Premise: In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?

Hypothesis: In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual.


Premise: What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights?

Hypothesis: To make, sell and/or distribute products using the [MPEG Layer-3] standard and thus our patents, you need to obtain a license under these patents from us."


Premise: What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?

Hypothesis: All three mosaics had a similar iconography.


Premise: Who had done better, the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America?

Hypothesis: Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.


Premise: What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?

Hypothesis: Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman.


Premise: What was built during the modernization?

Hypothesis: During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization.


Premise: Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?

Hypothesis: Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954.


Premise: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?

Hypothesis: Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers".


Premise: Are Hispanics in Hawaii?

Hypothesis: Of all major Hispanic groups, Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish, but millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland nonetheless are fluent in Spanish.


Premise: What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins?

Hypothesis: Being the oldest domesticated animal, their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior, as well as thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species.


Premise: Who does pyometra affect?

Hypothesis: Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs.


Premise: What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?

Hypothesis: Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China.


Premise: Who was the "fittest city in the UK" ahead of Southampton in 2007?

Hypothesis: Southampton was named "fittest city in the UK" in 2006 by Men's Fitness magazine.


Premise: What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view?

Hypothesis: But [philosophers] obviously cannot quite bring [themselves] to believe that this is my opinion, let alone that it is right"


Premise: Which book has the Presbyterian church of America adopted?

Hypothesis: The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has adopted the Book of Confessions, which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards.


Premise: What name is Apollo known by in Etruscan mythology?

Hypothesis: Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis.


Premise: How are common ancestries represented for plant families?

Hypothesis: Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related.


Premise: In what year was streptomycin discovered?

Hypothesis: Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis.


Premise: If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?

Hypothesis: We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future.


Premise: What does the conceptual view offer?

Hypothesis: In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model.


Premise: When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?

Hypothesis: Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.


Premise: In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?

Hypothesis: Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture.


Premise: What company did Hilleman later work for?

Hypothesis: Hilleman would later move to Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningitis.


Premise: In what year did My Man Godfrey premiere?

Hypothesis: Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of Life (1934) and My Man Godfrey (1936).


Premise: What sound formatting do DVDs use?

Hypothesis: PAL discs could carry one pair of audio tracks, either analog or digital and the digital tracks on a PAL disc were 16-bit 44.1 kHz as on a CD; in the UK, the term "LaserVision" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while "LaserDisc" is used for those with digital audio.


Premise: What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?

Hypothesis: Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth.


Premise: Who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers that was placed on trial in New Haven?

Hypothesis: In 1970, the New Haven Black Panther trials took place, the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history.


Premise: When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title?

Hypothesis: Aside from Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham, none of the other London clubs have ever won the national league title.


Premise: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?

Hypothesis: The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language.


Premise: What percent are Jewish intermarriage rates at?

Hypothesis: Over three quarters, or 75.5%, of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds.


Premise: What does ASCII stand for?

Hypothesis: ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when it was surpassed by UTF-8, which is fully backward compatibe to ASCII.


Premise: What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?

Hypothesis: The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism.


Premise: Who played Indiana Jones?

Hypothesis: Next, Spielberg teamed with Star Wars creator and friend George Lucas on an action adventure film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, the first of the Indiana Jones films.


Premise: What did Romans sit on when they had a meal at home?

Hypothesis: " The family ate together, sitting on stools around a table.


Premise: What did Nasser do about his position as President?

Hypothesis: On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat.


Premise: What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap?

Hypothesis: Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill.


Premise: What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations?

Hypothesis: The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice.


Premise: What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?

Hypothesis: Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' cogito ergo sum) purely from "the spontaneity of thought".


Premise: What company did Dr. Edward Weston start?

Hypothesis: The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.


Premise: Why were many killed in Underground Stations?

Hypothesis: Noises of battle were muffled and sleep was easier in the deepest stations, but many were killed from direct hits on several stations.


Premise: Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?

Hypothesis: In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends.


Premise: What was Whitehead's wife's name?

Hypothesis: Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.


Premise: What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?

Hypothesis: Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I—such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration—had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.


Premise: Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?

Hypothesis: Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks, devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings; "Apology to Constantius", the "Apology for his Flight", the "Letter to the Monks", and the "History of the Arians".


Premise: What other massive agency's creation was the DHS compared to?

Hypothesis: In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks.


Premise: Where is there a Cherokee immersion school?

Hypothesis: There is a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade.


Premise: Where was the January 2 memorial service?

Hypothesis: The following day, thousands attended a memorial service at Demianiv Laz, and a temporary marker was placed to indicate that a monument to the "victims of the repressions of 1939–1941" soon would be erected.


Premise: What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?

Hypothesis: The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, an early and important Mahayana text, contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva: "Because he has enlightenment as his aim, a bodhisattva-mahāsattva is so called."


Premise: What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?

Hypothesis: In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage.


Premise: What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?

Hypothesis: Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions.


Premise: What is the name of its only electrified railway?

Hypothesis: The only electrified line is the Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo line.


Premise: When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm

Hypothesis: In the United Kingdom, the 78 rpm single lasted longer than in the United States and the 45 rpm took longer to become popular.


Premise: Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to?

Hypothesis: In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $1.5 billion.


Premise: Parque Rodo was originally conceived as what?

Hypothesis: Parque Rodó is both a barrio (neighbourhood) of Montevideo and a park which lies mostly outside the limits of the neighbourhood itself and belongs to Punta Carretas.


Premise: Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?

Hypothesis: The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score.


Premise: What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?

Hypothesis: A giant banner reading "Free Tibet" was also displayed on the torch route.


Premise: What area of the console did TechRadar feel was designed poorly compared to the original PS3?

Hypothesis: TechRadar gave PS3 Slim four and a half stars out of five praising its new smaller size and summed up its review stating "Over all, the PS3 Slim is a phenomenal piece of kit.


Premise: How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?

Hypothesis: They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles).


Premise: Who wrote 'Alciphron'?

Hypothesis: (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.)


Premise: From 1876 to 1973, how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink?

Hypothesis: The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels.


Premise: What are prokaryotes?

Hypothesis: Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals.


Premise: What year introduced the free substitution rule?

Hypothesis: In 2007, free substitution was allowed, ending the "iron man" era of one-platoon football.


Premise: What do they sometimes do for entertainment?

Hypothesis: Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure.


Premise: what is the name of the movement of liberalism?

Hypothesis: Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.


Premise: Who was responsible for creating the first radio?

Hypothesis: The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War.


Premise: What year did Blackbeard run his ship aground in North Carolina?

Hypothesis: In November, after losing his ship and appealing to the governor of North Carolina who promised safe-haven and a pardon, the notorious pirate, Blackbeard (Edward Teach) was killed in an ambush by troops from Virginia.


Premise: who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?

Hypothesis: Women organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families.


Premise: How many hosts do parasites typically have?

Hypothesis: Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts.


Premise: What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world?

Hypothesis: The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.


Premise: What is the source of the population data?

Hypothesis: According to the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects, Guinea-Bissau's population was 1,515,000 in 2010, compared to 518,000 in 1950.


Premise: How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?

Hypothesis: After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses.


Premise: On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic?

Hypothesis: On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic.


Premise: Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?

Hypothesis: The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners.


Premise: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?

Hypothesis: They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order.


Premise: What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?

Hypothesis: A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible, "With God, all things are possible", because it displayed no preference for a particular religion.


Premise: What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations?

Hypothesis: A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm.


Premise: How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?

Hypothesis: The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s, and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins, with active orchestras and university music programs.


Premise: What locations did Pitt want from France?

Hypothesis: William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France.


Premise: How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Super Mario Bros. game?

Hypothesis: The Basic Set, retailing at US$89.99 with no game, and US$99.99 bundled with "Super Mario Bros."


Premise: Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?

Hypothesis: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments.


Premise: What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?

Hypothesis: Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs.


Premise: When did Madonna marry Guy Ritchie?

Hypothesis: He was christened at Dornoch Cathedral in Dornoch, Scotland, on December 21, 2000.


Premise: What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?

Hypothesis: Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines.


Premise: How many Jews did Schindler save?

Hypothesis: Spielberg's next film, Schindler's List, was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust.


Premise: In what year does 'Terra Nova' begin?

Hypothesis: Spielberg also produced The River, Smash, Under the Dome, Extant and The Whispers, as well as a TV adaptation of Minority Report.


Premise: How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use?

Hypothesis: Criminal justice agencies in England and Wales use at least two separate racial/ethnic classification systems when reporting crime, as of 2010.


Premise: In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?

Hypothesis: In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China.


Premise: Where did Muawiyah fight Ali?

Hypothesis: They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, "arbitration belongs to God alone.


Premise: What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?

Hypothesis: The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives.


Premise: What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?

Hypothesis: Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original


Premise: What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?

Hypothesis: In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1.


Premise: When did King Edward VII take the throne?

Hypothesis: In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace.


Premise: The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year?

Hypothesis: They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.


Premise: What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?

Hypothesis: But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends.


Premise: Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?

Hypothesis: The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson.


Premise: How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?

Hypothesis: Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community.


Premise: What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean?

Hypothesis: The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean.


Premise: What is the highest court in Brazil?

Hypothesis: In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court.


Premise: What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?

Hypothesis: It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise.


Premise: Which organization stamps coins?

Hypothesis: The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).


Premise: Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?

Hypothesis: In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send "the worst description of convicts".


Premise: Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading?

Hypothesis: However, it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading.


Premise: What relationship does excitement and memory share?

Hypothesis: This proves that excitement enhances memory by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala.


Premise: What do elevator doors protect riders from?

Hypothesis: Some buildings have elevators with the single door on the shaft way, and double cascading doors on the cab.


Premise: The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment?

Hypothesis: The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment.


Premise: For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location?

Hypothesis: Charles III chose Palermo for his coronation as King of Sicily.


Premise: How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands?

Hypothesis: The twenty-four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls.


Premise: Who was assassinated on 2 March 2009?

Hypothesis: On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai.


Premise: What are examples of a cell's internal environment?

Hypothesis: Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status), and its specific role if in a multicellular organism.


Premise: What type of lamp was introduced by GE as part of its Ecoimagination initiative?

Hypothesis: GE has said that it will invest $1.4 billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative.


Premise: What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in?

Hypothesis: Endospores have a central core of cytoplasm containing DNA and ribosomes surrounded by a cortex layer and protected by an impermeable and rigid coat.


Premise: What was the purpose of Russell's group?

Hypothesis: In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.


Premise: What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars?

Hypothesis: The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense.


Premise: How many submissions does the initiative have?

Hypothesis: The website for the project has had over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception, with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting the help of other artists like David Blaine and Katy Perry as guest curators.


Premise: How many primary and secondary school students attend school in Richmond?

Hypothesis: Richmond's public school district also runs one of Virginia's four public charter schools, the Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts, which was founded in 2010.


Premise: Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?

Hypothesis: But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times.


Premise: What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain?

Hypothesis: Göring's lack of cooperation was detrimental to the one air strategy with potentially decisive strategic effect on Britain.


Premise: What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?

Hypothesis: The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup: it is sufficient to check that g−1h ∈ H for all elements g, h ∈ H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d[›]


Premise: What was special about St Mark's Basilica in Venice?

Hypothesis: Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice (mainly from the 17th–19th centuries, but the oldest one from 1270–75, "The burial of St Mark in the first basilica"), the Cathedral of Orvieto (golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century, many times redone) and the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca (huge, striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below, designed by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri in the 13th century).


Premise: When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?

Hypothesis: From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988).


Premise: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?

Hypothesis: This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous.


Premise: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?

Hypothesis: Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.


Premise: When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?

Hypothesis: Both the HST and AO telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the Outer Planets for example.


Premise: A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?

Hypothesis: The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour.


Premise: In what two years was there a financial crisis?

Hypothesis: In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.


Premise: What is a scholae monasticae?

Hypothesis: European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century.


Premise: What was the child vaccination rate according to a 2005 survey of Hyderabad?

Hypothesis: In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,:47 which is below the replacement rate.


Premise: What are seracs?

Hypothesis: Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form.


Premise: What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?

Hypothesis: The destroyers of this class were initially intended to replace the two ships of the Shirane class, which were originally scheduled to begin decommissioning in FY2014.


Premise: What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?

Hypothesis: Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on "Public Safety Officers" who have police training but do not carry firearms.


Premise: Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?

Hypothesis: In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures."


Premise: When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams?

Hypothesis: However, in 2003, the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned games with non-college teams.


Premise: What year was Kanye West's third album released?

Hypothesis: With his third album, Graduation (2007), West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape.


Premise: How much of London's population left?

Hypothesis: The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.


Premise: What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London' passengers with hearing and vision impairments?

Hypothesis: London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced.


Premise: What is armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles?

Hypothesis: The Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines are believed to be armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles, offering nuclear second strike capability.


Premise: What three composers influenced Chopin's work?

Hypothesis: Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest.


Premise: Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?

Hypothesis: The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture.


Premise: Where were these forts commonly built?

Hypothesis: They were frequently located at hills, or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas.


Premise: Why is it used as a coolant?

Hypothesis: These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases.


Premise: What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?

Hypothesis: Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work.


Premise: Who won season 13 of American Idol?

Hypothesis: Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up.


Premise: Where is Wayne County's Probate Court located?

Hypothesis: The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit.


Premise: Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?

Hypothesis: This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812.


Premise: What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?

Hypothesis: Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft.


Premise: Which Republican presidential candidate did Tennessee support in 1920?

Hypothesis: Since then, more of the state's voters have shifted to supporting Republicans, and Democratic presidential candidates have carried Tennessee only four times.


Premise: What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market?

Hypothesis: Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacements for inspection of anti-counterfeiting UV watermarks in some documents and paper currencies.


Premise: Where in Russia was Tito brought as a prisoner of war in 1918?

Hypothesis: When Tito was jailed in 1928, she returned to Russia.


Premise: Beyoncé was a featured artist on which singer's hit, Telephone?

Hypothesis: The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyoncé and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992.


Premise: What nanocrystals possess unique optical properties?

Hypothesis: This provides more color options and better color rendering than white LEDs since the emission spectrum is much narrower, characteristic of quantum confined states.


Premise: Who was Pharo's lawyer in the case?

Hypothesis: Defence counsel for the four journalists threatened to take the decision to judicial review, with the barrister representing Pharo, Nigel Rumfitt QC, saying: "The way this has come about gives rise to the impression that something has been going on behind the scenes which should not have been going on behind the scenes and which should have been dealt with transparently".


Premise: where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences?

Hypothesis: Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences.


Premise: Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys?

Hypothesis: This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind from the south.


Premise: Which original judge was a choreographer?

Hypothesis: American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances.


Premise: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?

Hypothesis: Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western part.


Premise: Who was Kerry's paternal grandmother?

Hypothesis: His maternal ancestors were of Scottish and English descent, and his maternal grandfather James Grant Forbes II was a member of the Forbes family, while his maternal grandmother Margaret Tyndal Winthrop was a member of the Dudley–Winthrop family.


Premise: How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?

Hypothesis: In the Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were systematically murdered.


Premise: The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?

Hypothesis: In most cases, the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called.


Premise: Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?

Hypothesis: A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage.


Premise: What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?

Hypothesis: By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands.


Premise: What land was included in the kingdom of Shu?

Hypothesis: Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams, while Shu included today's Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan.


Premise: What state does it border to the west?

Hypothesis: It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest.


Premise: What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing?

Hypothesis: In 1985, the combination of the Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics—an activity to become known as desktop publishing.


Premise: What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?

Hypothesis: Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad.


Premise: What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?

Hypothesis: Typical techniques for this are either using stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment.


Premise: When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?

Hypothesis: Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined.


Premise: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?

Hypothesis: During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.


Premise: Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013?

Hypothesis: In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires.


Premise: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways?

Hypothesis: The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time.


Premise: Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings?

Hypothesis: Though almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists.


Premise: Which political party did the majority of conservative Tennessee voters support in the early 20th century?

Hypothesis: Tennessee's Bob Corker was the only freshman Republican elected to the United States Senate in the 2006 midterm elections.


Premise: What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?

Hypothesis: In 1913, Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A, and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy.


Premise: Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man?

Hypothesis: Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man.


Premise: The rebel barons invited who to lead them?

Hypothesis: Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John.


Premise: The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?

Hypothesis: In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico.


Premise: Bain Capital is a holding company of which company?

Hypothesis: On October 28, 2015, IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company—a holding company of Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel, including its weather data platforms (such as Weather Services International), websites (Weather.com and Weather Underground) and mobile apps.


Premise: How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?

Hypothesis: The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008.


Premise: What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.

Hypothesis: For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as


Premise: Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited?

Hypothesis: At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States.


Premise: Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?

Hypothesis: This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.


Premise: On which continent other than Europe is the Premier League especially popular?

Hypothesis: As of the 2013–14 season, Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN, with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season.


Premise: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?

Hypothesis: American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life.


Premise: What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?

Hypothesis: The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe.


Premise: In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?

Hypothesis: The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity.


Premise: Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?

Hypothesis: Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications.


Premise: What conquered large areas of northern India?

Hypothesis: The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent.


Premise: What journalist wrote that Beyoncé was a "sex symbol"?

Hypothesis: " Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s, the media often used the term "Bootylicious" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyoncé, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name.


Premise: What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed?

Hypothesis: The reconstruction was completed in 2004, and the theatre reopened in August of that year.


Premise: When did Cyprus receive enough rainfall to fill up their water reserves?

Hypothesis: Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005.


Premise: On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it?

Hypothesis: High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below.


Premise: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?

Hypothesis: The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa.


Premise: Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?

Hypothesis: The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany.


Premise: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?

Hypothesis: The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.


Premise: Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?

Hypothesis: To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries.


Premise: What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front?

Hypothesis: At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end, leaving the Carolingian nave in use.


Premise: Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition?

Hypothesis: The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period.


Premise: Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill?

Hypothesis: Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: "there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power to the Commission to require hiring, firing, and promotion to meet a racial 'quota.'


Premise: What is the difference between robbery and piracy?

Hypothesis: The original meaning of piracy is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement.


Premise: What does 'mysh' mean?

Hypothesis: For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'.


Premise: Whic country lies on Congo's western border?

Hypothesis: The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa.


Premise: When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?

Hypothesis: South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory.


Premise: Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?

Hypothesis: The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A.


Premise: What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?

Hypothesis: Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages.


Premise: What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was 65 years of age or older?

Hypothesis: The median age was 35 years.


Premise: What year was Beyoncé featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue?

Hypothesis: In 2014, Beyoncé was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue.


Premise: Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?

Hypothesis: By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier.


Premise: Why is it held at Webly Stadium?

Hypothesis: This was controversial, with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London, as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final.


Premise: Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?

Hypothesis: Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands.


Premise: When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?

Hypothesis: But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.


Premise: What is the Barcelona motto?

Hypothesis: Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto "Més que un club" (


Premise: In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?

Hypothesis: Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2]


Premise: What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?

Hypothesis: At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of Göttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.


Premise: How did some people describe Filiberto Ojeda Ríos's death?

Hypothesis: In 2005, fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 in what some charged was an assassination.[citation needed]


Premise: When did new interpretations of John's reign begin to emerge?

Hypothesis: Interpretations of Magna Carta and the role of the rebel barons in 1215 have been significantly revised: although the charter's symbolic, constitutional value for later generations is unquestionable, in the context of John's reign most historians now consider it a failed peace agreement between "partisan" factions.


Premise: Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?

Hypothesis: London Business School academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success.


Premise: Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?

Hypothesis: Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards, she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés.


Premise: How much of the Bronx's population is black (not including Hispanic)?

Hypothesis: Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population.


Premise: What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?

Hypothesis: Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed]


Premise: What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific, individual high court?

Hypothesis: Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court", for example, the High Court of Australia; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council.


Premise: What other location is offered by the Greek?

Hypothesis: Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm.


Premise: Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?

Hypothesis: The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times.


Premise: Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?

Hypothesis: Old English also sometimes uses compound constructions to express other verbal aspects, the future and the passive voice; in these we see the beginnings of the compound tenses of Modern English.


Premise: What is Paris' top tourist attraction?

Hypothesis: The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013.


Premise: What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army?

Hypothesis: The most common weapons used by the army are the compact variant of the M16 rifle, the M4 carbine, as well as the 7.62×51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers.


Premise: What can be used to evaluate new approval processes?

Hypothesis: Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease.


Premise: When did the band The Darkness break up?

Hypothesis: and Back (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006.


Premise: When did another military coup overthrow Buhari?

Hypothesis: The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development.


Premise: What religion were these Fathers of the Church?

Hypothesis: Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]


Premise: What shape is chromosome of bacteria?

Hypothesis: Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum.


Premise: Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?

Hypothesis: A major problem in the managing of the Luftwaffe was Hermann Göring.


Premise: On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?

Hypothesis: Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, "Here I am.


Premise: What date did May and Taylor of Queen perform Bohemian Rhapsody on X-Factor?

Hypothesis: On 30 October 2009, May wrote a fanclub letter on his website stating that Queen had no intentions to tour in 2010 but that there was a possibility of a performance.


Premise: According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?

Hypothesis: Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s.


Premise: What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?

Hypothesis: This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.


Premise: What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune?

Hypothesis: The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter.


Premise: In summer, daytime highs often reach what temperature in the Piedmont region?

Hypothesis: Daytime highs in the Piedmont often reach over 90 °F (32 °C) in the summer.


Premise: When was the coldest reported temperature in Houston?

Hypothesis: Falls of at least one inch on both December 10, 2008 and December 4, 2009 marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history.


Premise: What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?

Hypothesis: The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066.


Premise: At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?

Hypothesis: The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century.


Premise: How many people worked for La Defense in 2010?

Hypothesis: The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s.


Premise: What is the dining table laid with for state banquets?

Hypothesis: On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal "white tie and decorations", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV.


Premise: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible?

Hypothesis: Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably.


Premise: When did the first radio stations appear?

Hypothesis: The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College.


Premise: In what fields of science is the genome studied?

Hypothesis: The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.


Premise: Which regions in the East receives the most amount of snowfall?

Hypothesis: In the east, while snowfall does not approach western levels, the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most.


Premise: What year was the largest find of copper discovered?

Hypothesis: The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US.


Premise: Who can call congress into emergency session?

Hypothesis: The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house.


Premise: Which branch of government has judicial discretion?

Hypothesis: At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals.


Premise: Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?

Hypothesis: Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.


Premise: What were the Manchus originally named?

Hypothesis: The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens.


Premise: What was the budget of the city in 2013

Hypothesis: The budget of the city for 2013 was €7.6 billion, of which 5.4 billion went for city administration, while €2.2 billion went for investment.


Premise: What is a greenstone belt?

Hypothesis: In short, greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents.


Premise: What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?

Hypothesis: The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China.


Premise: Of the downtown area what gets the most positive media coverage?

Hypothesis: The downtown area provides about half of the city's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants, several of which have garnered national praise (such as Ibiza, recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country), in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city.


Premise: Which of NYC's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx?

Hypothesis: The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School.


Premise: What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?

Hypothesis: However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923.


Premise: When is the first known use of 'samurai'?

Hypothesis: According to Wilson, an early reference to the word "samurai" appears in the Kokin Wakashū (905–914), the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.


Premise: When did Clark make his debut?

Hypothesis: The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team's name to the Chicago Bears, due to the Cubs allowing the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s.


Premise: What is the "New Right"?

Hypothesis: It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the "New Right" – a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts.


Premise: In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?

Hypothesis: In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC.


Premise: What services are central to Brasilia's economy?

Hypothesis: The major roles of construction and of services (government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services) in Brasília's economy reflect the city's status as a governmental rather than an industrial center.


Premise: When was the SNES released in the UK?

Hypothesis: The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for GB£150, with a German release following a few weeks later.


Premise: When is a beer at its most flavorful?

Hypothesis: Beer served unchilled—either cool or at room temperature, reveal more of their flavours.


Premise: How does Beyoncé say she likes to dress off-stage?

Hypothesis: Offstage Beyoncé says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress "is absolutely for the stage.


Premise: What is the largest commercial airport in Oklahoma?

Hypothesis: Tulsa International Airport, the state's second largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010.


Premise: How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion?

Hypothesis: The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical western philosophy, transcends bodily form.


Premise: In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience?

Hypothesis: The attraction closed on August 30, 2014.


Premise: Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?

Hypothesis: The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period, designed by Nash's student Sir James Pennethorne.


Premise: Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess?

Hypothesis: Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product.


Premise: How many square miles is Desert National Park?

Hypothesis: The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres (1,221 sq mi), is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna.


Premise: Do clubs replay each other?

Hypothesis: Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious.


Premise: The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts?

Hypothesis: The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio.


Premise: What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?

Hypothesis: Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about.


Premise: Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?

Hypothesis: The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon.


Premise: What was ASCII developed from?

Hypothesis: Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services.


Premise: Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee?

Hypothesis: Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west.


Premise: How many volunteers did Tennessee send to the Mexican-American War?

Hypothesis: This explanation is more likely, because President Polk's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone, largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and now Texas politician, Sam Houston.


Premise: Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?

Hypothesis: The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309.


Premise: What name is Apollo known by in Etruscan mythology?

Hypothesis: Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.


Premise: What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?

Hypothesis: A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria.


Premise: Who won the battle?

Hypothesis: The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 after only having a few hours to debate.


Premise: Who did Norman say "turned her back"?

Hypothesis: " England had "turned her back."


Premise: Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?

Hypothesis: Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang.


Premise: What types of musicians were the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham?

Hypothesis: Also emerging during this period was New York's no wave movement, a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes and often reflected an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic worldview.


Premise: Who invented the double indirect method?

Hypothesis: The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed.


Premise: What island was ranked as the 5th best in Europe?

Hypothesis: Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki, the country's second-largest city, the world's fifth best "Ultimate Party Town", alongside cities such as Montreal and Dubai, while in 2011 the island of Santorini was voted as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure.


Premise: How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?

Hypothesis: Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military.


Premise: What were the characteristics of state religious observances?

Hypothesis: In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:


Premise: What was the alternative to prevention?

Hypothesis: In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective - "crime doesn't pay".


Premise: The Joint Declaration supposedly resolves the conflict which originally led to what movement?

Hypothesis: In 1999, the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement.


Premise: What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?

Hypothesis: Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance.


Premise: Who would eventually absorb the "good" bank of Cyprus Popular Bank?

Hypothesis: The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement with the Eurogroup in March 2013 to split the country's second largest bank, the Cyprus Popular Bank (also known as Laiki Bank), into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus.


Premise: When was the second book published?

Hypothesis: To Kill a Mockingbird, was published on July 14, 2015.


Premise: What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes?

Hypothesis: In the Ottoman Empire, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by Süleyman I. Depending on the educational demands, some madaris also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history.


Premise: How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?

Hypothesis: The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances.


Premise: What happened to Louis Philippe after the revolution in France?

Hypothesis: Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England.


Premise: What shifted attention away from the coverage regarding Bush's controvery regarding his required service?

Hypothesis: Serious doubts about the documents' authenticity quickly emerged, leading CBS to appoint a review panel that eventually resulted in the firing of the news producer and other significant staffing changes.


Premise: Is the RICO Act still used today?

Hypothesis: The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who might fall under the Act.


Premise: What other career did Virgil consider?

Hypothesis: After considering briefly a career in rhetoric and law, the young Virgil turned his talents to poetry.


Premise: Who represented Oribe's Blancos?

Hypothesis: Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems.


Premise: Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?

Hypothesis: " The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op.


Premise: Which editor nearly ruined The Times in 1890?

Hypothesis: Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.


Premise: Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?

Hypothesis: However, in 1984, Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and despite opposition from some minority shareholders, which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.


Premise: Where did Kurit head after passing through the San Bernardino Strait?

Hypothesis: Kurita passed through San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and headed along the coast of Samar.


Premise: What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?

Hypothesis: For instance, symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements: (1) an opening Allegro in sonata form, (2) a slow movement, (3) a minuet or scherzo, and (4) a final Allegro.


Premise: What was a normal play time per side for LPs?

Hypothesis: Many pre-1952 LPs, however, played for about 15 minutes per side.


Premise: Who was rookie of the year in 1989?

Hypothesis: After splitting the first two games at home, the Cubs headed to the Bay Area, where despite holding a lead at some point in each of the next three games, bullpen meltdowns and managerial blunders ultimately led to three straight losses.


Premise: How much precipitation does Heron recieve?

Hypothesis: Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm).


Premise: What does DNA consist of?

Hypothesis: DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1


Premise: Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?

Hypothesis: The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden.


Premise: When did Kexi retire?

Hypothesis: In reaction, the two other generals decided to petition for their own retirements to test Kangxi's resolve, thinking that he would not risk offending them.


Premise: When did Napoleon iii visit London?

Hypothesis: Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris.


Premise: How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra?

Hypothesis: Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered.


Premise: Who starred in 'Lincoln' as Abraham Lincoln?

Hypothesis: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film covered the final four months of Lincoln's life.


Premise: What is another name used for mammalian hair?

Hypothesis: Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism.


Premise: What did the liberian civil war result in?

Hypothesis: These resulted in the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy.


Premise: What kind of broadband service is provided on the island?

Hypothesis: There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by SURE (formerly Cable & Wireless).


Premise: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?

Hypothesis: The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners.


Premise: What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?

Hypothesis: Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion.


Premise: What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms?

Hypothesis: Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms.


Premise: What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?

Hypothesis: The start was at McCovey Cove, where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li.


Premise: What makes mosses different from other land plants?

Hypothesis: Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem.


Premise: What is froth flotation used for?

Hypothesis: Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy.


Premise: What is another term for "bigface" notes?

Hypothesis: The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as "bigface" notes or "Monopoly money".


Premise: Where was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest held?

Hypothesis: The 51st Eurovision Song Contest was held in Athens at the Olympic Indoor Hall of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Maroussi, with hosted by Maria Menounos and Sakis Rouvas.


Premise: Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?

Hypothesis: Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences.


Premise: What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?

Hypothesis: In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity.


Premise: What environments can bacteria live?

Hypothesis: Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats.


Premise: What does the transistor provide?

Hypothesis: In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.


Premise: How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?

Hypothesis: Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices.


Premise: In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?

Hypothesis: Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool.


Premise: How did Jan Hus die?

Hypothesis: Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement.


Premise: Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?

Hypothesis: Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives.


Premise: What did 'samurai' mean at first?

Hypothesis: In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward").


Premise: What differs about American and English law?

Hypothesis: The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point, the facts and law at issue are nearly identical, and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.


Premise: How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea?

Hypothesis: Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the defense of South Korea, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel.


Premise: How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?

Hypothesis: The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.


Premise: How many finalists were eliminated during the first results show?

Hypothesis: A new feature introduced was the "Judges' Save", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes.


Premise: In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?

Hypothesis: In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics.


Premise: Which month is the hottest in Valencia?

Hypothesis: In the warmest month – August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28–34 °C (82–93 °F), about 23 °C (73 °F) at night.


Premise: To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited?

Hypothesis: The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows.


Premise: What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric?

Hypothesis: His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and "gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life."


Premise: How many rivers travel through Kathmandu?

Hypothesis: An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.


Premise: When did Ken Hoitzman pitch a no-hitter?

Hypothesis: Ken Holtzman pitched a no-hitter on August 19, and the division lead grew to 8 1⁄2 games over the St. Louis Cardinals and by 9 1⁄2 games over the New York Mets.


Premise: When did the Tibetan empire emerge?

Hypothesis: The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories.


Premise: What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?

Hypothesis: Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin –


Premise: She dedicated Papa Don't Preach to whom?

Hypothesis: Madonna's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents are reflected in the album Like a Prayer.


Premise: What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams?

Hypothesis: Feynman's thesis applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laying the groundwork for the "path integral" approach and Feynman diagrams, and was titled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics".


Premise: What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?

Hypothesis: A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower.


Premise: What was Ben Franklin disabled by?

Hypothesis: In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.


Premise: What are the effigies made of?

Hypothesis: During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]


Premise: What year did the Super Slim model hit stores?

Hypothesis: In September 2009, the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released, being lighter and thinner than the original version, which notably featured a redesigned logo and marketing design, as well as a minor start-up change in software.


Premise: What was the aspect ratio of the NHK Color?

Hypothesis: The Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began conducting research to "unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics.


Premise: How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006?

Hypothesis: The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004–2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006.


Premise: Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?

Hypothesis: Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame.


Premise: What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?

Hypothesis: Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to "restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age" by reinstating secular administration, promoting "national culture and traditions," and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century.


Premise: What is the radiation patter influenced by?

Hypothesis: The radiation pattern and even the driving point impedance of an antenna can be influenced by the dielectric constant and especially conductivity of nearby objects.


Premise: How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?

Hypothesis: Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface.


Premise: What types of new species can be introduced?

Hypothesis: The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.


Premise: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?

Hypothesis: Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen.


Premise: What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?

Hypothesis: " Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law.


Premise: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?

Hypothesis: During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method.


Premise: What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?

Hypothesis: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East.


Premise: What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called?

Hypothesis: The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent.


Premise: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?

Hypothesis: While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times.


Premise: How many pandas escaped the reserve?

Hypothesis: Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged.


Premise: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?

Hypothesis: The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.


Premise: What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?

Hypothesis: The amount of crossover between the AC chart and the Hot 100 has varied based on how much the passing pop music trends of the times appealed to adult listeners.


Premise: What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?

Hypothesis: Also in January, the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.


Premise: How many hospitals does it manage?

Hypothesis: It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital.


Premise: When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?

Hypothesis: It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War).


Premise: From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?

Hypothesis: A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.


Premise: Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?

Hypothesis: Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science".


Premise: Who won the war?

Hypothesis: After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence.


Premise: What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile?

Hypothesis: Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.


Premise: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?

Hypothesis: In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago, the first woman to be full president of a major university.


Premise: When did the first Gulf War begin?

Hypothesis: Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War—in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively.


Premise: What was first instituted for first year students in the 2007-2008 school year?

Hypothesis: Beginning in the 2007–2008 academic year, first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents.


Premise: What body administers the Ellis Island Immigration Museum?

Hypothesis: They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York.


Premise: What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?

Hypothesis: The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government.


Premise: Why was SASO created?

Hypothesis: The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately.


Premise: What years of economic growth was called Greece's economic miracle?

Hypothesis: Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015.


Premise: What did the critics call Madonna after the Letterman show?

Hypothesis: In March 1994, she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman, using profanity that required censorship on television, and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it.


Premise: Richard withdrew what towards John?

Hypothesis: Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade.


Premise: When was Kinect first announced?

Hypothesis: It was first announced on June 1, 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo, under the codename, Project Natal.


Premise: What mineral sometimes contains uranium?

Hypothesis: Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum.


Premise: What university did Peterson attend?

Hypothesis: Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry.


Premise: What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic?

Hypothesis: While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime.


Premise: What do imports produce on Tuvalu?

Hypothesis: In Tuvalu plastic waste is a problem as much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging.


Premise: How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?

Hypothesis: The next three popes, including Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, were created cardinals by him.


Premise: When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?

Hypothesis: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17].


Premise: What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?

Hypothesis: During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education.


Premise: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?

Hypothesis: In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility.


Premise: How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?

Hypothesis: Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause.


Premise: What is the center of North Carolina called?

Hypothesis: The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals, plants, and a 57-piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in the world's largest-land-area natural-habitat park.


Premise: Approximately how many African Americans lived in Tennessee in 1900?

Hypothesis: In 1900, African Americans made up nearly 24% of the state's population, and numbered 480,430 citizens who lived mostly in the central and western parts of the state.


Premise: During what century did gold coinage cease?

Hypothesis: Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins.


Premise: Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?

Hypothesis: Workplace diversity has become a business management concept in which employers actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace.


Premise: When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?

Hypothesis: She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.


Premise: Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?

Hypothesis: Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion," and from that evolved into an ethnonym.