Premise: At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?

Hypothesis: The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop, and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop.


Premise: Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize with who in 1966?

Hypothesis: In 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs.


Premise: The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?

Hypothesis: The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814).


Premise: When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?

Hypothesis: Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567.


Premise: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?

Hypothesis: Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university.


Premise: Who was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constitutent Assembly on November 29, 1945?

Hypothesis: On 7 March 1945, the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija, DFY) was assembled in Belgrade by Josip Broz Tito, while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy.


Premise: Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?

Hypothesis: Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul.


Premise: What pro team has FC Ararat beaten?

Hypothesis: During Soviet rule, Armenian athletes rose to prominence winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions.


Premise: What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life?

Hypothesis: As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.


Premise: What is the thalamus a part of?

Hypothesis: Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing.


Premise: How long can it take to create a DBMS?

Hypothesis: A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a]


Premise: What do auxins do?

Hypothesis: Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity, and concluded "It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . .


Premise: What flew by Neptune in 1989?

Hypothesis: Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989.


Premise: The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship of whom?

Hypothesis: The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of Black African descent.


Premise: Along with interferon-y release essays, what other tests aren't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries?

Hypothesis: Interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world.


Premise: What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?

Hypothesis: Semi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it.


Premise: Who was the first documented coronation?

Hypothesis: A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him.


Premise: How many viewers watched on average this season?

Hypothesis: The loss of viewers continued into season 12, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18-49 demo.


Premise: What visiting king died in China in 1408?

Hypothesis: The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.


Premise: How many total CDs has Kanye West released in his career so far?

Hypothesis: He went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque-inflected Late Registration (2005), the arena-inspired Graduation (2007), and the starkly polarizing 808s & Heartbreak (2008).


Premise: During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?

Hypothesis: Gautama thus invented a new kind of human, one without egotism.[dubious – discuss]


Premise: When did Yugoslavia change its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?

Hypothesis: On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.


Premise: Who won the Franco-Prussian War?

Hypothesis: It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein.


Premise: What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?

Hypothesis: The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason.


Premise: What is kampong

Hypothesis: Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club:


Premise: Why was Plymouth targeted the most?

Hypothesis: Plymouth in particular, because of its vulnerable position on the south coast and close proximity to German air bases, was subjected to the heaviest attacks.


Premise: Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?

Hypothesis: In 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS – a Protestant congregationalist missionary society – arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu.


Premise: Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?

Hypothesis: Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories.


Premise: What year did the First Opium War end?

Hypothesis: It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces.


Premise: How is cognitive autonomy defined?

Hypothesis: Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation.


Premise: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?

Hypothesis: Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.


Premise: How many living East Slavic languages are there?

Hypothesis: Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the three living members of the East Slavic languages.


Premise: What is the term used in spain for prime minister?

Hypothesis: In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government".


Premise: What is the use of a transistor?

Hypothesis: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.


Premise: What is the Irish term for prime minister?


Premise: Where was the start point for the relay?

Hypothesis: By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were "lynching" everyone who was disagreeing with them.


Premise: People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what?

Hypothesis: People referred to raids as if they were weather, stating that a day was "very blitzy".:75,261


Premise: Who won at Balakot?

Hypothesis: In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result.


Premise: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ?

Hypothesis: Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan.


Premise: When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service?

Hypothesis: Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012, and Phase II in 2013.


Premise: To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?

Hypothesis: The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful.


Premise: What area in Hyderabad contains the Hyderabad Airport?

Hypothesis: The "Cyberabad" area in the southwest and west of the city has grown rapidly since the 1990s.


Premise: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?

Hypothesis: They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public.


Premise: When was 808s & Heartbreaks released?

Hypothesis: While it was criticized prior to release, 808s & Heartbreak had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions.


Premise: Which interstate highway running north-south passes through Memphis?

Hypothesis: Interstate 65 crosses the state through Nashville, while Interstate 75 serves Chattanooga and Knoxville and Interstate 55 serves Memphis.


Premise: The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?

Hypothesis: During the next couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.


Premise: Which coast is Miami located on?

Hypothesis: Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County.


Premise: What new use was found for Roman temples?

Hypothesis: Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities, the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity.


Premise: What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?

Hypothesis: Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288.


Premise: What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?

Hypothesis: The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight (Cryphonectaria parasitica), but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots, which are not killed by the fungus.


Premise: Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from?

Hypothesis: On 8 June 1856, the next settlement began on Norfolk Island.


Premise: What Martial Arts can be found within Cork?

Hypothesis: There are also inline roller sports, such as hockey and figure skating, which transfer to the ice over the winter season.[citation needed]


Premise: What was the average family size?

Hypothesis: The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons, and the average family size was 2.97 persons.


Premise: In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?

Hypothesis: According to Boghdadi's memoirs, Nasser described the Egyptian Army as "shattered" as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route.


Premise: For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?

Hypothesis: The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth.


Premise: Why were sanctions place on Liberian timber exports?

Hypothesis: These sanctions were lifted in 2006.


Premise: Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?

Hypothesis: The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation.


Premise: When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?

Hypothesis: The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law.


Premise: In what year did Everton lose the FA cup final to West Bromwich Albion?

Hypothesis: Everton again reached the final in 1968, but this time were unable to overcome West Bromwich Albion at Wembley.


Premise: What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?

Hypothesis: Samoa hosts one of seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) from Apia.


Premise: The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: Additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B.A. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees, respectively.


Premise: Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?

Hypothesis: The account given in Acts of the Apostles, which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days, appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke, which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension.


Premise: When was the next session scheduled?

Hypothesis: The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962.


Premise: About how small is the average bumble bee bat?

Hypothesis: Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.


Premise: Who founded the Imperial College London?

Hypothesis: It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute.


Premise: During and after the 80's, what helped a cappella music rise in popularity?

Hypothesis: A cappella music attained renewed prominence from the late 1980s onward, spurred by the success of Top 40 recordings by artists such as The Manhattan Transfer, Bobby McFerrin, Huey Lewis and the News, All-4-One,


Premise: What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?

Hypothesis: Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations.


Premise: Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?

Hypothesis: Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players.


Premise: When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?

Hypothesis: West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014 at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy.


Premise: Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?

Hypothesis: Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers.


Premise: What types of income are exempt from Tennessee state income tax?

Hypothesis: Tennessee imposes an inheritance tax on decedents' estates that exceed maximum single exemption limits ($1,000,000 for deaths in 2006 and thereafter).


Premise: Besides the PAIGC, what is the other major political party?

Hypothesis: He belonged to PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde), one of the two major political parties in Guinea-Bissau, along with the PRS (Party for Social Renewal).


Premise: What league do the new England patriots belong to?

Hypothesis: While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating.


Premise: What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?

Hypothesis: Louis’s goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests.


Premise: How many Polish people were used in labor camps?

Hypothesis: Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties.


Premise: What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?

Hypothesis: As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization".


Premise: In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico?

Hypothesis: Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish–American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917.


Premise: What organization governs the Samoan rugby team?

Hypothesis: Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations.


Premise: What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on?

Hypothesis: In Mali the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour).


Premise: Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?

Hypothesis: The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.


Premise: Where do tubenosed birds breed?

Hypothesis: Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter.


Premise: Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?

Hypothesis: Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures.


Premise: When did Leonid Brezhnev die?

Hypothesis: In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev.


Premise: What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?

Hypothesis: The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state.


Premise: Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?

Hypothesis: Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free."


Premise: In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim?

Hypothesis: As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil.


Premise: Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?

Hypothesis: Popular artists in the quiet storm format are Teena Marie, Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Lalah Hathaway, Vanessa L. Williams, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue among others.


Premise: How many kindergarten classes were there?

Hypothesis: During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern.


Premise: What idea did Noah Porter strike down?

Hypothesis: During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education.


Premise: What is the precedent for the "Second Hundred Year's War?

Hypothesis: The war has been described as the first "world war", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars.


Premise: What type of sails were first used during this era?

Hypothesis: Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed.


Premise: When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?

Hypothesis: The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II.


Premise: What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?

Hypothesis: Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth.


Premise: What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?

Hypothesis: The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city.


Premise: Boston was the location of many important events of what war?

Hypothesis: After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.


Premise: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?

Hypothesis: Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with.


Premise: How many records of sunspots are there?

Hypothesis: Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses.


Premise: What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?

Hypothesis: In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada.


Premise: Where was his second office at Caltech?

Hypothesis: While the bar lost the court case, it was allowed to remain open as a similar case was pending appeal.


Premise: Who owns the largest carriers in the world?

Hypothesis: As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies.


Premise: What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist?

Hypothesis: LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that "Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award".


Premise: What offices employ US transportation and Air force bases?

Hypothesis: The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively).


Premise: An area of 187th Street serves as the main shopping district for which neighborhood?

Hypothesis: West of there, it is mostly lined with store fronts and serves as a main shopping district for the Hudson Heights neighborhood.


Premise: How many adherents does Thervada have?

Hypothesis: According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents.


Premise: What is the percentage of asexuals?

Hypothesis: A small percentage of people are not sexually attracted to anyone (asexuality).


Premise: Who was an opponent of separation of powers?

Hypothesis: Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.


Premise: Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?

Hypothesis: In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen.


Premise: When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal?

Hypothesis: This was followed by an even greater triumph: their first League and FA Cup double in 1970–71.


Premise: Who assumed ownership of the Cubs after Hulbert died?

Hypothesis: Due to Anson's absence from the club after 22 years, local newspaper reporters started to refer to the Cubs as the "Orphans".


Premise: What is another name for the double-axe?

Hypothesis: His original name is unknown, but it seems that he was absorbed by the more popular Apollo, who stood by the virgin "Mistress of the Animals", becoming her brother.


Premise: What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?

Hypothesis: The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theater.


Premise: What became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction?

Hypothesis: The Hora circle dance introduced by early Jewish settlers was originally popular in the Kibbutzim and outlying communities.


Premise: The Hudson River flows into which body of water?

Hypothesis: Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.


Premise: What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?

Hypothesis: As such, early republican Rome was not an "empire" or "state" in the modern sense, but an alliance of independent city-states (similar to the Greek hegemonies of the same period) with varying degrees of genuine independence (which itself changed over time) engaged in an alliance of mutual self-protection, but led by Rome.


Premise: In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?

Hypothesis: Martin Goodman, a pulp magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books.


Premise: UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?

Hypothesis: In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.


Premise: What part of the automaton did Bell create?

Hypothesis: While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull.


Premise: What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities?

Hypothesis: Philipp Melanchthon cited the works of Erasmus as a highly influential guide for connecting theology back to original texts, which was important for the reform at Protestant universities.


Premise: From what country did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben come from?

Hypothesis: The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Continental Congress as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain, with George Washington appointed as its commander.


Premise: Through what can Link's reaction and mood can be discerned?

Hypothesis: There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most Zelda titles to date.


Premise: When the colors were first worn, what team did Barcelona play?

Hypothesis: The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900.


Premise: Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?

Hypothesis: Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other.


Premise: Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?

Hypothesis: The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress—it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years (Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi); and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD.


Premise: How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent?

Hypothesis: Such bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs, and are widely used where intense illumination is needed in a limited space.


Premise: Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?

Hypothesis: An increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline, which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries, as wealth flows to oil-producing states.


Premise: Whose name is on the gate-house fronting School Yard?

Hypothesis: Building resumed when Roger Lupton was Provost, around 1517.


Premise: When do caged birds change their preferential direction?

Hypothesis: Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature, changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course.


Premise: What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?

Hypothesis: The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive.


Premise: Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?

Hypothesis: As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums.


Premise: Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?

Hypothesis: Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital.


Premise: Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?

Hypothesis: Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that "A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ...


Premise: What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010?

Hypothesis: In 2010, the THES - QS World University Rankings positioned the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities in the world.


Premise: What was established when Australia was colonized?

Hypothesis: The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there.


Premise: What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?

Hypothesis: The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003.


Premise: When did Victoria ask Palmerston to resume his office?

Hypothesis: Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.


Premise: Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?

Hypothesis: CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau, except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have not been used since.


Premise: Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S.?

Hypothesis: In 1923, Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs, research grants, scholarships, and building maintenance.


Premise: Who demonstrated the first blue LED?

Hypothesis: The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN.


Premise: Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what?

Hypothesis: Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value ("time is money") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans.


Premise: What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?

Hypothesis: In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols.


Premise: What is found on the Start Screen?

Hypothesis: As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen.


Premise: How much does the new airport cost?

Hypothesis: Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year, which would make it the busiest airport in the world.


Premise: How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?

Hypothesis: Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period.


Premise: Are all species of algae similar?

Hypothesis: There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves.


Premise: Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to?

Hypothesis: Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin insisted on a return to Australia.


Premise: What is the name of the first air emergency service?

Hypothesis: It is where one of the first—and still the largest—air emergency service, Life Flight, was created, and a very successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed.


Premise: How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?

Hypothesis: It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs.


Premise: When did the freighter Nightingale run aground?

Hypothesis: On 16 March 2011, the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island, spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean, leaving an oil slick threatening the island's population of rockhopper penguins.


Premise: Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?

Hypothesis: From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions "Norsk Kunstnerkarneval" and "Karneval in Paris".


Premise: What type of government does Philadelphia have?

Hypothesis: The city uses the strong-mayor version of the mayor-council form of government, which is headed by one mayor, in whom executive authority is vested.


Premise: How many nanometres does red have?

Hypothesis: Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres.


Premise: What troops were uniquely successful in English service?

Hypothesis: The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success.


Premise: What Women's National Basketball Association team is based in New York?

Hypothesis: The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.


Premise: What percentage of the city's population is African-American?

Hypothesis: Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade.


Premise: What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis?

Hypothesis: It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and return those personnel to duty.


Premise: Who annexed Armenia?

Hypothesis: Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922.


Premise: When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?

Hypothesis: In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white.


Premise: The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?

Hypothesis: Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date.


Premise: What is a glass master?

Hypothesis: The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands).


Premise: What word means "to avert?"

Hypothesis: He was also called Agyieus (/əˈdʒaɪ.ᵻjuːs/ ə-GWEE-ews; Ἀγυιεύς, Aguīeus, from ἄγυια, "street") for his role in protecting roads and homes; and Nomius (/ˈnoʊmiəs/ NOH-mee-əs; Νόμιος, Nomios, literally "pastoral") and Nymphegetes (/nɪmˈfɛdʒᵻtiːz/ nim-FEJ-i-teez; Νυμφηγέτης, Numphēgetēs, from Νύμφη, "Nymph", and ἡγέτης, "leader") for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life.


Premise: What is called the "Cruise Capital of the World"?

Hypothesis: For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the "Cruise Capital of the World", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world.


Premise: Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?

Hypothesis: He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876.


Premise: For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?

Hypothesis: The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the Chinese government to "focus on the rescue and relief work" following the Sichuan earthquake.


Premise: What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era?

Hypothesis: Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's.


Premise: What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?

Hypothesis: The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%).


Premise: When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?

Hypothesis: This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981.


Premise: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?

Hypothesis: Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations.


Premise: How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?

Hypothesis: The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.


Premise: How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?

Hypothesis: The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species).


Premise: What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16?

Hypothesis: Early adopters tended to use UCS-2


Premise: What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers?

Hypothesis: It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia.


Premise: In what year did Kanye's biggest controversy so far take place?

Hypothesis: West's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy, and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards.


Premise: How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?

Hypothesis: Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn.


Premise: What were two drawback of early recordings?

Hypothesis: Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality.


Premise: How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking?

Hypothesis: Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak Wu, but the Wu dialects are very diverse, especially in the south, where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible to the next valley a few kilometers away.


Premise: By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?

Hypothesis: Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.


Premise: Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna's look?

Hypothesis: Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s.


Premise: What is the area of the home heated by a stove called?

Hypothesis: Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.


Premise: What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?

Hypothesis: Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith.


Premise: What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?

Hypothesis: Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th U.S. Army Group) and Devers (Sixth U.S. Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively).


Premise: In the fall of 2014, which school did 11.7% of undergraduates enroll in?

Hypothesis: The Kellogg School of Management's MBA, the School of Law's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment.


Premise: How many planets were the Sumerians aware of?

Hypothesis: They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye.


Premise: What power can help someone overcome sin?

Hypothesis: The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone).


Premise: How old are the Athabasca deposits?

Hypothesis: Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining.


Premise: Who wrote "Living Black?

Hypothesis: In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography.


Premise: Who was the director of Music of the Heart?

Hypothesis: She recorded the single "Beautiful Stranger" for the 1999 film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me.


Premise: How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?

Hypothesis: In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service.


Premise: Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?

Hypothesis: Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7.


Premise: Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?

Hypothesis: His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed]


Premise: On what fault did the earthquake occur?

Hypothesis: According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate.


Premise: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?

Hypothesis: Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed]


Premise: What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002?

Hypothesis: Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President Jiang Zemin in April 2002.


Premise: How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?

Hypothesis: In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings.


Premise: When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas?

Hypothesis: The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient.


Premise: In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?

Hypothesis: These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals.


Premise: What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?

Hypothesis: Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach.


Premise: What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?

Hypothesis: Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions.


Premise: What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums?

Hypothesis: The current depends on the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge.


Premise: Navicella means what in Italian?

Hypothesis: The great Navicella mosaic (1305–1313) in the atrium of the Old St. Peter's is attributed to Giotto di Bondone.


Premise: Who wrote the music used in the game's trailer and demo?

Hypothesis: Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game's title screen.


Premise: How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913?

Hypothesis: By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia.


Premise: What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?

Hypothesis: The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs.


Premise: Who led the congressional hearings?

Hypothesis: While momentum for new legislation temporarily flagged under extended debate, a new tragedy emerged that underscored the need for more comprehensive regulation and provided the driving force for the passage of new laws.


Premise: What types of stores have created even more competition?

Hypothesis: Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997).


Premise: What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851?

Hypothesis: Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances.


Premise: Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?

Hypothesis: But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience.


Premise: What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?

Hypothesis: In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life.


Premise: After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas.


Premise: What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?

Hypothesis: Later in 2013, West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live!


Premise: How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?

Hypothesis: Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines.


Premise: How is Selenizza shipped?

Hypothesis: It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants.


Premise: Which desert is Tuscon in?

Hypothesis: The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level.


Premise: What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?

Hypothesis: Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities.


Premise: How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?

Hypothesis: Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure.


Premise: What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?

Hypothesis: Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France, the Peasants' Revolt in England, and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders.


Premise: What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?

Hypothesis: Smart phones, tablet computers, smart watches, and other mobile devices such as Quantified Self devices like activity trackers have also become targets and many of these have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information.


Premise: Who maintains law and order?

Hypothesis: A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district.


Premise: What is the short term goal of open market operations?

Hypothesis: For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight.


Premise: What archaic name was mentioned in 878

Hypothesis: The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form "Sumursætum", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name.


Premise: Who was Banasur's murderer?

Hypothesis: Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water.


Premise: What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel?

Hypothesis: Nearby neighborhoods include Shockoe Bottom, the historically significant and low-lying area between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill, and Monroe Ward, which contains the Jefferson Hotel.


Premise: How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose?

Hypothesis: The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series.


Premise: Which older language is thought to strongly resemble that of the Quran?

Hypothesis: Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad, while Mary is mentioned in the Quran more than the New Testament.


Premise: What is another alternative for power for an external hard and optical disk drive?

Hypothesis: This is common for external hard and optical disc drives, and generally for devices with motors or lamps.


Premise: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?

Hypothesis: He argues that transnational police information circuits help to "compose the panic scenes of the security-control society".


Premise: The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?

Hypothesis: Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.


Premise: When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?

Hypothesis: In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing "race" began to subside.


Premise: What does Liquidmetal Technologies use for their alloys?

Hypothesis: Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys.


Premise: What caused Chernenko to leave office?

Hypothesis: His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures.


Premise: How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?

Hypothesis: As of 2014[update] nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.


Premise: What river is New York City located on?

Hypothesis: The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port.


Premise: Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?

Hypothesis: In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006–2012 period.


Premise: When did The First Samnite War end?

Hypothesis: Rome beat the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum, after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule.


Premise: What can the discomfort of MI feel like?

Hypothesis: The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn.


Premise: How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?

Hypothesis: The area remained under Persian control for two centuries.


Premise: What is appearance a poor indication of?

Hypothesis: That is, race referred preferentially to appearance, not heredity, and appearance is a poor indication of ancestry, because only a few genes are responsible for someone's skin color and traits: a person who is considered white may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered black, and the reverse can be also true about European ancestry.


Premise: What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant?

Hypothesis: During the finals, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.


Premise: What is Richmond's public university?

Hypothesis: The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education (private), and the Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond (BTSR—private).


Premise: When was the one-drop rule in effect?

Hypothesis: This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.


Premise: How many primary missions were included in the 2015 Review?

Hypothesis: The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included £178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities.


Premise: Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?

Hypothesis: On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism.


Premise: When it comes to translation, what is less commonly used today?

Hypothesis: Also, though heavily influenced by Western traditions and practiced by translators taught in Western-style educational systems, Chinese and related translation traditions retain some theories and philosophies unique to the Chinese tradition.


Premise: Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?

Hypothesis: It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.


Premise: What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?

Hypothesis: The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665.


Premise: December 17, 2010 was the day Kanye was nominated by MTV for what?

Hypothesis: On May 16, 2008, Kanye West was crowned by MTV as the year's No. 1 "Hottest MC in the Game."


Premise: Where are Urtica dioica found?

Hypothesis: Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps.


Premise: How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?

Hypothesis: The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"".


Premise: Which side is the Black Chronicles Headquarters?

Hypothesis: There are numerous community and international newspapers locally that cater to the city's ethnic mosaic; such as The Black Chronicle, headquartered in the Eastside, the OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times, located in Asia District, and various Hispanic community publications.


Premise: What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines?

Hypothesis: A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research.


Premise: What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?

Hypothesis: Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war.


Premise: Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?

Hypothesis: In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches.


Premise: What events created the Batavian Republic?

Hypothesis: The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic.


Premise: When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?

Hypothesis: The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide.


Premise: When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?

Hypothesis: Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic).


Premise: What was left mostly unharmed?

Hypothesis: Warehouses, rail lines and houses were destroyed and damaged, but the docks were largely untouched.


Premise: Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets?

Hypothesis: Consequently, girls who have a high-fat diet and who are not physically active begin menstruating earlier, on average, than girls whose diet contains less fat and whose activities involve fat reducing exercise (e.g. ballet and gymnastics).


Premise: Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s?

Hypothesis: Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority.


Premise: Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies?

Hypothesis: In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery.


Premise: What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?

Hypothesis: She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle.


Premise: Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?

Hypothesis: For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.


Premise: What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?

Hypothesis: Carefully drafting a combination of stylesheets, iframes, buttons and text boxes, a user can be led into believing that they are typing the password or other information on some authentic webpage while it is being channeled into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker.


Premise: Outside of an institute studying animals, what other institute did Cavanugh create at Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute.


Premise: What city has the most high-rise buildings in the world?

Hypothesis: As of 2011, New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet (100 m) high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m).


Premise: How many civilians were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?

Hypothesis: According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001.


Premise: Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?

Hypothesis: The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'.


Premise: Where the elections of 2010 conducted fairly in Burma?

Hypothesis: As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the "Union of Myanmar" to the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010.


Premise: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction?

Hypothesis: The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species.


Premise: When was 'Fuga dal Bronx' released?

Hypothesis: Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005.


Premise: When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department?

Hypothesis: The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed.


Premise: When was the The English Roses published?

Hypothesis: The book debuted at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.


Premise: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?

Hypothesis: According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires.


Premise: In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?

Hypothesis: In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829.


Premise: What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?

Hypothesis: The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord.


Premise: What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates?

Hypothesis: A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing.


Premise: Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?

Hypothesis: They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater.


Premise: Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?

Hypothesis: The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive.


Premise: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?

Hypothesis: The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI.


Premise: Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek?

Hypothesis: Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond.


Premise: What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family?

Hypothesis: During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, for example, members of his family were distinguished by garments with a small circular emblem on the back, whereas Han officials wore clothing with a square emblem.


Premise: How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?

Hypothesis: Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night.


Premise: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in the US?

Hypothesis: The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively.


Premise: What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?

Hypothesis: Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept, maintains that the modern concept, which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence, is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism.[citation needed]


Premise: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?

Hypothesis: In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity.


Premise: When was the first large solar distillation plant created?

Hypothesis: A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas.


Premise: How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion?

Hypothesis: Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful; Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.


Premise: How many civilians died in the attack?

Hypothesis: Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured.


Premise: Where are most of the television stations transmitters located?

Hypothesis: Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor.


Premise: Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in?

Hypothesis: U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.


Premise: How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?

Hypothesis: Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas.


Premise: When was an African American president elected?

Hypothesis: Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf.


Premise: A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?

Hypothesis: In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000.


Premise: How is the credit to households accomplished?

Hypothesis: This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes.


Premise: Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?

Hypothesis: Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms.


Premise: What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?

Hypothesis: If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb, or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation.


Premise: Who were the big four?

Hypothesis: During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".


Premise: How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?

Hypothesis: Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year and countries such as Japan, India, China, Italy, Russia, and the United States have established commercial Japanese quail farming industries.


Premise: Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions?

Hypothesis: In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays.


Premise: About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?

Hypothesis: As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls.


Premise: How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?

Hypothesis: Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge.


Premise: What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus?

Hypothesis: A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus.


Premise: Ottoman forces massacred which types of people?

Hypothesis: In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta.


Premise: Who founded the CSAD?

Hypothesis: One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain.


Premise: When was Government phonology first seen?

Hypothesis: That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations.


Premise: What are the stems used for in cacti?

Hypothesis: Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering.


Premise: What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?

Hypothesis: The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015).


Premise: Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?

Hypothesis: Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class.


Premise: When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?

Hypothesis: Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals.


Premise: In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students?

Hypothesis: al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them.


Premise: Who does an NPO usually serve?

Hypothesis: It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make.


Premise: What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?

Hypothesis: These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33 1⁄3 rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side.


Premise: What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?

Hypothesis: The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas.


Premise: From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come?

Hypothesis: The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana.


Premise: What video game featured Santa Monica in 2015?

Hypothesis: Santa Monica is featured in the video games True Crime: Streets of LA (2003), Vampire:


Premise: How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?

Hypothesis: west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park.


Premise: When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?

Hypothesis: Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe.


Premise: What can cause a large change in current in LEDs?

Hypothesis: If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small amount, the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED.


Premise: How many species have ever lived on earth?

Hypothesis: More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct.


Premise: According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?

Hypothesis: The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds.


Premise: What was the first European war to be photographed?

Hypothesis: The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first "live" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell.


Premise: Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?

Hypothesis: Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures.


Premise: What divided Asia on a similar basis?

Hypothesis: Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis.


Premise: In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?

Hypothesis: The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.


Premise: What does schlacht mean?

Hypothesis: Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings.


Premise: What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone?

Hypothesis: Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) lies 13.6 km (8.5 mi) east of Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China.


Premise: What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?

Hypothesis: The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen.


Premise: At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier?

Hypothesis: At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration.


Premise: What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?

Hypothesis: His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity.


Premise: What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?

Hypothesis: Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where suitable variations occurred, descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions.


Premise: During whose reign was Elizabeth born?

Hypothesis: She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother.


Premise: Who was the inspiration for Methodism?

Hypothesis: Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley—an Anglican priest and evangelist.


Premise: On what day of the week does the city council meet?

Hypothesis: Citizens in each of the nine districts elect one council representative each to serve a four-year term.


Premise: Where is Somali National Television located?

Hypothesis: The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster.


Premise: How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover?

Hypothesis: If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack.


Premise: Where is Calder Park Thunderdome?

Hypothesis: The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season.


Premise: What actor attended a torch celebration in China?

Hypothesis: The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan.


Premise: The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom?

Hypothesis: The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price.


Premise: Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?

Hypothesis: The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory.


Premise: Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?

Hypothesis: Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder.


Premise: When did Emperor Ming of Han's reign end?

Hypothesis: Liu Ying (d. 71 AD), a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han (r. 57–75 AD), was one of its earliest Chinese adherents, although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism.


Premise: In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?

Hypothesis: In fact, more than a third (34%) of teens visit their main social networking site several times a day.


Premise: When was the word 'samurahi' used?

Hypothesis: The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning.


Premise: When was the calling for a complete separation from church and state rejected by the majority of voters?

Hypothesis: The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants.


Premise: Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?

Hypothesis: A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed].


Premise: In what year did the Seattle Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup?

Hypothesis: Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup.


Premise: What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?

Hypothesis: Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war.


Premise: The movement included atomists such as what?

Hypothesis: At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads.


Premise: How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?

Hypothesis: The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea.


Premise: How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?

Hypothesis: Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer.


Premise: What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?

Hypothesis: In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.


Premise: Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?

Hypothesis: The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges.


Premise: What was the average family size in Atlantic City?

Hypothesis: 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.


Premise: What municipality serves as the capital of India?

Hypothesis: New Delhi (i/ˌnjuː ˈdɛli/) is a municipality and district in Delhi which serves as the capital and seat of government of India.


Premise: In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?

Hypothesis: The final Soviet name for the republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936.


Premise: Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?

Hypothesis: The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.


Premise: Who was Allan Loren?

Hypothesis: Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names.


Premise: Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?

Hypothesis: In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition).


Premise: Who stepped up after 2011?

Hypothesis: After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language.


Premise: Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?

Hypothesis: The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life.


Premise: What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?

Hypothesis: The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism.


Premise: What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?

Hypothesis: In both digital and film photography, the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality (via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types).


Premise: Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?

Hypothesis: Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture.


Premise: Who was one of the creators of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences?

Hypothesis: In 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music.


Premise: Where does Deloitte Football Money League rank Arsenal in the world football clubs?

Hypothesis: They put Arsenal's footballing revenue at £331.3m (€435.5m), ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs.


Premise: What is the population of Beer Sheva?

Hypothesis: Israeli government statistics on Jerusalem include the population and area of East Jerusalem, which is widely recognized as part of the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation.


Premise: How many air force wings are located across Canada?

Hypothesis: 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada.


Premise: Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files?

Hypothesis: Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson.


Premise: What term means cessation?

Hypothesis: Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: "Nibbāna") means "cessation", "extinction" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (saṃsāra)), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is also known as "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" in the West.


Premise: Which countries challenged Britain's economic lead by the start of the 20th century?

Hypothesis: Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire.


Premise: What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store?

Hypothesis: Balzac described their functioning in his novel César Birotteau.


Premise: Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?

Hypothesis: In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace.


Premise: How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?

Hypothesis: They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto, where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone.


Premise: Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood?

Hypothesis: The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions in the conifers.


Premise: What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?

Hypothesis: In 2002, Estonia hosted the event.


Premise: Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004?

Hypothesis: Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications.


Premise: What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city?

Hypothesis: The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races.


Premise: What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?

Hypothesis: Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces.


Premise: Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?

Hypothesis: Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.


Premise: How many copies did B'Day sell during the first week of its release?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day was released on September 5, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday.


Premise: How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?

Hypothesis: In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.


Premise: What term describes the vibrational lattice mode that turns to 0 frequency at the change?

Hypothesis: An example is ferroelectric materials, where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high-symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectic state, accompanied by a so-called soft phonon mode, a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition.


Premise: Whose incomes did public concerts help support?

Hypothesis: As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes.


Premise: What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?

Hypothesis: The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management.


Premise: The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what?

Hypothesis: Closest cities by road are Las Piedras to the north and the so-called Ciudad de la Costa (a conglomeration of coastal towns) to the east, both in the range of 20 to 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city center.


Premise: To whom was Marvel sold in 1968?

Hypothesis: Late that year he sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation, which continued to group them as the subsidiary Magazine Management Company, with Goodman remaining as publisher.


Premise: Why didn't Bermuda produce metal ships?

Hypothesis: This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda, as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion, for which it did not have raw materials.


Premise: Which group originally created the Soviet state?

Hypothesis: Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months.


Premise: What does the acronym NYPD stand for?

Hypothesis: Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest.


Premise: What is the Census definition not based on?

Hypothesis: The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological.


Premise: How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 2011?

Hypothesis: The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,[note 2] Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south.


Premise: What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?

Hypothesis: They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies.


Premise: The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?

Hypothesis: It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Charleston.


Premise: When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?

Hypothesis: In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi.


Premise: What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?

Hypothesis: Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (閩南方言普通話詞典) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers.


Premise: What is New York City's Gini Coefficient?

Hypothesis: New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan.


Premise: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?

Hypothesis: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal.


Premise: With Jay Z what were her new themes?

Hypothesis: She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts.


Premise: Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?

Hypothesis: Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless:


Premise: Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?

Hypothesis: Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.


Premise: Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?

Hypothesis: It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.


Premise: A proper magnates own what?

Hypothesis: He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.