Premise: Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?

Hypothesis: After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, Álvaro Obregón took power.


Premise: What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?

Hypothesis: At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, "As the nation was perishing I was born.


Premise: What is a name for an art song?

Hypothesis: The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms.


Premise: Who was the last to choose the name John?

Hypothesis: This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.


Premise: Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles?

Hypothesis: The largest of these is in Huejotzingo, Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the Battle of Puebla.


Premise: What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?

Hypothesis: RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark.


Premise: What paid for Nigeria's fourth satellite?

Hypothesis: The satellite according to then-Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat-1 which de-orbited in 2009, would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security.


Premise: What wish of Virgil's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard?

Hypothesis: Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, to disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be burned, instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible.


Premise: Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?

Hypothesis: In the United States Army for instance, air defence is part of the artillery arm, while in the Pakistan Army, it was split off from Artillery to form a separate arm of its own in 1990.


Premise: When was the Charles Cross car park removed?

Hypothesis: It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already "ten years out of date".


Premise: In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?

Hypothesis: Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution.


Premise: What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties?

Hypothesis: Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly.


Premise: What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?

Hypothesis: This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan.


Premise: What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?

Hypothesis: In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves).


Premise: what are most mailbox providers as well?

Hypothesis: The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves.


Premise: What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?

Hypothesis: However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding


Premise: In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?

Hypothesis: Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths.


Premise: What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?

Hypothesis: He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's on 1 March 1843.


Premise: How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC?

Hypothesis: Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.


Premise: Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?

Hypothesis: Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that.


Premise: How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?

Hypothesis: Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.


Premise: According to Private Eye who was the only forum member expressing wishes for a hate campaign?

Hypothesis: The UK magazine Private Eye claimed that Glen Jenvey, a man quoted by The Sun as a terrorism expert, who had been posting to the forum under the pseudonym "Abuislam", was the only forum member promoting a hate campaign while other members promoted peaceful advocacy, such as writing 'polite letters'.


Premise: Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father?

Hypothesis: The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion.


Premise: What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system?

Hypothesis: Above the pay grade of E-4 (i.e., pay grades E-5 through E-9) all ranks fall into the category of NCO and are further subdivided into "NCOs" (pay grades E-5 and E-6) and "Senior NCOs" (pay grades E-7 through E-9); the term "Junior NCO" is sometimes used to refer to staff sergeants and technical sergeants (pay grades E-5 and E-6).


Premise: After what movie portraying Etta James, did Beyonce create Sasha Fierce?

Hypothesis: Sasha Fierce (2008), which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year for "Single Ladies


Premise: What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?

Hypothesis: He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid.


Premise: What was Britain's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed?

Hypothesis: If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack.


Premise: For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?

Hypothesis: Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 to 17 years of age.


Premise: What bacteria did he treat first?

Hypothesis: Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available.


Premise: In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?

Hypothesis: Urale's short film O Tamaiti won the prestigious Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1996.


Premise: What are the characteristics of asthma?

Hypothesis: Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.


Premise: When did the organization change its name?

Hypothesis: UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund.


Premise: How do people vote using the fan save?

Hypothesis: During the finals, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.


Premise: A notable New Delhi garden is located adjacent to what metro station?

Hypothesis: In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri.


Premise: How many realms were commonly thought of as being linked by a natural cycle?

Hypothesis: In addition to his many other roles, the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven, the main deities known as the Five Powers, and the spirits (shen 神) of mountains and rivers.


Premise: What year did the Strasbourg tramway open?

Hypothesis: The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams.


Premise: Which university maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria?

Hypothesis: The Swinburne University of Technology, based in the inner city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn is ranked 76–100 in the world for Physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities making Swinburne the only Australian university outside the Group of Eight to achieve a top 100 rating in a science discipline.


Premise: Tito's cause of death was what?

Hypothesis: His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 15:05, three days short of his 88th birthday.


Premise: From 1804-1910 was called what era?

Hypothesis: The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period.


Premise: Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?

Hypothesis: Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism, which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century.


Premise: Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates?

Hypothesis: Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed]


Premise: Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?

Hypothesis: Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for "unfair business practices" and "false advertising" was making high cost mortgages "to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments".


Premise: Who cast the lone "no" vote on the creation of the district citing Bader Field's inclusion?

Hypothesis: Gardner's Basin, which is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium, was initially left out of the tourism district, while a residential neighborhood in the Chelsea section was removed from the final boundaries, owing to complaints from the city.


Premise: Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?

Hypothesis: Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War.


Premise: What group runs the Cherokee language preservation project?

Hypothesis: The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used.


Premise: What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?

Hypothesis: State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.


Premise: Where is the headquarters for the Prefecture of Police of Paris?

Hypothesis: Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité.


Premise: When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?

Hypothesis: In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü-Tsang king.


Premise: Was the famous school in Alexandria religious only?

Hypothesis: Alexandria was the most important trade center in the whole empire during Athanasius's boyhood.


Premise: In what century did Old English first develop?

Hypothesis: dialects from the 5th century.


Premise: What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to?

Hypothesis: Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers.


Premise: What is two islands that are part of the British Isles?

Hypothesis: The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles.


Premise: Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?

Hypothesis: After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy.


Premise: What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?

Hypothesis: Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939.


Premise: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?

Hypothesis: The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864.


Premise: Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?

Hypothesis: Does that mean we should throw it out? ...


Premise: Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent?

Hypothesis: A cappella is gaining popularity among South Asians with the emergence of primarily Hindi-English College groups.


Premise: What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?

Hypothesis: Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York.


Premise: In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?

Hypothesis: The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:


Premise: Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?

Hypothesis: Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities.


Premise: In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?

Hypothesis: Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters.


Premise: How many torchbearers participated in Macao?

Hypothesis: An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers.


Premise: What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?

Hypothesis: Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system.


Premise: When did the papacy of Innocent III begin?

Hypothesis: The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state.


Premise: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?

Hypothesis: Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion).


Premise: Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death?

Hypothesis: Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park.


Premise: Who asked her to change her mind about the soft drink deal due to the nature of the product?

Hypothesis: The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyoncé an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation.


Premise: Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having "altered the landscape for portable audio players"?

Hypothesis: PC World says that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players".


Premise: When did military conflict resume in the Congo?

Hypothesis: However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.


Premise: When was the Buddhagohosa written?

Hypothesis: Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.


Premise: When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs?

Hypothesis: Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs.


Premise: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?

Hypothesis: Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442).


Premise: What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of?

Hypothesis: The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part.


Premise: Who repeats Aristotle's observations?

Hypothesis: Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile.


Premise: What is the Cayuga name for Oklahoma?

Hypothesis: Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh) is a state located in the South Central United States.


Premise: When does El Tour de Tucson happen?

Hypothesis: The ride called "El Tour de Tucson" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving.


Premise: What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?

Hypothesis: Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions.


Premise: Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?

Hypothesis: Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized.


Premise: When will Argo be launched?

Hypothesis: However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner.


Premise: What will Argo visit?


Premise: The name Shell is connected to what company?

Hypothesis: Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.


Premise: How is Selenizza shipped?

Hypothesis: Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags.


Premise: How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica?

Hypothesis: Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years.


Premise: What was the name of the first legal casino in the eastern United States?

Hypothesis: It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26, 1978.


Premise: What does MOCAD stand for?

Hypothesis: Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies.


Premise: What two real life persons were also part of the magazine feature alongside fictional Marvel characters?

Hypothesis: All of these elements struck a chord with the older readers, such as college-aged adults, and they successfully gained in a way not seen before.


Premise: What is the maximum amount of players allowed?

Hypothesis: Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven.


Premise: What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?

Hypothesis: The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come.


Premise: How many people were at the Queen + Paul Rodgers concert in 2008 in Kharkiv?

Hypothesis: Following the release of the album, the band again went on a tour through Europe, opening on Kharkiv's Freedom Square in front of 350,000 Ukrainian fans.


Premise: Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?

Hypothesis: The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party.


Premise: When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?

Hypothesis: The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery.


Premise: Which thriller film did Beyoncé star in with Ali Larter?

Hypothesis: The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight.


Premise: Which king of England directed new fortifications that helped Southampton rely less on its wall?

Hypothesis: The walls were completed in the 15th century, but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and the Solent by Henry VIII meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its fortifications.


Premise: What did Watch Tower Society literature tell Jehovah's Witnesses they should never seek?

Hypothesis: Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses should "never seek a controversy" nor resist arrest, but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching, and to prefer jail rather than pay fines.


Premise: Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?

Hypothesis: They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq.


Premise: How many world series have the Cubs appeared in?

Hypothesis: The team has appeared in seven World Series following their 1908 title, most recently in 1945.


Premise: How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?

Hypothesis: Elam, the most prominent of these civilizations, developed in the southwest of Iran, alongside those in Mesopotamia.


Premise: What was Nintendo accused of?

Hypothesis: GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak giving the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States.


Premise: Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts?

Hypothesis: The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts.


Premise: Turkish Cypriots were prevented from doing what?

Hypothesis: Intercommunal violence erupted on December 21, 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police.


Premise: What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?

Hypothesis: Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.


Premise: What was the first type of government that Libya had?

Hypothesis: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.


Premise: What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?

Hypothesis: South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape".


Premise: At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?

Hypothesis: As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained, land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders."


Premise: At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?

Hypothesis: At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood.


Premise: What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?

Hypothesis: The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire, and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire.


Premise: What do these statutes represent?

Hypothesis: In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech.


Premise: What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?

Hypothesis: An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP), which passes more than 300 mi (480 km) across the desert from the Colorado River, has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of "recharged" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out.


Premise: What action did the Red Cross recommend ?

Hypothesis: However, the Red Cross Society of China said that (on May 13) "it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter."


Premise: During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?

Hypothesis: In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance.


Premise: How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?

Hypothesis: To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women.


Premise: When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open?

Hypothesis: The mall is set to open in March 2015.


Premise: What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time?

Hypothesis: Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island.


Premise: Where was Elizabeth I from?

Hypothesis: Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon.


Premise: What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?

Hypothesis: The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance.


Premise: What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators?

Hypothesis: A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators.


Premise: In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games?

Hypothesis: In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later.


Premise: What may not be adopted?

Hypothesis: Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements – see chemical elements in East Asian languages – which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan.


Premise: How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF?

Hypothesis: Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy, upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) program, or through the Air Force Officer Training School (OTS).


Premise: What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?

Hypothesis: She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England.


Premise: Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?

Hypothesis: The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly.


Premise: An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?

Hypothesis: An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.


Premise: What triggers an immune response according to CST?

Hypothesis: The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells.


Premise: The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence?

Hypothesis: For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies.


Premise: Who reestablished Washington University's football team?

Hypothesis: After working for many years at the University of Chicago, Arthur Holly Compton returned to St. Louis in 1946 to serve as Washington University's ninth chancellor.


Premise: Who runs the school system in Myanmar ?

Hypothesis: The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar.


Premise: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?

Hypothesis: There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.


Premise: How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?

Hypothesis: xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a separate phoneme is "это ткёт" ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt], 'it weaves')/"этот кот" ([ˈɛtət kot], 'this cat')).


Premise: Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?

Hypothesis: Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies.


Premise: Why were these neighborhoods created?

Hypothesis: To the north of the city they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department.


Premise: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?

Hypothesis: The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses.


Premise: How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?

Hypothesis: Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists, for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern.


Premise: What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?

Hypothesis: The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties.


Premise: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?

Hypothesis: Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster.


Premise: What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live?

Hypothesis: The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment.


Premise: What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?

Hypothesis: Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes.


Premise: What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?

Hypothesis: There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule.


Premise: Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?

Hypothesis: Additional games have since been added.


Premise: Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?

Hypothesis: Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s.


Premise: Who wrote 'The BFG'?

Hypothesis: The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016, before its wide release in the US on July 1, 2016.


Premise: What resolution did Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines?

Hypothesis: Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware.


Premise: When did Tito leave India?

Hypothesis: After his return, he removed many restrictions on churches and spiritual institutions in Yugoslavia.


Premise: Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?

Hypothesis: One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird, and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims, "No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession," before questioning whether, "Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun".


Premise: The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?

Hypothesis: Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations.


Premise: The most important of the ancient gods was who?

Hypothesis: The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus, the king of the gods, who was married to Hera, who was also Zeus's sister.


Premise: What is the most frequent use of cotton?

Hypothesis: The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India (modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India).


Premise: What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?

Hypothesis: Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames.


Premise: What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?

Hypothesis: By the 1500s, Ismail I from Ardabil, established the Safavid Dynasty, with Tabriz as the capital.


Premise: What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?

Hypothesis: The repressions followed with the mass deportations carried out by the Soviets in Estonia on 14 June 1941.


Premise: What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?

Hypothesis: The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust.


Premise: What is the annual mean temperature of New Delhi?

Hypothesis: The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall.


Premise: What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?

Hypothesis: About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey.


Premise: The Tidewater region was in what half of North Carolina?

Hypothesis: The eastern half of the state, especially the Tidewater region, developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor.


Premise: What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann?

Hypothesis: James Glimm wrote: "he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics".


Premise: Who ran against Kerry in 1996?

Hypothesis: In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld, a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote.


Premise: Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?

Hypothesis: Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.


Premise: What UK organization evaluates drugs?

Hypothesis: Then it is the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), for England and Wales, who decides if and how the National Health Service (NHS) will allow (in the sense of paying for) their use.


Premise: What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?

Hypothesis: The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005.


Premise: what type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early house sound?

Hypothesis: It also utilized the bassline from Player One's disco record "Space Invaders" (1979).


Premise: Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where?

Hypothesis: In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.


Premise: What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?

Hypothesis: The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder–Hecht grades).


Premise: When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol?

Hypothesis: In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor.


Premise: When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?

Hypothesis: One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:


Premise: What was Burke's final publication?

Hypothesis: In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: "Individuality is left out of their scheme of government.


Premise: Where is Dushanbe located?

Hypothesis: Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.


Premise: Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?

Hypothesis: A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.


Premise: What are the first two letters of nearly all CBC stations?

Hypothesis: Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market.


Premise: What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts?

Hypothesis: The chief advantage claimed was more grooves per inch that could be crowded together, resulting in longer playback time.


Premise: How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to job training?

Hypothesis: Of the $100 million, $50 million will go toward development projects, $25 million will go toward city blight removal, $12.5 million will go for job training, $7 million will go for small businesses in the city, and $5.5 million will go toward the M-1 light rail project.


Premise: How many member of the Association of American Universities are in Boston?

Hypothesis: Its largest private universities include Boston University (the city's fourth-largest employer) with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End; Northeastern University in the Fenway area; Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school; and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.


Premise: Who took up arms in support of Madero?

Hypothesis: Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero.


Premise: When was migration finally accepted?

Hypothesis: It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted.


Premise: What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?

Hypothesis: It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist.


Premise: During what years did  Leger produce Contrasts of Forms?

Hypothesis: Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.


Premise: When did Chinese forces retake Guangxi?

Hypothesis: Chinese launched a counter offensive to retake Guangxi which was the last major Japanese stronghold in South China.


Premise: What percentage of freshman students enrolling in the class of 2019 ranked in the top 10% of their high school class?

Hypothesis: There were 35,099 applications for the undergraduate class of 2020 (entering 2016), and 3,751 (10.7%) were admitted, making Northwestern one of the most selective schools in the United States.


Premise: Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?

Hypothesis: Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, on the barrel-vaulted roof.


Premise: What is CBC Country Canada now called?

Hypothesis: On June 15, 2006, the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008-09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years.


Premise: WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.

Hypothesis: The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century.


Premise: For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where "Everyone Plays Intramural Sports."


Premise: When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?

Hypothesis: These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]


Premise: Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?

Hypothesis: A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America).


Premise: What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?

Hypothesis: It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions.


Premise: In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?

Hypothesis: It would have been easy for the French forces to continue in pursuit of President Juárez across the border, but they feared altercations with American forces.


Premise: Who leads the Defence Medical Services?

Hypothesis: The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service.


Premise: Who translated written works into Chinese?

Hypothesis: Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese, such as An Shigao of Parthia, and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara, India.


Premise: Which birds did they reintroduce to the US?

Hypothesis: After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.


Premise: What is monotheism?

Hypothesis: In pantheism, God is the universe itself.


Premise: War with what country seemed imminent?

Hypothesis: The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent.


Premise: What was the name of Beyoncé's second solo album?

Hypothesis: Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child in June 2005, she released her second solo album, B'Day (2006), which contained hits "Déjà Vu", "Irreplaceable", and "Beautiful Liar".


Premise: What older system did the British naval use?

Hypothesis: The Rapier missile system was the primary GBAD system, used by both British artillery and RAF regiment, a few brand-new FIM-92 Stinger were used by British special forces.


Premise: In what years did the Greeks conduct extra censuses?

Hypothesis: After the partition of the island in 1974, Greeks conducted four more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island.


Premise: About how many Samba schools are in Rio?

Hypothesis: Samba Schools are large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year.


Premise: What was the name of the second hotel built by Josiah White III?

Hypothesis: The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House.


Premise: What did Knorr commission?

Hypothesis: Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942.


Premise: What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?

Hypothesis: Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season.


Premise: What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?

Hypothesis: Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator.


Premise: The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?

Hypothesis: Although the British troops held the field at the end of the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling.


Premise: Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people?

Hypothesis: Popularization was generally part of an overarching Enlightenment ideal that endeavoured "to make information available to the greatest number of people."


Premise: Other than Gaj's Latin alphabet, what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in?

Hypothesis: It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.


Premise: What is an ogonek?

Hypothesis: The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of abstract characters that is representable under Unicode.


Premise: What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?

Hypothesis: Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs.


Premise: What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as?

Hypothesis: As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid.


Premise: What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century?

Hypothesis: The Emakhandzambili clans were initially incorporated into the kingdom with wide autonomy, often including grants of special ritual and political status.


Premise: Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?

Hypothesis: Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described Madonna as "America's smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself."


Premise: Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?

Hypothesis: It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a "great port towne", a destiny the city quickly fulfilled.


Premise: What does the term Dariajs refer to?

Hypothesis: In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects.


Premise: What is the Thunders mascot?

Hypothesis: The Thunder plays home games at the Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown Oklahoma City, known affectionately in the national media as 'the Peake' and 'Loud City'.


Premise: On what date was Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed released?

Hypothesis: The first video game based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988.


Premise: What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?

Hypothesis: Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.


Premise: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?

Hypothesis: In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly").


Premise: What is Tucson's CBS station?

Hypothesis: The major television networks serving Tucson are: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KMSB-TV 11 (Fox), KOLD-TV 13 (CBS), KTTU 18 (My Network TV) and KWBA 58 (The CW).


Premise: What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston?

Hypothesis: U.S. Highway 78 is King Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with Meeting Street.


Premise: With Franco's dictatorship over, to what did Barcelona change their name ?

Hypothesis: With the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974, the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design, including the original letters once again.


Premise: What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?

Hypothesis: Instead, he argues, this development has been artificially frozen in an "intermediate" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century, where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard.


Premise: What happened to Bermuda's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons?

Hypothesis: The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda, and the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished.


Premise: Ultimately what started the Social War?

Hypothesis: In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards.


Premise: What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law?

Hypothesis: It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers, a Master of Juridical Studies (MJS), and a Juris Scientiae Doctoris (JSD).


Premise: What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city?

Hypothesis: The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap.


Premise: What is a well known Mullerian complex?

Hypothesis: Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known Müllerian complexes.


Premise: How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?

Hypothesis: Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation.


Premise: What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album?

Hypothesis: For a period of time, Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section, as audible on his 2006 live album Late Orchestration.


Premise: What is the name of the campus radio station?

Hypothesis: WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students.


Premise: What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a "pandemic"?

Hypothesis: Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.


Premise: How many people in Ireland speak Russian?

Hypothesis: According to the 2011 Census of Ireland, there were 21,639 people in the nation who use Russian as a home language.


Premise: LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones?

Hypothesis: Because of their long life, fast switching times, and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus, LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars' high-mounted brake lights, trucks, and buses, and in turn signals for some time, but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters.


Premise: What was the pass into the capital known as?

Hypothesis: The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in the state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital.


Premise: Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"?

Hypothesis: He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see."


Premise: In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?

Hypothesis: In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.


Premise: At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?

Hypothesis: Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.


Premise: What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?

Hypothesis: The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment.


Premise: What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?

Hypothesis: Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993.


Premise: What are some names of derivatives?

Hypothesis: Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude.


Premise: What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan?

Hypothesis: Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi are also sung.


Premise: In what year was Three Smart Girls made?

Hypothesis: The success of the film led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career produced her most successful pictures.


Premise: What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?

Hypothesis: Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz.


Premise: What percent of the population are resident foreign nationals?

Hypothesis: Over the 10 years between 2000 and 2010, the population changed at a rate of 0.6%.


Premise: Who runs the school system in Myanmar ?

Hypothesis: The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency, the Ministry of Education.


Premise: What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?

Hypothesis: In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war.


Premise: For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?

Hypothesis: This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate.


Premise: What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?

Hypothesis: They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.


Premise: What has been found along the current Route des Romains?

Hypothesis: This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp.


Premise: What type of language is Catalan?

Hypothesis: It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards).


Premise: When did Britain pass the Regulating Act?

Hypothesis: A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773,


Premise: How do regulatory regions act?

Hypothesis: Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame.


Premise: The corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is home to what business?

Hypothesis: At the corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is the Grand Hotel.


Premise: Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?

Hypothesis: Under the principle of Chevron deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.


Premise: Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?

Hypothesis: One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze, which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper.


Premise: Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located?

Hypothesis: Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda.


Premise: Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia?

Hypothesis: Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia.


Premise: What is located in the basement level of the West Campus?

Hypothesis: Today, the basement level houses the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space.


Premise: About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?

Hypothesis: The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165).


Premise: In what era of music did Chopin compose?

Hypothesis: A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.


Premise: When was Yale's residential college system established?

Hypothesis: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship.


Premise: What states did the chain extend over?

Hypothesis: An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a human chain extending 600 kilometres (370 mi) across Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which had been forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944.


Premise: How accountable is Interpol?

Hypothesis: At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004).


Premise: How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?

Hypothesis: Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic.


Premise: Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl?

Hypothesis: In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery.


Premise: Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?

Hypothesis: At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws.


Premise: When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?

Hypothesis: Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired.


Premise: Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US

Hypothesis: Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821.


Premise: Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?

Hypothesis: " The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge.


Premise: What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?

Hypothesis: The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each.


Premise: Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?

Hypothesis: Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.


Premise: What sort of strike was called?

Hypothesis: This was the first of the large, peaceful public demonstrations that would become a feature of communism's overthrow in Prague, Berlin, and, ultimately, Moscow.


Premise: What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?

Hypothesis: Desserts made on the islands include coconut and coconut milk, instead of animal milk.


Premise: What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?

Hypothesis: The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century.


Premise: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?

Hypothesis: He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005.


Premise: How are male chickens able to be identified ?

Hypothesis: Males, known as cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens).


Premise: What is the easternmost river in Punjab?

Hypothesis: The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region.


Premise: Where are the Women's games played?

Hypothesis: There is a men's and women's competition–current league champions are Police (Men) (winning the title for the first time since the 1990s) and Renegades (women's).


Premise: What is New York City's daily January mean temperature in degrees celsius?

Hypothesis: Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis.


Premise: How many people protested on February 23?

Hypothesis: On February 20, a 30,000-strong crowd demonstrated in Theater Square, by February 22, there were 100,000, the next day 300,000, and a transport strike was declared, by February 25, there were close to 1 million demonstrators – about a quarter of Armenia's population.


Premise: How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?

Hypothesis: Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology.


Premise: What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?

Hypothesis: Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact.


Premise: Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan?

Hypothesis: However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125–144 AD).


Premise: What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?

Hypothesis: Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish,


Premise: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?

Hypothesis: In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520.


Premise: Europe has a large market for what?

Hypothesis: Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict.


Premise: In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?

Hypothesis: 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.


Premise: What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?

Hypothesis: Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life.


Premise: What indicates the edge of a runway?

Hypothesis: On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway.


Premise: By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?

Hypothesis: The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs.


Premise: The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?

Hypothesis: In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others.


Premise: Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?

Hypothesis: In his popular book, The Road to Serfdom (1944) and in subsequent academic works, Hayek argued that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn leads towards totalitarianism.


Premise: What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?

Hypothesis: In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009.


Premise: What is the name of Britain's best-selling travel magazine?

Hypothesis: This 164-page monthly magazine is sold separately from the newspaper of record and is Britain's best-selling travel magazine.


Premise: What did the actof of milno do?

Hypothesis: However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility.


Premise: Who said that British post-punk was "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"?

Hypothesis: The network of supportive record labels that included Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass continued to facilitate a large output of music, by artists such as the Raincoats, Essential Logic, Killing Joke, the Teardrop Explodes, and the Psychedelic Furs.


Premise: What were the Japanese puppet states?

Hypothesis: Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang (consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively), and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime (which controlled the coastal regions of China).


Premise: Which Miami causeway has the smallest size?

Hypothesis: Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean.


Premise: In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?

Hypothesis: Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana.


Premise: What is the name of the nearby minor league park?

Hypothesis: The Brick", as it is locally known, is considered one of the finest minor league parks in the nation.[citation needed]


Premise: What is the link between North and South America called?

Hypothesis: South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas.


Premise: What type of festival is Glastonbury famous for

Hypothesis: Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton.


Premise: What construction feature was lacking in Tuvaluan building?

Hypothesis: Fau or Fo fafini, or woman's fibre tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus).


Premise: What can larger mutations be caused by?

Hypothesis: Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted.


Premise: What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views?

Hypothesis: The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den.


Premise: Where is Valencia's City Hall located?

Hypothesis: The largest plaza in Valencia is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento; it is home to the City Hall (Ayuntamiento) on its western side and the central post office (Edificio de Correos) on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars.


Premise: Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?

Hypothesis: This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19


Premise: What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?

Hypothesis: In 2013 and 2014, a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as "Rescator" broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then Home Depot computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers.


Premise: How many troops did Frederick have left?

Hypothesis: Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria.


Premise: Which new cultural movement began to emphasize glam, escapism and fashion?

Hypothesis: Wow (the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren) emerged in tandem with the development of the New Romantic subcultural scene.


Premise: When did Nintendo take over European distribution?

Hypothesis: When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled "NES Version"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing.


Premise: At what hospital was the baby delivered?

Hypothesis: Blue Ivy's cries are included at the end of the song, and she was officially credited as "B.I.C." on it.


Premise: In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland, allowed to vote in?

Hypothesis: Exceptions to this are presidential elections and constitutional referendums in the Republic of Ireland, for which there is no comparable franchise in the other states.


Premise: what type of flowers did Gules use?

Hypothesis: "Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert."


Premise: Who recorded "Rumble"?

Hypothesis: Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental "Rumble" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962).


Premise: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?

Hypothesis: However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding


Premise: Who would the FAA administrator report to?

Hypothesis: The FAA administrator would no longer report directly to the president but would instead report to the Secretary of Transportation.


Premise: What did Eastern European people want to do with communism?

Hypothesis: These events showed that the people of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union did not support Gorbachev's drive to modernize Communism; rather, they preferred to abandon it altogether.


Premise: What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?

Hypothesis: Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE).


Premise: Did the Austrians retain Glatz?

Hypothesis: The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it.


Premise: Who rejected the peace gesture?

Hypothesis: Stalin agreed to this change of plan.


Premise: Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?

Hypothesis: In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921.


Premise: What is Railway Himachal famous for?

Hypothesis: Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar.


Premise: The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?

Hypothesis: Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle.


Premise: What is the slide rule used for?

Hypothesis: To save space and for ease of reading, these are typically circular devices rather than the classic linear slide rule shape.


Premise: What fine did FIFA impose on Barcelona for the rules violation?

Hypothesis: In April 2014, FIFA banned the club from buying players for the next two transfer windows following the violation of the FIFA's rules about the transfer of footballers aged under 18.


Premise: The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material?

Hypothesis: The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China.


Premise: What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?

Hypothesis: The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio.


Premise: Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?

Hypothesis: Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program.


Premise: What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists?

Hypothesis: Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians.


Premise: How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma?

Hypothesis: Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles (181,035 km2), with 68,667 square miles (177847 km2) of land and 1,281 square miles (3,188 km2) of water.


Premise: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?

Hypothesis: In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote.


Premise: When was a press release put out about Kerry earning the Silver Star?

Hypothesis: Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission.


Premise: What New Haven gallery is housed in the Erector Square complex located in the Fair Haven neighborhood?

Hypothesis: The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios, and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October.


Premise: What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?

Hypothesis: Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem.


Premise: Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty?

Hypothesis: The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi.


Premise: What advertisement was Beyoncé's skin supposedly lightened in?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community.


Premise: The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?

Hypothesis: The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.


Premise: Where were the scenes featuring planes shot?

Hypothesis: Reports in the Mexican media added that the film's second unit would move to Palenque in the state of Chiapas, to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area.


Premise: What is one material used in electrical-excitation?

Hypothesis: A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials.


Premise: What is the Pawnee name for Oklahoma?

Hypothesis: The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people".


Premise: On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted?

Hypothesis: On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union.


Premise: What did the American studies program hope to instruct?

Hypothesis: Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty.


Premise: In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Protestant?

Hypothesis: The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 10% of the population.


Premise: When did the Roman Republic begin?

Hypothesis: The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana; Classical Latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire.


Premise: In modern times has the population of White/Caucasian increase or decrease since the 70s?

Hypothesis: Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 27.4% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 31.8% of the population in 2010, down from 69.6% in 1970.


Premise: What foreign decorations did Tito recieve?

Hypothesis: From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA).


Premise: Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different?

Hypothesis: A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after his work.


Premise: Who benefits from political corruption?

Hypothesis: Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain.


Premise: Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?

Hypothesis: Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.


Premise: Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?

Hypothesis: Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman."


Premise: Which street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue?

Hypothesis: 35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue.


Premise: What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?

Hypothesis: There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation.


Premise: At what point does the public begin voting for contestants?

Hypothesis: From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote.


Premise: What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?

Hypothesis: Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers.


Premise: Whose ideas did Sextus build on?

Hypothesis: Later stoics, such as Sextus of Chaeronea, would continue this idea of empiricism in later Stoic writings as well.


Premise: How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England?

Hypothesis: He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."


Premise: What does J.C.B. stand for?

Hypothesis: It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions.


Premise: What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?

Hypothesis: They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops.


Premise: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?

Hypothesis: The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology.


Premise: By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?

Hypothesis: Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.


Premise: Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?

Hypothesis: During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".


Premise: About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?

Hypothesis: According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Prime Minister.


Premise: During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?

Hypothesis: More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements.


Premise: Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?

Hypothesis: As long as the concept of natural order was not introduced, the social sciences could not evolve independently of theistic thinking.


Premise: How many Major League baseball league pennants have New York teams won?

Hypothesis: The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx.


Premise: Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?

Hypothesis: The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.


Premise: What type of fan originated in China?

Hypothesis: Among the technological accomplishments of China were, according to the British scholar Needham, early seismological detectors (Zhang Heng in the 2nd century), the water-powered celestial globe (Zhang Heng), matches, the independent invention of the decimal system, dry docks, sliding calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the blast furnace, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the winnowing machine, the rotary fan, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, and a solid fuel rocket, the multistage rocket, the horse collar, along with contributions in logic, astronomy, medicine, and other fields.


Premise: What aircraft was hijacked?

Hypothesis: On September 11, 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks.


Premise: What is the native Irish term for a pub's atmosphere?

Hypothesis: In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or "craic".


Premise: Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music?

Hypothesis: She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts.


Premise: Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?

Hypothesis: During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter.


Premise: What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?

Hypothesis: When the raw material – cloth – was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it.


Premise: In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol?

Hypothesis: The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s.


Premise: What hobby champions the use of Old English?

Hypothesis: By far the most ambitious project[peacock term] is the Old English Wikipedia, but most of the Neo-Old English texts published online bear little resemblance to the historical model and are riddled with very basic grammatical mistakes.


Premise: Which actor is producing the Freddie Mercury film?

Hypothesis: In September 2010, Brian May announced in a BBC interview that Sacha Baron Cohen was to play Mercury in a film of the same name.


Premise: To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set?

Hypothesis: The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift.


Premise: What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?

Hypothesis: All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.


Premise: Is religion also represented on this cloth symbol of the Greek?

Hypothesis: The blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy.


Premise: Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives?

Hypothesis: Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time, and in some departments this is mandatory.


Premise: How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet?

Hypothesis: The Earth contains about 434 billion cubic meters of growing stock forest, 47% of which is commercial.


Premise: What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?

Hypothesis: The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea.


Premise: In what year did the aristocracy move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris?

Hypothesis: In France, the creation of the public sphere was helped by the aristocracy's move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris in about 1720, since their rich spending stimulated the trade in luxuries and artistic creations, especially fine paintings.


Premise: What position did Aung San hold in the Burmese government?

Hypothesis: Following World War II, Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state.


Premise: What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?

Hypothesis: The World Trade Center PATH station, which opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack.


Premise: What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange?

Hypothesis: Alexander, on the other hand, was "very plain".


Premise: What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters?

Hypothesis: Following four league titles and two FA Cup wins, Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period until a revival in the 1960s which saw the club win two league championships and an FA Cup.


Premise: What ZIP code was responsible for the greatest amount of contributions in the 2004 presidential election for both candidates?

Hypothesis: New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan.


Premise: How many contestants were chosen from the 10,000 that auditioned?

Hypothesis: Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes.


Premise: For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award?

Hypothesis: The theme song, "Writing's on the Wall", received mixed reviews, particularly compared to the previous theme; nevertheless, it won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category.


Premise: Whose son died on the way to Palermo and is buried there?

Hypothesis: His son Alberto died on the way to Palermo and is buried in the city.


Premise: According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?

Hypothesis: A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.


Premise: What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?

Hypothesis: She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as "Angel in Wheelchair".


Premise: What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?

Hypothesis: The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik" in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League.


Premise: What was Imperial's capital expenditure for the 2012/2013 financial year?

Hypothesis: During the 2012/13 financial year Imperial had a capital expenditure of £124 million (2011/12 – £152 million).


Premise: How many free days of PlayStation Plus were included in the offer?

Hypothesis: There was no evidence that any credit card data had been taken, but the possibility could not be ruled out, and Sony advised customers that their credit card data may have been obtained.


Premise: How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from coal?

Hypothesis: While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas.


Premise: Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?

Hypothesis: In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364).


Premise: When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place?

Hypothesis: Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy.


Premise: Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York?

Hypothesis: Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.


Premise: What are the top three killer diseases?

Hypothesis: The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria.


Premise: How many countries does Israel maintain diplomatic relations?

Hypothesis: Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries.


Premise: Who is commissioner of the Arena Football League?

Hypothesis: AFL commissioner Scott Butera announced that a new identity will be announced at a later date.


Premise: What river does the Kings road cross

Hypothesis: The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.


Premise: For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?

Hypothesis: The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.


Premise: Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?

Hypothesis: The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent).


Premise: When was Nri taken over by the British?

Hypothesis: The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911.


Premise: What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?

Hypothesis: In doing so, the AFL became the second sports league to cancel an entire season, after the National Hockey League cancelled the 2004-05 season because of a lockout.


Premise: Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793?

Hypothesis: Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there, as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris.


Premise: What is the weight of the elevator cage balanced by?

Hypothesis: An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means.


Premise: Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?

Hypothesis: Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:


Premise: Who carved the Pulpit in Sant'Andrea?

Hypothesis: The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea.


Premise: What musical concept did Chopin exploit?

Hypothesis: Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication.


Premise: What song name does the band Suga Mama  and a song on the B'Day album share?

Hypothesis: In 2006, Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song in B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists.