Bramante (architecture); Michelangelo (sculpture); Titian (painting); thus representing the range of the museums collections, Godfrey Sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the North Façade commemorating the Great Exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum, this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by Percival Ball.


Premise: What two talk shows are currently featured during daytime programming on ABC?

Hypothesis: ABC News programming includes Good Morning America from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays (along with one-hour weekend editions); nightly editions of ABC World News Tonight (whose weekend editions are occasionally subject to abbreviation or preemption due to sports telecasts overrunning into the program's timeslot), the Sunday political talk show This Week, early morning news programs World News Now and America This Morning and the late night newsmagazine Nightline.


Premise: What magnitude of earthquake can many faults produce?

Hypothesis: The USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence in California.


Premise: What is located on the site of The Weaving House currently?

Hypothesis: The house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century, reviving an earlier use.)


Premise: What are the Catechisms of Martin Luther written in?

Hypothesis: Using the German vernacular, they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language.


Premise: What continent are the Canarian Islands off the coast of?

Hypothesis: Between 1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa.


Premise: What did Schurf's letter say  Luther's return caused?

Hypothesis: The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate.


Premise: At what temperature will oxygen condense?

Hypothesis: Liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air, using liquid nitrogen as a coolant.


Premise: What method is used to intuitively assess or quantify the amount of resources required to solve a computational problem?

Hypothesis: One of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do.


Premise: How many costumes were in the Costiff collection?

Hypothesis: The museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection.


Premise: In the case Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, how many hours was the Dutch woman in question working in Germany?

Hypothesis: In Finanzamt Köln Altstadt v Schumacker the Court of Justice held that it contravened TFEU art 45 to deny tax benefits (e.g. for married couples, and social insurance expense deductions) to a man who worked in Germany, but was resident in Belgium when other German residents got the benefits.


Premise: What is the southern region where protestants are concentrated?

Hypothesis: Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population.


Premise: What are more common in other plastids than chloroplasts?

Hypothesis: When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts.


Premise: Who holds the record for largest simulcast of a TV drama?

Hypothesis: The programme is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world, the "most successful" science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings, DVD and book sales, and iTunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama with its 50th anniversary special.


Premise: Who covered the halftime coverage?

Hypothesis: Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.


Premise: What began in 1527 when Luther introdued the new order of worship?

Hypothesis: They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory. "


Premise: What is one criminal behavior that is hard to stop by authorities?

Hypothesis: In cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech.


Premise: When did ABC first start?

Hypothesis: ABC originally launched on October 12, 1943 as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble.


Premise: Which noble helped establish the Huguenot settlement in Saarland?

Hypothesis: Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s.


Premise: What theorem was implicated by Manuel Blum's axioms?

Hypothesis: In 1972, Richard Karp took this idea a leap forward with his landmark paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems, each infamous for its computational intractability, are NP-complete.


Premise: Along with toys, where are oscillating cylinder steam engines typically used?

Hypothesis: These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]


Premise: Who has the power to initiate legislation within the European Union?

Hypothesis: The EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states.


Premise: When was the debut of the 1983 special called The Five Doctors?

Hypothesis: The Five Doctors had its début on 23 November (the actual date of the anniversary) on a number of PBS stations two days prior to its BBC One broadcast.


Premise: Who got a safe conduct pass for Luther to come and leave the event?

Hypothesis: Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting.


Premise: Who increased British military resources in colonies?

Hypothesis: William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France.


Premise: What was named "The Tesla" in his honor?

Hypothesis: Tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship, eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal "mad scientist".


Premise: What London neighborhood attracted Huguenot refugees?

Hypothesis: Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London.


Premise: The title of the digitization project was a reference to which artist?

Hypothesis: That project was entitled the Factory Project to reference Andy Warhol and to create a factory to completely digitize the collection.


Premise: What was the estimated population of Pons Aelius around the 2nd century?

Hypothesis: The population of Pons Aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000.


Premise: What did Watt add to Newcomen's engine between 1763 and 1775?

Hypothesis: The next major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763–1775) an improved version of Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser.


Premise: What was Phillips official title for NASA?

Hypothesis: Phillips' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director.


Premise: What kind of non-peer-reviewed sources does the IPCC use?

Hypothesis: Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals.


Premise: When was the scale to measure the Rhine introduced?

Hypothesis: The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20 km).


Premise: How did the education during the high school education movement differ from the subsequent high school education?

Hypothesis: High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work.


Premise: What term did he use for what he believed would be humanity's future rulers?

Hypothesis: In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, and indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees."


Premise: What did Astor expect the money be used for?

Hypothesis: Instead, Tesla used the money to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.


Premise: What type of authority are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the U.S. federal health care system?

Hypothesis: In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority.