Premise: In what year did the pope make the declaration?

Hypothesis: The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy.


Premise: When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?

Hypothesis: The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy.


Premise: What percentage of the Miami population in 1970 was black?

Hypothesis: In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic White, and 22.7% Black.


Premise: In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered?

Hypothesis: Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna.


Premise: What were the names given for the two groups that heavily dominated Alsace during this time?

Hypothesis: As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories.


Premise: What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?

Hypothesis: " Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".


Premise: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?

Hypothesis: The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors.


Premise: How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?

Hypothesis: commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91.


Premise: Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?

Hypothesis: The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84).


Premise: Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome?

Hypothesis: Athanasius did, however, remain in contact with his people through his annual Festal Letters, in which he also announced on which date Easter would be celebrated that year.


Premise: Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?

Hypothesis: Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.


Premise: Which script replaced the Gupta script?

Hypothesis: The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script.


Premise: What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?

Hypothesis: This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example.


Premise: When did most of the Eastward sector of the Roman expanse choose to have a rebirth of Greek traditions and appreciations ?

Hypothesis: Since its inception, Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture and the national continuity of the Greek world is a lot more certain than its demographic.


Premise: Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?

Hypothesis: However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.


Premise: How are most student organizations at Washington University funded?

Hypothesis: Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union, which has a $2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country.


Premise: What was his second proposition?

Hypothesis: He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.


Premise: How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff?

Hypothesis: The Princess Margaret Hospital on Funafuti is the only hospital in Tuvalu.


Premise: How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?

Hypothesis: The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan's population.


Premise: What was the intended purpose of youtube's "shows" section?

Hypothesis: In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows".


Premise: How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010?

Hypothesis: . Non-Hispanic Whites were 47.2% of the population in 2010, down from 72.8% in 1970.


Premise: How long does military occupation specialties training last?

Hypothesis: Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14–20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT.


Premise: When did Jamestown Colonist settle in Richmond?

Hypothesis: The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611.


Premise: What did John use to increase his own territory and power?

Hypothesis: The king used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers.


Premise: Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?

Hypothesis: Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830.


Premise: In general how many people attend  the yearly Wooster Square Cheery Blossom Festival?

Hypothesis: The Festival now draws well over 5,000 visitors.


Premise: What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?

Hypothesis: But he added the scale of the disaster was such that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs".


Premise: Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?

Hypothesis: Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost.


Premise: What Richmond-area station is affiliated with CBS?

Hypothesis: The Richmond metro area is served by many local television and radio stations.


Premise: Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?

Hypothesis: Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.


Premise: What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?

Hypothesis: And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred."


Premise: What took the place of private businesses in 1981?

Hypothesis: In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981.


Premise: Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel?

Hypothesis: The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.


Premise: The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?

Hypothesis: Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially.


Premise: Which US venue did Queen sell out in 1977?

Hypothesis: During the A Day at the Races Tour in 1977, Queen performed sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden, New York, in February, and Earls Court, London, in June.


Premise: What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival?

Hypothesis: The winning amateur director film, The Cyborg Foundation, was awarded a US$100,000 prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival.[citation needed]


Premise: Where is the OTS in the US currently located?

Hypothesis: (The term "line officer" derives from the concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air", meaning combat or combat-support operations within the scope of legitimate combatants as defined by the Geneva Conventions.)


Premise: In what New Haven landmark was the 2009 Robert De Niro movie, Everybody's Fine, filmed?

Hypothesis: Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life


Premise: What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as?

Hypothesis: The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds.


Premise: Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?

Hypothesis: The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.


Premise: In what year did the Battle of Philippi end?

Hypothesis: The conspirators were then defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC.


Premise: Madonna collects whose painting?

Hypothesis: Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka's Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours.


Premise: How many South Korean National Assemblyman pledged their allegiance to Seoul?

Hypothesis: Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River.


Premise: What is the Barcelona motto?

Hypothesis: The official Barcelona anthem is


Premise: What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit?

Hypothesis: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees.


Premise: Earlier Greek was represented by what?

Hypothesis: tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.


Premise: When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the  Washington University School of Law begin?

Hypothesis: The law school offers a full-time day program, beginning in August, for the J.D. degree.


Premise: what other island is included in the territory?

Hypothesis: The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.


Premise: How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts?

Hypothesis: Plato, in the Timaeus, identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies.


Premise: Name the accent spoken in the area?

Hypothesis: The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey, is part of Mid-Atlantic American English, and as such it is identical in many ways to the Baltimore dialect.


Premise: What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?

Hypothesis: This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister.


Premise: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?

Hypothesis: As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".


Premise: In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?

Hypothesis: In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.


Premise: What nanocrystals possess unique optical properties?

Hypothesis: Quantum dots (QD) are semiconductor nanocrystals that possess unique optical properties.


Premise: How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?

Hypothesis: Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked.


Premise: How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?

Hypothesis: By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology.


Premise: Who owns Melbourne Water?

Hypothesis: Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government.


Premise: Where is the second FBI lab?

Hypothesis: Public tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building.


Premise: The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure?

Hypothesis: Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters.


Premise: What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?

Hypothesis: The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project.


Premise: What year was peripheral pattern theory developed?

Hypothesis: Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain[citation needed].


Premise: What honorary degree did Spielberg receive from Boston University?

Hypothesis: In 2002, Spielberg was one of eight flagbearers who carried the Olympic Flag into Rice-Eccles Stadium at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City.


Premise: What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics?

Hypothesis: Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary attacks on Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool, but no major raids.


Premise: In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?

Hypothesis: One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994.


Premise: What was the first "Special Edition" film to be released to home video?

Hypothesis: The disc provided interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs, and other features for historians and collectors.


Premise: Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?

Hypothesis: There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries.


Premise: Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?

Hypothesis: A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years.


Premise: What does the word "Prehensio" translate into?

Hypothesis: The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize."


Premise: Where does the homing pigeon vanish?

Hypothesis: The orientation behaviour of the bird inside the cage is studied quantitatively using the distribution of marks that the bird leaves on the walls of the cage.


Premise: How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?

Hypothesis: " When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because "this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences."


Premise: What is the FBI's main tool against organized crime?

Hypothesis: The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ).


Premise: What was released on March 17, 1969?

Hypothesis: Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew.


Premise: What other location is famous for spring overshoot?

Hypothesis: Examples are the Point Pelee National Park in Canada, and Spurn in England.


Premise: How many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of American Idol?

Hypothesis: The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated.


Premise: What is the name of the first tour with Live Nation?

Hypothesis: With a gross of $280 million, it became the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist then, surpassing the previous record Madonna set with the Confessions Tour; it was later surpassed by Roger Waters' The Wall Live.


Premise: When was The Sound Pattern of English published?

Hypothesis: In 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology.


Premise: What battle is considered the US's first significant fight in the Korean War?

Hypothesis: The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to Taejeon, which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including the Division's Commander, Major General William F. Dean.


Premise: Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?

Hypothesis: Seattle was also the home base of impresario Alexander Pantages who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting vaudeville acts and silent movies.


Premise: Who decides if Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?

Hypothesis: In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in Mindanao, where a significant Muslim population can be found.


Premise: What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?

Hypothesis: Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north.


Premise: What is a "C-note" a reference to?

Hypothesis: The $1 note as a "single" or "buck".


Premise: Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?

Hypothesis: During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level.


Premise: In what year did Queen's A Night at the Opera Tour begin?

Hypothesis: The band's A Night at the Opera Tour began in November 1975, and covered Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia.


Premise: How many murders occurred in 2013?

Hypothesis: In 2013, there were 246 murders, which is a decrease of over 25% from the previous year, and a decrease of over 44% since 2007.


Premise: Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?

Hypothesis: Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman's residence, often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a "screen" at the other for the actors.


Premise: What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?

Hypothesis: The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled.


Premise: How were these stores different than most during that time?

Hypothesis: It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities, just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city.


Premise: Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?

Hypothesis: Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:


Premise: In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s?

Hypothesis: In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942, the first "automatic electronic digital computer".


Premise: What were most escort carriers built from?

Hypothesis: By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships.


Premise: Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?

Hypothesis: Famous students included Goethe and Herder.


Premise: What was Victoria like, physically?

Hypothesis: she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall—


Premise: By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?

Hypothesis: The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.


Premise: What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?

Hypothesis: The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July.


Premise: Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?

Hypothesis: Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus.


Premise: In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine?

Hypothesis: Medicine was also studied, especially in southern Italy, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno.


Premise: What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?

Hypothesis: Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two.


Premise: What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?

Hypothesis: Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands.


Premise: Who led the 4th division?

Hypothesis: During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle.


Premise: What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s?

Hypothesis: In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as The Necros, The Meatmen, and Negative Approach.


Premise: in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC?

Hypothesis: The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.


Premise: Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open?

Hypothesis: In golf, BYU alumni include two major championship winners: Johnny Miller ('69) at the 1973 U.S. Open and 1976 British Open and Mike Weir ('92) at the 2003 Masters.


Premise: How large are roche moutonnee?

Hypothesis: Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock.


Premise: What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?

Hypothesis: As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs.


Premise: How tall is the City Hall?

Hypothesis: City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was constructed.


Premise: What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?

Hypothesis: There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch.


Premise: What was the name of the monastery that was discovered in 1930?

Hypothesis: The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982–85.


Premise: Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?

Hypothesis: In the "...Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Shumann  [sic] is one of the only  [sic] female composers mentioned.


Premise: Who led Chinese and American troops for NCAC?

Hypothesis: After early Japanese success, this counter-attack was defeated when the Indian divisions of XV Corps stood firm, relying on aircraft to drop supplies to isolated forward units until reserve divisions could relieve them.


Premise: Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?

Hypothesis: In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower – not Marshall – would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.


Premise: The 360's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what?

Hypothesis: The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment.


Premise: What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?

Hypothesis: The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956.


Premise: Who argeed with Dershowitz?

Hypothesis: Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.


Premise: What type of magazine is L'Officiel?

Hypothesis: In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel, in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media.


Premise: How much have Central state enterprises donated?

Hypothesis: China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area.


Premise: Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?

Hypothesis: Norepinephrine, which is involved in arousal, comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus.


Premise: What was the amended joint agreement called?

Hypothesis: On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared:


Premise: What did Kazusanosuke mean?

Hypothesis: A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title.


Premise: What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?

Hypothesis: In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete.


Premise: When did Britain sign the Washington Naval Treaty?

Hypothesis: Although the issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, at the same time the empire was vital to the British economy.


Premise: Where does the Auto train originate

Hypothesis: Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C..


Premise: When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?

Hypothesis: There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known.


Premise: Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios?

Hypothesis: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments.


Premise: What companies were responsible for the creation and subsequent release of the original digimon?

Hypothesis: It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26, 1997.


Premise: Could von Neumann recall written text much later?

Hypothesis: As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation.


Premise: When was Sharif re-elected CM?

Hypothesis: Thereafter got re-elected as a result of 11 May 2013 elections.


Premise: Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?

Hypothesis: Wealthy landowners, such as nobles and officials, often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties, sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle.


Premise: Madonna surpassed which artist with the most top-ten hits?

Hypothesis: it pushed Madonna past Elvis Presley as the artist with the most top-ten hits.


Premise: According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world?

Hypothesis: According to Human Rights Watch, the government's human rights record is considered among the worst in the world.


Premise: What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?

Hypothesis: A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry.


Premise: who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1980s?

Hypothesis: Some made and played their own edits of their favorite songs on reel-to-reel tape, and sometimes mixed in effects, drum machines, and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation.


Premise: Who was invested as the leader of the Greek Cypriot population?

Hypothesis: This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church.


Premise: How is hydrogen used at power stations?

Hypothesis: These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases.


Premise: Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on Tumblr, confirming she had voted in support for the Democratic Party and to encourage others to do so.


Premise: What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London?

Hypothesis: The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840.


Premise: What type of engine was invented by the Romans?

Hypothesis: The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one.


Premise: What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots?

Hypothesis: Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange, wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps.


Premise: What year did David Cook release the single, "The Time of My Life"?

Hypothesis: The winning song, "The Time of My Life", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008.


Premise: Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?

Hypothesis: She erected it in fulfillment of a vow that she made having escaped from a deadly storm in 425 on the sea voyage from Constantinople to Ravenna.


Premise: What did OMB hope to provide with their revision on race and ethnicity in 1997?

Hypothesis: OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government.


Premise: In what year did Huo Guang die?

Hypothesis: The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu's reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang (d. 68 BC).


Premise: How much of a drug is legal to possess?

Hypothesis: While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than "10 days worth of personal use" are still punishable by jail time and fines.


Premise: What latitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between?

Hypothesis: It lies mostly between latitudes 11° and 13°N (a small area is south of 11°), and longitudes 13° and 17°W.


Premise: Prior to the warning strike when was the last labor strike in Lviv?

Hypothesis: The action included an one-hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions.


Premise: Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?

Hypothesis: The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights cannot be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights, although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting.


Premise: How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?

Hypothesis: Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania.


Premise: what type of drum machine did "acid tracks" use?

Hypothesis: The track also utilized a Roland TR-707 drum machine.


Premise: Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?

Hypothesis: Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China.


Premise: What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland?

Hypothesis: This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland.


Premise: What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?

Hypothesis: May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia.


Premise: What was the reaction of the crowd to the Everton replacement theme songs in 1994?

Hypothesis: On matchdays, in a tradition going back to 1962, players walk out to the theme tune to Z-Cars, named "Johnny Todd", a traditional Liverpool children's song collected in 1890 by Frank Kidson which tells the story of a sailor betrayed by his lover while away at sea, although on two separate occasions in the 1994, they ran out to different songs.


Premise: Along with being faint, what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary?

Hypothesis: The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched.


Premise: In 2001, what city's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book?

Hypothesis: It's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people's lives, and they cherish it."


Premise: What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?

Hypothesis: The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas.


Premise: What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?

Hypothesis: HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020.


Premise: What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?

Hypothesis: The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag.


