Premise: What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?

Hypothesis: Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.


Premise: In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties?

Hypothesis: Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds, and those agreements that impose long-term, complex legal obligations on the United States.


Premise: When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?

Hypothesis: As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions.


Premise: After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?

Hypothesis: The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour.


Premise: Who keeps a weather station in Cork?

Hypothesis: The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes.


Premise: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?

Hypothesis: Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed.


Premise: What is the name of the local government?

Hypothesis: The historical denomination Galiza became popular again during the end of the 19th and the first three-quarters of the 20th century, being still used with some frequency today, although not by the Xunta de Galicia, the local devolved government.


Premise: Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy?

Hypothesis: He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon.


Premise: Who staged the coup d'etat?

Hypothesis: Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.


Premise: How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?

Hypothesis: By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run.


Premise: In what did Houston pass New York City in 2013?

Hypothesis: The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration.


Premise: What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?

Hypothesis: Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab.


Premise: What two formats replaced the 78?

Hypothesis: After World War II, two new competing formats came onto the market and gradually replaced the standard "78": the 33 1⁄3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm (see above).


Premise: What body of water is to the east of St. John?

Hypothesis: The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms (and sometimes hurricanes) travel from the United States.


Premise: What is the current name for Myanmar?

Hypothesis: Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language").


Premise: What tollway connects Otay Mesa with SR 54?

Hypothesis: There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border.


Premise: Who has been referred to as "black people"?

Hypothesis: Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement.


Premise: Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time?

Hypothesis: Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or temporal existence, is broken or transcended.


Premise: What was Southern Italy refered to as?

Hypothesis: Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century.


Premise: Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?

Hypothesis: In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns.


Premise: What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?

Hypothesis: Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia.


Premise: How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?

Hypothesis: The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison, was elected on January 22, 2016.


Premise: What side has an artificial lake with a little castle?

Hypothesis: On this side, a very popular street market takes place every Sunday.


Premise: What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?

Hypothesis: Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed]


Premise: When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?

Hypothesis: In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour.


Premise: What does the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompass?

Hypothesis: The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text.


Premise: What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?

Hypothesis: In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931).


Premise: When did Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda Ríos die?

Hypothesis: Ojeda Rios' funeral was attended by a long list of dignitaries, including the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico, Archbishop Roberto Octavio González Nieves, ex-Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, and numerous other personalities.


Premise: What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?

Hypothesis: Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi


Premise: What seperates "heavy" sexual activity from other forms of affection?

Hypothesis: For old adolescents, though, sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks, as opposed to sex outside of a relationship (hook-ups)


Premise: What is a central duty of the prime minister?

Hypothesis: In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.


Premise: Did they have daily quotas for cotton?

Hypothesis: In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect.


Premise: After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?

Hypothesis: Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London.


Premise: What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy?

Hypothesis: The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "magic", conspiratorial (coniuratio), or subversive activity.


Premise: How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act?

Hypothesis: Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat.


Premise: How many millimeters of rain fall on Miami annually?

Hypothesis: During this period, temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s (29–35 °C), accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, but conditions still remain very muggy.


Premise: How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?

Hypothesis: In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan.


Premise: How is charcoal made?

Hypothesis: Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel.


Premise: What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyoncé and Jay Z?

Hypothesis: The single "Drunk in Love", featuring Jay Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.


Premise: How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting?

Hypothesis: In flood lamps used for photographic lighting, the tradeoff is made in the other direction.


Premise: What was the price to take over Adelphia?

Hypothesis: As part of the deal, Time Warner and Comcast traded existing subscribers in order to consolidate them into larger geographic clusters.


Premise: What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?

Hypothesis: There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations.


Premise: What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?

Hypothesis: This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true.


Premise: All homes in Israel are required to have a room called what?

Hypothesis: Israel has not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities.


Premise: What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death?

Hypothesis: Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati River or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.


Premise: What type of integration do large corporations often do?

Hypothesis: Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution.


Premise: What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?

Hypothesis: The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods.


Premise: What numbers does Catalan have?

Hypothesis: Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural).


Premise: Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities?

Hypothesis: In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers.


Premise: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for being the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast?

Hypothesis: Among Northwestern's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern, Nobel Prize–winning economist George J. Stigler, Nobel Prize–winning novelist Saul Bellow, Pulitzer Prize–winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem, the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan, the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman, and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide.


Premise: How many international schools are in Brasilia?

Hypothesis: The city has six international schools: American School of Brasília, Brasília International School (BIS), Escola das Nações, Swiss International School (SIS), Lycée français


Premise: Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?

Hypothesis: The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.


Premise: What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?

Hypothesis: Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch.


Premise: For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?

Hypothesis: However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback.


Premise: Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?

Hypothesis: Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.


Premise: What did John build up?

Hypothesis: John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a "powerful, barrel-chested body" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou.


Premise: How tall are the mountains in New Hampshire?

Hypothesis: In the Chic-Choc and Notre Dame mountain ranges in Quebec, the higher summits rise to about 4,000 ft (1,200 m) elevation.


Premise: What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?

Hypothesis: The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας (The Word full of grace and truth).


Premise: Which news agency came under review resulting in the firing of their producer?

Hypothesis: Serious doubts about the documents' authenticity quickly emerged, leading CBS to appoint a review panel that eventually resulted in the firing of the news producer and other significant staffing changes.


Premise: Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?

Hypothesis: The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies".


Premise: Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?

Hypothesis: Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years.


Premise: Who, in 1979, was discovered to be a communist spy?

Hypothesis: The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.


Premise: What does this process form?

Hypothesis: This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:


Premise: What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?

Hypothesis: Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men.


Premise: The speech by Kennedy, "Special Message on Urgent National Needs" was delivered on what date?

Hypothesis: Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled "Special Message on Urgent National Needs".


Premise: What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence?

Hypothesis: As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors.


Premise: Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?

Hypothesis: Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings.


Premise: What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?

Hypothesis: Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835.


Premise: What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?

Hypothesis: Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806.


Premise: What is the city's sole fresh water river?

Hypothesis: The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey.


Premise: Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?

Hypothesis: Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish.


Premise: What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant?

Hypothesis: It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai.


Premise: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?

Hypothesis: His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned".


Premise: What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?

Hypothesis: While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage.


Premise: How was he able to see bacteria?

Hypothesis: They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century.


Premise: Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?

Hypothesis: Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water.


Premise: At what age does self-consciousness in general peak?

Hypothesis: It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection, self-consciousness, and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism).


Premise: how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?

Hypothesis: This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies.


Premise: Which system is BYU part of?

Hypothesis: This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939.


Premise: What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?

Hypothesis: Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends.


Premise: How many times was Swansea bombed heavily?

Hypothesis: In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily.


Premise: one voice records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1989?

Hypothesis: The record shot up to Number Five on the Billboard Club Chart, marking it as the first House record by a white artist to chart in the U.S. Dada Nada, the moniker for Ozn's solo act, released in 1990, what has become a classic example of jazz-based Deep House, the Frankie Knuckles and David Morales remix of Dada Nada's "Deep Love" (One Voice Records/US, Polydor/UK), featuring Ozn's lush, crooning vocals and muted trumpet improvisational solos, underscoring Deep House's progression into a genre that integrated jazz and pop songwriting structures – a feature which continued to set it apart from Acid House and Techno.


Premise: What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?

Hypothesis: The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.


Premise: Which rail station is Melbourne's busiest?

Hypothesis: Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926.


Premise: What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music?

Hypothesis: The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music's original creators "were inspired by the love of their city, with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world".


Premise: What is an example of a solar distillation design?

Hypothesis: A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas.


Premise: When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?

Hypothesis: Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America."


Premise: How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles?

Hypothesis: Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops.


Premise: What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?

Hypothesis: A similar strategy is adopted by the greater noctule bat, which preys on nocturnal passerine migrants.


Premise: What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?

Hypothesis: She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.


Premise: Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?

Hypothesis: The food molecules are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria


Premise: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?

Hypothesis: The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions.


Premise: Who was included in the Coloured group?

Hypothesis: The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape).


Premise: What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?

Hypothesis: After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow.


Premise: In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?

Hypothesis: This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.


Premise: From what mountain range does New York's drinking water come from?

Hypothesis: As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.


Premise: What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by?

Hypothesis: Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test.


Premise: Who won this season of Idol?

Hypothesis: Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez.


Premise: When was the Edwards Campus built?

Hypothesis: About 2,100 students attend the Edwards Campus, with an average age of 32.


Premise: What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?

Hypothesis: Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.


Premise: In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?

Hypothesis: While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide.


Premise: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?

Hypothesis: E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.


Premise: What kind of garden is The Great Garden?

Hypothesis: The Great Garden is an important European baroque garden.


Premise: What edicts did the Ming issue?

Hypothesis: Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court.


Premise: What material delivers optimum dimensional stability?

Hypothesis: Thermal expansion is an important consideration especially with ball grid array (BGA) and naked die technologies, and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability.


Premise: When did Japan invade Manchuria?

Hypothesis: In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II).


Premise: Name a private business school located in Ann arbor.

Hypothesis: Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution; a campus of the University of Phoenix; and Cleary University, a private business school.


Premise: What was the final Famicom game released in North America?

Hypothesis: Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the Super Famicom (named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan), the Famicom remained the second highest-selling video game console in Japan, outselling the newer and more powerful NEC PC Engine and Sega Mega Drive by a wide margin.


Premise: What songs does the trumpet section of the Band of the Fighting Irish play preceding home football games?

Hypothesis: This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday.


Premise: On what day did West release his second fashion line?

Hypothesis: The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his "much improved" sophomore effort.


Premise: The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?

Hypothesis: The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession.


Premise: What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?

Hypothesis: The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts.


Premise: What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?

Hypothesis: The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.


Premise: Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?

Hypothesis: Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds.


Premise: At which group did Therapsids end with?

Hypothesis: Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates.


Premise: Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?

Hypothesis: David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and documented.


Premise: In what year did News International begin producing The Times in both broadsheet in tabloid sizes?

Hypothesis: Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.


Premise: What was discovered in long term studies?

Hypothesis: Animal trials showed very good inhibitory effect as in clinical trials, however a long term study in dogs found toxic effects at higher doses and as a result mevastatin was believed to be too toxic for human use.


Premise: What era saw an increase in metal tool use?

Hypothesis: Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution".


Premise: What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?

Hypothesis: Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.


Premise: What is the basis for this plan?

Hypothesis: The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget.


Premise: Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season?

Hypothesis: Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him.


Premise: What did CBC air during the NHL lockout?

Hypothesis: During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season, CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies, branded as Movie Night in Canada, on Saturday nights.


Premise: How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?

Hypothesis: Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF).


Premise: What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?

Hypothesis: The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.


Premise: How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto?

Hypothesis: In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland.


Premise: What did the Treaty of Rome establish?

Hypothesis: In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth.


Premise: Who was Otzi the Iceman?

Hypothesis: In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier.


Premise: Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?

Hypothesis: The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means.


Premise: When was Palma born?

Hypothesis: Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life.


Premise: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?

Hypothesis: These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels.


Premise: What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?

Hypothesis: MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability.


Premise: What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?

Hypothesis: Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London.


Premise: What group was Nigeria a founding member of?

Hypothesis: Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole.


Premise: When were recording standards officially released?

Hypothesis: A number of 78 rpm record producers as well as early LP makers also cut their records to the NAB/NARTB lateral standard.


Premise: What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?

Hypothesis: The mixture of saliva and food then travels through the salivary tubes into the mouth, where it begins to break down.


Premise: What is the arid measurement in Namibia?

Hypothesis: Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, Warmbad for instance, are mid-40 °C maxima recorded.


Premise: When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?

Hypothesis: After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes.


Premise: What is the largest mall in the carolinas?

Hypothesis: North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices.


Premise: When was the Premier League established?

Hypothesis: They are one of seven teams to have played all 22 seasons of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 – the others being Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur.


Premise: When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?

Hypothesis: Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them.


Premise: What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?

Hypothesis: On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change.


Premise: How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?

Hypothesis: Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation needed]


Premise: What are Jehovah Witnesses allowed to accept at their discretion?

Hypothesis: The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept.


Premise: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?

Hypothesis: October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing.


Premise: Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?

Hypothesis: Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened.


Premise: What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts?

Hypothesis: The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway.


Premise: How many people died as a result of the fighting betwen Armenia and Azerbaijan?

Hypothesis: By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.


Premise: What has no electric charge?

Hypothesis: The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely "filled" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.


Premise: Besides installation cost, why are private flush toilets too expensive for most residents in Namibia?

Hypothesis: Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in townships due to their water consumption and installation cost.


Premise: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?

Hypothesis: Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant.


Premise: How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?

Hypothesis: The relay, also called by the organizers as the "Journey of Harmony", lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi


Premise: What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?

Hypothesis: With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...".


Premise: What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?

Hypothesis: If the Premier League has one of the three highest Fair Play rankings in Europe, the highest ranked team in the Premier League Fair Play standings which has not already qualified for Europe will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round.


Premise: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?

Hypothesis: As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis.


Premise: What did this new law require?

Hypothesis: The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective.


Premise: What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races?

Hypothesis: This is not surprising since the selective forces of climate are probably the primary forces of nature that have shaped human races with regard not only to skin color and hair form but also the underlying bony structures of the nose, cheekbones, etc.


Premise: What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?

Hypothesis: Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations.


Premise: Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?

Hypothesis: Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.


Premise: What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?"

Hypothesis: (literally "Can you your pen not find?"


Premise: What are the types of international duties of the PR mission?

Hypothesis: It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and return those personnel to duty.


Premise: What were the two western towers built from?

Hypothesis: Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble.


Premise: When was the Republic of China founded?

Hypothesis: The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital.


Premise: If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?

Hypothesis: In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper.


Premise: When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?

Hypothesis: By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves.


Premise: Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?

Hypothesis: Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged.


Premise: What museum has a branch at the Santa Fe Depot?

Hypothesis: The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD) is located in La Jolla and has a branch located at the Santa Fe Depot downtown.


Premise: When was the last time royal assent was enacted?

Hypothesis: The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland.


Premise: What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind?

Hypothesis: Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music, dub production techniques and the avant-garde, while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature.


Premise: What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth?

Hypothesis: Heliocentric theories were also discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Al-Biruni, Al-Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī.


Premise: What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?

Hypothesis: Cara Cusumano, director of the Tribeca Film Festival, stated in April 2014: "Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy – people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it".


Premise: What percentage of people in Greece had never used the Internet as of 2013?

Hypothesis: Greece has tended to lag behind its European Union partners in terms of Internet use, with the gap closing rapidly in recent years.


Premise: When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?

Hypothesis: Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness".


Premise: Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?

Hypothesis: Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God.


Premise: What organization does Jay Cross belong to?

Hypothesis: The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur.


Premise: What year were the expulsions from England?

Hypothesis: Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.


Premise: What district is Midtown north of?

Hypothesis: Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district.


Premise: What were many post-punk artists originally inspired by?

Hypothesis: Many of these artists, initially inspired by punk's DIY ethic and energy, ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement, feeling that it had fallen into commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody.


Premise: Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?

Hypothesis: Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia.


Premise: What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?

Hypothesis: These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it.


Premise: What identifier allows a player to activate a PlayStation 3?

Hypothesis: PlayStation 3 also limits the transfer of copy protected videos downloaded from its store to other machines and states that copy protected video "may not restore correctly" following certain actions after making a backup such as downloading a new copy protected movie.


Premise: Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?

Hypothesis: During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town.


Premise: Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events  on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?

Hypothesis: For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents.


Premise: During what years was the Duke of Wellington at Eton?

Hypothesis: The Duke of Wellington is often incorrectly quoted as saying that "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton".


Premise: In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?

Hypothesis: The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French.


Premise: Athanasius began his leading role at what age?

Hypothesis: Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria.


Premise: What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?

Hypothesis: If the metals remain soluble when solid, the alloy forms a solid solution, becoming a homogeneous structure consisting of identical crystals, called a phase.


Premise: What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?

Hypothesis: Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan.


Premise: Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war?

Hypothesis: The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861.


Premise: Who was appointed justiciar?

Hypothesis: For some the appointment of Peter des Roches as justiciar was an important factor, as he was considered an "abrasive foreigner" by many of the barons.


Premise: What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?

Hypothesis: In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent.


Premise: Which district has the farmers market in the city?

Hypothesis: The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor.


Premise: In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?

Hypothesis: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.


Premise: Which Chinese suffix means "area, district, region, ward"?

Hypothesis: The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, 区 qū, which means "area, district, region, ward".


Premise: What siblings did Nasser have?

Hypothesis: Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt.


Premise: Between what years did cubism begin?

Hypothesis: Cubism began between 1907 and 1911.


Premise: What group of buildings opened in 1977?

Hypothesis: This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown.


Premise: What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?

Hypothesis: However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system.


Premise: What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?

Hypothesis: During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea, sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea.


Premise: What is Ajima the deity of?

Hypothesis: Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex.


Premise: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?

Hypothesis: In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.


Premise: What Sea borders Egypt to the east?

Hypothesis: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.


Premise: What is the toughest footrace around the world?

Hypothesis: Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon.


Premise: What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?

Hypothesis: It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market.


Premise: How was Sanskrit originally used?

Hypothesis: Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term "Sanskrit" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking.


Premise: While Knickebein was used my most German crews who used the X-Gerat system?

Hypothesis: While Knickebein was used by German crews en masse, X-Gerät use was limited to specially trained pathfinder crews.


Premise: What does MANPADS mean?

Hypothesis: Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired.


Premise: What was the original plan for the Xiang Army?

Hypothesis: Being a classically educated official, he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang, who, because of the weakness of regular Ming troops, had decided to form his own "private" army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century.


Premise: What can regarded as the study of symmetry?

Hypothesis: Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects—be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions.


Premise: What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"?

Hypothesis: The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),[citation needed]; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).[citation needed]


Premise: What's a rough translation of "pardos"?

Hypothesis: Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories.


Premise: Which Swiss motorcycle racer won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category?

Hypothesis: Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category.


Premise: What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?

Hypothesis: Because God is conceived as not being a corporeal being, God cannot(some say should not) be portrayed in a literal visual image; some religious groups use a man (sometimes old and bearded) to symbolize God because of His deed of creating man's mind in the image of His own.


Premise: How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?

Hypothesis: Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics.


Premise: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?

Hypothesis: Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money.


Premise: During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?

Hypothesis: Police later discovered that the shots were blanks.


Premise: What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?

Hypothesis: In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements.


Premise: When did they migrate to Israel?

Hypothesis: In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona.


Premise: Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?

Hypothesis: Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying "I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out.


Premise: How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?

Hypothesis: Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family.


Premise: What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

Hypothesis: Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial.


Premise: What designation does the Globalization and World Cities Study Group give Houston?

Hypothesis: The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration.


Premise: Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?

Hypothesis: Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie complète, ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain (1746).


Premise: A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what?

Hypothesis: Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented.


Premise: When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open?

Hypothesis: This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store.


Premise: Which contestant suffered from ulcerative colitis?

Hypothesis: One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fiancée received widespread coverage.


Premise: How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?

Hypothesis: William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange.


Premise: What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?

Hypothesis: Again, they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will, which is all that God regards".


Premise: What led to overpopulation in China?

Hypothesis: Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend.


Premise: Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?

Hypothesis: It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty.


Premise: On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe?

Hypothesis: " When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: "Oh God! ...


Premise: What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?

Hypothesis: Arne Grøn calls this doctrine "the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism", while Simone Klein calls Plato "the earliest representative of metaphysical objective idealism".


Premise: What place did the game take in Nintendo's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time?

Hypothesis: Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade.


Premise: In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time?

Hypothesis: As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only.


Premise: What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?

Hypothesis: Philips' preferred name for the format was "VLP", after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat ("Video long-play disc"), which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play.


Premise: Are there many product available from farm cultivation on the Greek lands ?

Hypothesis: The sea and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture.


Premise: What property of T cells caused modification of CST?

Hypothesis: On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response.


Premise: How many people attended the Monet exhibit?

Hypothesis: Unlike most prominent public museums, the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds.


Premise: In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?

Hypothesis: The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968.


Premise: A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?

Hypothesis: The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]


Premise: What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?

Hypothesis: The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans.


Premise: Besides Georgia, what other state primary did Edwards win?

Hypothesis: Edwards finished only slightly behind Kerry in Georgia, but, failing to win a single state other than South Carolina, chose to withdraw from the presidential race.


Premise: Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?

Hypothesis: Graduate students are able to pursue an MBA either full-time or part-time.


Premise: What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?

Hypothesis: A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state.


Premise: What had Darwin wanted to name his book?

Hypothesis: Darwin had initially decided to call his book


Premise: What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?

Hypothesis: According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled.


Premise: Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?

Hypothesis: In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration.


Premise: What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?

Hypothesis: While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences.


Premise: About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago?

Hypothesis: An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota some ten years ago and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America.


Premise: What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?

Hypothesis: Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere.


Premise: What nationality were the rock groups that influenced Queen?

Hypothesis: Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s, such as the Beatles, the Kinks, Cream, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, the Who, Black Sabbath, Slade, Deep Purple, David Bowie, Genesis and Yes, in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin.


Premise: What aircraft was hijacked?

Hypothesis: Lieutenant General Timothy Maude was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon, and the most senior U.S. Army officer killed by foreign action since the death of Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckner, Jr. on June 18, 1945, in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II.


Premise: What is the model for luxury Parisian restaurants?

Hypothesis: A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants.


Premise: What does the term NATO represent?

Hypothesis: There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union.


Premise: Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?

Hypothesis: Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned."


Premise: What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?

Hypothesis: On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic.


Premise: What is the new name of the Tucson Sidewinders?

Hypothesis: They now compete as the Reno Aces.


Premise: What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?

Hypothesis: Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland.


Premise: What areas do at-large council members represent?

Hypothesis: At-large council members represent the entire city.


Premise: What is a cladogram?

Hypothesis: " That is, if two witnesses have a number of errors in common, it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source, called a hyparchetype.


Premise: What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?

Hypothesis: A predator who has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species as well.


Premise: What did biology textbooks drop altogether?

Hypothesis: In contrast, biology textbooks did not undergo such a reversal but many instead dropped their discussion of race altogether.


Premise: What artist did Kanye West lose "Best New Artist" to at the 2004 AMAs?

Hypothesis: At the American Music Awards of 2004, West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson.


Premise: In 2012-3, what number of people saw a show on Broadway?

Hypothesis: Attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.


Premise: For how many years did the socialists governed the region?

Hypothesis: The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years.


Premise: Who argued that the Quran inspired the first practitioners of the scientific method we use today?

Hypothesis: Mohammad Hashim Kamali has the stated that "scientific observation, experimental knowledge and rationality" are the primary tools with which humanity can achieve the goals laid out for it in the Quran.


Premise: All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?

Hypothesis: All Latin characters required by Pe̍h-ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters.


Premise: What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?

Hypothesis: The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries.


Premise: What was the correction due to?

Hypothesis: The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church.


Premise: When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?

Hypothesis: In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).


Premise: What story was written by Child in 1842?

Hypothesis: The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization.


Premise: In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times?

Hypothesis: In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was—and still is—frowned upon.


Premise: The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?

Hypothesis: While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing.


Premise: What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?

Hypothesis: The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as "superstition" was in fact aimed at excessive religio.


Premise: What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?

Hypothesis: The upper (Cretaceous) boundary is set at the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) extinction event (now more accurately called the Cretaceous–Paleogene (or K–Pg) extinction event), which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula.


Premise: The Interchurch Center is the start of which street?

Hypothesis: It begins on Riverside Drive at the Interchurch Center.


Premise: What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?

Hypothesis: According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics.


Premise: The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?

Hypothesis: Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man.


Premise: What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature?

Hypothesis: Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature, changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course.


Premise: A popular 70s rock band group once played in New Haven, which result in an accident with one of it member, the man name was?

Hypothesis: " This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert.[citation needed]


Premise: When did President Reagan withdraw marines from Lebanon?

Hypothesis: Subsequently the US Navy engaged in bombing of militia positions inside Lebanon.


Premise: What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?

Hypothesis: These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.


Premise: Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?

Hypothesis: Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.


Premise: Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?

Hypothesis: The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years.


Premise: What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion?

Hypothesis: In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten.


Premise: What area is under sea level?

Hypothesis: It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level.


Premise: Where did the factories of Mexico City move to most commonly?

Hypothesis: This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico, or more commonly to the northern border.


Premise: When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?

Hypothesis: During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued.


Premise: Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?

Hypothesis: Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.


Premise: Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?

Hypothesis: Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory.


Premise: Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?

Hypothesis: Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous.


Premise: What Country borders CAR in the West?

Hypothesis: It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south and Cameroon to the west.


Premise: What are the two categories of public funding?

Hypothesis: There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies.


Premise: When did the High Court of Malawi gave the right for Madonna to adopt her second son?

Hypothesis: Madonna appealed, and on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Malawi granted Madonna the right to adopt Mercy James.


Premise: What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006?

Hypothesis: On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3.


Premise: Whose real story is 'Awakenings' based on?

Hypothesis: Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa.


Premise: When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?

Hypothesis: When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.


Premise: How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?

Hypothesis: Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.


Premise: What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?

Hypothesis: The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement.


Premise: What percentage of the population was 65 or older?

Hypothesis: According to the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects, Guinea-Bissau's population was 1,515,000 in 2010, compared to 518,000 in 1950.


Premise: What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?

Hypothesis: John von Neumann (/vɒn


Premise: What does the name zinc or zinke mean?

Hypothesis: The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth).


Premise: What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions.


Premise: What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation?

Hypothesis: It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of movement, official corruption, and restrictions on workers' rights.


Premise: How many Finnish people lost their homes?

Hypothesis: Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia (10% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes.


Premise: What was William Cookworthy's profession?

Hypothesis: As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse.


Premise: What modern religion sometimes uses Old English?

Hypothesis: A number of websites devoted to Neo-Paganism and Historical re-enactment offer reference material and forums promoting the active use of Old English.


Premise: Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?

Hypothesis: Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.


Premise: Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol?

Hypothesis: Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that "Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him."


Premise: Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?

Hypothesis: The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.


Premise: What branch of law did Rome lack?

Hypothesis: Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold.


Premise: What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?

Hypothesis: Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top).


Premise: What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?

Hypothesis: West had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album The College Dropout for the background vocals of "Jesus Walks" and "Never Let Me Down."


Premise: What was Ibn Tufail's religion?

Hypothesis: The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.


Premise: Where was Washington University located?

Hypothesis: Later the university divided into three departments: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute.


Premise: What does the "NCD" in "NCD files" mean?

Hypothesis: Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear the traces.


Premise: Who was the father of Osman I?

Hypothesis: One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258–1326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived.


Premise: In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle?

Hypothesis: In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple (r. 898–922) to settle in what became Normandy.[Q]


Premise: What percentage of the population in 2011 were millenials?

Hypothesis: As of 2011[update] the median age was 35.6; more than a quarter of residents were under age 20 and 11% were over age 65.


Premise: When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?

Hypothesis: In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency.


Premise: What instrument did Marsyas know how to play?

Hypothesis: As Apollo played the lyre, this was easy to do.


Premise: When did Armenia and Turkey initiate an attempt to reopen their border?

Hypothesis: Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period".


Premise: On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?

Hypothesis: The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776.


Premise: What can happen to vaginal flora?

Hypothesis: Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient.


Premise: What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems?

Hypothesis: These and other communitarians (such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell) argue that, contra liberalism, communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus.


Premise: What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?

Hypothesis: Additionally, only meeting the minimum standards on each one of these tests will not get you a passing score of 75%, and failing any one component will result in a failure for the entire test.


Premise: About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?

Hypothesis: Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.


Premise: What two areas was Korea divided into?

Hypothesis: Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops".


Premise: What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes?

Hypothesis: However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid.


Premise: What county in England was named after Hampton?

Hypothesis: It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name.


Premise: What happened to airfields?

Hypothesis: A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941.


Premise: On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?

Hypothesis: This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla.


Premise: What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?

Hypothesis: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water.


Premise: What does this result in?

Hypothesis: Thus signals near the design frequency will continue to create a standing wave pattern.


Premise: What influences popular music in Cyprus?

Hypothesis: Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek Laïka scene; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel.


Premise: How did Burke say we look towards nobility?

Hypothesis: Because when such ideas are brought before our minds, it is natural to be so affected".


Premise: What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?

Hypothesis: Owing to political and national associations with the word British, the Government of Ireland does not use the term British Isles and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as "these islands".


Premise: Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?

Hypothesis: Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life.


Premise: The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?

Hypothesis: Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped suppress black voting.


Premise: When did Ferdinand II die?

Hypothesis: For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date.


Premise: What type of dogs are Shar Peis?

Hypothesis: These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or "hunting"-type).


Premise: How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?

Hypothesis: American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war.


Premise: What is the more popular name of Lindbergh Field?

Hypothesis: It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States.


Premise: Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?

Hypothesis: Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat.


Premise: What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012?

Hypothesis: In 2012, resident foreigners made up 23.3% of the population.


Premise: Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?

Hypothesis: In the Armory show Pablo Picasso exhibited La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910), the sculpture Head of a Woman (Fernande) (1909–10), Les Arbres (1907) amongst other cubist works.


Premise: When was the Barcelona team become Spanish football champions for the 22nd time?

Hypothesis: Ultimately Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2–1 to them at the beginning of March.


Premise: How many dialects are in the eastern group?

Hypothesis: Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese.


Premise: What type of art is being promoted by art institutions in Cyprus?

Hypothesis: One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre.


Premise: What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?

Hypothesis: Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition, for example, by including alternative readings in their margins, demonstrating that more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one.


Premise: When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?

Hypothesis: The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823.


Premise: What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?

Hypothesis: From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year.


Premise: What was James Broadwood's occupation?

Hypothesis: In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood.


Premise: In what year did Muhammad bin Tughluq succeed the Delhi sultanate?

Hypothesis: Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347


Premise: What is South Africa's ranking?

Hypothesis: All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa.


Premise: What marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?

Hypothesis: The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana; Classical Latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire.


Premise: What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?

Hypothesis: The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters ⟨j⟩ and ⟨w⟩, and there was no ⟨v⟩ as distinct from ⟨u⟩; moreover native Old English spellings did not use ⟨k⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨z⟩.


Premise: Hogarth makes no mention of what?

Hypothesis: Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics.


Premise: What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor?

Hypothesis: 35.5% of households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.


Premise: What was Florida's GDP in 2010

Hypothesis: Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States.


Premise: Who built the new wing?

Hypothesis: By 1847, the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family, and consequently the new wing, designed by Edward Blore, was built by Thomas Cubitt, enclosing the central quadrangle.


Premise: Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?

Hypothesis: Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River."


Premise: What does traffic elevate

Hypothesis: Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants.


Premise: Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?

Hypothesis: In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2).


Premise: Other than the Jewish Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?

Hypothesis: Seminary Row also runs by the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, Sakura Park, Grant's Tomb, and Morningside Park.


Premise: Who was Genghis Khan's successor?

Hypothesis: However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) launched an invasion into Tibet.


Premise: How many MP did they get in the election in 1924?

Hypothesis: The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade.


Premise: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?

Hypothesis: The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species.


Premise: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?

Hypothesis: The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.


Premise: Do listing notices cross international soil?

Hypothesis: Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area.


Premise: A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?

Hypothesis: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum.


Premise: What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?

Hypothesis: Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods.


Premise: What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence?

Hypothesis: Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly.


Premise: What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?

Hypothesis: The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm.


Premise: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?

Hypothesis: As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft.


Premise: Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?

Hypothesis: This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant.


Premise: What concept does the government currently support for education?

Hypothesis: Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills.


Premise: How many people died on the General Slocum?

Hypothesis: In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.


Premise: What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series?

Hypothesis: The annual MLB All-Star Game, played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams, was long considered an exhibition match, but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series.


Premise: In terms of capacity how big was the new constructed New Haven Athletic Center?

Hypothesis: The NHAC, built adjacent to Hillhouse High School, is used for New Haven public schools athletics, as well as large-scale area and state sporting events; it is the largest high school indoor sports complex in the state.


Premise: When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?

Hypothesis: There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.


Premise: When was Basel II adopted?

Hypothesis: Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008.


Premise: In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?

Hypothesis: Nagumo was again in tactical command but was focused on the invasion of Midway; Yamamoto's complex plan had no provision for intervention by Nimitz before the Japanese expected him.


Premise: How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?

Hypothesis: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials with public health benefits," which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys.


Premise: What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?

Hypothesis: In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States.


Premise: Who is the head of Spectre?

Hypothesis: Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser.


Premise: Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?

Hypothesis: Modernism (1890–1930) marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody, instrumentation, and structure.


Premise: Who was critical of John's performance as king?

Hypothesis: Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general".


Premise: What restriction does W-VHS recordings have?

Hypothesis: HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS (Digital-VHS or Data-VHS), W-VHS (analog only), to an HDTV-capable digital video recorder (for example DirecTV's high-definition Digital video recorder, Sky HD's set-top box, Dish Network's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers, or TiVo's Series 3 or HD recorders), or an HDTV-ready HTPC.


Premise: What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia?

Hypothesis: The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels.


Premise: What is the railway that runs South to North called?

Hypothesis: Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River, an east-west water transport artery, and Nanjing–Beijing railway, a south-north land transport artery,


Premise: What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa?

Hypothesis: As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed, "Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous".