Premise: How does the University Library rank among North American university libraries?

Hypothesis: The University Library contains over 4.9 million volumes, 4.6 million microforms, and almost 99,000 periodicals making it (by volume) the 30th-largest university library in North America and the 10th-largest library among private universities.


Premise: What made farming less dominant in the 20th century?

Hypothesis: Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism.


Premise: What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?

Hypothesis: Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity.


Premise: Why is it held at Webly Stadium?

Hypothesis: In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium.


Premise: Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.

Hypothesis: Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons.


Premise: What else are these genes closely related to?

Hypothesis: In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found.


Premise: What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?

Hypothesis: Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body.


Premise: Who was the founder of Jainism?

Hypothesis: Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement.


Premise: How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?

Hypothesis: The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.


Premise: Capello resigned as England's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy?

Hypothesis: England managed to finish top of their group, winning two and drawing one of their fixtures, but exited the Championships in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out, this time to Italy.


Premise: What does Ganondorf transform into?

Hypothesis: Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast, but Link defeats him and Midna is able to resurrect Zelda.


Premise: At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard?

Hypothesis: Additionally, Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard.


Premise: When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?

Hypothesis: During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle.


Premise: What put English Freemasonry at risk?

Hypothesis: The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work.


Premise: Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?

Hypothesis: Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex.


Premise: What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?

Hypothesis: For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity.


Premise: What is the AOSIS'S main concern?

Hypothesis: Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change.


Premise: Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?

Hypothesis: The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan.


Premise: What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?

Hypothesis: The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstraße roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7.


Premise: In what year was the Taragaon Museum built?

Hypothesis: The Museum is within a short walk from the Boudhnath stupa, which itself can be seen from the Museum tower.


Premise: What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals?

Hypothesis: There were 15,504 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families.


Premise: How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?

Hypothesis: Among the rest, the relationship between the three broadest of these groups (magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) remains unclear.


Premise: On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon?

Hypothesis: On Dell and Toshiba laptops, the port is marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt icon on the right side.


Premise: What is Detroit's rate of property crime?

Hypothesis: The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States.


Premise: Who did not come back as a mentor in season 14?

Hypothesis: Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season.


Premise: What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?

Hypothesis: Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration.


Premise: Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?

Hypothesis: Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music.


Premise: What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?

Hypothesis: In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable.


Premise: during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?

Hypothesis: In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts.


Premise: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?

Hypothesis: In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).


Premise: In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?

Hypothesis: The children remained in Britain.


Premise: Who accepted Japan's surrender?

Hypothesis: On 8 September 1945, U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel.


Premise: What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol?

Hypothesis: Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song "Inside Your Heaven".


Premise: Beyonce was listed in 2011 as the highest paid performer per what?

Hypothesis: Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts; a spokesperson for Beyoncé later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.


Premise: What was James Shannon's job?

Hypothesis: Congressman James Shannon, a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill, was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he "won broad establishment support and led in early polling."


Premise: What nationality was Edward Schnell?

Hypothesis: In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons.


Premise: What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?

Hypothesis: James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail.


Premise: What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?

Hypothesis: The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards.


Premise: What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?

Hypothesis: Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers.


Premise: What do landside areas include?

Hypothesis: Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads.


Premise: Who is the author of "Who Governs? Democracy an Power in An American City"

Hypothesis: New Haven was the subject of Who Governs?


Premise: According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?

Hypothesis: The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him.


Premise: Because Mohammed was "ummi," what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?

Hypothesis: Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of "ummi" - they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.


Premise: What was the smooth jazz format renamed?

Hypothesis: Some soft AC and urban AC stations like to play smooth jazz on the weekends.


Premise: Which borough can Fort Hamilton be found?

Hypothesis: New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city.


Premise: What company was desktop publishing unique to at it's beginning?

Hypothesis: Initially, desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh, but eventually became available for other platforms.


Premise: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?

Hypothesis: The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.


Premise: Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?

Hypothesis: The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland.


Premise: In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?

Hypothesis: A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel "La Anunciada" and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Rio de San Antonio.


Premise: Is the Suez Canal natural?

Hypothesis: The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.


Premise: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?

Hypothesis: In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/.


Premise: What  are some organisms for which  the Genome Sequencing Center at  Washington University Medical provided genome decoding?

Hypothesis: Washington University and its Medical School play a large part in the Human Genome Project, where it contributes approximately 25% of the finished sequence.


Premise: Who was influenced by  Jan Baudouin de Courtenay?

Hypothesis: The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology.


Premise: What province is Galkayo located in?

Hypothesis: Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.


Premise: What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?

Hypothesis: In October 2015, TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub, in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola's winery.


Premise: What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects?

Hypothesis: The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wright to compare different English dialects with each other.


Premise: What king united the tribes in the 9th century?

Hypothesis: By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Große.


Premise: How far was the party in debt for the same time period?

Hypothesis: Between January and March 2008, the Labour Party received just over £3 million in donations and were £17 million in debt; compared to the Conservatives' £6 million in donations and £12 million in debt.


Premise: In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England?

Hypothesis: In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592.


Premise: Which country did Britain ally with in 1907?

Hypothesis: Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy, Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively.


Premise: Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?

Hypothesis: In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires.


Premise: What is the main function of direction lanterns?

Hypothesis: Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator.


Premise: Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?

Hypothesis: Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body, Pollan argues, nutritionism can be blamed for many of the health problems relating to diet in the Western World today.


Premise: What word is used to denominate nobility?

Hypothesis: Because of expansion of Lithuanian duchy into lands of Ruthenia in the mid of 14th century a new term appeared to denominate nobility bajorai—from Ruthenian (modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages) бояре.


Premise: For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?

Hypothesis: On 6 April 2011, after his proposed "Plan for Stability and Growth IV" (PEC IV) was rejected by the Parliament, Prime Minister José Sócrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously.


Premise: What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?

Hypothesis: Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant.


Premise: Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?

Hypothesis: Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars.


Premise: What were the emissaries used for?

Hypothesis: It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.


Premise: Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season?

Hypothesis: The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s.


Premise: What was the AEC working on at this time?

Hypothesis: The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed.


Premise: What type of city is Santa Monica?

Hypothesis: The city is named after the Christian saint, Monica.


Premise: When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?

Hypothesis: A new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot, was chosen by the city.


Premise: Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?

Hypothesis: The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections.


Premise: What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?

Hypothesis: The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore.


Premise: Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?

Hypothesis: Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes.


Premise: Who is the president of Mediabase?

Hypothesis: According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles.


Premise: What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?

Hypothesis: After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters[not in citation given].


Premise: Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?

Hypothesis: Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language.


Premise: What position did Lord Palmerston hold?

Hypothesis: Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances.


Premise: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what?

Hypothesis: While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system.


Premise: What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?

Hypothesis: Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current.


Premise: Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?

Hypothesis: Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to "turn up and put a point of view", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful.


Premise: How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?

Hypothesis: Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes.


Premise: What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?

Hypothesis: However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does.


Premise: What were walled quarters known as?

Hypothesis: In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish Refah Partisi."


Premise: Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?

Hypothesis: However, it is high still high compared with what was the normal average Portuguese unemployment rate in the past.


Premise: How many wires did Bell send a signal through?

Hypothesis: Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his "harmonic telegraph".[N 12]


Premise: What is the latin word for architecture?

Hypothesis: Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures.


Premise: In 1678 what was  the new name of the Northern part of New Haven?

Hypothesis: However, the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed Hamden.


Premise: When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?

Hypothesis: Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning.


Premise: What is Melborne's main metropolitan train terminus?

Hypothesis: Melbourne is also home to Australia's most extensive freeway network and has the world's largest urban tram network.


Premise: Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?

Hypothesis: One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.


Premise: Who put out a report in 2012?

Hypothesis: Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease.


Premise: In what year did Maximilian III die?

Hypothesis: When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia.


Premise: What systems used IBM866 encoding?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995–2005.


Premise: What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?

Hypothesis: Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley.


Premise: What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?

Hypothesis: Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating of windings or PM damage.


Premise: When was Ireland's police force established?

Hypothesis: In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary.


Premise: What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?

Hypothesis: Humbert advised his readers, "[Young Dominicans] are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles, since these avail little to salvation, and sometimes we are fooled by them; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists.


Premise: What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes?

Hypothesis: In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000.


Premise: What is the political capital city?

Hypothesis: The more mountainous parts of the provinces of Ourense and Lugo receive significant snowfall during the winter months.


Premise: What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?

Hypothesis: Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit.


Premise: What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?

Hypothesis: The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3.


Premise: What is the second most massive Neptunian moon?

Hypothesis: Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton.


Premise: Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States?

Hypothesis: The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was "for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco," and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States.


Premise: Who was Home Secretary in 1938?

Hypothesis: By the end of 1941, the WVS had one million members.


Premise: What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate?

Hypothesis: It is surmised that the language of Urdu (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic, and Arabic under the Muslim rulers.


Premise: What did this cause the Republic to renew?

Hypothesis: Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity.


Premise: How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?

Hypothesis: To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.


Premise: What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?

Hypothesis: Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world.


Premise: What is a central part of the science of anthropology?

Hypothesis: By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.


Premise: In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?

Hypothesis: As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).


Premise: The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?

Hypothesis: One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence.


Premise: When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?

Hypothesis: The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California.


Premise: What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?

Hypothesis: All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops.


Premise: After whose death in 1907 was the "Bosnian" name changed to "Serbo-Creation"?

Hypothesis: During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called "Bosnian" until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".


Premise: What happens when the site attachment is made?

Hypothesis: Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites.


Premise: In Hindu mythology, what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over?

Hypothesis: In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes.


Premise: What large animals reside in the national park?

Hypothesis: The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas.


Premise: What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?

Hypothesis: The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).


Premise: What type of government does Tajikistan have?

Hypothesis: Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system.


Premise: How was French president Jacques Chirac described by The Sun?

Hypothesis: The Sun has been openly antagonistic towards other European nations, particularly the French and Germans.


Premise: What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?

Hypothesis: Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called "singing translation"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme.


Premise: Why did Stalin sign the pact?

Hypothesis: Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union.


Premise: What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?

Hypothesis: Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto.


Premise: What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?

Hypothesis: Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society.


Premise: In what year was the Little Red Book published?

Hypothesis: On the more negative side, obituaries are traditionally written in red ink, and to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of one's life, or that they have died.


Premise: What burrough was Feynman's high school in?

Hypothesis: Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class.


Premise: Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?

Hypothesis: His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.


Premise: How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven?

Hypothesis: Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season.


Premise: Who provides programs to students with special needs?

Hypothesis: The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas.


Premise: What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?

Hypothesis: He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States.


Premise: How many groups are FETs split into?

Hypothesis: FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET).


Premise: How much was casino revenue in 2013?

Hypothesis: With casino revenue declining from $5.2 billion in 2006 to $2.9 billion in 2013, the state saw a drop in money from its 8% tax on those earnings, which is used to fund programs for senior citizens and the disabled.


Premise: When was Oklahoma's border determined?

Hypothesis: The border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819.


Premise: It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?

Hypothesis: During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form.


Premise: In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?

Hypothesis: "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Cañaris).


Premise: What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?

Hypothesis: The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people.


Premise: What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?

Hypothesis: After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund).


Premise: How much did it cost each company in season 7?

Hypothesis: The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s.


Premise: What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?

Hypothesis: Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets.


Premise: What does REL stand for?

Hypothesis: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3.


Premise: What year was Capuano elected?

Hypothesis: The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.


Premise: What is Canada's defense policy based on?

Hypothesis: Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008.


Premise: In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?

Hypothesis: In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal.


Premise: West 132nd Street is interrupted by St. Nicholas Park and which college?

Hypothesis: After an interruption from St. Nicholas Park and City College, there is another small stretch of West 132nd Street between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue


Premise: What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?

Hypothesis: The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011.


Premise: Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?

Hypothesis: Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement.


Premise: What are there 10 million of each year at the airport?

Hypothesis: The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year.


Premise: What did Smith die of?

Hypothesis: The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls.


Premise: What year did the end of Imperial China occur?

Hypothesis: This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism.


Premise: On what atoll is Ebeye located?

Hypothesis: In July 2011, the number of island residents was estimated to number about 72,191.


Premise: 11th Street and 6th Avenue was the home of what tavern from the 1700s?

Hypothesis: 11th Street and 6th Avenue was the location of the Old Grapevine tavern from the 1700s to its demolition in the early 20th century.


Premise: What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?

Hypothesis: Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws.


Premise: According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?

Hypothesis: The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra.


Premise: What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?

Hypothesis: Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players.


Premise: 2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years?

Hypothesis: Almost all scientists acknowledge that the rate of species loss is greater now than at any time in human history, with extinctions occurring at rates hundreds of times higher than background extinction rates.


Premise: How many Muslims were killed during the invasion of Banu Qurayza?

Hypothesis: Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.


Premise: Who were considered "white Indians"?

Hypothesis: Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city.


Premise: What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?

Hypothesis: In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England.


Premise: What population descended from the Vlachs?

Hypothesis: The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population.


Premise: In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a "global health emergency"?

Hypothesis: The World Health Organization declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015.


Premise: What is the western equivalent of the prefix "pre"?

Hypothesis: The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- ("approach, come close to").


Premise: What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eisenhower?

Hypothesis: After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby.


Premise: What sea creatures were used in traditional handicrafts?

Hypothesis: The women of Tuvalu use cowrie and other shells in traditional handicrafts.


Premise: Where did Victoria visit that led her to reprimand Derby for the state of the Royal Navy?

Hypothesis: Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere.


Premise: How many Special Police protected the relay event?

Hypothesis: A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers.


Premise: What are rhythms provided by in House music?

Hypothesis: Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines.


Premise: Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?

Hypothesis: An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility.


Premise: How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008?

Hypothesis: Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS.


Premise: What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?

Hypothesis: The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area.


Premise: Who founded the library?

Hypothesis: It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library.


Premise: What was the software attach rate in the US for the 360 by March of 2008?

Hypothesis: At the 2008 Game Developers Conference, Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year.


Premise: What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?

Hypothesis: The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty.


Premise: How many summits in PA are over 2,500 ft?

Hypothesis: In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft (800 m); the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft (900 m).


Premise: Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's?

Hypothesis: The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time.


Premise: By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers?

Hypothesis: It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products.


Premise: Who was incorrctly quoted in saying "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton"?

Hypothesis: The Duke of Wellington is often incorrectly quoted as saying that "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton".


Premise: Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance?

Hypothesis: As in Rome, whatever gods he served in his own time seem to have been his own business; legionary forts and vici included shrines to household gods, personal deities and deities otherwise unknown.


Premise: What is another name for the governing body of ministers?

Hypothesis: It is also known as the cabinet.


Premise: The Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from where?

Hypothesis: During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide.


Premise: How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?

Hypothesis: Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria.


Premise: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?

Hypothesis: The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005.


Premise: Which statements did these other documents include from the Westminster Standards?

Hypothesis: These other documents include ancient creedal statements (the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed), 16th-century Reformed confessions (the Scots Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, the Second Helvetic Confession), and 20th century documents (The Theological Declaration of Barmen, Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith).


Premise: The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment of an electron under what restriction?

Hypothesis: The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment which would be expected for an electron if it behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics.


Premise: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?

Hypothesis: In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.


Premise: What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?

Hypothesis: New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians.


Premise: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?

Hypothesis: The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.


Premise: Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture?

Hypothesis: The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music, with studio experimentation taking a central role.


Premise: What was the profession of Lange?

Hypothesis: The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory.


Premise: What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?

Hypothesis: The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.


Premise: Up to how many AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne?

Hypothesis: The origins of Australian rules football can be traced to matches played next to the MCG in 1858.


Premise: What did he say that the brain would decide?

Hypothesis: That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived:


Premise: Where was the Helvetic Republic established?

Hypothesis: During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys.


Premise: Where is there a Cherokee immersion school?

Hypothesis: The Cherokee Nation instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home.


Premise: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?

Hypothesis: In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.


Premise: What title did George have in India prior to 1948?

Hypothesis: After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948.


Premise: In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?

Hypothesis: According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.".


Premise: What market did Dell ignore at first?

Hypothesis: Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company’s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997.


Premise: What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen?

Hypothesis: Rather than assigning all 9 of the state's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes, under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system (Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district).


Premise: What year was the IFAB formed?

Hypothesis: The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association.


Premise: What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?

Hypothesis: In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry.


Premise: Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?

Hypothesis: Lipopolysaccharides, also called endotoxins, are composed of polysaccharides and lipid A that is responsible for much of the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria.


Premise: According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?

Hypothesis: Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries.


Premise: After firing the director, what did Barcelona form?

Hypothesis: In late December, Barcelona's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated, leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows.


Premise: ENIAC was constructed by whom?

Hypothesis: Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945.


Premise: What results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside?

Hypothesis: By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfascicular cambium), a complete ring is formed, and a regular periodical increase in thickness results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside.


Premise: How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?

Hypothesis: In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students.


Premise: What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?

Hypothesis: The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.


Premise: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?

Hypothesis: As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis.


Premise: When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?

Hypothesis: Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters, the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat, under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February, many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own; in one instance, Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces.


Premise: What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida

Hypothesis: A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda.


Premise: Tito was awarded the Queen of where?

Hypothesis: I, Order of Georgi Dimitrov, Order of Karl Marx, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Michael the Brave, Order of Pahlavi, Order of Sukhbaatar, Order of Suvorov, Order of the Liberator, Order of the October Revolution, Order of the Queen of Sheba, Order of the White Rose of Finland, Partisan Cross, Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha.[citation needed]


Premise: Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?

Hypothesis: Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games.


Premise: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?

Hypothesis: The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution.


Premise: Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?

Hypothesis: This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing.


Premise: What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews?

Hypothesis: Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew.


Premise: When is the perspective aspect of a verb used?

Hypothesis: Actually, aspects "compensate" for the relative lack of tenses, because aspect of the verb determines whether the act is completed or in progress in the referred time.


Premise: Charles Town was named after which king?

Hypothesis: Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783.


Premise: Who founded the Gelug school?

Hypothesis: In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.


Premise: Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?

Hypothesis: On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions.


Premise: Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?

Hypothesis: It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites.


Premise: What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?

Hypothesis: In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.


Premise: How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?

Hypothesis: By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but increased its speed from 5 MHz to 8 MHz; this board also had the capacity to support a 384×256-pixel display.


Premise: Where was the album released?

Hypothesis: This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one.


Premise: In which year did Long publish his study?

Hypothesis: A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington.


Premise: Insects are cut into how many sections?

Hypothesis: The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections.


Premise: What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition?

Hypothesis: On 14 June, Napoleon ended the War of the Fourth Coalition with his victory at the Battle of Friedland.


Premise: What is a Schnellweg?

Hypothesis: The roads are B 3, B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, becomes B3 again, changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz, then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7) and Südschnellweg (starts out as B65, becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz).


Premise: When did Henry IV's reign begin?

Hypothesis: A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V (r. 1111–25), who died without heirs, until Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155–90) took the imperial throne.


Premise: How many pilots remained in February 1941?

Hypothesis: Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%.


Premise: What does UNHCR stand for?

Hypothesis: The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment.


Premise: What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?

Hypothesis: According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language.


Premise: What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?

Hypothesis: Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle.


Premise: What effect did the raid have strategically?

Hypothesis: The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production.


Premise: How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?

Hypothesis: Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.


Premise: What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?

Hypothesis: The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309.


Premise: What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?

Hypothesis: These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city.


Premise: What museum is famous for its dinosaur artifacts?

Hypothesis: The National Museum of Natural History, on the Left Bank, is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution.


Premise: What is extra-pair copulation?

Hypothesis: For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate.


Premise: To what date has cotton been dated?

Hypothesis: Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.


Premise: Tagalog is what kind of language?

Hypothesis: A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.


Premise: At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?

Hypothesis: Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride.


Premise: When was John Cabot's voyage commissioned?

Hypothesis: Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again.


Premise: Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?

Hypothesis: To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War.


Premise: Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?

Hypothesis: Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure.


Premise: Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines?

Hypothesis: The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles, dispersed as small units.


Premise: How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?

Hypothesis: In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music "Franz Liszt" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students).


Premise: What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?

Hypothesis: This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music.


Premise: What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?

Hypothesis: From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal.


Premise: Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate?

Hypothesis: As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status.


Premise: What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?

Hypothesis: With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today.


Premise: Who was the winner?

Hypothesis: David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show.


Premise: When did the Battle of Leyte Gulf occur?

Hypothesis: It was a series of four distinct engagements fought off the Philippine island of Leyte from 23 to 26 October 1944.


Premise: How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to?

Hypothesis: It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.


Premise: What region of Thailand has madaris?

Hypothesis: (Thai: school of Islam) in Thailand and madaris in the Philippines.


Premise: Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?

Hypothesis: Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization.


Premise: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?

Hypothesis: Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas".


Premise: Herbert Marcuse was from what school?

Hypothesis: Out of the Frankfurt School, thinkers like Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives.


Premise: When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?

Hypothesis: Backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995 (ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995).


Premise: What is the single reed family called?

Hypothesis: While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.


Premise: With whom did Von Neumann work on the Manhattan Project?

Hypothesis: After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and later as one of its commissioners.


Premise: Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?

Hypothesis: By contrast, a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use (though later in VHS's lifespan, engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact).


Premise: Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?

Hypothesis: The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education.


Premise: What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?

Hypothesis: Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization.


Premise: Where are the origins of Freemasonry?

Hypothesis: The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason.


Premise: How many films are present in the TCM library?

Hypothesis: Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films.


Premise: Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?

Hypothesis: In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense.


Premise: What does szlachta mainly denote?

Hypothesis: In the narrow sense, szlachta denotes the old-Commonwealth nobility.


Premise: Which prize did Frederick Buechner create?

Hypothesis: While not Catholic, Buechner has praised writers from Notre Dame and Moreau Seminary created a Buechner Prize for Preaching.


Premise: What company runs the University of Kansas's bookstore?

Hypothesis: The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations).


Premise: How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out?

Hypothesis: Typically the wrestler who is tagging out has a 5-second count to leave the ring, whereas the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.


Premise: How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time?

Hypothesis: Baltimore had four major department stores: Hutzler's was the prestige leader, followed by Hecht's, Hochschild's and Stewart's.


Premise: What are the remaining Cetic languages that are still used today?

Hypothesis: However, English, sometimes in the form of Scots, is the dominant language, with few monoglots remaining in the other languages of the region.


Premise: What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name?

Hypothesis: This immutability has been guaranteed since Unicode version 2.0 by the Name Stability policy.


Premise: How did the British treat Cherbourg?

Hypothesis: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army.


Premise: From what was rope made for tying buildings together?

Hypothesis: Fau or Fo fafini, or woman's fibre tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus).


Premise: What years did Red crossbills invade England?

Hypothesis: Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.


Premise: How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won?

Hypothesis: Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards.


Premise: What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video?

Hypothesis: Making 'cuts' in intraframe-compressed video is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video: one finds the beginning and ending of each frame, and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep, and discards the frames one doesn't want.


Premise: What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?

Hypothesis: The European concept of "race", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political traditions.


Premise: Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?

Hypothesis: Some followed Pierre Bayle and argued that atheists could indeed be moral men.


Premise: Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?

Hypothesis: The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel.


Premise: How much does the city spend per year per child?

Hypothesis: During the 2014 school year, the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil, below the average among comparable urban school districts.


Premise: Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?

Hypothesis: Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations.


Premise: What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's?

Hypothesis: They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin.


Premise: What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?

Hypothesis: Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east.


Premise: Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?

Hypothesis: Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves.


Premise: Who succeeded Rex E. Lee?

Hypothesis: Shortly before his death, Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman.


Premise: How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands?

Hypothesis: Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage (for all citizens above 18), with each of the twenty-four constituencies (see below) electing one or more representatives (senators) to the lower house of RMI's unicameral legislature, the Nitijela.


Premise: How many people work in University of Oklahoma?

Hypothesis: Tinker Air Force Base (27,000); University of Oklahoma (11,900); University of Central Oklahoma (2,900); and Norman Regional Hospital (2,800).


Premise: What system did the Ottomans abolish in favor of the millet system?

Hypothesis: This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church.


Premise: "Compensation" consists of what?

Hypothesis: This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab.


Premise: What is much like the neighboring languages?

Hypothesis: Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).


Premise: what european country were big house music hits being released in, in 1987?

Hypothesis: By 1986, UK labels were releasing house music by Chicago acts, and by 1987 house tracks by Chicago DJs and producers were appearing on and topping the UK music chart.


Premise: Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence?

Hypothesis: Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development.


Premise: What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?

Hypothesis: Since 1900, classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define.


Premise: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?

Hypothesis: In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics.


Premise: How many parks exist in Plymouth?

Hypothesis: On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east–west linked by a north–south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe.


Premise: Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?

Hypothesis: Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline.


Premise: In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?

Hypothesis: The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times (Series 2, Episode 12).


Premise: What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?

Hypothesis: Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally.


Premise: A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?

Hypothesis: A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak Mandarin.


Premise: Who wrote the book 'Robopocalypse' is based on?

Hypothesis: The film would follow a global human war against a robot uprising about 15–20 years in the future.


Premise: What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?

Hypothesis: The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria.


Premise: Is the division rate of the TB bacterium fast or slow relative to other bacteria?

Hypothesis: It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour.


Premise: What is Halyna Kolotnytska's nationality?

Hypothesis: He hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him and his family's health, and traveled everywhere with his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska.


Premise: What political leaning does Mexico City take?

Hypothesis: In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage.


Premise: What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?

Hypothesis: Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster.


Premise: In 2009, Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money?

Hypothesis: On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé married Jay Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, I Am...


Premise: What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?

Hypothesis: During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006.


Premise: What did many investigate

Hypothesis: Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor.


Premise: The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format?

Hypothesis: The Phantom Menace (1999) which was released on LaserDisc in Japan, is among the first home video releases ever to include 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround.


Premise: What did the US Navy rely on?

Hypothesis: The U.S. Navy, by contrast, relied on commerce raiding from the outset.


Premise: The first woman to go into space was from which country?

Hypothesis: This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6.


Premise: How is gun useage regulated?

Hypothesis: Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms.


Premise: what is located on the west side of the rail station

Hypothesis: The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.


Premise: Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?

Hypothesis: Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales, but even more disturbingly, the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist.


Premise: In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?

Hypothesis: This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean.


Premise: Downtown Houston consisted of what type of building in the 1960's?

Hypothesis: In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures.


Premise: The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?

Hypothesis: After the kick is made, change of possession occurs and subsequent penalties are assessed against either the spot where the ball is caught, or the runback.


Premise: What was the De Materia Medica written about?

Hypothesis: Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides.


Premise: What is Thuringia's highest mountain?

Hypothesis: Most of this range is forested and the Großer Beerberg (983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain.


Premise: Who won this season of Idol?

Hypothesis: 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot.


Premise: What was the benefit of being a Vestal?

Hypothesis: In archaic Roman society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus.


Premise: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?

Hypothesis: In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions.


Premise: What market analyst firm said Sony could make the PlayStation 3 profitable by August 2008?

Hypothesis: However, market analysts Nikko Citigroup have predicted that PlayStation 3 could be profitable by August 2008.


Premise: At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?

Hypothesis: Universal already had a reputation for nepotism—at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr


Premise: Who did Madonna play in the role A League Of Their Own?

Hypothesis: She also starred in the film Dangerous Game, which was released straight to video in North America.


Premise: What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?

Hypothesis: Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates.


Premise: Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?

Hypothesis: B. Marcus Priteca, the Scottish-born and Seattle-based architect, built several theaters for Pantages, including some in Seattle.


Premise: Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?

Hypothesis: With the defeat of the First Army, Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too.


Premise: What is the main mission of the ECB?

Hypothesis: The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities).


Premise: How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?

Hypothesis: Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm).


Premise: When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?

Hypothesis: The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR)


Premise: What colonies did the Netherlands possess?

Hypothesis: The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), New Zealand, and Canada, all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council.


Premise: Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?

Hypothesis: Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.


Premise: What specific form of bullying did the survey show was most common?

Hypothesis: More than 2,000 took part and said that verbal bullying was the most common form, although physical bullying was a close second for boys.


Premise: When did GE announce its Ecoimagination program?

Hypothesis: The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that, "while General Electric's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line, Mr. Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy."


Premise: In von Neumann's model what does p represent?

Hypothesis: Proving the existence of a positive growth rate and proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann.


Premise: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?

Hypothesis: General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there.


Premise: What company provides the city with natural gas?

Hypothesis: Santa Monica fleet vehicles and Buses now source their natural gas from Redeem, a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste.


Premise: What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms?

Hypothesis: The majority of simplified characters are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms, or ancient standard forms.


Premise: What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?

Hypothesis: The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.


Premise: What was the name given to the island reached by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on January 9th of 1530?

Hypothesis: After that, ships including the San Jeronimo, Los Reyes and Todos los Santos also visited the islands in different years.


Premise: Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?

Hypothesis: Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.


Premise: The Waldorf Astoria hotel sold for how many dollars?

Hypothesis: In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold.


Premise: How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup?

Hypothesis: (Manchester United in 2008), and they have also been runners-up twice, behind Brazil's Brasileirão with four wins, and Spain's La Liga and Italy's Serie A with two wins each (see table here).


Premise: when was mr. fingers' "mystery of love" released?

Hypothesis: According to author Richie Unterberger, it moved house music away from its "posthuman tendencies back towards the lush" soulful sound of early disco music.


Premise: When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?

Hypothesis: The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276.


Premise: What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?

Hypothesis: By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.


Premise: Howmany state parks are in North Carolina?

Hypothesis: North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths, 34 state parks, and 14 national parks.


Premise: Where did Houston rank for job creation in 2013?

Hypothesis: Also in 2013, Houston again appeared on Forbes' list of Best Places for Business and Careers.


Premise: Why did the CTRC send out a bulletin to broadcasters?

Hypothesis: The letter states, "CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011."


Premise: Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?

Hypothesis: The FAA expects many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013.


Premise: Who was notably influenced by John Norris?

Hypothesis: Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers.


Premise: What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?

Hypothesis: Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations.


Premise: What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?

Hypothesis: The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect formerly wasted infrared radiation back to the filament from which it can be re-emitted as visible light.


Premise: What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?

Hypothesis: Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to move up or down into water layers with different light intensities and nutrient levels.


Premise: What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?

Hypothesis: Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to "neutralize" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory."


Premise: What advantage did Washington have over the British generals?

Hypothesis: As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did.


Premise: Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?

Hypothesis: The UNFPA says it "is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled."


Premise: Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?

Hypothesis: Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe.


Premise: Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century?

Hypothesis: The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old.


Premise: What principality did the Zakarid family form?

Hypothesis: The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.


Premise: Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language?

Hypothesis: The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme.


Premise: In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?

Hypothesis: At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9 891 497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons.


Premise: Which organization did Beyonce's spokespeople confirm her donations to?

Hypothesis: Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts; a spokesperson for Beyoncé later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.


Premise: What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?

Hypothesis: After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation.


Premise: What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?

Hypothesis: Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions.


Premise: What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect?

Hypothesis: Space Control is defined as "operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space.


Premise: By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?

Hypothesis: By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise.


Premise: What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?

Hypothesis: Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas.


Premise: Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?

Hypothesis: These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences.


Premise: In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?

Hypothesis: The most noteworthy of these were Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane that brought heavy rains five days apart.


Premise: How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952

Hypothesis: Upon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states.


Premise: What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible?

Hypothesis: However, this definition becomes problematic in the case of dialect continua, in which it may be the case that dialect B is mutually intelligible with both dialect A and dialect C but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible with each other.


Premise: Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?

Hypothesis: Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984.


Premise: When was samurai armor last used?

Hypothesis: Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries.


Premise: What was happening in the stadium at the time?

Hypothesis: On October 10, Ivano-Frankivsk was the site of a pre-election protest attended by 30,000 people.


Premise: What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment?

Hypothesis: Intellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment.


Premise: What is the median age of viewers this season?

Hypothesis: was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season.


Premise: Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?

Hypothesis: Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'.


Premise: What does Χριστός (Christos) mean?

Hypothesis: The Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning "follower of Christ", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning "anointed one", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership.


Premise: Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?

Hypothesis: According to author Michael Carrithers, while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account, "the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death."


Premise: What three things does the tax system depend on?

Hypothesis: It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system.


Premise: Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?

Hypothesis: Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.


Premise: The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?

Hypothesis: Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to achieve another first, launching Voskhod 1 on October 12, 1964, the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew.


Premise: Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?

Hypothesis: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam.


Premise: During what span of 2010 did snowfall remain for a significant amount of time on the ground in Richmond?

Hypothesis: There is considerable variability in total monthly amounts from year to year so that no one month can be depended upon to be normal.


Premise: What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight?

Hypothesis: Other items includes bed races in the streets, the debauched Nit dels Mascarots, Karaoke sausage roasts, xatonades, the children's party, Vidalet, the last night of revelry, Vidalot, the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats) and the children's King Caramel whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites.


Premise: When did British post-punk emerge?

Hypothesis: British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community—


Premise: What position in Yugoslavia's government did Tito hold from 1944-63?

Hypothesis: After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–63), President (later President for Life)


Premise: Why can American tort law not be easily summarized?

Hypothesis: Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts, many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others.