Premise: Which critic called Beyonce's voice "versatile"?

Hypothesis: Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is "velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting".


Premise: What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress?

Hypothesis: Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease.


Premise: Why were sanctions place on Liberian timber exports?

Hypothesis: In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone.


Premise: What type of artistic form flourished at the time of the Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Voustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489).


Premise: Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?

Hypothesis: The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853.


Premise: Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?

Hypothesis: The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance; whereas, those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores.


Premise: How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council?

Hypothesis: These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council.


Premise: What does Rías Altas mean?

Hypothesis: These are called rías and are divided into the smaller Rías Altas ("High Rías"), and the larger Rías Baixas ("Low Rías").


Premise: What did Microsoft name the SKU that replaced the 360 Core?

Hypothesis: The "Xbox 360 Core" was replaced by the "Xbox 360 Arcade" in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1, 2008.


Premise: What is the primamry reason for testing software?

Hypothesis: The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do.


Premise: Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?

Hypothesis: Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born.


Premise: The hindbrain during development is known as what?

Hypothesis: All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development.


Premise: Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?

Hypothesis: On reaching Cumae, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son.


Premise: How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent?

Hypothesis: In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years.


Premise: On what date did New York legalize gay marriage?

Hypothesis: The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest.


Premise: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?

Hypothesis: However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.


Premise: In what year was there a conference for organized crime figures in Atlantic City?

Hypothesis: The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles "Lucky" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss


Premise: What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?

Hypothesis: Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries.


Premise: Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure?

Hypothesis: Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery.


Premise: In what year was the never ending story made?

Hypothesis: In 2002 the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to Caroline Link's Nowhere in Africa, in 2007 to Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's The Lives of Others.


Premise: Why did monasteries have gardens?

Hypothesis: Lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens and their medical uses demonstrated.


Premise: Along with the Las Vegas Gladiators, what prior AFL team played its home games at the Thomas & Mack Center?

Hypothesis: After 20 years as a familiar name to the league, an AFL mainstay, the Iowa Barnstormers, departed the league to join the Indoor Football League.


Premise: What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis?

Hypothesis: To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture, the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the ambulatory with radiating chapels, the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows.


Premise: When did Richard I become king?

Hypothesis: John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne.


Premise: When did Tucson's main power plant begin operation?

Hypothesis: Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10.


Premise: Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?

Hypothesis: Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth.


Premise: Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?

Hypothesis: Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components.


Premise: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?

Hypothesis: Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty.


Premise: What is the total Albanian population in Greece?

Hypothesis: In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.


Premise: The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?

Hypothesis: According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:


Premise: Who is Windows division president?

Hypothesis: At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel.


Premise: Where was the season one finale broadcast from?

Hypothesis: For seasons one, three through six, and fourteen, it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400.


Premise: How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?

Hypothesis: The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware only of the British–French–Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months.


Premise: Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements?


Premise: Who is the North Carolina state capital named for?

Hypothesis: Virginia Dare, the first English child to be born in North America, was born on Roanoke Island on August 18, 1587; Dare County is named for her.


Premise: Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?

Hypothesis: When rail service was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the President of the United States and the Pope, announcing that the "ancient and honorable pueblo" of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world.


Premise: What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain?

Hypothesis: Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome.


Premise: In what year did the papacy return to Rome?

Hypothesis: With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI.


Premise: What was organized to replace the concept of U.S. Volunteers?

Hypothesis: It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias.


Premise: Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?

Hypothesis: The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term


Premise: Pomors are also known as what?

Hypothesis: Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia).


Premise: What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?

Hypothesis: Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023.


Premise: How many homes were destroyed in the Cedar Fire?

Hypothesis: The fire burned 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), killed 15 people, and destroyed more than 2,200 homes.


Premise: When did Chopin visit Berlin?

Hypothesis: In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities.


Premise: What baseline temperature threshold do temperatures normally exceed throughout the summer in New Haven?

Hypothesis: The weather patterns that affect New Haven result from a primarily offshore direction, thus reducing the marine influence of Long Island Sound—although, like other marine areas, differences in temperature between areas right along the coastline and areas a mile or two inland can be large at times.


Premise: When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?

Hypothesis: Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet.


Premise: What is the most popular method of travel for citizens?

Hypothesis: Different means of transportation constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air.


Premise: How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?

Hypothesis: But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times.


Premise: What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?

Hypothesis: This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties.


Premise: In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?

Hypothesis: At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii.[p]


Premise: Who took Kangxi's place?

Hypothesis: In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangxi's 14th son) is the real successor of Kangxi Emperor, the reason why Yingzhen failed to sit on the throne is because Yongzheng and his confidant Keduo Long tampered the content of Kangxi's testament at the night when Kangxi passed away), a charge for which there is little evidence.


Premise: When was Hyderabad founded?

Hypothesis: The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda.


Premise: How many casualties did the Japanese suffer during Operation Ichi-Go?

Hypothesis: Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties, these attacks, the biggest in several years, gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi.


Premise: How did Dou Wu pass away?

Hypothesis: He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other.


Premise: What is yet another application for which  organisms have been modified for?

Hypothesis: For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function.


Premise: Who were the first to use the term "post-punk"?

Hypothesis: The term "post-punk" was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas.


Premise: What is a nickname given to Miami?

Hypothesis: In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory.


Premise: What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?

Hypothesis: Bowers stated similarly that the editor's task is to "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy.


Premise: What did people fear in 1930?

Hypothesis: After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern.


Premise: What did the protesters do?

Hypothesis: On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941.


Premise: Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?

Hypothesis: Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance.


Premise: How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?

Hypothesis: One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male.


Premise: Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?

Hypothesis: In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola.


Premise: What field did the majority of the employees at La Defense work in?

Hypothesis: In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services.


Premise: The Queensboro Bridge utilized what type of construction?

Hypothesis: The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture.


Premise: According to a GRTC report, what is an example of what most of its riders lack?

Hypothesis: The far West End (Innsbrook and Short Pump) and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public transportation despite dense housing, retail, and office development.


Premise: When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?

Hypothesis: The Golden Gate of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the Last Judgement above the portal.


Premise: Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?

Hypothesis: Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called "peace party," he did not want to see the army demobilized either.


Premise: Who pioneered parsimony?

Hypothesis: Scholars such as Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme started to reinterpret elements of Aristotle's mechanics.


Premise: What nation possessed the Dutch East Indies?

Hypothesis: The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), New Zealand, and Canada, all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council.


Premise: How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12

Hypothesis: According to FAO, Iran has been a top five producer of the following agricultural products in the world in 2012: apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.


Premise: Along with blues and bluegrass, what is a type of folk music traditional to Virginia?

Hypothesis: Traditional Virginian folk music, including blues, country, and bluegrass are also notably present, and play a large part in the annual Richmond Folk Festival.


Premise: Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos?

Hypothesis: YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service.


Premise: What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?

Hypothesis: They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.


Premise: An idealist considers what as the most important?

Hypothesis: To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary.


Premise: Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?

Hypothesis: In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse.


Premise: What came as an expense of live singing?

Hypothesis: These effects came at the expense of live singing."


Premise: The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?

Hypothesis: Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country.


Premise: What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?

Hypothesis: Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II.


Premise: Where is Saalbach located?

Hypothesis: At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors.


Premise: The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album?

Hypothesis: The influence of the Kabbalah was subsequently observed in Madonna's music, especially albums like Ray of Light and Music.


Premise: Who created the Jarden des Plantes?

Hypothesis: Two of Paris' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace, and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672, and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the French Senate.


Premise: What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

Hypothesis: On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I.


Premise: When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?

Hypothesis: Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism.


Premise: At what rank does US GM cotton stand in the world?

Hypothesis: The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011.


Premise: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?

Hypothesis: On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete".


Premise: The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?

Hypothesis: The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug, which "...provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process.


Premise: As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?

Hypothesis: Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.


Premise: How many households have 5 or more people living in them?

Hypothesis: There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people.


Premise: What social class of adolescents is most often studied?

Hypothesis: While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity.


Premise: How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs?

Hypothesis: On April 5, 2006, Apple announced the availability of the public beta of Boot Camp, software that allows owners of Intel-based Macs to install Windows XP on their machines; later versions added support for Windows Vista and Windows 7.


Premise: What does pieta mean?

Hypothesis: While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "pietà" or "pity".


Premise: Chopin is closely associated with what era?

Hypothesis: His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.


Premise: How is zinc primarily added to soil?

Hypothesis: Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces.


Premise: Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?

Hypothesis: In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries.


Premise: Whose infant daugheters both died, leaving him without an heir to the throne of England?

Hypothesis: The Prince Regent and the Duke of York were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further children.


Premise: Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?

Hypothesis: With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas.


Premise: Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record?

Hypothesis: Peter Goldmark, the man who developed the 33 1⁄3 rpm record, developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles, but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2⁄3 rpm records.


Premise: What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?

Hypothesis: Illegal pinning methods include using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing, which are therefore popular cheating methods for heels, unless certain stipulations make such an advantage legal.


Premise: What date was the island discovered on?

Hypothesis: It demonstrates the 21 May is probably a Protestant rather than Catholic or Orthodox feast-day, first quoted in 1596 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, who was probably mistaken because the island was discovered several decades before the Reformation and start of Protestantism.


Premise: What was the name of the song?

Hypothesis: The single, "A Moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100.


Premise: What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?

Hypothesis: The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, Museums, Musée historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.


Premise: Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?

Hypothesis: Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body.


Premise: What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?

Hypothesis: Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited.


Premise: What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?

Hypothesis: Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion.


Premise: How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?

Hypothesis: The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.


Premise: What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?

Hypothesis: To assess intensity, the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt.


Premise: When did African states become independent?

Hypothesis: Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans.


Premise: What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?

Hypothesis: Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages.


Premise: How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?

Hypothesis: Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power.


Premise: Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors?

Hypothesis: The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.


Premise: Which monument was a popular meeting place?

Hypothesis: In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor (The "Alee of the Classics [of the Literature]").


Premise: What was Kerry's paternal grandfather's career?

Hypothesis: His maternal ancestors were of Scottish and English descent, and his maternal grandfather James Grant Forbes II was a member of the Forbes family, while his maternal grandmother Margaret Tyndal Winthrop was a member of the Dudley–Winthrop family.


Premise: What is mechanical digestion?

Hypothesis: Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion.


Premise: What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?

Hypothesis: Introduced in Klein's book The Bisexual Option, the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).


Premise: What year was the building finished?

Hypothesis: A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him.


Premise: What does LED stand for?

Hypothesis: Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting.


Premise: What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?

Hypothesis: The centuries-long geopolitical and ideological rivalry between Safavid Iran and the neighboring Ottoman Empire, led to numerous Ottoman–Persian Wars.


Premise: What was the dollar amount of Kanye's bond?

Hypothesis: West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $20,000 bail bond.


Premise: How many doctors are there per 100,000 people?

Hypothesis: The Midwest Regional Medical Center located in the suburb of Midwest City; other major hospitals in the city include the Oklahoma Heart Hospital and the Mercy Health Center.


Premise: What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate?

Hypothesis: Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones, some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals.


Premise: What are copper salts sometimes used for?

Hypothesis: Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals.


Premise: When was Manchukuo created?

Hypothesis: In the 1930s, the Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo in 1932, with Puyi, as the emperor.


Premise: Along with Broadway, what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals?

Hypothesis: Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.


Premise: What was Diogo Cao's nationality?

Hypothesis: The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484.


Premise: How many national airports does Portugal have?

Hypothesis: Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja.


Premise: What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?

Hypothesis: They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar.


Premise: When did Madonna's album demo leaked online?

Hypothesis: In December 2014, thirteen demos recorded for the album leaked onto the Internet.


Premise: Where do Marmots live?

Hypothesis: Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft).


Premise: What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?

Hypothesis: Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers.


Premise: What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?

Hypothesis: Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students.


Premise: On October 14 how many German bombers attacked?

Hypothesis: On 14 October, the heaviest night attack to date saw 380 German bombers from Luftflotte 3 hit London.


Premise: What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?

Hypothesis: William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856.


Premise: Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?

Hypothesis: Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features – which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly those that will air during the primetime hours), and featurettes about classic film actors and actresses.


Premise: What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?

Hypothesis: The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism.


Premise: Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'?

Hypothesis: The German Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) first theorized by Philipp von Hörnigk a 17th-century Austrian Political economist and civil servant and much more famously by Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi who produced an important theoretical work known as Cameral science on the formulation of police.


Premise: Guinea-Bissau is larger than what two countries?

Hypothesis: At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium.


Premise: When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?

Hypothesis: Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet.


Premise: What will Open Client Offering run on?

Hypothesis: IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X.


Premise: Who owned W3XE?

Hypothesis: In the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, owned by Philco, became the first television station in Philadelphia; it became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and later became KYW-TV (CBS).


Premise: What did Burke think the war with France was against?

Hypothesis: He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her.


Premise: Semiochemicals come from where?

Hypothesis: The use of scents is especially well known to have developed in social insects.:96–105


Premise: Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?

Hypothesis: The distinction between language and dialect is thus inevitably made at least as much on a political basis as on a linguistic one, and can lead to great political controversy, or even armed conflict.


Premise: What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?

Hypothesis: BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University.


Premise: What is the link between North and South America called?

Hypothesis: Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia.


Premise: What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?

Hypothesis: In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.


Premise: What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?

Hypothesis: Ashkenazi Jews have won a large number of the Nobel awards.


Premise: Would would a non filled area in a vinyl press cause when listening to a record?

Hypothesis: An exception is the propensity of 200 g pressings to be slightly more prone to non-fill, when the vinyl biscuit does not sufficiently fill a deep groove during pressing (percussion or vocal amplitude changes are the usual locations of these artifacts).


Premise: For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world's most liveable cities?

Hypothesis: The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014.


Premise: With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?

Hypothesis: It nearly eliminated the native bird population.


Premise: What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus?

Hypothesis: These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English.


Premise: Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance.


Premise: What is the largest fellowship without control?

Hypothesis: The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention.


Premise: What was the group of volumes titled ?

Hypothesis: In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother."


Premise: What event caused major changes in Bermuda?

Hypothesis: The end of the war, however, was to cause profound change in Bermuda, though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise.


Premise: How many films did Universal's German subsidiary make yearly?

Hypothesis: This unit produced three to four films per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe.


Premise: Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?

Hypothesis: On the archipelago, before it banned foreign traders, the activities of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were allowed.


Premise: Comcast's customer service was rated worse than what government organization?

Hypothesis: Comcast's Customer Service Rating by the ACSI surveys indicate that the company's customer service has not improved since the surveys began in 2001.


Premise: Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?

Hypothesis: Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence.


Premise: What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?

Hypothesis: Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.[citation needed]


Premise: What was an intellectual focus of post-punk?

Hypothesis: Among major influences on a variety of post-punk artists were writers such as William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard, avant-garde political scenes such as Situationism and Dada, and intellectual movements such as postmodernism.


Premise: What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee's February 1861 referendum?

Hypothesis: On June 8, 1861, with people in Middle Tennessee having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum calling for secession, becoming the last state to do so.


Premise: What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have?

Hypothesis: Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel.


Premise: With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?

Hypothesis: In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics.


Premise: What American official notably opposed the armistice?

Hypothesis: The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration.


Premise: Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?

Hypothesis: U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.


Premise: What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?

Hypothesis: Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.


Premise: Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?

Hypothesis: Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum, on the advice of the president of the government (commonly referred to in English as the prime minister) and the authorisation of the cortes.


Premise: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?

Hypothesis: Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).


Premise: What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?

Hypothesis: The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical.


Premise: Where was Bell's home?

Hypothesis: The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed.


Premise: Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?

Hypothesis: The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester.


Premise: In what year did News International begin producing The Times in both broadsheet in tabloid sizes?

Hypothesis: In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes.


Premise: In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil?

Hypothesis: In the 19th century, some German-trained classicists in the United States suggested modification to Vergil, as it is closer to his original name, and is also the traditional German spelling.[citation needed]


Premise: What determines the resistance of the filament?

Hypothesis: For two bulbs of the same voltage, type, color, and clarity, the higher-powered bulb gives more light.


Premise: How long is the song The March of the Black Queen?

Hypothesis: Aside from its only single, the album also included the song "The March of the Black Queen", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus.


Premise: Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?

Hypothesis: Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus.


Premise: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state?

Hypothesis: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I.


Premise: How many pilots remained in February 1941?

Hypothesis: Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength.


Premise: Who did Burke turn down money from?

Hypothesis: "I regret to say there is", Burke replied, "I have indeed made a great sacrifice; I have done my duty though I have lost my friend.


Premise: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction?

Hypothesis: This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.


Premise: What date does Japan consider the end of the Pacific War?

Hypothesis: In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended.


Premise: What states have large communities of Czech Americans?

Hypothesis: Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin.


Premise: Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?

Hypothesis: Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time.


Premise: Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?

Hypothesis: The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E]


Premise: Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline?

Hypothesis: At MacKenzie's insistence, and against the wishes of Murdoch (the mogul was present because almost all the journalists were on strike), the headline was changed for later editions after the extent of Argentinian casualties became known.


Premise: Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?

Hypothesis: Dukkha is commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects:


Premise: What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?

Hypothesis: Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers.


Premise: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?

Hypothesis: Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index.


Premise: What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade?

Hypothesis: The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war.


Premise: What are the names of the groups of FETs

Hypothesis: FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET).


Premise: When does the Knowledge Corridor line begins it's construction?

Hypothesis: " Set for construction in 2013, the "Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" project will cost approximately $1 billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be Montreal in Canada.


Premise: What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?

Hypothesis: The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).


Premise: What competition sparked the rivalry with Manchester?

Hypothesis: In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title – so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal's biggest rivals, followed by Tottenham and Chelsea.


Premise: How long had the time to maturity been previously?

Hypothesis: The first tender was settled 3 April, and was more than four times oversubscribed.


Premise: Who is supported by civilian, scientific, and professional military advisors?

Hypothesis: The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by a number of civilian, scientific and professional military advisors.


Premise: What is halite?

Hypothesis: As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands.


Premise: Original 360 Alpha dev kits used what existing system's hardware?

Hypothesis: This was because the system's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM's Xenon processor.


Premise: What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective?

Hypothesis: Kernel and image of group homomorphisms and the first isomorphism theorem address this phenomenon.


Premise: Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?

Hypothesis: There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes.


Premise: Where do most Cypriots receiver higher education?

Hypothesis: It is noteworthy that Cyprus currently has the highest percentage of citizens of working age who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%.


Premise: In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?

Hypothesis: She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.


Premise: What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition?

Hypothesis: Since 2010, Apple has also offered the Magic Trackpad as a means to control Macintosh desktop computers in a way similar to laptops.


Premise: How many of China Unicom's towers were cut?

Hypothesis: Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province.


Premise: Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?

Hypothesis: Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria.


Premise: When was RNH Bighi built?

Hypothesis: Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).


Premise: Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?

Hypothesis: Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha.


Premise: Which author wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls"?

Hypothesis: Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville —who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk—, currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from


Premise: In what country did Bell patent his telephone?

Hypothesis: His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876.[N 4] Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.[N 5]


Premise: What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942?

Hypothesis: However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines, during the early part of 1942, led to diversion of boats to "guerrilla submarine" missions.


Premise: What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?

Hypothesis: The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder.


Premise: What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?

Hypothesis: The United States No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement.


Premise: What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?

Hypothesis: The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times.


Premise: Who attacked Scout and Jem?

Hypothesis: Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant.


Premise: When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?

Hypothesis: Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context.


Premise: What division was Trojans RFC promoted to in 2008-9?

Hypothesis: Many of the sides run mini and midi teams from under sevens up to under sixteens for both boys and girls.


Premise: What is a lesser spoken, secondary language in Bermuda?

Hypothesis: Bermuda's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century, and became part of the dominant British culture.


Premise: What is Silver Samurai's weapon?

Hypothesis: The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013).


Premise: What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?

Hypothesis: The demise of the sick man of Europe left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East".


Premise: How many insect species are estimated to exist?

Hypothesis: This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate.


Premise: what was theregion called before "the great plans"?

Hypothesis: Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states.


Premise: What percentage of the children in Hyderabad city had basic vaccinations in 2005?

Hypothesis: In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,:47 which is below the replacement rate.


Premise: What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?

Hypothesis: In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.


Premise: When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?

Hypothesis: Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus; the Trinity; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, his death and resurrection, and confession of Christ as Lord); grace; the Kingdom of God; last things (eschatology) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth, the dead will be raised, and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions.


Premise: What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain?

Hypothesis: However, having said this, the Human Brain Project is trying to build a realistic, detailed computational model of the entire human brain.


Premise: When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?

Hypothesis: A few monasteries have begun to rebuild since the 1980s (with limited support from the Chinese government) and greater religious freedom has been granted – although it is still limited.


Premise: When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?

Hypothesis: The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.


Premise: The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what?

Hypothesis: His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ ("Book of Healing") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe well into the 17th century.


Premise: What is the study of living organisms known as?

Hypothesis: However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond which gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word "organic" in chemistry.


Premise: If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?

Hypothesis: Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate.


Premise: What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?

Hypothesis: A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not.


Premise: What races are considered to be the of the the national races in Burma ?

Hypothesis: Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee.


Premise: In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed?

Hypothesis: Richmond's original street grid, laid out in 1737, included the area between what are now Broad, 17th, and 25th Streets and the James River.


Premise: Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union

Hypothesis: In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm[e] the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies (Britain representing "the most reactionary force in the world") and argued: "The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English–French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union.


Premise: Why did Gladstone resign?

Hypothesis: Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.


Premise: When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?

Hypothesis: When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.


Premise: What are the two types of biopesticides?

Hypothesis: These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.:15


Premise: Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?

Hypothesis: Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps.


Premise: What nicknames was Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II given?

Hypothesis: The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."


Premise: How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?

Hypothesis: Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere.


Premise: What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria?

Hypothesis: Acid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, are resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures.


Premise: The rise of gun factories within Connecticut earn the state what name?

Hypothesis: His factory, along with that of Simeon North, and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors, contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as "The Arsenal of America".


Premise: Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?

Hypothesis: In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.


Premise: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?

Hypothesis: In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.


Premise: Who allocates the funding of the school systems?

Hypothesis: Unlike those of Mexican states' schools, curricula of Mexico City's public schools is managed by the federal Secretary of Public Education.


Premise: What school did Dell go to and later drop out of while he ran his business?

Hypothesis: Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family.


Premise: What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire?

Hypothesis: In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors.


Premise: About how old is the Earth?

Hypothesis: When the Earth was young, probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235, but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this.


Premise: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?

Hypothesis: Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide.


Premise: Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?

Hypothesis: With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing.


Premise: What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?

Hypothesis: In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country.


Premise: What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?

Hypothesis: Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London.


Premise: How many estimated active faults does Houston have?

Hypothesis: The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km), including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city.


Premise: Who reorganised London's defences?

Hypothesis: London's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command.


Premise: When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?

Hypothesis: The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698, though Anglicanism was more popular in New York.


Premise: During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion?

Hypothesis: In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula; Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century, while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over royal succession and other concerns.


Premise: How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?

Hypothesis: Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary.


Premise: What was San Diego's population at the time of the 2010 census?

Hypothesis: The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300.


Premise: How many people did Carlton have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?

Hypothesis: Surrounding inner city suburbs experienced an increase in population density between 2012 and 2013; Carlton (9,000 people per km2) and Fitzroy (7,900).


Premise: The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?

Hypothesis: Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble.


Premise: What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?

Hypothesis: For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.


Premise: What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?

Hypothesis: Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task.


Premise: Who was the first human in space?

Hypothesis: The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961.


Premise: Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies?

Hypothesis: The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats.


Premise: When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?

Hypothesis: In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps.


Premise: What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?

Hypothesis: Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they resided.


Premise: Are mixed race people classified as black?

Hypothesis: In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black."


Premise: What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?

Hypothesis: In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain, as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).


Premise: According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?

Hypothesis: Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism, the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.


Premise: Who outperformed Apple in the 2014 PC global market share?

Hypothesis: Apple now sits in the number five spot, with a global market share of about 6% during 2014, behind Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer.


Premise: How did other news outlets report on Lord Kilbracken's words?

Hypothesis: The Sun also ran an editorial further arguing that "At last the truth can be told... the risk of catching AIDS if you are heterosexual is "statistically invisible".


Premise: In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?

Hypothesis: The first mention of the name "Rajasthan" appears in James Tod's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of "Rajputana" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories.


Premise: Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?

Hypothesis: It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977.


Premise: What is act 21 of 2000 in Namibia?

Hypothesis: Namibia's primary tourism related governing body, the Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), was established by an Act of Parliament:


Premise: How many seats are in the State de France?

Hypothesis: The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.


Premise: What term means "great vehicle"?

Hypothesis: According to Jan Nattier, the term Mahāyāna "Great Vehicle" was originally even an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayāna "Bodhisattva Vehicle."


Premise: What is Miami's Köppen climate classification?

Hypothesis: Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am) with hot and humid summers and short, warm winters, with a marked drier season in the winter.


Premise: Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?

Hypothesis: These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement.


Premise: Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema?

Hypothesis: The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema.


Premise: Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations.

Hypothesis: Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties.


Premise: Where was the original end of the line?

Hypothesis: Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel.


Premise: How long did the hiatus last?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances.


Premise: What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?

Hypothesis: During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny.


Premise: Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?

Hypothesis: The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.[citation needed]


Premise: Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?

Hypothesis: The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as "A. and H. Pueblo".


Premise: Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council?

Hypothesis: Eusebian bishops objected to the admission of Athanasius and other deposed bishops to the Council, except as accused persons to answer the charges brought against them.


Premise: In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?

Hypothesis: Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians.


Premise: Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?

Hypothesis: The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government.


Premise: What is the population goal of the "Vision for Plymouth"?

Hypothesis: Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.


Premise: What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?

Hypothesis: The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour.


Premise: What year did the Strasbourg tramway open?

Hypothesis: City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km (34.7 mi).


Premise: Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?

Hypothesis: Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.


Premise: How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?

Hypothesis: Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines.


Premise: What technology is part of a WISP?

Hypothesis: A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking.


Premise: How many seats does the Estadio Centenario have?

Hypothesis: Estadio Centenario, the national football stadium in Parque Batlle, was opened in 1930 for the first World Cup, as well as to commemorate the centennial of Uruguay's first constitution.


Premise: What was the title of the leader of a monastery?

Hypothesis: Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism, which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century.


Premise: Which region in the US is also one of the most snowiest places in the world?

Hypothesis: Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate, with sometimes excessive rainfall from October–April and nearly no rain the rest of the year.


Premise: Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?

Hypothesis: The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] and tying Craig's series of films together with an overarching storyline.


Premise: In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?

Hypothesis: Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller.


Premise: What prominent composer was once a member of The Whiffenpoofs?

Hypothesis: However the longest continuously-singing group is probably The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University, which was formed in 1909 and once included Cole Porter as a member.


Premise: Golconda is a type of what kind of painting?

Hypothesis: The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting.


Premise: What is the name of the western river in the city of New Haven?

Hypothesis: The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor.


Premise: What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?

Hypothesis: Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions.


Premise: What did the US begin building in 1941?

Hypothesis: For many years, Bermuda's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet.


Premise: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?

Hypothesis: Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order."


Premise: How is a haze formed?

Hypothesis: At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence.


Premise: How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?

Hypothesis: Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list.


Premise: In addition to international shipping, what other industry does the Warsash Maritime Academy prepare students for?

Hypothesis: It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy, which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-shore oil industries.


Premise: What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?

Hypothesis: Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world.


Premise: What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity?

Hypothesis: Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history


Premise: What was Phil Skinner's birth name?

Hypothesis: Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community.


Premise: How are views on race influenced?

Hypothesis: Those educated in Western Europe, physical anthropologists, and middle-aged persons rejected race more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe, people in other branches of science, and those from both younger and older generations."


Premise: The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue?

Hypothesis: Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community.


Premise: What does the Marshall Islands receive from the United States?

Hypothesis: Politically, the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, with the US providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS.


Premise: When did Armenian pop music become popular?

Hypothesis: Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time.


Premise: Which cardinal direction is signified by red in China?

Hypothesis: In China, red (simplified Chinese: 红; traditional Chinese: 紅; pinyin: hóng) is the symbol of fire and the south (both south in general and Southern China specifically).


Premise: Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?

Hypothesis: A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis.


Premise: What else can radio waves be called?

Hypothesis: In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves).


Premise: What do plants release during photosynthesis?

Hypothesis: Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an electron acceptor, to release the energy of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.


Premise: When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?

Hypothesis: Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era.


Premise: What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?

Hypothesis: The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean."


Premise: In 2000, how many families lived in Richmond?

Hypothesis: As of the census of 2000, there were 197,790 people, 84,549 households, and 43,627 families residing in the city.


Premise: The Jataka tales of the Theravada happened in what century?

Hypothesis: Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life.


Premise: What was the name of Kanye's third record?

Hypothesis: With his third album, Graduation (2007), West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape.


Premise: When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?

Hypothesis: In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981.


Premise: What do anitibiotics mostly target?

Hypothesis: Most target bacterial functions or growth processes.


Premise: What did Vogue request?

Hypothesis: In 2008, L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that "it is categorically untrue", and in 2013, Beyoncé herself criticized H&M for their proposed "retouching" of promotional images of her, and according to Vogue requested that only "natural pictures be used".


Premise: Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?

Hypothesis: The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhD programs.


Premise: What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?

Hypothesis: However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice.


Premise: Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?

Hypothesis: After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days.


Premise: What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?

Hypothesis: His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library.


Premise: When did Israel host and win the Asian Nations Cup?

Hypothesis: In 1964 Israel hosted and won the Asian Nations Cup; in 1970 the Israel national football team managed to qualify to the FIFA World Cup, which is still considered[by whom?]


Premise: What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion

Hypothesis: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries.


Premise: At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?

Hypothesis: Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793.


Premise: What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?

Hypothesis: Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King.


Premise: What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?

Hypothesis: The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season.


Premise: What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?

Hypothesis: U.S. attacks started in mid-1943, and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger by August 1945.


Premise: During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?

Hypothesis: The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire.


Premise: In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?

Hypothesis: Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood.


Premise: What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?

Hypothesis: The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84).


Premise: How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?

Hypothesis: Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated: "This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic."


Premise: When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?

Hypothesis: Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010.


Premise: Who banned Roman Catholicism in Japan?

Hypothesis: In Japan, the term kirishitan (written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹, 切支丹, and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン), from Portuguese cristão, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate.


Premise: When is the railgun expected to be ready?

Hypothesis: These systems while currently designed for static targets would only need the ability to be retargeted to become the next generation of AA system.


Premise: What protects the outer layer?

Hypothesis: If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer, then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier's escorts; the area-defence missiles, such as the RIM-67 Standard, with a range of up to 100 nmi, and the point-defence missiles, like the RIM-162 ESSM, with a range of up to 30 nmi.


Premise: What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?

Hypothesis: It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque.


Premise: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?

Hypothesis: As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.


Premise: What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?

Hypothesis: The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden.


Premise: Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?

Hypothesis: A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties.


Premise: What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?

Hypothesis: The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss]


Premise: Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?

Hypothesis: Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009.


Premise: When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?

Hypothesis: The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay.


Premise: Who commanded the German 1st Army?

Hypothesis: While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken.


Premise: What does the British-Irish Council discuss?

Hypothesis: Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, Niall Blaney, has suggested that the body should shadow the British–Irish Council's work.


Premise: How long is the term of a FBI director?

Hypothesis: 197 that specified a 10-year limit, a maximum of two 5-year terms, for future FBI Directors, as well as requiring Senate confirmation of appointees.


Premise: What area was initially not apart of the Federal Republic of Germany?

Hypothesis: West Berlin, while officially not part of the Federal Republic, was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state.


Premise: Who is Arsenal's Chief Executive?

Hypothesis: The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke.


Premise: Who sang medieval plainchant?

Hypothesis: As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble—and the works written for it—have become a defining feature of classical music.


Premise: Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?

Hypothesis: The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east.


Premise: What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?

Hypothesis: Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, "First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing.


Premise: What is a variorum?

Hypothesis: The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare have often been the subjects of variorum editions, although the same techniques have been applied with less frequency to many other works, such as Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, and the prose writings of Edward Fitzgerald.


Premise: The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what?

Hypothesis: The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern.


Premise: Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?

Hypothesis: Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey.


Premise: What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?

Hypothesis: It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.


Premise: When was the Siene department created?

Hypothesis: : Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it.


Premise: What was the topic of Von Neumann's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32?

Hypothesis: In a short list of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he stated "The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in Göttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927–1929.


Premise: What was the source of color in Red lac?

Hypothesis: Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum.


Premise: What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?

Hypothesis: Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock.


Premise: What period was the Chu kingdom in?

Hypothesis: Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period.


Premise: What adjective did CNET use to describe the PS3 Super Slim's design?

Hypothesis: They did praise that the hard drive of the Super Slim model is "the easiest yet.


Premise: What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?

Hypothesis: He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy.


Premise: What are the three principles every plan should consider?

Hypothesis: An equivalent in modern English would be:


Premise: Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?

Hypothesis: Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public.


Premise: Where do "King's Scholars" get their name?

Hypothesis: The name "King's Scholars" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440.


Premise: Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?

Hypothesis: Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture.


Premise: In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?

Hypothesis: Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive.


Premise: What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?

Hypothesis: The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution.


Premise: What was increased by Basel III regulations?

Hypothesis: Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II.


Premise: How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?

Hypothesis: More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds.


Premise: When did people become able to vote for representation?

Hypothesis: Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere.


Premise: What is the common name for New York's high technology sector?

Hypothesis: The city is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand.


Premise: what does null hypothesis test against?

Hypothesis: This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin–Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.


Premise: How far back was the county populated

Hypothesis: There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods.


Premise: What countries surround the border that is opposite the southwest border of Burma?

Hypothesis: Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India.


Premise: Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?

Hypothesis: The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%).


Premise: What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?

Hypothesis: The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland.


Premise: What percentage of the population has Malaria?

Hypothesis: Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS.


Premise: What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?

Hypothesis: However, based on the historical community of peoples, relations between them, given the bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.


Premise: What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?

Hypothesis: Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins, France had a history with the mandolin, with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars.


Premise: What responsibilities so Presbyterians have?

Hypothesis: The Church of Scotland has now abolished the Synod.[citation needed]


Premise: In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?

Hypothesis: I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power.


Premise: When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus?

Hypothesis: Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.


Premise: Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?

Hypothesis: Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.


Premise: How many times were the America's Cup yacht races hosted by the San Diego Yacht Club from 1988 to 1955?

Hypothesis: The amateur beach sport Over-the-line was invented in San Diego, and the annual world Over-the-line championships are held at Mission Bay every year.


Premise: In what county is New Haven located?

Hypothesis: It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut, which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area.


Premise: When are stepper motors most useful?

Hypothesis: A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid.


Premise: Where did Spielberg's paternal grandparents immigrate from?

Hypothesis: His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s.