Premise: What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?

Hypothesis: Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution.


Premise: How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?

Hypothesis: The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.


Premise: What is now required to wire tap a citizen?

Hypothesis: After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtain a warrant beforehand.


Premise: What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?

Hypothesis: The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier.


Premise: Approximately how long did it take to build New Delhi?

Hypothesis: Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition.


Premise: What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?

Hypothesis: Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China.


Premise: What is a measure of the power of an antenna?

Hypothesis: For instance, if a radio wave passing a given location has a flux of 1 pW / m2 (10−12 watts per square meter) and an antenna has an effective area of 12 m2, then the antenna would deliver 12 pW of RF power to the receiver (30 microvolts rms at 75 ohms).


Premise: What are roche moutonnee?

Hypothesis: Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion.


Premise: What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?

Hypothesis: Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.


Premise: Who can decline a penalty?

Hypothesis: In most cases, the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called.


Premise: Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions?

Hypothesis: With the exception of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only non-league winners of the FA Cup.


Premise: Who met Kerry in Jan 2014?

Hypothesis: In January 2014, having met with Secretary of State, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, Kerry said "We touched on just about every major issue that we are both working on, that are issues of concern to all of us.


Premise: Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?

Hypothesis: Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders were founded, most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century.


Premise: What can come from one bug being fixed?

Hypothesis: As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources.


Premise: Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?

Hypothesis: Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782), which was published for many years after in eleven editions.


Premise: How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?

Hypothesis: In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school).


Premise: When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?

Hypothesis: They proposed instead that a comprehensive regime to protect the Antarctic environment be negotiated in its place.


Premise: Whose government did the guilds rebel against?

Hypothesis: This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521.


Premise: What kind of courts did congress establish?

Hypothesis: Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States.


Premise: The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?

Hypothesis: It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston.


Premise: When was Santa Monica's Bicycle sharing system launched?

Hypothesis: Santa Monica is thought to be one of the leaders for bicycle infrastructure and programming in Los Angeles County.[citation needed]


Premise: Thousands of soldiers put their weapons down and joined what type of efforts?

Hypothesis: As a consequence, opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum.


Premise: What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?

Hypothesis: Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats.


Premise: Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country?

Hypothesis: Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis.


Premise: How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?

Hypothesis: They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad.


Premise: What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?

Hypothesis: Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case.


Premise: What city and state does the interstate 10 end at?

Hypothesis: The Santa Monica Freeway between Santa Monica and downtown Los Angeles has the distinction of being one of the busiest highways in all of North America.


Premise: What was carmine made from?

Hypothesis: Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant.


Premise: "Charleston's Provincialisms" was published in what year?

Hypothesis: The rapidly disappearing "Charleston accent" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name.


Premise: What happened in 1975-1982?

Hypothesis: Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige.


Premise: What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?

Hypothesis: The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period.


Premise: What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood?

Hypothesis: Age, diameter, height, radial growth, geographical location, site and growing conditions, silvicultural treatment, and seed source, all to some degree influence wood density.


Premise: Who took over Samoa?

Hypothesis: Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916


Premise: How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?

Hypothesis: The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (Fe_3O_4), quartz (SiO_2) and hydrogen (H_2) is the following:


Premise: What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations?

Hypothesis: This is achieved by Neutral Sections (also known as Phase Breaks), usually provided at feeder stations and midway between them although, typically, only half are in use at any time, the others being provided to allow a feeder station to be shut down and power provided from adjacent feeder stations.


Premise: Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?

Hypothesis: Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes.


Premise: The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?

Hypothesis: The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813.


Premise: Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?

Hypothesis: This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall.


Premise: What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?

Hypothesis: In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.


Premise: What concept is of basic importance in modern physics?

Hypothesis: The latter serves—in the absence of significant gravitation—as a model of space time in special relativity.


Premise: Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?

Hypothesis: The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern pôle antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole).


Premise: What is Doink the Clown's persona like?

Hypothesis: It is a "triumph" if the face wins, while it is a "tragedy" if the heel wins.


Premise: What did Jacques Chirac have built?

Hypothesis: Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977),


Premise: In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?

Hypothesis: For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and division, these free radicals must be sufficiently neutralized by antioxidant compounds.


Premise: Why did Francis fail to kill Queen Victoria?

Hypothesis: On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire; he escaped.


Premise: When was the University of Valencia founded?

Hypothesis: Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General ("studium generale", place of general studies).


Premise: What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010?

Hypothesis: In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa.


Premise: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?

Hypothesis: From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them.


Premise: In what city was the French Academy of Science founded

Hypothesis: The Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences were founded and made their headquarters in the city.


Premise: By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?

Hypothesis: The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.


Premise: The grounds at what location were the site of "diplomatic hunts"?

Hypothesis: Another residence was maintained at Lake Bled, while the grounds at Karađorđevo were the site of "diplomatic hunts".


Premise: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?

Hypothesis: The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses.


Premise: What ruler's death in 323 BC marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period?

Hypothesis: It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era.


Premise: What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?

Hypothesis: Lê Minh Phiếu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's "politicisation of the Olympics", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog.


Premise: What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?

Hypothesis: However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same.


Premise: What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?

Hypothesis: The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned.


Premise: What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?

Hypothesis: The higher concentrations of migrating birds at stopover sites make them prone to parasites and pathogens, which require a heightened immune response.


Premise: On what date did the Supreme Court of India enact restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to reduce pollution?

Hypothesis: The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by March 1, 2016.


Premise: What is charms?

Hypothesis: A vertical toolbar known as the charms (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen) provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button.


Premise: At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV?

Hypothesis: The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution.


Premise: Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?

Hypothesis: It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership.


Premise: How many times has Crystal Palce hosted the FA cup?

Hypothesis: After the Oval, Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914, broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere.


Premise: How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?

Hypothesis: Dell's blog detailed the response: "We're spending more than a $100 million — and a lot of blood, sweat and tears of talented people — to fix this."


Premise: What Utrecht waterways host to

Hypothesis: Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs.


Premise: When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?

Hypothesis: Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China.


Premise: In what month is Cannes held?

Hypothesis: The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016, before its wide release in the US on July 1, 2016.


Premise: What results from methods used to encode and decode data?

Hypothesis: Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode.


Premise: What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?

Hypothesis: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a course of study on the cultural significance of professional wrestling, and anthropologist Heather Levi has written an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre in Mexico.


Premise: What did the club-oriented scene emphasize instead of the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups?

Hypothesis: In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circulation.


Premise: In what year did Barcelona win the Primera División title?

Hypothesis: In 1999, the club celebrated its centenari, winning the Primera División title, and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year.


Premise: What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?

Hypothesis: Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure (a single lancing of the heel).


Premise: Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?

Hypothesis: The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.


Premise: How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?

Hypothesis: The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.


Premise: When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?

Hypothesis: " The document was signed December 27, 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant.


Premise: Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?

Hypothesis: In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112).


Premise: Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?

Hypothesis: Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain.


Premise: Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945?

Hypothesis: The Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945.


Premise: What does PASOK stand for?

Hypothesis: Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.


Premise: When did the term Nasara become used more in modern times?

Hypothesis: The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city.


Premise: Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?

Hypothesis: In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean.


Premise: What do religions share across their belief structures?

Hypothesis: The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise.


Premise: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?

Hypothesis: These factors are sheer demography showing the migration patterns of Jews from Southern and Western Europe to Central and Eastern Europe.


Premise: How many cruisers were in Kurita's "Center Force"?

Hypothesis: Kurita's "Center Force" consisted of five battleships, 12 cruisers and 13 destroyers.


Premise: What did Nintendo consider emulators?

Hypothesis: Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy.


Premise: What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?

Hypothesis: Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once started, may penetrate to all parts of the trunk.


Premise: What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups?

Hypothesis: Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global.


Premise: What is the Armenian Quarter?

Hypothesis: Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries.


Premise: Who was the author of these tales ?

Hypothesis: The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth.


Premise: On what date did the first public radio station in Hyderabad begin broadcasting?

Hypothesis: The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919.


Premise: What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?

Hypothesis: Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only.


Premise: How long did Enrique 's deal as coach run?

Hypothesis: Following Enrique's arrival, Barcelona broke their transfer record when they paid Liverpool F.C. between €81 to €94 million for striker Luis Suárez, who was serving a four-month ban from all football-related activity imposed by the FIFA Disciplinary Committee after biting Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during his appearance for Uruguay in a World Cup group stage match.


Premise: Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?

Hypothesis: This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister.


Premise: What was the gross primary enrollment rate for males?

Hypothesis: In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5%, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7%) compared to females (40%).


Premise: What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?

Hypothesis: Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn.


Premise: Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India?

Hypothesis: The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India.


Premise: How is the Faraday constant determined?

Hypothesis: The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.


Premise: Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?

Hypothesis: However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.


Premise: Who was Charles Evans Hughes?

Hypothesis: Even Charles Evans Hughes, a Chief Justice of the United States, believed “you must have administration, and you must have administration by administrative officers.


Premise: What are the origins of western schools?

Hypothesis: This is similar to the Western world, in which universities began as institutions of the Catholic church.


Premise: During what years was the Duke of Wellington at Eton?

Hypothesis: Wellington was at Eton from 1781 to 1784 and was to send his sons there.


Premise: What do the locals call The Vine?

Hypothesis: One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff.


Premise: What is a cost of flocking?

Hypothesis: This has led to the development of many mixed-species feeding flocks, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources.


Premise: What was forbidden in all provinces?

Hypothesis: Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice.


Premise: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?

Hypothesis: Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.


Premise: What has to be compressed in order to perform properly?

Hypothesis: If the data to be compressed is analog (such as a voltage that varies with time), quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers (normally integers).


Premise: Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place?

Hypothesis: Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists and other groups are active.


Premise: How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?

Hypothesis: Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.


Premise: The dead of what war were the first to be commemorated by the Virginia War Memorial?

Hypothesis: Dedicated in 1956, the Virginia War Memorial is located on Belvedere overlooking the river, and is a monument to Virginians who died in battle in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War.


Premise: What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?

Hypothesis: Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.


Premise: What's the Dutch word for "money"?

Hypothesis: As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound.


Premise: On what street in Southampton is the police headquarters for the city?

Hypothesis: The building, located on Southern Road, opened in 2011 and is near to Southampton Central railway station.


Premise: How do most birds mate?

Hypothesis: Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight.


Premise: Name another road they responsible for.

Hypothesis: Within Galicia are the Autopista AP-9 from Ferrol to Vigo and the Autopista AP-53 (also known as AG-53, because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia) from Santiago to Ourense.


Premise: What is the main focus of the Marshall Islands' economy?

Hypothesis: With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' gross domestic product.


Premise: In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?

Hypothesis: The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18.


Premise: What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?

Hypothesis: The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration.


Premise: What defined the US dollar?

Hypothesis: A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.


Premise: Why do birds migrate?

Hypothesis: Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary.


Premise: What was the name of the 2009 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court awarded relief to New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?

Hypothesis: In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city.


Premise: What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell?

Hypothesis: It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper.


Premise: What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of?

Hypothesis: Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm.


Premise: What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?

Hypothesis: Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade.


Premise: Which two seas have been most central to Greek history?

Hypothesis: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.


Premise: What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's birth date?

Hypothesis: He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.


Premise: Who granted Cork's charter?

Hypothesis: The city's charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, in 1185.


Premise: What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?

Hypothesis: An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars  and terminals.


Premise: What do all commonly used video compression methods use?

Hypothesis: Today, nearly all commonly used video compression methods (e.g., those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO) apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT) for spatial redundancy reduction.


Premise: What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?

Hypothesis: These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana.


Premise: Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?

Hypothesis: From season four to season nine, the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor; from season ten onwards, Ray Chew.


Premise: What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution?

Hypothesis: This urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution.


Premise: How many people watched the 2011 MTV Music Awards?

Hypothesis: Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for "most tweets per second recorded for a single event" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and "Beyonce pregnant" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011.


Premise: Under the control of whose army was Galicia under during this war?

Hypothesis: Galicia was spared the worst of the fighting in that war: it was one of the areas where the initial coup attempt at the outset of the war was successful, and it remained in Nationalist (Franco's army's) hands throughout the war.


Premise: What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?

Hypothesis: Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence.


Premise: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?

Hypothesis: True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare.


Premise: What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt?

Hypothesis: There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases.


Premise: What is the protection of information systems?

Hypothesis: It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.


Premise: What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables?

Hypothesis: Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.


Premise: The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries?

Hypothesis: Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer.


Premise: When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used?

Hypothesis: Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905.


Premise: Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified?

Hypothesis: Even if it is noticed, it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification (see below), and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt, so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it, anyway.


Premise: Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel.


Premise: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?

Hypothesis: Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs.


Premise: What percent of families fall below the poverty line?

Hypothesis: 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line.


Premise: What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters?

Hypothesis: Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic book boom of the early 1990s, launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (Spider-Man 2099, etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker.


Premise: Music from what two decades is notably featured on the soft AC format?

Hypothesis: Soft AC, which has never minded keeping songs in high rotation literally for years in some cases, does not appear necessarily to be facing similar pressures to expand its format.


Premise: What affects overall health status?

Hypothesis: Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.


Premise: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?

Hypothesis: Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time.


Premise: Which Amiibo figure makes Link lose more health when attacked?

Hypothesis: Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the "Cave of Shadows" and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game.


Premise: What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?

Hypothesis: In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches.


Premise: What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?

Hypothesis: To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia.


Premise: What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?

Hypothesis: Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.


Premise: How many nominations did Beyoncé receive at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony?

Hypothesis: At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyoncé received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for I Am...


Premise: Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?

Hypothesis: Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn.


Premise: What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?

Hypothesis: A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds.


Premise: What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond?

Hypothesis: Along with such religious congregations, there are a variety of other Jewish charitable, educational and social service institutions, each serving the Jewish and general communities.


Premise: What type of locomotive technology was to be developed by GE under its Ecoimagination program?

Hypothesis: The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that, "while General Electric's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line, Mr. Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy."


Premise: What is this method commonly referred to as?

Hypothesis: This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding.


Premise: Where were the sexual slave women mostly from?

Hypothesis: Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948.


Premise: Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?

Hypothesis: His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories, and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe.


Premise: What does UGR stand for?

Hypothesis: The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement.


Premise: In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?

Hypothesis: He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body.


Premise: Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?

Hypothesis: Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.


Premise: How many private colleges does Israel have?

Hypothesis: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University are ranked among the world's top 100 universities by Times Higher Education magazine.


Premise: Who released the 12 inch LP?

Hypothesis: 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record Company at a New York press conference on June 18, 1948.


Premise: What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics?

Hypothesis: In 1996, Marvel had some of its titles participate in "Heroes Reborn", a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders, Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld.


Premise: How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school?

Hypothesis: The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education.


Premise: What are Russian astronauts called?

Hypothesis: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses.


Premise: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?

Hypothesis: As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.


Premise: What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software?

Hypothesis: With the advent of modern continuous deployment practices and cloud-based services, the cost of re-deployment and maintenance may lessen over time.


Premise: What do transaction translators do?

Hypothesis: The USB hub then uses either one transaction translator per hub to create a full/low-speed bus routed to all full and low speed devices on the hub, or uses one transaction translator per port to create an isolated full/low-speed bus per port on the hub.


Premise: What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?

Hypothesis: He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way (Skt. madhyamā-pratipad): a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.[web 2][web 3]


Premise: What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?

Hypothesis: In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients.


Premise: Where is Mexico City located?

Hypothesis: Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico.


Premise: Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal?

Hypothesis: The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays.


Premise: What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?

Hypothesis: The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles.


Premise: How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?

Hypothesis: Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.


Premise: Which first-class matches were hosted at Mardyke?

Hypothesis: The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1874.


Premise: When was the Consumer Preview set to expire?

Hypothesis: Alongside other changes, the build removed the Start button from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on Windows 95; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an "app" itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system.


Premise: In what city was the first Presbytery formed?

Hypothesis: In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789.


Premise: How can glass be prevented from corroding?

Hypothesis: Presence of alkaline metal ions has also detrimental effect to the loss tangent of the glass, and to its electrical resistance; glasses for electronics (sealing, vacuum tubes, lamps...) have to take this in account.


Premise: What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?

Hypothesis: Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium: temples were dedicated to Juventas (Hebe) in 191 BC, Diana (Artemis) in 179 BC, Mars (Ares) in 138 BC), and to Bona Dea, equivalent to Fauna, the female counterpart of the rural Faunus, supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia.


Premise: Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where?

Hypothesis: The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common genetic pool dating back 4,000 years, as a marker of their common ancestral origin.


Premise: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?

Hypothesis: The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan.


Premise: What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?

Hypothesis: According to 2014 census, around 40% of the population of Iran are Internet users.


Premise: Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets?

Hypothesis: Girls who experience malnutrition or are in societies in which children are expected to perform physical labor also begin menstruating at later ages.


Premise: What major interstate in New Haven provides access northward into Massachusetts, Vermont, and eventually reaches the Canadian border?

Hypothesis: New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast—which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City, and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts—and Interstate 91, which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border.


Premise: What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?

Hypothesis: It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration.


Premise: What did Money magazine rate San Diego as being in 2006?

Hypothesis: According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.


Premise: What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?

Hypothesis: When the war ended, it was clear that the increasing capabilities of aircraft would require better means of acquiring targets and aiming at them.


Premise: What was dedicated in 1932?

Hypothesis: During the difficult 1930s of the Great Depression, government at all levels was integral to creating jobs.


Premise: What bicycles did Kerry use while campaigning?

Hypothesis: Even during his many campaigns, he was reported to have visited bicycle stores in both his home state and elsewhere.


Premise: How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights?

Hypothesis: Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.


Premise: What law show did Spielberg work on?

Hypothesis: He did another segment on Night Gallery and did some work for shows such as Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist, before landing the first series episode of Columbo (previous episodes were actually TV films).


Premise: Why did Libya become an "international pariah"?

Hypothesis: In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses").


Premise: Along with chicken, what food was included in "chicken in a basket"?

Hypothesis: In the late 1960s "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience.


Premise: What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?

Hypothesis: In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it.


Premise: Who created the Scheinergrade system?

Hypothesis: Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development.


Premise: What is NESA?

Hypothesis: Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense.


Premise: How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day.


Premise: In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located?

Hypothesis: In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings.


Premise: What authority in a community sponsored religious rites?

Hypothesis: Flamines were constrained by the requirements of ritual purity; Jupiter's flamen in particular had virtually no simultaneous capacity for a political or military career.


Premise: Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?

Hypothesis: Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves.


Premise: What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?

Hypothesis: It is also known as the "Great Dying" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history.


Premise: What has Brazil avoided?

Hypothesis: Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white.


Premise: In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?

Hypothesis: During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to −4.1 °C (25 °F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to −8.8 °C (16 °F).


Premise: Which month does the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark?

Hypothesis: This rural pocket in the middle of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


Premise: What is undisputed about earlier humans?

Hypothesis: While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity.


Premise: How did Nintendo rank submitted games?

Hypothesis: One game, Mortal Kombat, would challenge this policy.


Premise: What water sport is popular in the city?

Hypothesis: Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each Big Five member has its own boathouse.


Premise: Where are the dining facilities called?

Hypothesis: Furthermore, most of these tents are set up and operated through the support of Natick Soldier Systems Center.


Premise: What are riwaaydo?

Hypothesis: Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence.


Premise: What does "Roques" mean in English?

Hypothesis: It is one of the Renaissance Islands.


Premise: In what century did the English East India Company form?

Hypothesis: The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of private companies, most notably the English East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade.


Premise: One exception that is not high speed high rise and large capacity is what?

Hypothesis: but it uses the same design as is a thinner version of a conventional gearless traction machine) for breaking power, compactness and redundancy(assuming


Premise: The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what?

Hypothesis: Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region.


Premise: What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?

Hypothesis: These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples.


Premise: What did Spellings' findings reveal?

Hypothesis: Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the "whole report" procedure) before they decayed.


Premise: Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?

Hypothesis: Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps.


Premise: When did Valencia surrender?

Hypothesis: In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender.


Premise: Which river is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean?

Hypothesis: Major European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea.


Premise: What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?

Hypothesis: " Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.


Premise: Who's presence increased in Tibet?

Hypothesis: He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and "fill once more the political vacuum in that country.


Premise: Musical notation is effective for what?

Hypothesis: The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music, since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work.


Premise: How old is the Spanish language in the United States?

Hypothesis: Additionally, western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800, after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.


Premise: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?

Hypothesis: The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]


Premise: Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?

Hypothesis: It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—


Premise: What is the father of a litter referred as?

Hypothesis: A group of offspring is a litter.


Premise: Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?

Hypothesis: Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation.


Premise: The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?

Hypothesis: That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work.


Premise: What is decided at the first proceeding?

Hypothesis: At the first proceeding, the jury decides the defendant's guilt; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder, the death penalty will not be imposed.


Premise: Who were 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas?

Hypothesis: According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims.


Premise: What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?

Hypothesis: Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174–135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah).


Premise: How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?

Hypothesis: In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."


Premise: What mall was constructed

Hypothesis: This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan).


Premise: Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?

Hypothesis: Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913.


Premise: What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?

Hypothesis: The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.


Premise: How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?

Hypothesis: Many 1990s A/V receivers combine the AC-3 decoder and DTS decoder logic, but an integrated AC-3 demodulator is rare both in LaserDisc players and in later A/V receivers.


Premise: What does each Grand Lodge maintain?

Hypothesis: Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises.


Premise: What is one of the concerns of the Air Force?

Hypothesis: Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness.


Premise: How many of Detroit's residential lots are are underdeveloped?

Hypothesis: A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied.


Premise: What is the wettest season in Charleston?

Hypothesis: Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers.


Premise: Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?

Hypothesis: A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality.


Premise: What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?

Hypothesis: Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings, and popular uprisings broke out across Europe.


Premise: The third of the goals concerns what?

Hypothesis: UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.


Premise: What university did Darwin attend?

Hypothesis: Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine.


Premise: When did the AFL development league begin?

Hypothesis: From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2.


Premise: Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?

Hypothesis: Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330.


Premise: What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?

Hypothesis: Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation.


Premise: Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?

Hypothesis: Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set.


Premise: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?

Hypothesis: The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.


Premise: What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?

Hypothesis: At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible.


Premise: What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?

Hypothesis: Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights.


Premise: What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?

Hypothesis: On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is "high risk" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months.


Premise: What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008?

Hypothesis: A pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified.


Premise: What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops?

Hypothesis: Studies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops.


Premise: What legal system is still used by florida

Hypothesis: As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule.


Premise: How many suburban villes nouvelles did Paul Delouvrier constuct?

Hypothesis: Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth.


Premise: Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?

Hypothesis: Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950.


Premise: What organization is Stephen Thomas Erlewine associated with?

Hypothesis: While some critics, such as AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, have employed the term "post-punk" to denote "a more adventurous and arty form of punk", others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style.


Premise: What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?

Hypothesis: After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces.


Premise: Who has the most elaborated polyphony?

Hypothesis: The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in Cádiz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients.


Premise: Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?

Hypothesis: It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau.


Premise: Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?

Hypothesis: In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood.


Premise: What type of foods are generally thought of as a part of Hyderabadi cuisine?

Hypothesis: Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices.


Premise: Which major global shipping company is based in Memphis?

Hypothesis: Major corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx, AutoZone and International Paper, all based in Memphis; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group, based in Knoxville; Eastman Chemical Company, based in Kingsport; the North American headquarters of Nissan Motor Company, based in Franklin; Hospital Corporation of America and Caterpillar Financial, based in Nashville; and Unum, based in Chattanooga.


Premise: With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?

Hypothesis: As a result of this, in some contexts the term "dialect" refers specifically to varieties with low social status.


Premise: What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?

Hypothesis: The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, "Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio."


Premise: How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?

Hypothesis: Texas gave 2 percent of murderers a death sentence, less than the national average.


Premise: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?

Hypothesis: Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.


Premise: Name some side-effects?

Hypothesis: Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile.


Premise: What was he also known as?

Hypothesis: On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered.


Premise: What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty?

Hypothesis: A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm.


Premise: How poor is part of the Bronx?

Hypothesis: The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club.


Premise: Which are the largest two cities in the state?

Hypothesis: Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua.


Premise: Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century?

Hypothesis: Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics.


Premise: What was the value of Gaddafi's supposed British property holdings as of November 2011?

Hypothesis: In November 2011, The Sunday Times identified property worth £1 billion in the UK that Gaddafi allegedly owned.


Premise: The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?

Hypothesis: When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle.


Premise: What was the name of Beyoncé's first solo album?

Hypothesis: Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time.


Premise: What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming?

Hypothesis: The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States; according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.


Premise: What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?

Hypothesis: Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example.


Premise: Who was the colonial officer killed in China?

Hypothesis: Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East."


Premise: What is the classification of IMS?

Hypothesis: as a hierarchical database.


Premise: What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?

Hypothesis: One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines.


Premise: In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?

Hypothesis: In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions.


Premise: In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?

Hypothesis: A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant.


Premise: Who is the headmaster of the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College?

Hypothesis: The school's headmaster, history professor Juan Pedro Toni, is a member of the Stella Maris Board of Governors and the school is a member of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO).


Premise: What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?

Hypothesis: Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002.


Premise: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?

Hypothesis: This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report.


Premise: What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?

Hypothesis: With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.


Premise: What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?

Hypothesis: The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions.


Premise: What is The World Solar Challenge?

Hypothesis: The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles.


Premise: Which term used in the Quran to indicate itself means "book"?

Hypothesis: In the large majority of contexts, usually with a definite article (al-), the word is referred to as the "revelation" (waḥy), that which has been "sent down" (tanzīl) at intervals.


Premise: What does Link have to gather in order to complete each area?

Hypothesis: He must do this by collecting the multiple "Tears of Light"; once all the Tears of Light are collected for one area, he restores that area's Light Spirit.


Premise: In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?

Hypothesis: The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations—after Little Black Sambo.


Premise: How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?

Hypothesis: At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School.


Premise: Why was minority leader position created?

Hypothesis: Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader.


Premise: What is the second facility of NARA named?

Hypothesis: Because of space constraints, NARA opened a second facility, known informally as Archives II, in 1994 near the University of Maryland, College Park campus (8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001).


Premise: In what month does the city council not meet?

Hypothesis: The city council meets at City Hall, located at 900 E. Broad St., 2nd Floor, on the second and fourth Mondays of every month, except August.


Premise: Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?

Hypothesis: This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic.


Premise: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?

Hypothesis: Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province.


Premise: What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?

Hypothesis: One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:


Premise: When was the first bicycle lane created in New Haven?

Hypothesis: The city has created recommended bike routes for getting around New Haven, including use of the Canal Trail and the Orange Street lane.


Premise: What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?

Hypothesis: (German);[note 5] Suisse [sɥis(ə)]


Premise: What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect?

Hypothesis: The Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism.


Premise: What was the problem with the ROK Army?

Hypothesis: In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped.


Premise: How does gut flora prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria?

Hypothesis: For example, the presence of over 1,000 bacterial species in the normal human gut flora of the intestines can contribute to gut immunity, synthesise vitamins, such as folic acid, vitamin K and biotin, convert sugars to lactic acid (see Lactobacillus), as well as fermenting complex undigestible carbohydrates.


Premise: What were people protesting in Kiev during the last part of February?

Hypothesis: In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as "the mastodon of stagnation.


Premise: What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters?

Hypothesis: The 1990s saw the rise of variant covers, cover enhancements, swimsuit issues, and company-wide crossovers that affected the overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe


Premise: What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?

Hypothesis: While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding.


Premise: What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?

Hypothesis: Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.


Premise: Where did Miller attend school?

Hypothesis: Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated.


Premise: Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar?

Hypothesis: All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year.


Premise: What is the most rain in one day?

Hypothesis: The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at Philadelphia International Airport.


Premise: What do most matches have?

Hypothesis: While true exhibition matches are not uncommon, most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama: The face will sometimes win (triumph) or sometimes lose (tragedy).


Premise: What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?

Hypothesis: Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism.


Premise: In what location was Mahatma Gandhi cremated?

Hypothesis: Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River.


Premise: Zeus was paired with which local god?

Hypothesis: Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities.


Premise: Is street art legal

Hypothesis: Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004.


Premise: The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?

Hypothesis: The second single, "Ray of Light", debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.


Premise: Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?

Hypothesis: Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation.


Premise: What was Greece's former currency?

Hypothesis: Greece is also a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, and is ranked 24th on the KOF Globalization Index for 2013.


Premise: Which city became a major center of book production?

Hypothesis: Antioch was founded as a metropolis and center of Greek learning which retained its status into the era of Christianity.


Premise: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?

Hypothesis: In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space.


Premise: Who coined the term "battery"?

Hypothesis: Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed.


Premise: Who was demonstrating?

Hypothesis: The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed, but that figure remains unconfirmed.


Premise: Where was the torch relay supposed to take place?

Hypothesis: The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period.


Premise: When did the Montevideo Cabildo become a National Heritage Site?

Hypothesis: In 1958, the Municipal Historic Museum and Archive was inaugurated here.


Premise: When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?

Hypothesis: They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983.


Premise: In addition to the police who did the BDF often have conflicts with?

Hypothesis: Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the KGB.


Premise: What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?

Hypothesis: The sisters had no government of their own, but lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order.


Premise: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?

Hypothesis: R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation.


Premise: When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?

Hypothesis: It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment.


Premise: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?

Hypothesis: These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.


Premise: What happens when a plant remains totipotent?

Hypothesis: While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.


Premise: Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal?

Hypothesis: The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States.


Premise: The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?

Hypothesis: World War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity.


Premise: What is the German basic law?

Hypothesis: The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent.


Premise: Where does it start in Canada?

Hypothesis: The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River.


Premise: How many seasons out of the last 114 has Everton been in England's top tier?

Hypothesis: Everton hold the record for the most seasons in England's top tier (Division One/Premier League), at 111 seasons out of 114 as of 2014–15 (the club played in Division 2 in 1930–31 and from 1951–54).


Premise: When did the war in Europe end?

Hypothesis: Many prematurely considered that victory in Europe would come by summer's end—however the Germans did not capitulate for almost a year.


Premise: Is bleed easy or difficult to control?

Hypothesis: In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show as a yellow or brownish stain.


Premise: Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska?

Hypothesis: Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers.


Premise: What is the main controversy found in song lyrics?

Hypothesis: The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music.


Premise: Who are the Siddi?

Hypothesis: The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants.


Premise: What item could be learned to gain salvation?

Hypothesis: The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation.


Premise: What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?

Hypothesis: While suspects were jailed, convicted criminals were never imprisoned.


Premise: 2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?

Hypothesis: He appeared in The Expendables 2 (2012), and starred in The Last Stand (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and Escape Plan (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone.


Premise: What is the short term goal of open market operations?

Hypothesis: Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target.


Premise: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?

Hypothesis: The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day.


Premise: Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?

Hypothesis: Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal.


Premise: When did Britain withdraw from Aden?

Hypothesis: The British withdrew from Aden in 1967, Bahrain in 1971, and Maldives in 1976.


Premise: What is the resistor equal to?

Hypothesis: They are typically wire antennas multiple wavelengths long, through which the voltage and current waves travel in one direction, instead of bouncing back and forth to form standing waves as in resonant antennas.


Premise: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?

Hypothesis: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings."[web 6][web 7]


Premise: What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?

Hypothesis: Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system).


Premise: How many national airlines are there in Mexico?

Hypothesis: In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Querétaro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico.


Premise: What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter?

Hypothesis: Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter.


Premise: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?

Hypothesis: The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.


Premise: What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?

Hypothesis: As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.


Premise: When did Andragoras' reign end?

Hypothesis: He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces, the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty.


Premise: What is the former name for Indonesia?

Hypothesis: Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language").


Premise: What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to?

Hypothesis: The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city.


Premise: What was the Thunder's previous name?

Hypothesis: In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics, a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC, a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clayton Bennett, relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008–09 season, becoming the state's first permanent major league franchise.


Premise: In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?

Hypothesis: In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.


Premise: Where there any significances that contributed to the increase or decrease in population numbers ?

Hypothesis: Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth; nonetheless, the population of Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828.


Premise: What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?

Hypothesis: The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia.


Premise: Who were the main leaders of the ruling party?

Hypothesis: The main party leaders, David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband, were all depicted holding a copy of the special issue in publicity material.


Premise: Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?

Hypothesis: By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time.


Premise: During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?

Hypothesis: Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century.


Premise: What was the Close Encounters revisit called?

Hypothesis: For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, and as a condition of Spielberg revising the film, shot additional footage showing the audience the interior of the mothership seen at the end of the film (a decision Spielberg would later regret as he felt the interior of the mothership should have remained a mystery).


Premise: What are the major branches of Protestantism?

Hypothesis: Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism.


Premise: Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?

Hypothesis: In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not.


Premise: What is another nature of Dukkha?

Hypothesis: Dukkha is commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects:


Premise: What are the two official languages of Israel?

Hypothesis: Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools.


Premise: When is the special "pocket rocket" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation?

Hypothesis: In addition to basic uniform clothing, various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment.


Premise: In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?

Hypothesis: Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased.


Premise: What year did walkscore rank Boston the third most walkable city in the US?

Hypothesis: In 2011, Walk Score ranked Boston the third most walkable city in the United States.


Premise: What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?

Hypothesis: In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.


Premise: Even if signed  and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?

Hypothesis: When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party.


Premise: Could a club appeal a requirement?

Hypothesis: If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.


Premise: What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?

Hypothesis: Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months.


Premise: What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany?

Hypothesis: Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right.


Premise: What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies?

Hypothesis: At high frequencies, hiss, pops, and ticks are significant.


Premise: What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC?

Hypothesis: The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27.3 billion from personal computers and $8.9bn from servers, while EMC had $16.5bn from EMC II, $1bn from RSA Security, $6bn from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software.


Premise: What country did Spain invade?

Hypothesis: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762.


Premise: Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?

Hypothesis: In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic).


Premise: How can asymmetry of causation be observed?

Hypothesis: However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid.


Premise: When do the terms "Near East" and "Far East" appear together in journals?

Hypothesis: They appear together in the journals of the mid-19th century.


Premise: What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?

Hypothesis: In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.


Premise: What character did Stephanie Sigma portray?

Hypothesis: In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria.


Premise: Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?

Hypothesis: In the meantime, John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou, although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that the king was escalating the conflict.


Premise: Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?

Hypothesis: While good comb filters can do so adequately, these two signals cannot be completely separated.


Premise: Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?

Hypothesis: The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico.


Premise: Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?

Hypothesis: In the United States, driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations, a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of "New Music" there.


Premise: Which ship was the target of Argentinian aggression?

Hypothesis: "There are traitors in our midst", wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May, accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian, plus the BBC's defence correspondent Peter Snow, of "treason" for aspects of their coverage.


Premise: What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?

Hypothesis: The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom.


Premise: What language is modern standard Italian derived from?

Hypothesis: Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants.


Premise: When did the first Gulf War begin?

Hypothesis: U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.


Premise: Who has been the leader of the NDP since 2006?

Hypothesis: The city is represented by ten MHAs, four who are members of the governing Progressive Conservative Party, three that belong to the New Democratic Party (NDP), and three that belong to the Liberal Party.