Premise: What is the capacity of a solar hot water system?

Hypothesis: As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth).


Premise: As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?

Hypothesis: Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk.


Premise: What arboretum is located in Raleigh?

Hypothesis: The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city.


Premise: Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?

Hypothesis: Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus.


Premise: Which three parts make up the TSFSR?

Hypothesis: They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire.


Premise: What research is CERN dedicated to?

Hypothesis: Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research.


Premise: Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?

Hypothesis: Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.


Premise: When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?

Hypothesis: The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy.


Premise: Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?

Hypothesis: Joseph Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977, which also included Bernardin Gantin from Benin, Africa.


Premise: What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?

Hypothesis: The character of the building is entirely Gothic.


Premise: The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?

Hypothesis: The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities, namely Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews, which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then.


Premise: What populations is the individual closely related to?

Hypothesis: Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.


Premise: How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?

Hypothesis: However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."


Premise: What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?

Hypothesis: Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too.


Premise: Which Tennessee city hosts the state's most famous aquarium?

Hypothesis: Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge; the Parthenon, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville; the Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg; and Elvis Presley's Graceland residence and tomb, the Memphis Zoo, and the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.


Premise: What language is papyrus derived from?

Hypothesis: Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second.


Premise: Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?

Hypothesis: The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed]


Premise: Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?

Hypothesis: The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers.


Premise: What speed was used in the Western Electric System?

Hypothesis: The recording speed was 33 1⁄3 rpm, originally used in the Western Electric/ERPI movie audio disc system implemented in the early Warner Brothers' Vitaphone "talkies" of 1927.


Premise: Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?

Hypothesis: Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters (替字, thè-jī or thòe-jī; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien (as is the case with Cantonese).


Premise: In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?

Hypothesis: According to its Annual Report for 2008, the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments:


Premise: Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?

Hypothesis: Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue.


Premise: Who takes advantage of migrating birds?

Hypothesis: Greater noctule bats feed on nocturnal migrating passerines.


Premise: Who are the main kinds of students at the Edwards Campus?

Hypothesis: About 2,100 students attend the Edwards Campus, with an average age of 32.


Premise: Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?

Hypothesis: However, we see that the global geographic distributions of these putatively selected alleles are largely determined simply by their frequencies in Yoruba, French and Han (Figure 3).


Premise: How much colder was world in last glacial age?

Hypothesis: Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo).


Premise: Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006?

Hypothesis: On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3.


Premise: What is the oxidation state for zinc?

Hypothesis: In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2.


Premise: When was the first American Baptist church established?

Hypothesis: In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island.


Premise: What did the city do after the fail test scores for promotions?

Hypothesis: The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department.


Premise: what is reflected and transmitted into the ground when a plane surface is struck?

Hypothesis: If the ground is a very good conductor then almost all of the wave is reflected (180° out of phase), whereas a ground modeled as a (lossy) dielectric can absorb a large amount of the wave's power.


Premise: What was the Interwar period marked by?

Hypothesis: The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre–World War I Europe.


Premise: When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of?

Hypothesis: The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers.


Premise: Who opposed the poll tax?

Hypothesis: The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990, despite the party's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax (officially known as the Community Charge).


Premise: Copper and zinc combine to make what?

Hypothesis: Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc.


Premise: Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?

Hypothesis: The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed]


Premise: What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census?

Hypothesis: Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group.


Premise: In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?

Hypothesis: Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops.


Premise: Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?

Hypothesis: Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.


Premise: What is the main belief of conflict theory?

Hypothesis: In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx.


Premise: Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what?

Hypothesis: She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song "Vision of Love" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child.


Premise: What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?

Hypothesis: On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility, where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents (for example, due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall) could be avoided.


Premise: What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?

Hypothesis: If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received."


Premise: What two formats replaced the 78?

Hypothesis: RCA Victor developed the 45 rpm format and marketed it in March 1949, each pursuing their own r&d in secret.


Premise: What was restricted?

Hypothesis: The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945, the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010.


Premise: What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA?

Hypothesis: Retired NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz, who used to be a Special Agent with the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation and with FAA Security, is one of the most outspoken critics of FAA.


Premise: Where is sucrose produced in a plant?

Hypothesis: In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem.


Premise: What area of Houston hosts performing arts?

Hypothesis: The Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls.


Premise: The ALU of a computer stands for what?

Hypothesis: A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O).


Premise: what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?

Hypothesis: The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.


Premise: Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?

Hypothesis: Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed.


Premise: What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?

Hypothesis: Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria: the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors used for growth.


Premise: What is the largest Nigerian city?

Hypothesis: Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste.


Premise: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?

Hypothesis: Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation.


Premise: On what date did John Francis try to shoot Queen Victoria?

Hypothesis: On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her but the gun did not fire; he escaped.


Premise: Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?

Hypothesis: This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approvals), suburban (51.2% approvals), and isolated cities (51.3% approvals) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in the canton of Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) of Switzerland rather rejected it.


Premise: Before the amendment in 1982, under what situations could a listed species be displaced?

Hypothesis: Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes.


Premise: On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency?

Hypothesis: On Christmas morning in 2008, the government declared a state of emergency.


Premise: What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season?

Hypothesis: At the end of a season, the top team is declared the champion.


Premise: Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?

Hypothesis: All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies.


Premise: Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century?

Hypothesis: Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists.


Premise: When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?

Hypothesis: The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010.


Premise: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?

Hypothesis: Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB.


Premise: What is used for error correction of transferred data?

Hypothesis: Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved.u[›] Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in (geometric) invariant theory.


Premise: What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups?

Hypothesis: Crystal pickups were also introduced as lower cost alternatives.


Premise: What mode of government does the anarchists prefer?

Hypothesis: Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy.


Premise: Who did Apple partner with to monitor its labor policies?

Hypothesis: Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures.


Premise: A version of baseball played in city streets was nicknamed was in the 1930s?

Hypothesis: Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s, and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this.


Premise: Both organizations withdrew what?

Hypothesis: The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt.


Premise: What year did season 12 of American Idol first air?

Hypothesis: Season 12 premiered on January 16, 2013.


Premise: As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?

Hypothesis: There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014).


Premise: How much rain is received in the region where Burma is located ?

Hypothesis: Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator.


Premise: What are less common languages spoken?

Hypothesis: They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.


Premise: Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?

Hypothesis: The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine.


Premise: Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures?

Hypothesis: Iranians usually eat plain yogurt with lunch and dinner; it is a staple of the diet in Iran.


Premise: Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?

Hypothesis: By 1811, Napoleon ruled over 70 million people across an empire that had domination in Europe, which had not witnessed this level of political consolidation since the days of the Roman Empire.


Premise: How many people were confirmed dead?

Hypothesis: The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million.


Premise: How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma?

Hypothesis: Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas.


Premise: What do hysteresis synchronous motors' rotors do when slip rate decreases?

Hypothesis: They start like induction motors, but when slip rate decreases sufficiently, the rotor (a smooth cylinder) becomes temporarily magnetized.


Premise: What was historically disputed about vacuums?

Hypothesis: Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist.


Premise: Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union

Hypothesis: The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan."


Premise: In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?

Hypothesis: Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral.


Premise: Who delineated the "consent of the governed" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?

Hypothesis: Clearly a governance philosophy where the king was never wrong was in direct conflict with one whereby citizens by natural law had to consent to the acts and rulings of their government.


Premise: In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?

Hypothesis: Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available.


Premise: What was the name of this son?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, in his Kingdom of Galicia the Galician language was the only language spoken, and the most used in government and legal uses, as well as in literature.


Premise: Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?

Hypothesis: A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA found no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA, as would be predicted by the Khazar hypothesis.


Premise: What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records?

Hypothesis: Turntable rumble obscures the low-end limit of vinyl but the upper end can be, with some cartridges, reasonably flat within a few decibels to 30 kHz, with gentle roll-off.


Premise: What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?

Hypothesis: The 1940s proved to be important in other ways as well.


Premise: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?

Hypothesis: In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian.


Premise: Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year?

Hypothesis: Einstein's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921, when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan.


Premise: What connects the two Oklahoma ports?

Hypothesis: Both ports are located on the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers, contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world.


Premise: When will the BBC's weekend highlights package run out?

Hypothesis: The BBC's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights, as well as other evenings when fixtures justify, will run until 2016.


Premise: What was the fixed value of gold?

Hypothesis: Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".


Premise: What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?

Hypothesis: This finding and further computational modeling of TOC1 gene functions and interactions suggest a reframing of the plant circadian clock as a triple negative-component repressilator model rather than the positive/negative-element feedback loop characterizing the clock in mammals.


Premise: Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?

Hypothesis: Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke "was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments.


Premise: Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?

Hypothesis: He read fluently and frequently before going to school.


Premise: In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?

Hypothesis: Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."


Premise: On what atoll is Ebeye located?

Hypothesis: Over two-thirds of the population live in the capital, Majuro and Ebeye, the secondary urban center, located in Kwajalein Atoll.


Premise: When did the Uptown district expand?

Hypothesis: At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a central business district.


Premise: What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction?

Hypothesis: The term "high fidelity" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing "perfect" sound reproduction.


Premise: Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?

Hypothesis: Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious.


Premise: What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?

Hypothesis: Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace.


Premise: What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology?

Hypothesis: Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region.


Premise: At what time was Kerry arrested?

Hypothesis: At 2:30 a.m., local and state police arrested 441 demonstrators, including Kerry, for trespassing.


Premise: Which artist provided vocals for the Queen song found on the soundtrack to A Knight's Tale?

Hypothesis: During this time, they were billed as Queen + followed by the guest singer's name.


Premise: In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?

Hypothesis: The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s.


Premise: How much was ComCast Cellular sold for in 1999?

Hypothesis: Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $400 million, releasing them from $1.27 billion in debt.


Premise: What do hunting groups also participate in?

Hypothesis: Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government.


Premise: What kind of service was Ceefax?

Hypothesis: CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television, instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service.


Premise: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?

Hypothesis: The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010.


Premise: Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?

Hypothesis: Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive.


Premise: When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?

Hypothesis: Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.


Premise: How long after the shuttering of the Avengers did the league fail to ratify the new collective bargaining agreement?

Hypothesis: Progress on the return stalled, and no announcements were made regarding the future of the league.


Premise: What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?

Hypothesis: The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.


Premise: In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?

Hypothesis: This method of assembly is called through-hole construction.


Premise: What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?

Hypothesis: It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri ("Sea land" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia).


Premise: Queen Victoria set up meetings between The Britian royal family and what house to help improve relations between Britain and France?

Hypothesis: Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.


Premise: Which film beat 'Saving Private Ryan' worldwide?

Hypothesis: His next theatrical release in that same year was the World War II film Saving Private Ryan, about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt.


Premise: When were the last slaves freed in New York state?

Hypothesis: After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed.


Premise: Why are these companies rewarded?

Hypothesis: For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act.


Premise: Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding?

Hypothesis: In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land.


Premise: What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?

Hypothesis: The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry.


Premise: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?

Hypothesis: Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."


Premise: When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx's music history?

Hypothesis: The Bronx's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale".


Premise: Besides Simon, who co-created Captain America?

Hypothesis: The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941).


Premise: How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?

Hypothesis: A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers.


Premise: Which theorist argued that not everyone fully achieves identity?

Hypothesis: Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity.


Premise: How much were Dell profiting in 2002?

Hypothesis: Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco.


Premise: While Christianity is ultimately one belief, a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects?

Hypothesis: For example, Timothy Beal notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:


Premise: What was contained within the book Elements?

Hypothesis: In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written.


Premise: How many subway lines serve 181st Street?

Hypothesis: 181st Street is also the last south/west exit in New York on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway (I-95), just before crossing the George Washington Bridge to New Jersey.


Premise: Who was the most successful artist from this season?

Hypothesis: Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success.


Premise: What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?

Hypothesis: One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports.


Premise: What language is used for formal purposes by business and government institutes of New Delhi?

Hypothesis: New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.


Premise: What case was the concept relevant?

Hypothesis: This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state, having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature.


Premise: How would one get Windows RT?

Hypothesis: Users of Windows 8 can purchase a "Pro Pack" license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through Add features to Windows.


Premise: Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?

Hypothesis: Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999, official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets.


Premise: What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?

Hypothesis: In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.


Premise: what is allowed but restricted?

Hypothesis: Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules.


Premise: What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?

Hypothesis: The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander).


Premise: Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?

Hypothesis: Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution.


Premise: Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?

Hypothesis: This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria.


Premise: Where is Basque Country located?

Hypothesis: There are other language groupings in Southern Europe.


Premise: How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?

Hypothesis: During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab.


Premise: A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on what?

Hypothesis: Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles.


Premise: What were "Squeeze LDs"?

Hypothesis: Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs.


Premise: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/

Hypothesis: Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen.


Premise: Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?

Hypothesis: Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised.


Premise: Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?

Hypothesis: French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch.


Premise: How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?

Hypothesis: In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal.


Premise: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?

Hypothesis: The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China.


Premise: How many players have 100 goals or more in the Premier League?

Hypothesis: Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark.


Premise: What county did the city of Southampton become administratively independent of in April of 1997?

Hypothesis: The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a unitary authority in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997, a result of the 1992 Local Government Act.


Premise: Who argued against regulators?

Hypothesis: Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees between the regulator and the companies and friendships develop between regulator and company employees.


Premise: Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools' players?

Hypothesis: Because many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years (men when they're 18, women when 19), BYU athletes are often older on average than other schools' players.


Premise: What were some of the rights women had during this time period?

Hypothesis: Novgorod had a sewage system and wood paving not often found in other cities at the time.


Premise: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?

Hypothesis: Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple.


Premise: What instruments did not record well?

Hypothesis: A singer practically had to put his or her face in the recording horn.


Premise: Along with classic R&B, what genre is notably featured on soft AC stations?

Hypothesis: Soft AC includes a larger amount of older music, especially classic R&B, soul, and 1960s and 1970s music, than hot AC.


Premise: What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?

Hypothesis: It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board.


Premise: When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?

Hypothesis: The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276.


Premise: How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?

Hypothesis: On 24 August, Pravda and Izvestia carried news of the non-secret portions of the Pact, complete with the now infamous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty, with a smiling Stalin looking on.


Premise: Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?

Hypothesis: The best-known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century, notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip's wars.


Premise: What name literally means "far-shooting?"

Hypothesis: As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor (/əˈfiːtər/ ə-FEE-tər; Ἀφήτωρ, Aphētōr, from ἀφίημι, "to let loose") or Aphetorus (/əˈfɛtərəs/ ə-FET-ər-əs; Ἀφητόρος, Aphētoros, of the same origin), Argyrotoxus (/ˌɑːrdʒᵻrəˈtɒksəs/ AR-ji-rə-TOK-səs; Ἀργυρότοξος, Argyrotoxos, literally "with silver bow"), Hecaërgus (/ˌhɛkiˈɜːrɡəs/ HEK-ee-UR-gəs; Ἑκάεργος, Hekaergos, literally "far-shooting"), and Hecebolus (/hᵻˈsɛbələs/ hi-SEB-ə-ləs; Ἑκηβόλος, Hekēbolos, literally "far-shooting").


Premise: How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?

Hypothesis: Though the drug was never approved in the USA, the firm distributed Kevadon to over 1,000 physicians there under the guise of investigational use.


Premise: The more pressure applied to the handle caused what?

Hypothesis: Pushing the handle forward would cause the cab to rise; backwards would make it sink.


Premise: Who controls film production in the GDR?

Hypothesis: From the 1960s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films, while the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft controlled film production in the GDR.


Premise: When did Beyonce begin her second world tour?

Hypothesis: The album formally introduces Beyoncé's alter ego Sasha Fierce, conceived during the making of her 2003 single "Crazy in Love", selling 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Billboard 200, and giving Beyoncé her third consecutive number-one album in the US.


Premise: What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?

Hypothesis: For other public or private bills, the formula is simply "La Reyne le veult" ("the Queen wills it").


Premise: What language does the name of the Niger River come from?

Hypothesis: The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country.


Premise: How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?

Hypothesis: It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.


Premise: Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?

Hypothesis: Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).


Premise: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?

Hypothesis: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.


Premise: During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?

Hypothesis: Holders of the rank immediately below, that of ordinary marquess, received a pension, but had no territorial rule.


Premise: What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?

Hypothesis: However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association.


Premise: Which New Haven river releases into West Haven Harbor?

Hypothesis: The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor.


Premise: Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?

Hypothesis: Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses.


Premise: When was the new Government seated in CAR?

Hypothesis: After African leaders in Chad refused to recognize Djotodia as President, proposing to form a transitional council and the holding of new elections, Djotodia signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a council that would act as a transitional parliament.


Premise: What testing does the code require?

Hypothesis: This creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential shear if the rider is partly in the elevator.


Premise: When did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?

Hypothesis: The FIBA Africa Championship 1981 was hosted by Somalia from 15–23 December 1981.


Premise: Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert?

Hypothesis: The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska.


Premise: Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?

Hypothesis: Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions.


Premise: To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?

Hypothesis: With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits not only bring Midna back to life, but restore her to her true form.


Premise: How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?

Hypothesis: Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century.


Premise: How many roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place?

Hypothesis: The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.


Premise: How long was Nanjing ranked as "severely polluted" during this wave?

Hypothesis: From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools.


Premise: Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem?

Hypothesis: During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities—Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem.


Premise: The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?

Hypothesis: The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.


Premise: How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of the Right?

Hypothesis: On December 15, 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists.


Premise: What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?

Hypothesis: Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos.


Premise: What happens in the event of a tie?

Hypothesis: There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw.


Premise: What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions?

Hypothesis: Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship.


Premise: What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?

Hypothesis: More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research.


Premise: The Supreme Court restricted registration of some vehicles with engines of 2000 cc and over until what date?

Hypothesis: Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.


Premise: Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?

Hypothesis: The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed]


Premise: When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya?

Hypothesis: The Malayan Emergency, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth.


Premise: Besides students, what is the source of funds of private universities?

Hypothesis: However, they may have less independence from business corporations depending on the source of their finances.


Premise: Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?

Hypothesis: Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu, who is sometimes called China's greatest poet.


Premise: In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?

Hypothesis: Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city.


Premise: When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?

Hypothesis: The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai.


Premise: In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church?

Hypothesis: The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and cooperation of the past five years.


Premise: In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies?

Hypothesis: Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year.


Premise: What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?

Hypothesis: The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool.


Premise: Who performs research for Bond?

Hypothesis: Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier.


Premise: What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate?

Hypothesis: Under the Majuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100% renewable energy (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand).


Premise: Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?

Hypothesis: In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.


Premise: what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?

Hypothesis: Similar to gabber or hardcore techno from the Netherlands, this sound was often associated with the "rebel" culture of the time.


Premise: In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?

Hypothesis: The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821.


Premise: What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?

Hypothesis: , also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917.


Premise: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?

Hypothesis: Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion).


Premise: The US Constitution says what to amendments?

Hypothesis: Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces.


Premise: During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis?

Hypothesis: The Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the western and middle sections; this control was confirmed at the Battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863 and by the subsequent Tullahoma Campaign.


Premise: How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements?

Hypothesis: The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected.


Premise: On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?

Hypothesis: This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted.


Premise: Who was Robert Somers Brookings?

Hypothesis: During the 1890s, Robert Sommers Brookings, the president of the Board of Trustees, undertook the tasks of reorganizing the university's finances, putting them onto a sound foundation, and buying land for a new campus.


Premise: What country initiated conflict?

Hypothesis: War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.


Premise: What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?

Hypothesis: The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich.


Premise: What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?

Hypothesis: His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva.


Premise: Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?

Hypothesis: Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence.


Premise: In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ?

Hypothesis: The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department.


Premise: What may impact social dynamics and technical development?

Hypothesis: War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics.


Premise: Who founded Ann Arbor?

Hypothesis: Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey.


Premise: What do these efforts include

Hypothesis: It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions.


Premise: Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?

Hypothesis: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named.


Premise: For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?

Hypothesis: Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes.


Premise: What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany?

Hypothesis: Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany.


Premise: What year did 6 different Iranian films of six different styles represent at the Berlin International Film Festival?

Hypothesis: In 2006, six Iranian films, of six different styles, represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin International Film Festival.


Premise: What is an engram trace?

Hypothesis: The latter component is also called engram or memory traces (Semon 1904).


Premise: What was spray pained on the properties of Christians who left the area?

Hypothesis: The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city.


Premise: When was Ceefax launched?

Hypothesis: The BBC also introduced Ceefax, the first teletext service, starting in 1974.


Premise: The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?

Hypothesis: In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person").


Premise: How large is Pelham Bay Park in hectares?

Hypothesis: Parks in New York City include Central Park, Prospect Park, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Forest Park, and Washington Square Park.


Premise: Boston is at the East end of what Interstate?

Hypothesis: Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston.


Premise: What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?

Hypothesis: The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London.


Premise: Of the CDs sold, how many were by the contestants with southern ties?

Hypothesis: Data from Nielsen SoundScan, a music-sales tracking service, showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010, 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South.


Premise: Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?

Hypothesis: Philosophes introduced the public to many scientific theories, most notably through the Encyclopédie and the popularization of Newtonianism by Voltaire and Émilie du Châtelet.


Premise: In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made?

Hypothesis: The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr.


Premise: What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts?

Hypothesis: Finally, it is possible to generalize any of these concepts by replacing the binary operation with an arbitrary n-ary one (i.e. an operation taking n arguments).


Premise: In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?

Hypothesis: In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.


Premise: Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?

Hypothesis: Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance.


Premise: What happens during refining?

Hypothesis: After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of bubbles), the glass is formed.


Premise: What is the total area of New York City in square miles?

Hypothesis: The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2).


Premise: When did the Medieval Warm Period end?

Hypothesis: By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier.


Premise: What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?

Hypothesis: Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.


Premise: Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?

Hypothesis: Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto).


Premise: How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?

Hypothesis: The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million.


Premise: What is Nigeria's 2015 GDP?

Hypothesis: It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in 2014.


Premise: Fat Thursday is also known as what day?

Hypothesis: On Thursday Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el dia de la truita), coques (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) and omelettes are eaten.


Premise: How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?

Hypothesis: Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900–69) and Erich (1904–86), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.


Premise: Who did Zenger replace as athletic director at KU?

Hypothesis: Under former athletic director Lew Perkins, the department's budget increased from $27.2 million in 2003 (10th in the conference) to currently over $50 million thanks in large part to money raised from a new priority seating policy at Allen Fieldhouse, a new $26.67 million eight-year contract with Adidas replacing an existing contract with Nike, and a new $40.2 million seven-year contract with ESPN Regional Television.


Premise: What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history?

Hypothesis: The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic (8000–1000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC–1000 AD), and Mississippian (1000–1600 AD), whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley before Cherokee migration into the river's headwaters.


Premise: Who proposed using a table to store data?

Hypothesis: Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity.


Premise: What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?

Hypothesis: IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.


Premise: Where did Beyonce become pregnant?

Hypothesis: In April 2011, Beyoncé and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4, and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris.


Premise: What is indicated by the factor √2?

Hypothesis: The factor √2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface.


Premise: In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?

Hypothesis: Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events.


Premise: Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate?

Hypothesis: Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.


Premise: In what century did Scandinavian settlement begin in northern England?

Hypothesis: The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule and settlement beginning in the 9th century.


Premise: How is animal communication defined?

Hypothesis: Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal.


Premise: Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?

Hypothesis: Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children.


Premise: With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?

Hypothesis: Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline.


Premise: The Rashtrapati Bhavan was formerly known by what name?

Hypothesis: At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill.


Premise: What is the name of the MI6 safehouse?

Hypothesis: Bond's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun.[citation needed]


Premise: What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?

Hypothesis: The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms.


Premise: What exacerbated segregation in Detroit?

Hypothesis: The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs.


Premise: What action did The Sun take against Mahmood?

Hypothesis: At her subsequent trial, the case against Tulisa collapsed at Southwark Crown Court in July 2014, with the judge commenting that there were "strong grounds" to believe that Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa.


Premise: Who was the holder of the previous patent for the "plastic music box"?

Hypothesis: Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI.


Premise: What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?

Hypothesis: Therefore, any population that is somewhat biologically different could be considered a subspecies, even to the level of a local population.


Premise: What does the Queen stand on during Investitures?

Hypothesis: During investitures, the Queen stands on the throne dais beneath a giant, domed velvet canopy, known as a shamiana or a baldachin, that was used at the Delhi Durbar in 1911.


Premise: The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty?

Hypothesis: A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings.


Premise: What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?

Hypothesis: Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness".


Premise: Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?

Hypothesis: The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to the 15th century.


Premise: Who might a higher price exclude from the market?

Hypothesis: Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection.


Premise: When was Ben Hagkol crucified?

Hypothesis: Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels.


Premise: The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics?

Hypothesis: In comparison with Osios Loukas Nea Moni mosaics contain more figures, detail, landscape and setting.


Premise: What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist?

Hypothesis: While post-punk musicians often avoided or intentionally obscured conventional influences, previous musical styles did serve as touchstones for the movement, including particular brands of glam, art rock and "[the] dark undercurrent of '60s music".[nb 1]


Premise: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?

Hypothesis: Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523.


Premise: Who put together a good season for the Cubs in 2001?

Hypothesis: Despite losing fan favorite Grace to free agency, and the lack of production from newcomer Todd Hundley, skipper Don Baylor's Cubs put together a good season in 2001.


Premise: Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?

Hypothesis: Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past.


Premise: What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?

Hypothesis: The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus.


Premise: UHI is an abbreviation of what?

Hypothesis: Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment.


Premise: What did von Neumann use the Haar theorem to solve in a 1936 paper?

Hypothesis: In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups.


Premise: What is one of the concerns of the Air Force?

Hypothesis: The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress reversed this initiative and the majority of the lost manpower will come from the active forces.


Premise: What conference lost the first All-Star Game?

Hypothesis: The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64–40 in front of a crowd of 7,189.


Premise: In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?

Hypothesis: The formula E = mc², derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity.


Premise: What was the name of the hack discovered?

Hypothesis: Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability.


Premise: What requirements do Microsoft certified devices have?

Hypothesis: ARM-based Windows RT devices must have secure boot permanently enabled.


Premise: Where is Nigeria's second satellite's ground receiving station?

Hypothesis: It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja.


Premise: How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?

Hypothesis: In the Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were systematically murdered.


Premise: What does not include characters in the Chinese family?

Hypothesis: Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages.


Premise: What type of party system is the United States?

Hypothesis: Thus, such parties rarely win many electoral votes, although their popular support within a state may tip it toward one party or the other.


Premise: Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps?

Hypothesis: Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them.


Premise: A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?

Hypothesis: Thus, a lens set to f/1.4 allows twice as much light to strike the focal plane as a lens set to f/2.


Premise: Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?

Hypothesis: In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico.


Premise: When were industrial cities to be targeted?

Hypothesis: However, industrial cities were only to be targeted if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.


Premise: Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies?

Hypothesis: Cixi declared war on all of these nations, only to lose control of Beijing after a short, but hard-fought campaign.


Premise: How old was Mabel when she became deaf?

Hypothesis: Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection.


Premise: Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason?

Hypothesis: In 2015, arrivals of refugees by sea have increased dramatically mainly due to the ongoing Syrian civil war.


Premise: What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?

Hypothesis: Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. '


Premise: Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version?

Hypothesis: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages besides a five-volume English commentary and an English translation of the Quran.


Premise: When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?

Hypothesis: The famed First National Center is being renovated.


Premise: Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?

Hypothesis: Among the landmarks the Olympic flame passed next to were the Parliament House, National Mosque, KL Tower and Merdeka Stadium.


Premise: Similar tianguis might set up shop where?

Hypothesis: In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.


Premise: What kind of building materials do they use?

Hypothesis: Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.


Premise: What was at issue in the 2014 trial?

Hypothesis: On 21 January 2015, the jury told the court that it was unable to reach unanimous verdicts on any of the outstanding charges and was told by the judge, Richard Marks, that he would accept majority verdicts.


Premise: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?

Hypothesis: Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").


Premise: What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton?

Hypothesis: Kids Can't Fly (disbanded in 2014).


Premise: What had Greece's previous government been hiding?

Hypothesis: This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default.


Premise: When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron?

Hypothesis: Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height.


Premise: What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?

Hypothesis: Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]


Premise: The average rainfall level of somerset

Hypothesis: Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours.


Premise: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?

Hypothesis: The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India.


Premise: How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?

Hypothesis: Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia.


Premise: What was a benedit of laser read discs?

Hypothesis: The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records, and the laser does not play back colored vinyl or picture discs.


Premise: When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?

Hypothesis: The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers.


Premise: What sets out the boundries of federal law?

Hypothesis: The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States.


Premise: At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed?

Hypothesis: Valens, attempting to put down the disorder, was killed fighting the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378.


Premise: What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind?

Hypothesis: Micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind; not only is design lifetime of the connector improved to 10,000 cycles, but it was also redesigned to place the flexible contacts, which wear out sooner, on the easily replaced cable, while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the micro-USB receptacles.


Premise: When was Yale's residential college system established?

Hypothesis: Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard.


Premise: What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?

Hypothesis: The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens.


Premise: What slowed the Japanese in their attacks on China?

Hypothesis: In addition, Japanese control of northern and central China was somewhat tenuous, in that Japan was usually able to control railroads and the major cities ("points and lines"), but did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside.


Premise: Who developed the HDI?

Hypothesis: A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher.


Premise: When was Nanking captured?

Hypothesis: The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre.


Premise: What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?

Hypothesis: It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China.


Premise: What events created the Batavian Republic?

Hypothesis: During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands.


Premise: On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed?

Hypothesis: However, based on the historical community of peoples, relations between them, given the bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.


Premise: Who owns The Daily Northwestern?

Hypothesis: The Daily Northwestern is the main student newspaper.


Premise: Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?

Hypothesis: Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary.


Premise: Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies?

Hypothesis: The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed]


Premise: What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?

Hypothesis: The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom.


Premise: What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?

Hypothesis: What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation.


Premise: In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness?

Hypothesis: A knot primer paint or solution, correctly applied during preparation, may do much to reduce this problem but it is difficult to control completely, especially when using mass-produced kiln-dried timber stocks.


Premise: What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?

Hypothesis: Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days).


Premise: What is the most prevalent uranium ore?

Hypothesis: Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite.


Premise: what was the nickname of juan atkins, derrick may, and devin saunderson?

Hypothesis: This sound, also influenced by European electronica (Kraftwerk, Art of Noise), Japanese synthpop (Yellow Magic Orchestra), early B-boy Hip-Hop (Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force) and Italo disco (Doctor's Cat, Ris, Klein M.B.O.), was further pioneered by Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson, the "godfathers" of Detroit Techno.[citation needed]


Premise: How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996?

Hypothesis: There were 73 new death sentences handed down in 2014, the lowest number since 1973 (44).


Premise: What battle took place on 10 November 1444?

Hypothesis: Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.


Premise: In 1868, which famous author is reported to have declared New Haven's Hillhouse Avenue to be "the most beautiful street in America?"

Hypothesis: The New Haven Green, one of the National Historic Landmarks, was formed in 1638, and is home to three 19th-century churches.


Premise: For what purpose was the Tower first used?

Hypothesis: The tower was accompanied by two laurel wreaths on either side and, according to the College of Arms in London, Kelly chose to include the laurels as they were the sign of winners.


Premise: How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?

Hypothesis: Of his eight encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968.


Premise: During what was the abbey made second in wealth?

Hypothesis: In 1535, the abbey's annual income of £2400–2800[citation needed]


Premise: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?

Hypothesis: This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground.


Premise: What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers?

Hypothesis: While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.


Premise: What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?

Hypothesis: With a population of 768,868 in 2012, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France and home to 13% of the ACAL region's inhabitants.


Premise: What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row?

Hypothesis: The zoo received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009/10, placing it among the best zoos in Germany.


Premise: Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties?

Hypothesis: Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers.


Premise: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?

Hypothesis: According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax.


Premise: When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?

Hypothesis: Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States.


Premise: What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?

Hypothesis: According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious.


Premise: Who wrote E.T.'s script?

Hypothesis: The film was written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison and is co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg.


Premise: What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?

Hypothesis: The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency.


Premise: What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet?

Hypothesis: The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades.


Premise: What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?

Hypothesis: This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6.


Premise: How many newspaper call Mexico City home?

Hypothesis: Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries.


Premise: What was project Lantern exploring

Hypothesis: The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.


Premise: When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?

Hypothesis: The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain.


Premise: When did Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts open its doors?

Hypothesis: There is one Governor's School in the city − the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies.


Premise: What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese?

Hypothesis: New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.


Premise: What is the name of the stadium

Hypothesis: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m).


Premise: When did Brazil adopt federalism?

Hypothesis: Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.


Premise: When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?

Hypothesis: The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830.


Premise: Of what language family is Estonian a part of?

Hypothesis: Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities.


Premise: Where was Arthur imprisoned?

Hypothesis: Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise and was then moved to Rouen.


Premise: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?

Hypothesis: The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours.


Premise: Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?

Hypothesis: " In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854, this charge was repeated: "Strange as it may appear, that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated, with so much pomp and ceremony, 'for the destruction of all heresies, and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents', should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon, and Sale, and Forster, and Gagnier, and Maracci, leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact."


Premise: What statement of note was given by a great philosopher from Greece written by another great philosopher ?

Hypothesis: In Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond" when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean.


Premise: How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?

Hypothesis: For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load.


Premise: Who said that Detroit is one of the poorest big cities in the country?

Hypothesis: Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost:


Premise: What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?

Hypothesis: In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer.


Premise: In what town is Southampton Airport located?

Hypothesis: It offers flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport (Parkway) railway station, and by bus services.


Premise: Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?

Hypothesis: Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to international law.


Premise: What film festival does The Times support that is also supported alongside the British Film Institute?

Hypothesis: It also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.


Premise: Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie "Knute Rockne?"

Hypothesis: The 1940 film, Knute Rockne, All American, starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp.


Premise: What is the photoelectric effect?

Hypothesis: The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real.


Premise: What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?

Hypothesis: At the time of the Berlin Conference, Africa contained one-fifth of the world’s population living in one-quarter of the world’s land area.


Premise: What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?

Hypothesis: This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric field.


Premise: When can the EU expect Armenia to attempt to join it?

Hypothesis: predicting that it will make an official bid for membership in a few years.[citation needed]


Premise: What did Spellings' findings reveal?

Hypothesis: With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to "see" more than they can actually report.


Premise: Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?

Hypothesis: Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties).


Premise: What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?

Hypothesis: He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends.


Premise: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

Hypothesis: These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers.


Premise: What is a factor that hurt Bermuda's merchant shipping?

Hypothesis: This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda, as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion, for which it did not have raw materials.


Premise: Where is the Four Seasons Town Center located?

Hypothesis: Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston-Salem; Crabtree Valley Mall, North Hills Mall, and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point; Concord Mills in Concord; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington, NC, and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte, Nags Head, Blowing Rock, and Mebane, NC.


Premise: How many races were people asked to mark on the US Census after OMB revised their standards in 1997?

Hypothesis: Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race.


Premise: What turned out to be unusually effective for plants to reproduce?

Hypothesis: Fruit, which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts, is frequently a seed-dispersal tool that attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it, incidentally scattering the seeds it contains (see frugivory).


Premise: What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?

Hypothesis: In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual.


Premise: Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?

Hypothesis: Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace.


Premise: In what year was Immanuel Kant born?

Hypothesis: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason.


Premise: When did the KMT government head to Taiwan?

Hypothesis: The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10.


Premise: Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities?

Hypothesis: From the Iron Age, Galicia has a rich heritage based mainly on a great number of Hill forts, few of them excavated like Baroña, Sta.


Premise: Who came up with the word "ecology"?

Hypothesis: The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism; the Gaia hypothesis, first formulated in the 1960s, and spreading in the 1970s, and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together.


Premise: What can a musical scored be performed without?

Hypothesis: It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical notation began to take shape.


Premise: When did Prince Albert die?

Hypothesis: Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House.


Premise: How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?

Hypothesis: Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island.


Premise: What are some dogs prone to?

Hypothesis: Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees.


Premise: When was the famous mosaic "The Beauty of Durres" created?

Hypothesis: Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC.


Premise: How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?

Hypothesis: When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism".


Premise: What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?

Hypothesis: In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject:


Premise: What sets the Zoo San Juan de Aragon apart from the others?

Hypothesis: In this zoo, opened in 1964, there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf.


Premise: Who developed the ISA?

Hypothesis: How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance?


Premise: What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?

Hypothesis: The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


Premise: What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form?

Hypothesis: Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved.u[›] Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in (geometric) invariant theory.


Premise: Along with nightclubs, beaches and shopping, what notable attraction exists in the Art Deco District?

Hypothesis: The Art Deco District in South Beach, is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs, beaches, historical buildings, and shopping.


Premise: How can historical changes in the environment be detected?

Hypothesis: For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming.


Premise: Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen, who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity, or to live an Apostolic life.