Premise: What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune?

Hypothesis: In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word "planet" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.


Premise: What British critic helped boost Steven Spielberg's career?

Hypothesis: Special praise of this film by the influential British critic Dilys Powell was highly significant to Spielberg's career.


Premise: Who drafted the first technical dictionary?

Hypothesis: Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to be written in English that took a methodical approach to describing mathematics and commercial arithmetic along with the physical sciences and navigation.


Premise: which spring emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies?

Hypothesis: Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring.


Premise: In 2005, what anniversary was house music celebrating?

Hypothesis: The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music's original creators "were inspired by the love of their city, with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world".


Premise: What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?

Hypothesis: A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer.


Premise: An expert commission was established under which chairman?

Hypothesis: An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst.


Premise: What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?

Hypothesis: The Noble Eightfold Path—the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths—consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha.


Premise: A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh?

Hypothesis: The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC).


Premise: Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?

Hypothesis: The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law.


Premise: When was the first widely used version of USB released?

Hypothesis: The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998.


Premise: Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?

Hypothesis: Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US.


Premise: What features were removed in the SNS-101?

Hypothesis: A similarly redesigned Super Famicom Jr. was released in Japan at around the same time.


Premise: When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?

Hypothesis: At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess.


Premise: When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?

Hypothesis: He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent.


Premise: Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards?

Hypothesis: After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted.


Premise: To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?

Hypothesis: Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces.


Premise: Who developed the concept of emotional labor?

Hypothesis: Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions.


Premise: Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to?

Hypothesis: Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists.


Premise: Rome's final conquest of Greek lands followed which war?

Hypothesis: "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.


Premise: Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"?

Hypothesis: Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ...


Premise: What is the name of the historical site that site next to Yale's campus?

Hypothesis: The Union League Club of New Haven building, located on Chapel Street, is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building, but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman's home once stood; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 (one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime).


Premise: What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?

Hypothesis: Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice, not a centralised legal requirement.


Premise: What were the married couple in Steven Spielberg's film "The Sugarland Express" trying to regain?

Hypothesis: Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films.


Premise: In what year did Germany become a republic?

Hypothesis: With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic.


Premise: What hinders schooling for child labourers?

Hypothesis: If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood.


Premise: In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?

Hypothesis: "Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement.


Premise: Who authorized the opening of the University of Kansas?

Hypothesis: The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university and the largest in the U.S. state of Kansas.


Premise: What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?

Hypothesis: The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.


Premise: Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?

Hypothesis: Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized.


Premise: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?

Hypothesis: In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011.


Premise: What parts of society did the Reformation change?

Hypothesis: Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread.


Premise: Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?

Hypothesis: On November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.


Premise: When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name?

Hypothesis: It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006.


Premise: What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states?

Hypothesis: Examples include Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California.


Premise: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1

Hypothesis: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties.


Premise: What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?

Hypothesis: The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.


Premise: Why did living standards decline in 1980s Libya?

Hypothesis: Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that under the first decade of Gaddafi's leadership, life for most Libyans "undoubtedly changed for the better" as material conditions and wealth drastically improved, while Libyan studies specialist Lillian Craig Harris remarked that in the early years of his administration, Libya's "national wealth and international influence soared, and its national standard of living has risen dramatically.


Premise: When did the Romans leave Utrecht

Hypothesis: Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left.


Premise: How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?

Hypothesis: Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect.


Premise: What was the total average family size?

Hypothesis: There were 17,929 families (38.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.79.


Premise: Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of?

Hypothesis: In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan.


Premise: How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?

Hypothesis: The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities.


Premise: How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980?

Hypothesis: In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya paying off Syria's £1 billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies.


Premise: Which company is responsible for electricity in Hyderabad?

Hypothesis: The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.


Premise: Who was Mary betrothed to?

Hypothesis: Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12–14 years old, and he was thirty years old, but such accounts are unreliable.


Premise: Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?

Hypothesis: Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible).


Premise: What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe, which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain.


Premise: Once activatated, what is the only way to deactivate it?

Hypothesis: The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches, usually located at the highest (to access the top of the car) and lowest (to access the elevator pit) landings.


Premise: When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?

Hypothesis: On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held.


Premise: When did the FBI lab first appear?

Hypothesis: The FBI Laboratory, established with the formation of the BOI, did not appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974.


Premise: Which country lies southwest of the Congo?

Hypothesis: It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest.


Premise: What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?

Hypothesis: The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England.


Premise: Is the Hispanic population relevant to the American media?

Hypothesis: The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration.


Premise: What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?

Hypothesis: Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day.


Premise: Where did Kerry's boat escape to safety?

Hypothesis: Thereafter, enemy fire ceased and his boat reached the Gulf of Thailand safely.


Premise: What does sila refer to?

Hypothesis: Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior.


Premise: What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?

Hypothesis: The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute.


Premise: Why have birds been domesticated by humans?

Hypothesis: Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes.


Premise: While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?

Hypothesis: While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."


Premise: Where were Steven Spielberg's granparents from?

Hypothesis: His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s.


Premise: Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with?

Hypothesis: It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito.


Premise: What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?

Hypothesis: This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.


Premise: What is the most popular sport in Germany?

Hypothesis: Football is by far the most popular sport, and the German Football Federation (Deutscher Fußballbund) with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country.


Premise: How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?

Hypothesis: Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women.


Premise: What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands?

Hypothesis: The practice of assarting, or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them, also contributed to the expansion of population.


Premise: Who was able to take advantage of the social confusion created by Operation Ichi-Go?

Hypothesis: Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to gain influence and control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of Ichi-go.


Premise: What sort of idealist was Descartes?

Hypothesis: The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism.


Premise: What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?

Hypothesis: The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure.


Premise: Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to?

Hypothesis: Other species such as merlin Falco columbarius and Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis move further, to the coast or towards the south.


Premise: What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014?

Hypothesis: Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets.


Premise: What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony?

Hypothesis: Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany.


Premise: What was PlayStation 3's toughest competitor in the video game market?

Hypothesis: The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation's most successful console in terms of units sold.


Premise: Why does the FBI operate LEGAT offices?

Hypothesis: Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe.


Premise: Minority languages have been reduce due to what?

Hypothesis: Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country.


Premise: At which intersection does E 122nd Street terminate?

Hypothesis: west from the intersection of Second Avenue and terminates at the intersection of Madison Avenue at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park.


Premise: Where was Madonna raised?

Hypothesis: She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills).


Premise: What did Katura Horton-Perinchief do?

Hypothesis: It is tradition for Bermuda to march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts, regardless of the summer or winter Olympic celebration.


Premise: What kind of system is a solar chimney?

Hypothesis: As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building.


Premise: Who usually owns and manages National parks?

Hypothesis: National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments.


Premise: When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?

Hypothesis: In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India.


Premise: Which street is the northernmost of the streets mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?

Hypothesis: It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan.


Premise: Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?

Hypothesis: Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state's own conduct, or if the truth should have been evident.


Premise: Who was Chopin's physician?

Hypothesis: Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion.


Premise: Which city is known for its sand dunes?

Hypothesis: There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones.


Premise: What was the name of the first US Army post?

Hypothesis: The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana.


Premise: What is the first historically black university?

Hypothesis: Several major universities and colleges call Raleigh home, including North Carolina State University, the largest public university in the state, and Shaw University, the first historically black university in the American South and site of the foundation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, an important civil rights organization of the 1960s.


Premise: Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?

Hypothesis: A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others.


Premise: What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?

Hypothesis: The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use.


Premise: What years did the Qing dynasty rule?

Hypothesis: The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in command of 1,000 households).


Premise: Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?

Hypothesis: Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]


Premise: Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?

Hypothesis: Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought.


Premise: How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012?

Hypothesis: The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.


Premise: What year was the union of brest

Hypothesis: See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki.


Premise: How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011?

Hypothesis: During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases.


Premise: Common energy forms include what?

Hypothesis: Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature.


Premise: When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned?

Hypothesis: The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires.


Premise: What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?

Hypothesis: To film in an airside location, all visitors must go through security, the same as passengers, and be accompanied by a full airside pass holder and have their passport with them at all times.


Premise: What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?

Hypothesis: After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century.


Premise: What is the "official" term to denote a citizen of Mexico City?

Hypothesis: Residents of Mexico City are more recently called defeños (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read "De-Efe").


Premise: Low insect sounds can be heard through what?

Hypothesis: Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect's muscles and joints, the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects.


Premise: What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?

Hypothesis: It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity.


Premise: Who created an office to study these effects?

Hypothesis: These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women.


Premise: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?

Hypothesis: A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus.


Premise: The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?

Hypothesis: The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.


Premise: What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?

Hypothesis: Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.


Premise: What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?

Hypothesis: Ultimately though, they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally.


Premise: What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?

Hypothesis: Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of five criteria to determine great power: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength.


Premise: How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?

Hypothesis: He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands.


Premise: On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

Hypothesis: After the war, on June 28, 1919, Germany signed (under protest) the Treaty of Versailles.


Premise: What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?

Hypothesis: Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence.


Premise: Where is the Eagle pub located?

Hypothesis: The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had "discovered the secret of life" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA.


Premise: What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?

Hypothesis: First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues.


Premise: What two metals are mixed to create Brass?

Hypothesis: To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc.


Premise: Why are patents criticized?

Hypothesis: In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration.


Premise: What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?

Hypothesis: Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]


Premise: What can cause that reaction?

Hypothesis: This is usually through loss resistance in the antenna's conductors, but can also be due to dielectric or magnetic core losses in antennas (or antenna systems) using such components.


Premise: What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?

Hypothesis: One example is time vs. energy.


Premise: What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school?

Hypothesis: The Mīmāṃsā school has several subschools defined by epistemology.


Premise: Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?

Hypothesis: Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry.


Premise: Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?

Hypothesis: Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could.


Premise: What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?

Hypothesis: Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals.


Premise: How many extant ice sheets exist?

Hypothesis: The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland.


Premise: Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?

Hypothesis: Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter.


Premise: In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?

Hypothesis: Ann Arbor has become increasingly gentrified in recent years.


Premise: Where are the Little Island Railway Station routes?

Hypothesis: The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork.


Premise: After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?

Hypothesis: Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary.


Premise: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?

Hypothesis: Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment.


Premise: How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?

Hypothesis: One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn.


Premise: Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?

Hypothesis: Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.


Premise: WHy did they decide not to fund abortion

Hypothesis: In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she "struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning".


Premise: Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?

Hypothesis: In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December.


Premise: Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages.


Premise: What museum was located in God's House Tower until 2011?

Hypothesis: The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England.


Premise: To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?

Hypothesis: Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.[citation needed]


Premise: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?

Hypothesis: Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.


Premise: Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created?

Hypothesis: The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas.


Premise: The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street?

Hypothesis: The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi.


Premise: How many ships did Greece's navy have in the late 1970s?

Hypothesis: Greece has the largest merchant navy in the world, accounting for more than 15% of the world's total deadweight tonnage (dwt) according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.


Premise: How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin?

Hypothesis: The race was the most expensive for Congress in the country that year and four days before the general election, Durkin withdrew and endorsed Cronin, hoping to see Kerry defeated.


Premise: Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when?

Hypothesis: They built this by constructing and linking several arches.


Premise: What's another word for glued laminated timber?

Hypothesis: These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists.


Premise: What years did the Tsangpa start and end?

Hypothesis: Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354–1435), Rinpungpa (1435–1565), and Tsangpa (1565–1642).


Premise: The salinity of what in the region was long recognized as a major problem?

Hypothesis: Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem.


Premise: How many Great Lakes form a border with Canada?

Hypothesis: The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills and productive farmland, stretching south to the Gulf Coast.


Premise: While working, does DBMS store information in one place?

Hypothesis: Data typically reside in the storage in structures that look completely different from the way the data look in the conceptual and external levels, but in ways that attempt to optimize (the best possible) these levels' reconstruction when needed by users and programs, as well as for computing additional types of needed information from the data (e.g., when querying the database).


Premise: When did the auction for the Arena Football League's assets take place?

Hypothesis: The auction occurred on November 25, 2009.


Premise: What did Kerry get from the Pakistanis?

Hypothesis: The killing of Osama bin Laden "has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet," the report continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from Kabul to Pakistan.


Premise: What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?

Hypothesis: Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell.


Premise: What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?

Hypothesis: The university also administers two satellite campuses, one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City, while its parent organization, the Church Educational System (CES), sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho.


Premise: DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar?

Hypothesis: Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (à la Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (à la Archie Andrews).


Premise: How long did the 1912 tornado outbreak last?

Hypothesis: As an example, on November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F (28 °C) in the afternoon (the record high for that date), then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees, down to 17 °F (−8 °C) at midnight (the record low for that date); thus, both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date.


Premise: What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?

Hypothesis: Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement.


Premise: The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?

Hypothesis: Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage.


Premise: What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?

Hypothesis: Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio.


Premise: In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?

Hypothesis: The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.


Premise: A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?

Hypothesis: Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed]


Premise: What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?

Hypothesis: The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season.


Premise: One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?

Hypothesis: Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek.


Premise: In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven?

Hypothesis: Jews also make up a considerable portion of the population, as do Black Baptists.


Premise: How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?

Hypothesis: The Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy.


Premise: What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?

Hypothesis: The university opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873.


Premise: Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?

Hypothesis: Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal.


Premise: During "The Troubles", who waged assaults via bombings on London?

Hypothesis: During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA.


Premise: When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?

Hypothesis: When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion.


Premise: Where is Westminster Abbey located?

Hypothesis: Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster.


Premise: What order was the division of Korea included in?

Hypothesis: This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August.


Premise: Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios?

Hypothesis: Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies.


Premise: What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?

Hypothesis: Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $2 trillion...


Premise: What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?

Hypothesis: The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment.


Premise: What falls under the informal learning umbrella?

Hypothesis: It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life.


Premise: How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?

Hypothesis: The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education.


Premise: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?

Hypothesis: Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".


Premise: Golconda is a type of what kind of painting?

Hypothesis: A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.


Premise: Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?

Hypothesis: Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime.


Premise: What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?

Hypothesis: In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.


Premise: What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?

Hypothesis: In October 2011, Moody's Investor Services downgraded nine Portuguese banks due to financial weakness.


Premise: Who continued to build on to the religious mounds?

Hypothesis: Before 200 AD, they were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes.


Premise: What is the name of the actor who played the subway beat boxer?

Hypothesis: Beat boxer and actor Chesney Snow performed this role for the 2010 Primary Stages production.


Premise: What must a user do under a prepared license?

Hypothesis: Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions.


Premise: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?

Hypothesis: The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples.


Premise: What is the highest mountain in Switzerland?

Hypothesis: At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is often regarded as the most famous.


Premise: In what year did GlaxoSmithKline pay a $3 billion dollar settlement?

Hypothesis: On 2 July 2012, GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company.


Premise: Where did MP3s begin to spread?

Hypothesis: The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997.


Premise: What does the acronym PATH stand for?

Hypothesis: The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark.


Premise: In what decade was AFL sport invented?

Hypothesis: It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League.


Premise: Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?

Hypothesis: The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government.


Premise: What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in?

Hypothesis: Some viruses may be grown in embryonated eggs.


Premise: What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?

Hypothesis: By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.


Premise: What is the primary function of the PC Settings app?

Hypothesis: Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings.


Premise: Where do artists who feature in the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten come from?

Hypothesis: im Großen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany.


Premise: Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?

Hypothesis: 1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)_1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)


Premise: What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?

Hypothesis: The Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks.


Premise: What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?

Hypothesis: German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg.


Premise: In what way did Bozize made his rule legitimate?

Hypothesis: In May 2005 Bozizé won a presidential election that excluded Patassé and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels.


Premise: The city of New Haven was often referenced several time by a character in a very popular novel which name was?

Hypothesis: The Great Gatsby, as well as by fellow fictional Yale alumnus C. Montgomery Burns, a character from The Simpsons television show.


Premise: What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton's term as chancellor?

Hypothesis: After working for many years at the University of Chicago, Arthur Holly Compton returned to St. Louis in 1946 to serve as Washington University's ninth chancellor.


Premise: On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union?

Hypothesis: On December 25—just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union—the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency.


Premise: What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?

Hypothesis: At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).


Premise: How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?

Hypothesis: USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed (480 Mbit/s).


Premise: What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?

Hypothesis: This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection.


Premise: When did Rousseau visit Britain?

Hypothesis: Burke was a friend of David Hume, with whom Rousseau had stayed.


Premise: The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?

Hypothesis: Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004.


Premise: What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh?

Hypothesis: The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city.


Premise: what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit?

Hypothesis: By this time, house music released by Chicago-based labels was considered a must-play in clubs.


Premise: Where did the settlers came from?

Hypothesis: The Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection.


Premise: Name a museum named after a founding father?

Hypothesis: Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo and hospital, as well as Fairmount Park, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks.


Premise: The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?

Hypothesis: He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices.


Premise: What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?

Hypothesis: The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.


Premise: What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?

Hypothesis: It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor.


Premise: When are Beaks required to wear a form of school dress?

Hypothesis: Members of the teaching staff (known as Beaks) are required to wear a form of school dress when teaching.


Premise: Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands?

Hypothesis: Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean, who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them.[citation needed]


Premise: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?

Hypothesis: Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception.


Premise: What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?

Hypothesis: A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty.


Premise: Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?

Hypothesis: Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures.


Premise: Where can one find the Limkoking University of Creative Technology?

Hypothesis: There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country.


Premise: What piece is often used in the horror genre?

Hypothesis: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre


Premise: What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?

Hypothesis: The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial.


Premise: What does SDK stand for?

Hypothesis: Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.


Premise: Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?

Hypothesis: While the work was in progress, in 1826, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash.


Premise: The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?

Hypothesis: Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built.


Premise: When was the latest design intoduced?

Hypothesis: Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911.


Premise: Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?

Hypothesis: LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes.


Premise: Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?

Hypothesis: The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid.


Premise: What new retail outlet came on board at the end of the 1970s to rival newsstands for comic sales?

Hypothesis: But by the end of the decade, Marvel's fortunes were reviving, thanks to the rise of direct market distribution—selling through those same comics-specialty stores instead of newsstands.


Premise: From where did H.J. Porter hale?

Hypothesis: The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency.


Premise: What is one molecule of fat?

Hypothesis: The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.


Premise: When did the Romantic era end?

Hypothesis: The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.


Premise: When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?

Hypothesis: These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.


Premise: What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation?

Hypothesis: In 2006, Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the U.S., and revealed in his memoirs that he had "war-gamed" the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan.


Premise: What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?

Hypothesis: If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others.


Premise: The second test game was played in what arena?

Hypothesis: Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, "showcase", game.


Premise: To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?

Hypothesis: A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.


Premise: What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?

Hypothesis: The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.


Premise: What century started the increase of species invasions?

Hypothesis: Overall gamma diversity may be lowered because species are going extinct because of other causes, but even some of the most insidious invaders (e.g.: Dutch elm disease, emerald ash borer, chestnut blight in North America) have not caused their host species to become extinct.


Premise: Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?

Hypothesis: The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy.


Premise: Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?

Hypothesis: The formal break came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two churches—


Premise: What body of water borders Estonia?

Hypothesis: A small, recent cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia.


Premise: Other than Downtown and Midtown, what area boasts a fast growing restaurant scene?

Hypothesis: Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district.


Premise: Why did the US have troops on Okinawa?

Hypothesis: In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan, which came into force in April 1952, the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus, including the island of Okinawa—home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese—and the Bonin Islands, the Volcano Islands, and Iwo Jima into U.S. trusteeship.


Premise: What is the average household income in Boston?

Hypothesis: The per capita income for the city was $33,158.


Premise: How many people in the world have German heritage?

Hypothesis: While the exact number of German-descended people is difficult to calculate, the available data makes it safe to claim the number is exceeding 100 million people.


Premise: What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?

Hypothesis: While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations.


Premise: Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?

Hypothesis: In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor.


Premise: What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?

Hypothesis: West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.


Premise: What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?

Hypothesis: Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.


Premise: A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?

Hypothesis: A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya).


Premise: When did the first radio stations appear?

Hypothesis: The first commercial broadcasting radio stations appeared in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbel's department store, on March 17, followed the same year by WFIL, WOO, WCAU and WDAS.


Premise: In what year was San Diego rated as the country's best densely populated city for cycling?

Hypothesis: The dry and mild climate of San Diego makes cycling a convenient and pleasant year-round option.


Premise: What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?

Hypothesis: These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as large stretches of open water.


Premise: Who made HDTV official in 1993?

Hypothesis: The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV.


Premise: What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign?

Hypothesis: Since the new controllers don't have microphones on them like the second controller on the original console, certain games such as the Disk System version of The Legend of Zelda and Raid on Bungeling Bay will have certain tricks that cannot be replicated when played on an HVC-101 Famicom without a modded controller.


Premise: On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints?

Hypothesis: A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required.


Premise: What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand?

Hypothesis: In 2014 attention was drawn to an appeal to the New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family on the basis that they were "climate change refugees", who would suffer hardship resulting from the environmental degradation of Tuvalu.


Premise: When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?

Hypothesis: The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.


Premise: When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?

Hypothesis: Indonesia: The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22.


Premise: What are two works by Homer?

Hypothesis: Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after.


Premise: Who is an internationally renowned film director from Guinea-Bissau?

Hypothesis: Gomes's Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau.


Premise: What was the central part of Transoxiana called?

Hypothesis: Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana.


Premise: Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?

Hypothesis: In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres.


Premise: The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?

Hypothesis: Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction.


Premise: What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?

Hypothesis: Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct.


Premise: Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?

Hypothesis: The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance.


Premise: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?

Hypothesis: In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units.


Premise: What was the latest thought type?

Hypothesis: According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism.


Premise: What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?

Hypothesis: Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal.


Premise: Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations?

Hypothesis: Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself.


Premise: Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?

Hypothesis: Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige).


Premise: How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?

Hypothesis: The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection.


Premise: What was the name of the hotel located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk?

Hypothesis: The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk.


Premise: When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?

Hypothesis: There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia.


Premise: Who did Johan Cruyff name his son after?

Hypothesis: Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco.


Premise: What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?

Hypothesis: In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks".


Premise: What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?

Hypothesis: As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding.


Premise: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?

Hypothesis: These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings.


Premise: When was the Yale Herald established?

Hypothesis: Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine.


Premise: What was the name of Beyoncé's first international tour?

Hypothesis: In April 2007, Beyoncé embarked on The Beyoncé Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24 million.[note 1]


Premise: Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?

Hypothesis: The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.


Premise: What are there prominent examples of in comic history?

Hypothesis: Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history.


Premise: What is the estimate for the total number of protein coding genes on Earth?

Hypothesis: The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms.


Premise: From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?

Hypothesis: They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Leopold II of Tuscany, and Joseph II of Austria.


Premise: What type of chemicals is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?

Hypothesis: According to FAO, Iran has been a top five producer of the following agricultural products in the world in 2012: apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.


Premise: What Utrecht waterways host to

Hypothesis: Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club:


Premise: What kinds of fish are abundent in the British Isles?

Hypothesis: Fish are abundant in the rivers and lakes, in particular salmon, trout, perch and pike.


Premise: What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?

Hypothesis: Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson.


Premise: What is the most simple example of topological groups?

Hypothesis: Such groups are called topological groups, and they are the group objects in the category of topological spaces.


Premise: What forms of Islamic and Christian faiths do many residents practice?

Hypothesis: These statistics can be misleading, however, as many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their practices with traditional African beliefs.


Premise: With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?

Hypothesis: Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]


Premise: In what year was the École Polytechnique founded?

Hypothesis: The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum").


Premise: Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?

Hypothesis: Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862.


Premise: A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what?

Hypothesis: More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded, but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries, notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named), and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay.


Premise: What type of understanding of scripture did the English Order subscribe to?

Hypothesis: From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ: an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God.


Premise: Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?

Hypothesis: The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities.


Premise: In what borough is Godiva based?

Hypothesis: Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year.


Premise: Where are the statues at in the Old Town?

Hypothesis: Nearly all the 16th century fountains, except the Zähringer fountain which was created by Hans Hiltbrand, are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng.


Premise: What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?

Hypothesis: This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.


Premise: What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?

Hypothesis: Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, "Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle."


Premise: What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?

Hypothesis: In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".


Premise: How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won?

Hypothesis: For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition.


Premise: Who separated them?

Hypothesis: Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.


Premise: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?

Hypothesis: Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.


Premise: What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?

Hypothesis: Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel.


Premise: When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?

Hypothesis: Burgh (2006), suggests that the roots of Western classical music ultimately lie in ancient Egyptian art music via cheironomy and the ancient Egyptian orchestra, which dates to 2695 BC.


Premise: What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?

Hypothesis: These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads, allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards.


Premise: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?

Hypothesis: Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.


Premise: What is the total length of the Delhi Metro?

Hypothesis: The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres (117.83 miles) with 142 stations, of which 35 are underground, five are at-grade, and the remainder are elevated.


Premise: What type of heritage architecture is mainly displayed in Hyderabad?

Hypothesis: Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles.


Premise: Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?

Hypothesis: Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s, which was caused by the internal conflicts, the continuous wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference (most notably the Russian interference), the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722.


Premise: When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?

Hypothesis: Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine.


Premise: Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing?

Hypothesis: The cluster structure of the genetic data is therefore dependent on the initial hypotheses of the researcher and the populations sampled.


Premise: What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?

Hypothesis: Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes.


Premise: What was the predicted time of the quake?

Hypothesis: Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that "the bigger the earthquake, the easier it is to predict.


Premise: What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression?

Hypothesis: Usually, it is clear from the context whether a symbol like G refers to a group or to an underlying set.


Premise: What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?

Hypothesis: The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away.


Premise: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?

Hypothesis: All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave.


Premise: Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?

Hypothesis: However, Dowding had spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences, there was little to prevent the Germans carrying out an alternative strategy by bombing at night.


Premise: Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?

Hypothesis: Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.


Premise: How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game?

Hypothesis: The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64–40 in front of a crowd of 7,189.


Premise: What is this union seen as

Hypothesis: The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic.


Premise: What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?

Hypothesis: For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery.


Premise: What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?

Hypothesis: Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures.


Premise: What is the name of the gay district?

Hypothesis: Philadelphia's Gayborhood, which is located near Washington Square, is home to a large concentration of


Premise: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?

Hypothesis: Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.


Premise: Where was the city originally located?

Hypothesis: It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point.


Premise: What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection?

Hypothesis: The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%.


Premise: How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of?

Hypothesis: The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585.


Premise: Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist?

Hypothesis: In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another.


Premise: What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen?

Hypothesis: War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, this time centered on Boeing aircraft.


Premise: Who tipped of Bulger?

Hypothesis: In December 1994, after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding.


Premise: Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?

Hypothesis: The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.


Premise: Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?

Hypothesis: Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools.


Premise: How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?

Hypothesis: She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.


Premise: Who created the concept of ecosystems?

Hypothesis: The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements.


Premise: How big was Li Zicheng's army?

Hypothesis: Wu Sangui, caught between a rebel army twice his size and a foreign enemy he had fought for years, decided to cast his lot with the Manchus, with whom he was familiar.


Premise: How long was the recovery of industrial cities from raids?

Hypothesis: The attacks against Birmingham took war industries some three months to recover fully from.


Premise: What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?

Hypothesis: Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions.


Premise: Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat?

Hypothesis: Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans.


Premise: What organization discovered that the advertisements Beyoncé did for the soft drink company were 70% positive?

Hypothesis: The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation.


Premise: What determines the resistance of the filament?

Hypothesis: This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament, which in turn depends mainly on the filament's length, thickness, and material.


Premise: What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?

Hypothesis: In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs.


Premise: What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?

Hypothesis: In UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship.


Premise: Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?

Hypothesis: According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation.


Premise: How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?

Hypothesis: The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours.


Premise: What did Wrigley construct on the island to house the Cubs in Spring training?

Hypothesis: The curious location on Catalina Island stemmed from Cubs owner William Wrigley Jr.'s then-majority interest in the island in 1919.


Premise: Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel?

Hypothesis: The story paralleled that of Phyllis riding Aristotle.


Premise: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?

Hypothesis: Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union.


Premise: In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?

Hypothesis: At the end of the Late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe.


Premise: In what century did Hegel write?

Hypothesis: This tradition, which emphasized the mental or "ideal" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism.


Premise: What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht

Hypothesis: This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.


Premise: What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?

Hypothesis: Lee's older sister, Alice, responded to the rumor, saying: "That's the biggest lie ever told."


Premise: What kind of group was Public Image Ltd?

Hypothesis: Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols, Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be "anti music of any kind".


Premise: Where is the British Schools of Montevideo located?

Hypothesis: Also in Carrasco is The British Schools of Montevideo, one of the oldest educational institutions in the country, established in 1908.[citation needed]


Premise: Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?

Hypothesis: The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to "apologise" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for "attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government".


Premise: What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?

Hypothesis: For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect.


Premise: In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?

Hypothesis: Because of this, TCM is formatted similarly to a premium channel with certain films – particularly those made from the 1960s onward


Premise: What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film?

Hypothesis: The greater thickness and width of 35 mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response.


Premise: What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?

Hypothesis: The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka.


Premise: Autosomal DNA is what?

Hypothesis: Autosomal DNA is a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry, Y-DNA shows a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line, mtDNA shows any person's lineage only along the strict-maternal line.


Premise: Where can oxonium ions be found?

Hypothesis: Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.


Premise: In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written?

Hypothesis: Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx.


Premise: On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting?

Hypothesis: On June 15, 2006, the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008-09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years.


Premise: During what span were the Marshall Islands first settled?

Hypothesis: The islands derive their name from British explorer John Marshall, who visited in 1788.


Premise: With which political group was David Steel affiliated?

Hypothesis: Hayek claimed that a limited democracy might be better than other forms of limited government at protecting liberty but that an unlimited democracy was worse than other forms of unlimited government because "its government loses the power even to do what it thinks right if any group on which its majority depends thinks otherwise".


Premise: On what body part was Kerry wounded on Mar 13, 1969?

Hypothesis: On March 13, 1969, on the Bái Háp River, Kerry was in charge of one of five Swift boats that were returning to their base after performing an Operation Sealords mission to transport South Vietnamese troops from the garrison at Cái Nước and MIKE Force advisors for a raid on a Vietcong camp located on the Rach Dong Cung canal.


Premise: What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?

Hypothesis: Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be sustainably produced in many regions.


Premise: UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?

Hypothesis: The attacker is basically "hijacking" the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page, most likely owned by someone else.


Premise: In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?

Hypothesis: Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976.


Premise: Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?

Hypothesis: Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that "one’s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled" is eloquently discussed.


Premise: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?

Hypothesis: The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses.


Premise: Which stations break convention and begin with "CF" instead of "CB"?

Hypothesis: All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are "CB" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is "T".


Premise: Which author and solicitor has had more letters published on the main letters page of The Times than any other known contributor?

Hypothesis: Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents.


Premise: What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?

Hypothesis: They argue that Rome's expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors (that is, relations with city-states and kingdoms outside Rome's hegemony), and the new contingencies that these decisions created.


Premise: What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had?

Hypothesis: He is without parallel in any age, excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever".


Premise: Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory?

Hypothesis: Ordered phonological rules govern how underlying representation is transformed into the actual pronunciation (the so-called surface form).


Premise: What world did Pugin dislike?

Hypothesis: In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world.


Premise: What is the penalty area marked by?

Hypothesis: This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them.


Premise: Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?

Hypothesis: As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions.


Premise: When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?

Hypothesis: Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on.


Premise: How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?

Hypothesis: The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts.


Premise: What breed was Laika?

Hypothesis: In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.


Premise: What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs?

Hypothesis: Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture.


Premise: Why are tagging rules made?

Hypothesis: every one for themselves will incorporate tagging rules.


Premise: The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts?

Hypothesis: The "Neo-Eriksonian" identity status paradigm emerged in later years[when?]


Premise: Who owns the majority of critical habitat?

Hypothesis: More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations.


Premise: What colony was located to the north of New Haven Colony, centered around the area known as Hartford?

Hypothesis: The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony.


Premise: What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government?

Hypothesis: But the Bahá'í Faith, which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century.


Premise: During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audience?

Hypothesis: During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated.


Premise: Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?

Hypothesis: Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation.


Premise: Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?

Hypothesis: Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural.


Premise: What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?

Hypothesis: During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology.


Premise: What are some prepatory schools for younger students

Hypothesis: There are also preparatory schools for younger children, such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School.


Premise: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?

Hypothesis: The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought.


Premise: Where were the PLO bases located?

Hypothesis: In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border.


Premise: When did the federal war end?

Hypothesis: The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces.


Premise: How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?

Hypothesis: Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students).


Premise: Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital?

Hypothesis: Keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country.


Premise: What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?

Hypothesis: The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century.


Premise: As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?

Hypothesis: The aims of the ceremony are to preserve girls' chastity, provide tribute labour for the Queen mother, and to encourage solidarity by working together.


Premise: Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?

Hypothesis: Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.


Premise: The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase?

Hypothesis: The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors, one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane.


Premise: Such forms are not used by whom?

Hypothesis: Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms.


Premise: What is the new business called?

Hypothesis: The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance, fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015.


Premise: How many sub components are there?

Hypothesis: Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers.


Premise: Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?

Hypothesis: Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery.


Premise: Does Paris see snow?

Hypothesis: The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.


Premise: Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient?

Hypothesis: Carpets and objects from the orient can be visited in the Oriental Carpet Museum.


Premise: The non violent protesting led the soldiers to engage in what type of behavior?

Hypothesis: As a consequence, opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum.


Premise: In what neighborhood is the monument to Bill Robinson located?

Hypothesis: The city is home to many monuments and memorials, most notably those along Monument Avenue.