Premise: What is the polish name for knight?

Hypothesis: The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g.


Premise: What names were used by The Sun to characterize the French and Germans?

Hypothesis: During the 1980s and 1990s, the nationalities were routinely described in copy and headlines as "frogs", "krauts" or "hun".


Premise: The americo-liberians did not identify with who?

Hypothesis: The Americo-Liberian settlers did not identify with the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those in communities of the more isolated "bush.


Premise: What can be added to steel to enhance is corrosion resistance?

Hypothesis: By adding chromium to steel, its resistance to corrosion can be enhanced, creating stainless steel, while adding silicon will alter its electrical characteristics, producing silicon steel.


Premise: What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council?

Hypothesis: On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.


Premise: What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?

Hypothesis: One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking.


Premise: Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?

Hypothesis: By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software.


Premise: The maximum amount of players exclude what?

Hypothesis: Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper.


Premise: Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?

Hypothesis: By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held.


Premise: Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?

Hypothesis: Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.


Premise: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?

Hypothesis: Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu.


Premise: Who started the Bow Street detectives?

Hypothesis: Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees.


Premise: What can be used to prevent dehydration?

Hypothesis: Both agree that drinks with too much sugar or salt can make dehydration worse.


Premise: What is a heliometer?

Hypothesis: The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries.


Premise: What kind of health care exists in Greece?

Hypothesis: Greece has universal health care.


Premise: Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as "The most beautiful promontory in the world?"

Hypothesis: Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as "The most beautiful promontory in the world", in his essay "Italian Journey".


Premise: From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?

Hypothesis: As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon.


Premise: What new name was given to Revue Productions in 1966?

Hypothesis: In 1964 MCA formed Universal City Studios, Inc., merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions (officially renamed as Universal Television in 1966).


Premise: What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have?

Hypothesis: Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago.


Premise: In 1982 the first long distance university was opened in India, what is it's name?

Hypothesis: The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance learning open university in India.


Premise: What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?

Hypothesis: Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia "People's Self-Defence" units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June.


Premise: What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?

Hypothesis: A significant amount of written records on slavery are found, suggesting a prevalence thereof.


Premise: What does OCF stand for?

Hypothesis: The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM).


Premise: What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?

Hypothesis: Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami.


Premise: How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1944 by United States submarines?

Hypothesis: The number of U.S. submarines patrols (and sinkings) rose steeply: 350 patrols (180 ships sunk) in 1942, 350 (335) in 1943, and 520 (603) in 1944.


Premise: How old was Kangxi when he took over?

Hypothesis: In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi — a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander.


Premise: What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?

Hypothesis: The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries.


Premise: Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?

Hypothesis: The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates.


Premise: What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication?

Hypothesis: This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication.:5.2


Premise: What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?

Hypothesis: Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht.


Premise: Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?

Hypothesis: These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.


Premise: Who designed the Albert Memorial in London?

Hypothesis: Examples from the High Victorian Gothic period include George Gilbert Scott's design for the Albert Memorial in London, and William Butterfield's chapel at Keble College, Oxford.


Premise: Who felt that humanism would surely be a major "religion" today?

Hypothesis: The anarchist Proudhon (best known for declaring that "property is theft") used the word "humanism" to describe a "culte, déification de l’humanité" ("worship, deification of humanity") and Ernest Renan in L’avenir de la science: pensées de 1848 ("The Future of Knowledge: Thoughts on 1848") (1848–49), states: "


Premise: What is Newton Natural philosophy?

Hypothesis: Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution.


Premise: How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?

Hypothesis: In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor – presumably London partners – that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836.


Premise: What region lays along the north border of Burma and is famed for the presence of monks ?

Hypothesis: Burma has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.


Premise: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?

Hypothesis: This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members.


Premise: Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?

Hypothesis: In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal.


Premise: What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism?

Hypothesis: Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices.


Premise: What church did Eisenhower join in 1953?

Hypothesis: The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Eisenhower never joined the International Bible Students.


Premise: What compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?

Hypothesis: Hebrew Shinar, Egyptian Sngr, and Hittite Šanhar(a), all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of Shumer.


Premise: What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?

Hypothesis: In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield.


Premise: Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012?

Hypothesis: Berhane was named African Sportsman of the Year in 2013, ahead of footballers Yaya Touré and Didier Drogba, while Teklehaimanot became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a España in 2012.


Premise: What material was first used for conformal coating?

Hypothesis: Another technique for applying a conformal coating is for plastic to be sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum chamber.


Premise: Which strip is known for its numerous nightclubs and lounges?

Hypothesis: 27th Street is a one-way street runs from Second Avenue to the West Side Highway with an interruption between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue.


Premise: On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?

Hypothesis: Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park.


Premise: Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?

Hypothesis: Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period.


Premise: As of October 2009, who was the head of the PSLC?

Hypothesis: He led a group who proposed the drafting of the new constitution, although it was never adopted, and in October 2009 was appointed to head the PSLC.


Premise: What does IHDI stand for?

Hypothesis: While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."


Premise: where was marshall jefferson based?

Hypothesis: In Detroit a proto-techno music sound began to emerge with the recordings of Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson.


Premise: Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?

Hypothesis: It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.


Premise: What is the name of the train line that connects Connecticut and Massachusetts together?

Hypothesis: In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the Hartford Line, with a southern terminus at New Haven's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield's Union Station.


Premise: On what date was the first federal parliament convened?

Hypothesis: At the time of Australia's federation on 1 January 1901, Melbourne became the seat of government of the federation.


Premise: What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?

Hypothesis: This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus.


Premise: What era saw an increase in metal tool use?

Hypothesis: It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age).


Premise: Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?

Hypothesis: The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South.


Premise: What ZIP code was responsible for the greatest amount of contributions in the 2004 presidential election for both candidates?

Hypothesis: The top ZIP code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry.


Premise: What type of governing body did Seattle have in 1869?

Hypothesis: The town of Seattle was disincorporated January 18, 1867 and remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869, when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated December 2, 1869 with a Mayor-council government.


Premise: When did the AFL development league begin?

Hypothesis: The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play.


Premise: How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year?

Hypothesis: Many are also among the longest-distance migrants; sooty shearwaters Puffinus griseus nesting on the Falkland Islands migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between the breeding colony and the North Atlantic Ocean off Norway.


Premise: Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?

Hypothesis: Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.


Premise: What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC?

Hypothesis: New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924.


Premise: What's the point of ironing clothing?

Hypothesis: Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles.


Premise: Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?

Hypothesis: Just as Lee explores Jem's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society, Scout realizes what being female means, and several female characters influence her development.


Premise: What incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount?

Hypothesis: A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank, among them Joseph's Tomb in Nablus, the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem, and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.


Premise: How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?

Hypothesis: Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today.


Premise: What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?

Hypothesis: The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs, and given that they are quanta, the trade offs often take the form of either-or (as in Fourier analysis), rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis.


Premise: Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?

Hypothesis: As in the UK, the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September.


Premise: How long have messenger pigeons been used?

Hypothesis: Messenger pigeons, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as World War II.


Premise: Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?

Hypothesis: Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosalía de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua.


Premise: What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?

Hypothesis: Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch.


Premise: What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers?

Hypothesis: About 75% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land (SNL).


Premise: What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show?

Hypothesis: The performance of "Summertime" by Barrino, later known simply as "Fantasia", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show.


Premise: In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?

Hypothesis: In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland.


Premise: How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013?

Hypothesis: The increased demand for international maritime transportation between Greece and Asia has resulted in unprecedented investment in the shipping industry.


Premise: What is the record amount of snowfall at Mount Rainer?

Hypothesis: On average, the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth.


Premise: What sort of response does the stimulus cause?

Hypothesis: The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).


Premise: What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?

Hypothesis: There were, however, intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention, and some of Bowers's choices came under fire – both as to his judgment, and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of Maggie.


Premise: What is the national average of high school diploma holding citizens?

Hypothesis: A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city.


Premise: What is the decomposition of water into its components called?

Hypothesis: Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms.


Premise: Which Battle was the first to interrupt the seeming invincibility of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1515?

Hypothesis: The Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano.


Premise: Which foods do Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots have in common?

Hypothesis: Several traditional food (such as souvla and halloumi) and beverages are similar, as well as expressions and ways of life.


Premise: What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?

Hypothesis: Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet.


Premise: How many forests does Yale own?

Hypothesis: In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space.


Premise: What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?

Hypothesis: The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Premise: What is company that makes beer typically known as?

Hypothesis: Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home.


Premise: In what period did several government monopolies become repealed?

Hypothesis: The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC).


Premise: When is the warm season in Detroit?

Hypothesis: The warm season runs from May to September.


Premise: What did China say they would accept?

Hypothesis: China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.


Premise: Is the current frequency higher or lower at high speed?

Hypothesis: At low speeds, the current induced in the squirrel cage is nearly at line frequency and tends to be in the outer parts of the rotor cage.


Premise: The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?

Hypothesis: The company also operates the IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, and the Somers Office Complex.


Premise: What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?

Hypothesis: In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism.


Premise: The republican forces fled to which country?

Hypothesis: During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands.


Premise: In what city did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?

Hypothesis: The games were played in Mogadishu, and the Somali national team received the bronze prize.


Premise: What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?

Hypothesis: Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament.


Premise: Where were the details of the torch relay made known?

Hypothesis: Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China.


Premise: Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?

Hypothesis: On the other hand, there were only 18 approvals in total in 2007 and 22 back in 2006.


Premise: Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?

Hypothesis: Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.


Premise: Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?

Hypothesis: The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus.


Premise: How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?

Hypothesis: The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation.


Premise: What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?

Hypothesis: In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors.


Premise: Where does the AG2R originate from?

Hypothesis: The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy.


Premise: Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?

Hypothesis: Other Communists also deserted from the army.


Premise: Why was Turkey accused of violating the Geneva Conventions?

Hypothesis: In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violating the Geneva Conventions by directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory.


Premise: Where was the World Trade Center?

Hypothesis: Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996.


Premise: What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?

Hypothesis: Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA.


Premise: What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?

Hypothesis: The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies.


Premise: What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?

Hypothesis: Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE).


Premise: What percentage of New Delhi's population is Sikh?

Hypothesis: Hinduism is the religion of 79.8% of New Delhi's population.


Premise: What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice?

Hypothesis: The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice.


Premise: What did the big and small Schanze protect?

Hypothesis: During the time of the Thirty Years' War, two new fortifications – the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchment) – were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula.


Premise: What type of glass absorbs some light?

Hypothesis: —i.e., colored.


Premise: What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by?

Hypothesis: The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park.


Premise: By what year was "idealism" a word in English?

Hypothesis: It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see".


Premise: Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?

Hypothesis: A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.


Premise: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?

Hypothesis: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.


Premise: Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?

Hypothesis: Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.


Premise: Many of John's mistresses were what?

Hypothesis: John had at least five children with mistresses during his first marriage to Isabelle of Gloucester, and two of those mistresses are known to have been noblewomen.


Premise: Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies?

Hypothesis: Many early and lower-end LD players had poor analog audio components, and many early discs had poorly mastered analog audio tracks, making digital soundtracks in any form most desirable to serious enthusiasts.


Premise: What is Cramer credited for

Hypothesis: In 1968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator.


Premise: The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle?

Hypothesis: The Oshkosh M-ATV will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility.


Premise: On May 3/4 how many German bombers were lost?

Hypothesis: In the following month, 22 German bombers were lost with 13 confirmed to have been shot down by night fighters.


Premise: What did the scribal bureaucracy become?

Hypothesis: The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries.


Premise: What percentage of Americans support legal hunting?

Hypothesis: Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted.


Premise: What debt should samurai not forget?

Hypothesis: "First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....


Premise: Are mixed race people classified as black?

Hypothesis: For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.


Premise: Who called Beyonce the World's most Beautiful Woman?

Hypothesis: She was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by People and the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex in 2012.


Premise: How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?

Hypothesis: The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818.


Premise: Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?

Hypothesis: In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.


Premise: What made binding precedent a possibility?

Hypothesis: The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.


Premise: The Iranian Parliament lets who exploit mines without guidance from the Department of the Environment?

Hypothesis: At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a sign of serious threats against the country’s biodiversity.


Premise: How often do birds molt?

Hypothesis: The timing of this molt - usually once a year but sometimes twice - varies with some species molting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds.


Premise: What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?

Hypothesis: There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice.


Premise: What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries?

Hypothesis: Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector.


Premise: Which sport was Albert proficient at?

Hypothesis: In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year.


Premise: Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?

Hypothesis: In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it.


Premise: When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?

Hypothesis: By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States.


Premise: Who led the Spanish Inquisition?

Hypothesis: The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition (led by Tomás de Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled.


Premise: How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the Senate?

Hypothesis: The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now


Premise: Which song made a strong impression on Madonna?

Hypothesis: These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own "take-charge attitude".


Premise: What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?

Hypothesis: Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) inland in July, the warmest month, and from −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) on the Baltic islands to −7.6 °C (18.3 °F) inland in February, the coldest month.


Premise: What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?

Hypothesis: Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region.


Premise: Sweden's two high courts are what?

Hypothesis: Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance.


Premise: What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?

Hypothesis: One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy.


Premise: What is one target of communication?

Hypothesis: The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).


Premise: What war occurred after the end of World War II?

Hypothesis: The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as the Cold War.


Premise: What does "matarrucs" mean?

Hypothesis: For this reason, the inhabitants are called "matarrucs" ("donkey killers").


Premise: What agency has offered acceptance of safer pesticides?

Hypothesis: In addition, EPA is registering reduced-risk conventional pesticides in increasing numbers.


Premise: What other practices do Buddhists adhere to?

Hypothesis: Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices.


Premise: What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of?

Hypothesis: " As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis, the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators and modernizers, such as Muhammad Abduh, largely had to yield to retrograde currents.


Premise: In what year did Tucson get the most rain?

Hypothesis: The most snow received in one year was 8.3 in (21 cm) and the most snow in one month was 6.8 in (17 cm) in December 1971.


Premise: What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters?

Hypothesis: Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return.


Premise: What public department inspects the restaurants of New York?

Hypothesis: New York City's food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history.


Premise: The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries?

Hypothesis: By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries."


Premise: With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?

Hypothesis: Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.


Premise: what was manufacture in Bridgeport in the 19th and 20th century

Hypothesis: Bridgwater, in the 19th and 20th centuries, was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped.


Premise: What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?

Hypothesis: Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation.


Premise: What Queen song did the Glee choir perform in June 2010?

Hypothesis: Another One Bites the Dust" in the episode "Funk".


Premise: Where is the power that is distributed originating from?

Hypothesis: Antenna "gain" in this instance describes the concentration of radiated power into a particular solid angle of space, as opposed to the spherically uniform radiation of the ideal radiator.


Premise: In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?

Hypothesis: Another three-day Jam took place in 2004, with 52,000 employees discussing ways to implement company values in practice.


Premise: When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?

Hypothesis: No plans have been announced to use subchannels to maintain over-the-air signals for both CBC and Radio-Canada in markets where the corporation has one digital transmitter.


Premise: How extent can biofilm be?

Hypothesis: These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a meter in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea.


Premise: What was the Rotten Tomatoes rating for Minority Report?

Hypothesis: The film received strong reviews with the review tallying website Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 92% approval rating, reporting that 206 out of the 225 reviews they tallied were positive.


Premise: What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?

Hypothesis: These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement.


Premise: How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?

Hypothesis: After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.


Premise: What is the Presbyterian government known as?

Hypothesis: Presbyterian government is by councils (known as courts) of elders.


Premise: When was Kanye's last Fatburger restaurant closed?

Hypothesis: In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park.


Premise: With Elton John and the Eagles, what was a prominent adult contemporary artist in this period?

Hypothesis: The Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts became more similar again toward the end of the 1960s and into the early and mid-1970s, when the texture of much of the music played on Top 40 radio once more began to soften.


Premise: Where is the Red Lion located?

Hypothesis: The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote.


Premise: What year did Kanye West release his first rap CD?

Hypothesis: In 2010, he released his critically acclaimed fifth album, the maximalist My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, and the following year he collaborated with Jay-Z on the joint LP Watch the Throne (2011).


Premise: Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?

Hypothesis: Two years later, in 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated again by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a gallium nitride growth process similar to Dr. Moustakas's.


Premise: What organization did Eisenhower support after the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite?

Hypothesis: After the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race.


Premise: During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?

Hypothesis: When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han, many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office.


Premise: What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?

Hypothesis: The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals.


Premise: The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?

Hypothesis: Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct.


Premise: How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes?

Hypothesis: Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this, but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor, due to the intercession of his mother, Leto.


Premise: Which cardinals are ranked lowest?

Hypothesis: The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals.


Premise: Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?

Hypothesis: It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.


Premise: What percent of the Bronx population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?

Hypothesis: These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates.


Premise: How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?

Hypothesis: This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal.


Premise: When did a boat arrive at the island with damage during a race?

Hypothesis: On November 2011, the sailing boat Puma's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town.


Premise: When was the office of Priest Vicar created?

Hypothesis: Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various lay officers constitute the college, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the choir school, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as 12 lay vicars, 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff.


Premise: Why is a transistor so useful?

Hypothesis: This property is called gain.


Premise: What four main health problems do the Malian people currently have?

Hypothesis: Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation.


Premise: When did Britain and France invade Egypt?

Hypothesis: In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal.


Premise: How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?

Hypothesis: Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating.


Premise: What was humanism once considered the same as?

Hypothesis: Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being.


Premise: In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?

Hypothesis: In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008.


Premise: Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?

Hypothesis: Although they fell to the "Hitless Wonders" White Sox in the 1906 World Series, the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (.763) in Major League history.


Premise: What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?

Hypothesis: Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests.


Premise: At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an

Hypothesis: According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million.


Premise: What cross is on the British flag?

Hypothesis: The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain, the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country.


Premise: In what year did Lothar past away?

Hypothesis: The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son.


Premise: Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?

Hypothesis: In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.


Premise: What is the purpose of electronic warfare?

Hypothesis: Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it.


Premise: What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?

Hypothesis: If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000.


Premise: What is there little coherent relationships between?

Hypothesis: There is "little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual".


Premise: What is the variety of alleles within a single species?

Hypothesis: Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat.


Premise: Who created OpenType?

Hypothesis: The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard), which became the proof of concept for OpenType (by Adobe and Microsoft), Graphite (by SIL International), or AAT (by Apple).


Premise: What agency oversees health concerns for city residents?

Hypothesis: The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.


Premise: Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?

Hypothesis: In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry, who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph.


Premise: Which articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the ways that treaties can be invalidated?

Hypothesis: A treaty will be invalidated due to either the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty, or due to the content of the treaty itself.


Premise: When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?

Hypothesis: The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent).


Premise: What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?

Hypothesis: Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.


Premise: Where is Carnival celebrated?

Hypothesis: Corrientes is another city with a Carnival tradition.


Premise: How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?

Hypothesis: Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term "piracy" in relation to copyright infringement, stating "Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection."


Premise: When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians?

Hypothesis: Another factor that would have made conversion difficult in the Roman world was the halakhic requirement of circumcision, a requirement that proselytizing Christianity quickly dropped.


Premise: How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?

Hypothesis: Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College.


Premise: What types of retail offerings are found in Cork?

Hypothesis: The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops.


Premise: How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into?

Hypothesis: Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for.


Premise: When did the city take PGW over?

Hypothesis: In 2014, the Philadelphia City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor.


Premise: What improvements did the Super Game Boy have over the Game Boy?

Hypothesis: The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console.


Premise: How do people know which days to not drive their car?

Hypothesis: While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.


Premise: Insects have the potential to damage what?

Hypothesis: Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques.


Premise: What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?

Hypothesis: The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation.


Premise: Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?

Hypothesis: In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015.


Premise: In what year was phenobarbital discovered?

Hypothesis: Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912.


Premise: Which two topics did Bush remain steadfast on, during his campaign?

Hypothesis: Bush accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and selected Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate.


Premise: Who was Saint Denis?

Hypothesis: Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome.


Premise: What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?

Hypothesis: The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time.


Premise: What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?

Hypothesis: Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS).


Premise: How long was it after the birth of her child before she performed again?

Hypothesis: On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.


Premise: What aids in predicting changes of physical traits?

Hypothesis: An example is ferroelectric materials, where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high-symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectic state, accompanied by a so-called soft phonon mode, a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition.


Premise: Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 2005?

Hypothesis: The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit city-wide by 23.2% to 21.7%.


Premise: What issues to Savin address during this talk?

Hypothesis: Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings.


Premise: What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?

Hypothesis: In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier".


Premise: What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?

Hypothesis: The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways.


Premise: In what year was Plymstock incorporated?

Hypothesis: The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status.


Premise: What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?

Hypothesis: " This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord.


Premise: How many gallons of water does (SMURFF) treat every week?

Hypothesis: The city has numerous programs designed to promote water conservation among residents, including a rebate of $1.50 per square foot for those who convert water intensive lawns to more local drought-tolerant gardens that require less water.


Premise: For whom is Green Hall named?

Hypothesis: Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr, which is named after former dean James Green.


Premise: When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?

Hypothesis: The first USAF dress uniform, in 1947, was dubbed and patented "Uxbridge Blue" after "Uxbridge 1683 Blue", developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company.


Premise: Where are France's highest courts located?

Hypothesis: France's highest courts are located in Paris.


Premise: What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?

Hypothesis: During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him.


Premise: Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?

Hypothesis: Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.


Premise: Which year did Beyonce and her father part business ways?

Hypothesis: During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners.


Premise: Of what is Houston second in performing arts?

Hypothesis: Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall—home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts—and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts.


Premise: What do lithotrophs use ?

Hypothesis: This reaction releases energy that can be used to synthesise ATP and drive metabolism.


Premise: What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?

Hypothesis: Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds.


Premise: When will the mining ban be reviewed?

Hypothesis: In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation.


Premise: What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?

Hypothesis: Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls.


Premise: What is the name of the first air emergency service?

Hypothesis: Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions.


Premise: What is Mirella Biano's occupation?

Hypothesis: Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous, and asserted that he adored children.


Premise: About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?

Hypothesis: Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials.


Premise: What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls?

Hypothesis: Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James, whose "boldness" inspired Beyoncé to explore other musical genres and styles.


Premise: What is common in Romance languages?

Hypothesis: The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common.


Premise: What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?

Hypothesis: The Human Development Index report of 2005  shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high).


Premise: In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?

Hypothesis: May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia.


Premise: How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?

Hypothesis: The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20.


Premise: In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced?

Hypothesis: The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines.


Premise: Who took over after ESPN?

Hypothesis: Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013–14 season.


Premise: When was the final broadcast of Tom and Jerry?

Hypothesis: The BBC stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000.


Premise: Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?

Hypothesis: Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim.


Premise: What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol?

Hypothesis: In May 2005, Carrie Underwood was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up.


Premise: The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?

Hypothesis: The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner.


Premise: The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?

Hypothesis: It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional.


Premise: How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act?

Hypothesis: While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining projects on private and state land typically require a federal permit and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations.


Premise: For what trading company did Kelsey work?

Hypothesis: In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it.


Premise: In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?

Hypothesis: The worst was the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago.


Premise: Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?

Hypothesis: This existed as a "diarchic structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols.


Premise: Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area?

Hypothesis: His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides.


Premise: What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?

Hypothesis: Even if it is noticed, it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification (see below), and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt, so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it, anyway.


Premise: Who runs the rail transport in Greece?

Hypothesis: Rail transport in Greece is operated by TrainOSE, a subsidiary of the Hellenic Railways Organization (OSE).


Premise: How many Southampton residents were claiming job seeker's allowance in March, 2007?

Hypothesis: In March 2007 there were 120,305 jobs in Southampton, and 3,570 people claiming job seeker's allowance, approximately 2.4 per cent of the city's population.


Premise: Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?

Hypothesis: Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself".


Premise: What protects the island from storms?

Hypothesis: The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to severe weather.


Premise: What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?

Hypothesis: The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire.


Premise: What is the term for the independent clocks?

Hypothesis: These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation needed]


Premise: When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?

Hypothesis: While copyright is created the instance a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright.[citation needed]


Premise: Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?

Hypothesis: The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang.


Premise: Why did American Baptist congregations split?

Hypothesis: The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA).


Premise: Who announced over the Radio that the president had been arrested?

Hypothesis: By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement.


Premise: Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?

Hypothesis: On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military.


Premise: What school has been recognized by the government?

Hypothesis: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009.


Premise: Who was the head of CBS at the time?

Hypothesis: RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company.


Premise: What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?

Hypothesis: The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, and on selected days in winter and spring.


Premise: What are the highest hills in Hyderabad?

Hypothesis: With an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres (2,205 ft).


Premise: Who criticized Milliband for posing with a copy of The Sun showing the Hillsborough disaster?

Hypothesis: Miliband's decision to pose with a copy of The Sun received a strong response.


Premise: How many inches of snow does Detroit get on average?

Hypothesis: A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of snow cover.


Premise: What are some famous seafood and fish dishes?

Hypothesis: Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads.


Premise: What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?

Hypothesis: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale).


Premise: Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers?

Hypothesis: The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560.


Premise: What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables?

Hypothesis: In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus.


Premise: Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?

Hypothesis: The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students' IQ by 8 to 9 points.


Premise: What does CPI stand for?

Hypothesis: A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households.


Premise: Troiden's second stage is referred to as what?

Hypothesis: The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions.


Premise: In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?

Hypothesis: In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin.


Premise: Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?

Hypothesis: He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.


Premise: What was Aetius's career?

Hypothesis: This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school.


Premise: When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?

Hypothesis: The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era.


Premise: Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?

Hypothesis: Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value.


Premise: In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries?

Hypothesis: West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the "Regicides" (see: Regicides Trail).


Premise: How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected?

Hypothesis: Object databases and object-relational databases attempt to solve this problem by providing an object-oriented language (sometimes as extensions to SQL) that programmers can use as alternative to purely relational SQL.


Premise: What period was the Chu kingdom in?

Hypothesis: In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period.


Premise: What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?

Hypothesis: Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight.


Premise: How many campuses are run by KU?

Hypothesis: The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses.


Premise: Who directed 'Batman'?

Hypothesis: Also in 1989, he re-united with actor Richard Dreyfuss for the romantic comedy-drama Always, about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires.


Premise: How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson?

Hypothesis: El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world, annually.


Premise: During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?

Hypothesis: The Kadamba fame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma, a notable ruler with whom even the kings of Gupta Dynasty of northern India cultivated marital alliances.


Premise: How many national parks are in North Carolina?

Hypothesis: National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, the Blue Ridge Parkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site at Flat Rock, Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Greensboro, Moores Creek National Battlefield near Currie in Pender County, the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Old Salem National Historic Site in Winston-Salem, the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills.


Premise: Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?

Hypothesis: According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America.


Premise: Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?

Hypothesis: He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party.


Premise: What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica's Carnival celebrations?

Hypothesis: The Strumica Carnival (Macedonian: Струмички Карневал, translated Strumichki Karneval) has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, "I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house–to–house, with laughter, scream and song.


Premise: What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?

Hypothesis: Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies.


Premise: What opened in 2011?

Hypothesis: In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.


Premise: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?

Hypothesis: Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry.


Premise: How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?

Hypothesis: China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001.


Premise: What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?

Hypothesis: For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected.


Premise: Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?

Hypothesis: In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets.


Premise: Why does BYU's Winter semester end earlier than most colleges?

Hypothesis: A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters:


Premise: The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?

Hypothesis: After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria.


Premise: Who backed out of becoming SoS after Hillary?

Hypothesis: The committee unanimously voted to approve him on January 29, 2013, and the same day the full Senate confirmed him on a vote of 94–3.


Premise: Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water?

Hypothesis: The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.


Premise: ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?

Hypothesis: This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]


Premise: What was Madonna's nickname when she was younger?

Hypothesis: Her father's parents were immigrants from Pacentro, Italy, while her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry.


Premise: What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?

Hypothesis: Aeromedical Evacuation is "the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation" (JP 1-02).


Premise: The presence of what is a circadian marker?

Hypothesis: Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers.


Premise: How many tourist nights are spent in Somerset

Hypothesis: Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom.


Premise: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?

Hypothesis: On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city.


Premise: What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?

Hypothesis: Sure South Atlantic Ltd ("Sure") offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming.


Premise: What is the AVL standard based on?

Hypothesis: The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló).


Premise: Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?

Hypothesis: A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.)


Premise: What did the Daily Mail say about Beyonce's voice?

Hypothesis: The Daily Mail calls Beyoncé's voice "versatile", capable of exploring power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop.


Premise: In what year did Screened Out appear?

Hypothesis: The network aired the film series Screened Out (which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film) in 2007 and Religion on Film (focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works) in 2005.


Premise: What is a female's major landmark of puberty?

Hypothesis: For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13.


Premise: In what year did The Times make an endorsement for Barack Obama?

Hypothesis: In November 2012, it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy.


Premise: How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?

Hypothesis: The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber.


Premise: What is another term for Greek?

Hypothesis: Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.


Premise: What does 'chaetae' mean?

Hypothesis: Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages.


Premise: As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?

Hypothesis: In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government – with its greater firepower – would be victorious.


Premise: Before the advent of talking pictures, what was the name of the first movie in Myanmar and when was it 's debut ?

Hypothesis: Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them.


Premise: In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?

Hypothesis: Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.


Premise: Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?

Hypothesis: Postmodern critics who are self-described anti-humanists, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Michel Foucault, have asserted that humanism posits an overarching and excessively abstract notion of humanity or universal human nature, which can then be used as a pretext for imperialism and domination of those deemed somehow less than human.


Premise: What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?

Hypothesis: In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research associate studying genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, argued for Khazar descent in his paper


Premise: When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format?

Hypothesis: The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015.


Premise: What make up the largest portion of Divan poetry?

Hypothesis: The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kasîdes.


Premise: What is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG?

Hypothesis: A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG.


Premise: How many pieces can be found in the Yerevan National Art Gallery?

Hypothesis: The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times.


Premise: Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?

Hypothesis: Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution.


Premise: What does the term NATO represent?

Hypothesis: Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact.


Premise: What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?

Hypothesis: From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude.


Premise: In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?

Hypothesis: He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.


Premise: In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?

Hypothesis: Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost.


Premise: What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?

Hypothesis: Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption.


Premise: What is the most rain in one day?

Hypothesis: Snowfall is highly variable, with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringing several major snowstorms, with the normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in (57 cm); snow in November or April is rare, and a sustained snow cover is rare.


Premise: When had the British East India Company overtaken the Dutch East India Company in sales?

Hypothesis: At the end of the 16th century, England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages—the English, later British, East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively.


Premise: Before 1949, Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body?

Hypothesis: In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished.


Premise: When was the last Pyrenees Cup played?

Hypothesis: The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917.


Premise: What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?

Hypothesis: NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.


Premise: What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians?

Hypothesis: The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map, made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba, Jordan.


Premise: Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?

Hypothesis: Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing (usually using Latin characters and the local script), but not multilingual computer processing (computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other).


Premise: What must be precise in order to create this signal at output?

Hypothesis: The antenna array and very similar reflective array antenna consist of multiple elements, often half-wave dipoles, spaced out on a plane and wired together with transmission lines with specific phase lengths to produce a single in-phase signal at the output.


Premise: Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?

Hypothesis: By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.


Premise: Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?

Hypothesis: This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted.


Premise: How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?

Hypothesis: In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative.


Premise: How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on Tumblr, confirming she had voted in support for the Democratic Party and to encourage others to do so.


Premise: In which century were gold dollars minted?

Hypothesis: Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century.


Premise: The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?

Hypothesis: The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives.


Premise: What use the traditional radical-based character index?

Hypothesis: To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index.


Premise: When was teh Palais Garnier Opera House built?

Hypothesis: Striking examples of 20th century architecture include the Centre Georges Pompidou by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano


Premise: Which team received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin?

Hypothesis: The idea came closest to reality in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland, but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland.


Premise: In which year did the Supreme Court hear Milliken v. Bradley?

Hypothesis: The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence.


Premise: When did Kerry choose John Edwards to be his VP?

Hypothesis: On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate.


Premise: What did 'The Catered Affair' explore?

Hypothesis: Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.


Premise: Who was eliminated while she was in the hospital due to chest pains?

Hypothesis: Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes.


Premise: How long was Nunez president of Barcelona?

Hypothesis: The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship.


Premise: What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?

Hypothesis: For the iPod Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board.


Premise: Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?

Hypothesis: The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as "despicable" by the Chinese government, condemning them as "deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France" and who "tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit", and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to "impede the Olympic spirit".


Premise: In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?

Hypothesis: Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional: signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null.


Premise: What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season's high point?

Hypothesis: One of the season's high points is Tsiknopempti, when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday.


Premise: Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103?

Hypothesis: British police investigations identified two Libyans – Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over.


Premise: Give one example of energy transformation.

Hypothesis: Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.


Premise: What was an issue in the early 1800's

Hypothesis: In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida.


Premise: Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks?

Hypothesis: Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%.


Premise: Who had his own coins produced out of brass?

Hypothesis: At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important.


Premise: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ?

Hypothesis: After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).


Premise: Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?

Hypothesis: Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science.


Premise: What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest?

Hypothesis: He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering.


Premise: Which language was used in lectures in early European universities?

Hypothesis: Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations.


Premise: How many salaried employees lived in the Paris Region in 2010?

Hypothesis: In 2010 it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about thirty percent of the salaried employees in Paris and ten percent of those in the Île-de-France.


Premise: After dropping his mixtape, Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what?

Hypothesis: At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout, whose overall theme was to "make your own decisions.


Premise: How was the weather during the protest?

Hypothesis: Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones.


Premise: Where are most of the nice restaurants located?

Hypothesis: The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels.


Premise: On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon?

Hypothesis: On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol (the letters USB over a drawing of a battery); the feature is simply called Power-off USB.


Premise: What is one thing that can be used in place of pesticides?

Hypothesis: Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation, use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides), genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect breeding.


Premise: What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?

Hypothesis: BYU has used this and other honors awarded to the school to advertise itself to prospective students, showing that BYU is proud of the rating.


Premise: How many people died on the General Slocum?

Hypothesis: In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board.


Premise: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?

Hypothesis: Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response.


Premise: What percent of 5 year olds or older speak Spanish?

Hypothesis: In total, 20.88% (293,544) of Philadelphia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.


Premise: When did "Superstorm Sandy" strike Atlantic City?

Hypothesis: "Superstorm Sandy" struck Atlantic City on October 29, 2012, causing flooding and power-outages but left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas including the Boardwalk and casino resorts, despite widespread belief that the city's boardwalk had been destroyed.


Premise: What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?

Hypothesis: Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules.


Premise: During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College?

Hypothesis: On Conner's recommendation, in 1925–26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers.


Premise: What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?

Hypothesis: Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo.


Premise: In what modern country were Louis the German's lands?

Hypothesis: In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier, in 911, with the death of Louis the Child, and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I (r. 911–918) as king.


Premise: Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest?

Hypothesis: Some have claimed that in the 1st century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.


Premise: What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?

Hypothesis: Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States.


Premise: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?

Hypothesis: Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis.


Premise: How did they believe their forebears lived ?

Hypothesis: The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth.


Premise: Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?

Hypothesis: Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus.


Premise: What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?

Hypothesis: Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary.


Premise: What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles?

Hypothesis: Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d]


Premise: The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?

Hypothesis: Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased.


Premise: How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed?

Hypothesis: Some uncertainty still exists as to whether heartwood is truly dead, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once.


Premise: What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?

Hypothesis: The curriculum of a madrasah was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences.


Premise: How many tons of PCBs were claimed to have been dumped by GE's Waterford Plant in the 1983 lawsuit?

Hypothesis: In 1983, New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York to compel GE to pay for the cleanup of what was claimed to be more than 100,000 tons of chemicals dumped from their plant in Waterford, New York.


Premise: About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire?

Hypothesis: There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire.


Premise: What percent of Boston's population commutes by walking?

Hypothesis: Owing to factors such as the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities.