Premise: When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?

Hypothesis: In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum.


Premise: What was the 2004-05 State Domestic Product of Delhi?

Hypothesis: 83,085 crores (for the year 2004–05) and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976($1,200).


Premise: What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?

Hypothesis: The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called "Second urbanization".[note 3]


Premise: The three airports that have the most people come through them in NYC are which?

Hypothesis: The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.


Premise: What can coding regions be split into?

Hypothesis: The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered.


Premise: Which constituency has become the Republican Party's staunchest supporters in Tennessee?

Hypothesis: Former Gov. Winfield Dunn and former U.S. Sen. Bill Brock wins in 1970 helped make the Republican Party competitive among whites for the statewide victory.


Premise: How much did she earn in 2014?

Hypothesis: In June 2014, Beyoncé ranked at #1 on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 – June 2014.


Premise: What provides power assistance for auto brakes?

Hypothesis: Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles.


Premise: What is the current official name of Russia?

Hypothesis: On December 25, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the republic was renamed the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day.


Premise: What instrument is usually at the center of a hard rock sound?

Hypothesis: Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music.


Premise: What frequently blankets San Diego in May and June?

Hypothesis: Frequently, particularly during the "May gray/June gloom" period, a thick "marine layer" cloud cover will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast, but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km) inland.


Premise: What time period was Avenue X set in?

Hypothesis: The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances.


Premise: In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb?

Hypothesis: Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes.


Premise: What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area?

Hypothesis: Sixty miles to the south of Seattle, the state capital Olympia, which is out of the Olympic Mountains' rain shadow, receives an annual average precipitation of 50 in (1,270 mm).


Premise: What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians?

Hypothesis: Gender can also be a factor in reporting pain.


Premise: When did Octavian return from the Battle of Actium?

Hypothesis: The Georgics' tone wavers between optimism and pessimism, sparking critical debate on the poet's intentions, but the work lays the foundations for later didactic poetry.


Premise: What is federlism defined as?

Hypothesis: It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.


Premise: At what time was Kerry arrested?

Hypothesis: Kerry was arrested on May 30, 1971, during a VVAW march to honor American POWs held captive by North Vietnam.


Premise: Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?

Hypothesis: French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV.


Premise: What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?

Hypothesis: During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole.


Premise: What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?

Hypothesis: Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.


Premise: Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?

Hypothesis: Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India.


Premise: When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?

Hypothesis: These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716–1721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707–1711, 1716–1733 and 1741–1745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.


Premise: What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?

Hypothesis: Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies.


Premise: BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what?

Hypothesis: Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers.


Premise: Energy may be converted to what?

Hypothesis: Conversely, the mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure by weight, unless the energy loss is very large.


Premise: As a tree grows bigger, if the sapwood layer doesn't increase in volume, what will it become?

Hypothesis: Sapwood is thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base, because the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less.


Premise: What event is considered to be the start of political modernity?

Hypothesis: The impact of this process was not limited to science and technology, but affected philosophy (Immanuel Kant, David Hume), religion (the increasingly significant impact of science upon religion), and society and politics in general (Adam Smith, Voltaire), the French Revolution of 1789 setting a bloody cesura indicating the beginning of political modernity[citation needed].


Premise: Who won the first season of American Idol?

Hypothesis: Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman", and Betty Hutton's "Stuff


Premise: When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?

Hypothesis: In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977.


Premise: What is highly labile?

Hypothesis: Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages.


Premise: What about pay TV channels?

Hypothesis: Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended.


Premise: What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?

Hypothesis: This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles.


Premise: What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?

Hypothesis: There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women.


Premise: What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?

Hypothesis: The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea.


Premise: Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?

Hypothesis: A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine.


Premise: What was the first university?

Hypothesis: The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university.


Premise: Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?

Hypothesis: The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989).


Premise: Which route was a central post in Kiev?

Hypothesis: Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe.


Premise: Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?

Hypothesis: These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods.


Premise: How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined?

Hypothesis: To that end, Larson carefully examined the Original Manuscript (the one dictated by Joseph Smith to his scribes) and the Printer’s Manuscript (the copy Oliver Cowdery prepared for the Printer in 1829–1830), and compared them with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions of the Book of Mormon to determine what sort of changes had occurred over time and to make judgments as to which readings were the most original.


Premise: Another for of corruption is what?

Hypothesis: Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain.


Premise: When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?

Hypothesis: The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw.


Premise: About how many hotel rooms are there in Manhattan?

Hypothesis: Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013.


Premise: What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?

Hypothesis: What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century.


Premise: What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?

Hypothesis: The product ("the Walkman of the twenty-first century" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001.


Premise: Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee?

Hypothesis: Tennessee imposes an inheritance tax on decedents' estates that exceed maximum single exemption limits ($1,000,000 for deaths in 2006 and thereafter).


Premise: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?

Hypothesis: A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions.


Premise: Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?

Hypothesis: The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820.


Premise: Where did the Outlaws play their home games?

Hypothesis: That franchise, the Las Vegas Outlaws, were originally to play in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in 2015, but instead played their home games at the Thomas & Mack Center, previous home to the Las Vegas Sting and Las Vegas Gladiators.


Premise: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?

Hypothesis: The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system.


Premise: Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy?

Hypothesis: Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail.


Premise: Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?

Hypothesis: Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed].


Premise: What do greater noctule bats feed on?

Hypothesis: Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines.


Premise: About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?

Hypothesis: The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source.


Premise: What was the biggest problem General Washington faced?

Hypothesis: His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers.


Premise: Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought?

Hypothesis: Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.


Premise: In meters, how high were the 2008 floods?

Hypothesis: In 2008, extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres, 3 feet (0.91 m) above sea level.


Premise: How many Grammies has Beyonce won?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé has won 20 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations.


Premise: What did the lamas called themselves?

Hypothesis: They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court.


Premise: Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?

Hypothesis: The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas.


Premise: Which political party does Tucson usually support?

Hypothesis: The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008.


Premise: What war began in the year 113 BC?

Hypothesis: The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC.


Premise: What are examples of different types of theism?

Hypothesis: Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance).


Premise: The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?

Hypothesis: Other parts, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, consist of clusters of many small nuclei.


Premise: Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats?

Hypothesis: This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks.


Premise: Who were the models for future generations of samurai?

Hypothesis: In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach.


Premise: How many members does the UGLE have?

Hypothesis: Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide.


Premise: What is a reason the place was called Calvary?

Hypothesis: A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull".


Premise: Pontus was defeated in what wars?

Hypothesis: Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus."


Premise: What percentage of freshman students enrolling in the class of 2019 ranked in the top 10% of their high school class?

Hypothesis: For freshmen enrolling in the class of 2019, the interquartile range (middle 50%) on the SAT was 690–760 for critical reading and 710-800 for math, ACT composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 31–34, and 91% ranked in the top ten percent of their high school class.


Premise: How long did "Like a Virgin" stayed on the Billboard 100?

Hypothesis: It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number one album on the Billboard 200.


Premise: The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?

Hypothesis: The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home.


Premise: Where was Herter's Heine memorial moved in 1999?

Hypothesis: (In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.)


Premise: How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?

Hypothesis: Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable:


Premise: What is a definition of reverse discrimination?

Hypothesis: One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence.


Premise: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?

Hypothesis: The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]


Premise: Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/


Premise: The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?

Hypothesis: ^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics.


Premise: Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?

Hypothesis: In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)_2 forms as a white precipitate.


Premise: How many patients received Zocor?

Hypothesis: After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%.


Premise: The FDNY employs about how many paramedics and EMTs?

Hypothesis: The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City.


Premise: What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?

Hypothesis: As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.


Premise: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?

Hypothesis: Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments.


Premise: How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?

Hypothesis: While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.


Premise: what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?

Hypothesis: Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783.


Premise: Which current affects Paris' weather?

Hypothesis: Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb ) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current.


Premise: Who did General Hodge restore power to, resulting in protests?

Hypothesis: The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) because it suspected it was communist.


Premise: In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?

Hypothesis: Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945.


Premise: What type of industry thrives in Settle?

Hypothesis: Though it was affected by the Great Recession, Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and remains a hotbed for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies: it was ranked as America's No. 1 "smarter city" based on its government policies and green economy.


Premise: In regards to the word "cardinal" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?

Hypothesis: In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour.


Premise: What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by?

Hypothesis: Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration.


Premise: Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?

Hypothesis: The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011.


Premise: What mostly-unplanned cities are around Brasilia?

Hypothesis: Set well apart from the city are satellite cities, including Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina.


Premise: When was Yale Law School created?

Hypothesis: Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869).


Premise: In which direction do trains run from Southampton to Winchester?

Hypothesis: Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth, north to Winchester, the Midlands and London, and westwards to Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester, Weymouth, Salisbury, Bristol and Cardiff.


Premise: What was knocked down in 1866?

Hypothesis: The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868).


Premise: Where did she announce her pregnancy?

Hypothesis: In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyoncé performed "Love on Top" and started the performance saying "Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet, I want you to feel the love that's growing inside of me".


Premise: How many Judeans did Ezra lead?

Hypothesis: A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return.


Premise: Who did not want their country protected by the Soviet military?

Hypothesis: The tripartite military talks, started in mid-August, hit a sticking point regarding the passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked, and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms.


Premise: For religious Jews, "Ashkenazic" refers to what two things?

Hypothesis: In this sense, "Ashkenazic" refers both to a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry.


Premise: Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?

Hypothesis: Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism.


Premise: Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?

Hypothesis: Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries.


Premise: Which state is known for its Mediterranean climate?

Hypothesis: The climate is temperate in most areas, subtropical in the Southern United States, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin.


Premise: The non violent protesting led the soldiers to engage in what type of behavior?

Hypothesis: By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement.


Premise: What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes?

Hypothesis: The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes.


Premise: What is Comcast's affiliated entity in Philadelphia?

Hypothesis: The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city's top place to work in 2009.


Premise: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?

Hypothesis: In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran.


Premise: Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what?

Hypothesis: Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use.


Premise: After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?

Hypothesis: The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, and is today defined as Fars Province.


Premise: What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?

Hypothesis: This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed.


Premise: What was named after the slave port of Calabar?

Hypothesis: In Jamaica, for example, William Knibb, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies (which took place in 1838).


Premise: Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution?

Hypothesis: Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably.


Premise: How many text message votes were there in season eight?

Hypothesis: The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight.


Premise: Who was the rebel leader captured by US forces at the end of this war?

Hypothesis: The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when the leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies.


Premise: How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?

Hypothesis: Seven states, however, have language included in their Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights, or in the body of their constitutions that require state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs, though some of these have been successfully challenged in court.


Premise: Who gave up their claim to the English throne?

Hypothesis: Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth.


Premise: Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings?

Hypothesis: Yet that was not possible in the segregated Army, since "any discrimination which…prevents members of the minority groups from rendering full military service in defense of their country is for them a humiliating badge of inferiority."


Premise: What was the principal credited with?

Hypothesis: Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened.


Premise: What year was the Battle of Gettysburg?

Hypothesis: Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.


Premise: What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?

Hypothesis: Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 (entry level) to E-9 (senior enlisted).


Premise: In what year did the Soviets launch humanity's first artificial satellite?

Hypothesis: He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action.


Premise: Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?

Hypothesis: The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.


Premise: Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?

Hypothesis: Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes.


Premise: How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?

Hypothesis: Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that.


Premise: What percentage of females in Hyderabad were employed in 2005?

Hypothesis: The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.


Premise: Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?

Hypothesis: Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church.


Premise: Where is First Place located?

Hypothesis: The lowest number is East First Street—which runs in Alphabet City near East Houston Street—as well as First Place in Battery Park City.


Premise: What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?

Hypothesis: The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is −32 °F (−36 °C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917.


Premise: Who was the most important Ming general?

Hypothesis: The chief of these was Wu Sangui, who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively.


Premise: In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?

Hypothesis: A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.


Premise: what was the name of the first long term settler?

Hypothesis: The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men.


Premise: Roughly how many farms are located in Tennesee?

Hypothesis: Tennessee has over 82,000 farms, roughly 59 percent of which accommodate beef cattle.


Premise: Who wrote Carmen?

Hypothesis: Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875.


Premise: Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?

Hypothesis: The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration.


Premise: What decade was significant to Iranian film?

Hypothesis: With the screening of the films Kaiser and The Cow, directed by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively in 1969, alternative films established their status in the film industry.


Premise: What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?

Hypothesis: Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue.


Premise: What is the glycemic index in maltose?

Hypothesis: Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110, the same as maltose; however, the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose.


Premise: Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?

Hypothesis: Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses.


Premise: Who is the leader of Spectre?

Hypothesis: Moneypenny informs Bond that the information he collected leads to Mr. White, former member of Quantum, a subsidiary of Spectre.


Premise: What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?

Hypothesis: Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics.


Premise: What years were William Halfpenny active?

Hypothesis: Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain.


Premise: What was the earthquake named?

Hypothesis: The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake, measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw, and occurred at 02:28:01 PM


Premise: Which mayor influenced the Chicago Star Partnership?

Hypothesis: The partnership was influenced by Mayor Rahm Emanuel, who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school district.


Premise: Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?

Hypothesis: Abbott led the party to the 2010 federal election, which saw an increase in the Liberal Party vote and resulted in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.


Premise: Which leader considered Nasser his hero?

Hypothesis: While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody".


Premise: What percentage of Jews reside in Israel?

Hypothesis: The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure.


Premise: When did the word come into use?

Hypothesis: It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos "fond of or skilled in bodily exercise," from gymnazein "to exercise or train" (see gymnasium).


Premise: How many optics-related companies are in Tucson?

Hypothesis: Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname "Optics Valley".


Premise: What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?

Hypothesis: Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).


Premise: On what date was William R. Tolbert killed?

Hypothesis: Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members.


Premise: WHo reformed the grand duchy army?

Hypothesis: In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar").


Premise: Approximately how many people visited New Jersey's casinos in 2011?

Hypothesis: In 2011, New Jersey's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes.


Premise: What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians?

Hypothesis: Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however.


Premise: What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?

Hypothesis: Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land.


Premise: Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?

Hypothesis: There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.


Premise: What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?

Hypothesis: Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business.


Premise: How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?

Hypothesis: In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund.


Premise: Who wrote the actual story?

Hypothesis: Despite the headline, written by Kelvin MacKenzie, the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said – a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold, the reporter who wrote the story.


Premise: What does Bond take from Marco Sciarra?

Hypothesis: In the ensuing struggle, Bond steals his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus, and then kills Sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter.


Premise: Where would the Byzantine church of the Lazarium be located today?

Hypothesis: Because of its purely geometrical pattern, the church floor is to be grouped with other mosaics of the time in Palestine and neighboring areas, especially the Constantinian mosaics in the central nave at Bethlehem.


Premise: What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?

Hypothesis: Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.


Premise: What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?

Hypothesis: Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms.


Premise: How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?

Hypothesis: After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks.


Premise: How long before Peirce did Hume write?

Hypothesis: According to Peirce's doctrine of fallibilism, the conclusions of science are always tentative.


Premise: Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?

Hypothesis: Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking matters, especially those regarding philosophy to politics.


Premise: Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?

Hypothesis: The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.


Premise: How many isotopes are there of copper?

Hypothesis: There are 29 isotopes of copper.


Premise: Who founded the NFSL?

Hypothesis: Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles.


Premise: How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?

Hypothesis: Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships, resulting in slight to moderate damage.


Premise: Where are slip losses dissipated?

Hypothesis: Operated in this manner, the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very significant.


Premise: When did the siege of Silistra end?

Hypothesis: In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops, the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months.:415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854.


Premise: In 2006 Somerset students performed how well compared to England as a whole

Hypothesis: In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England).


Premise: When founded by the Romans, what was the name they gave the city of London?

Hypothesis: It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium.


Premise: What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?

Hypothesis: The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War.


Premise: What was the former name of Hangzhou?

Hypothesis: Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China.


Premise: The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?

Hypothesis: The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries.


Premise: When did the Black Death end?

Hypothesis: Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.


Premise: Who started Mitsubishi?

Hypothesis: Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars.


Premise: Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?

Hypothesis: scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic.


Premise: What are the best known gymnastic events?

Hypothesis: Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events.


Premise: What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?

Hypothesis: Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions.


Premise: How many citizens born in Cyprus also have parents who were born in Cyprus?

Hypothesis: 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what part of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria.


Premise: What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax?

Hypothesis: Czech syntax has a subject–verb–object sentence structure.


Premise: How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?

Hypothesis: In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead.


Premise: What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?

Hypothesis: About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam.


Premise: Where is the macawis worn?

Hypothesis: When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts, Somali men typically wear the macawis, which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist.


Premise: What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?

Hypothesis: The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit.


Premise: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?

Hypothesis: He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."


Premise: What ISO sizing system does Europe use?

Hypothesis: Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card.


Premise: When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?

Hypothesis: The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005.


Premise: What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?

Hypothesis: Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission; and (iii) Strategic Asset Investments – containing College’s shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings.


Premise: Urinating and defecating in public has been identified as what?

Hypothesis: Many of Namibia's inhabitants have to resort to "flying toilets", plastic bags to defecate which after use are flung into the bush.


Premise: Beyonce became the first female artist to perform solo in 20 years at which stage?

Hypothesis: Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years, and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute.


Premise: Which city was Alaska's former capital?

Hypothesis: The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States.


Premise: What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?

Hypothesis: Example stores include Napster and MSN Music.


Premise: In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?

Hypothesis: The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal.


Premise: How many finalists were there on season eight of American Idol?

Hypothesis: There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals.


Premise: What allows BYU students to pursue summer internships earlier than most college students?

Hypothesis: BYU's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break, thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier.


Premise: What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?

Hypothesis: The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra.


Premise: What is the purpose of the new overview

Hypothesis: Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.


Premise: Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?

Hypothesis: With the mixture of radio friendly AC tunes with some rock and pop fare also landing on the pop charts, mainstream songs won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play.


Premise: What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?

Hypothesis: His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.


Premise: When was Elizabeth's coronation?

Hypothesis: Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father, aged 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002.


Premise: When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?

Hypothesis: Another great building established by Galla Placidia was the church of San Giovanni Evangelista.


Premise: On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

Hypothesis: On December 17, 1920, the Council of the League of Nations approved the South Pacific Mandate for Japan to take over all former German colonies in the Pacific Ocean located north of the Equator.


Premise: What does Miranda provide?

Hypothesis: The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination"


Premise: Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?

Hypothesis: To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.


Premise: During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?

Hypothesis: With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.


Premise: What is Brazil's Congress called?

Hypothesis: It is a tourist attraction in Brasília, designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously.


Premise: What is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country?

Hypothesis: Established in 1955, it is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country, blending a rigorous curriculum with strong extracurricular activities.


Premise: Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?

Hypothesis: An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services.


Premise: How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?

Hypothesis: Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson.


Premise: The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what?

Hypothesis: Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons.


Premise: In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?

Hypothesis: In aerobic organisms, oxygen is used as the electron acceptor.


Premise: What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?

Hypothesis: Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry.


Premise: How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?

Hypothesis: More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006.


Premise: What teams previous record was 178 goals in a year?

Hypothesis: They ended the year with a 3–0 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time, with Suárez, Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament.


Premise: What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?

Hypothesis: The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon.


Premise: Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?

Hypothesis: Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students.


Premise: What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?

Hypothesis: The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages.


Premise: Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?

Hypothesis: According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, there is an intermediate state (Tibetan "bardo") between one life and the next.


Premise: How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River?

Hypothesis: It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east.


Premise: How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?

Hypothesis: Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament.


Premise: Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?

Hypothesis: Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.


Premise: North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what?

Hypothesis: Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century, as the economy attracted Scots-Irish, Quaker, English and German immigrants.


Premise: In 2003, how many tons of poultry were produced worldwide?

Hypothesis: Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide.


Premise: What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?

Hypothesis: Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness.


Premise: Aspirated consonants are what in English?

Hypothesis: In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.


Premise: According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?

Hypothesis: Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires, certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts."


Premise: What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?

Hypothesis: More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence.


Premise: Which contestant came in second on season 12 of American Idol?

Hypothesis: Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label.


Premise: What did Mill misrepresent about math?

Hypothesis: It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.


Premise: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?

Hypothesis: Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.


Premise: In Cyprus, what is the average temperature during the day?

Hypothesis: Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.[citation needed]


Premise: In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?

Hypothesis: In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them.


Premise: What did the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection do?

Hypothesis: Each successive generation has produced a number of wrestlers who extend their careers into the realms of music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking, and are known to those who are unfamiliar with wrestling in general.


Premise: The AirTrain has a station at what airport?

Hypothesis: For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, as well as long-distance train service to other North American cities.


Premise: What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?

Hypothesis: American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong."


Premise: What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?

Hypothesis: Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.


Premise: What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?

Hypothesis: In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business".


Premise: How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?

Hypothesis: Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips.


Premise: What is the name of Northwestern's main student newspaper?

Hypothesis: First published in 1885, the yearbook is an epitome of that year's events at Northwestern.


Premise: Who filed a lawsuit over Survivor?

Hypothesis: The remaining band members recorded "Independent Women Part I", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film, Charlie's Angels.


Premise: What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic?

Hypothesis: Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states.


Premise: What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?

Hypothesis: In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage.


Premise: Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?

Hypothesis: The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378–1382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts.


Premise: What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc?

Hypothesis: In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS.


Premise: What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?

Hypothesis: Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process).


Premise: How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?

Hypothesis: LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology).


Premise: What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?

Hypothesis: The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass.


Premise: What efforts have the WSH taken

Hypothesis: The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation.


Premise: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?

Hypothesis: A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought".


Premise: How many people were killed as a result?

Hypothesis: The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake, measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw, and occurred at 02:28:01 PM


Premise: When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?

Hypothesis: In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published.


Premise: "World's Most Beautiful woman" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine?

Hypothesis: She was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by People and the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex in 2012.


Premise: What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?

Hypothesis: Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest.


Premise: Are Southampton's transport routes around the UK good or bad?

Hypothesis: The M3 motorway links the city to London and also, via a link to the A34 (part of the European route E05) at Winchester, with the Midlands and North.


Premise: Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?

Hypothesis: The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere, as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it.


Premise: How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?

Hypothesis: Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a "miscalculation".


Premise: In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter?

Hypothesis: In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas.


Premise: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?

Hypothesis: The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes.


Premise: Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?

Hypothesis: This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122


Premise: What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?

Hypothesis: Often the owner of the branded drug will introduce a generic version before the patent expires in order to get a head start in the generic market.


Premise: What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?

Hypothesis: It is advised for students who want to attend the Advanced Course to have a background of the principles of immunology.


Premise: When did Spielberg and Irving divorce?

Hypothesis: After three and a half years of marriage, however, many of the same competing stresses of their careers caused them to divorce in 1989.


Premise: What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007?

Hypothesis: In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph).


Premise: What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?

Hypothesis: Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%).


Premise: Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?

Hypothesis: The Unicode Roadmap Committee (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site.


Premise: Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?

Hypothesis: Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting.


Premise: The early Queen logo resembled the coat of arms of what country?

Hypothesis: Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queen's logo, called the Queen crest, shortly before the release of the band's first album.


Premise: When was Australian's megafauna widespread?

Hypothesis: North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought.


Premise: When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?

Hypothesis: When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat.


Premise: In England, what is hunted when "shooting" is called for?

Hypothesis: What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain.


Premise: Where does "Movement" take place?

Hypothesis: The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, "Detroit techno".


Premise: When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia?

Hypothesis: The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia.


Premise: Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?

Hypothesis: Officers will generally either directly enter the Canadian Armed Forces with a degree from a civilian university, or receive their commission upon graduation from the Royal Military College of Canada.


Premise: What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?

Hypothesis: Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.


Premise: What are winters like in Tibet?

Hypothesis: Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain.


Premise: What is the major thing that sets the size of antennas at lower frequencies?

Hypothesis: This is the major factor that sets the size of antennas at 1 MHz and lower frequencies.


Premise: What complications are associated with Syphilis?

Hypothesis: Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes by bacteria, hypothesized that an arsenic-containing dye with similar selective absorption properties could be used to treat bacterial infections.


Premise: Who paid for the Yongying?

Hypothesis: Second, the Yongying corps were financed through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders, weakening central government's grip on the whole country.


Premise: Why does South London have such a high number of railways?

Hypothesis: Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.


Premise: How can man obtain understanding of God?

Hypothesis: Contemplation is the means whereby one can obtain this goal of understanding.


Premise: What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off?

Hypothesis: Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off.


Premise: What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?

Hypothesis: (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish).


Premise: What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?

Hypothesis: The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009, and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013.


Premise: When Peter endorsed the term, the term Christian was used instead of what other term?

Hypothesis: However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over "Nazarenes" and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards.


Premise: What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?

Hypothesis: There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support.


Premise: What was the BBC's main competitor?

Hypothesis: The channel also introduced the science fiction show Doctor Who on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes.


Premise: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy?

Hypothesis: South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala.


Premise: When was Yale Divinity School established?

Hypothesis: Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869).


Premise: Who was the first known Presbyterian in England?

Hypothesis: Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England.


Premise: What is The World Solar Challenge?

Hypothesis: The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide.


Premise: Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?

Hypothesis: However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice.


Premise: What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?

Hypothesis: For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".


Premise: Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?

Hypothesis: Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry.


Premise: What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890?

Hypothesis: The World Tuberculosis Day was established on 24 March for this reason.


Premise: In 2007, what percentage of the roads in San Diego were considered acceptable?

Hypothesis: According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition.


Premise: Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?

Hypothesis: There were reports that Uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to China.


Premise: When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx's music history?

Hypothesis: The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue "an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room.


Premise: What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?

Hypothesis: The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane.


Premise: How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?

Hypothesis: Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father, aged 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002.


Premise: When did Robert Guiscard die?

Hypothesis: Under Henry III (r. 1216–72), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished.


Premise: Who ordered Brasilia be built?

Hypothesis: Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer.


Premise: When Rurik past away, who took over?

Hypothesis: Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son, Igor.


Premise: In the past most Jews prayed in what language?

Hypothesis: From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives.


Premise: What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?

Hypothesis: The formulations of the general theory of relativity, unlike those of classical mechanics, do not share a standard, i.e., there is no single formulation paired with transformations.


Premise: How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?

Hypothesis: In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age.


Premise: How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?

Hypothesis: European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts.


Premise: With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?

Hypothesis: Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.


Premise: Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?

Hypothesis: In a phenomenon known as philopatry, insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest.


Premise: Who wrote American Idol: The Untold Story?

Hypothesis: Just hours before the season eleven finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol:


Premise: What is Cyprus' affiliation with the European Union?

Hypothesis: Cyprus (i/ˈsaɪprəs/; Greek: Κύπρος IPA: [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.[e] Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union.


Premise: In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?

Hypothesis: The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.


Premise: What was camouflaged during World War II?

Hypothesis: Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War.


Premise: A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?

Hypothesis: Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.


Premise: When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter?

Hypothesis: In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders".


Premise: Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?

Hypothesis: Onlookers were saying "Aren't you Chinese?" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag.


Premise: What were the estimated daily sales in Liverpool 25 years later?

Hypothesis: The front page caused outrage in Liverpool, where the paper lost more than three-quarters of its estimated 55,000 daily sales and still sells poorly in the city more than 25 years later (around 12,000).


Premise: What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?

Hypothesis: In bubble etching, air is passed through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up etching.


Premise: When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?

Hypothesis: Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king.


Premise: What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music?

Hypothesis: Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period "was avant-garde, open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves, united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song".


Premise: What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?

Hypothesis: Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.


Premise: What song did Kree Harrison first release after being on American Idol?

Hypothesis: Glover is the first female to win American Idol since Jordin Sparks.


Premise: Who has been president of the Society since 2000?

Hypothesis: In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the "generation".


Premise: What are free ISPs?

Hypothesis: Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge.


Premise: What album did Madonna released in April 2010?

Hypothesis: In April she released her third live album, Sticky & Sweet Tour.


Premise: What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?

Hypothesis: The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering.


Premise: How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?

Hypothesis: Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.


Premise: What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal?

Hypothesis: In 2005 two city council members, Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet – who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned – were convicted of extortion, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates, allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city's "no touch" laws at strip clubs.


Premise: When is it warm, yet does not rain?

Hypothesis: The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.


Premise: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?

Hypothesis: He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005.


Premise: How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?

Hypothesis: A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France, made the French naval efforts futile.


Premise: Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?

Hypothesis: Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking.


Premise: What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?

Hypothesis: Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance".


Premise: Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?

Hypothesis: After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability.


Premise: In what year did the Russian campaign take place?

Hypothesis: By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve.


Premise: What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?

Hypothesis: The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000.


Premise: Is there such a thing as bilingual state?

Hypothesis: Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents, in Spanish and English, and other commonly used languages.


Premise: How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?

Hypothesis: The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers.


Premise: How many documents should the new elected king sign?

Hypothesis: Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family.


Premise: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?

Hypothesis: Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.


Premise: What did William Graham Sumner teach?

Hypothesis: William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms.


Premise: Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?

Hypothesis: More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments.


Premise: Where did the Algonquin speaking tribes of North Carolina live?

Hypothesis: Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, Cape Fear Indians, and others, who were the first to encounter the English; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as the Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.[citation needed]


Premise: Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?

Hypothesis: In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica.


Premise: What is another example of energy transformation?

Hypothesis: Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.


Premise: What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?

Hypothesis: To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River.


Premise: The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?

Hypothesis: The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.


Premise: At what age was Von Neumann familiar with calculus?

Hypothesis: By the age of 8, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history, reading his way through Wilhelm Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.


Premise: Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?

Hypothesis: Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms.


Premise: What phrase did Kerry use to try to express that he was more concerned for America?

Hypothesis: One of Kerry's slogans was "Stronger at home, respected in the world."


Premise: What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?

Hypothesis: Their flesh and eggs can be eaten in the same way as chickens, young birds being ready for the table at the age of about four months.


Premise: Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?

Hypothesis: Activist Bob Maza said:


Premise: What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?

Hypothesis: Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets (Provinziallandtage), which were thus indirectly elected.


Premise: What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?

Hypothesis: The university is broadly organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges and divisions defining their own admission standards.


Premise: How many foggy days does Cork usually have per year?

Hypothesis: Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.9 hours of sunshine every day and only having 67 days where there is no "recordable sunshine", mostly during and around winter.


Premise: Which European ancestries are most common among self-identified ethnic "Americans" in Tennessee?

Hypothesis: In the 1980 census 1,435,147 Tennesseans claimed "English" or "mostly English" ancestry out of a state population of 3,221,354 making them 45% of the state at the time.


Premise: Which festival draws up to 3 million people?

Hypothesis: Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.


Premise: Species hunted are referred to as what?

Hypothesis: Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade.


Premise: What year did work resume on the development of Watermark Westquay?

Hypothesis: The centre was Phase Two of the West Quay development of the former Pirelli undersea cables factory; the first phase of this was the West Quay Retail Park, while the third phase (Watermark Westquay) was put on hold due to the recession.


Premise: Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?

Hypothesis: Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level.


Premise: The championship drought has led to the Chicago Cubs being know as what?

Hypothesis: It is this unfortunate distinction that has led to the club often being known as "The Lovable Losers.


Premise: What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005?

Hypothesis: In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012.


Premise: What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?

Hypothesis: During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic.


Premise: What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?

Hypothesis: The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds.


Premise: How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of?

Hypothesis: In modern times, interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet.


Premise: How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time?

Hypothesis: The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament.


Premise: How long did the Scottish Panama colony survive?

Hypothesis: Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada, and afflicted by malaria, the colony was abandoned two years later.


Premise: What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?

Hypothesis: Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material.


Premise: What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?

Hypothesis: The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded.


Premise: What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?

Hypothesis: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.


Premise: What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?

Hypothesis: Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (陳蕃) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'état against the eunuchs


Premise: What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve?

Hypothesis: Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category.


Premise: What does NCAZ stand for?

Hypothesis: According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.


Premise: What religious festival did Romulus found?

Hypothesis: He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins.


Premise: With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?

Hypothesis: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911).


Premise: Who led the congressional hearings?

Hypothesis: In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959.


Premise: in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?

Hypothesis: Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, under Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, and Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and Ocean, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates.


Premise: Where was the Tobolar Copra plant located?

Hypothesis: On September 15, 2007, Witon Barry (of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands capital of Majuro) said power authorities, private companies, and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles, power generators, and ships.


Premise: What year was Old South Church organized?

Hypothesis: Old South Church in Boston is one of the oldest congregations in the United States.


Premise: What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?

Hypothesis: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.


Premise: What is the reason the northern fringe receives more   cloudiness and rainfall?

Hypothesis: The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to


Premise: In what tier did a number of KU's programs rank in 2016?

Hypothesis: The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, and the special education program second, by U.S. News & World Report's 2016 rankings.


Premise: What did the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept create around a product?

Hypothesis: In 1982, Regis McKenna was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh.


Premise: What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?

Hypothesis: Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000.


Premise: What is another name for lead glass?

Hypothesis: Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties.


Premise: What families rose to power in the 6th century?

Hypothesis: Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE.


Premise: For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?

Hypothesis: This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975.


Premise: When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?

Hypothesis: The competitive pricing of MacBooks was particularly effective when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks, as this contradicted the established "elitist aura" perception that Apple products cost more but were higher quality, which made these most expensive Ultrabooks seem exorbitant no matter how valid their higher prices were.


Premise: When did the German reunification take place?

Hypothesis: A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as "Berlin-Brandenburg" failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger.


Premise: How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas?

Hypothesis: Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas.


Premise: In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?

Hypothesis: One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:


Premise: Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?

Hypothesis: ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt.


Premise: What sect does 2% of the population belong to?

Hypothesis: In the early 21st century, many have adopted Islam, which is now practiced by 50% of the country's population.


Premise: What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?

Hypothesis: Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect).


Premise: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?

Hypothesis: During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe.


Premise: What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line?

Hypothesis: He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy.


Premise: In whic type of government is the leader elected?

Hypothesis: The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey).