Premise: There is a conference that the male hockey team of Notre Dame competes in, what is it?

Hypothesis: Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East.


Premise: What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture?

Hypothesis: Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of cellulose.


Premise: The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?

Hypothesis: Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven–Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington, D.C., and Vermont, 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian border.


Premise: What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?

Hypothesis: Unlike the palace and the castle, the purpose-built gallery is open continually and displays a changing selection of items from the collection.


Premise: What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral?

Hypothesis: They are comparatively wide, and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories, giving a similar spacious appearance to the 'Hallenkirche of Germany, as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery in Portugal.


Premise: Who was a big proponent of modernism in art?

Hypothesis: José Luis Cuevas opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.


Premise: What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?

Hypothesis: The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus.


Premise: Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as?

Hypothesis: They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for "Irreplaceable" and "Green Light".


Premise: What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?

Hypothesis: The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.


Premise: What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?

Hypothesis: The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups.


Premise: What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma?

Hypothesis: The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Warning Decision Training Branch, all part of the National Weather Service and located in Norman.


Premise: What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?

Hypothesis: Lucretius, in his On the Nature of Things, attempted to explicate science in an epic poem.


Premise: When did the US officially enter World War II?

Hypothesis: The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.


Premise: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?

Hypothesis: The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).


Premise: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?

Hypothesis: Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors.


Premise: What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?

Hypothesis: On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.


Premise: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?

Hypothesis: Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.".


Premise: What was "chicken in a basket" served in?

Hypothesis: In the late 1960s "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience.


Premise: Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?

Hypothesis: The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese.


Premise: Throughout the Roaring Twenties, what public beach in New Haven was a favored destination for tourists?

Hypothesis: Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb.


Premise: What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?

Hypothesis: He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders.


Premise: When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?

Hypothesis: Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century.


Premise: What changed worldwide property drasrically?

Hypothesis: Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929.


Premise: What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?

Hypothesis: This accompanied the release of the iPod, Apple's first successful handheld device.


Premise: Which Prussian chancellor's motives in the conflict are still disputed?

Hypothesis: The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification.


Premise: Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?

Hypothesis: Marconi discovered that by raising the "aerial" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased.


Premise: What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom?

Hypothesis: The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 to January 1901.


Premise: What languages did Aavik know?

Hypothesis: Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish.


Premise: Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author?

Hypothesis: Restaurant Row is sandwiched by three of Tucson's storied Neighborhoods: Harold Bell Wright Estates, named after the famous author's ranch which occupied some of that area prior to the depression; the Tucson Country Club (the third to bear the name Tucson Country Club), and the Dorado Country Club.


Premise: Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse?

Hypothesis: Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution.


Premise: When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?

Hypothesis: In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters, first for Forbes magazine's Best Cities for College Graduates, and first on their list of Best Cities to Buy a Home.


Premise: In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?

Hypothesis: The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."


Premise: In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?

Hypothesis: In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia.


Premise: The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?

Hypothesis: At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg.


Premise: Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?

Hypothesis: Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya.


Premise: In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?

Hypothesis: Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856.


Premise: Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?

Hypothesis: Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.


Premise: When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?

Hypothesis: The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared.


Premise: What did Murdoch and Mackenzie say in defense of The Sun?

Hypothesis: Murdoch has responded to some of the arguments against the newspaper by saying that critics are "snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else", while MacKenzie claims the same critics are people who, if they ever had a "popular idea", would have to "go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour".


Premise: Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?

Hypothesis: He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.


Premise: What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?

Hypothesis: At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital.


Premise: Who is Apollo's twin sister?

Hypothesis: The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more.


Premise: Which company makes timepieces in Midtown?

Hypothesis: Like downtown and Corktown, Midtown also has a fast-growing retailing and restaurant scene.


Premise: Who is the current chairman of the Premier League?

Hypothesis: The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.


Premise: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?

Hypothesis: The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began.


Premise: What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?

Hypothesis: " They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period.


Premise: A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?

Hypothesis: A cappella [a kapˈpɛlla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way.


Premise: What can the Western Han dynasty also be called?

Hypothesis: The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 东汉; traditional Chinese: 東漢;


Premise: Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.

Hypothesis: Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher.


Premise: Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?

Hypothesis: Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Transept, survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey.


Premise: What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?

Hypothesis: West, alongside his mother, founded the "Kanye West Foundation" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education.


Premise: What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?

Hypothesis: The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose government asked to fight in Korea.


Premise: Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?

Hypothesis: The Rajputs put up a valiant resistance to the Islamic invasions and protected this land with their warfare and chivalry for more than 500 years.


Premise: Where are H & J Smith stores typically located?

Hypothesis: Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909).


Premise: What marked the conclusion of The Great War?

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order.


Premise: What systems are really geared toward mobility?

Hypothesis: Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all.


Premise: What group did Otto I defeat?

Hypothesis: In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany, and was engaged in driving back the Magyars.


Premise: How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be?

Hypothesis: Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.


Premise: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?

Hypothesis: In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO.


Premise: What was Victorias place in line of succession to the throne when she was born?

Hypothesis: King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.


Premise: During what time period was the Devonian era?

Hypothesis: The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma.


Premise: Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found?

Hypothesis: This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.


Premise: What do Yama's dogs watch over?

Hypothesis: They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.


Premise: Who took over for Thatcher?

Hypothesis: The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990, despite the party's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax (officially known as the Community Charge).


Premise: What allows people to hunt over the internet?

Hypothesis: Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting."


Premise: What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?

Hypothesis: For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics.


Premise: What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?

Hypothesis: Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps.


Premise: The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?

Hypothesis: The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788.


Premise: What was the nationality of the first European to observe the Marshall Islands?

Hypothesis: On August 21, he sighted an island (probably Taongi) at 14°N that he named "San Bartolome".


Premise: What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?

Hypothesis: This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture.


Premise: What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?

Hypothesis: The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it).


Premise: "The East" refers to what?

Hypothesis: The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just "the east."


Premise: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account?

Hypothesis: Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.


Premise: What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?

Hypothesis: Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists.


Premise: When was the first Marvel-sponsored comics convention?

Hypothesis: At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to work for rival DC Comics.


Premise: When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?

Hypothesis: The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying "she doesn’t want to run in the event as ‘caged woman’.


Premise: April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?

Hypothesis: April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official "Commemorative Dates of Russia.


Premise: How many times did Jesus predict his own death?

Hypothesis: In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes.


Premise: Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?

Hypothesis: Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery.


Premise: What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685

Hypothesis: Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610.


Premise: When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?

Hypothesis: In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage.


Premise: How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?

Hypothesis: The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands.


Premise: Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?

Hypothesis: Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids.


Premise: What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?

Hypothesis: It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle.


Premise: What modified AV protocol does the 360 utilize?

Hypothesis: Music, photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices, Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices (such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives), and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local-area network in streaming mode.


Premise: How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?

Hypothesis: In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders.


Premise: What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?

Hypothesis: He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments.


Premise: What is the main application of these set ups?

Hypothesis: However a log-periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements of different lengths in order to obtain a somewhat directional antenna having an extremely wide bandwidth: these are frequently used for television reception in fringe areas.


Premise: Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950?

Hypothesis: On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean.


Premise: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?

Hypothesis: The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by Ötzi the Iceman, although he was not Neolithic (since he belonged to the later Copper age).


Premise: What is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form?

Hypothesis: Error detection is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form.


Premise: What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?

Hypothesis: Those who refused were sent into exile.


Premise: Who designed the Praça dos Três Poderes?

Hypothesis: Praça dos Três Poderes (Portuguese for Square of the Three Powers) is a plaza in Brasília.


Premise: What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not?

Hypothesis: Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood.


Premise: What are the concerns with anitbiotics?

Hypothesis: There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7.


Premise: Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?

Hypothesis: Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism).


Premise: The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?

Hypothesis: " Rising efficiency in production techniques and communication lowered the prices of consumer goods and increased the amount and variety of goods available to consumers (including the literature essential to the public sphere).


Premise: In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?

Hypothesis: Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography.


Premise: How many seats did the BJP win?

Hypothesis: Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant.


Premise: A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?

Hypothesis: (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)


Premise: How long did the English occupy Valencia?

Hypothesis: English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid.


Premise: Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?

Hypothesis: The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks.


Premise: Where can the public view the Royal Collection?

Hypothesis: Unlike the palace and the castle, the purpose-built gallery is open continually and displays a changing selection of items from the collection.


Premise: The highest ranking persons title in British india is?

Hypothesis: British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system.


Premise: When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?

Hypothesis: Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.


Premise: What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?

Hypothesis: Conservatives complained, that "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority.


Premise: What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?

Hypothesis: Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France.


Premise: In 2006, which Northwestern linebacker became the youngest Division/FBS coach at the time?

Hypothesis: Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006, 31-year-old former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position, becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time.


Premise: What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions.


Premise: What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?

Hypothesis: The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties.


Premise: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?

Hypothesis: Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories.


Premise: What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?

Hypothesis: In 1973 he converted Gabonese President Omar Bongo, an action which he repeated three years later with Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic.


Premise: How much did iPod owners originally have to pay for replacement batteries?

Hypothesis: The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005.


Premise: What could cause early light-output degradation in LEDs?

Hypothesis: With the development of high-power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperatures and higher current densities than traditional devices.


Premise: What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?

Hypothesis: The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism.


Premise: How much English did Tito speak?

Hypothesis: As regards knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, and some English.


Premise: How fast does the elevator drop down?

Hypothesis: The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second.


Premise: Who sang Medieval plainchant?

Hypothesis: As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble—and the works written for it—have become a defining feature of classical music.


Premise: Insects notice what type of movement?

Hypothesis: Most insects, except some species of cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark.


Premise: What does AFL sand for?

Hypothesis: It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League.


Premise: Who was a famous engraver that migrated to Mexico City?

Hypothesis: During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as Leopoldo Méndez, an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular (Popular Graphics Workshop), designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art.


Premise: In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?

Hypothesis: Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.


Premise: What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?

Hypothesis: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Opéra Bastille (1985-1989), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.


Premise: What are man-portable missiles better known as?

Hypothesis: Man-portable missiles, MANPADs as they are known today, were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies.


Premise: The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics?

Hypothesis: The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and an interesting Anastasis where King Salomon bears resemblance to Constantine Monomachos).


Premise: How could aircraft engage bombers when fitted with a turret?

Hypothesis: It was faster, able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could (much like German night fighters in 1943–1945 with Schräge Musik) engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath.


Premise: What are FBI special agents issued if they fail their first qualification?

Hypothesis: New agents are issued firearms, on which they must qualify, on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy.


Premise: What was Droysen's work called that explained the era?

Hypothesis: "Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece.


Premise: Which magazine advocated for Galician nationalism?

Hypothesis: Vicente Risco and Ramón Otero Pedrayo were outstanding cultural figures of this movement, and the magazine Nós ('Us'), founded 1920, its most notable cultural institution, Lois Peña Novo the outstanding political figure.


Premise: What is the MWRA?

Hypothesis: In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)—play a role in the life of Bostonians.


Premise: How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?

Hypothesis: As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun.


Premise: HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?

Hypothesis: Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.


Premise: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?

Hypothesis: The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread.


Premise: How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended?

Hypothesis: On 10 February, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique’s Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola’s team in the 2010–11 season, with a 1–1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015–16 Copa del Rey.


Premise: What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?

Hypothesis: The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada’s critical infrastructure sectors.


Premise: The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?

Hypothesis: The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.


Premise: What event is more relevant to Espanyol supporters than to Barcelona fans?

Hypothesis: In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan.


Premise: How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?

Hypothesis: In June 2010, Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion.


Premise: Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen?

Hypothesis: Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.


Premise: Who was questioned on live TV?

Hypothesis: Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice, albeit limited, for the first time since 1917, when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies.


Premise: How many points does the Star of Unity have?

Hypothesis: The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia.


Premise: What does NCAZ take care of?

Hypothesis: According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.


Premise: How many United States presidents are interred in Hollywood Cemetery?

Hypothesis: Other historical points of interest include St. John's Church, the site of Patrick Henry's famous "Give me liberty or give me death" speech, and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, features many of his writings and other artifacts of his life, particularly when he lived in the city as a child, a student, and a successful writer.


Premise: Where were the first isps established?

Hypothesis: In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States.


Premise: After the coup, when were presidential elections held?

Hypothesis: In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed Ialá.


Premise: What are the best known gymnastic events?

Hypothesis: Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.


Premise: When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what?

Hypothesis: This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient.


Premise: What is a notable achievement about the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten?

Hypothesis: im Großen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany.


Premise: What is the HMDA mainly responsible for?

Hypothesis: The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city.


Premise: What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?

Hypothesis: Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia.


Premise: Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?

Hypothesis: "Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece.


Premise: Who represented Rivera's Colorados?

Hypothesis: Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems.


Premise: What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.

Hypothesis: The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture.


Premise: What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?

Hypothesis: In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse.


Premise: During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west?

Hypothesis: As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for instance, the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount.


Premise: What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?

Hypothesis: Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.


Premise: Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?

Hypothesis: MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP).


Premise: At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work?

Hypothesis: The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange.


Premise: Where did error coins originate?

Hypothesis: Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks.


Premise: What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations?

Hypothesis: Sanskrit has also influenced Sino-Tibetan languages through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation.


Premise: How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?

Hypothesis: At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, "settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor.


Premise: Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China?

Hypothesis: Normally the Manchu Bannermen acted only as reserve forces or in the rear and were used predominantly for quick strikes with maximum impact, so as to minimize ethnic Manchu losses; instead, the Qing used defected Han Chinese troops to fight as the vanguard during the entire conquest of China.


Premise: How is the decision made on who gets full citizenship rights in Burma?

Hypothesis: Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee.


Premise: What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?

Hypothesis: Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour.


Premise: What year was the first population increase since 1954?

Hypothesis: The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975.


Premise: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?

Hypothesis: The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.


Premise: How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?

Hypothesis: The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.


Premise: Where can St. George's Town be found?

Hypothesis: Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated; there are, for example, two islands named Long Island, three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and Cooper's islands), two Horseshoe Bays (one in Southampton, on the Main Island, the other at Morgan's Point, formerly Tucker's Island), there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in St. George's Parish), and St George's Town is located on St George's Island within St George's Parish (each known as St George's).


Premise: As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?

Hypothesis: This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time.


Premise: What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art?

Hypothesis: Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists.


Premise: George Washington once paid visit to Sherman's house, what year was this?

Hypothesis: The Union League Club of New Haven building, located on Chapel Street, is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building, but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman's home once stood; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 (one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime).


Premise: What did Bronn change "Favoured Races" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?

Hypothesis: Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie.


Premise: Who are private insurance companies required to accept?

Hypothesis: While the cost of the system is among the highest it compares well with other European countries in terms of health outcomes; patients who are citizens have been reported as being, in general, highly satisfied with it.


Premise: Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?

Hypothesis: His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.


Premise: What new stations were added to the Glounthaune to Midleton line?

Hypothesis: The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork.


Premise: Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?

Hypothesis: In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium.


Premise: What can hardware be a source of?

Hypothesis: Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised.


Premise: How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?

Hypothesis: The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward.


Premise: Which actor criticized Toscano's elimination?

Hypothesis: Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks.


Premise: What sound comes from the Bissagos Islands?

Hypothesis: The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's folk music traditions.


Premise: When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?

Hypothesis: The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century.


Premise: What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish?

Hypothesis: Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies.


Premise: Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?

Hypothesis: The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO.


Premise: What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?

Hypothesis: " When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because "this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences."


Premise: How many schools are in Boston?

Hypothesis: The Boston Latin School, established 1635, is the oldest public high school in the US; Boston also operates the United States' second oldest public high school, and its oldest public elementary school.


Premise: What rating did Ars Technica initially give PlayStation 3?

Hypothesis: IGN judged PlayStation 3 to have the best game line-up of 2008, based on their review scores in comparison to those of Wii and Xbox 360.


Premise: How many pages is The Times' travel magazine?

Hypothesis: The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003, and it includes news, features and insider guides.


Premise: The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?

Hypothesis: When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.


Premise: Who did Northern Rock request security from?

Hypothesis: Northern Rock's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions.


Premise: During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?

Hypothesis: Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84.2 °F).


Premise: What device allows backing up SNES games?

Hypothesis: Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy.


Premise: In what year did Elizabeth's  son's ex-wife die?

Hypothesis: Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family, but support for the monarchy and her personal popularity remain high.


Premise: Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S.?

Hypothesis: The building would become the first university skyscraper in the United States.


Premise: What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired?

Hypothesis: In reaction, the two other generals decided to petition for their own retirements to test Kangxi's resolve, thinking that he would not risk offending them.


Premise: Igbo Ukwu made the oldest bronze art using which process?

Hypothesis: Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan.


Premise: When did the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland unite?

Hypothesis: Following an attempted republican revolution in Ireland in 1798, the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were unified in 1801, creating the United Kingdom.


Premise: What group did MLK believe needed more attention from the FBI?

Hypothesis: In the mid-1960s, King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists.


Premise: Who replaced Derby when he resigned in 1868?

Hypothesis: Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria.


Premise: Who starred in 'Lincoln' as Abraham Lincoln?

Hypothesis: Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln.


Premise: What did the company call themselves after the  merger?

Hypothesis: In 2004, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment.


Premise: Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?

Hypothesis: Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President.


Premise: For what film was Paltrow studying Beyonce ?

Hypothesis: American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong.


Premise: What types of crafts can be purchased at Vernissage?

Hypothesis: Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week).


Premise: What kinds of amensalism are there?

Hypothesis: There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis.


Premise: In what state was the Universal Film Manufacturing Company incorporated?

Hypothesis: The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30, 1912.


Premise: Who's the current Mayor of Southampton?

Hypothesis: The current and 793rd Mayor of Southampton is Linda Norris.


Premise: What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge open?

Hypothesis: They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened.


Premise: What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?

Hypothesis: As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent.


Premise: Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?

Hypothesis: Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago.


Premise: What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?

Hypothesis: Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection.


Premise: What is the main way that peticides perform their function?

Hypothesis: Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method.


Premise: Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language?

Hypothesis: Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is.


Premise: What is Zhongyang Shangchang?

Hypothesis: One third of the city population worked in the service industry, .


Premise: What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?

Hypothesis: After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard.


Premise: What two people suggested the 1848 tour?

Hypothesis: This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister.


Premise: Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?

Hypothesis: In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand.


Premise: Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?

Hypothesis: In the years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages.


Premise: What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?

Hypothesis: The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule.


Premise: What area employs 15000 people in the couinty

Hypothesis: Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people.


Premise: Where did Eleanor leave to?

Hypothesis: Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey.


Premise: Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?

Hypothesis: This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea.


Premise: Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol?

Hypothesis: Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones.


Premise: What was the largest denomination in North Carolina in 2010?

Hypothesis: As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination, with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members; the second largest was the United Methodist Church, with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches.


Premise: How many seats did the Communists win in 1920 Yugoslavia?

Hypothesis: In January 1920, Tito and his wife made a long and difficult journey home to Yugoslavia where he arrived in September.


Premise: Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

Hypothesis: During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson.


Premise: What god is Narayana?

Hypothesis: It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne.


Premise: What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently?

Hypothesis: 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work.


Premise: What does ICRISTAT stand for?

Hypothesis: For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour).


Premise: Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?

Hypothesis: Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire.


Premise: Who designed the A.C. Goode House?

Hypothesis: The city is recognised for its mix of modern architecture which intersects with an extensive range of nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings.


Premise: Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?

Hypothesis: City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.


Premise: What do Jehovah Witnesses considered remarriage when the reason for divorce wasn't adultery?

Hypothesis: Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as "a scriptural divorce".


Premise: Who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?

Hypothesis: Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of Bards" including, among others, the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence.


Premise: In what year was Ali killed?

Hypothesis: Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan.


Premise: What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?

Hypothesis: Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans.


Premise: On what day is full costume worn?

Hypothesis: Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment.


Premise: How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?

Hypothesis: Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF).


Premise: What was Aetius's career?

Hypothesis: The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon."


Premise: Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?

Hypothesis: Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea.


Premise: What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?

Hypothesis: Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products.


Premise: What compression did Euro1080 later change to?

Hypothesis: Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.


Premise: What official name did the GNC give to Libya?

Hypothesis: The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber, and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval, the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position.


Premise: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?

Hypothesis: The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men.


Premise: Who developed Neo Plasticism?

Hypothesis: The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris.


Premise: What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?

Hypothesis: During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson.


Premise: Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?

Hypothesis: He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from “beyond the sea.


Premise: What is the common name for the General Grant National Memorial?

Hypothesis: Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial ("Grant's Tomb"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial.


Premise: Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?

Hypothesis: The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies".


Premise: How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?

Hypothesis: Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague.


Premise: What was the US release date for Spectre?

Hypothesis: Spectre was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London, followed by a worldwide release.


Premise: What is the main controversy found in song lyrics?

Hypothesis: Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AIDS.


Premise: Which British venue did Queen sell out in 1977?

Hypothesis: During 1976, Queen played one of their most famous gigs, a free concert in Hyde Park, London.


Premise: What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?

Hypothesis: While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations.


Premise: Why might more than 500 crimes have occurred each day at the turn of the century instead of the officially reported number?

Hypothesis: Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime".


Premise: Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?

Hypothesis: The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southeast Asian influences.


Premise: In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?

Hypothesis: In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921.


Premise: What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music?

Hypothesis: DJs such as Frankie Knuckles, Marshall Jefferson, Paul Johnson and Mickey Oliver celebrated the proclamation at the Summer Dance Series, an event organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs.


Premise: From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?

Hypothesis: As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage.


Premise: Where can the Community Tool Box be found?

Hypothesis: It is a free, online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development, and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development.


Premise: What type of music did Madonna experimented with in Music?

Hypothesis: Madonna returned to pure dance songs with Confessions on a Dance Floor, infusing club beats and retro music with the lyrics about paradoxical metaphors and reference to her earlier works.


Premise: What is the process of removing feather parasites?

Hypothesis: The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading bacteria.


Premise: What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?

Hypothesis: On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether.


Premise: What does the term Appalachian refer to?

Hypothesis: The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range.


Premise: When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer?

Hypothesis: The Z3 was Turing complete.


Premise: During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?

Hypothesis: Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants.


Premise: What states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?"

Hypothesis: The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose."


Premise: What was Antonin Dvorak's New York home replaced with after it was demolished?

Hypothesis: Composer Antonín Dvořák's New York home was located at 327 East 17th Street, near Perlman Place.


Premise: With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?

Hypothesis: Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.


Premise: What can trigger famine conditions?

Hypothesis: While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.


Premise: What is the Japan Broadcasting Corporation called?

Hypothesis: The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater.


Premise: How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?

Hypothesis: However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."


Premise: What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?

Hypothesis: As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains, Cubism in poetry "is the conscious, deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture.


Premise: The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?

Hypothesis: In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them."


Premise: When will a new international school open in Brasilia?

Hypothesis: English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum.


Premise: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?

Hypothesis: The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects.


Premise: What was the GDP growth rate of Greece in 2013?

Hypothesis: The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of −0.3% in 2008, −4.3% in 2009, −5.5% in 2010, −9.1% in 2011, −7.3% in 2012 and −3.2% in 2013.


Premise: Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?

Hypothesis: Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews.


Premise: These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called?

Hypothesis: Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music.


Premise: What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?

Hypothesis: During the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and stayed when it collapsed.


Premise: When did Pope Pius XI die?

Hypothesis: He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939.


Premise: What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?

Hypothesis: J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op.


Premise: How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race?

Hypothesis: Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so.


Premise: what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?

Hypothesis: The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41.


Premise: How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?

Hypothesis: A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist.


Premise: What does AFL sand for?

Hypothesis: The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States.


Premise: Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?

Hypothesis: Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements.


Premise: What was Japanese culture influenced by?

Hypothesis: As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole.


Premise: Which are the largest two cities in the state?

Hypothesis: It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez.


Premise: What is the longest river in Ireland?

Hypothesis: The river Severn at 220 mi (354 km)[citation needed] is the longest in Great Britain.


Premise: What does the skeleton consist of?

Hypothesis: The last few are fused with the pelvis to form the synsacrum.


Premise: How much did Tribune Company purchase the Cubs for?

Hypothesis: In 1981, after 6 decades under the Wrigley family, the Cubs were purchased by Tribune Company for $20,500,000.


Premise: What smartphones have SNES emulators?

Hypothesis: While individual games have been included with emulators on some GameCube discs, Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii marks the introduction of officially sanctioned general SNES emulation, though SNES9x GX, a port of SNES9x, has been made for the Wii.


Premise: Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what?

Hypothesis: Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy.


Premise: Are there any clubs Scotland or Ireland in the Premier League?

Hypothesis: The idea came closest to reality in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland, but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland.


Premise: People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?

Hypothesis: Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram.


Premise: Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?

Hypothesis: In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England.


Premise: Who ended their sponsorship this season?

Hypothesis: Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten.


Premise: How do young learn migratory routes?

Hypothesis: Migratory routes and wintering grounds are traditional and learned by young during their first migration with their parents.


Premise: In what decade did Cuban immigrants introduce their cuisine to Miami?

Hypothesis: Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine.


Premise: What was another reason for populations moving?

Hypothesis: The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.


Premise: Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?

Hypothesis: Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career.


Premise: How many contestants made it past the first round of auditions?

Hypothesis: One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons.


Premise: What was Whitehead's description of God?

Hypothesis: Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."


Premise: Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements?

Hypothesis: The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.


Premise: Has violent crime rate fallen or risen in the last 10 years?

Hypothesis: Similarly, major crimes in the city has decreased gradually in the last ten years since its peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported.


Premise: What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?

Hypothesis: An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i. e., the region around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually.


Premise: What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?

Hypothesis: To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered.


Premise: What type of metal makes better alloys than traditional steel?

Hypothesis: Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys.


Premise: What began to alienate the readers from publications such as NME?

Hypothesis: Emphasizing glamour, fashion, and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups, the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement.


Premise: Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?

Hypothesis: In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy.


Premise: Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?

Hypothesis: The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector.


Premise: What is absent in a coreless DC motor?

Hypothesis: Taking advantage of this fact is the coreless or ironless DC motor, a specialized form of a PM DC motor.


Premise: What else was housed in the city

Hypothesis: Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.


Premise: What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on?

Hypothesis: AC radio stations may play mainstream music, but they will exclude hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as they are less popular amongst the target demographic of these radio stations, which is intended for an adult audience.


Premise: How many murders did Detroit have in 2015?

Hypothesis: Although the murder rate increased by 6% during the first half of 2015, it was surpassed by St Louis and Baltimore which saw much greater spikes in violence.


Premise: What is the Italian term for the prime minister?

Hypothesis: In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state).


Premise: Where did this earthquake occur?

Hypothesis: Panzhihua earthquake for details.)


Premise: How many libraries are on the Evanston campus?

Hypothesis: The Northwestern library system consists of four libraries on the Evanston campus including the present main library, University Library and the original library building, Deering Library; three libraries on the Chicago campus; and the library affiliated with Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary.


Premise: How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?

Hypothesis: Adonia, Arcadia, Aurora, Azura, Oceana, Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.


Premise: In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress?

Hypothesis: The Supreme Court also ruled in Reid v. Covert that any treaty provision that conflicts with the Constitution are null and void under U.S. law.


Premise: Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?

Hypothesis: On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy.


Premise: What activity is often held before Somali weddings?

Hypothesis: Additionally, henna is an important part of Somali culture.


Premise: In what nation's pubs is food often served?

Hypothesis: Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.


Premise: Which countries challenged Britain's economic lead by the start of the 20th century?

Hypothesis: By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States challenged Britain's economic lead.


Premise: Which Macintosh had a distinctive "pizza box" case?

Hypothesis: The 68020-powered Macintosh LC, in its distinctive "pizza box" case, offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new, low-cost 512×384 pixel monitor.


Premise: What is pork often called in Israel?

Hypothesis: Together with non-kosher fish, rabbits and ostriches, pork—often called "white meat" in Israel—is produced and consumed, though it is forbidden by both Judaism and Islam.


Premise: PlayStation Network is only available for PS3 and what other device?

Hypothesis: PlayStation Network uses real currency and PlayStation Network Cards as seen with the PlayStation Store and PlayStation Home.


Premise: Which Atlantic City neighborhood became particularly impoverished in the mid-to-late 20th century?

Hypothesis: Like many older east coast cities after World War II, Atlantic City became plagued with poverty, crime, corruption, and general economic decline in the mid-to-late 20th century.


Premise: When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?

Hypothesis: The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861.


Premise: What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ?

Hypothesis: For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym "Greeks" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin.


Premise: Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?

Hypothesis: James Thomson (1700–1748) penned his "Poem to the Memory of Newton," which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.


Premise: Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations?

Hypothesis: As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the textual variants are fairly insignificant and hardly affect any doctrine.


Premise: What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?

Hypothesis: The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip


Premise: Who is the main character in the sixth Digimon series?

Hypothesis: The story follows a boy named Mikey Kudō (Taiki Kudo in Japan) who, along with his friends, ends up in the Digital World where they meet Shoutmon and his Digimon friends.


Premise: What was Spielberg's father's career?

Hypothesis: In 1950, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey when his father took a job with RCA.


Premise: Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?

Hypothesis: In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.


Premise: What is the present status of the Angel pub?

Hypothesis: The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man.


Premise: Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?

Hypothesis: The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha empire.


Premise: Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?

Hypothesis: The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan.


Premise: What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?

Hypothesis: YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works".


Premise: What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?

Hypothesis: Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword.


Premise: How would one get Windows RT?

Hypothesis: A port of Windows 8 for ARM architecture, Windows RT, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.


Premise: Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?

Hypothesis: For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ranges, because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites, or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds.


Premise: Whose advice does a sovereign follow?

Hypothesis: An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute.


Premise: During which months are portions of the US affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California?

Hypothesis: The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September, which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region.


Premise: What is an example of an article +stressed forms?

Hypothesis: in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.


Premise: The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?

Hypothesis: Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa.


Premise: Why was The Yale Report established?

Hypothesis: He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education.


Premise: What is Central Catalan?

Hypothesis: For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.


Premise: What country paid for the stadium through aid money?

Hypothesis: The only noted instance of protest was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's withdrawal from the list of torchbearers, in protest against human rights abuses in Tibet.


Premise: Some USB devices require what?

Hypothesis: Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port.


Premise: What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?

Hypothesis: Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties-


Premise: Leotards are an example of what type of garment?

Hypothesis: Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons.


Premise: Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?

Hypothesis: Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on July 24, 1866.


Premise: What war was 'Saving Private Ryan' about?

Hypothesis: His next theatrical release in that same year was the World War II film Saving Private Ryan, about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt.


Premise: What is Tucson's ABC station?

Hypothesis: The major television networks serving Tucson are: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KMSB-TV 11 (Fox), KOLD-TV 13 (CBS), KTTU 18 (My Network TV) and KWBA 58 (The CW).


Premise: What kind of races does Rillito Downs hold?

Hypothesis: This historic track held the first organized quarter horse races in the world, and they are still racing there.


Premise: Wy did records outside of the US often have small holes with the ability to punch out the center?

Hypothesis: In countries outside the U.S., 45s often had the smaller album-sized holes, e.g., Australia and New Zealand, or as in the United Kingdom, especially before the 1970s, the disc had a small hole within a circular central section held only by three or four lands so that it could be easily punched out if desired (typically for use in jukeboxes).


Premise: In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?

Hypothesis: Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.


Premise: What boat did Bell travel on?

Hypothesis: In 1870, at age 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Caroline (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada.


Premise: After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?

Hypothesis: In 2009, Nebraska enacted a bill that changed its method of execution to lethal injection.


Premise: Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?

Hypothesis: In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures."


Premise: How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?

Hypothesis: While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood.


Premise: Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?

Hypothesis: In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.


Premise: What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into?

Hypothesis: Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language.


Premise: Who was enslaved more often?

Hypothesis: Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men.


Premise: When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?

Hypothesis: In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army.


Premise: Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with Twilight Princess?

Hypothesis: Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console.


Premise: What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?

Hypothesis: Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%).


Premise: Where was Equatorial African ran from?

Hypothesis: New forms of forced labor were also introduced and a large number of Ubangians were sent to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway.


Premise: How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?

Hypothesis: Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense.


Premise: Along with Germany and Austria, where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based?

Hypothesis: In 1926, Universal opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak.


Premise: What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on?

Hypothesis: Concerning humanity as the image of Christ, English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei.


Premise: How much area was planted in India in GM cotton in 2011?

Hypothesis: GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011.


Premise: Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?

Hypothesis: From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces.


Premise: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?

Hypothesis: Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua.


Premise: The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?

Hypothesis: The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles.


Premise: What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had?

Hypothesis: Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents — "literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary — for the original meaning and other crucial "values" (e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from context.


Premise: What did Albert play partnered with a black man?

Hypothesis: After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist.


Premise: During and after the 80's, what helped a cappella music rise in popularity?

Hypothesis: The King's Singers are credited with promoting interest in small-group a cappella performances in the 1960s.


Premise: Which countries speak other Slavic languages?

Hypothesis: According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria).


Premise: Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?

Hypothesis: Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources.


Premise: How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston?

Hypothesis: It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($133 million in 2006 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($531 million in 2006 dollars).


Premise: GMT used what instead of atomic clocks?

Hypothesis: The terms "GMT" and "Greenwich Mean Time" are sometimes used informally to refer to UT or UTC.


Premise: What is the goal of Smart Bodies?

Hypothesis: An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation.


Premise: What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?

Hypothesis: "I don't like that they don't check their ideas.


Premise: What is youtube co-founder Karim's first name?

Hypothesis: Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that "Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and "Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system".


Premise: Was there a cease fire during the talks?

Hypothesis: For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought, but exchanged little territory; the stalemate held.


Premise: What was the edict approved by the Board of Regents that provided for the fixed tuition program?

Hypothesis: Beginning in the 2007–2008 academic year, first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents.


Premise: Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?

Hypothesis: The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one.


Premise: What was the state allowed to continue to fund?

Hypothesis: Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: "Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth."