Premise: Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?

Hypothesis: German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia.


Premise: Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?

Hypothesis: In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345.


Premise: Has service ever been restored?

Hypothesis: Several projects have been proposed to extend rail service back to these areas, but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation.


Premise: On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?

Hypothesis: Sultan Abdülaziz (reigned 1861–1876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France.


Premise: Who founded Stoicism?

Hypothesis: Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic.


Premise: What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion  in mammals?

Hypothesis: In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach.


Premise: What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?

Hypothesis: Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally.


Premise: Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century?

Hypothesis: A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell, but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention.


Premise: What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?

Hypothesis: In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan).


Premise: What other painters were not thought of as being as Cubist as Braque and Picasso?

Hypothesis: The traditional interpretation of "Cubism", formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso, has affected our appreciation of other twentieth-century artists.


Premise: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?

Hypothesis: Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective.


Premise: What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?

Hypothesis: Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections.


Premise: What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?

Hypothesis: Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.


Premise: What percent of the population is under 30 years old?

Hypothesis: Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30.


Premise: In October 2010, Shell sold what to St1?

Hypothesis: On October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy.


Premise: What bones in dog legs are fused?

Hypothesis: Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal.


Premise: What are less common languages spoken?

Hypothesis: Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa.


Premise: Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?

Hypothesis: Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals.


Premise: Who wrote 'Vengeance'?

Hypothesis: It was previously adapted into the 1986 made-for-TV film Sword of Gideon.


Premise: What percent of households had children in 2000?

Hypothesis: In addition, 33.1% of all households were composed of individuals living alone, of which 6.2% was someone 65 years of age or older.


Premise: Where was the Wettin dynasty from?

Hypothesis: After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of "Hesse", never to become a part of Thuringia again.


Premise: Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?

Hypothesis: Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources.


Premise: Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?

Hypothesis: The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution.


Premise: Who oversees the Boston Public Schools?

Hypothesis: Boston has a strong mayor – council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power.


Premise: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?

Hypothesis: The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language.


Premise: What type of economy did Philadelphia have?

Hypothesis: New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population, but with the construction of roads, canals, and railroads, Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States.


Premise: In what year did European countries first recognize Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire?

Hypothesis: The Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano.


Premise: Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?

Hypothesis: Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra.


Premise: Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team?

Hypothesis: Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play, it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league, about to join the league as a probational franchise, or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule.


Premise: What is the main subject of the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?

Hypothesis: Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011.


Premise: What location provided a base for flying boats?

Hypothesis: During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions.


Premise: Who first suggested daylight saving?

Hypothesis: Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s.


Premise: What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?

Hypothesis: Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists, dismissing many of them from their governmental posts.


Premise: How similar was the sound of a orthodontic  record to a radio?

Hypothesis: The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected.


Premise: What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?

Hypothesis: American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances.


Premise: Who was the AFL's 2013 national broadcast partner?

Hypothesis: For the 2013 season, the league's new national broadcast partner was the CBS Sports Network.


Premise: When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?

Hypothesis: Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979.


Premise: How does the Seattle ferry line compare to the rest of the world?

Hypothesis: Sound Transit currently provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area; two Sounder commuter rail lines between the suburbs and downtown; its Central Link light rail line, which opened in 2009, between downtown and Sea-Tac Airport gives the city its first rapid transit line that has intermediate stops within the city limits.


Premise: When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?

Hypothesis: The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan.


Premise: How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?

Hypothesis: A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16.


Premise: In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published.


Premise: In what year did Pope Julius die?

Hypothesis: With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape.


Premise: In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?

Hypothesis: CD-Vs were somewhat popular for a brief time worldwide, but soon faded from view.


Premise: Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire?

Hypothesis: Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of £200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199.


Premise: What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?

Hypothesis: In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).


Premise: What divides Florida two climates

Hypothesis: North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), while areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (Köppen: Aw).


Premise: When was Milestone 1 divulged?

Hypothesis: It also had the text Welcome below them, although this was also scrapped.


Premise: What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions?

Hypothesis: Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace.


Premise: Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition?

Hypothesis: Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns.


Premise: What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?

Hypothesis: Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several stunning publications.


Premise: What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously?

Hypothesis: Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income.


Premise: What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article?

Hypothesis: American critic Greil Marcus characterised "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"—as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel, while several groups, such as PiL and Joy Division, achieved some success in the popular charts.


Premise: Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?

Hypothesis: The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology.


Premise: What is an example of an extreme form of fear?

Hypothesis: Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors.


Premise: What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?

Hypothesis: In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.


Premise: What's home to 57% of the nation's population?

Hypothesis: However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country.


Premise: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?

Hypothesis: The True Story of a White Boy


Premise: Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?

Hypothesis: Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as with doctors wearing medical scrubs.


Premise: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?

Hypothesis: A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.


Premise: When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?

Hypothesis: In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party.


Premise: What are the two large movie companies in Mexico?

Hypothesis: Mexico City tops the world in number of IMAX theatres,[citation needed] providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to popular blockbusters on these especially large, dramatic screens.


Premise: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?

Hypothesis: Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops.


Premise: Who was Mellitus?

Hypothesis: According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London.


Premise: What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?

Hypothesis: As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the "Energiewende" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050.


Premise: Of what were the Vestals protectors?

Hypothesis: In archaic Roman society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus.


Premise: What structural benefit is offered by the Gothic vault?

Hypothesis: The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle.


Premise: What is the name of the tennis complex, cited as one of the largest worldwide, located in New Haven?

Hypothesis: New Haven was the host of the 1995 Special Olympics World Summer Games; then-President Bill Clinton spoke at the opening ceremonies.


Premise: Who created the Ming Dynasty?

Hypothesis: In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China.


Premise: What is chemotrophy ?

Hypothesis: Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide.


Premise: What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?

Hypothesis: West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012, with "Gold Digger" selling 3,086,000, "Stronger" selling 4,402,000, "Heartless" selling 3,742,000, "E.T." selling over 4,000,000, "Love Lockdown" selling over 3,000,000, and "Niggas in Paris" selling over 3,000,000, placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade.


Premise: Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?

Hypothesis: Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.


Premise: When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?

Hypothesis: After the Xinhai Revolution (1911–12) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title.


Premise: What does continuous torque density refer to?

Hypothesis: The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation.


Premise: How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate?

Hypothesis: China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area.


Premise: How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition?

Hypothesis: Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia,[citation needed] with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL, Super League and domestic players.


Premise: Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?

Hypothesis: Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.


Premise: What division of Yale University is credited with nurturing the architectural component of New Havens economy?

Hypothesis: The Yale School of Architecture has fostered this important component of the city's economy.


Premise: White clam pie is found in what district of New Haven?

Hypothesis: A white clam pie is a well-known specialty of the restaurants on Wooster Street in the Little Italy section of New Haven, including Pepe's and Sally's Apizza (which opened in 1938).


Premise: The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily?

Hypothesis: Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed]


Premise: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?

Hypothesis: This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a "peaceful, unfortified lifestyle".


Premise: What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?

Hypothesis: Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels.


Premise: What type of day were there more of in Rome?

Hypothesis: Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated ludi ("games," such as chariot races and theatrical performances), with examples including those held at Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia during Compitalia, and the Ludi Romani in honour of Liber.


Premise: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?

Hypothesis: Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time.


Premise: What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?

Hypothesis: If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one.


Premise: During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia?

Hypothesis: The Byzantines also faced a revived Bulgaria, which in the late 12th and 13th centuries spread throughout the Balkans.


Premise: How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?

Hypothesis: Radio transcription producers such as World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers (AMP) were the dominant licensees of the Western Electric wide range system and towards the end of the 1930s were responsible for two-thirds of the total radio transcription business.


Premise: Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?

Hypothesis: In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension.


Premise: Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?

Hypothesis: The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period.


Premise: What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?

Hypothesis: Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day.


Premise: What does transcription produce?

Hypothesis: Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1


Premise: Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position?

Hypothesis: Any objections from the latter would have likely had no effect, since the Soviet government had effectively been rendered impotent long before December.


Premise: What bacterium is used to produced GM cotton?

Hypothesis: The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton, called Bt cotton, to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues.


Premise: What year did Bill Clinton win North Carolina?

Hypothesis: In the 1990s, Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in 1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996.


Premise: Who recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region?

Hypothesis: UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east.


Premise: Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?

Hypothesis: Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin.


Premise: When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?

Hypothesis: In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.


Premise: What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?

Hypothesis: Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language.


Premise: In what year was Gaius elected to office?

Hypothesis: He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC, but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome.


Premise: In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?

Hypothesis: Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars.


Premise: Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?

Hypothesis: If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel.


Premise: How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?

Hypothesis: Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps.


Premise: What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?

Hypothesis: Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased.


Premise: How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?

Hypothesis: Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time.


Premise: Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?

Hypothesis: Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush.


Premise: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?

Hypothesis: Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910–1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I.


Premise: Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?

Hypothesis: Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages.


Premise: What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?

Hypothesis: Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost.


Premise: Who led the Nazis?

Hypothesis: The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War.


Premise: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?

Hypothesis: The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy.


Premise: How long is the term of a FBI director?

Hypothesis: They must be confirmed by the United States Senate and serve a term of office of five years, with a maximum of ten years, if reappointed, unless they resign or are fired by the President before their term ends.


Premise: When the congregation issues a call for service by a pastor, who has to ratify it?

Hypothesis: A congregation issues a call for the pastor's service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery.


Premise: What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?

Hypothesis: Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area.


Premise: Who was the leader of slaves during the New Haven anti slavery movement in 1839

Hypothesis: There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué, the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall.


Premise: When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?

Hypothesis: Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet."


Premise: What did the Ming dynasty create?

Hypothesis: The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in command of 1,000 households).


Premise: When there is less latewood, what is diminishing?

Hypothesis: In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality.


Premise: When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?

Hypothesis: Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era.


Premise: What show did Simon Cowell join after leaving American Idol?

Hypothesis: Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.


Premise: What was the first novel published under this deal?

Hypothesis: Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997, various publishers put out movie novelizations.


Premise: How much in unpaid taxes did Detroit fail to collect in 2011?

Hypothesis: Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246 million in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit; the rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.


Premise: Who authored "Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age"?

Hypothesis: In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.


Premise: What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver?

Hypothesis: Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.


Premise: When was the last election held for the executive council positions?

Hypothesis: Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.


Premise: Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?

Hypothesis: A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a "small demonstration" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters.


Premise: When did military conflict resume in the Congo?

Hypothesis: The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted.


Premise: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?

Hypothesis: The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law.


Premise: UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?

Hypothesis: Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.


Premise: How many houses has the Historical Museum annexed?

Hypothesis: The Historical Museum has annexed eight historical houses in the city, five of which are located in the Ciudad Vieja.


Premise: Where are most transistors found?

Hypothesis: Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.


Premise: How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?

Hypothesis: Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.


Premise: The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?

Hypothesis: Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution.


Premise: What percentage of the Swazi population are Christian?

Hypothesis: 83% of the total population adheres to Christianity, making it the most common religion in Swaziland.


Premise: Where is Nissan Motor Company's headquarters in the United States?

Hypothesis: Major corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx, AutoZone and International Paper, all based in Memphis; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group, based in Knoxville; Eastman Chemical Company, based in Kingsport; the North American headquarters of Nissan Motor Company, based in Franklin; Hospital Corporation of America and Caterpillar Financial, based in Nashville; and Unum, based in Chattanooga.


Premise: This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what?

Hypothesis: In 1997, this area required formal recognition during the course of negotiations for the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union and is now known as the Common Travel Area.


Premise: What was the cause of this?

Hypothesis: The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off.


Premise: What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions?

Hypothesis: The WC-130H aircraft are former weather reconnaissance aircraft, now reverted to the transport mission.


Premise: How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War?

Hypothesis: Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the beginning of the Second Punic War, of which 700,000 were infantry and 70,000 met the requirements for cavalry.


Premise: How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?

Hypothesis: These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.


Premise: What is the name of two schools of philosophy?

Hypothesis: But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience.


Premise: Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872?

Hypothesis: The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters.


Premise: When did the word come into use?

Hypothesis: The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing.


Premise: Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?

Hypothesis: The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields.


Premise: How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's?

Hypothesis: As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's.


Premise: When did Leochares make The Apollo Belvedere?

Hypothesis: Apollo as a handsome beardless young man, is often depicted with a kithara (as Apollo Citharoedus) or bow in his hand, or reclining on a tree (the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types).


Premise: What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?

Hypothesis: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union.


Premise: Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?

Hypothesis: Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome.


Premise: Who named Madonna as the top-earning celebrity of the year?

Hypothesis: It was a box office success with a gross of $305.2 million from 88 sold-out shows, and became the highest-grossing tour of 2012 and the tenth highest-grossing tour of all time.


Premise: The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?

Hypothesis: The title of rex teutonicum "King of the Germans" is first used in the late 11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV.


Premise: Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?

Hypothesis: The London Natural History Society suggest that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 percent green space or open water.


Premise: What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?

Hypothesis: Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of one's thoughts about the self.


Premise: Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?

Hypothesis: The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs.


Premise: When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?

Hypothesis: The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the Santa Sabina was replaced by a very similar fresco by Taddeo Zuccari in 1559.


Premise: With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?

Hypothesis: The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets.


Premise: Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish?

Hypothesis: International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400, producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.


Premise: Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?

Hypothesis: The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853.


Premise: The English colonist  left virginia because of what issue with the land there?

Hypothesis: After the Spanish in the 16th century, the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia.


Premise: Who were controversial among those brought to trial for Nazi collaboration?

Hypothesis: Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime.


Premise: How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955?

Hypothesis: The report found that over the period 1946-1955, there was a 42% drop in the incidence of diseases for which antibiotics were effective and only a 20% drop in those for which antibiotics were not effective.


Premise: When did season two air?

Hypothesis: Following the success of season one, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003.


Premise: What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?

Hypothesis: For example, the Italian and French words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish.


Premise: What event led to America entering the war?

Hypothesis: The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.


Premise: What appearance are calyx of sepals typically?

Hypothesis: The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepals and petals (or tepals in flowers such as Magnolia where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other).


Premise: What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?

Hypothesis: The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:


Premise: What was the name of the new link between India and China by land?

Hypothesis: In August 1943 the Allies formed a new South East Asia Command (SEAC) to take over strategic responsibilities for Burma and India from the British India Command, under Wavell.


Premise: Who would a Roman go see in an attempt to reverse the decision of a magistrate?

Hypothesis: If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a citizen, that citizen could appeal the decision of the magistrate to a tribune.


Premise: What type of medicine is taught at The Government Nizamia Tibbi College?

Hypothesis: Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.


Premise: What is Watson famous for helping discover?

Hypothesis: A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.


Premise: What's Southampton's ranking on the list of most deprived Local Authorities in England?

Hypothesis: The city is ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Local Authorities in England.


Premise: What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?

Hypothesis: Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding.


Premise: What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?

Hypothesis: Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn.


Premise: What type of rudder was introduced during this period?

Hypothesis: Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed.


Premise: Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?

Hypothesis: In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry.


Premise: What else can it produce?

Hypothesis: The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used.


Premise: What suburb is located on the southwest?

Hypothesis: Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.


Premise: When did the classical era end?

Hypothesis: The common practice period is when many of the ideas that make up western classical music took shape, standardized, or were codified.


Premise: What kind of person was Victoria?

Hypothesis: They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.


Premise: Beyoncé was an honorary chair of the 2013 what?

Hypothesis: In May, Beyoncé's cover of Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black" with André 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released.


Premise: Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?

Hypothesis: Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air.


Premise: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy?

Hypothesis: The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India.


Premise: What other type of countries has gumbe been kept out of?

Hypothesis: The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export.


Premise: Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?

Hypothesis: Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation, to discontinuous gas exchange.:65–68


Premise: Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education?

Hypothesis: Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by Muhammad's wives, such as Khadijah, a successful businesswoman.


Premise: Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison?

Hypothesis: They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy.


Premise: In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?

Hypothesis: Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951.


Premise: How many marks did John surrender?

Hypothesis: Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues.


Premise: How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment?

Hypothesis: Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism.


Premise: What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?

Hypothesis: Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new Bing-based unified search system was added, SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added.


Premise: Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?

Hypothesis: He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts.


Premise: Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?

Hypothesis: Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here.


Premise: How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it's lifespan?

Hypothesis: Some Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus do this same journey in reverse.


Premise: Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?

Hypothesis: During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York.


Premise: What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?

Hypothesis: Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007.


Premise: When was Kingsbridge built?

Hypothesis: Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor.


Premise: Does Macrobius believe Virgil's father came from a distinguished or humble background?

Hypothesis: After considering briefly a career in rhetoric and law, the young Virgil turned his talents to poetry.


Premise: Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?

Hypothesis: In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi.


Premise: What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?

Hypothesis: MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States.


Premise: What is the name of Beyoncé's management company?

Hypothesis: In October 2014, it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop, in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd.


Premise: Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?

Hypothesis: When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, "I think for a child's book it does all right.


Premise: Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?

Hypothesis: It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor.


Premise: What year was Old South Church organized?

Hypothesis: It was organized in 1669 by dissenters from the First Church in Boston (1630).


Premise: What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?

Hypothesis: His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years.


Premise: In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?

Hypothesis: In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt.


Premise: What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of?

Hypothesis: During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent, the Carnatic Wars, as the English East India Company (the Company) and its French counterpart, the Compagnie française des Indes orientales, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire.


Premise: In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?

Hypothesis: In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification.


Premise: What kind of eggs to all birds lay?

Hypothesis: Species that are victims of brood parasites have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts.


Premise: Who is responsible for proposing BYU's current name?

Hypothesis: A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion; however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named "Brigham Young University".


Premise: What was General Hodge appointed the head of?

Hypothesis: Appointed as military governor, General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK 1945–48).


Premise: What was Keith Urbans position on American Idol in its fourteenth season?

Hypothesis: Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season.


Premise: What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?

Hypothesis: Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan.


Premise: Which marina in Southampton hosted the yacht race from 1977 too 2001?

Hypothesis: The city provides for yachting and water sports, with a number of marinas.


Premise: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?

Hypothesis: The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute: "Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense.


Premise: What war caused severe damage to Germany?

Hypothesis: The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period.


Premise: How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008?

Hypothesis: In 2011, Mayor Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.


Premise: Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?

Hypothesis: Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world.


Premise: What was the settlement originally named?

Hypothesis: On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name.


Premise: What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?

Hypothesis: Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.


Premise: Which original judge left prior to the start of the season?

Hypothesis: The upheaval at the judging panel continued.


Premise: What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?

Hypothesis: It allows entities with highly diverse mathematical origins in abstract algebra and beyond to be handled in a flexible way while retaining their essential structural aspects.


Premise: What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?

Hypothesis: Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha.


Premise: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia?

Hypothesis: Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50%, in the United Kingdom, around 53%; in France; around 30%, and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10%.


Premise: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?

Hypothesis: It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211


Premise: What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of?

Hypothesis: However, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation.


Premise: How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011?

Hypothesis: The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31, 2011[update], and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007[update].


Premise: What song did Beyoncé release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé released "Work It Out" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium.


Premise: What do pigments do with the color green?

Hypothesis: Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities.


Premise: What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.


Premise: When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?

Hypothesis: The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education.


Premise: The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?

Hypothesis: In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia).


Premise: In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?

Hypothesis: In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France.


Premise: Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening?

Hypothesis: Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich)


Premise: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?

Hypothesis: A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told.


Premise: The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?

Hypothesis: Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean.


Premise: At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?

Hypothesis: Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary.


Premise: What characters are often non-standard?

Hypothesis: In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people".


Premise: When did England and the Netherlands make peace?

Hypothesis: The 18th century saw England (after 1707, Britain) rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.


Premise: What does FIFA stand for?

Hypothesis: The headquarters of the sport's governing body, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), is located in Zürich.


Premise: How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?

Hypothesis: Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests.


Premise: In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?

Hypothesis: In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction "flammable air".


Premise: Who would rule the country temporarily?

Hypothesis: On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government.


Premise: How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?

Hypothesis: Religion is world-loyalty.


Premise: What types of scenes does Hyderabad style painting generally contain?

Hypothesis: The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting.


Premise: What manufacturer was enlisted to design the 360's graphics processor?

Hypothesis: This was because the system's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM's Xenon processor.


Premise: Which actor portrayed M?

Hypothesis: Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall.


Premise: What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?

Hypothesis: King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic.


Premise: The Grand Loge de France formed under who?

Hypothesis: His successor, the Duke of Orléans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773.


Premise: What statement did Bohr make about the electron of an atom, citing Planck's work?

Hypothesis: Bohr solved this paradox with explicit reference to Planck's work: an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies En


Premise: Who imported Chinese laborers?

Hypothesis: In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them.


Premise: What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?

Hypothesis: Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass.


Premise: What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records?

Hypothesis: Although inexpensive and commercially successful at first, they soon fell victim to the Great Depression and production in the US ended in 1932.


Premise: What does Humanae Vitae mean?

Hypothesis: The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially Pius XI, Pius XII and John XXIII and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate


Premise: The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?

Hypothesis: An opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of actually existing dimension that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instead an intellectual concept (together with space and number) that enables humans to sequence and compare events.


Premise: In what year was Palermo founded?

Hypothesis: The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower').


Premise: What is the name of the event that caused major flooding in the western US?

Hypothesis: The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to sometimes devastating flash floods as well, while Nor'Easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast (although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere).


Premise: How train is able to turn around after each completed journey?

Hypothesis: The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply, because some lines use reversing loops at one end, causing the train to be reversed during every complete journey.


Premise: What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.


Premise: How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors?

Hypothesis: Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates, and a dielectric film of impregnated paper or plastic – these are rolled up to save space.


Premise: The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?

Hypothesis: The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris.


Premise: How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?

Hypothesis: CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs.


Premise: How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?

Hypothesis: CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27.


Premise: What is the term for corruption by individuals?

Hypothesis: It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.


Premise: How were pigments like red lake created?

Hypothesis: Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum.


Premise: How many highschools are specialized in NYC?

Hypothesis: The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools.


Premise: To whom was the Delos sanctuary dedicated?

Hypothesis: In archaic Greece he was the prophet, the oracular god who in older times was connected with "healing".


Premise: Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical?

Hypothesis: This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet.


Premise: The repression of what is also considered political corruption?

Hypothesis: Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities.


Premise: Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?

Hypothesis: Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain.


Premise: How could radial leads be more correctly described?

Hypothesis: Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem; they are rarely actually aligned along radii of the body's circle, so the term is inexact, although universal.


Premise: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?

Hypothesis: Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries.


Premise: How many years was Primark investigated for?

Hypothesis: In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust’s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic."


Premise: The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period?

Hypothesis: The Nepal Art Council Gallery, located in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.


Premise: Who helped Beyoncé earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards?

Hypothesis: The album's lead single, "Crazy in Love", featuring Jay Z, became Beyoncé's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US.


Premise: Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?

Hypothesis: Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components.


Premise: Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?

Hypothesis: Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars.


Premise: What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?

Hypothesis: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).


Premise: The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?

Hypothesis: This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades.


Premise: The church of Scotland was organized by this person, whats his name?

Hypothesis: The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland.


Premise: Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?

Hypothesis: The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons.


Premise: What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?

Hypothesis: Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend.


Premise: When was Hussain Sagar lake built?

Hypothesis: Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar.


Premise: Where do migrants refuel?

Hypothesis: For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route.


Premise: Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?

Hypothesis: Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology.


Premise: Who stated that Madonna was a bad actress to watch?

Hypothesis: After the box office bomb Swept Away (2002), Madonna vowed that she would never again act in a film, hoping her repertoire as a bad actress would never be discussed again.


Premise: What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?

Hypothesis: For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus′, which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle), but there were also temporary military alliances (e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor).


Premise: What is central to Chopin's process?

Hypothesis: Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes.


Premise: What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?

Hypothesis: In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County.


Premise: What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?

Hypothesis: In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic).


Premise: From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent?

Hypothesis: Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago.


Premise: What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language?

Hypothesis: Tuvaluan is of the Ellicean group of Polynesian languages, distantly related to all other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian, Māori, Tahitian, Samoan and Tongan.


Premise: What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?

Hypothesis: This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments.


Premise: What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?

Hypothesis: In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin.


Premise: What vegetation helped populations expand?

Hypothesis: Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BC the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups' nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations.


Premise: How many hosts do parasites typically have?

Hypothesis: While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime.


Premise: What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?

Hypothesis: The resolution would welcome the torch with "alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet."


Premise: How many passenger trips were made by tram in Melbourne between 2013-2014?

Hypothesis: In 2013–2014, 176.9 million passenger trips were made by tram.


Premise: What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?

Hypothesis: But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that "the sickness of the euro" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems.


Premise: When did American Idol change to a four-judge panel?

Hypothesis: The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight.


Premise: What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for?

Hypothesis: The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world.


Premise: How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson's presidency?

Hypothesis: Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true university, whereas before, its organization had remnants of the Academy days.


Premise: Who were generally temporal rulers?

Hypothesis: Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]


Premise: With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?

Hypothesis: While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester.


Premise: Who maintains the Laws of the Game?

Hypothesis: There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines.


Premise: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?

Hypothesis: The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity.


Premise: Prior to 2008, in what year did the last election occur in which neither major party had an individual on the ticket with a connection to New Haven and Yale University?

Hypothesis: In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of former presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, and Bill Clinton, as well as Secretary of State John Kerry.


Premise: What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?

Hypothesis: In 2002, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party with about 10% of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese a second official language.


Premise: Where was the former location in Mesa?

Hypothesis: the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park, this complex provides 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) of team facilities, including major league clubhouse, four practice fields, one practice infield, enclosed batting tunnels, batting cages, a maintenance facility, and administrative offices for the Cubs.


Premise: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?

Hypothesis: It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time.


Premise: When was the Windows 8 Release Preview accidentally revealed?

Hypothesis: On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific version, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites.


Premise: What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?

Hypothesis: A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken.


Premise: How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?

Hypothesis: Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II.


Premise: In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?

Hypothesis: Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone".


Premise: What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?

Hypothesis: The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed]


Premise: Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers?

Hypothesis: Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.


Premise: Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?

Hypothesis: Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure.


Premise: What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol?

Hypothesis: Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met.


Premise: In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?

Hypothesis: During the American bombing, the islands' population suffered from lack of food and various injuries.


Premise: On what date did the Japanese land on Enewetak?

Hypothesis: On September 29, 1914, Japanese troops occupied the Enewetak Atoll, and on September 30, 1914, the Jaluit Atoll, the administrative centre of the Marshall Islands.


Premise: When did the word Anglican begin?

Hypothesis: The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church.


Premise: Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?

Hypothesis: The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders.


Premise: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?

Hypothesis: Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.


Premise: How many additional leisure venues are run by Council executives?

Hypothesis: However these have been sold the operating rights to "Park Wood Leisure."


Premise: What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?

Hypothesis: It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.


Premise: What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?

Hypothesis: The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II.


Premise: Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?

Hypothesis: Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior.


Premise: What would need to be investigated to determine how much power was radiated?

Hypothesis: In order to radiate 100 W of power, one would need to use a transmitter capable of supplying 125 W to the antenna.


Premise: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?

Hypothesis: These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss]


Premise: Who wrote The City of God?

Hypothesis: The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed].


Premise: By what means does Arsenal operate as a company?

Hypothesis: Most football clubs aren't listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult.


Premise: How many people died in Sichuan Province?

Hypothesis: Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing.


Premise: What god did Ptolemy I create?

Hypothesis: Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods.


Premise: When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?

Hypothesis: Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.


Premise: What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?

Hypothesis: The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV.


Premise: What thrived after the NES was discontinued?

Hypothesis: The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo's discontinuation of the NES.


Premise: In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?

Hypothesis: A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar.


Premise: How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire?

Hypothesis: Instead, Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols.


Premise: How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?

Hypothesis: Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including "DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver".


Premise: How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?

Hypothesis: Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method.


Premise: What did the British offence become know as?

Hypothesis: British defensive strategy revolved around offensive action, what became known as the cult of the offensive.


Premise: How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units?

Hypothesis: Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the Super Famicom (named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan), the Famicom remained the second highest-selling video game console in Japan, outselling the newer and more powerful NEC PC Engine and Sega Mega Drive by a wide margin.


Premise: What was the office held by George Mosely?

Hypothesis: He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe.


Premise: What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?

Hypothesis: At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue.


Premise: Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?

Hypothesis: In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he be just to the people and keep them safe and secure, and after his death he not establish a dynasty.


Premise: Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?

Hypothesis: Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters.


Premise: The goal was to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year?

Hypothesis: In 2010, Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target "to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020".


Premise: Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

Hypothesis: In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed.


Premise: Who sang Medieval plainchant?

Hypothesis: Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type.


Premise: When did Richard Lazarus die?

Hypothesis: They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (1928–2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (1923–2008) a Polish–American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; Robert C. Solomon (1942–2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?


Premise: What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?

Hypothesis: Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%).


Premise: When was the AFL's China project announced?

Hypothesis: In August 2012, the AFL announced a new project into China, known as the China American Football League.


Premise: What do ISPs provide?

Hypothesis: ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network.


Premise: Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?

Hypothesis: Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke "was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments.


Premise: How many people were stricken by drought in 2013?

Hypothesis: This resulted in the failure of food crops and the spread of diseases such as diarrhea, pink eye, and influenza.


Premise: Beyonce was coached for her Spanish songs by which American?

Hypothesis: While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day.


Premise: In 2015, the Airports Council International gave what award to Indira Gandhi International Airport?

Hypothesis: In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International.


Premise: When was the torch relay event held in Macao?

Hypothesis: It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau.


Premise: What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?

Hypothesis: Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.


Premise: What did it help do to?

Hypothesis: This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14.


Premise: How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?

Hypothesis: However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics – all except Georgia – signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS.


Premise: When did Rogier van der Weyden die?

Hypothesis: Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck (d. 1441) and Rogier van der Weyden (d. 1464) rivalled that of Italy, as did northern illuminated manuscripts, which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites, who also commissioned secular books, especially histories.


Premise: In what scenario are capacitors used for power factor correction?

Hypothesis: In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction.


Premise: Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's?

Hypothesis: Some are part of a retail chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers.


Premise: How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?

Hypothesis: At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).


Premise: What are non=migratory birds called?

Hypothesis: Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area).


Premise: Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?

Hypothesis: His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes.


Premise: How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?

Hypothesis: The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI (independent of the OMTP/GSMA proposal) defined a common External Power Supply (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU based on micro-USB.


Premise: What was Queen Victoria's nickname?

Hypothesis: Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe".


Premise: What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles?

Hypothesis: Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him.


Premise: When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?

Hypothesis: This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts.


Premise: Which Australian Rules Football team is Cork home to?

Hypothesis: Cork also hosts one of Ireland's most successful Australian Rules Football teams, the Leeside Lions, who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership four times (in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007).


Premise: What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?

Hypothesis: American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong."


Premise: What was the first James Bond film to be screened at IMAX theaters?

Hypothesis: It became the second James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues after Skyfall, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras.


Premise: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?

Hypothesis: Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain.


Premise: What type of dogs are Shar Peis?

Hypothesis: Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic.


Premise: What will power the Indian-made ship?

Hypothesis: The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft.


Premise: When did the relations between the Rus and Byzantines start to become more complicated?

Hypothesis: Relations between the Rus' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev, reflecting commercial, cultural, and military concerns.


Premise: When was the 610 area code added?

Hypothesis: Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999.


Premise: To what are these morphological changes similar?

Hypothesis: As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely.


Premise: Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?

Hypothesis: Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews.


Premise: Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator, pastiche personality and the relational self?

Hypothesis: Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others.


Premise: What French composer wrote the original opera ''Carmen'' in the 19th century?

Hypothesis: Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet.


Premise: How many students attend catholic schools?

Hypothesis: Like the rest of France, Paris has been predominantly Roman Catholic since the early Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low.


Premise: Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?

Hypothesis: On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century.


Premise: Who holds the ECB's capital?

Hypothesis: Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital.


Premise: What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?

Hypothesis: Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal.


Premise: When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?

Hypothesis: In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue.


Premise: What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?

Hypothesis: In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges.


Premise: Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?

Hypothesis: The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris, meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor.


Premise: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?

Hypothesis: Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan.


Premise: Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?

Hypothesis: It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year.


Premise: What does VOR stand for?

Hypothesis: In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground.


Premise: What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?

Hypothesis: During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site.


Premise: Why was the reversing loop created?

Hypothesis: The loop was originally provided to save the original steam locomotives having to 'run around' the rest of the train saving much time.


Premise: What do scientist call the function whereby tin changes when it's very cold?

Hypothesis: Another coating issue is tin pest, the transformation of tin to a powdery allotrope at low temperature.


Premise: How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be considered a major attack?

Hypothesis: This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 t) of bombs.


Premise: The San Carlos Museum has art from who, among others?

Hypothesis: The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Velázquez, Murillo, and Rubens.


Premise: Who did Dell agree to not buy processors from?

Hypothesis: Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges.


Premise: Who directed The Terminator?

Hypothesis: Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit.


Premise: What type of flats compose the Great Basin?

Hypothesis: A portion known as the Colorado Plateau, centered around the Four Corners region, is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world.


Premise: On what date was Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?

Hypothesis: The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), on 7 February 2009.


Premise: What historic trail starting point developed at Mission San Diego?

Hypothesis: In May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River.