Premise: When was Nunez elected as president of FC Barcelona?

Hypothesis: In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president.


Premise: What are some of the other terms for zinc?

Hypothesis: The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.


Premise: What did the published scheme attempt to do?

Hypothesis: Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual).


Premise: What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?

Hypothesis: Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.


Premise: A vulture is what type of bird?

Hypothesis: Other birds are scavengers; some of these, like vultures, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls, corvids, or other birds of prey, are opportunists.


Premise: Who did Hoyte van Hoytema replace as cinematographer?

Hypothesis: Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins.


Premise: What activity is done using a greased pole?

Hypothesis: Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival.


Premise: CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?

Hypothesis: Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.


Premise: Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?

Hypothesis: Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988.


Premise: What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?

Hypothesis: Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem.


Premise: Pomors are also known as what?

Hypothesis: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them.


Premise: Why did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?

Hypothesis: Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974.


Premise: How many people have a varied ancestry?

Hypothesis: Many people have a highly varied ancestry.


Premise: What is the largest consumer of insects?

Hypothesis: Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures.


Premise: Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire?

Hypothesis: Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets.


Premise: When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?

Hypothesis: The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066.


Premise: How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?

Hypothesis: In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic.


Premise: What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?

Hypothesis: The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000.


Premise: Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?

Hypothesis: The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas.


Premise: what do the Somerset levels consist of

Hypothesis: They consist of marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors.


Premise: Who claimed the entire Delaware River?

Hypothesis: The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony.


Premise: Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu?

Hypothesis: In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay.


Premise: In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?

Hypothesis: The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665.


Premise: By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit?

Hypothesis: "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK," whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as black Americans.


Premise: What is an example of a shorter migration?

Hypothesis: The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year.


Premise: As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?

Hypothesis: The administrative region covers 12,012 km² (4,638 mi²), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.


Premise: How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area?

Hypothesis: The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest.


Premise: What song did Beyoncé donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé is also taking part in "Miss a Meal", a food-donation campaign, and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S.


Premise: What encoding did early Macs use?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995–2005.


Premise: What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?

Hypothesis: In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London.


Premise: Where does the foundation list grants

Hypothesis: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education.


Premise: How big was Live Aid's TV audience?

Hypothesis: At Live Aid, held at Wembley on 13 July 1985, in front of the biggest-ever TV audience of 1.9 billion, Queen performed some of their greatest hits, during which the sold-out stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped, sang, and swayed in unison.


Premise: How much did tourists spend in Boston in 2011?

Hypothesis: Tourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.


Premise: How many dead troops leave behind?

Hypothesis: Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions.


Premise: What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?

Hypothesis: Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg.


Premise: How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?

Hypothesis: Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century.


Premise: What does POTS stand for?

Hypothesis: The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP).


Premise: Who established the first samurai-led administration?

Hypothesis: He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status.


Premise: At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located?

Hypothesis: The Test—which has salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing—runs along the western edge of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two—east and west.


Premise: For how long did the Paris Commune exist?

Hypothesis: The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed.


Premise: What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?

Hypothesis: In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the term aerial is sometimes used although 'antenna' has been universal in professional use for many years.


Premise: What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?

Hypothesis: The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax.


Premise: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?

Hypothesis: This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.


Premise: Of the ten species removed due to extinction, how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed?

Hypothesis: As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting.


Premise: What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy?

Hypothesis: On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution.


Premise: What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?

Hypothesis: Other waves, such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront, also have their own intensity.


Premise: What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target?

Hypothesis: This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target.


Premise: Which prison was New York City's first?

Hypothesis: In 2009, the two-way section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane.


Premise: How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?

Hypothesis: In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service.


Premise: In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?

Hypothesis: Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976, 1,411 people have been executed, almost exclusively by the states, with most occurring after 1990.


Premise: What are three pests pesticides target?

Hypothesis: Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors.


Premise: Who adjusted the song?

Hypothesis: The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3.


Premise: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?

Hypothesis: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them.


Premise: What is expected when the relationships are made public?

Hypothesis: In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals.


Premise: What percentage of the population considers themselves American

Hypothesis: Many of these were of English or Scotch-Irish descent; however, their families have lived in the state for so long, that they choose to identify as having "American" ancestry or do not know their ancestry.


Premise: In what year did Gateway Community College open its newly consolidated downtown campus?

Hypothesis: Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven, formerly located in the Long Wharf district; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus (on the site of the old Macy's building) and was open for the Fall 2012 semester.


Premise: What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?

Hypothesis: They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart.


Premise: What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about?

Hypothesis: It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as "thighs and feathers".


Premise: In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?

Hypothesis: The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself.


Premise: What is the most important sports event held on Tuvalu?

Hypothesis: The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games, which are held yearly since 2008.


Premise: What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?

Hypothesis: The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance.


Premise: Who was Apollo's twin sister?

Hypothesis: In archaic Greece he was the prophet, the oracular god who in older times was connected with "healing".


Premise: When was the decision made for this council?

Hypothesis: This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.


Premise: What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?

Hypothesis: The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux.


Premise: What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?

Hypothesis: For details Read "A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy" written Tareq M Zayed  and "Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage ‘Self’ and ‘System’: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education" authored by Tareq M Zayed


Premise: Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?

Hypothesis: Habituation and operant conditioning techniques have been used to assess infants’ recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants’ recall memory.


Premise: The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization?

Hypothesis: It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.


Premise: New Delhi's alternate-day travel scheme allowed trucks to enter the city after what hour?

Hypothesis: In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worst during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015.


Premise: In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?

Hypothesis: In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households.


Premise: How are international businesses discouraged from operating in Burma?

Hypothesis: Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies.


Premise: Who administered the "Pencil Test"?

Hypothesis: Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications.


Premise: What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population?

Hypothesis: The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state's most urbanized and densely populated section.


Premise: What countries did they settle in ?

Hypothesis: Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.


Premise: The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?

Hypothesis: University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching.


Premise: What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?

Hypothesis: It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.


Premise: What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?

Hypothesis: High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events.


Premise: What are the General Categories of Unicode?

Hypothesis: The possible General Categories are:


Premise: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?

Hypothesis: While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday.


Premise: What is the resistor equal to?

Hypothesis: Unidirectional traveling wave antennas are terminated by a resistor at one end equal to the antenna's characteristic resistance, to absorb the waves from one direction.


Premise: What was the name of the first song that Taylor Hicks released after winning American Idol?

Hypothesis: On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named American Idol, with Katharine McPhee the runner-up. "


Premise: Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising?

Hypothesis: Around the same time, another of Sulla's former lieutenants, Marcus Licinius Crassus, had just put down the Spartacus-led gladiator/slave revolt in Italy.


Premise: What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?

Hypothesis: When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor, the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898.


Premise: What is the term for a subdivision of a hizb?

Hypothesis: A juz' is sometimes further divided into two ḥizb (plural aḥzāb), and each hizb subdivided into four rubʻ al-ahzab.


Premise: What does the host make that affect its genes?

Hypothesis: These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity).


Premise: What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study?

Hypothesis: In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Classes V to VIII).


Premise: What position did Zubizareta have?

Hypothesis: In late December, Barcelona's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated, leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows.


Premise: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider?

Hypothesis: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.


Premise: What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?

Hypothesis: The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal").


Premise: Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"?

Hypothesis: Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations.


Premise: What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?

Hypothesis: The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured.


Premise: Where do green turtles live?

Hypothesis: These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.


Premise: When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?

Hypothesis: Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument.


Premise: Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination?

Hypothesis: (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles.


Premise: Which contestant sold more albums than all except two from season three of American Idol?

Hypothesis: One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's "She Bangs" received widespread attention.


Premise: How strong was the May 25 aftershock in Qingchuan county?

Hypothesis: On May 25, an aftershock of 6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings.


Premise: In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?

Hypothesis: In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity.


Premise: Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?

Hypothesis: He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene.


Premise: What type of government does New York City have?

Hypothesis: The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities.


Premise: Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?

Hypothesis: Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time".


Premise: Where are both Monte Rosa and Matterhorn located?

Hypothesis: In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton of Graubünden, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).


Premise: Why are Touloulous given free condoms?

Hypothesis: Touloulous get in free, and are even given condoms in the interest of the sexual health of the community.


Premise: In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?

Hypothesis: The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation.


Premise: Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?

Hypothesis: After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe.


Premise: What professional is Ian Penman known from?

Hypothesis: British music publications such as the NME and Sounds developed an influential part in this nascent post-punk culture, with writers like Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman developing a dense (and often playful) style of criticism that drew on critical theory, radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources.


Premise: Who was the Sixth US Army Group's commander?

Hypothesis: Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th U.S. Army Group) and Devers (Sixth U.S. Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively).


Premise: Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?

Hypothesis: Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur.


Premise: A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?

Hypothesis: It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice.


Premise: Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin?

Hypothesis: Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979, and he immediately asked his long-time colleague, Brian Howard, to join him.


Premise: What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?

Hypothesis: The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz.


Premise: Who possibly created the earliest system of writing?

Hypothesis: They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples.


Premise: In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where?

Hypothesis: The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad.


Premise: Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?

Hypothesis: The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols.


Premise: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?

Hypothesis: For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round.


Premise: What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?

Hypothesis: And there are differences between sex and gender; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly.


Premise: Does the government allow access to any desired  media channels for residents ?

Hypothesis: At the same time, international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.


Premise: How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?

Hypothesis: The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons.


Premise: When is the head of Charles Regatta held?

Hypothesis: One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon, run on Patriots' Day in April.


Premise: What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?

Hypothesis: His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.


Premise: What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942?

Hypothesis: As well, basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route to patrol areas, reducing their effectiveness, and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of enemy bases.


Premise: What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings?

Hypothesis: Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for.


Premise: Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?

Hypothesis: Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976.


Premise: What is the most popular sport in Germany?

Hypothesis: Sport forms an integral part of German life, as demonstrated by the fact that 27 million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually.


Premise: How many congregations did the Jehovah's Witnesses have in 2015?

Hypothesis: In the same year, they conducted "Bible studies" with over 9.7 million individuals, including those conducted by Witness parents with their children.


Premise: What can be added to f0 to create a standing wave pattern?

Hypothesis: The standing wave forms with this desired pattern at the design frequency, f0, and antennas are normally designed to be this size.


Premise: Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?

Hypothesis: In reference to President George W. Bush's 2007 European tour, Edi Rama, Tirana's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists, said: "Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe, maybe even in the world ...


Premise: Barcelona ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking in what years?

Hypothesis: Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings.


Premise: What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange?

Hypothesis: William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange.


Premise: Where do State Banquets take place?

Hypothesis: On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them, beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery.


Premise: What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles?

Hypothesis: The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the Quaternary Period, the most recent being the Devensian.[citation needed]


Premise: What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?

Hypothesis: However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard.


Premise: How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?

Hypothesis: The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties.


Premise: Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame "outstanding?"

Hypothesis: This program has been recognized previously, by U.S. News & World Report, as outstanding.


Premise: About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest's wood were harvested in 1991?

Hypothesis: In 1991, approximately 3.5 cubic kilometers of wood were harvested.


Premise: What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed?

Hypothesis: As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the "Zhejiang spirit" has become something of a legend within China.


Premise: Who devised the Weston film speed ratings?

Hypothesis: The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.


Premise: What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA?

Hypothesis: Rather than commend the agency for proposing a $10.2 million fine against Southwest Airlines for its failure to conduct mandatory inspections in 2008, he was quoted as saying the following in an Associated Press story: "Penalties against airlines that violate FAA directives should be stiffer.


Premise: In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?

Hypothesis: From the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance.


Premise: What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?

Hypothesis: However, in the 13th century they began to slowly lose their rights and became less equal in the eyes of the law.


Premise: When did Diana die?

Hypothesis: —wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning.


Premise: Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?

Hypothesis: Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.


Premise: When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?

Hypothesis: The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean.


Premise: How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?

Hypothesis: The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years.


Premise: What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?

Hypothesis: Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness.


Premise: How many members in total does the Basij have?

Hypothesis: Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one million men".


Premise: Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?

Hypothesis: This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.


Premise: When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?

Hypothesis: Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air.


Premise: How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?

Hypothesis: The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War.


Premise: What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?

Hypothesis: The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu.


Premise: What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?

Hypothesis: Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:


Premise: The African Lodge re-titled itself what?

Hypothesis: Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa).


Premise: Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?

Hypothesis: Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]


Premise: What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?

Hypothesis: Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).


Premise: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?

Hypothesis: In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform.


Premise: Where was the Inner Court?

Hypothesis: In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City.


Premise: What percentage of India's total area is Rajasthan?

Hypothesis: It is located on the western side of the country, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the "Rajasthan Desert" and "Great Indian Desert") and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley.


Premise: Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?

Hypothesis: In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon.


Premise: Who was the first president of the AFL?

Hypothesis: Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner.


Premise: What is the literal meaning of tariqah?

Hypothesis: Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam.


Premise: Who has been pushing for hybridization?

Hypothesis: This has resulted in loss of genetic diversity and biodiversity as a whole.


Premise: What board member resigned in November 2010?

Hypothesis: The company's 14 member Board of Directors is responsible for overall corporate management.


Premise: When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force?

Hypothesis: The service's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s, its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s.


Premise: How long have messenger pigeons been used?

Hypothesis: Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respectively.


Premise: When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?

Hypothesis: In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters—a rich actress and a prince in weak health—could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys.


Premise: Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937?

Hypothesis: He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD).


Premise: What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?

Hypothesis: The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications.


Premise: Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation?

Hypothesis: Upon occasion, Hawking has stated that time actually began with the Big Bang, and that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are meaningless.


Premise: How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain?

Hypothesis: This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.


Premise: In what year did Barcelona begin the construction of a new stadium?

Hypothesis: The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954, before a crowd of 60,000 Barça fans.


Premise: Which historic great players have played at Yankee Stadium?

Hypothesis: The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships.


Premise: Who defended the base at Balaclava?

Hypothesis: In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461


Premise: The Knickebein was the same as the Lorenz but used how many beams?

Hypothesis: The Germans developed the short-range Lorenz system into the Knickebein aid, a system which used two Lorenz beams with much stronger signal transmissions.


Premise: What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?

Hypothesis: Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them.


Premise: By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?

Hypothesis: Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances.


Premise: What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?

Hypothesis: A later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham ("the Grammarian").


Premise: When may conventional social rules be broken?

Hypothesis: The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.


Premise: When was improvisation in classical music performance common?

Hypothesis: The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era.


Premise: As one of the oldest school which was founded in 1660, what is it's name?

Hypothesis: New Haven is home to a number of other private schools as well as public magnet schools, including Metropolitan Business Academy, High School in the Community, Hill Regional Career High School, Co-op High School, New Haven Academy, ACES Educational Center for the Arts, the Foote School and the Sound School, all of which draw students from New Haven and suburban towns.


Premise: Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?

Hypothesis: Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.


Premise: What does ASCII code represent?

Hypothesis: ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text.


Premise: How did the Gregorian calendar set these same of the full moon not preceding Easterconditions?

Hypothesis: The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days.


Premise: What two Marvel characters were part of that campus heroes section?

Hypothesis: In 1965, Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine's list of 28 college campus heroes, alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan.


Premise: What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change?

Hypothesis: Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity.


Premise: How many banks does London operate overseas?

Hypothesis: London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world.


Premise: In what year did Thomas J. Watson, Sr. join CTR?

Hypothesis: Watson joined CTR as General Manager then, 11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.


Premise: What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013?

Hypothesis: In 2013, the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands experienced drought.


Premise: In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?

Hypothesis: Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997.


Premise: What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?

Hypothesis: Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze.


Premise: Where did the Chinese stop the Operation Ichi-Go incursion?

Hypothesis: Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties, these attacks, the biggest in several years, gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi.


Premise: How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?

Hypothesis: The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber.


Premise: Does summertime gets weather hotter than 90 degrees?

Hypothesis: Summers are humid and warm, with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 7–8 days per year.


Premise: What is the typical August dew point in degrees Fahrenheit?

Hypothesis: Dewpoints in the warm months range from 71.9 °F (22.2 °C) in June to 73.7 °F (23.2 °C) in August.


Premise: Johannes Kepler created a model of what?

Hypothesis: Galileo ("Father of Modern Physics") also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method.


Premise: How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?

Hypothesis: India: Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests, the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km (less than 1.5 miles), which was shared amongst 70 runners.


Premise: Which birds did they use as a trial run?

Hypothesis: It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes.


Premise: What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?

Hypothesis: The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute.


Premise: who produced the song "on and on" in 1984?

Hypothesis: "On and On" is sometimes cited as the 'first house record', though other examples from around that time, such as J.M. Silk's "Music is the Key" (1985), have also been cited.


Premise: How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?

Hypothesis: The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill.


Premise: What religion was Avicenna?

Hypothesis: Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology.


Premise: Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?

Hypothesis: The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment.


Premise: Who took over directing 'Interstellar'?

Hypothesis: Spielberg later abandoned Interstellar, which was eventually directed by Christopher Nolan.


Premise: What only sends the differences within those pixels and blocks?

Hypothesis: Some video compression schemes typically operate on square-shaped groups of neighboring pixels, often called macroblocks.


Premise: What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?

Hypothesis: None were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England.


Premise: Where can you buy downloadable content for the PSP and PS3?

Hypothesis: The PS3 store can also be accessed on PSP via a Remote Play connection to PS3.


Premise: When did the Valencia metro derail?

Hypothesis: It was not immediately clear what caused the crash.


Premise: How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in?

Hypothesis: The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states.


Premise: What does wood consist of?

Hypothesis: It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).


Premise: How many nursing homes does HHC operate?

Hypothesis: HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class.


Premise: Who was demonstrating?

Hypothesis: On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation.


Premise: What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?

Hypothesis: Respiratory organisms use chemical compounds as a source of energy by taking electrons from the reduced substrate and transferring them to a terminal electron acceptor in a redox reaction.


Premise: What is the states largest railway?

Hypothesis: Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific.


Premise: Of the fourteen tallest skyscrapers in Florida, how many are in Miami?

Hypothesis: The city currently has the eight tallest (as well as thirteen of the fourteen tallest) skyscrapers in the state of Florida, with the tallest being the 789-foot (240 m)


Premise: What two areas was Korea divided into?

Hypothesis: On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel.


Premise: Which of the Great Lakes is entirely located in US territory?

Hypothesis: The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills and productive farmland, stretching south to the Gulf Coast.


Premise: What hospital is in the MSA region

Hypothesis: Tinker Air Force Base (27,000); University of Oklahoma (11,900); University of Central Oklahoma (2,900); and Norman Regional Hospital (2,800).


Premise: How many judges were on the panel for this season?

Hypothesis: This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show


Premise: In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement?

Hypothesis: A landowner can have either a "Safe Harbor" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both.


Premise: What is Chopin's older sister's name?

Hypothesis: Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807–55), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811–81) and Emilia (1812–27).


Premise: What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?

Hypothesis: The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems.


Premise: Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?

Hypothesis: With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy.


Premise: Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?

Hypothesis: Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18, 1985, following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year.


Premise: What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?

Hypothesis: In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries.


Premise: In what year did the subway begin operation?

Hypothesis: The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.


Premise: What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?

Hypothesis: Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox).


Premise: What percentage of the European population consisted of monks?

Hypothesis: But throughout the Middle Ages the population of the towns probably never exceeded 10 per cent of the total population.


Premise: For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed?

Hypothesis: In 1945, the school introduced a nationality statute conditioning entry on the applicant's father being British by birth.


Premise: During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?

Hypothesis: Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship.


Premise: What direction has infant mortality rate taken?

Hypothesis: There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate (during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101-132/1000 live births, in 2000 the rate was 50-60/1000, and in 2008 it was 28-30/1000).


Premise: Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?

Hypothesis: A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions.


Premise: In approximately what year did revitalization most recently begin to occur in downtown New Haven?

Hypothesis: Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized, with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores.


Premise: What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from?

Hypothesis: While diesel locomotives burn petroleum, electricity is generated from diverse sources including many that do not produce carbon dioxide such as nuclear power and renewable forms including hydroelectric, geothermal, wind and solar.


Premise: What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?

Hypothesis: It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.


Premise: What is the population of the smallest canton?

Hypothesis: Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graubünden).


Premise: When were settlements started in southern Mesopotamia?

Hypothesis: The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.


Premise: What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?

Hypothesis: A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis.


Premise: What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of?

Hypothesis: The other most retained vehicle will be the Navistar MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles, plus 301 Maxxpro ambulances.


Premise: What did Cerón name the islands from which people threw rocks at his vessel?

Hypothesis: These islands, which he named "Los Pintados", may have been Ujelang.


Premise: Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?

Hypothesis: There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success.


Premise: When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?

Hypothesis: In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended.


Premise: What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war?

Hypothesis: The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser–Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence.


Premise: How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?

Hypothesis: While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime.


Premise: Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?

Hypothesis: Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London had barely recovered from the war.


Premise: What is a central duty of the prime minister?

Hypothesis: The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature.


Premise: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?

Hypothesis: What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world.


Premise: How many municipalities?

Hypothesis: It is estimated that Galicia has over a million named places, over 40,000 of them being communities.


Premise: What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?

Hypothesis: The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London.


Premise: What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?

Hypothesis: American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China.


Premise: How often does moulting occur in most species?

Hypothesis: Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare brood patch by losing feathers close to the belly.


Premise: Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?

Hypothesis: Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century.


Premise: Where is the Aosta valley located?

Hypothesis: The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind.


Premise: Who referred to 'Suez Syndrome'?

Hypothesis: The events at Suez wounded British national pride, leading one MP to describe it as "Britain's Waterloo" and another to suggest that the country had become an "American satellite".


Premise: When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?

Hypothesis: In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918.


Premise: What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?

Hypothesis: Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.


Premise: Around what time did bronze start being formed?

Hypothesis: Eventually, humans learned to smelt metals such as copper and tin from ore, and, around 2500 BC, began alloying the two metals to form bronze, which is much harder than its ingredients.


Premise: What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland?

Hypothesis: Louis' planned arrival in England presented a significant problem for John, as the prince would bring with him naval vessels and siege engines essential to the rebel cause.


Premise: Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples?

Hypothesis: Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru.


Premise: What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?

Hypothesis: Indeed, the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions, a genre commonly stressed in women's education.


Premise: What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?

Hypothesis: The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish.


Premise: Where did Beyoncé perform for four nights of standing room only concerts in 2011?

Hypothesis: 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyoncé her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US.


Premise: Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from?

Hypothesis: On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia, but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland, but also from Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania), from the Middle East (mainly from Egypt, Lebanon and Syria); and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China and South Korea).


Premise: Who sponsors Fashion Week Miami?

Hypothesis: Annual events such as the Sony Ericsson Open, Art Basel, Winter Music Conference, South Beach Wine & Food Festival, and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every year.


Premise: When was the Battle of Agincourt?

Hypothesis: For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.


Premise: Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?

Hypothesis: In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe.


Premise: Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?

Hypothesis: The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.


Premise: Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?

Hypothesis: The United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals.


Premise: What is a common pattern in North America migration?

Hypothesis: Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front.


Premise: What is the most common symptom of MI?

Hypothesis: Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms.


Premise: When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?

Hypothesis: The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.


Premise: As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views?

Hypothesis: According to TubeMogul, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views.


Premise: Who created the CTAG?

Hypothesis: The CTAG (Latvian: Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss.


Premise: What does George D. Chryssides suggest the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses can be attributed to changed understandings of?

Hypothesis: The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were "the words of Jehovah."


Premise: What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island?

Hypothesis: The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements, and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island.


Premise: During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?

Hypothesis: During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons.


Premise: What does the Avicenna Directories contain?

Hypothesis: The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated.


Premise: What did many of the societies practice a mix of?

Hypothesis: The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas.


Premise: What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS3?

Hypothesis: CNET United Kingdom praised the system saying, "the PS3 is a versatile and impressive piece of home-entertainment equipment that lives up to the hype [...]


Premise: What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?

Hypothesis: Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption.


Premise: What occurs at midnight preceding a football home game at Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome.


Premise: What year were the expulsions from France?

Hypothesis: Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.


Premise: What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?

Hypothesis: It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products.


Premise: What drink was never rationed?

Hypothesis: The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work, pub visits increased in number (beer was never rationed), and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord's.


Premise: In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?

Hypothesis: In 2006, Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame.


Premise: What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?

Hypothesis: The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Weiße Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land.


Premise: Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later

Hypothesis: Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:


Premise: what is the great plains?

Hypothesis: The region is known for supporting extensive cattle ranching and dry farming.


Premise: What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?

Hypothesis: The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture.[citation needed]


Premise: When was the General Artigas Central Station abandoned?

Hypothesis: The historic 19th century General Artigas Central Station located in the neighbourhood of Aguada, six blocks from the central business district, was abandoned 1 March 2003 and remains closed.


Premise: Who wrote "Baseball's Sad Lexicon"?

Hypothesis: The poem is presented as a single, rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan seeing the talented Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker, second baseman Johnny Evers, and first baseman Frank Chance complete a double play.


Premise: Alive version of Somebody to Love featured what artist?

Hypothesis: A live version of "Somebody to Love" by George Michael and a live version of "The Show Must Go On" with Elton John were also featured in the album.


Premise: What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on?

Hypothesis: Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology.


Premise: In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?

Hypothesis: The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China.


Premise: Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol?

Hypothesis: He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain.


Premise: What input did the Greeks have on artistry of the world ?

Hypothesis: Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts.


Premise: How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?

Hypothesis: He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning.


Premise: Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?

Hypothesis: Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000.


Premise: What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for?

Hypothesis: One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it "Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love.


Premise: Until how long did South Korea ban Japanese cultural products?

Hypothesis: A similar licensing deal was reached with Hyundai Electronics, who licensed the system under the name Comboy in the South Korean market.


Premise: Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?

Hypothesis: Only Rashaida women maintain a tradition of covering half of their faces, though they do not cover their hair.


Premise: When was the DHS created?

Hypothesis: A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed]


Premise: Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?

Hypothesis: But many works were sold without running into any legal trouble at all.


Premise: What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?

Hypothesis: Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?


Premise: What was the age range of colonial child workers?

Hypothesis: A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master.


Premise: What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork?

Hypothesis: The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey.


Premise: Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?

Hypothesis: This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period.


Premise: Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?

Hypothesis: Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics.


Premise: When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?

Hypothesis: The FAA became more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation in 1968 when it received the power to set aircraft noise standards.


Premise: Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians

Hypothesis: " It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum.


Premise: When was logical empricism formulated?

Hypothesis: Some of the key figures in this movement were Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick and the rest of the Vienna Circle, along with A.J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach.


Premise: What Act forbade misbranded drugs?

Hypothesis: This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.


Premise: What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?

Hypothesis: The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining.


Premise: When was Germany's unification?

Hypothesis: The Congress of Vienna was essentially conservative, assuring that little would change in Europe and preventing Germany from uniting.


Premise: The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?

Hypothesis: Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.


Premise: In what time were there many socio-technological trends?

Hypothesis: In the Contemporary era, there were various socio-technological trends.


Premise: What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara?

Hypothesis: Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540.


Premise: How long are all the public beaches together in miles?

Hypothesis: New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.


Premise: Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?

Hypothesis: At the Great American Bash in 2008, Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision.


Premise: What state did Adal conquer?

Hypothesis: In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal,


Premise: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?

Hypothesis: Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.


Premise: What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?

Hypothesis: Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth.


Premise: As of 2004, what city was the poorest in the United States?

Hypothesis: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2004, Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States, making it the third poorest city in the USA, behind only Detroit, Michigan (ranked #1) and El Paso, Texas (ranked #2).


Premise: What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?

Hypothesis: It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.


Premise: Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?

Hypothesis: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason.


Premise: What other famous sculpture has had his art displayed at the Museo Soumaya?

Hypothesis: It also has a large collection of Dalí sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including El Greco, Velázquez, Picasso and Canaletto.


Premise: Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?

Hypothesis: Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation.


Premise: In 1750 how many regular troops did the  EIC  have?

Hypothesis: The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops.


Premise: Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?

Hypothesis: He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, "The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit".


Premise: Name 2 of the county gorges

Hypothesis: There is an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole, underground rivers, and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge.


Premise: Why did Laemmle change his position on "unclean pictures"?

Hypothesis: In the early years, Universal had a "clean picture" policy.


Premise: What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?

Hypothesis: Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.


Premise: What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?

Hypothesis: It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists.


Premise: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?

Hypothesis: This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.


Premise: What does the photo tourist seek?

Hypothesis: While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps.


Premise: What is I-696 called?

Hypothesis: Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit.


Premise: What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?

Hypothesis: With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well.


Premise: What kind of weather event is a recurring problem for Houston?

Hypothesis: Flatness of the local terrain, when combined with urban sprawl, has made flooding a recurring problem for the city.


Premise: When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?

Hypothesis: Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "


Premise: What was the name given to the proposal?

Hypothesis: ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET.


Premise: What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?

Hypothesis: The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo.


Premise: When did the Rolling Stones release "(I Can't Get No" Satisfaction"?

Hypothesis: In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from blues rock and was played louder and with more intensity.


Premise: Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?

Hypothesis: The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.


Premise: What can be considered as set phrases?

Hypothesis: In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters.


Premise: When did modern sociology surface?

Hypothesis: The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world.


Premise: Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?

Hypothesis: This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots.


Premise: Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?

Hypothesis: Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab.


Premise: What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?

Hypothesis: Romanesque buildings have massive stone walls, openings topped by semi-circular arches, small windows, and, particularly in France, arched stone vaults.


Premise: What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?

Hypothesis: There were, however, intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention, and some of Bowers's choices came under fire – both as to his judgment, and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of Maggie.


Premise: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?

Hypothesis: On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction.


Premise: What region did Isaac Backus come from?

Hypothesis: He also observed that when "church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued."


Premise: What historical site still operates within the mall?

Hypothesis: Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.


Premise: What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called?

Hypothesis: The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea.


Premise: Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?

Hypothesis: A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate.


Premise: After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?

Hypothesis: Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.


Premise: Which crops grown in West Tennessee had required a great deal of slave labor?

Hypothesis: The eastern section was made up of yeoman farmers, but Middle and West Tennessee cultivated crops, such as tobacco and cotton, that were dependent on the use of slave labor.


Premise: What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?

Hypothesis: Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart.


Premise: What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?

Hypothesis: For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems.


Premise: Most of NARA's holdings are available to sector?

Hypothesis: Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection.


Premise: How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?

Hypothesis: It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.


Premise: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?

Hypothesis: "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote.


Premise: Where is Washington University ranked among Academic Ranking of World Universities?

Hypothesis: Washington University's undergraduate program is ranked 15th by U.S. News and World Report.


Premise: What was the death rate during the Middle Passage?

Hypothesis: From the outset, slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies.


Premise: Who is Gaddafi's brother-in-law?

Hypothesis: Gaddafi responded to the announcement with a speech on Libyan national television, in which he called on supporters to "Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ...


Premise: The phrase modern originated form what?

Hypothesis: The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge.


Premise: In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?

Hypothesis: In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm with a 77:2 ratio), which was also the speed at which a strobe disc with 77 lines would "stand still" in 50 Hz light (92 lines for 60 Hz).


Premise: Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?

Hypothesis: The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery.


Premise: Who was he consecrated by?

Hypothesis: After he was consecrated, he introduced his family to Pope Pius XI.


Premise: As of January 2013, The Sunday Times has a circulation of how many people?

Hypothesis: The Sunday Times has a significantly higher circulation than The Times, and sometimes outsells The Sunday Telegraph.


Premise: Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?

Hypothesis: On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard.


Premise: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?

Hypothesis: Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon.


Premise: Where does it rank in comparison to other US cities in GDP?

Hypothesis: With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation.


Premise: Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture?

Hypothesis: In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past.


Premise: Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus?

Hypothesis: Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand.


Premise: By how much did foreign trade increase in Sichuan in 2008?

Hypothesis: According to the Sichuan Department of Commerce, the province's total foreign trade was US$22.04 billion in 2008, with an annual increase of 53.3 percent.


Premise: What is the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain in the summer?

Hypothesis: Temperatures in the coastal plain only occasionally drop below the freezing point at night.


Premise: Beyonce has a fan base that is referred to as what?

Hypothesis: The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyoncé's fan base.


Premise: From what people did it appear the Etruscans had model their form of warfare on?

Hypothesis: According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment.


Premise: When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU?

Hypothesis: The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging standard and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.


Premise: In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?

Hypothesis: Iran was Sunni at the time.


Premise: The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?

Hypothesis: Attempts to reconcile the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial, but recent results show that all the extant groups of birds originated from only a small handful of species that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.


Premise: Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland?

Hypothesis: Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons.


Premise: What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?

Hypothesis: Miami is noted as "the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native.


Premise: In Iranian cuisine, what is habitually used with fruits?

Hypothesis: Iranians usually eat plain yogurt with lunch and dinner; it is a staple of the diet in Iran.


Premise: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?

Hypothesis: Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world.


Premise: In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?

Hypothesis: Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti.


Premise: What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?

Hypothesis: There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.


Premise: What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?

Hypothesis: Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines.


Premise: Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname "The Lord's University" in the past?

Hypothesis: Leaders of the school, however, acknowledge that the nickname represents more a goal that the university strives for and not its current state of being.


Premise: What did an autopsy reveal was in Rashidi Wheeler's system after he died during a practice?

Hypothesis: An autopsy revealed that he had ephedrine, a stimulant banned by the NCAA, in his system, which prompted Northwestern to investigate the prevalence of stimulants and other banned substances across all of its athletic programs.


Premise: What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?

Hypothesis: The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge (18 August–15 September 1951), the Battle of the Punchbowl (31 August-21 September 1951), the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (13 September–15 October 1951), the Battle of Old Baldy (26 June–4 August 1952), the Battle of White Horse (6–15 October 1952), the Battle of Triangle Hill (14


Premise: What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?

Hypothesis: The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages.


Premise: How was this island chain created?

Hypothesis: This island chain was created by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates.


Premise: With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?

Hypothesis: In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.


Premise: How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?

Hypothesis: Swaziland has four separate geographical regions.


Premise: What is the largest city in Estonia?

Hypothesis: As the largest city, Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre and the Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently with the OMX system.


Premise: How cheaply could an older LaserDisc player be purchased in the 1990s?

Hypothesis: On most televisions, a given DVD player will produce a picture that is visually indistinguishable from other units.


Premise: How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?

Hypothesis: Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them.


Premise: What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?

Hypothesis: UO2+_2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.


Premise: How many Jews live in Europe?

Hypothesis: According to a report published in 2014, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel (6.1 million), and 40% in the United States (5.7 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.4 million) and Canada (0.4 million).


Premise: When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?

Hypothesis: From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically.


Premise: What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?

Hypothesis: The use of Intel microprocessors has helped Macs more directly compete with their Windows counterparts on price and performance, and by the 2010s Apple was receiving Intel's latest CPUs first before other PC manufacturers.


Premise: Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?

Hypothesis: Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line.


Premise: Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what?

Hypothesis: Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.


Premise: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?

Hypothesis: These methods continue to be used by LED producers.


Premise: Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation?

Hypothesis: A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work.


Premise: Exactly who were the slaves upon the Spanish slaveship?

Hypothesis: There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué, the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall.


Premise: How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?

Hypothesis: This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg.


Premise: Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area?

Hypothesis: Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial.


Premise: What community college is in southeast Tucson?

Hypothesis: The suburban community of Rita Ranch houses many of the military families from Davis-Monthan, and is near the southeastern-most expansion of the current city limits.


Premise: What does the Queen stand on during Investitures?

Hypothesis: It has replaced the throne room in importance and use.


Premise: What percentage of people in Raleigh are white?

Hypothesis: As of the 2000 United States census, there were 276,093 persons (July 2008 estimate was 380,173) and 61,371 families residing in Raleigh.