Premise: What does the DC-008 change?

Hypothesis: As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format.


Premise: What colors were utilized for interiors?

Hypothesis: The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary.


Premise: After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?

Hypothesis: From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories.


Premise: How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?

Hypothesis: In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, −0.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%).


Premise: Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?

Hypothesis: Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region.


Premise: What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?

Hypothesis: Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship.


Premise: What type of geography is in Raleigh?

Hypothesis: As a result, most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain.


Premise: Who was Virgil's editor?

Hypothesis: Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry.


Premise: Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony.


Premise: Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?

Hypothesis: It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3]


Premise: What is an application for which organisms have been modified for?

Hypothesis: For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function.


Premise: What is Pazniak's occupation?

Hypothesis: It claimed that the NKVD performed secret killings in Kurapaty.


Premise: What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II?

Hypothesis: During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship.


Premise: Where has evidence of volcanic activity been discovered in Antarctica?

Hypothesis: There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island.


Premise: What does the crowd sing during the 7th inning to honor Caray's memory?

Hypothesis: The Cubs still have a "guest conductor", usually a celebrity, lead the crowd in singing


Premise: Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?

Hypothesis: Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution.


Premise: When was the low point for English football?

Hypothesis: Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football.


Premise: How many works are in the Bronx Museum of the Arts' permanent collection?

Hypothesis: Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx.


Premise: How many people on average tuned in to watch American Idol in its second season?

Hypothesis: The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was placed second overall amongst the 18–49 age group.


Premise: When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?

Hypothesis: The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii.


Premise: What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?

Hypothesis: Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed".


Premise: What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?

Hypothesis: The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless.


Premise: Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?

Hypothesis: Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators).


Premise: What percent of the population were Roman Catholic?

Hypothesis: census[update], 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 31,510 or 24.5% were Roman Catholic.


Premise: What type of ink is often used in making comics?

Hypothesis: Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common.


Premise: What periodical called Richmond "The Next Great American Food City"?

Hypothesis: Departures magazine named Richmond "The Next Great American Food City" in August 2014.


Premise: What is the lowest street number seen in the Bronx?

Hypothesis: Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx.


Premise: Have there been any changes to restrictions placed on the communications networks in Burma ?

Hypothesis: Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012 following demonstrations by hundreds of protesters who wore shirts demanding that the government "Stop Killing the Press.


Premise: Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold.


Premise: Where is the Baltic Defence College located?

Hypothesis: In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries.


Premise: Who was the first documented coronation?

Hypothesis: His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.


Premise: When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts?

Hypothesis: For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts.


Premise: Which takes precedent when a law passed by Parliament conflicts with a law passed by Delhi's Legislative assembly?

Hypothesis: According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly.


Premise: What song off of Kanye's fifth album was a hit internationally?

Hypothesis: The record included the international hit "All of the Lights", and Billboard hits "Power", "Monster", and "Runaway", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name.


Premise: What dynasty captured most of central India?

Hypothesis: The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240).


Premise: What "Arsenal" was Detroit a part of ?

Hypothesis: Known as the world's automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for that industry.


Premise: According to Sunni Hadith which members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers?

Hypothesis: Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (according to Sunni Hadith).


Premise: What have a characteristic shape?

Hypothesis: Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term "Square-Block Characters" (方块字 / 方塊字, fāngkuàizì), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters.


Premise: What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?

Hypothesis: A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012).


Premise: Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?

Hypothesis: Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental.


Premise: Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish?

Hypothesis: Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period.


Premise: What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?

Hypothesis: It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.


Premise: The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?

Hypothesis: The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).


Premise: What is the process of trees growing out to get bigger around called?

Hypothesis: Where there are clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern, leading to growth rings; these can usually be most clearly seen on the end of a log, but are also visible on the other surfaces.


Premise: How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?

Hypothesis: However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport.


Premise: Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?

Hypothesis: In the inter-war years and after 1940, Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority.


Premise: The Delhi Metro consists of how many stations?

Hypothesis: As of August 2011, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189 km (117 mi) and 146 stations, and several other lines are under construction.


Premise: Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?

Hypothesis: The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration.


Premise: What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?

Hypothesis: In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands.


Premise: When did Bluey die?

Hypothesis: The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is "Bluey", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death.


Premise: What was the second phase of Cubism called?

Hypothesis: A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.


Premise: Who built the art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation?

Hypothesis: Contemporary architecture includes the Musée du Quai Branly by Jean Nouvel (2006) and the new contemporary art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation by Frank Gehry (2014).


Premise: Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?

Hypothesis: However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices".


Premise: Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?

Hypothesis: SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three").


Premise: How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?

Hypothesis: The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in 'degrees' Warnerke (sometimes seen as Warn. or °W.) corresponding with the last number visible on the exposed plate after development and fixation.


Premise: Who performs better in school: sexually experienced or inexperienced teen females?

Hypothesis: In addition, girls may have to deal with sexual advances from older boys before they are emotionally and mentally mature.


Premise: What is Guam's climate characterized as?

Hypothesis: The weather is generally very warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation.


Premise: When was the Martorana church decorated?

Hypothesis: The Martorana church (decorated around 1143) looked originally even more Byzantine although important parts were later demolished.


Premise: What film previously held the UK record for highest first week opening gross?

Hypothesis: In the film's first seven days it grossed £41.7 million ($63.8 million), breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening, set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban's £23.88 million ($36.9 million) in 2004.


Premise: What system did the government recommend the usage of?

Hypothesis: To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign.


Premise: What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?

Hypothesis: The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).


Premise: Who allocates the funding of the school systems?

Hypothesis: The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as El Colegio de México, funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities).[citation needed]


Premise: How many buttons do most iPods use?

Hypothesis: All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface.


Premise: In what year did Zhang Lu's rebellion end?

Hypothesis: Zhang Lu's rebellion, in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi, was not quelled until 215 AD.


Premise: What year was Cabot Tower built?

Hypothesis: It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.


Premise: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?

Hypothesis: The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000).


Premise: What is the literal translation of Theokotos?

Hypothesis: The equivalent phrase "Mater Dei" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (ΜΡ ΘΥ), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons.


Premise: What type of volcano forms the archipelago?

Hypothesis: The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount.


Premise: How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?

Hypothesis: However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm.


Premise: What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?

Hypothesis: When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons.


Premise: What did post-punk artists use in their music?

Hypothesis: Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s.


Premise: What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease?

Hypothesis: Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease.


Premise: What class were samurais?

Hypothesis: By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class.


Premise: The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?

Hypothesis: In this way natural history spread many of the scientific developments of the time, but also provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class.


Premise: How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?

Hypothesis: By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day.


Premise: What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?

Hypothesis: Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio.


Premise: The Annual Register covered international events of what type?

Hypothesis: The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference.


Premise: How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?

Hypothesis: For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.


Premise: Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?

Hypothesis: Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures.


Premise: What remains unknowable?

Hypothesis: The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time – for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning.


Premise: How are scratches on a CD fixed?

Hypothesis: Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc.


Premise: What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?

Hypothesis: There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.


Premise: What year did the brand new, eight-story police headquarters open?

Hypothesis: Previously, the central Southampton operation was located within the west wing of the Civic Centre, however the ageing facilities and the plans of constructing a new museum in the old police station and magistrates court necessitated the move.


Premise: In what year did Cochrane release the report?

Hypothesis: A 2009 Cochrane review concluded that thiazide antihypertensive drugs reduce the risk of death (RR 0.89), stroke


Premise: What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?

Hypothesis: Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.


Premise: The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?

Hypothesis: The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,


Premise: When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?

Hypothesis: " The soldiers quickly responded with, "Vive L'Empereur!"


Premise: Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?

Hypothesis: Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.


Premise: Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?

Hypothesis: The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent.


Premise: Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center?

Hypothesis: There are 347 physicians for every 100,000 people in the city.


Premise: What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?

Hypothesis: Czech and Slovak form a dialect continuum, with great similarity between neighboring Czech and Slovak dialects.


Premise: How much is Israel's water technology industry worth?

Hypothesis: In 2011, its water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars.


Premise: What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?

Hypothesis: The west front generally follows the French formula, but the towers are very much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature.


Premise: Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?

Hypothesis: There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits.


Premise: Where are the command facilities located?

Hypothesis: A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany.


Premise: How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing natural gas?

Hypothesis: The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat.


Premise: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?

Hypothesis: It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory.


Premise: The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?

Hypothesis: The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906, through the ongoing revolution.


Premise: The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?

Hypothesis: In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants.


Premise: Who helped refine the measles vaccine?

Hypothesis: The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles, and mumps all fell by >95% in the immediate aftermath of widespread vaccination.


Premise: What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?

Hypothesis: Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley.


Premise: How much money did it take to make Spectre?

Hypothesis: It features Daniel Craig in his fourth performance as James Bond, and Christoph Waltz as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, with the film marking the character's re-introduction into the series.


Premise: What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?

Hypothesis: As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence.


Premise: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?

Hypothesis: The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks.


Premise: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?

Hypothesis: Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked.


Premise: What is the reason for using capacitors in power factor correction?

Hypothesis: In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction.


Premise: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?

Hypothesis: On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction.


Premise: What percentage of the population has Malaria?

Hypothesis: In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs.


Premise: The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?

Hypothesis: Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.


Premise: What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?

Hypothesis: The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve.


Premise: How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?

Hypothesis: Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless.


Premise: What pharmaceutical company serves as a large employment provider for New Haven?

Hypothesis: Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]


Premise: When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?

Hypothesis: Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs.


Premise: When are opposition parties allowed?

Hypothesis: In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.


Premise: What type of songs do armenian youth prefer?

Hypothesis: In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth.


Premise: What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine?

Hypothesis: In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen".


Premise: Define "lectio difficilior"

Hypothesis: Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading).


Premise: What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?

Hypothesis: Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.


Premise: Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?

Hypothesis: It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.


Premise: What has an irreversable effect?

Hypothesis: In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence.


Premise: What are the three types of diarrhea?

Hypothesis: It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea.


Premise: How many Armenians speak Russian actively?

Hypothesis: According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers.


Premise: When did the Reconstruction Era end?

Hypothesis: The Reagan administration was opposed to the affirmative action requirements of Executive Order 11246, but these contemplated changes[which?] faced bi-partisan opposition in Congress.


Premise: What was the name of Ban Biao's female offspring?

Hypothesis: The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan (d. 110 BC) and his son Sima Qian (145–86 BC) established the standard model for all of imperial China's Standard Histories, such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao (3–54 AD), his son Ban Gu (32–92 AD), and his daughter Ban Zhao (45–116 AD).


Premise: How many people helped Queen set a 1976 attendance record?

Hypothesis: A concert organised by the entrepreneur Richard Branson, it set an attendance record with 150,000 people confirmed in the audience.


Premise: Where do marmots build their colonies?

Hypothesis: They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures.


Premise: What are primary sex characteristics?

Hypothesis: Boys are generally fertile before they have an adult appearance.


Premise: What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?

Hypothesis: The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leaving the European Economic Community (EEC) and NATO, closer governmental influence in the banking system, the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins and David Owen) forming the Social Democratic Party.


Premise: To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning?

Hypothesis: Professor Douglas Stuart states: "It is fair to say that the verses, chapters, and books of the Bible would read largely the same, and would leave the same impression with the reader, even if one adopted virtually every possible alternative reading to those now serving as the basis for current English translations."


Premise: The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?

Hypothesis: The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book).


Premise: In what year are or racial categories first revised for the 2000 U.S. Census?

Hypothesis: The Interagency Committee agreed, stating that "race" and "ethnicity" were not sufficiently defined and "that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one in the same  [sic] underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people."


Premise: Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world?

Hypothesis: Due to its very low elevation, the Marshall Islands are threatened by the potential effects of sea level rise.


Premise: Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i?

Hypothesis: According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley.


Premise: What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?

Hypothesis: Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011.


Premise: What compression methods are among the most popular?

Hypothesis: The Lempel–Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage.


Premise: What is SEATO?

Hypothesis: Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.


Premise: How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?

Hypothesis: The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.


Premise: What 70s style of pop music was Queen associated with?

Hypothesis: Queen also wrote songs that were inspired by diverse musical styles which are not typically associated with rock groups, such as opera, music hall, folk music, gospel, ragtime, and dance/disco.


Premise: Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?

Hypothesis: An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism.


Premise: Who owns the Waldorf Astoria?

Hypothesis: Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013.


Premise: On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?

Hypothesis: The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations.


Premise: How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?

Hypothesis: Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman’s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy.


Premise: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?

Hypothesis: Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc.


Premise: When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?

Hypothesis: In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.


Premise: Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?

Hypothesis: The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate (Aw) in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental.


Premise: How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain?

Hypothesis: Stress is unrelated to vowel length, and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features (such as English).


Premise: What caused  the Hindenburg to explode?

Hypothesis: The destruction of the Hindenburg airship was an infamous example of hydrogen combustion; the cause is debated, but the visible orange flames were the result of a rich mixture of hydrogen to oxygen combined with carbon compounds from the airship skin.


Premise: What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?

Hypothesis: As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward.


Premise: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?

Hypothesis: The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin.


Premise: What political theory fascinated Nasser?

Hypothesis: He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective".


Premise: What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?

Hypothesis: Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause.


Premise: What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability?

Hypothesis: It incorporates all elements of Air Force Network Operations, information transport, enterprise management, and information assurance, and is dependent on ISR and all-source intelligence.


Premise: Israel developed what?

Hypothesis: With scarce water resources, Israel has developed various water-saving technologies, including drip irrigation.


Premise: How many tiers  does somerset county consist of

Hypothesis: The two unitary authorities — which were established on 1 April 1996 following the break-up of the short-lived county of Avon — are North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset.


Premise: When did a victor emerge in World War I?

Hypothesis: The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918.


Premise: What is Ana Cristina's ethnicity?

Hypothesis: Cuban American female recording artist, Ana Cristina, was born in Miami in 1985.


Premise: What format did adult comics begin to be published in?

Hypothesis: Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972.


Premise: What areas does Space Superiority operate in?

Hypothesis: Space superiority may be localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring.


Premise: Why are tagging rules made?

Hypothesis: Outside of kayfabe, this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action (as these matches tend to go on for long periods of time), and to make the action in the ring easier to choreograph.


Premise: What is telecommuting?

Hypothesis: One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.


Premise: What was the problem with the palace's chimneys?

Hypothesis: For one thing, it was reported the chimneys smoked so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down, and consequently the court shivered in icy magnificence.


Premise: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?

Hypothesis: These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome.


Premise: In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?

Hypothesis: Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5).


Premise: What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED?

Hypothesis: M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972.


Premise: What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to?

Hypothesis: In astronomy, Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis.


Premise: What did North America primarily hunt for?

Hypothesis: Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed]


Premise: What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?

Hypothesis: People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[citation needed]


Premise: How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2009 holiday season?

Hypothesis: Apple reported worldwide sales of 3.36 million Macs during the 2009 holiday season.


Premise: What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?

Hypothesis: This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA.


Premise: What individuals founded Internet Archive?

Hypothesis: The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States.


Premise: How high is Cavanal Hill?

Hypothesis: at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot.


Premise: The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?

Hypothesis: The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds.


Premise: What was the purpose of SEATO?

Hypothesis: Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.


Premise: How many dialects are the publications distributed by the Jehovah Witness available in ?

Hypothesis: However, according to a US State Department's 2010 international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population.


Premise: Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered?

Hypothesis: On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica, multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska.


Premise: What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?

Hypothesis: The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions.


Premise: What is different in comparison between the 1800 electoral system and the system in place in 2004?

Hypothesis: One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of "John Ewards"  [sic] written on it.


Premise: Where was 'War Horse' filmed?

Hypothesis: Spielberg followed with War Horse, shot in England in the summer of 2010.


Premise: Where is LED lighting very well suited?

Hypothesis: However, they may be more susceptible to frost and snow buildup than incandescent lamps, so some LED lighting systems have been designed with an added heating circuit.


Premise: What are the most popular religions in Nigeria?

Hypothesis: Nigeria is a religiously diverse society, with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed religions.


Premise: When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?

Hypothesis: Ireland developed a strong middle class, especially in the major cities, by the mid-nineteenth century.


Premise: When was the greatest snowfall?

Hypothesis: On January 24–25, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm – 20.3 inches (52 cm)


Premise: Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2013?

Hypothesis: In 2013, it was 19th.


Premise: What are 'friendlies' for charity usually called in the UK?

Hypothesis: In the UK and Ireland, "exhibition match" and "friendly match" refer to two different types of matches.


Premise: What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?

Hypothesis: He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors.


Premise: In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?

Hypothesis: 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease.


Premise: What is the major hockey league team of Bern?

Hypothesis: The team has ranked highest in attendance for a European hockey team for more than a decade.


Premise: How many restaurants does the island have?

Hypothesis: There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads.


Premise: What company produces American Idol?

Hypothesis: American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America.


Premise: What channel in St. John's airs Out of the Fog?

Hypothesis: Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic.


Premise: Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?

Hypothesis: However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation.


Premise: What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?

Hypothesis: The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities.


Premise: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric?

Hypothesis: After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black".


Premise: Who had a special tribute at the finale?

Hypothesis: A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show.


Premise: Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?

Hypothesis: The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.


Premise: During what geological period did the Appalachian mountains reach their highest formation point?

Hypothesis: This system had its climax of deformation so long ago (probably in Permian time) that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low relief.


Premise: What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid?

Hypothesis: The Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)) forms the centre of Melbourne's central business district.


Premise: The German rocket center was located in what city?

Hypothesis: He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia.


Premise: What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?

Hypothesis: The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.


Premise: Who is the head for Greece's foreign policy?

Hypothesis: According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations; safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad; the promotion of Greek culture; the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora; and the promotion of international cooperation.


Premise: What was the consequence of the theory of incompleteness?

Hypothesis: However, Gödel had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both incompleteness theorems.


Premise: In the fall of 2014, which school did 14.3% of undergraduates enroll in?

Hypothesis: In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy.


Premise: What record amount of TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2013?

Hypothesis: In the same year, 83.9 million people passed through Greece's ports, 12.7 million through the port of Paloukia in Salamis, another 12.7 through the port of Perama, 9.5 million through Piraeus and 2.7 million through Igoumenitsa.


Premise: What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?

Hypothesis: Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.


Premise: By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?

Hypothesis: However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university's utility was in the transmission of knowledge, while societies functioned to create knowledge.


Premise: How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?

Hypothesis: Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade.


Premise: ASTP stands for what?

Hypothesis: The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres.


Premise: Which birds are popular as pets?

Hypothesis: Many species of birds are economically important.


Premise: Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?

Hypothesis: In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters.


Premise: When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine?

Hypothesis: The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British.


Premise: What publication announced the Platinum Equity business deal?

Hypothesis: Benson's move to shut down the VooDoo came during the Platinum Equity conference call, leading to speculation that he had folded because of the deal.


Premise: How many albums has Kanye released since starting his solo career in 2004?

Hypothesis: Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success, and founded record label GOOD Music.


Premise: In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?

Hypothesis: An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader.


Premise: What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?

Hypothesis: These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture.


Premise: What race was later renamed to Negroid?

Hypothesis: Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that "one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other, that you cannot mark out the limits between them".


Premise: Who was lead writer of The Sun?

Hypothesis: After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response.


Premise: Approximately how many people were intended to use Miami Intermodal Center?

Hypothesis: Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011, and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area.


Premise: What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability?

Hypothesis: As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation.


Premise: What law prohibited birth control?

Hypothesis: Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws.


Premise: Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?

Hypothesis: The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules.


Premise: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?

Hypothesis: During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect.


Premise: In 2003, what percentage of travellers used public transport?

Hypothesis: Flinders Street Station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s, at which time 25% of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6%.


Premise: What notable Second World War commander disparaged Eisenhower for his lack of combat experience?

Hypothesis: Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite being given the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home.[citation needed]


Premise: What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?

Hypothesis: While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]


Premise: Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection?

Hypothesis: The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place.


Premise: What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?

Hypothesis: The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion.


Premise: Where does Florida rank in US population

Hypothesis: Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States.


Premise: How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?

Hypothesis: On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol).


Premise: On what date was the Soviet Union created?

Hypothesis: By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.


Premise: Who wrote the song Seven Seas of Rhye?

Hypothesis: Aside from its only single, the album also included the song "The March of the Black Queen", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus.


Premise: What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal?

Hypothesis: In 2009, a judge acquitted Zucchet on seven out of the nine counts against him, and granted his petition for a new trial on the other two charges; the remaining charges were eventually dropped.


Premise: How much of Greece's economy is comprised of industrial sectors?

Hypothesis: The increased demand for international maritime transportation between Greece and Asia has resulted in unprecedented investment in the shipping industry.


Premise: Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?

Hypothesis: Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell.


Premise: What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?

Hypothesis: In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional.


Premise: Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?

Hypothesis: One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009).


Premise: Which battle took place in 1147?

Hypothesis: Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets.


Premise: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?

Hypothesis: The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies.


Premise: Which Queen ballad featured a harp and overdubbed harmonies?

Hypothesis: The Mercury penned ballad, "Love of My Life", featured a harp and overdubbed vocal harmonies.


Premise: What calls were made for the Polish recruits?

Hypothesis: The Franco-Prussian War thus turned out to be a significant event also in German–Polish relations, marking the beginning of a prolonged period of repressive measures by the authorities and efforts at Germanisation.


Premise: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?

Hypothesis: Similarly, the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that "no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience... provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship," (Article II) but also that:


Premise: Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire?

Hypothesis: The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia.


Premise: What is an example of secular Northern Brick Gothic architecture from the 14th century?

Hypothesis: The Gdańsk, Wrocław and Stralsund town halls are remarkable examples of northern Brick Gothic built in the late 14th centuries.


Premise: What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?

Hypothesis: Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture.


Premise: In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?

Hypothesis: However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select.


Premise: What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?

Hypothesis: The adult literacy rate is 99.0% (2002).


Premise: What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?

Hypothesis: Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition.


Premise: When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?

Hypothesis: The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.


Premise: What did Irvin Rock write about?

Hypothesis: This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception.


Premise: who was the DJ at Amnesia in the mid 80s?

Hypothesis: Several clubs such as Amnesia with DJ Alfredo were playing a mix of rock, pop, disco and house.


Premise: What were some Midwestern punk bands?

Hypothesis: Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art techniques, musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years.


Premise: How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?

Hypothesis: The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo.


Premise: What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?

Hypothesis: The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection.


Premise: In what year did Notre Dame have its earliest undergraduate that was female?

Hypothesis: In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools.


Premise: Which author did Lee aspire to be like?

Hypothesis: the Jane Austen of South Alabama.


Premise: Who replaced Abdul?

Hypothesis: Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week.


Premise: What follows a geodesic of space-time?

Hypothesis: An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic.


Premise: What Canadian city has the mildest winter temperature?

Hypothesis: St. John's experiences milder temperatures during the winter season in comparison to other Canadian cities, and has the mildest winter for any Canadian city outside of British Columbia.


Premise: Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?

Hypothesis: Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo.