Premise: What radio station introduced the term "soft rock"?

Hypothesis: Termed "the acoustic equivalent to Prozac", soft adult contemporary, a more adult-oriented version of AC, was born in the late 1970s and grew in the early 1980s.


Premise: What may be contracted into single characters?

Hypothesis: Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for "et"), and as non-standard.


Premise: Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?

Hypothesis: Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links.


Premise: Which ocean is along eastern Russia?

Hypothesis: commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91.


Premise: When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?

Hypothesis: The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events.


Premise: When was the Peloponnesian War?

Hypothesis: After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful.


Premise: Who was rookie of the year in 1989?

Hypothesis: In 1989, the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field, Don Zimmer's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg, Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson, who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace, Shawon Dunston, Greg Maddux, Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton, and Rookie of the Year Runner-Up Dwight Smith.


Premise: How long did the Manx shearwater live?

Hypothesis: As they are long-lived birds, they may cover enormous distances during their lives; one record-breaking Manx shearwater is calculated to have flown 8 million km (5 million miles) during its over-50 year lifespan.


Premise: Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?

Hypothesis: Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch.


Premise: What two apex predators do not have a small population size?

Hypothesis: Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators, humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions.


Premise: What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?

Hypothesis: Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.


Premise: In what year was Tito's funeral?

Hypothesis: The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980.


Premise: In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?

Hypothesis: In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge.


Premise: Who was the leader of the Punjabis?

Hypothesis: This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British.


Premise: What department was ready to join the rescue effort by Wednesday?

Hypothesis: However, the Red Cross Society of China said that (on May 13) "it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter."


Premise: What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?

Hypothesis: A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available.


Premise: What was HP's growth during the third quarter of 2006?

Hypothesis: Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did.


Premise: What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?

Hypothesis: In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time.


Premise: The Planck constant initially was given what name?

Hypothesis: Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value.


Premise: What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?

Hypothesis: Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade.


Premise: By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?

Hypothesis: Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808.


Premise: Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho?

Hypothesis: After a number of years, when the girls had reached a marriageable age, they would perform labour service for the Queen Mother, ending with dancing and feasting.


Premise: On what date was the stamp officially released?

Hypothesis: In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'.


Premise: What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?

Hypothesis: It was said to have then begun to compete with Córdoba and Cairo in terms of importance and splendor.


Premise: What can cause sudden disc degradation?

Hypothesis: This failure is known as disc rot, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.


Premise: When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?

Hypothesis: The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war.


Premise: What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?

Hypothesis: Foreclosure is when a person has not chosen extensively in the past, but seems willing to commit to some relevant values, goals, or roles in the future.


Premise: What was the result of the invasion by Spain?

Hypothesis: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762.


Premise: What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?

Hypothesis: Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453).


Premise: What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size?

Hypothesis: The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.


Premise: When did Ibn Tufail live?

Hypothesis: In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island, through experience alone.


Premise: What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War?

Hypothesis: Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238.


Premise: What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center, from a historical perspective?

Hypothesis: Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.


Premise: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?

Hypothesis: Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt.


Premise: At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?

Hypothesis: But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period.


Premise: Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?

Hypothesis: During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws.


Premise: According to family economic and financial education specialists, how do adolescents develop sound money management skills?

Hypothesis: According to family economic and financial education specialists, adolescents develop sound money management skills through the practices of saving and spending money, as well as through planning ahead for future economic goals.


Premise: What people are particularly known for eating buff?

Hypothesis: Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places.


Premise: What caused a violent uprising?

Hypothesis: The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers.


Premise: Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?

Hypothesis: However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government.


Premise: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?

Hypothesis: For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French).


Premise: What idea did Blumenschine propose?

Hypothesis: Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters.


Premise: What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?

Hypothesis: He claimed the area for France and named it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).


Premise: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?

Hypothesis: In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America.


Premise: What is another term for coset multiplication?

Hypothesis: This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G → G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism, or by general abstract considerations called universal properties.


Premise: According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?

Hypothesis: They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop.


Premise: How many of Oklahoma's 2007 undergrads completed their degree?

Hypothesis: In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges.


Premise: Who conquered the ancient Estonians?

Hypothesis: Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840).


Premise: What is the name of the Somali postal service?

Hypothesis: The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia.


Premise: What is the name of the stadium that held Live Aid?

Hypothesis: The city has played a major role in the development and support of American rock music and rap music.


Premise: What political organization was Giovanni's father a member of?

Hypothesis: He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician.


Premise: Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription?

Hypothesis: Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made.


Premise: Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?

Hypothesis: The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana.


Premise: What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?

Hypothesis: Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous.


Premise: What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?

Hypothesis: Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory.


Premise: What was this official's position at the time?

Hypothesis: However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.


Premise: Where was the August 30, 2008 quake?

Hypothesis: See 2008


Premise: What did the abbey build on the west side?

Hypothesis: The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]


Premise: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?

Hypothesis: Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city.


Premise: When did the High Court of Malawi gave the right for Madonna to adopt her second son?

Hypothesis: The country's High Court initially approved the adoption of Chifundo "Mercy" James; however, the application was rejected because Madonna was not a resident of the country.


Premise: What year did the memorial first opened?

Hypothesis: Since its opening in 2000, over three million people have visited.


Premise: What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of?

Hypothesis: In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs.


Premise: When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?

Hypothesis: From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories.


Premise: What type of pixels does a dot matrix display use?

Hypothesis: Dot-matrix displays typically use 5x7 pixels per character.


Premise: Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?

Hypothesis: Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe, and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907.


Premise: When did he win Ottoman confidence?

Hypothesis: He won Ottoman confidence as a junior officer in the Crimean War.


Premise: What does 'chaetae' mean?

Hypothesis: The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.


Premise: What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for?

Hypothesis: In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal), (3) duration and pattern of occurrence, (4) intensity and time since onset, and (5) etiology.


Premise: Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?

Hypothesis: Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau; the founders of progressive education, John Dewey and Francis Parker; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, and more recently John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison and Ivan Illich.


Premise: How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?

Hypothesis: His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted.


Premise: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?

Hypothesis: An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.


Premise: Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?

Hypothesis: Anderson says the policies "protect pedophiles rather than protect the children."


Premise: What is Greece ranked in the EU in the production of marble?

Hypothesis: Between 2005 and 2011, Greece has had the highest percentage increase in industrial output compared to 2005 levels out of all European Union members, with an increase of 6%.


Premise: Is Burma now a democratic nation?

Hypothesis: Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition—here, "transition" does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy, but transition to a quasi-military rule.


Premise: In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?

Hypothesis: The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities.


Premise: According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?

Hypothesis: They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.


Premise: Where do Investitures take place?

Hypothesis: It has replaced the throne room in importance and use.


Premise: The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?

Hypothesis: mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule.


Premise: What was the name of the project to change the location of I-40 and make a new entrance to the city?

Hypothesis: This also allows the central portion of the city to expand south and connect with the shore of the Oklahoma River.


Premise: What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?

Hypothesis: But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).


Premise: In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?

Hypothesis: This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.


Premise: Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?

Hypothesis: Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population.


Premise: What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?

Hypothesis: The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.


Premise: At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music?

Hypothesis: He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo.


Premise: What evidence of previous rule is evident in the buildings in Burma ?

Hypothesis: Burma's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom.


Premise: What race was Sherman McCoy?

Hypothesis: By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals.


Premise: When was the City and Guilds College founded?

Hypothesis: The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.


Premise: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?

Hypothesis: He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe.


Premise: How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?

Hypothesis: In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings.


Premise: How many routes does Nanjing's airport run?

Hypothesis: The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, USA and Germany.


Premise: What part of the Burmese population is considered not a part of the mainstream group?

Hypothesis: According to the The World Factbook, the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32%.


Premise: Who listed her at number 17 in their list of  Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters?

Hypothesis: In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.


Premise: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?

Hypothesis: The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent.


Premise: How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris' waste liquids?

Hypothesis: Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes.


Premise: What agreement called for the stop of Hostilities?

Hypothesis: The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012.


Premise: What was Rosell's record number of votes he received for president?

Hypothesis: After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president.


Premise: What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?

Hypothesis: Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions.


Premise: What year did the Argead Dynasty end?

Hypothesis: The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus.


Premise: The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?

Hypothesis: The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats) that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment.


Premise: After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?

Hypothesis: This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.


Premise: What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws?

Hypothesis: When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unless, of course, otherwise should or could be interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty.[citation needed]


Premise: What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?

Hypothesis: When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force.


Premise: What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?

Hypothesis: According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects.


Premise: How many bombing raids were there during World War II?

Hypothesis: Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids.


Premise: What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?

Hypothesis: Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes.


Premise: What new office allowed government to issue administrative orders faster?

Hypothesis: While these two offices strengthened the emperor's position temporarily, soon they and other Chinese-style structures were bypassed in the developing state.


Premise: Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral?

Hypothesis: The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition.


Premise: What is a common opinion of metaphysics?

Hypothesis: Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools.


Premise: After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?

Hypothesis: The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille.


Premise: Who conquered parts of Mauretania?

Hypothesis: The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.


Premise: What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?

Hypothesis: Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away.


Premise: In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise?

Hypothesis: In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales.


Premise: What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?

Hypothesis: Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs.


Premise: On what date was af2 regarded as disbanded?

Hypothesis: That league was formally considered disbanded on September 8, 2009, when no owner committed his or her team to the league's eleventh season by that deadline.


Premise: How many groups are defined in the superclass?

Hypothesis: Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts.


Premise: What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?

Hypothesis: The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style.


Premise: What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?

Hypothesis: Sometimes a character is owned and trademarked by the company, forcing the wrestler to find a new one when they leave (although a simple typeset change, such as changing Rhyno to Rhino, can usually get around this), and sometimes a character is owned by the wrestler.


Premise: When was clonal selection theory first proposed?

Hypothesis: The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells.


Premise: What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent?

Hypothesis: Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music.


Premise: When did St. Francis Xavier die?

Hypothesis: Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552):


Premise: Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?

Hypothesis: Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach.


Premise: What are conformation shows also known as?

Hypothesis: As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.


Premise: What are the three principles every plan should consider?

Hypothesis: According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight.


Premise: What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?

Hypothesis: While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages.


Premise: Where do the cardinals work?

Hypothesis: They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.


Premise: How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?

Hypothesis: There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013.


Premise: Insects have what kind of sense of numbers?

Hypothesis: The number of caterpillars is different among species, but always the same for each sex of larva.


Premise: Who did Victorias eldest daughter marry?

Hypothesis: Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London.


Premise: What did Wii offer that PS3 couldn't compete with?

Hypothesis: The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation's most successful console in terms of units sold.


Premise: When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established?

Hypothesis: The Foothills Mall is also located on the northwest side in Casas Adobes.


Premise: What action of the Union damaged the southern cotton exports?

Hypothesis: After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports,[citation needed] sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.


Premise: How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons?

Hypothesis: As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy.


Premise: What percentage of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority in Winter 2013?

Hypothesis: In Winter 2013, 39% of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority.


Premise: Beyonce's sex appeal is characterized as what?

Hypothesis: " Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s, the media often used the term "Bootylicious" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyoncé, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name.


Premise: What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?

Hypothesis: The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."


Premise: What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?

Hypothesis: The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount.


Premise: Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety?

Hypothesis: Household uses of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience, comfort and safety possible.


Premise: What is the goal of the textual critic?

Hypothesis: The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a "critical edition" containing a scholarly curated text.


Premise: What was the reason the Allen brothers purchased land in 1836?

Hypothesis: The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the popular general at the Battle of San Jacinto, who was elected President of Texas in September 1836.


Premise: Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?

Hypothesis: Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army.


Premise: What are examples of day migrating raptors?

Hypothesis: Satellite tracking of day migrating raptors such as ospreys and honey buzzards has shown that older individuals are better at making corrections for wind drift.


Premise: How did Milliband explain posing with this newspaper?

Hypothesis: A statement was issued on 13 June explaining that Miliband "was promoting England's bid to win the World Cup", although "he understands the anger that is felt towards the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended."


Premise: Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?

Hypothesis: Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air.


Premise: What group did Jens Galschiøt lead?

Hypothesis: She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur.


Premise: In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed?

Hypothesis: The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period.


Premise: What is the CIA's main focus?

Hypothesis: Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection.


Premise: Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?

Hypothesis: After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director.


Premise: What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?

Hypothesis: In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations.


Premise: What was this new phase of neoclassicism?

Hypothesis: From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival.


Premise: What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?

Hypothesis: However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.


Premise: Who first dubbed the British Parliament the "Mother of Parliaments?"

Hypothesis: London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom.


Premise: What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?

Hypothesis: The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op.


Premise: According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?

Hypothesis: Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights.


Premise: Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?

Hypothesis: As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes.


Premise: During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?

Hypothesis: The term Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820) through the addition of a prefix meaning "west" (西 xī) to Zang.


Premise: What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with?

Hypothesis: Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience."


Premise: Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?

Hypothesis: Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children.


Premise: What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?

Hypothesis: Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road.


Premise: What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?

Hypothesis: University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively.


Premise: How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets?

Hypothesis: On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group "which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other".


Premise: Who presides over an impeachment trial?

Hypothesis: The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial.


Premise: What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?

Hypothesis: "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy."


Premise: What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?

Hypothesis: His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.


Premise: What place was Oklahoma cities population ranked in the nation in 2012?

Hypothesis: Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012.


Premise: Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?

Hypothesis: These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement.


Premise: Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?

Hypothesis: The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.


Premise: What is pollarding

Hypothesis: The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.


Premise: What is the SACU?

Hypothesis: Its GDP per capita of $9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income.


Premise: How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?

Hypothesis: Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.


Premise: What traditions does the US Air Force have?

Hypothesis: Some of these traditions range from "Friday Name Tags" in flying units to an annual "Mustache Month.


Premise: What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?

Hypothesis: Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent.


Premise: When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?

Hypothesis: In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin.


Premise: Along with Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley, what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio?

Hypothesis: By the early 1970s, softer songs by artists like The Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow, and even Streisand, began to be played more often on "Top 40" radio and others were added to the mix on many AC stations.


Premise: When did British post-punk emerge?

Hypothesis: American critic Greil Marcus characterised "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"—as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel, while several groups, such as PiL and Joy Division, achieved some success in the popular charts.


Premise: What types of musicians were the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham?

Hypothesis: No wave musicians such as the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham instead experimented with noise, dissonance and atonality in addition to non-rock styles.


Premise: How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

Hypothesis: The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county).


Premise: Israel has a history of providing what?

Hypothesis: However, Israel has a history of providing emergency aid and humanitarian response teams to disasters across the world.


Premise: What does IPA stand for?

Hypothesis: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩.


Premise: What was Queen's final album featuring Mercury vocals compiled from earlier recordings called?

Hypothesis: Queen's last album featuring Mercury, titled Made in Heaven, was finally released in 1995, four years after his death.


Premise: What level alert was instated for the quake?

Hypothesis: The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a "Level II emergency contingency plan", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters.


Premise: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?

Hypothesis: In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns.


Premise: What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?

Hypothesis: Farmers have tended to oppose DST.


Premise: What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?

Hypothesis: Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.


Premise: What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school?

Hypothesis: He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, medicine, geometry, trade and commerce, craftsmanship, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career.


Premise: How many civilians were the Japanese hoping to kill during their planned attack on San Diego?

Hypothesis: During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego.


Premise: What was the location of the first store?

Hypothesis: The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle.


Premise: How does Seattle compare in church attendance to the rest oF the US?

Hypothesis: In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state.


Premise: Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?

Hypothesis: Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light.


Premise: What are some catgories of retrospective memory?

Hypothesis: Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory.


Premise: What category of trees show this difference greatly?

Hypothesis: This is particularly the case with coniferous woods.


Premise: What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?

Hypothesis: In debate in Parliament on Britain's relations with Russia, Fox praised the principles of the revolution, although Burke was not able to reply at this time as he was "overpowered by continued cries of question from his own side of the House".


Premise: When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ?

Hypothesis: In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country.


Premise: What is the name of the gay district?

Hypothesis: Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population.


Premise: What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?

Hypothesis: Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015–16.


Premise: During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what?

Hypothesis: Each man must be guaranteed equality of opportunity."


Premise: For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?

Hypothesis: They are less commonly used for reception where multiple channels are present, in which case additional modifications are used to increase the bandwidth, or entirely different antenna designs are used.


Premise: What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?

Hypothesis: Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast.


Premise: What other varieties of Christianity can be found among the Grecian people ?

Hypothesis: During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking.


Premise: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?

Hypothesis: The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.


Premise: In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal's law?

Hypothesis: The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo.


Premise: What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?

Hypothesis: Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956.


Premise: How many time has Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest?

Hypothesis: Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 35 times after its debut at the 1974 Contest.


Premise: Who is the earliest President that is represented in the archives of the Presidential Library system?

Hypothesis: The Presidential Libraries include:


Premise: What institution memorializes great Canadian football achievements?

Hypothesis: Canadian football is also played at the high school, junior, collegiate, and semi-professional levels: the Canadian Junior Football League, formed May 8, 1974, and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18–22, many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup, and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years.


Premise: What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012?

Hypothesis: Mali has one of the world's highest rates of infant mortality, with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007.


Premise: What goal did the ALI's study say could not be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?

Hypothesis: A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled.


Premise: Who oversees the operations of the CIA?

Hypothesis: The CIA was first formed under the National Security Act of 1947 from the army's Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which furnished both military intelligence and clandestine military operations to the army during the crisis of World War II.


Premise: What event started the consular year?

Hypothesis: Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.


Premise: From what region did the group Devo originate?

Hypothesis: Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art techniques, musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years.


Premise: Who is an internationally renowned film director from Guinea-Bissau?

Hypothesis: Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala (English: My Voice).


Premise: Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?

Hypothesis: Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday.


Premise: The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?

Hypothesis: Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.


Premise: What can prevent a green color in glass?

Hypothesis: Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) impurities of up to 0.1 wt% produce a green tint, which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments.


Premise: Who is John Gulick?

Hypothesis: The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages.


Premise: When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?

Hypothesis: It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s.


Premise: Who was the governor during the Civil War?

Hypothesis: After the Civil War began, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops.


Premise: What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?

Hypothesis: It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.


Premise: Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?

Hypothesis: In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan.


Premise: How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001?

Hypothesis: To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) has expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001.


Premise: What is considered the public face of the palace?

Hypothesis: The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period, designed by Nash's student Sir James Pennethorne.


Premise: What would we call a printed circuit board with embedded electronics, abbreviated PCA?

Hypothesis: When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board.


Premise: during the Iraq war, what color did anti-war activists paint the "A"?

Hypothesis: However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted it black.


Premise: Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building?

Hypothesis: The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style.


Premise: The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has a range of members between what amounts?

Hypothesis: It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland.


Premise: Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?

Hypothesis: They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions.


Premise: What other training do the US Air force Personnel get during BMT?

Hypothesis: While the trainees do tackle the massive obstacle courses along with the BEAST, the other portions include defending and protecting their base of operations, forming a structure of leadership, directing search and recovery, and basic self aid buddy care.


Premise: What does research show about the FBO effect?

Hypothesis: Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism.


Premise: Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store?

Hypothesis: In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria.


Premise: What are pesticides most commonly used for?

Hypothesis: The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects.


Premise: What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?

Hypothesis: On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for "You Belong with Me", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyoncé's video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", nominated for the same award, was "one of the best videos of all time".


Premise: How do NPOs handle staffing?

Hypothesis: Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal).


Premise: What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?

Hypothesis: A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically.


Premise: What is the Forney Library dedicated to?

Hypothesis: The Forney Library, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service.


Premise: Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?

Hypothesis: In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France), during the Reign of Terror.


Premise: What conflict affected Utrecht

Hypothesis: The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht.


Premise: What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals?

Hypothesis: Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca.


Premise: Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank?

Hypothesis: The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity.


Premise: Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?

Hypothesis: The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.


Premise: What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?

Hypothesis: For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship.


Premise: Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?

Hypothesis: ; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.


Premise: Who allowed industrialists to become officials in the newly state sanctioned industries?

Hypothesis: To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs, Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the monopolies.


Premise: What was Guerrilla fighter José Castro Veiga's nickname?

Hypothesis: Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led by José Castro Veiga ("El Piloto") and Benigno Andrade ("Foucellas"), both of whom were ultimately captured and executed.


Premise: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?

Hypothesis: In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation.


Premise: Why did Philip move south?

Hypothesis: Philip moved south to meet John; the year's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers.


Premise: Homeostasis is like what household tool?

Hypothesis: Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain.


Premise: What was the name of the United States' second prison?

Hypothesis: In 2009, the two-way section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane.


Premise: What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?

Hypothesis: whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf.


Premise: Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?

Hypothesis: On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War.


Premise: How does peristalsis work?

Hypothesis: Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim.


Premise: Who was a doctor?

Hypothesis: he was a doctor for the reservations.


Premise: What is another way to refer to an antennas gain?

Hypothesis: A high-gain antenna will radiate most of its power in a particular direction, while a low-gain antenna will radiate over a wider angle.


Premise: When were the mini-A connector and and the mini-AB receptacle connector depreceated?

Hypothesis: Both mini-A and mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm; the mini-A connector and the mini-AB receptacle connector were deprecated on 23 May 2007.


Premise: What magazine described the Super Slim as "nostalgic"?

Hypothesis: Technology magazine T3 gave the Super Slim model a positive review, stating the console is almost "nostalgic" in the design similarities to the original "fat" model, "While we don’t know whether it will play PS3 games or Blu-ray discs any differently yet, the look and feel of the new PS3 Slim is an obvious homage to the original PS3, minus the considerable excess weight.


Premise: The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?

Hypothesis: In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, behind the park system of Minneapolis.


Premise: What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 1950?

Hypothesis: According to the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects, Guinea-Bissau's population was 1,515,000 in 2010, compared to 518,000 in 1950.


Premise: What does the typical latino in media look like?

Hypothesis: Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/green-eyed white Hispanic and Latino Americans (who resemble Scandinavians and other Northern Europeans rather than they look like white Hispanic and Latino Americans mostly of typical Southern European features), and also light-skinned mulatto and mestizo Hispanic and Latino Americans (often deemed as white persons in U.S. Hispanic and Latino populations if achieving the middle class or higher social status), especially some of the actors on the telenovelas.


Premise: How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?

Hypothesis: These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall.


Premise: Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God?

Hypothesis: Also in these books, Athanasius put forward the belief that the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God created the world, entered that world in human form to lead men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fallen away.


Premise: Madonna's Material Girl recreated whose look?

Hypothesis: Her "Material Girl" music video recreated Monroe's look in the song "


Premise: What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?

Hypothesis: The Dayton-Hudson Corporation closed the flagship J. L. Hudson Department Store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations.


Premise: These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism.

Hypothesis: Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep.


Premise: Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?

Hypothesis: Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law.


Premise: What may impact social dynamics and technical development?

Hypothesis: Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.


Premise: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?

Hypothesis: Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population.


Premise: What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?

Hypothesis: The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance.


Premise: What were some of problems experienced with the colonialism of Burma by the British?

Hypothesis: Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas.


Premise: What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?

Hypothesis: Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things — in salvation but also in all of life.


Premise: What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?

Hypothesis: He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.


Premise: What are the 50 states in the Union known as?

Hypothesis: The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts.


Premise: More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other?

Hypothesis: These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether.


Premise: For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?

Hypothesis: On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII.


Premise: How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?

Hypothesis: When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan."


Premise: What kind of clock have genetic functions?

Hypothesis: Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known.


Premise: How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995?

Hypothesis: Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted.


Premise: What is another term for voice-aspirated?

Hypothesis: Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.


Premise: Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?

Hypothesis: Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes.


Premise: How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?

Hypothesis: In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama.


Premise: How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?

Hypothesis: Indian film star Aamir Khan states on his personal blog that the "Olympic Games do not belong to China" and confirms taking part in the torch relay "with a prayer in his heart for the people of Tibet, and ... for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations".


Premise: What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre?

Hypothesis: The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday, 7 October 2006, at the Dominion Theatre, but due to public demand, the show ran until May 2014.


Premise: Where did a lot of Germans settle?

Hypothesis: " These latecomers to the New World were forced to the frontier to find cheap land.


Premise: What is the sister station to WBZ-TV?

Hypothesis: The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV and its sister station WSBK-TV (the former a CBS O&O, the latter an MyNetwork TV affiliate), WCVB-TV (ABC),


Premise: What is the name of the bike trail that goes through Santa Monica?

Hypothesis: Santa Monica is thought to be one of the leaders for bicycle infrastructure and programming in Los Angeles County.[citation needed]


Premise: How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911?

Hypothesis: San Diego's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911, and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people.


Premise: What is Spielberg's most common theme?

Hypothesis: The most persistent theme throughout his films is tension in parent-child relationships.


Premise: Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes?

Hypothesis: In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs.


Premise: Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?

Hypothesis: The Baltic was[when?]


Premise: What did Boston's early settlers call the area?

Hypothesis: Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists.


Premise: What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?

Hypothesis: Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim.


Premise: What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?

Hypothesis: An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren.


Premise: Beyonce mostly releases English songs, but what other language did she release songs?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs.


Premise: What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?

Hypothesis: The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States.


Premise: What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?

Hypothesis: She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.


Premise: Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?

Hypothesis: The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today.


Premise: Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?

Hypothesis: Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran.


Premise: During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?

Hypothesis: When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of hurricane victims, saying:


Premise: What was it called when many Mexican's were forcibly repatriated?

Hypothesis: By the 1940s the Mexican community began to settle what is now Mexicantown.


Premise: Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?

Hypothesis: In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours.


Premise: Why was it not included in the series?

Hypothesis: (The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30, 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault.


Premise: What feature was found on more home stereos that allowed continuous play between records?

Hypothesis: From the mid-1950s through the 1960s, in the U.S. the common home record player or "stereo" (after the introduction of stereo recording) would typically have had these features: a three- or four-speed player (78, 45, 33 1⁄3, and sometimes 16 2⁄3 rpm); with changer, a tall spindle that would hold several records and automatically drop a new record on top of the previous one when it had finished playing, a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styli and a way to flip between the two; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole.


Premise: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I.


Premise: How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?

Hypothesis: Five of Schutz's Historien were Easter pieces, and of these the latter three, which dealt with the passion from three different viewpoints, those of Matthew, Luke and John, were all done a cappella style.


Premise: How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?

Hypothesis: The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept—one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles.


Premise: What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?

Hypothesis: According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%).


Premise: Is this licence required on a permanent basis?

Hypothesis: Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available, and follows the completion of the UEFA 'B' and 'A' Licences.


Premise: Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell CFO?

Hypothesis: Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices.


Premise: In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?

Hypothesis: In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men.


Premise: What is the name of the newspaper with the most varied political support in British history?

Hypothesis: Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein, Tim Montgomerie, Matthew Parris and Matt Ridley, but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch, Phil Collins, Oliver Kamm and Jenni Russell.


Premise: What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?

Hypothesis: In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast.


Premise: What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?

Hypothesis: By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.


Premise: When did the UN Security Council order Syria's chemical weapons be destroyed?

Hypothesis: Syria quickly welcomed this proposal and on September 14, the UN formally accepted Syria's application to join the convention banning chemical weapons, and separately, the U.S. and Russia agreed on a plan to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons by the middle of 2014.


Premise: Who had scored four overall scoring titles as of the 2006 season?

Hypothesis: Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.


Premise: When did the global economic recession start?

Hypothesis: The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since.


Premise: What is a significant portion of the BYU's operating costs subsidized by?

Hypothesis: Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries.


Premise: Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?

Hypothesis: Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.


Premise: What  does the immediate return system mean?

Hypothesis: Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it.


Premise: What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?

Hypothesis: This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life.


Premise: How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?

Hypothesis: Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament.


Premise: What did the Germans expect to negotiate?

Hypothesis: The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but immediately ordered an advance on Paris; by 15 September Moltke issued the orders for an investment of Paris and on 20 September the encirclement was complete.


Premise: What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?

Hypothesis: Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology.


Premise: What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?

Hypothesis: Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review.


Premise: On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?

Hypothesis: On 8 December, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day.


Premise: What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?

Hypothesis: The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio.


Premise: What was the most people that Highbury stadium could host?

Hypothesis: The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993–94 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators.


Premise: What type of light stimulates the circadian system?

Hypothesis: The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system.


Premise: What year was Bannerman Park opened?

Hypothesis: The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park.


Premise: What is one element of English Dominican mysticism?

Hypothesis: First, spiritually it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life.


Premise: Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain?

Hypothesis: When this proved impossible, he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime, and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar "terror offensive" against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all.


Premise: What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?

Hypothesis: This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renascence).


Premise: Queen's Crazy Little Thing Called Love was an ode to which singer?

Hypothesis: Having written the song on guitar and played rhythm on the record, Mercury played rhythm guitar while performing the song live, which was the first time he ever played guitar in concert.


Premise: Near what region was Balta bording?

Hypothesis: In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground.


Premise: How many died from cholera in a 2008 epidemic?

Hypothesis: Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries, cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths.


Premise: Which Australian state was once known as the garden state?

Hypothesis: Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities.


Premise: What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station?

Hypothesis: A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH.


Premise: In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?

Hypothesis: The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002.


Premise: What does Tajikistan mean?

Hypothesis: According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."


Premise: Who provides a virtual server service?

Hypothesis: Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.


Premise: The highest ranking person's title in British india is?

Hypothesis: The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain.


Premise: What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?

Hypothesis: This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth.


Premise: What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF?

Hypothesis: The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or "AUMF" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001.


Premise: How long is the rope?

Hypothesis: Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast.


Premise: From what did parliament evolve?

Hypothesis: During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws.


Premise: What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?

Hypothesis: He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements.


Premise: What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?

Hypothesis: Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat.


Premise: What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?

Hypothesis: In some cultures, extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded.


Premise: In what place with the word "name" in it do most people speak Dutch?

Hypothesis: Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.


Premise: Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?

Hypothesis: Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore discretely bounded.


Premise: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt?

Hypothesis: The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples.


Premise: Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?

Hypothesis: that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental.


Premise: Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?

Hypothesis: According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas, including "culture", which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training.


Premise: Which campaign does Beyoncé contribute to that encourages leadership in females?

Hypothesis: She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls.


Premise: The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?

Hypothesis: For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties.


Premise: What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?

Hypothesis: He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution.


Premise: What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008?

Hypothesis: The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26% of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading (4*) and a further 47% as being internationally excellent (3*).


Premise: What is the name of the fitness gyms that Madonna opened?

Hypothesis: Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness.


Premise: Who removed Jesus from the cross?

Hypothesis: Following Jesus' death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting.


Premise: Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?

Hypothesis: The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain.


Premise: What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced?

Hypothesis: From 1958, the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced its service calls to the island.


Premise: When was the Capital building completed?

Hypothesis: A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788.


Premise: Pamlico and Cape fear indians are examples of what?

Hypothesis: Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, Cape Fear Indians, and others, who were the first to encounter the English; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as the Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.[citation needed]


Premise: Who composed the Benedictine Rule?

Hypothesis: Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot.


Premise: What does CFL stand for?

Hypothesis: Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming.


Premise: How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?

Hypothesis: Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations.


Premise: How much of a contribution did the Genome Center at Washington University make in sequencing the Human Genome Project?

Hypothesis: Among its many recent initiatives, The Genome Center at Washington University (directed by Richard K. Wilson) played a leading role in the Human Genome Project, having contributed 25% of the finished sequence.


Premise: What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?

Hypothesis: Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt.


Premise: What military branch was George W. Bush in?

Hypothesis: The group included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's, and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat.


Premise: Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?

Hypothesis: It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan.


Premise: Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee?

Hypothesis: Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons.


Premise: Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?

Hypothesis: Strauss's "Alice Polka" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice.


Premise: When was the phonome's modern concept developed?

Hypothesis: Note that this distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of the phoneme in the mid 20th century.


Premise: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?

Hypothesis: The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s.


Premise: The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?

Hypothesis: The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs.


Premise: Who was the promoter, director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo?

Hypothesis: Its promoter, director and organizer was Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga, who also made a considerable donation along with donations from José Raimundo Guerra, as well as others from the Convent of San Francisco in Salta.


Premise: Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center?

Hypothesis: Continental AG, founded in Hanover in 1871, is one of the city's major companies, as is Sennheiser.


Premise: How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?

Hypothesis: Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles.


Premise: How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC?

Hypothesis: The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest.


Premise: Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991?

Hypothesis: The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991.


Premise: What is the name of Bostons main airport?

Hypothesis: Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.


Premise: How much land did Morgan Stanley purchase?

Hypothesis: Revel was hindered with many problems, with the biggest setback to the company being in April 2010 when Morgan Stanley, the owner of 90% of Revel Entertainment Group, decided to discontinue funding for continued construction and put its stake in Revel up for sale.


Premise: Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet?

Hypothesis: Gregory of Tours read Virgil, whom he quotes in several places, along with some other Latin poets, though he cautions that "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death."


Premise: Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?

Hypothesis: Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages.


Premise: What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?

Hypothesis: The strength is in the walls, not the cavities.


Premise: What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?

Hypothesis: Counter-intuitively, the "micro" size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime.


Premise: What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?

Hypothesis: They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison.


Premise: In what decade did Philips produce a "professional" LD model for computer?

Hypothesis: This strange device could be considered a very early equivalent of a CD-ROM.


Premise: What is Crohn's disease?

Hypothesis: The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956.


Premise: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?

Hypothesis: In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x.


Premise: What Puerto Rican leader did the FBI spy on?

Hypothesis: The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez had it made public via the Freedom of Information Act in the 1980s.


Premise: What is the goal of the NIBRS?

Hypothesis: Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category.


Premise: What was the first TV episode Spielberg directed part of?

Hypothesis: His first professional TV job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery.


Premise: What was distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?

Hypothesis: All licensed US cartridges were made by Nintendo, Konami and Acclaim.


Premise: How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?

Hypothesis: The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as civic rights (Volksrechte, droits civiques), include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.


Premise: In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools?

Hypothesis: Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple.


Premise: What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?

Hypothesis: Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them.


Premise: Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence?

Hypothesis: At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence.