Premise: What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?

Hypothesis: According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious.


Premise: What is its rank in popularion?

Hypothesis: Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States.


Premise: Who is he current Minority leader?

Hypothesis: The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader.


Premise: Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul?

Hypothesis: To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe, who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica.


Premise: How many genders does Catalan have?

Hypothesis: In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.


Premise: For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?

Hypothesis: American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades).


Premise: When was Morrisania created?

Hypothesis: The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York.


Premise: What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs?

Hypothesis: A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.


Premise: From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?

Hypothesis: With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK.


Premise: Who sculpted the Spirit of Detroit?

Hypothesis: The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.


Premise: What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?

Hypothesis: In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."


Premise: What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?

Hypothesis: In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived.


Premise: What were most szlachtas class?

Hypothesis: Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots).


Premise: Who were allies with the Khazars?

Hypothesis: The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs.


Premise: What was the designation of Nanjing?

Hypothesis: Because it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time.


Premise: What are the major organs of the immune system?

Hypothesis: Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system.


Premise: Why are different countries effected differently?

Hypothesis: Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent.


Premise: What does the term "concept material culture" cover?

Hypothesis: The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.


Premise: How many restaurants are there today in Paris?

Hypothesis: The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France.


Premise: When did India and Pakistan gain independence?

Hypothesis: After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948.


Premise: In the 1850s, the Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from what kind of press?

Hypothesis: The paper continued as more or less independent, but from the 1850s


Premise: How many child solders were released from the Burmese military in 2012 ?

Hypothesis: Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements.


Premise: What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?

Hypothesis: It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law.


Premise: What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?

Hypothesis: Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.


Premise: What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran?

Hypothesis: On 28 April 2015, the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz.


Premise: What is the current station called?

Hypothesis: The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013).


Premise: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?

Hypothesis: Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital.


Premise: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?

Hypothesis: Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers.


Premise: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?

Hypothesis: A new index was released on December 18, 2008.


Premise: How many Vice-Presidents serve under the President in Iran?

Hypothesis: Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of twenty-two ministers, who must all be approved by the legislature.


Premise: What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?

Hypothesis: Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America."


Premise: What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?

Hypothesis: John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.


Premise: Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?

Hypothesis: Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, "All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years."


Premise: Who wrote the story on Tulisa Contostavlos?

Hypothesis: The front page read: "Tulisa's cocaine deal shame"; this story was written by The Sun


Premise: What type of elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower?

Hypothesis: A bank of express elevators stop only on the sky lobby levels (36 and 60, upper-deck car), where tenants can transfer to "local" elevators.


Premise: What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter?

Hypothesis: By August, the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan in southeast Korea.


Premise: Going by 2004 calculations, how much does Southampton contribute to the region's economy each year?

Hypothesis: The vast majority of this is from the service sector, with the remainder coming from industry in the city.


Premise: 155th Street forms the boundary between Harlem and what other neighborhood?

Hypothesis: 155th Street is a major crosstown street considered to form the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights.


Premise: What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?

Hypothesis: A variety of other publications also serve the university community, ranging from in-house academic journals to glossy alumni magazines to WUnderground, campus' student-run satirical newspaper.


Premise: When did they first establish the organization?

Hypothesis: Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise.


Premise: When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created?

Hypothesis: The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.


Premise: Which era is Layla and Majnun from?

Hypothesis: A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century.


Premise: During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?

Hypothesis: The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east.


Premise: When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall?

Hypothesis: The cornerstone of the first building, Busch Hall, was laid on October 20, 1900.


Premise: How do administrators work with the DBMS?

Hypothesis: Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly.


Premise: Who had scored four overall scoring titles as of the 2006 season?

Hypothesis: Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season.


Premise: What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?

Hypothesis: For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations.


Premise: What dictator's rule was Cruyff's reason for avoiding Real Madrid?

Hypothesis: Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco.


Premise: What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?

Hypothesis: In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule.


Premise: What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session?

Hypothesis: The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton.


Premise: When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?

Hypothesis: They have played a prominent role in the economy, media, and politics of Israel since its founding.


Premise: Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe?

Hypothesis: Not all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities.


Premise: When did Araniko die?

Hypothesis: Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area.


Premise: What promotes stereotypes?

Hypothesis: Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification, for social scientists studying social inequality, race can be a significant variable.


Premise: What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?

Hypothesis: However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information.


Premise: When was the CPI first released?

Hypothesis: Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995.


Premise: What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?

Hypothesis: This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry.


Premise: Over what did Britain have direct control?

Hypothesis: The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families.


Premise: Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what?

Hypothesis: In My Hands)" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined.


Premise: What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests?

Hypothesis: Those in existence at present include: Aeronautical, African, Alexander Cozens (Art), Amnesty, Archeological, Architectural, Astronomy, Banks (conservation), Caledonian, Cheese, Classical, Comedy, Cosmopolitan, Debating, Design, Entrepreneurship, Geographical, Henry Fielding, Hispanic, History, Keynes (economics), Law, Literary, Mathematical, Medical, Middle Eastern, Model United Nations, Modern Languages, Oriental, Orwell (left-wing), Simeon (Christian), Parry (music), Photographic, Political, Praed (poetry), Rock (music), Rous (equestrian), Salisbury (diplomatic), Savile (Rare Books and Manuscripts), Shelley, Scientific, Sports, Tech Club, Theatre, Wellington (military), Wine and Wotton’s (philosophy).


Premise: What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?

Hypothesis: AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly have paid billions of dollars in federal settlements over allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses.


Premise: The absence of ignorance leads to what?

Hypothesis: Sentient beings always suffer throughout saṃsāra until they free themselves from this suffering (dukkha) by attaining Nirvana.


Premise: Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?

Hypothesis: Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP.


Premise: During what century did John Geometres flourish?

Hypothesis: Writers such as John Geometres (fl. early 10th century) composed new hymns, poems, and other works.


Premise: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?

Hypothesis: Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.


Premise: How many satellite campuses are run by BYU?

Hypothesis: The university is broadly organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges and divisions defining their own admission standards.


Premise: What are the names of the two central promenades around which New Delhi is structured?

Hypothesis: New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath.


Premise: Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership?

Hypothesis: Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status.


Premise: When did the Qing dynasty fall?

Hypothesis: From the reign of Emperor Wu onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu.


Premise: Who was found guilty of collaboration, high treason?

Hypothesis: Draža Mihailović was found guilty of collaboration, high treason and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946.


Premise: Who was the harbor named for?

Hypothesis: Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcalá.


Premise: What group does Bobby Kotick think is being discouraged from working on the PS3?

Hypothesis: He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console.


Premise: What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?

Hypothesis: Sources cited by the Library of Congress claimed that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon thereafter; some accounts estimate casualties at more than 1,000.


Premise: Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?

Hypothesis: Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498.


Premise: Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?

Hypothesis: The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes.


Premise: Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?

Hypothesis: However, the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman.


Premise: What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?

Hypothesis: Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man.


Premise: In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?

Hypothesis: It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968.


Premise: What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?

Hypothesis: The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era.


Premise: How many people die per year from asthma?

Hypothesis: Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality.


Premise: What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?

Hypothesis: According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.


Premise: In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?

Hypothesis: An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 49.3 percent of Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8 percent was Muslim, and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions, or unaffiliated.


Premise: What is Renaixenca?

Hypothesis: In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day.


Premise: How many troops did the Netherlands send initially?

Hypothesis: The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations.


Premise: What did the Scientific Revolution cause?

Hypothesis: Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution, which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields.


Premise: Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?

Hypothesis: The limited number of visiting tourists spent about £0.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%.


Premise: Approximately how many multinationals have their Latin American operation headquarters in Miami?

Hypothesis: Because of its proximity to Latin America, Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations, including AIG, American Airlines, Cisco, Disney, Exxon, FedEx, Kraft Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo, Oracle, SBC Communications, Sony, Symantec, Visa International, and Wal-Mart.


Premise: In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?

Hypothesis: In Queensland, the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland (registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia).


Premise: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?

Hypothesis: The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies.


Premise: In which district is "Virgil's tomb" located?

Hypothesis: While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration.


Premise: Which song did Beyonce sing to win a competition at age 7?

Hypothesis: Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes.


Premise: What were temporary camps known as?

Hypothesis: During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period.


Premise: For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?

Hypothesis: Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback.


Premise: What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for

Hypothesis: The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset.


Premise: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?

Hypothesis: A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air.


Premise: When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?

Hypothesis: Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29.


Premise: What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?

Hypothesis: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and item collection.


Premise: What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?

Hypothesis: No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do.


Premise: What was Spielberg's first indepenent film?

Hypothesis: Years later, Spielberg recalled to a magazine interviewer, "My dad's still-camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father's movie camera.


Premise: What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?

Hypothesis: Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used.


Premise: What is Hokkien?

Hypothesis: Besides Hokkien, there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province, most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien.


Premise: What dynamic weather does Neptune have?

Hypothesis: Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow.


Premise: Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.

Hypothesis: But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP).


Premise: In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically?

Hypothesis: Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries.


Premise: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?

Hypothesis: Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.


Premise: What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?

Hypothesis: Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere.


Premise: What does MI stand for?

Hypothesis: Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle.


Premise: What type of poetry had much influence in the Han dynasty?

Hypothesis: Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre, which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu.


Premise: When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?

Hypothesis: Karl Marx quipped that "there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible".


Premise: When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?

Hypothesis: The first Digimon television series, which began airing on March 7, 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14, 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version.


Premise: How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?

Hypothesis: In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants).


Premise: Who does Christianity share roots with?

Hypothesis: The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise.


Premise: What are the components of a field-effect transistor?

Hypothesis: There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit.


Premise: The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?

Hypothesis: The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party.


Premise: What type of tree was often used for totem poles?

Hypothesis: Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), and the Millennium clock tower, now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.


Premise: What university is in Raleigh?

Hypothesis: The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013.


Premise: Who was known as a reformer in Strasbourg?

Hypothesis: Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region.


Premise: What specifies the BOM?

Hypothesis: The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte ordering detection (or byte endianness detection).


Premise: What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience?

Hypothesis: On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted "The American Idol Experience" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida.


Premise: What studio gave Spielberg an unpaid internship?

Hypothesis: Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the film, which had won a number of awards, and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract.


Premise: What was the largest armory in the world?

Hypothesis: Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College.


Premise: Boston was chartered as what in 1822?

Hypothesis: At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).


Premise: What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance?

Hypothesis: It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China.


Premise: In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?

Hypothesis: Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia.


Premise: How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?

Hypothesis: In season nine, Idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol's 18.4 million.


Premise: What was the controversial domestic surveillance operation in this era?

Hypothesis: During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became increasingly concerned about the influence of civil rights leaders, whom they believed had communist ties or were unduly influenced by them.


Premise: Who owns Melbourne Water?

Hypothesis: The largest dam, the Thomson River Dam, located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity, while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam, Yan Yean Reservoir, and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies.


Premise: In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?

Hypothesis: It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room.


Premise: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?

Hypothesis: In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden).


Premise: How old was the Football League when the break-up happened?

Hypothesis: In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate.


Premise: When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?

Hypothesis: Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere.


Premise: What other area did the Portuguese regard as their special territory?

Hypothesis: For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama.


Premise: By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?

Hypothesis: It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms.


Premise: In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?

Hypothesis: Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen.


Premise: In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award?

Hypothesis: In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting.


Premise: What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from?

Hypothesis: The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan.


Premise: In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?

Hypothesis: Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology.


Premise: Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?

Hypothesis: Additionally, most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower classes.


Premise: What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?

Hypothesis: The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province.


Premise: What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?

Hypothesis: Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage.


Premise: What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?

Hypothesis: Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the range of frequencies cut and lowering distortion levels.


Premise: What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?

Hypothesis: It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999.


Premise: How many square miles is Guam?

Hypothesis: Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet (10,911 meters) deep.


Premise: What were the positive effects of the flashing process?

Hypothesis: The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency.


Premise: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?

Hypothesis: The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River


Premise: What did Eisenhower threaten to use to end the Korean War?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower refused to give major aid to help France in Vietnam.


Premise: Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s?

Hypothesis: The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange.


Premise: What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?

Hypothesis: All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process.


Premise: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?

Hypothesis: In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities.


Premise: What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?

Hypothesis: In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.


Premise: What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs?

Hypothesis: This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.


Premise: How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?

Hypothesis: Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia.


Premise: What is the German work for German town law?

Hypothesis: The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German in any ethnic sense: many towns who joined the league were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a number of them may only loosely be characterized as German.


Premise: How does Oklahoma's crude oil reserves rank among states?

Hypothesis: Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation.


Premise: Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?

Hypothesis: Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism).


Premise: Which route was a central post in Kiev?

Hypothesis: Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople.


Premise: How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?

Hypothesis: the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy, having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages, comparable to classical Athens' literacy in antiquity but on a much larger scale.


Premise: What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?

Hypothesis: It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations.


Premise: Which publisher is Marvel's biggest rival?

Hypothesis: In 2009 writer Geoff Boucher reflected that, "Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion.


Premise: Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?

Hypothesis: Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theory) and chemistry (organic chemistry).


Premise: Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?

Hypothesis: Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office.


Premise: Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?

Hypothesis: Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market.


Premise: Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?

Hypothesis: Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins.


Premise: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?

Hypothesis: Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]


Premise: When is the beginning of Miami's wet season?

Hypothesis: During this period, temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s (29–35 °C), accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, but conditions still remain very muggy.


Premise: What is the second largest port in the UK?

Hypothesis: London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion.


Premise: Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?

Hypothesis: He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran.


Premise: Who's presence increased in Tibet?

Hypothesis: Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet."


Premise: What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?

Hypothesis: Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios, based on limited information.


Premise: What will special bundles of the game contain?

Hypothesis: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage.


Premise: What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?

Hypothesis: In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.


Premise: What is GRTC an initialism of?

Hypothesis: According to a 2008 GRTC operations analysis report, a majority of GRTC riders utilize their services because they do not have an available alternative such as a private vehicle.


Premise: What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?

Hypothesis: Jacques Villon exhibited seven important and large drypoints, his brother Marcel Duchamp shocked the American public with his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912).


Premise: What countries are testing this?

Hypothesis: A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.


Premise: How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone?

Hypothesis: Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to help override noise in playback.


Premise: What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero?

Hypothesis: In a directional antenna designed to project radio waves in a particular direction, the lobe in that direction is designed larger than the others and is called the "main lobe".


Premise: Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?

Hypothesis: European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination.


Premise: What was the profession of Lange?

Hypothesis: In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion."


Premise: During Prohibition what name was given to Atlantic City?

Hypothesis: Prohibition was largely unenforced in Atlantic City, and, because alcohol that had been smuggled into the city with the acquiescence of local officials could be readily obtained at restaurants and other establishments, the resort's popularity grew further.


Premise: how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?

Hypothesis: For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan.


Premise: Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?

Hypothesis: An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader.


Premise: What position did Sultan Quli hold?

Hypothesis: Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar".


Premise: When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?

Hypothesis: In the 18th century four Chamonix man almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.


Premise: What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?

Hypothesis: There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet."


Premise: How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century?

Hypothesis: Although the older student-controlled universities still existed, they slowly started to move toward this structural organization.


Premise: What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?

Hypothesis: In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol.


Premise: In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?

Hypothesis: The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18.


Premise: What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?

Hypothesis: Several titles released between 1985 and 1987 were analog audio only due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc (e.g., Back to the Future).


Premise: The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?

Hypothesis: An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning.


Premise: On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?

Hypothesis: It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices.


Premise: What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?

Hypothesis: In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005.


Premise: Are all species of algae similar?

Hypothesis: The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others.


Premise: What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?

Hypothesis: " The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: "The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire".


Premise: What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea?

Hypothesis: Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of choice.


Premise: When was the Triangle created?

Hypothesis: The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013.


Premise: How did the Chichimeca survive?

Hypothesis: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.


Premise: What happens in very severe cases of asthma?

Hypothesis: In very severe cases, intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required.


Premise: How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed?

Hypothesis: In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived.


Premise: Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?

Hypothesis: The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church.


Premise: Who designed Diana's dress?

Hypothesis: A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa.


Premise: What is the name of the city's airport?

Hypothesis: Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city and U-M's North Campus are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast.


Premise: What animals where domesticated in Burma for industry use ?

Hypothesis: In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry.


Premise: What is something the licensed military service can be used for?

Hypothesis: The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user.


Premise: In what year did Orange Street receive the first bike lane in New Haven?

Hypothesis: The city has created recommended bike routes for getting around New Haven, including use of the Canal Trail and the Orange Street lane.


Premise: Who has not been brought to justice?

Hypothesis: According to the Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest.


Premise: How many rowing clubs are in Cork?

Hypothesis: There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing.


Premise: Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?

Hypothesis: Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.


Premise: What group of kids are in charge of the Digimons?

Hypothesis: The stories tell of a group of mostly pre-teens, who accompany special Digimon born to defend their world (and ours) from various evil forces.


Premise: What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months?

Hypothesis: These comparatively new developments will run alongside long-established courses that Eton has provided for pupils from state schools, most of them in the summer holidays (July and August).


Premise: The republican forces fled to which country?

Hypothesis: The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic.


Premise: When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation?

Hypothesis: Greece was accused of trying to cover up the extent of its massive budget deficit in the wake of the global financial crisis.


Premise: What idea did Binford take issue with?

Hypothesis: Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans.


Premise: How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?

Hypothesis: Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.


Premise: Who took over as head of Marvel in 1978?

Hypothesis: Shooter brought Marvel into the rapidly evolving direct market, institutionalized creator royalties, starting with the Epic Comics imprint for creator-owned material in 1982; introduced company-wide crossover story arcs with Contest of Champions and Secret Wars; and in 1986 launched the ultimately unsuccessful New Universe line to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marvel Comics imprint.


Premise: When did the Everton Tigers win the BBL Cup?

Hypothesis: However Everton withdrew funding before the 2010–11 season and the team was re launched as the Mersey Tigers.


Premise: Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?

Hypothesis: In 1884, pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup.


Premise: The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?

Hypothesis: During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the "Prussians"), were conquered by the Germans.


Premise: What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?

Hypothesis: Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit.


Premise: The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?

Hypothesis: Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival.


Premise: What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz?

Hypothesis: Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, "[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met."


Premise: What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel?

Hypothesis: The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues.


Premise: What sector originally provided the largest contribution to New Haven's economy?

Hypothesis: New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard.


Premise: What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era?

Hypothesis: They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped.


Premise: How did people come into possession of MP3s?

Hypothesis: In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free.


Premise: Have there been any changes to restrictions placed on the communications networks in Burma ?

Hypothesis: " The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication.


Premise: The transition zone between east and west is called what?

Hypothesis: In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca.


Premise: Which magazine did Beyoncé pose for the cover, making her the first black female artist to do so?

Hypothesis: In August, the cover of the September issue of Vogue magazine was unveiled online, Beyoncé as the cover star, becoming the first African-American artist and third African-American woman in general to cover the September issue.


Premise: Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?

Hypothesis: Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation.


Premise: What are two works by Homer?

Hypothesis: At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey.


Premise: Where was David Atherton born?

Hypothesis: The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden.


Premise: What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?

Hypothesis: The advantage of the coiled coil is that evaporation of the tungsten filament is at the rate of a tungsten cylinder having a diameter equal to that of the coiled coil.


Premise: What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?

Hypothesis: Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity in almost every building.


Premise: How many transistors make up a logic gate?

Hypothesis: Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits.


Premise: What bridge in Rome was a filming location?

Hypothesis: Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, which stood in for a location in Rome, before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city, with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum.


Premise: What religion is Kerry?

Hypothesis: Discussing his faith, Kerry said, "I thought of being a priest.


Premise: Which group rides around in open carts through the streets?

Hypothesis: The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes.


Premise: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?

Hypothesis: As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP.


Premise: What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?

Hypothesis: The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget.


Premise: Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?

Hypothesis: In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax.


Premise: Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom?

Hypothesis: On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé married Jay Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, I Am...


Premise: What airport is south of Valencia?

Hypothesis: Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km (110 mi) south of Valencia.


Premise: What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire?

Hypothesis: Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University.


Premise: When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?

Hypothesis: Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century.


Premise: What god was the father of Romulus and Remus?

Hypothesis: Through divine intervention, the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars.


Premise: Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise?

Hypothesis: This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one.


Premise: How many sub components are there?

Hypothesis: Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces.


Premise: With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions?

Hypothesis: Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias.


Premise: What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?

Hypothesis: Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise.


Premise: What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?

Hypothesis: Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.


Premise: How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?

Hypothesis: While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global and economic centres, Zürich and Geneva.


Premise: Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?

Hypothesis: Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum.


Premise: How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?

Hypothesis: Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages.


Premise: Who else publishes along with IESNA?

Hypothesis: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments.


Premise: Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete?

Hypothesis: In 1907, Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete.


Premise: What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse?

Hypothesis: Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center.


Premise: What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?

Hypothesis: From the reign of Emperor Wu onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu.


Premise: What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?

Hypothesis: In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.


Premise: Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?

Hypothesis: George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered.


Premise: What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?

Hypothesis: A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity.


Premise: What is mechanical potential energy?

Hypothesis: This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event.


Premise: What does "FEELS" stand for?

Hypothesis: "FEELS" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher.


Premise: What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?

Hypothesis: Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers.


Premise: Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government?

Hypothesis: In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries.


Premise: Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?

Hypothesis: On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily...


Premise: Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have?

Hypothesis: Most verbs come in pairs, with the perfective verb being created out of the imperfective by adding a prefix or making a stem change.


Premise: What county were the supplies flown to?

Hypothesis: The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless.


Premise: What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska?

Hypothesis: Kolotnytska's daughter denied the suggestion that the relationship was anything but professional.


Premise: Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?

Hypothesis: Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost.


Premise: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?

Hypothesis: Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833.


Premise: Who founded Motown records?

Hypothesis: Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, the Jackson 5, Martha and the Vandellas, The Spinners, Gladys Knight & the Pips, The Marvelettes, The Elgins, The Monitors, The Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye.


Premise: Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?

Hypothesis: According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment.


Premise: The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?

Hypothesis: The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories.


Premise: What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories?

Hypothesis: Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind.


Premise: What are gendarmerie?

Hypothesis: Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.


Premise: Are Hispanics in Hawaii?

Hypothesis: In Hawaii, where Puerto Rican farm laborers and Mexican ranchers have settled since the late 19th century, 7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.


Premise: Hyderabad's largest zoo is known as India's first to have what two kinds of animals in a safari park setting?

Hypothesis: The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary.


Premise: To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?

Hypothesis: Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract).


Premise: How much was the contract given to Theo Epstein worth?

Hypothesis: Weeks after the season came to an end, the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy, as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox, naming him club President and giving him a five-year contract worth over $18 million, and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade.


Premise: What did Palermo expansion lack?

Hypothesis: New parts of town appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city.


Premise: WWhat does Rías Baixas mean?

Hypothesis: The Rías Altas can sometimes refer only to those east of Estaca de Bares, with the others being called Rías Medias ("Intermediate Rías").


Premise: What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?

Hypothesis: However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal to be used together by the body.


Premise: What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?

Hypothesis: In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli).


Premise: What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year?

Hypothesis: This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982.


Premise: Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?

Hypothesis: This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts.


Premise: What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace's kitchens?

Hypothesis: The creations of the Ottoman Palace's kitchens filtered to the population, for instance through Ramadan events, and through the cooking at the Yalıs of the Pashas, and from there on spread to the rest of the population.


Premise: How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?

Hypothesis: Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.


Premise: Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?

Hypothesis: Sultanate of Oman: Muscat was the torch's only stop in the Middle East, on April 14.


Premise: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?

Hypothesis: Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".


Premise: what was the real name of Mr. Fingers?

Hypothesis: Larry Heard, a.k.a. "Mr. Fingers", claims that the term "house" became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and the TB 303.[citation needed]


Premise: When was the new Gateway Community College open?

Hypothesis: New Haven is a notable center for higher education.


Premise: When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?

Hypothesis: In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war.


Premise: Who gave a speech that contained the famous saying "Give me liberty or give me death"?

Hypothesis: The John Marshall House, the home of the former Chief Justice of the United States, is also located downtown and features many of his writings and objects from his life.


Premise: How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?

Hypothesis: A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.


Premise: What do environmentalists want enacted?

Hypothesis: The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites.


Premise: Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?

Hypothesis: The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope.


Premise: What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?

Hypothesis: When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop.


Premise: What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?

Hypothesis: The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks).


Premise: How many votes did he have?

Hypothesis: Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself.


Premise: Who signed the girl group on October 5, 1995?

Hypothesis: On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group.


Premise: What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?

Hypothesis: Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004.


Premise: Who replaced Liniers?

Hypothesis: Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros.


Premise: Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites?

Hypothesis: Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings.


Premise: Where is Israel located?

Hypothesis: Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration.


Premise: How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?

Hypothesis: In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin.


Premise: Where did the word Tajik come from?

Hypothesis: The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe.


Premise: Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?

Hypothesis: In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision.


Premise: What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?

Hypothesis: (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham—and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham—and the Jews as the offspring of Shem).


Premise: Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?

Hypothesis: Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.


Premise: Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?

Hypothesis: The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.


Premise: How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?

Hypothesis: After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left.


Premise: What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty?

Hypothesis: In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system.


Premise: What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?

Hypothesis: Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20


Premise: When was Heine born?

Hypothesis: After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet (1797–1856), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street.


Premise: Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?

Hypothesis: Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.


Premise: When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?

Hypothesis: On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384–1415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor.


Premise: Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?

Hypothesis: According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories.


Premise: Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?

Hypothesis: Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route.


Premise: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?

Hypothesis: The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons.


Premise: Where does a bill go after it is signed?

Hypothesis: After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law.


Premise: In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos?

Hypothesis: They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3% drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12% increase between 1975-1990.


Premise: What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation?

Hypothesis: The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary's life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus.


Premise: What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii?

Hypothesis: Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability.


Premise: In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available?

Hypothesis: In Victoria, the replacement of the Vancouver analogue transmitters with digital ones only allowed only some northeastern parts of the metropolitan area (total population 330,000) to receive either CBC or Radio-Canada.


Premise: What kind of bird flies less efficiently?

Hypothesis: Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently.


Premise: Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?

Hypothesis: The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve.


Premise: The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?

Hypothesis: In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan.


Premise: Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?

Hypothesis: In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.


Premise: Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?

Hypothesis: The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard.


Premise: From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from?

Hypothesis: Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks.


Premise: In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol?

Hypothesis: CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season.


Premise: How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?

Hypothesis: To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties.


Premise: What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?

Hypothesis: A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet.


Premise: What is the result of Karma called?

Hypothesis: Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetanā), and bring about a consequence or phala "fruit" or vipāka "result".


Premise: Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?

Hypothesis: Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights.


Premise: As of what year was hard rock a mainstream type of music?

Hypothesis: Hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965.


Premise: What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?

Hypothesis: It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.


Premise: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?

Hypothesis: Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation.


Premise: Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?

Hypothesis: Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica.


Premise: How long was the first light rail line in Houston?

Hypothesis: METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track ("Red Line") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park.


Premise: What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?

Hypothesis: According to the military historian Dallas Irvine, the system "was almost completely effective in excluding the army's brain power from the staff and high command.


Premise: Where is Cyprus located?

Hypothesis: Cyprus (i/ˈsaɪprəs/; Greek: Κύπρος IPA: [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.[e] Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union.


Premise: What act needed provisions?

Hypothesis: In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959.


Premise: Which contestant won the season?

Hypothesis: Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol.


Premise: Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player?

Hypothesis: A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer.


Premise: What does each state have their own of?

Hypothesis: Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government.


Premise: What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?

Hypothesis: Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity.


Premise: In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?

Hypothesis: In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918.


Premise: What religion is associated with Seto and Võro?

Hypothesis: Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession.


Premise: How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?

Hypothesis: An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire.


Premise: Which cities was Ibarra looking for?

Hypothesis: Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime.


Premise: Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.

Hypothesis: They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft.


Premise: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?

Hypothesis: In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person.


Premise: How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record?

Hypothesis: Beginning in 1939, Dr. Peter Goldmark and his staff at Columbia Records and at CBS Laboratories undertook efforts to address problems of recording and playing back narrow grooves and developing an inexpensive, reliable consumer playback system.


Premise: Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?

Hypothesis: Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources.


Premise: In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty?

Hypothesis: In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate.


Premise: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?

Hypothesis: Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading.


Premise: How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?

Hypothesis: all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.


Premise: During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was Hispanic or Latino?

Hypothesis: Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 30.45% (12,044) of the population.


Premise: Queen's Crazy Little Thing Called Love was an ode to which singer?

Hypothesis: Queen also released the very successful single "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", a rockabilly inspired song done in the style of Elvis Presley.


Premise: Federalism combines what two types of government?

Hypothesis: Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established.


Premise: Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?

Hypothesis: However, later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance, and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims.


Premise: What is Joara?

Hypothesis: Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton.


Premise: Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder?

Hypothesis: Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age.


Premise: What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?

Hypothesis: Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem.


Premise: Who can no longer design a large structure?

Hypothesis: Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.


Premise: Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?

Hypothesis: During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff.


Premise: Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?

Hypothesis: Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis.


Premise: What was the forerunner of Greek modern song?

Hypothesis: : καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree.


Premise: What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?

Hypothesis: The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC).


Premise: What are the four categories of terra nullius?

Hypothesis: There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars.


Premise: Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?

Hypothesis: On October 28 UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia’s Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine.


Premise: Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?

Hypothesis: On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9.


Premise: The exhibit inaugurated by the Dalai Lama opened when?

Hypothesis: Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011.


Premise: What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?

Hypothesis: Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large.


Premise: What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry?

Hypothesis: From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or less prescribed.


Premise: How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother, no matter how far away in the palace they put her?

Hypothesis: She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.


Premise: How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007?

Hypothesis: The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31, 2011[update], and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007[update].


Premise: Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?

Hypothesis: The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.


Premise: What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?

Hypothesis: A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.


Premise: When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?

Hypothesis: The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM).


Premise: Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, philosopher Kate Soper notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals, anti-humanism thus frequently "secretes a humanist rhetoric".


Premise: Where is there a peninsula with luxury homes?

Hypothesis: At the northern end of Lake Paranoá, separated from the inner city, is a peninsula with many fashionable homes, and a similar city exists on the southern lakeshore.


Premise: What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?

Hypothesis: Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.


Premise: Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?

Hypothesis: In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted.


Premise: Jack Kerouac authored what iconic book?

Hypothesis: This area has become one of Tucson's iconic neighborhoods.


Premise: When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?

Hypothesis: The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.


Premise: When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?

Hypothesis: When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism.


Premise: Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what?

Hypothesis: The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick.


Premise: Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist?

Hypothesis: The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes.


Premise: Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?

Hypothesis: An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence).


Premise: What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front?

Hypothesis: To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture, the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the ambulatory with radiating chapels, the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows.


Premise: Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities?

Hypothesis: Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[citation needed]


Premise: Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?

Hypothesis: Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges.