Premise: Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as "scripture"?

Hypothesis: Other related words are: dhikr (remembrance), used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning, and ḥikmah (wisdom), sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.


Premise: What does ORE stand for?

Hypothesis: Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor; finding out "everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe - their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions.


Premise: What motorcycle event is held in Valencia?

Hypothesis: The Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix (Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme) is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de Valencia).


Premise: What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?

Hypothesis: An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point.


Premise: What school provides maritime education on Tuvalu?

Hypothesis: Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills, with the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute on Amatuku motu (island), Funafuti, providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping.


Premise: What band did Free lead singer Paul Rodgers help form?

Hypothesis: Emerging British acts included Free, who released their signature song "All


Premise: Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for?

Hypothesis: Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, and according to a common saying at the time "Windows was not as good as Macintosh, but it was good enough for the average user".


Premise: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?

Hypothesis: They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs.


Premise: Who did Burke turn down money from?

Hypothesis: Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam, declining money from him.


Premise: Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?

Hypothesis: A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje (seahorse), while many, e.g. meisje (girl), originally a diminutive of meid (maid), have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms.


Premise: What was the name of Takakura's successor?

Hypothesis: He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne.


Premise: On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?

Hypothesis: From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories.


Premise: Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot?

Hypothesis: Taboos are often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple.


Premise: What dynasty ended in December 1004?

Hypothesis: The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004.


Premise: What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?

Hypothesis: Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless.


Premise: Which street forms the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights?

Hypothesis: It is the northernmost of the 155 crosstown streets mapped out in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811 that established the numbered street grid in Manhattan.


Premise: Who was Montini's alleged lover?

Hypothesis: According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday.


Premise: What in human teeth enables proprioception?

Hypothesis: This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.


Premise: About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi's convoy?

Hypothesis: On 20 October, Gaddafi broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy, hoping to take refuge in the Jarref Valley.


Premise: What happened to airfields?

Hypothesis: Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen (bomber groups) of the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwadern (bomber wings) were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment.


Premise: In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?

Hypothesis: Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes.


Premise: Along with CHR, Top 40 and Latino, what format have former AC stations transitioned to?

Hypothesis: The consolidation of the "hot AC" format contrasted with the near-demise of most other AC formats:


Premise: Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?

Hypothesis: The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters.


Premise: How many buses have scheduled routes in Israel?

Hypothesis: Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes, operated by several carriers, the largest of which is Egged, serving most of the country.


Premise: Who wrote a biography of Buddha?

Hypothesis: In writing her biography of the Buddha, Karen Armstrong noted, "It is obviously difficult, therefore, to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria, because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound...


Premise: After what event during Ramadan is dinner served?

Hypothesis: During Ramadan, supper is often served after Tarawih prayers; sometimes as late as 11 pm.


Premise: With whom did the  early Romans expect to associate?

Hypothesis: Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy.


Premise: What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?

Hypothesis: Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music.


Premise: When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?

Hypothesis: After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July.


Premise: How many hours a day does the The Staten Island Ferry run?

Hypothesis: The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day.


Premise: In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?

Hypothesis: Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval, which can be either space-like, light-like, or time-like.


Premise: Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy?

Hypothesis: The policy was developed by the Clinton Administration in 1999.


Premise: What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do?

Hypothesis: However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE in England and Wales) by an officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent.


Premise: Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?

Hypothesis: In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law.


Premise: Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?

Hypothesis: There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant provision of marketing 'gifts' and biased information to health professionals; highly prevalent advertising in journals and conferences; funding independent healthcare organizations and health promotion campaigns; lobbying physicians and politicians (more than any other industry in the US); sponsorship of medical schools or nurse training; sponsorship of continuing educational events, with influence on the curriculum; and hiring physicians as paid consultants on medical advisory boards.


Premise: Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?

Hypothesis: The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa.


Premise: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?

Hypothesis: With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra.


Premise: What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?

Hypothesis: Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed.


Premise: How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year?

Hypothesis: Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate.


Premise: How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?

Hypothesis: As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations.


Premise: Where does snow fall in Egypt?

Hypothesis: Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria.


Premise: What event led to decreased Russian support for China?

Hypothesis: With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.


Premise: What year was the first Paris department store founded?

Hypothesis: The Paris department store had its roots in the magasin de nouveautés, or novelty store; the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784.


Premise: What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?

Hypothesis: Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause.


Premise: What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed?

Hypothesis: For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island.


Premise: When was the Arrow War?

Hypothesis: At the start of the Opium War, China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go......


Premise: In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?

Hypothesis: While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "pietà" or "pity".


Premise: What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?

Hypothesis: Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend.


Premise: What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?

Hypothesis: Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements.


Premise: What is the only play that remains in it's entirety from the New Comedy era?

Hypothesis: Only one play, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety.


Premise: When did the classical era end?

Hypothesis: The Classical era followed, ending roughly around 1820.


Premise: When was William of Orange assassinated?

Hypothesis: After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty.


Premise: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?

Hypothesis: Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians.


Premise: What year did the Romans invade Britain?

Hypothesis: Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age.


Premise: After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?

Hypothesis: This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.


Premise: When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?

Hypothesis: Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts.


Premise: What did the court reject in 1994?

Hypothesis: In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision, and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision.


Premise: What is the East front of the palace known as?

Hypothesis: The large East Front, facing The Mall, is today the "public face" of Buckingham Palace, and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour.


Premise: When did the Governing Council define price stability?

Hypothesis: Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.


Premise: When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?

Hypothesis: According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840.


Premise: Which two major Protestant denominations are based in Memphis?

Hypothesis: Tennessee is home to several Protestant denominations, such as the National Baptist Convention (headquartered in Nashville); the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (both headquartered in Memphis); the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy (both headquartered in Cleveland).


Premise: In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?

Hypothesis: In the 1800s the term used was "public house" as in England but "pub culture" did not spread to Canada.


Premise: Who was the Grand Service originally made for?

Hypothesis: On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal "white tie and decorations", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV.


Premise: When did the hyperinflation of  1923 occur?

Hypothesis: By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the "Golden Twenties".


Premise: Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?

Hypothesis: That is, it can be taken to say that whatever we find in the intellect is also incipiently in the senses.


Premise: When did Oda Nobunaga die?

Hypothesis: Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation.


Premise: Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?

Hypothesis: In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities.


Premise: What was the first English available emulator?

Hypothesis: The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami.


Premise: What is the Berggarten?

Hypothesis: There is also the Sea Life Centre Hanover, which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.[citation needed]


Premise: What form of tax were Christians required to pay?

Hypothesis: The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees, although they did pay a poll tax for policing to the central state.


Premise: Do you have to go to the one year of kindergarten?

Hypothesis: The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school.


Premise: How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively?

Hypothesis: According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers.


Premise: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer?

Hypothesis: To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall.


Premise: Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?

Hypothesis: In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs.


Premise: What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?

Hypothesis: The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism.


Premise: What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept?

Hypothesis: The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses.


Premise: When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?

Hypothesis: In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs.


Premise: According to a 2005 survey what was in Hyderabad?

Hypothesis: The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.:97


Premise: Smyth applied for membership with who?

Hypothesis: He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites.


Premise: Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term?

Hypothesis: Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."


Premise: What period started around 472 million years ago?

Hypothesis: Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago.


Premise: How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains?

Hypothesis: Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting.


Premise: How else to migrating birds navigate?

Hypothesis: The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length.


Premise: What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?

Hypothesis: Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property.


Premise: What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?

Hypothesis: Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes.


Premise: Where is the dining room table placed?

Hypothesis: Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed.


Premise: In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?

Hypothesis: In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army.


Premise: What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?

Hypothesis: As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States.


Premise: What is the last step in paper production?

Hypothesis: It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.


Premise: How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?

Hypothesis: These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins.


Premise: What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as?

Hypothesis: The Golden Gate of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the Last Judgement above the portal.


Premise: How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?

Hypothesis: Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets.


Premise: What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?

Hypothesis: Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization.


Premise: What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?

Hypothesis: Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction.


Premise: Post World War II, in what role did Von Neumann work?

Hypothesis: After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and later as one of its commissioners.


Premise: The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?

Hypothesis: It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice.


Premise: When was the movie Airport made?

Hypothesis: One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport.


Premise: What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's middle name?

Hypothesis: He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.


Premise: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?

Hypothesis: When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".


Premise: In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?

Hypothesis: The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year.


Premise: Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?

Hypothesis: These hot spots evaporate faster than the rest of the filament, which increases the resistance at that point—


Premise: What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?

Hypothesis: In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol.


Premise: What is the name of major road race that places within the city?

Hypothesis: Numerous road races take place in New Haven, including the USA 20K Championship during the New Haven Road Race.


Premise: The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?

Hypothesis: In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University).


Premise: What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?

Hypothesis: Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C), but this is typically limited to only a very few nights.


Premise: What was Madonna's documentary called?

Hypothesis: In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the John Lennon song "Imagine" at Tsunami Aid.


Premise: What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical?

Hypothesis: Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse."


Premise: The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what?

Hypothesis: This intensified under John's rule, with many lesser nobles arriving from the continent to take up positions at court; many were mercenary leaders from Poitou.


Premise: How did Mark Antony die?

Hypothesis: After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian.


Premise: In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?

Hypothesis: These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.


Premise: During what months does summer occur in Hyderabad?

Hypothesis: The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F).


Premise: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?

Hypothesis: As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them.


Premise: when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?

Hypothesis: This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency.


Premise: Why has Cyprus been sought out by offshore businesses?

Hypothesis: Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates.


Premise: What is the name of the area that players with the Wolf Link Amiibo can access?

Hypothesis: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage.


Premise: In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?

Hypothesis: The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000.


Premise: Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?

Hypothesis: High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933).


Premise: Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"?

Hypothesis: Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.


Premise: Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what?

Hypothesis: Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.


Premise: Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?

Hypothesis: Milton Friedman declared himself "an enormous admirer of Hayek, but not for his economics.


Premise: When was the text on Shaivism written?

Hypothesis: However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism.


Premise: What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire?

Hypothesis: Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Neo-Sumerian Empire or Third Dynasty of Ur


Premise: How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?

Hypothesis: Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office.


Premise: What principality did the Zakarid family form?

Hypothesis: In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom.


Premise: What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?

Hypothesis: The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the United States Department of Defense after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010, to SunEdison to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwestern side of the base.


Premise: When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation?

Hypothesis: This name and "Russia" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia.


Premise: During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family?

Hypothesis: The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept.


Premise: What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?

Hypothesis: In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces.


Premise: What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?

Hypothesis: Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north faces of the Alps was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand (north face of the Eiger).


Premise: Which modern group now works to attain Galicia status as a nation?

Hypothesis: The Bloque Nacionalista Galego or BNG, is a conglomerate of left-wing parties and individuals that claims Galician political status as a nation.


Premise: Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses?

Hypothesis: Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress.


Premise: What was Luis Suarez's transfer fee in 2014?

Hypothesis: The three highest transfer in the sport's history had a Premier League club on the selling end, with Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £85 million in 2013, Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £80 million in 2009, and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £75 million in 2014.


Premise: What did Chopin compalin about?

Hypothesis: On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: "Three doctors have visited me ...


Premise: What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?

Hypothesis: Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $250,000 in fines.


Premise: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?

Hypothesis: The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans.


Premise: What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines?

Hypothesis: U.S. submarines accounted for 56% of the Japanese merchantmen sunk; mines or aircraft destroyed most of the rest.


Premise: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?

Hypothesis: However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world...


Premise: What document restored the religious privileges of the Catholic Church?

Hypothesis: The state continued to nominate the bishops and to control church finances.


Premise: Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?

Hypothesis: For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurchen, Nü Shu, and Tangut, encoding proposals have been made and they are working their way through the approval process.


Premise: When did the Roland Levinsky building open?

Hypothesis: The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter.


Premise: Element used to provide support to the original signal are called?

Hypothesis: If this element is placed so its signal reaches the main dipole in-phase, it will reinforce the original signal, and increase the current in the dipole.


Premise: When did the Russo-Persian War begin?

Hypothesis: Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires.


Premise: Who was elected Secretary?

Hypothesis: The October 1900 "Khaki election" came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively; total expenses for the election only came to £33.


Premise: What tourist spot can be found directly underneath the New Haven Green?

Hypothesis: Below one of the churches (referred to as the Center Church on-the-Green) lies a 17th-century crypt, which is open to visitors.


Premise: How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held?

Hypothesis: Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ; Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ; and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ.


Premise: In Sufi thought, what experiences bring one closer to truth?

Hypothesis: From the Sufi point of view, God is the always the beloved and the wayfarer's longing and suffering lead to realization of the truths.


Premise: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?

Hypothesis: Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.


Premise: What type of influences did Brigham Young hope to avoid with BYU?

Hypothesis: Said Young about his vision: "I hope to see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country."


Premise: What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?

Hypothesis: Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel, including eliminating of replaceable batteries in notebooks.


Premise: Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?

Hypothesis: Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and


Premise: When are handshake packets generally sent?

Hypothesis: Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte, and are generally sent in response to data packets.


Premise: What are the concerns with anitbiotics?

Hypothesis: While antibiotics are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea, they are usually not used except in specific situations.


Premise: In what year did the Korean War begin?

Hypothesis: The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards.


Premise: What did Obama say the US is at war with, in 2009?

Hypothesis: In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated that the military fight will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University, predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective, and has been "effectively destroyed", and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under international law.


Premise: What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014?

Hypothesis: It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013.


Premise: As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?

Hypothesis: A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet.


Premise: What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?

Hypothesis: During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism.


Premise: Which brand was the kit provider prior to 1994?

Hypothesis: As of 2009, the away kit is changed every season, and the outgoing away kit becomes the third-choice kit if a new home kit is being introduced in the same year.


Premise: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?

Hypothesis: (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625.


Premise: Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates?

Hypothesis: Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb's famous façade, which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking "like everybody's idea of a palace", is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex.


Premise: Which arena was constructed under Jenkins at Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architecture hall, additional residence halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a $400m enhancement and expansion of Notre Dame Stadium.


Premise: What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?

Hypothesis: Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498.


Premise: What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?

Hypothesis: This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh.


Premise: Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?

Hypothesis: The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction.


Premise: How long did Louis the Pious reign?

Hypothesis: Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and, after 829, civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire.


Premise: How many of Detroit's housing is unoccupied?

Hypothesis: These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.


Premise: Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a "run" on IndyMac?

Hypothesis: This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS.


Premise: Who needed Soviet financial and military aid?

Hypothesis: China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets.


Premise: What does the term closeted mean?

Hypothesis: In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance.


Premise: Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?

Hypothesis: Historical reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised.


Premise: With whom did Foster file his patent?

Hypothesis: Foster's application was granted on March 27, 1990.


Premise: How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?

Hypothesis: Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life.


Premise: In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?

Hypothesis: Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011.


Premise: Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?

Hypothesis: In return for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession, Elector Frederick III was allowed to crown himself "King in Prussia" in 1701.


Premise: Did von Neumann enjoy thinking?

Hypothesis: Edward Teller wrote that von Neumann effortlessly outdid anybody he ever met, and said "I never could keep up with him".


Premise: What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?

Hypothesis: There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops, which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership.


Premise: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?

Hypothesis: By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants.


Premise: Where can you see a permanent exhibition of Bermuda currency?

Hypothesis: The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins.


Premise: How many murders were there in Boston in 2015?

Hypothesis: In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides.


Premise: Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist?

Hypothesis: The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West.


Premise: Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?

Hypothesis: After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience.


Premise: Whose life do Christians learn from?

Hypothesis: Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word Christós (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach.


Premise: What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?

Hypothesis: Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it.


Premise: How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?

Hypothesis: The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme.


Premise: Where are the most populated city's Venezuelan live in?

Hypothesis: Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.


Premise: When did instruction begin at Northwestern?

Hypothesis: Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869.


Premise: What do these statutes represent?

Hypothesis: Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice," including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education.


Premise: What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?

Hypothesis: In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes.


Premise: What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?

Hypothesis: Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water.


Premise: Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor?

Hypothesis: In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties.


Premise: Besides R&B, which genres does Beyonce dabble in?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs.


Premise: What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?

Hypothesis: Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in.


Premise: What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?

Hypothesis: Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God.


Premise: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?

Hypothesis: As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.


Premise: Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?

Hypothesis: In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of the Middle East, which began:


Premise: Which single from B'Day was only released in the U.K.?

Hypothesis: It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Beyoncé's second consecutive number-one album in the United States.


Premise: Who discovered morphine?

Hypothesis: Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine, analgesic and sleep-inducing agent from opium, by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner, who named the compound after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus.


Premise: When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?

Hypothesis: Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service.


Premise: Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices?

Hypothesis: Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea) and anterior cingulate cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the motivational element of pain); and pain that is distinctly located also activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices.


Premise: A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?

Hypothesis: Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species.


Premise: What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead  wire system?

Hypothesis: In New York City for the same reasons of cost and operating efficiency outside of Manhattan overhead wire was used.


Premise: What was the original name of Columbia University?

Hypothesis: In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan.


Premise: Where is Massachusetts General Hospital located?

Hypothesis: St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood.


Premise: Who notably produced monster and science fiction films for Universal?

Hypothesis: The studio also had a success with monster and science fiction films produced by William Alland, with many directed by Jack Arnold.


Premise: What states border Florida

Hypothesis: Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States.


Premise: Which navy won the battle of Hydra?

Hypothesis: After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet.


Premise: Besides students, what is the source of funds of private universities?

Hypothesis: However, many public universities in the world have a considerable degree of financial, research and pedagogical autonomy.


Premise: Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule?

Hypothesis: The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.


Premise: What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?

Hypothesis: The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called "The Jazz Age", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. '


Premise: What other name is used when referring to the origins of the Presbyterian Church?

Hypothesis: Some of the splits have been due to doctrinal controversy, while some have been caused by disagreement concerning the degree to which those ordained to church office should be required to agree with the Westminster Confession of Faith, which historically serves as an important confessional document – second only to the Bible, yet directing particularities in the standardization and translation of the Bible – in Presbyterian churches.


Premise: How many British soldiers were rescued by the Chinese 38th Division on April 16??

Hypothesis: On the other hand, some Nationalist units were deployed to blockade the Communists and not the Japanese.


Premise: According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed?

Hypothesis: " When they were first advanced, Gray claims, each of them was "at odds with some available evidence; only later did evidence become available that gave them crucial support."


Premise: How much did the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat out-sell the SNES version?

Hypothesis: Because the Genesis version retained the gore while the SNES version did not, it outsold the SNES version by a ratio of three or four-to-one.


Premise: Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?

Hypothesis: The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc.


Premise: What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?

Hypothesis: There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland.


Premise: What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009?

Hypothesis: The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%.


Premise: What is regularly moulted?

Hypothesis: Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years.


Premise: What mutation did scientists discover?

Hypothesis: Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation that partially accounts for the appearance of Light skin in humans (people who migrated out of Africa northward into what is now Europe) which they estimate occurred 20,000 to 50,000 years ago.


Premise: What is the main feature of a supercapacitor?

Hypothesis: Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy.


Premise: What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?

Hypothesis: Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it.


Premise: What kinds of treats were celebrities receiving?

Hypothesis: Numerous celebrity files concern threats or extortion attempts against them (Sonny Bono, John Denver, John Lennon, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Mickey Mantle, Groucho Marx, and Frank Sinatra).


Premise: What does the 'war on terror' name obscure?

Hypothesis: There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy, media-induced hysteria, and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America's image in most of the world.


Premise: In addressing the issue of "in part," the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?

Hypothesis: In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that "the part must be a substantial part of that group.


Premise: How or why do variations enter a witness text?

Hypothesis: The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text, either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship), as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author's text by copying it.


Premise: What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?

Hypothesis: Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately.


Premise: What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle?

Hypothesis: Thunderstorms are rare, as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year.


Premise: What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?

Hypothesis: Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs.


Premise: What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world?

Hypothesis: London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT).


Premise: Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country?

Hypothesis: It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt and east of Greece.


Premise: When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?

Hypothesis: Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern.


Premise: What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?

Hypothesis: The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region, with Jianghuai (江淮) stressing northern part and Jiangzhe (江浙) stressing southern part.


Premise: In what year did Nasser die?

Hypothesis: Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.


Premise: Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?

Hypothesis: Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango.


Premise: Where is the World Trade Center?

Hypothesis: The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán, San Ángel, and San Jerónimo.


Premise: When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?

Hypothesis: Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict.


Premise: What did  Chancellor Wrighton state as one of the reasons for hosting another debate at Washington University?

Hypothesis: "These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues, and they allow us to help bring national and international attention to the St. Louis region as one of America's great metropolitan areas," said Wrighton.


Premise: What was the population of the island in 1814?

Hypothesis: An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.


Premise: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?

Hypothesis: The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls.


Premise: When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?

Hypothesis: The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca.


Premise: Innovations in what kind of management is Dell known for?

Hypothesis: The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce, particularly its direct-sales model and its "build-to-order" or "configure to order" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications.


Premise: Beyonce's family's company name is what?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon, and its junior collection, Deréon.


Premise: What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?

Hypothesis: Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense."


Premise: Dean's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what?

Hypothesis: By summer of 2003, Howard Dean had become the apparent front runner for the Democratic nomination, performing strongly in most polls and leading the pack with the largest campaign war chest.


Premise: The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties?

Hypothesis: Some 107,400 long tons (109,100 t) of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1,600 civilians were casualties.


Premise: What is another stopover location?

Hypothesis: This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage.


Premise: What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?

Hypothesis: The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley.


Premise: When was the Brown Shipbuilding Company founded?

Hypothesis: When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city.


Premise: What is uranium used for most often in the military?

Hypothesis: The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators.


Premise: Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?

Hypothesis: Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration.


Premise: What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia?

Hypothesis: Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany.


Premise: How long was Nanjing ranked as "severely polluted" during this wave?

Hypothesis: The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine.


Premise: Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?

Hypothesis: The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms.


Premise: What royalty has attended Yale?

Hypothesis: Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields.


Premise: What industries can you find these applications?

Hypothesis: Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries.


Premise: What party did Brennan belong to?

Hypothesis: In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ...


Premise: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?

Hypothesis: Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.


Premise: Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?

Hypothesis: After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law.


Premise: In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?

Hypothesis: A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement.


Premise: What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?

Hypothesis: Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece.


Premise: London is connected to Leeds, Newcastle, and Edinburgh through what motorways?

Hypothesis: Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs.


Premise: What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?

Hypothesis: He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral.


Premise: What is the target age range of Hot AC stations?

Hypothesis: Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women.


Premise: What did Greece have the highest percentage increase in between 2005 and 2011?

Hypothesis: Between 2005 and 2011, Greece has had the highest percentage increase in industrial output compared to 2005 levels out of all European Union members, with an increase of 6%.


Premise: The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?

Hypothesis: The first Constitution was adopted in 1918.


Premise: What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?

Hypothesis: Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.


Premise: What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing?

Hypothesis: Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered accessories rather than clothing, as are footwear and hats.


Premise: The Old Charges are dated from when to when?

Hypothesis: Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining.


Premise: How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition?

Hypothesis: Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron.


Premise: What do the districts also serve as?

Hypothesis: The island is a single electoral area and elects twelve representatives to the Legislative Council of fifteen.


Premise: Where was Apprian from?

Hypothesis: Appian of Alexandria (late first century CE-before 165 CE) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms.


Premise: Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?

Hypothesis: These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity.


Premise: Which section of Eat 58th Street features high end interior design and decoration establishments?

Hypothesis: W / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including


Premise: During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?

Hypothesis: At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229).


Premise: Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?

Hypothesis: At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important.


Premise: Which of Apple's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?

Hypothesis: While sales of the Macintosh have largely held steady, in comparison to Apple's sales of the iPhone and iPad which increased significantly during the 2010s, Macintosh computers still enjoy high margins on a per unit basis, with the majority being their MacBooks that are focused on the ultraportable niche that is the most profitable and only growing segment of PCs.


Premise: What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?

Hypothesis: During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op.


Premise: What did Bell call his special spot in the back of the property?

Hypothesis: He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols.


Premise: Where were the piratical kingdoms from?

Hypothesis: Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia.


Premise: Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?

Hypothesis: In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.


Premise: What does epigenetics study?

Hypothesis: One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by DNA methylation which determines whether they will be expressed or not.


Premise: What did 2012 Olympic spectators vote Eton Dorney to be?

Hypothesis: In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, Eton's purpose-built Dorney Lake, a permanent, eight-lane, 2,200 metre course (about 1.4 miles) in a 400-acre park, officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney, provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors, and during the Games, hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event, attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day), and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators.


Premise: In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?

Hypothesis: One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings.


Premise: Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?

Hypothesis: To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women.


Premise: Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?

Hypothesis: In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821).


Premise: IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?

Hypothesis: IBM has constantly evolved since its inception.


Premise: What do you click on in the PS3 interface to get to the PlayStation Store?

Hypothesis: The PS3 store can also be accessed on PSP via a Remote Play connection to PS3.


Premise: Who said "then art dissapeared"?

Hypothesis: There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens.


Premise: What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?

Hypothesis: Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol; as such, the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni.


Premise: Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA?

Hypothesis: The sequences at the ends of the introns, dictate the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA which encodes the protein or RNA product.


Premise: How big was the tornado in 2011?

Hypothesis: Also the April 16, 2011 F3 Tornado which affected portions of downtown and North east Raleigh and the suburb of Holly Springs.


Premise: What movie block shows silent films?

Hypothesis: The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday: "Silent Sunday Nights", which features silent films from the United States and abroad, usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores; and "TCM Imports" (which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 2000s[specify]), a weekly presentation of films originally released in foreign countries.


Premise: What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as?

Hypothesis: Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default.


Premise: How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs?

Hypothesis: A building’s carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by 85% by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs.


Premise: What is a measure of how much efficient is improved by adding a device designed to make something stronger?

Hypothesis: High-gain antennas have the advantage of longer range and better signal quality, but must be aimed carefully at the other antenna.


Premise: What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?

Hypothesis: After the Vatican Council, in April 1969, Paul VI approved the "new Order of Mass" promulgated in 1970, as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to "end experimentation" with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon.


Premise: What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this?

Hypothesis: The pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna, which radiates equally in all directions, would look like a sphere.


Premise: What animal aids in the hunting?

Hypothesis: Hunting is carried out with firearms, and aided by the use of hounds, with the illegal use of trap guns, trap cages and snare nets.


Premise: What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?

Hypothesis: Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials.


Premise: During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?

Hypothesis: It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.


Premise: Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?

Hypothesis: Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion.


Premise: What theme is common to Spielberg's films?

Hypothesis: Spielberg's films often deal with several recurring themes.


Premise: What did Captain Damian do after his arrival?

Hypothesis: He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the death of Matapang, Hurao and Aguarin.:77–78 Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.:78–79


Premise: Who says the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningfu than the bond of marriage?

Hypothesis: Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father, whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage.


Premise: Which seasons did contestants have to write an original lyric or melody?

Hypothesis: In the final round, the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band—depending on the season.


Premise: How many foggy days does Cork usually have per year?

Hypothesis: Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 97 days of fog a year, most common during mornings and during winter.


Premise: In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live?

Hypothesis: This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian.


Premise: How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?

Hypothesis: Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.


Premise: He was appointed titular archbishop of where?

Hypothesis: On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria.


Premise: Which system had electrical tracking?

Hypothesis: The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns; it was used with their 75 mm.


Premise: Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?

Hypothesis: Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown.


Premise: What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?

Hypothesis: According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially "fascinated the academic world" and appeared to offer a less "facile and superficial" understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school's.


Premise: When does Oklahoma get the most rain?

Hypothesis: Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity.


Premise: What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?

Hypothesis: Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."


Premise: What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?

Hypothesis: it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration.


Premise: What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?

Hypothesis: The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.


Premise: What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?

Hypothesis: Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture".


Premise: What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?

Hypothesis: These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs.


Premise: Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?

Hypothesis: Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on August 9, 2005.


Premise: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?

Hypothesis: This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten.


Premise: What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?

Hypothesis: Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies.


Premise: Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content?

Hypothesis: YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service.


Premise: What is the main trial court called?

Hypothesis: The last Republican to hold the office is Ron Castille, who left in 1991 and is currently the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.


Premise: Why are smoking bans in place?

Hypothesis: Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended.


Premise: To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?

Hypothesis: Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire.


Premise: Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?

Hypothesis: Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it, mostly middle class minorities.


Premise: What is a major annual sports event in Tuvalu?

Hypothesis: A major sporting event is the "Independence Day Sports Festival" held annually on 1 October.


Premise: What is one of the named 527 groups from the 2004 election?

Hypothesis: Because of the Act's restrictions on candidates' and parties' fundraising, a large number of so-called 527 groups emerged.


Premise: What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?

Hypothesis: The enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears, also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body's main defense against eye infections.


Premise: Who was left on the island to recover when sick?

Hypothesis: Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover, before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island.


Premise: What were traces originally made out of?

Hypothesis: Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads.


Premise: Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?

Hypothesis: Ignoring Moltke's plan again, both German armies attacked Frossard's French 2nd Corps, fortified between Spicheren and Forbach.


Premise: What does ASIS stand for?

Hypothesis: While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]


Premise: What did Kerry do in the church while living in Switzerland?

Hypothesis: I was an altar boy and prayed all the time.


Premise: Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?

Hypothesis: Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.


Premise: How many passengers ride the Staten Island Ferry annually?

Hypothesis: The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day.


Premise: What is 'The Boogie Down'?

Hypothesis: This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock.


Premise: Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?

Hypothesis: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it.


Premise: What year did Diamond Comic Distributors team up with Marvel?

Hypothesis: In early 1997, when Marvel's Heroes World endeavor failed, Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with Marvel—giving the company its own section of its comics catalog Previews.


Premise: When was the first time bacteria were observed?

Hypothesis: They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century.


Premise: During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?

Hypothesis: Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons.


Premise: Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?

Hypothesis: The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used.


Premise: What was humanism once considered the same as?

Hypothesis: Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "polite" learning, or the Greek equivalent Paideia.


Premise: What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and   rainfall?

Hypothesis: the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in).


Premise: What part of Lincoln's life did the film cover?

Hypothesis: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film covered the final four months of Lincoln's life.


Premise: When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa?

Hypothesis: However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time.


Premise: In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European?

Hypothesis: The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS Curacoa between 9 and 16 October 1892.


Premise: What research was Egypt known for?

Hypothesis: Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.


Premise: How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?

Hypothesis: As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).


Premise: The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location?

Hypothesis: The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years.


Premise: What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?

Hypothesis: China Standard Time at epicenter (06:28:01 UTC) on May 12 in Sichuan province, killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing.


Premise: When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?

Hypothesis: The first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670.


Premise: On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island?

Hypothesis: On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002.


Premise: How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?

Hypothesis: But in the absence of anything else in the universe, it would be difficult to confirm that the bucket was indeed spinning.


Premise: The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body?

Hypothesis: At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs.


Premise: Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located?

Hypothesis: Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone).


Premise: How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove?

Hypothesis: To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the "Commercial Central Retail – West Zone".


Premise: Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?

Hypothesis: During the bombing raid, private Radoje Ljutovac fired his cannon at the enemy aircraft and successfully shot one down.


Premise: In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?

Hypothesis: Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective.


Premise: Who narrated a short Spielberg bio at the Kennedy Center?

Hypothesis: The tribute to Spielberg featured a short, filmed biography narrated by Tom Hanks and included thank-yous from World War II veterans for Saving Private Ryan, as well as a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein's Candide, conducted by John Williams (Spielberg's frequent composer).[citation needed]


Premise: Why has production automation become popular?

Hypothesis: With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular.


Premise: Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance?

Hypothesis: With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems.


Premise: What organization called for Tuvalu to  improve its water and sanitation systems?

Hypothesis: In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation.


Premise: What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?

Hypothesis: Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive.


Premise: Consumer sales of MCA films began in 1978 with what movie?

Hypothesis: Technical documents and brochures produced by MCA Disco-Vision during the early and mid-'70s also used the term "Disco-Vision Records" to refer to the pressed discs.


Premise: How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?

Hypothesis: In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.


Premise: Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina?

Hypothesis: The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina.


Premise: What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?

Hypothesis: " Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well.


Premise: In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?

Hypothesis: By 2004, the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program, more than any other novel.


Premise: How many floors does the Alvorada have?

Hypothesis: The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace.


Premise: How many people were evacuated during the invasion?

Hypothesis: Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well.


Premise: How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952

Hypothesis: These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg.


Premise: What railways lines are still in use today

Hypothesis: The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe.


Premise: What are some examples of phase change materials?

Hypothesis: Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems.


Premise: What are lactoses component parts?

Hypothesis: Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods.


Premise: What are Florida's Mean temperatures in  late July

Hypothesis: Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–34 °C).


Premise: What provinces did Sangui control?

Hypothesis: The chief of these was Wu Sangui, who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively.


Premise: Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?

Hypothesis: The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running OS [sic] without guaranteed technical support."


Premise: What did UNICEF report?

Hypothesis: On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families.


Premise: What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums?

Hypothesis: Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson perceives that such elements "all recur at various points", namely "the luxurious soul of 2004's The College Dropout, the symphonic pomp of Late Registration, the gloss of 2007's Graduation, and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008's 808s & Heartbreak".


Premise: How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006?

Hypothesis: Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008, maternal and child mortality rates have dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure has been expanded.


Premise: Where was Washington University located?

Hypothesis: Although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis.


Premise: At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?

Hypothesis: Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual wake time.


Premise: What finance act affected the 2004 election?

Hypothesis: The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain–Feingold Bill for its sponsors in the United States Senate).


Premise: When was Toynbee's report put together?

Hypothesis: Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day.


Premise: What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?

Hypothesis: Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts.


Premise: To whom was John B. Kroc married?

Hypothesis: It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc.


Premise: From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?

Hypothesis: Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.


Premise: Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?

Hypothesis: Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59).


Premise: What book is still used for nomenclature?

Hypothesis: The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (diagnostic keys) or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys.


Premise: What is the vowel system of Catalan?

Hypothesis: Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.


Premise: What is the Arabic for situation?

Hypothesis: However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same.


Premise: When was the capital of Armenia established?

Hypothesis: A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation.


Premise: Under who's rule did Alsace thrive under?

Hypothesis: The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the fief from the crown out of their own greed.


Premise: A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?

Hypothesis: Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ..."


Premise: The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?

Hypothesis: The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains.


Premise: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?

Hypothesis: Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution.


Premise: Who was part of Hollywood Ten?

Hypothesis: Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce."


Premise: What does CCI stand for?

Hypothesis: Some 6,000 families of Indian descent resided in the Richmond Region as of 2011.


Premise: Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?

Hypothesis: More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, Liverpool), Simon Holt (1958-, Bolton) and Philip Cashian (1963-, Manchester).


Premise: What is dutch for "Peasant Wedding"?

Hypothesis: Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a "prince" plus cortège ("Jester/adjutant and Council of 11"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.


Premise: What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?

Hypothesis: Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday.


Premise: According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?

Hypothesis: The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests.


Premise: In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel?

Hypothesis: The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House.


Premise: Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?

Hypothesis: Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.