Premise: What mall is located in Casas Adobes?

Hypothesis: The Foothills Mall is also located on the northwest side in Casas Adobes.


Premise: How many areas in Rome could be called hills?

Hypothesis: Life in the Roman Republic revolved around the city of Rome, and its famed seven hills.


Premise: In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?

Hypothesis: Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'.


Premise: What is the finest border ballad?

Hypothesis: In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale.


Premise: Who requested the aid of the Canadians?

Hypothesis: They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.


Premise: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?

Hypothesis: According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong."


Premise: When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?

Hypothesis: He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....


Premise: What did the integrated system for ADGB link?

Hypothesis: NATO later called these arrangements an "air defence ground environment", defined as "the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations".


Premise: What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?

Hypothesis: The event was held in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, on April 21.


Premise: In 2013, what newspaper claimed Schwarzenegger was considering a presidential campaign?

Hypothesis: Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting, "The law is very clear, but it’s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process."


Premise: Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?

Hypothesis: In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile.


Premise: What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri ("sea-land").


Premise: What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards?

Hypothesis: When the record was played back using a complementary inverse curve, signal-to-noise ratio was improved and the programming sounded more lifelike.


Premise: Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?

Hypothesis: The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions.


Premise: What speed is Saint Helena internet access?

Hypothesis: Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth.


Premise: What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership?

Hypothesis: East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law.


Premise: What is the last opus number that Chopin used?

Hypothesis: The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor.


Premise: What does the term Burmanisation make people feel ?

Hypothesis: Myanmar's ethnic minority groups prefer the term "ethnic nationality" over "ethnic minority" as the term "minority" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as "Burmanisation"—the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures.


Premise: How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?

Hypothesis: Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor.


Premise: Why was the US military so small initially?

Hypothesis: The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy.


Premise: What complications are associated with Syphilis?

Hypothesis: Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death.[citation needed]


Premise: Which restaurant did Madonna work in New York City?

Hypothesis: She had little money and worked as a waitress at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes, taking classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and eventually performing with Pear Lang Dance Theater.


Premise: Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?

Hypothesis: It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.”


Premise: Who ended their sponsorship this season?

Hypothesis: Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role.


Premise: What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?

Hypothesis: In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina's 2nd district, the last in 1898.


Premise: Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?

Hypothesis: In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues.


Premise: What are the two major city-states?

Hypothesis: With an emphasis on geographical conditions, Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten (city-states), as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.


Premise: What is the official Cubs team mascot?

Hypothesis: The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub, named Clark, described by the team's press release as a young and friendly Cub.


Premise: What is the largest school system in North Carolina?

Hypothesis: North Carolina has 115 public school systems, each of which is overseen by a local school board.


Premise: What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside?

Hypothesis: Neighborhoods in the city's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas, the Hillside Court housing projects, and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor.


Premise: On what day was Kanye's women's line premiered at Paris fashion week?

Hypothesis: On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week.


Premise: What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?

Hypothesis: Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs.


Premise: What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?

Hypothesis: By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare.


Premise: What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for?

Hypothesis: The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour.


Premise: Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued?

Hypothesis: However, yellow and deep red were continued until about 1952.


Premise: What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?

Hypothesis: Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.


Premise: When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?

Hypothesis: After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011.


Premise: What was the name of the building involved in the bombing?

Hypothesis: The city was the scene of the April 19, 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died.


Premise: What is a main goal of Iran's market reform plans?

Hypothesis: Currently, the government is trying to privatize these industries, and, despite successes, there are still several problems to be overcome, such as the lagging corruption in the public sector and lack of competitiveness.


Premise: What is the alternate name of Chuck Ford Park?

Hypothesis: The area is considered to be south of Golf Links Road.


Premise: What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?

Hypothesis: These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities.


Premise: What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?

Hypothesis: The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism.


Premise: How much Scottish capital was lost in the Panama colony attempt?

Hypothesis: The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns.


Premise: Despite being in the midst of a long period of economic decline many felt that the Convention was only held in Atlantic city because of a friendship between what two men?

Hypothesis: The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline.


Premise: What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974?

Hypothesis: The Times adopted a stance described as "peculiarly detached" at the 1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party.


Premise: What is the name of bird excrement?

Hypothesis: Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer.


Premise: When did Barcelona become the first Spanish team to win the treble competitions?

Hypothesis: In 2009, Barcelona became the first club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the Champions League.


Premise: What did Sony change about the PS3 games along with the packaging in 2009?

Hypothesis: The cover art and packaging of games was also changed.


Premise: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?

Hypothesis: Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.


Premise: Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?

Hypothesis: Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities.


Premise: Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award and she feared no one would take her seriously.


Premise: What is the bus system called in Mexico City?

Hypothesis: When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week.


Premise: What sector does the STC oversee?

Hypothesis: The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory.


Premise: What part of the city is the Rose Bowl in?

Hypothesis: Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city, at the Rose Bowl in West End, after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground, both near the city centre.


Premise: Are there more males or females in Southampton?

Hypothesis: The 20–24 age range is the most populous, with an estimated 32,300 people falling in this age range.


Premise: The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?

Hypothesis: The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico.


Premise: Which competition did ASPEC win?

Hypothesis: The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder (OCF) in hardware (Krasner's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use), was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips.


Premise: What are three of the largest contributors to the Cyprus economy?

Hypothesis: Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union.


Premise: How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?

Hypothesis: By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East.


Premise: What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?

Hypothesis: I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia.


Premise: What are anarchists not against?

Hypothesis: Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy.


Premise: Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks?

Hypothesis: The Turks also had difficulties, losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars.


Premise: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?

Hypothesis: The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews.


Premise: What do the other six questions asses?

Hypothesis: For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions.


Premise: What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life?

Hypothesis: These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour — though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.


Premise: What has the grant enabled

Hypothesis: In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet".


Premise: How many votes did he have?

Hypothesis: He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes.


Premise: What is Zhongyang Shangchang?

Hypothesis: A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up, attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing.


Premise: What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?

Hypothesis: Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans.


Premise: When did the Football War happen?

Hypothesis: By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras.


Premise: This speed holds what record?

Hypothesis: The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second.


Premise: Where is Zakria's shrine?

Hypothesis: They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint.


Premise: How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?

Hypothesis: The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.


Premise: Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?

Hypothesis: Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in order to digest them and absorb nutrients, such as Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus, or invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol, such as Daptobacter.


Premise: How many provinces are in the mountain range?

Hypothesis: A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.


Premise: How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?

Hypothesis: The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun.


Premise: The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?

Hypothesis: Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War.


Premise: Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?

Hypothesis: Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun.


Premise: How is "body dissatisfaction" defined?

Hypothesis: The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance has been defined as "body dissatisfaction".


Premise: Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?

Hypothesis: ^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles.


Premise: How many clean diesel and hybrid taxicabs did New York City have in 2010?

Hypothesis: Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America.


Premise: What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?

Hypothesis: The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors.


Premise: What war changed the way the United States looked at race?

Hypothesis: Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War.


Premise: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?

Hypothesis: The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major.


Premise: Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?

Hypothesis: During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff.


Premise: What triggers an immune response according to CST?

Hypothesis: On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response.


Premise: Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?

Hypothesis: According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control.


Premise: What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live?

Hypothesis: Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision.


Premise: Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?

Hypothesis: Located in Southern Europe, Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.


Premise: Northern Greece gets how many visitors?

Hypothesis: The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million, while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million).


Premise: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?

Hypothesis: For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.


Premise: What is the ASCII based on?

Hypothesis: ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (many now obsolete) that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, including the space (which is considered an invisible graphic:223).


Premise: What is Punjab's population?

Hypothesis: It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population.


Premise: What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?

Hypothesis: In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status.


Premise: Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?

Hypothesis: The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.


Premise: What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?

Hypothesis: The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary.


Premise: What hapend in the 2000 election

Hypothesis: In the closely contested 2000 election, the state played a pivotal role.


Premise: What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.


Premise: What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?

Hypothesis: In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security.


Premise: what does null hypothesis test against?

Hypothesis: In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables.


Premise: Where could citizens register "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?

Hypothesis: As of 2011, 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal (speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages).


Premise: What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?

Hypothesis: The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed]


Premise: What genre of music are bands like Feist and Wilco?

Hypothesis: In the early 2010s, indie musicians like Imagine Dragons, Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, The Lumineers and Ed Sheeran also had indie songs that crossed over to the adult contemporary charts.


Premise: Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?

Hypothesis: It is the second-largest U.S. city (after El Paso, Texas) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.


Premise: When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?

Hypothesis: The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.


Premise: How did the First Macedonian War end?

Hypothesis: The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).


Premise: How many PVA soldiers fought in this battle and lost?

Hypothesis: United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off, but this time they stood and fought at odds of roughly 15 to 1.


Premise: What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?

Hypothesis: The single, "A Moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100.


Premise: When did more commercial streets become built in Nanjing?

Hypothesis: There are two major areas where bars are densely located; one is in 1912 block; the other is along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood.


Premise: Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?

Hypothesis: Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century.


Premise: What provides a bridge between the different dungeons?

Hypothesis: The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting.


Premise: What might /kʲ/ be considered?

Hypothesis: These sounds: /t, d, ts, s, z, n and rʲ/ are dental, that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.


Premise: When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?

Hypothesis: Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that "Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China.


Premise: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?

Hypothesis: The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.


Premise: What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?

Hypothesis: The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against some treaties.


Premise: What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?

Hypothesis: According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012.


Premise: How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?

Hypothesis: The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862.


Premise: Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?

Hypothesis: Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have long been the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced.


Premise: What type of bicycle does Kerry prefer?

Hypothesis: In addition to the sports he played at Yale, Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated, among others, as an "avid cyclist", primarily riding on a road bike.


Premise: Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?

Hypothesis: Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services.


Premise: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?

Hypothesis: In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution.


Premise: The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?

Hypothesis: Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C.


Premise: Which two space missions were the first to successfully dock each other?

Hypothesis: The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realised in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions.


Premise: What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?

Hypothesis: Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".


Premise: Samsara is caused by what?

Hypothesis: Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences.


Premise: What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?

Hypothesis: In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville.


Premise: What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?

Hypothesis: It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.


Premise: Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?

Hypothesis: Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin.


Premise: Where can people using iPods on planes view the device's interface?

Hypothesis: Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems.


Premise: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction?

Hypothesis: The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species.


Premise: Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?

Hypothesis: One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works.


Premise: When was a military coup conducted?

Hypothesis: In September 2003, a military coup was conducted.


Premise: Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left

Hypothesis: After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples.


Premise: How have swans been marked?

Hypothesis: Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England.


Premise: Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?

Hypothesis: Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula, Ohio, which received programming from the CBC's London, Ontario, transmitter, based upon prevailing atmospheric conditions over Lake Erie.


Premise: Who described Guinea-Bissau as being at risk for becoming a "narco-state"?

Hypothesis: The government and the military have done little to stop drug trafficking, which increased after the 2012 coup d'état.


Premise: What's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife?

Hypothesis: In 1998, he sold his restaurant.


Premise: In which city is the Gandhi Smriti located?

Hypothesis: Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948.


Premise: What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?

Hypothesis: It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century.


Premise: What is the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

Hypothesis: In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States.


Premise: In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television?

Hypothesis: Turner Classic Movies is available in many other countries around the world.


Premise: What is the arid measurement in Namibia?

Hypothesis: Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid (mean rain above 500 mm) through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid from 150 to 300 mm (these three regions are inland from the western escarpment) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean.


Premise: What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?

Hypothesis: An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services.


Premise: Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?

Hypothesis: As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.


Premise: Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?

Hypothesis: During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association.


Premise: What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?

Hypothesis: The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period.


Premise: Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?

Hypothesis: It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader.


Premise: How many viewers did the largest rock star benefit concert attract?

Hypothesis: The concert is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as "The largest rock star benefit concert", as it was televised to over 1.2 billion viewers worldwide, and raised over £20,000,000 for AIDS charities.


Premise: Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?

Hypothesis: The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.


Premise: What is another term for Greek?

Hypothesis: The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus.


Premise: What two things did the mentors help the contestants with?

Hypothesis: Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season.


Premise: Knighthood is given by being dubbed with what object?

Hypothesis: Investitures, which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword, and other awards take place in the palace's Ballroom, built in 1854.


Premise: What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?

Hypothesis: Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.[note 4]


Premise: When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?

Hypothesis: Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision.


Premise: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?

Hypothesis: This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground.


Premise: How long was the necklace offered to Hera?

Hypothesis: Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo, or that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo.


Premise: Who was Barcelona's top scorer?

Hypothesis: Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi, who scored 46 goals in the League, including two hat-tricks.


Premise: Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?

Hypothesis: So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members who was among them rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to Worms to repay the favor.


Premise: Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member?

Hypothesis: The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered.


Premise: What was ornately carved in the 9th-11th centuries?

Hypothesis: Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time.


Premise: What are the contiguous states sometimes called?

Hypothesis: It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48".


Premise: what does 3G stand for?

Hypothesis: The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.


Premise: The CCCS has since been associated with who?

Hypothesis: It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director.


Premise: What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit?

Hypothesis: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees.


Premise: Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?

Hypothesis: He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake.


Premise: By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?

Hypothesis: Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws.


Premise: What are two examples of high quality microphones?

Hypothesis: The dynamic or moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone in 1932.


Premise: there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?

Hypothesis: Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews.


Premise: Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?

Hypothesis: Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force.


Premise: America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?

Hypothesis: Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635.


Premise: Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?

Hypothesis: Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.


Premise: Who won the election of 1492?

Hypothesis: For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.


Premise: On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?

Hypothesis: A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension.


Premise: Who commanded the army?

Hypothesis: In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General.


Premise: From what ancient region did kuul application come?

Hypothesis: Usage of the eye cosmetic in the Horn region is believed to date to the ancient Land of Punt.


Premise: Who presented two lectures on their voyage?

Hypothesis: On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum, on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown.


Premise: Which number member is Namibia in the Commonwealth of Nations?

Hypothesis: With a small army and a fragile economy, the Namibian Government's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the Southern African region.


Premise: What country experienced a coup in 1962?

Hypothesis: Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a "miscalculation".


Premise: What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?

Hypothesis: The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile


Premise: How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?

Hypothesis: Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations.


Premise: What kind of database is XML?

Hypothesis: XML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes.


Premise: Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?

Hypothesis: Hempel came to acknowledge that Logical Positivism's verificationism was untenable, but argued that falsificationism was equally untenable on logical grounds alone.


Premise: What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe?

Hypothesis: They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth.


Premise: How much did Greece make from a bond sale in 2014?

Hypothesis: In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold €3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%.


Premise: What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?

Hypothesis: It's actually considered proper decorum for fellow wrestlers to refer to each other by their stage names/characters rather than their birth/legal names, unless otherwise introduced.


Premise: What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?

Hypothesis: On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military.


Premise: After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?

Hypothesis: Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time.


Premise: In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred?

Hypothesis: Peter of Alexandria, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution, and may have been one of those teachers.


Premise: When did Chinese forces retake Guangxi?

Hypothesis: In August 1945, Chinese forces successfully retook Guangxi.[citation needed]


Premise: Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals?

Hypothesis: The vast majority of bird species are socially monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, but rarely for life.


Premise: Who founded the NFSL?

Hypothesis: Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad.


Premise: where is house music extremely popular?

Hypothesis: As of 2015, house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe.[citation needed]


Premise: Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?

Hypothesis: Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]


Premise: What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity?

Hypothesis: Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry; and Poincaré groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity.


Premise: Which two stars did Beyoncé help with their Haiti Earthquake organization?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti


Premise: In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?

Hypothesis: This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days.


Premise: Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?

Hypothesis: Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War.


Premise: What was considered a threat to Western civilization?

Hypothesis: Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world, the Information age and computers were forefront in use, not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life.


Premise: Who had a hit single with "(Don't Fear) The Reaper"?

Hypothesis: On Your Feet or on Your Knees (1975), followed by their first platinum album, Agents of Fortune (1976), containing the hit single "(Don't Fear)


Premise: What is the colloquial term afforded to New Haven-style pizza?

Hypothesis: New Haven-style pizza, called "apizza" (pronounced ah-BEETS, [aˈpitts] in the original Italian dialect), made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana (known as Pepe's) in 1925.


Premise: Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: During his tenure at Notre Dame, he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus; he selected Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883.


Premise: What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government?

Hypothesis: Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament.


Premise: What was Schwarzenegger's mother's maiden name?

Hypothesis: He married Arnold's mother on October 20, 1945;– he was 38, and she was 23 years old.


Premise: What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?

Hypothesis: In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses.


Premise: When was the Pashupatinath Temple built?

Hypothesis: However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior.


Premise: Who presented two lectures on their voyage?

Hypothesis: He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent.


Premise: What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world?

Hypothesis: Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages.


Premise: When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall?

Hypothesis: The school delayed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics.


Premise: What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered?

Hypothesis: In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink.


Premise: What event started the consular year?

Hypothesis: The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.


Premise: Who studied Beyoncé during live concerts for research for a film's music role?

Hypothesis: American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong.


Premise: Which one of one's father's surnames is used?

Hypothesis: In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname.


Premise: How has this foundation changed in recent years?

Hypothesis: After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyoncé and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyoncé contributed an initial $250,000.


Premise: Which city did Osman's son capture?

Hypothesis: Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state.


Premise: Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?

Hypothesis: The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital.


Premise: What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?

Hypothesis: Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members.


Premise: What happens when members increase their deposits?

Hypothesis: The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually.


Premise: What was the first indoor stadium in the world?

Hypothesis: In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965.


Premise: Who taught children before they began school in Hungary?

Hypothesis: Instead, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins.


Premise: How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?

Hypothesis: They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware.


Premise: How many principle bedrooms does the palace have?

Hypothesis: These very formal rooms are used only for ceremonial and official entertaining, but are open to the public every summer.


Premise: What are the other railways being proposed in the state?

Hypothesis: Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.


Premise: Prior to moving to the Richmond area, where was Altria's headquarters located?

Hypothesis: However, only Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco are headquartered within the city of Richmond; the others are located in the neighboring counties of Henrico and Hanover.


Premise: What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?

Hypothesis: The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism).


Premise: Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?

Hypothesis: In May 2011, an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.


Premise: What was the name of the law that enacted this?

Hypothesis: The period since the re-establishment of democracy in Spain—in particular since the Lei de Normalización Lingüística ("Law of Linguistic Normalization", Ley 3/1983, 15 June 1983)—represents the first time since the introduction of mass education that a generation has attended school in Galician (Spanish is also still taught in Galician schools).


Premise: How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?

Hypothesis: The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered.


Premise: When did Beijing fall?

Hypothesis: The last Ming pretender, Prince Gui, sought refuge with the King of Burma, but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to Yunnan province and executed in early 1662.


Premise: What type of elevator is featured?

Hypothesis: When entering the cab, it appears to be any normal elevator ride.


Premise: Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?

Hypothesis: In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular.


Premise: What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?

Hypothesis: The plague, probably brought by foreign troops during the Great Northern War, killed 250,000 East Prussians, especially in the province's eastern regions.


Premise: What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?

Hypothesis: People of Mediterranean origin report as painful some radiant heat intensities that northern Europeans describe as nonpainful.


Premise: Which other movement was it modeled after?

Hypothesis: Solidaridad Gallega failed, but in 1916 Irmandades da Fala (Brotherhood of the Language) developed first as a cultural association but soon as a full-blown nationalist movement.


Premise: Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?

Hypothesis: The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries.


Premise: Where does Miami rank in population among US cities?

Hypothesis: The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States, and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States.


Premise: Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?

Hypothesis: Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command.


Premise: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?

Hypothesis: Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne.


Premise: Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?

Hypothesis: Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]


Premise: What is the oldest cafe in Paris?

Hypothesis: The café arrived in Paris in the 17th century, when the beverage was first brought from Turkey, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life.


Premise: Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?

Hypothesis: The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later.


Premise: What form is excepted by most speakers?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.


Premise: What was the name applied to the trade of dealing with labor hunters?

Hypothesis: For less than a year between 1862–63, Peruvian ships, engaged in what became to be called the "blackbirding" trade, combed the smaller islands of Polynesia from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific to Tuvalu and the southern atolls of the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati), seeking recruits to fill the extreme labour shortage in Peru.


Premise: How many kilometers does Guinea-Bissau cover?

Hypothesis: Guinea-Bissau (i/ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/, GI-nee-bi-SOW), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau, pronounced: [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa.


Premise: What is another name for Anhimidae?

Hypothesis: The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon.


Premise: Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall?

Hypothesis: With 247.4 mm (9.7 in), January is the month with the highest rainfall of the year, while June is the lowest, with only 8.7 mm (0.3 in).


Premise: What does UGR stand for?

Hypothesis: In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.


Premise: Where is Catalonia located?

Hypothesis: However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.).


Premise: What sector does ESET fall under?

Hypothesis: The largest software company in San Diego is security software company Websense Inc. San Diego also has the U.S. headquarters for the Slovakian security company ESET.


Premise: What division do the Tottonians belong to?

Hypothesis: The city is also well provided for in amateur men's and women's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city, the oldest of which is Trojans RFC who were promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9.


Premise: When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?

Hypothesis: Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.


Premise: What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?

Hypothesis: This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes.


Premise: What gases come from hydrothermal vents?

Hypothesis: However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight.


Premise: About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021?

Hypothesis: Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices.


Premise: What could you find in Novgorod that you couldn't in most other cities?

Hypothesis: Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe, was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced.


Premise: Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?

Hypothesis: Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978.


Premise: What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??

Hypothesis: Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.


Premise: What title did Complex award Beyoncé?

Hypothesis: She was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by People and the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex in 2012.


Premise: When was the Grand Service made?

Hypothesis: On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them, beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery.


Premise: What do we call the author of a play?

Hypothesis: A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.


Premise: The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?

Hypothesis: Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks (slave-warriors), replacing Iranian and Arab elements within the army.


Premise: Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland?

Hypothesis: At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing.


Premise: Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?

Hypothesis: In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves.


Premise: What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?

Hypothesis: The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


Premise: What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia?

Hypothesis: The parliament for Berlin is called the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a Bürgerschaft.


Premise: What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain?

Hypothesis: Eight-inch discs with a 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) label became popular for about a decade in Britain, but they cannot be played in full on most modern record players because the tone arm cannot play far enough in toward the center without modification of the equipment.


Premise: Who took control when Doson died?

Hypothesis: Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.


Premise: What did the author of "The Essence of Christianity" consider religion to be?

Hypothesis: Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx.


Premise: What is Sacks' career?

Hypothesis: Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa.


Premise: What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?

Hypothesis: When, in 1974, he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal, the latter complained about being paired with an "ideologue".


Premise: This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?

Hypothesis: They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong.


Premise: What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?

Hypothesis: In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain, as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).


Premise: When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?

Hypothesis: The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time.


Premise: How many languages has the book been translated into?

Hypothesis: One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages.


Premise: Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?

Hypothesis: Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.


Premise: When did Philip Morris' R&D facility open?

Hypothesis: Philip Morris USA opened a $350 million research and development facility in the park in 2007.


Premise: What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?

Hypothesis: Traditional morphological and modern molecular phylogenetic analysis have both recognized a major evolutionary transition from "non-bilaterian" animals, which are those lacking a bilaterally symmetric body plan (Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa), to "bilaterian" animals (Bilateria) whose body plans display bilateral symmetry.


Premise: Why was dBASE unique?

Hypothesis: C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: "dBASE was different from programs like BASIC, C, FORTRAN, and COBOL in that a lot of the dirty work had already been done.


Premise: What is the name of Comcast's channel available to subscribers in east coast markets?

Hypothesis: The other partners in the project were New York Mets and Time Warner Cable.


Premise: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing?

Hypothesis: Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.


Premise: White clam pie is found in what district of New Haven?

Hypothesis: New Haven's greatest culinary claim to fame may be its pizza, which has been claimed to be among the best in the country, or even in the world.


Premise: What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?

Hypothesis: Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.


Premise: The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?

Hypothesis: The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance.


Premise: When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1?

Hypothesis: An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013.


Premise: Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?

Hypothesis: Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712).


Premise: What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?

Hypothesis: The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union.


Premise: The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?

Hypothesis: The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent).


Premise: What was the name of the first song released by David Cook after winning American Idol?

Hypothesis: The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season.


Premise: What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?

Hypothesis: MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it.


Premise: What things show Corks diverse culural background?

Hypothesis: Cork also features various Christian churches, as well as a mosque.


Premise: What English organization did John Williams belong to?

Hypothesis: According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery."


Premise: What does AHRA stand for?

Hypothesis: These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA).


Premise: What country was Queen Victoria's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest?

Hypothesis: Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown.


Premise: Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?

Hypothesis: In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America).


Premise: Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?

Hypothesis: Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples.


Premise: Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism?

Hypothesis: Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas.


Premise: During what periods did the Sumerican city-states rise to power?

Hypothesis: Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. the 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions.


Premise: What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying?

Hypothesis: He fell asleep at the controls of his Ju 88 and woke up to discover the entire crew asleep.


Premise: Who published a book about worms in 1881?

Hypothesis: Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility.


Premise: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?

Hypothesis: The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black.


Premise: Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand, who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era?

Hypothesis: As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the early half of the 1960s.


Premise: As of 2011, how many people live in the Marshall Islands?

Hypothesis: About 27,797 of the islanders (at the 2011 Census) live on Majuro, which contains the capital.


Premise: When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination?

Hypothesis: A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908.


Premise: The Delhi Flying Club was established in what year?

Hypothesis: The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.


Premise: What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with?

Hypothesis: There is a great source of confusion in the fact that the ancient shire county, along with its associated assizes, was known as the County of Southampton or Southamptonshire.


Premise: What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?

Hypothesis: Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled.


Premise: What did the hacker use to acquire the software?

Hypothesis: The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"".


Premise: What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?

Hypothesis: Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation.


Premise: What was the title of the leader of a monastery?

Hypothesis: Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot.


Premise: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?

Hypothesis: Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.


Premise: What is particle gas dynamics?

Hypothesis: This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics.


Premise: When did Galle discover Neptune?

Hypothesis: On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction.


Premise: Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?

Hypothesis: Therefore, comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are (i.e., how much memory or CPU time they use in the decoding process).


Premise: What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?

Hypothesis: He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to choose their own church.


Premise: Where was Julia Tuttle born?

Hypothesis: Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami.


Premise: When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?

Hypothesis: This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.


Premise: Who banned Saurez for four months after he bit another player?

Hypothesis: Two days later, it was announced that Luis Enrique would return to Barcelona as head coach, after he agreed to a two-year deal.


Premise: What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line?

Hypothesis: In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012.


Premise: What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?

Hypothesis: In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister.


Premise: During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?

Hypothesis: Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators.


Premise: How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?

Hypothesis: Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.


Premise: What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?

Hypothesis: During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys.


Premise: Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?

Hypothesis: In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army.


Premise: What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?

Hypothesis: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water.


Premise: Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:

Hypothesis: Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.


Premise: Where were dead Sumerians buried?

Hypothesis: Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants.


Premise: Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?

Hypothesis: The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist.


Premise: Which Nigerian tribe is 95% Muslim?

Hypothesis: Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant, 25% were Catholic, and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community.


Premise: What was the determination of the referendum?

Hypothesis: As a consequence of the referendum, separation occurred in two stages.


Premise: Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.

Hypothesis: The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people.


Premise: What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?

Hypothesis: Aircraft that are landing extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance.


Premise: Who founded Australia's liberal party?

Hypothesis: However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist.


Premise: Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?

Hypothesis: Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe.


Premise: How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?

Hypothesis: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.


Premise: What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?

Hypothesis: In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen ("Half Moon" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company.


Premise: Up to how many cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day in Melbourne?

Hypothesis: Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day.


Premise: What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes?

Hypothesis: UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit (two 8-bit bytes) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard.


Premise: The true diversity within the insect species remains what?

Hypothesis: This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate.


Premise: What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?

Hypothesis: This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action, in world history.


Premise: The smaller German states joined which side?

Hypothesis: The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover).


Premise: Where were the Zapatist forces from?

Hypothesis: Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza.


Premise: What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?

Hypothesis: For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations".


Premise: Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?

Hypothesis: Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor.


Premise: How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?

Hypothesis: There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang.


Premise: Where was the Dome of the Rock built?

Hypothesis: This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.


Premise: When was the station renamed to it's modern name?

Hypothesis: The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room.


Premise: What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?

Hypothesis: Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology.


Premise: What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?

Hypothesis: Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate).


Premise: What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?

Hypothesis: He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten, heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen, and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time.


Premise: The government wanted Nanjing to be what kind of industrial city?

Hypothesis: Overenthusiastic in building a “world-class” industrial city, the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development, such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal, resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s.


Premise: When did Tribhuvan die?

Hypothesis: Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber.


Premise: ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?

Hypothesis: The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment.


Premise: About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?

Hypothesis: Around three quarters of the staff work in the field.


Premise: In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?

Hypothesis: At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership.


Premise: What city did William Eaton capture to end the first Barbary War?

Hypothesis: In 1805, after William Eaton captured the city of Derna, Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty.


Premise: What groups remain today?

Hypothesis: Today only a few groups remain: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen).


Premise: Who was Robert Gates?

Hypothesis: On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley.


Premise: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?

Hypothesis: While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint.


Premise: How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the 11 year violence in 1963?

Hypothesis: In 1963, the 11-year intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started, which displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic.


Premise: Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?

Hypothesis: From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.


Premise: What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?

Hypothesis: In early 2016, several weeks prior to the release of his new album, West became embroiled in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner, Amber Rose, who protested to West's mention of her and Khalifa's child.


Premise: When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?

Hypothesis: Under the 1995–2004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games.


Premise: What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?

Hypothesis: The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom.


Premise: The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?

Hypothesis: Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941.


Premise: What was the primary religion of Germany?

Hypothesis: It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein.


Premise: Who returned as executive producer this season?

Hypothesis: Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer.


Premise: What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?

Hypothesis: Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system.


Premise: Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War 1?

Hypothesis: The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes.


Premise: Where was the first Nationalist victory?

Hypothesis: In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang.


Premise: During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?

Hypothesis: This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons".


Premise: What are the two main religions?

Hypothesis: The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; there is a Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) minority.


Premise: How many species were delisted due to discoveries of new populations?

Hypothesis: As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting.


Premise: Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?

Hypothesis: Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.


Premise: What was a common problem found in early flexible records?

Hypothesis: Related Durium records continued to be made somewhat later in the UK and elsewhere, and as remarkably late as 1950 in Italy, where the name "Durium" survived far into the LP era as a trademark on ordinary vinyl records.


Premise: What does ARB stand for?

Hypothesis: Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.


Premise: Marvel's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name?

Hypothesis: This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular, which turned out to be Marvel's most successful book.


Premise: What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?

Hypothesis: One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made.


Premise: in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?

Hypothesis: At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off.


Premise: When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?

Hypothesis: The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee.


Premise: What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?

Hypothesis: Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,


Premise: What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece?

Hypothesis: In order to avert a default (as high borrowing rates effectively prohibited access to the markets), in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a "rescue package" which involved giving Greece an immediate €45 billion in bail-out loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €110 billion.


Premise: Is botany a narrow science?

Hypothesis: Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology.


Premise: How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?

Hypothesis: The London Natural History Society suggest that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 percent green space or open water.


Premise: What is Yale largely known for?

Hypothesis: Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s.


Premise: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?

Hypothesis: Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century.


Premise: What element is considered the lightest?

Hypothesis: With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table.


Premise: Why does Spielberg think aliens would visit?

Hypothesis: In an AFI interview in August 2000 Spielberg commented on his interest in the possibility of extra terrestrial life and how it has influenced some of his films.


Premise: When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?

Hypothesis: Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off.


Premise: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?

Hypothesis: In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education.


Premise: Which is the smallest version of the iPod?

Hypothesis: There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.


Premise: Who won season eleven of American Idol?

Hypothesis: Just hours before the season eleven finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol:


Premise: Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?

Hypothesis: Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues.


Premise: Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France?

Hypothesis: Berhane was named African Sportsman of the Year in 2013, ahead of footballers Yaya Touré and Didier Drogba, while Teklehaimanot became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a España in 2012.


Premise: Why was Taylor indicted by a special court ?

Hypothesis: Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that year, and Taylor was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity that same month.


Premise: What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?

Hypothesis: A more intensive system is yarding, in which the birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate.


Premise: What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?

Hypothesis: Scythia - Christians already lived there.


Premise: When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule?

Hypothesis: Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Arme-Shupria (1300s–1190 BC), the Nairi (1400–1000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (860–590 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland.


Premise: What group of people founded Palermo?

Hypothesis: The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name.


Premise: What latitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between?

Hypothesis: Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west.


Premise: Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli  to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?

Hypothesis: Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin.


Premise: What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?

Hypothesis: The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress—it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years (Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi); and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD.


Premise: What type of programmin relies on vertical polarization?

Hypothesis: In some applications where the receiving antenna must work in any position, as in mobile phones, the base station antennas use mixed polarization, such as linear polarization at an angle (with both vertical and horizontal components) or circular polarization.


Premise: What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?

Hypothesis: To leave monuments to his reign, he built the Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.


Premise: What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?

Hypothesis: Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues.


Premise: What provides a fourth transfer mode?

Hypothesis: Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host.


Premise: How much precipitation does Heron recieve?

Hypothesis: Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.