Premise: What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?

Hypothesis: After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront.


Premise: How many divisions did MacMahon command?

Hypothesis: Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion.


Premise: Where is Surzhyk used?

Hypothesis: It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus'.


Premise: What show started out in the city?

Hypothesis: Today, as in many large metropolitan areas, each of the commercial networks has an affiliate, and call letters have been replaced by corporate IDs:


Premise: With what victory did Napoleon dissolve the Fifth Coalition against France?

Hypothesis: Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition formed against France.


Premise: After what figure are Janners named?

Hypothesis: Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.


Premise: In what year did the Imperial Delhi Railway line begin operating?

Hypothesis: The last stumbling block was the Agra-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time.


Premise: What is pharmaceutical fraud?

Hypothesis: These include: Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs.


Premise: What eventually happened to Arius?

Hypothesis: Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander, and he would begin to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position.


Premise: By what means did Blackbirders often get islanders aboard their ships?

Hypothesis: While some islanders were voluntary recruits the "blackbirders" were notorious for enticing islanders on to ships with tricks, such as pretending to be Christian missionaries, as well as kidnapping islanders at gun point.


Premise: What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?

Hypothesis: To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines.


Premise: The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?

Hypothesis: In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws.


Premise: Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?

Hypothesis: Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style.


Premise: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?

Hypothesis: There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy.


Premise: India is host to what activity

Hypothesis: India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.


Premise: What time period did technological advances lead to?

Hypothesis: Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.


Premise: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?

Hypothesis: The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia.


Premise: What happened on April 18, 1780?

Hypothesis: On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack.


Premise: Who always suffers throughout samsara?

Hypothesis: Then the absence of the first Nidāna—ignorance—leads to the absence of the others.


Premise: What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?

Hypothesis: Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production.


Premise: What was the goal of England's colony in Guiana?

Hypothesis: An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years, and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits.


Premise: What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as?

Hypothesis: Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university.


Premise: In regards to it resident, what is the demographic for Native Americans living in the city?

Hypothesis: The racial makeup of the city is 42.6% White, 35.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 12.9% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races.


Premise: Who was the deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau at the time?

Hypothesis: The environmental watchdog had warned the factory, but it had not effectively controlled the pollution, Chen added.


Premise: How much of all of Greece's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009?

Hypothesis: In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all energy demand in Greece, while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010.


Premise: Where did Chen live in 2005?

Hypothesis: According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco.


Premise: Who created and popularized many of the sports that we love today?

Hypothesis: Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the 19th century.


Premise: What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond?

Hypothesis: Neighborhoods in the city's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas, the Hillside Court housing projects, and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor.


Premise: Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?

Hypothesis: When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat, Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up.


Premise: What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts?

Hypothesis: In 1972, in a mosque in the city of Sana'a, Yemen, manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time.


Premise: In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?

Hypothesis: During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town.


Premise: What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?

Hypothesis: Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life.


Premise: Who penned a poem called "Poem to the Memory of Newton" to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton?

Hypothesis: James Thomson (1700–1748) penned his "Poem to the Memory of Newton," which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.


Premise: Where does the money made from wrestling come from?

Hypothesis: Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video.


Premise: Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?

Hypothesis: In Japan, the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy, let alone its military, would grind to a halt.


Premise: What factors deplete Melbourne water supplies?

Hypothesis: Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures deplete Melbourne water supplies and climate change may have a long-term impact on the water supplies of Melbourne.


Premise: What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?

Hypothesis: To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents.


Premise: How many days a year does the temperature in Detroit drop below 0?

Hypothesis: Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 12 days.


Premise: What is wrestling now thought to be?

Hypothesis: Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry.


Premise: What is the golf club known as the "wood" usually made out of today?

Hypothesis: Many other types of sports and recreation equipment, such as skis, ice hockey sticks, lacrosse sticks and archery bows, were commonly made of wood in the past, but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium, fiberglass, carbon fiber, titanium, and composite materials.


Premise: How many transfer windows are available each year from the Football Association?

Hypothesis: Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association.


Premise: Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?

Hypothesis: He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook.


Premise: Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?

Hypothesis: Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, "showcase", game.


Premise: How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?

Hypothesis: Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose.


Premise: What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?

Hypothesis: In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates.


Premise: How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?

Hypothesis: In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin.


Premise: How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?

Hypothesis: The coin remains readily available to collectors.


Premise: Who did David Cameron align with in order to become Prime Minister?

Hypothesis: On election day (6 May 2010), The Sun urged its readers to vote for David Cameron's "modern and positive" Conservatives in order to save Britain from "disaster" which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected.


Premise: Who first discovered epinephrine?

Hypothesis: In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt.


Premise: For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit?

Hypothesis: In the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts.


Premise: What did the military governors residence used to be called?

Hypothesis: Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall), the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet), the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc.


Premise: What name is the Premier League known as outside of the United Kingdom?

Hypothesis: Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).


Premise: What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?

Hypothesis: The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-


Premise: Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?

Hypothesis: Locke's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.


Premise: When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely?

Hypothesis: The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008.


Premise: What 3 religions does Egypt recognise?

Hypothesis: Egypt recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.


Premise: Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?

Hypothesis: In 1603, that changed when the King of Scotland inherited the Crown of England, and consequently the Crown of Ireland also.


Premise: When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?

Hypothesis: But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous.


Premise: Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?

Hypothesis: The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years.


Premise: How many national airports does Portugal have?

Hypothesis: Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country.


Premise: At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?

Hypothesis: However, after the original AFL filed for bankruptcy, this arrangement did not carry over to the new AFL, which is a separate legal entity.


Premise: As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?

Hypothesis: The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.)


Premise: What was Detroit's 2010 Hispanic population?

Hypothesis: Detroit has a Mexican-American population.


Premise: What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?

Hypothesis: A group including some of the country's lead statistical methodologists told the Supreme Court that Sander's analyses were sufficiently flawed that the Court would be wise to ignore them entirely.


Premise: Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?

Hypothesis: In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.


Premise: How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?

Hypothesis: The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months.


Premise: Rebirth into the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?

Hypothesis: Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu (formless realms) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation.


Premise: By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members?

Hypothesis: It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the Company at £40,000 for two years.


Premise: How long is the Sun Link?

Hypothesis: A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River.


Premise: WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?

Hypothesis: The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period.


Premise: How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?

Hypothesis: The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people.


Premise: Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?

Hypothesis: Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense.


Premise: What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war?

Hypothesis: France and other European powers avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.


Premise: What collections are the Nanjing Museum famous for?

Hypothesis: Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China.


Premise: What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?

Hypothesis: Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience.


Premise: Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?

Hypothesis: The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service.


Premise: The dead of what war were the first to be commemorated by the Virginia War Memorial?

Hypothesis: The city is home to many monuments and memorials, most notably those along Monument Avenue.


Premise: What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands?

Hypothesis: With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' gross domestic product.


Premise: Which original judge was a choreographer?

Hypothesis: The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell.


Premise: Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online?

Hypothesis: Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift.


Premise: What is the match day earning of Emirates Stadium?

Hypothesis: Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as £100.4m, more than any other football stadium in the world.


Premise: For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?

Hypothesis: Besides their own festival of Vestalia, they participated directly in the rites of Parilia, Parentalia and Fordicidia.


Premise: Which musical artist suggested Queen release Another One Bites the Dust as a single?

Hypothesis: After attending a Queen concert in Los Angeles, Michael Jackson suggested to Mercury backstage that "Another One Bites the Dust" be released as a single, and in October 1980 it spent three weeks at number one.


Premise: What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?

Hypothesis: Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival.


Premise: The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?

Hypothesis: However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo.


Premise: What is consideredt the most important part of maritime transport in middle east?

Hypothesis: Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa.


Premise: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?

Hypothesis: Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.


Premise: What collective name was given to the generation of scholars produced by the Hungarian school system?

Hypothesis: This was one of the best schools in Budapest, part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite.


Premise: Who is the 'Queen of Music'?

Hypothesis: Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.


Premise: What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?

Hypothesis: Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, "man's best friend", a phrase used in other languages as well.


Premise: What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?

Hypothesis: Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an "abstract group", in the terminology of the time.


Premise: WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station?

Hypothesis: Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ.


Premise: How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?

Hypothesis: For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches (580 mm), and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches (0.046 mm).


Premise: What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?

Hypothesis: Work on the first college building began later that year.


Premise: What are solar cookers used for?

Hypothesis: They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers.


Premise: What is an alloy composed of?

Hypothesis: Alloys are made by mixing two or more elements; at least one of which being a metal.


Premise: What is another use of VoIP?

Hypothesis: One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.


Premise: What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track  number?

Hypothesis: A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents.


Premise: Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?

Hypothesis: With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy."


Premise: What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?

Hypothesis: Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the one-drop rule was enacted in Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Law and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of eugenics and ideas of racial purity.


Premise: For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?

Hypothesis: It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems.


Premise: Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?

Hypothesis: According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.


Premise: What 3 versions of the build did Microsoft first release?

Hypothesis: The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools (Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend) for developing Metro-style apps.


Premise: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?

Hypothesis: Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970.


Premise: The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?

Hypothesis: Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public).


Premise: The Cambrian period was how long ago?

Hypothesis: All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body.


Premise: What two genres cut into hard rock's popularity at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s?

Hypothesis: Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and it reached a commercial peak in the 1980s, with glam metal bands like Bon Jovi and Def Leppard and the rawer sounds of Guns N' Roses, which followed up with great success in the later part of that decade.


Premise: When was the Macintosh branded as Mac?

Hypothesis: Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of "Mac", though the product family has been nicknamed "Mac" or "the Mac" since the development of the first model.


Premise: Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from

Hypothesis: Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey.


Premise: An insects rectum absorbs how much water?

Hypothesis: The number of Malpighian tubules possessed by a given insect varies between species, ranging from only two tubules in some insects to over 100 tubules in others.:71–72, 78–80


Premise: By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers?

Hypothesis: Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009.


Premise: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?

Hypothesis: During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965.


Premise: What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?

Hypothesis: Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States.


Premise: When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?

Hypothesis: He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century.


Premise: Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?

Hypothesis: The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English Methodist movement, Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the Moravian Church, Lutheran pietism, Presbyterianism and Puritanism.


Premise: What was the original name of IBM?

Hypothesis: Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo.


Premise: What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?

Hypothesis: The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps.


Premise: In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: The "Notre Dame Victory March" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame.


Premise: Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?

Hypothesis: The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years.


Premise: In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer?

Hypothesis: The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance.


Premise: What contributes to endangerment?

Hypothesis: However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport.


Premise: The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?

Hypothesis: The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".


Premise: Who was Johann Herder?

Hypothesis: The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder.


Premise: German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?

Hypothesis: Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language.


Premise: When did Kerry speak at Georgetown University?

Hypothesis: In the lead up to the Iraq War, Kerry said on October 9, 2002; "I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security.


Premise: What have classical trained performers done extensively?

Hypothesis: In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.


Premise: What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?

Hypothesis: At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment.


Premise: After new research, what was the final definition of federalism?

Hypothesis: New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.


Premise: What division is used for a week-long recital of the Quran?

Hypothesis: The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, manzil (plural manāzil), for it to be recited in a week.


Premise: What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?

Hypothesis: Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.


Premise: What has Guam recently being trying to protect?

Hypothesis: Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations.


Premise: Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?

Hypothesis: The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), which is the second busiest in Australia, and


Premise: What did Tito use to get the people to unit in a battle against the occupation in 1941?

Hypothesis: On 1 May 1941, Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in a battle against the occupation.


Premise: Extra time has two periods which each are how long in minutes?

Hypothesis: A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods.


Premise: Who started the Manchun dynasty?

Hypothesis: The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria.


Premise: What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?

Hypothesis: Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch.


Premise: The single door is sometimes located where?

Hypothesis: In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally.


Premise: Which cardinals are ranked lowest?

Hypothesis: Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday.


Premise: What is the group that human psychology belongs to?

Hypothesis: The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science.


Premise: Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?

Hypothesis: After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes.


Premise: Who was the first Spanish Governor of Guam?

Hypothesis: He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the death of Matapang, Hurao and Aguarin.:77–78 Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.:78–79


Premise: What sect does 2% of the population belong to?

Hypothesis: Most of Guinea-Bissau's Muslims are of the Sunni denomination with approximately 2% belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect.


Premise: What is one of the functions of the USAF?

Hypothesis: The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.


Premise: What was the population of Israel in 2016?

Hypothesis: It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish.


Premise: Which of Homer's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to?

Hypothesis: Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the Aeneid into two sections based on the poetry of Homer; the first six books were viewed as employing the Odyssey as a model while the last six were connected to the Iliad.


Premise: When was the system originally supposed to be released?

Hypothesis: The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back.


Premise: What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?

Hypothesis: The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade.


Premise: Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?

Hypothesis: Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.


Premise: How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show?

Hypothesis: Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of American Idol.


Premise: How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?

Hypothesis: Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies.


Premise: In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what?

Hypothesis: For mammals, the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75.


Premise: What year was Queen's third greatest hits album released?

Hypothesis: In 1999, a Greatest Hits III album was released.


Premise: What was the AEC working on at this time?

Hypothesis: Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs.


Premise: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks.

Hypothesis: Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).


Premise: When was Shen Kuo alive?

Hypothesis: If not for Shen Kuo's writing, the architectural works of Yu Hao would be little known, along with the inventor of movable type printing, Bi Sheng (990-1051).


Premise: What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?

Hypothesis: Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) YUV color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms.


Premise: What former U.S. president was born in New Haven?

Hypothesis: Former vice presidents John C. Calhoun and Dick Cheney also studied in New Haven (although the latter did not graduate from Yale).


Premise: At which park does W 122nd Street end?

Hypothesis: west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park.


Premise: Other than Gaj's Latin alphabet, what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in?

Hypothesis: Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants.


Premise: What date was the new name of the war released?

Hypothesis: This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.


Premise: What is Paul Heinegg?

Hypothesis: The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.


Premise: What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday?

Hypothesis: On the east side of the main park area is the National Museum of Visual Arts.


Premise: Who was the last person to see Bell alive?

Hypothesis: While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me."


Premise: Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?

Hypothesis: The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film.


Premise: What was the name of the Windows 8 advertising campaign?

Hypothesis: In May 2013, Microsoft launched a new television campaign for Windows 8 illustrating the capabilities and pricing of Windows 8 tablets in comparison to the iPad, which featured the voice of Siri remarking on the iPad's limitations in a parody of Apple's "Get a Mac" advertisements.


Premise: What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?

Hypothesis: Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance."


Premise: What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?

Hypothesis: The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States.


Premise: Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?

Hypothesis: The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie


Premise: In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?

Hypothesis: The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin.


Premise: What are the four branches of the Armenian Armed Forces?

Hypothesis: The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992.


Premise: Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?

Hypothesis: As American citizens, Puerto Ricans can vote in U.S. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself.


Premise: Who has had many Concertos written for him?

Hypothesis: One of their members, mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper, has had a number of Concertos written for him by composers such as Eric Gross.


Premise: What are some areas of Somerset county

Hypothesis: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels.


Premise: Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century?

Hypothesis: Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century.


Premise: What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for?

Hypothesis: Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution.


Premise: Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?

Hypothesis: That is, since atheists gave themselves to no Supreme Authority and no law, and had no fear of eternal consequences, they were far more likely to disrupt society.


Premise: Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?

Hypothesis: The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English.


Premise: During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?

Hypothesis: Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century.


Premise: What convent was close to the area where troops lived?

Hypothesis: With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city,


Premise: What distinguishes Federalism from other types of government?

Hypothesis: It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.


Premise: In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?

Hypothesis: Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in.


Premise: Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?

Hypothesis: Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.


Premise: When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?

Hypothesis: In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries.


Premise: How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?

Hypothesis: The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972.


Premise: What locations does the Rainbow Times serve?

Hypothesis: Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine.


Premise: How was Victoria dressed for burial?

Hypothesis: In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black.


Premise: In 2010, what percentage of Anglicans were said to be in Africa?

Hypothesis: By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa.


Premise: Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?

Hypothesis: During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks.


Premise: How did Tom Robinson die in the novel?

Hypothesis: Although Tom is spared from being lynched, he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, shot seventeen times.


Premise: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?

Hypothesis: In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years, noting that at the end of the 11th century, 97% of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3% Ashkenazi; by the end of XVI century, the: 'Treaty on the redemption of captives', by Gracian of the God's Mother, Mercy Priest, who was imprisoned by Turks, cites a Tunisian Hebrew, made captive when arriving to Gaeta, who aided others with money, named: 'Simon Escanasi', in the mid-17th century, "Sephardim still outnumbered Ashkenazim three to two", but by the end of the 18th century, "Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim three to two, the result of improved living conditions in Christian Europe versus the Ottoman Muslim world."


Premise: What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?

Hypothesis: It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan).


Premise: What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late?

Hypothesis: Sales of other mediums including individual digital tracks, digital albums and compact discs have fallen, the latter having the greatest drop-in-sales rate.


Premise: What substance does fluorescent lamps contain?

Hypothesis: While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury, they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic.


Premise: What is Michigan's first urban park?

Hypothesis: The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park.


Premise: Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?

Hypothesis: After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium.


Premise: In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol?

Hypothesis: iTunes sponsored the show since season seven.


Premise: Comcast also told the Browns they would do what to correct the situation with the name change?

Hypothesis: Comcast refused to correct the name on their bill after bringing it to the attention of numerous customer service outlets for the company by explaining that Ricardo is the legal name of the customer, so the Browns turned to consumer advocate Christopher Elliott.


Premise: What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?

Hypothesis: The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism.


Premise: Which group of Quran copyists produced the most in-demand manuscripts?

Hypothesis: In terms of productivity, the Ottoman copyists provide the best example.


Premise: How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?

Hypothesis: Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza.


Premise: Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?

Hypothesis: Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.


Premise: What happeded between 1927-1934?

Hypothesis: Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region.


Premise: Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?

Hypothesis: The Boston Globe wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."


Premise: Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?

Hypothesis: Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches.


Premise: What is an example of a simple definition of time?

Hypothesis: Some simple definitions of time include "time is what clocks measure", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and "time is what keeps everything from happening at once", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events.


Premise: What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?

Hypothesis: No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next.


Premise: Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?

Hypothesis: Because processed foods are often cheaper, more convenient (in both purchasing, storage, and preparation), and more available, the consumption of nutritionally inferior foods has been increasing throughout the world along with many nutrition-related health complications.


Premise: What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe?

Hypothesis: There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.


Premise: Who did Sprague work for early in his career?

Hypothesis: Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread.


Premise: Who did Athanasius succeed?

Hypothesis: Athanasius's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander.


Premise: who co-wrote the hit song "on and on" in 1984?

Hypothesis: The hypnotic electronic dance song "On and On", produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence, had elements that became staples of the early house sound, such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland (specifically TR-808) drum machine and Korg (specifically Poly-61) synthesizer.


Premise: Who was Cabinet Minister in 1998?

Hypothesis: Cabinet Minister Peter Mandelson was "outed" by Matthew Parris (a former Sun columnist) on BBC TV's Newsnight in November 1998.


Premise: Were the elections held in an unbiased manner Burma in 2010 ?

Hypothesis: One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal.


Premise: For which song, did Destiny's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance?

Hypothesis: Say My Name" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards.


Premise: What was Syria like under Sarraj?

Hypothesis: By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run.


Premise: In what year did Greece's women's water polo team win the World Championship?

Hypothesis: The Greece men's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005, after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada.


Premise: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?

Hypothesis: Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F).


Premise: What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?

Hypothesis: It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims.


Premise: What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?

Hypothesis: One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.


Premise: What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?

Hypothesis: After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648.


Premise: Who initially protested the adoption?

Hypothesis: Mercy's father was still adamant saying that he could not support the adoption since he was alive.


Premise: Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?

Hypothesis: The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767.


Premise: At what date did the name Seattle first appear on official papers?

Hypothesis: The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date "1869" and a likeness of Chief Sealth in left profile.


Premise: What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?

Hypothesis: Described as a "vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life", and "a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture", Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.


Premise: Where was Apollo's first temple at Rome established?

Hypothesis: On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the "Apollinare".


Premise: What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace?

Hypothesis: im Großen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany.


Premise: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?

Hypothesis: A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross.


Premise: When was Brasilia founded?

Hypothesis: Brasília and its metro (encompassing the whole of the Federal District) had a population of 2,556,149 in 2011, making it the 4th most populous city in Brazil.


Premise: What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?

Hypothesis: Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values.


Premise: Who bought Tesla's patents?

Hypothesis: However, he claimed that Tesla's motor was not practical because of two-phase pulsations, which prompted him to persist in his three-phase work.


Premise: What form is excepted by most speakers?

Hypothesis: Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect.


Premise: What was Eisenhower's title in the Operations Division?

Hypothesis: Next, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division (which replaced WPD) under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promoted accordingly.


Premise: What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening?

Hypothesis: This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.


Premise: What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies?

Hypothesis: In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess.


Premise: Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?

Hypothesis: The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor.


Premise: What was the name of Kanye West's high school?

Hypothesis: West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago.


Premise: Halo 3 was released in what year?

Hypothesis: Five other games sold over a million copies in the console's first year on the market:


Premise: What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?

Hypothesis: For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ranges, because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites, or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds.


Premise: Who is credited for first introducing elements of Jazz into a cappella?

Hypothesis: The King's Singers are credited with promoting interest in small-group a cappella performances in the 1960s.


Premise: When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?

Hypothesis: The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea.


Premise: What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?

Hypothesis: On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy.


Premise: What is a Polistes versicolor?

Hypothesis: The yellow paper wasp (Polistes versicolor) is known for its wagging movements as a form of communication within the colony; it can waggle with a frequency of 10.6±2.1 Hz (n=190).


Premise: When did the Chinese invade northern Burma?

Hypothesis: In the middle of 1944 the Chinese Expeditionary Force invaded northern Burma from Yunnan province.


Premise: When do contestants start singing two songs?

Hypothesis: Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.


Premise: What is Beyonce's full name?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress.


Premise: What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries

Hypothesis: From the fifth century to the thirteenth, Śrauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts.


Premise: What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?

Hypothesis: An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government.


Premise: Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?

Hypothesis: Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism.


Premise: How many people were in the Dominions' armies?

Hypothesis: The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home, and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right.


Premise: When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?

Hypothesis: The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death.


Premise: What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?

Hypothesis: Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun.


Premise: Where can one find the most sage scrub in San Diego?

Hypothesis: Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs.


Premise: Britain believe German bombers would be unable to reach and identify what?

Hypothesis: There was also a mentality in all air forces that, if they could carry out effective operations by day, night missions and their disadvantages could be avoided.


Premise: What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016

Hypothesis: In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made".


Premise: Where can the public view the Royal Collection?

Hypothesis: Many of the contents from Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews.


Premise: In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?

Hypothesis: Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size.


Premise: Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what?

Hypothesis: The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome.


Premise: What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?

Hypothesis: Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population.


Premise: Why was the Unicode 2.0 codespace increased?

Hypothesis: This increased the Unicode codespace to over a million code points, which allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts (e.g., Egyptian Hieroglyphs) and thousands of rarely used or obsolete characters that had not been anticipated as needing encoding.


Premise: How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?

Hypothesis: Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket."


Premise: What is the basic difference between the dialects?

Hypothesis: They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation.


Premise: Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?

Hypothesis: Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene.


Premise: If you live in Australia and want affordable PlayStation 3 games, what range would you shop for?

Hypothesis: Cry 4, Army of Two, Battlefield: Bad Company and Midnight Club: Los Angeles have also joined the list.


Premise: What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones?

Hypothesis: The mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs.


Premise: If one wished to take an antenna to different locations, which type would be best?

Hypothesis: For non directional portable use, a short vertical antenna or small loop antenna works well, with the main design challenge being that of impedance matching.


Premise: What kind of glass are containers made from?

Hypothesis: Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives.


Premise: What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?

Hypothesis: Rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to "take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but, in return, offer generous compensation the rest of the time.


Premise: What did Wilhelm Wien discover?

Hypothesis: It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram).


Premise: What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?

Hypothesis: The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'.


Premise: What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy?

Hypothesis: In the first half of the 20th century, many African Americans left the state to go North for better opportunities, in the Great Migration.


Premise: How many components does the Belgian political landscape include?

Hypothesis: On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties.


Premise: What was Raytheon previously called?

Hypothesis: Raytheon Missile Systems (formerly Hughes Aircraft Co.), Texas Instruments, IBM, Intuit Inc., Universal Avionics, Honeywell Aerospace, Sunquest Information Systems, Sanofi-Aventis, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., and Bombardier Aerospace all have a significant presence in Tucson.


Premise: Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs?

Hypothesis: The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case.


Premise: Who adopted this practice from Multics?

Hypothesis: Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics.


Premise: What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?

Hypothesis: The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro.


Premise: Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?

Hypothesis: In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed]


Premise: Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?

Hypothesis: Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years.


Premise: Which general was determined to go on the attack over Saar?

Hypothesis: However, planning for the next encounter was more based upon the reality of unfolding events rather than emotion or pride, as Intendant General Wolff told him and his staff that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible.


Premise: What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?

Hypothesis: It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels (the articulation of the Quranic phonemes), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.


Premise: Who ignored the direct participation of the Soviet Union to prevent expanding the Korean War to the Soviet Union?

Hypothesis: This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked, lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union, and potentially escalate into atomic warfare.


Premise: What school is affiliated with the New England Primate Research Center?

Hypothesis: Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus).


Premise: Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?

Hypothesis: For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology."


Premise: What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the "jack" linebacker?

Hypothesis: The only way for a player to go out of bounds presently is if he is tackled into or deliberately contacts the side boards.


Premise: How many continents did the torch visit?

Hypothesis: The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008.


Premise: What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?

Hypothesis: She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland.


Premise: What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?

Hypothesis: The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years.


Premise: What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?

Hypothesis: Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.


Premise: Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?

Hypothesis: Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly.


Premise: How many species are currently listed?

Hypothesis: Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed, and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants.


Premise: What is another name for the pointed arch?

Hypothesis: It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style.


Premise: The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?

Hypothesis: The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively


Premise: In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?

Hypothesis: The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period.


Premise: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?

Hypothesis: During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.


Premise: What are the seven sees?

Hypothesis: Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.


Premise: What was the response to Kerry's accusation of funding traffickers?

Hypothesis: The Kerry Committee report found that "the Contra drug links included..... payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies.


Premise: The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?

Hypothesis: They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden).


Premise: If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?

Hypothesis: The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits.


Premise: When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?

Hypothesis: As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses.


Premise: When was Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory released?

Hypothesis: " Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng's work.


Premise: Is Photo Gallery automatically or separately installed?

Hypothesis: The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa.


Premise: What is company that makes beer typically known as?

Hypothesis: A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company.


Premise: What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?

Hypothesis: Foster appointed legendary Darrel "Mouse" Davis, godfather of the "run and shoot" and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations.


Premise: What did this new law require?

Hypothesis: Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market.


Premise: With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?

Hypothesis: Computer controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems, particularly when part of a digital servo-controlled system.


Premise: Himachal is?

Hypothesis: The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional ´Pahari' lifestyle.


Premise: What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?

Hypothesis: Now, however, in his opinion, the newly affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech.


Premise: Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?

Hypothesis: During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%.


Premise: Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances?

Hypothesis: Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle, a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances.


Premise: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions?

Hypothesis: While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.


Premise: What do many white long term floridian families identify with

Hypothesis: Some native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as "Florida crackers"; others see the term as a derogatory one.


Premise: Who was appointed general editor for The Times in 1817?

Hypothesis: Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London.


Premise: What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?

Hypothesis: The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern pôle antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole).


Premise: When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen?

Hypothesis: Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed]


Premise: What percentage of the economy is Greece's service sector?

Hypothesis: Its economy mainly comprises the service sector (85.0%) and industry (12.0%), while agriculture makes up 3.0% of the national economic output.


Premise: What were some uses for Amphetamine?

Hypothesis: It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s.


Premise: Who published "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" in 2007?

Hypothesis: The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published in 2007 by World Scientific, summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations.


Premise: What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?

Hypothesis: In recent years, Apple has seen a significant boost in sales of Macs.


Premise: If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?

Hypothesis: An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source (44,100 samples per second × 16 bits per sample × 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s: 128,000 bit/s [1 k = 1,000, not 1024, because it is a bit rate].


Premise: At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?

Hypothesis: For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target.


Premise: In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges?

Hypothesis: He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions.


Premise: When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?

Hypothesis: By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in various buildings across St. Louis.


Premise: On what date did Pope Paul VI die?

Hypothesis: John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.


Premise: What was the first TV episode Spielberg directed part of?

Hypothesis: He did another segment on Night Gallery and did some work for shows such as Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist, before landing the first series episode of Columbo (previous episodes were actually TV films).


Premise: Who is the Governor in Michigan?

Hypothesis: The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager.


Premise: What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?

Hypothesis: An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility.


Premise: What were the married couple in Steven Spielberg's film "The Sugarland Express" trying to regain?

Hypothesis: Spielberg's debut full-length feature film was The Sugarland Express, about a married couple who are chased by police as the couple tries to regain custody of their baby.


Premise: Who was the first Sikh Guru?

Hypothesis: The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence.


Premise: What does the initiative specifically target?

Hypothesis: It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise.


Premise: Who is the chairman of the FAPL and when was he appointed?

Hypothesis: The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.


Premise: What BYU group is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world?

Hypothesis: The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for several years, and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester and is consequently the largest collegiate ballroom dance program in the world.


Premise: Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?

Hypothesis: This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.


Premise: What script is derived from the cursive script?

Hypothesis: The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script.


Premise: When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?

Hypothesis: On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them.


Premise: Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?

Hypothesis: The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked.


Premise: In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money?

Hypothesis: In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money.


Premise: Where does 23rd Street begin?

Hypothesis: 23rd Street is another main numbered street in Manhattan.


Premise: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia?

Hypothesis: In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish religious practice.


Premise: Who purchased the tramway in 1871

Hypothesis: In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s.


Premise: What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?

Hypothesis: A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas.


Premise: What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?

Hypothesis: The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas.


Premise: Where does the term Sayyid come from?

Hypothesis: Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area.


Premise: How much did Iran spend in oil imports in 2005?

Hypothesis: Iran has the second largest proved gas reserves in the world after Russia, with 33.6 trillion cubic metres, and third largest natural gas production in the world after Indonesia, and Russia.


Premise: The area is viewed as what politically

Hypothesis: Since the late 20th century, the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections.


Premise: Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?

Hypothesis: The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade.


Premise: For whom was the Grand Service made?

Hypothesis: On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal "white tie and decorations", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV.


Premise: Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?

Hypothesis: It ranked 33rd among global cities.


Premise: When did Finland leave the Russian Empire?

Hypothesis: As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918, a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland.


Premise: What group did France split Vietnam with?

Hypothesis: Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism.


Premise: About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation?

Hypothesis: Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls.


Premise: Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?

Hypothesis: Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective.


Premise: What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?

Hypothesis: The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut.


Premise: Which train station is close to the northern end of campus?

Hypothesis: The Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line, taking its name from Northwestern's school color.


Premise: Why has there been a several court cases against Sky and Premier League?

Hypothesis: The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel, and a number of court cases have arisen as a result.


Premise: Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor?

Hypothesis: Liu Bang assumed the title "emperor" (huangdi) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu (r. 202–195 BC).


Premise: In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built?

Hypothesis: Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968.


Premise: During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?

Hypothesis: While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration.


Premise: What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?

Hypothesis: He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host.


Premise: The rise of ports caused what in populations?

Hypothesis: The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads.


Premise: What is the term for greed or craving?

Hypothesis: In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:


Premise: When does the wet season in the Marshalls begin?

Hypothesis: The climate is hot and humid, with a wet season from May to November.


Premise: Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?

Hypothesis: People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed.


Premise: What is used to light walkways at night?

Hypothesis: Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night.


Premise: Barcelona ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking in what years?

Hypothesis: The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico.


Premise: What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?

Hypothesis: The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.


Premise: What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?

Hypothesis: In 2014, IBM announced that it would go "fabless" by offloading IBM Micro Electronics semiconductor manufacturing to GlobalFoundries, a leader in advanced technology manufacturing, citing that semiconductor manufacturing is a capital-intensive business which is challenging to operate without scale.


Premise: Which company sued Apple for breach of a "music jukebox" patent in 2005?

Hypothesis: The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.


Premise: London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry?

Hypothesis: The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall.


Premise: How many iPods did Apple reveal it sold in April of 2007?

Hypothesis: Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.


Premise: What was NASA called before it became NASA?

Hypothesis: This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).


Premise: What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?

Hypothesis: The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity.


Premise: What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?

Hypothesis: It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji.


Premise: The conformal coating can prevent leaking, shorts, and what other type of moisture damage?

Hypothesis: The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation.


Premise: Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important?

Hypothesis: Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's.


Premise: How are two 16-bit units used?

Hypothesis: UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 × 8 bits) to handle each of the additional characters.


Premise: How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God?

Hypothesis: Richard Dawkins interprets various findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God but extensive evidence to the contrary.


Premise: Which two countries sought to crush the nascent republic?

Hypothesis: These conditions led to emigration by hundreds of families to newly vacant lands in the Russian Empire in 1803–4 and again in 1808.


Premise: What did Beyoncé win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?

Hypothesis: She was one of only three women on that list.


Premise: What did Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?

Hypothesis: In 1986, Michael Dell brought in Lee Walker, a 51-year-old venture capitalist, as president and chief operating officer, to serve as Michael's mentor and implement Michael's ideas for growing the company.


Premise: What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?

Hypothesis: This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space.


Premise: Who fired anti-defense rounds?

Hypothesis: British anti-aircraft defences (General Frederick Alfred Pile) fired 8,326 rounds and shot down only two bombers.


Premise: When did Theo Epstein made the decision to fire Dale Sveum?

Hypothesis: On September 30, 2013, Theo Epstein made the decision to fire manager Dale Sveum after just two seasons at the helm of the Cubs.


Premise: When did the idea of a "consumer society" begin?

Hypothesis: The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century.


Premise: Where can the issue of through traffic benefits occur?

Hypothesis: This is mostly an issue for long distance trips, but many lines come to be dominated by through traffic from long-haul freight trains (usually running coal, ore, or containers to or from ports).


Premise: What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?

Hypothesis: The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose.


Premise: What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic?

Hypothesis: The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence.


Premise: Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country?

Hypothesis: Cyprus (i/ˈsaɪprəs/; Greek: Κύπρος IPA: [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.[e] Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union.


Premise: What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries?

Hypothesis: Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP.


Premise: What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?

Hypothesis: Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South.


Premise: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?

Hypothesis: Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.


Premise: What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?

Hypothesis: It is also known as the "Great Dying" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history.


Premise: When was Henry crowned King of England?

Hypothesis: Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine, whilst Geoffrey was to become the Duke of Brittany.


Premise: Which Minister had the responsibility to interpret laws in this period?

Hypothesis: The Minister of Justice was the chief official in charge of upholding, administering, and interpreting the law.


Premise: When did Better Place shut down?

Hypothesis: It was thought that this would have lowered Israel's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries.


Premise: What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?

Hypothesis: A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.


Premise: What specifically prompted this merger?

Hypothesis: The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command.


Premise: What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?

Hypothesis: On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel."


Premise: What colors was the aircraft painted?

Hypothesis: Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games.


Premise: The Supreme Court hears what?

Hypothesis: The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases.


Premise: What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?

Hypothesis: Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–2015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice.


Premise: What was the film that Madonna starred in 2000?

Hypothesis: In 2000, Madonna starred in the film


Premise: What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?

Hypothesis: While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects.