Premise: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?

Hypothesis: While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods.


Premise: What event was blamed for the injuries to Barcelona stars?

Hypothesis: In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions.


Premise: What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?

Hypothesis: DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed.


Premise: What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?

Hypothesis: The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians.


Premise: When did the Six Dynasties end?

Hypothesis: The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country.


Premise: How old was John XXIII upon his death?

Hypothesis: On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb.


Premise: How many metropolitan areas boast teams from all major US sports?

Hypothesis: All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills).


Premise: Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?

Hypothesis: The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal.


Premise: How many clubs are currently in the Premier League?

Hypothesis: There are 20 clubs in the Premier League.


Premise: How many battleships were in Kurita's "Center Force"?

Hypothesis: On 24 October, as Kurita's force entered the Sibuyan Sea, USS Intrepid and USS Cabot launched 260 planes, which scored hits on several ships.


Premise: What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?

Hypothesis: The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town.


Premise: Köppen Aw refers to what kind of climate?

Hypothesis: Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).


Premise: When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?

Hypothesis: Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families.


Premise: At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed?

Hypothesis: The Hunnic threat remained until Attila's death in 453, when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart.


Premise: What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031?

Hypothesis: In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista.


Premise: Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?

Hypothesis: A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics.


Premise: What even was recorded in the Guinness World Records?

Hypothesis: Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for "most tweets per second recorded for a single event" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and "Beyonce pregnant" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011.


Premise: Beyonce confirmed what after performing one of her songs?

Hypothesis: In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyoncé performed "Love on Top" and started the performance saying "Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet, I want you to feel the love that's growing inside of me".


Premise: What type of structure is the Cathedral of Brasília?

Hypothesis: Niemeyer's project of Cathedral of Brasília is based in the hyperboloid of revolution which sections are asymmetric.


Premise: Where was Osborne House located?

Hypothesis: She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81.


Premise: What school is affiliated with the New England Primate Research Center?

Hypothesis: Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole, but in October 1976, over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA.


Premise: How many people were executed by the People's Courts?

Hypothesis: They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.


Premise: Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire?

Hypothesis: European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople.


Premise: From what did Chinese characters derive?

Hypothesis: Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin.


Premise: How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?

Hypothesis: On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull.


Premise: What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?

Hypothesis: Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.


Premise: What did Oda Nobunaga value?

Hypothesis: Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation.


Premise: What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED?

Hypothesis: M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972.


Premise: How long is a full-time mission for females?

Hypothesis: For males, a full-time mission is two years in length, and for females it lasts 18 months.


Premise: What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?

Hypothesis: In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed]


Premise: At what rank in value in the Premier League is Arsenal?

Hypothesis: Research by the Henley Business School modelled the club's value at £1.118 billion in 2015, the second highest in the Premier League.


Premise: What is the English meaning of inquirere?

Hypothesis: This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.


Premise: In degrees Fahrenheit, what is Plymouth's annual mean temperature?

Hypothesis: The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °C (52 °F).


Premise: What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?

Hypothesis: The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string.


Premise: What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?

Hypothesis: In humans, the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function.


Premise: Where did Tito send Dubcek in 1968?

Hypothesis: In 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets.


Premise: Who was credited with changes that occurred to the interior due to the war's effects ?

Hypothesis: Myanmar was bombed extensively by both sides.


Premise: What have the trio of players , Messi, Suarez, and Neymar been called?

Hypothesis: Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Suárez and Neymar, dubbed MSN, scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history.


Premise: Which league did Notre Dame Fighting Irish teams participate in in 1982?

Hypothesis: The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012–13.


Premise: The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?

Hypothesis: The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: "economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century".


Premise: How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?

Hypothesis: The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513.


Premise: How much of Nigeria's male population can read?

Hypothesis: After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria.


Premise: What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle?

Hypothesis: Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union and began a rapid expansion.


Premise: What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?

Hypothesis: The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance.


Premise: How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?

Hypothesis: The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements.


Premise: When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?

Hypothesis: Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan.


Premise: There was a marked trend towards what type of approach to political issues?

Hypothesis: In general, there was a marked trend towards a pragmatic approach to political issues, rather than a philosophical one.


Premise: In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory?

Hypothesis: In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name.


Premise: What were direct to disc recordings expected to product?

Hypothesis: These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a "purist" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc.


Premise: What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?

Hypothesis: In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]


Premise: What improvements were made to Internet Explorer?

Hypothesis: Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default.


Premise: What occupation did David Jones have?

Hypothesis: David Jones was started by David Jones, a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London.


Premise: Who ordered the construction of the church?

Hypothesis: According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London.


Premise: How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team won NCAA National Championships?

Hypothesis: The University of Arizona Wildcats sports teams, most notably the men's basketball and women's softball teams have strong local interest.


Premise: What was the name of the song that the Everton Football Club released in 1986?

Hypothesis: In 1986 the club released "Everybody's Cheering The Blues" which reached number 83. "


Premise: Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?

Hypothesis: At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup.


Premise: What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications?

Hypothesis: He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster.


Premise: What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?

Hypothesis: When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape.


Premise: Several proposals have been raised to do what?

Hypothesis: In observance of Shabbat, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish, Friday is a "short day", usually lasting till 14:00 in the winter, or 16:00 in the summer.


Premise: How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?

Hypothesis: In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.


Premise: What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?

Hypothesis: These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture.


Premise: When did population growth in Thuringia peak?

Hypothesis: The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990.


Premise: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?

Hypothesis: One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design.


Premise: How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?

Hypothesis: Antarctic fisheries in 2000–01 reported landing 112,934 tonnes.


Premise: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?

Hypothesis: Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.


Premise: When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?

Hypothesis: The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009.


Premise: What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?

Hypothesis: This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.


Premise: In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?

Hypothesis: Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture.


Premise: Who is referred to as nobilitas?

Hypothesis: The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Premise: What is considered the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator?

Hypothesis: In 1905 the value E, the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator, was theoretically associated by Einstein with a "quantum" or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself.


Premise: What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?

Hypothesis: Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells.


Premise: What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?

Hypothesis: Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of Greek philosophy"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy.


Premise: Which streets have their own linked articles?

Hypothesis: Major streets have their own linked articles; minor streets are discussed here.


Premise: Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store?

Hypothesis: Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer.


Premise: How many top five singles came from her first album?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z's "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.


Premise: What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?

Hypothesis: Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank.


Premise: How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?

Hypothesis: The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities.


Premise: What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?

Hypothesis: That was remedied by cutting at half the speed.


Premise: When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?

Hypothesis: Some African-American organizations, and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.


Premise: What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold?

Hypothesis: While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos.


Premise: How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?

Hypothesis: The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics.


Premise: What religion has immigration brought by 2%?

Hypothesis: According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as "convinced atheists."


Premise: How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?

Hypothesis: Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg.


Premise: What is the definition of an "aircraft carrier"?

Hypothesis: There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type.


Premise: To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?

Hypothesis: Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping.


Premise: What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?

Hypothesis: The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment.


Premise: How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?

Hypothesis: A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems.


Premise: When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?

Hypothesis: A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach.


Premise: How many people were displaced in the unrests?

Hypothesis: The security situation did not improve during June–August 2013 and there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) as well as human rights abuses and renewed fighting between Séléka and Bozizé supporters.


Premise: During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?

Hypothesis: The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear.


Premise: How many Japanese submarines shelled Sydney on June 8, 1942?

Hypothesis: On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle.


Premise: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?

Hypothesis: The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens.


Premise: What was the name of the erotic thriller that shows scenes of sadomasochism and bondage?

Hypothesis: The New York Times described the film as "angry and painful, and the pain feels real."


Premise: How far was the Conservative party in debt?

Hypothesis: Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "cash for peerages" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations.


Premise: Who influences Boston's politics and religion?

Hypothesis: Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.


Premise: What is the symbol for Zinc?

Hypothesis: In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2.


Premise: When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market?

Hypothesis: In 1880 a telephone exchange was established and in the same year the foundations of St Paul's, were laid; in 1881 electric light was installed in the Eastern Market, and in the following year a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation.


Premise: On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol?

Hypothesis: This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.


Premise: Who is the Windows Manager?

Hypothesis: Alongside other changes, the build removed the Start button from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on Windows 95; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an "app" itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system.


Premise: What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy?

Hypothesis: In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy in order to create an "ecological civilization."


Premise: Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?

Hypothesis: In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises.


Premise: Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?

Hypothesis: A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent.


Premise: Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?

Hypothesis: During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys.


Premise: How long did liquidation occur?

Hypothesis: It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.


Premise: Gautama didn't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why?

Hypothesis: He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering.


Premise: How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?

Hypothesis: About 10% of the species of the Earth can be found in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined, Colombia has 10% of the world’s mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species, and 18% of the bird species of the world.


Premise: What are examples of a cell's internal environment?

Hypothesis: Gene expression can be regulated at any step: from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, to post-translational modification of the protein.


Premise: What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures?

Hypothesis: Their implementation will be monitored and evaluated by the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF.


Premise: What was the former name of the Mayflower Theatre?

Hypothesis: There is also the Nuffield Theatre based at the University of Southampton's Highfield campus, which is the city's primary producing theatre.


Premise: Who wrote "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star"?

Hypothesis: The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width.


Premise: What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?

Hypothesis: But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating.


Premise: What types of ions does typical glass have?

Hypothesis: The most common commercial glasses contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions (usually sodium and calcium), for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance.


Premise: When did Athanasius return to his position as Patriarch?

Hypothesis: In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, Athanasius returned to his patriarchate.


Premise: What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?

Hypothesis: Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead.


Premise: What was Bell's favorite subject?

Hypothesis: His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology, while he treated other school subjects with indifference, to the dismay of his demanding father.


Premise: What is the tuition per academic year at Memorial University of Newfoundland?

Hypothesis: MUN also offers the lowest tuition in Canada ($2,644, per Academic Year)


Premise: George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated?

Hypothesis: Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin "felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.


Premise: Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?

Hypothesis: The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China.


Premise: If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?

Hypothesis: Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process.


Premise: What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?

Hypothesis: In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker.


Premise: What are political parties lobbied by?

Hypothesis: Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties.


Premise: How are LEDs used in theaters?

Hypothesis: Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers.


Premise: In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?

Hypothesis: Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia.


Premise: Since when has Iran developed its domestic military infrastructure?

Hypothesis: The Fajr-3 (MIRV) is currently Iran's most advanced ballistic missile, it is a liquid fuel missile with an undisclosed range which was developed and produced domestically.


Premise: What type of monopolies does IP create?

Hypothesis: Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents.


Premise: In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?

Hypothesis: Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla.


Premise: What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?

Hypothesis: NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall.


Premise: Who said it Archuletta's rendition is one that she will never forget?

Hypothesis: David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's "Imagine" was considered by many as one of the best of the season.


Premise: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?

Hypothesis: Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).


Premise: Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?

Hypothesis: Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire.


Premise: How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?

Hypothesis: But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents.


Premise: Who were the original affluent society?

Hypothesis: Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image.


Premise: In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?

Hypothesis: In 1992, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for "symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century" and for his "enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate".


Premise: What towns grew around the weaving Industry

Hypothesis: Towns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry.


Premise: What is the male who is father of the pups called?

Hypothesis: In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja).


Premise: What sort of things did Bell collect as a child?

Hypothesis: As a child, young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world, resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age.


Premise: What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?

Hypothesis: Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal "boulevard" linking Millbay to the city centre.


Premise: What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?

Hypothesis: This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the Fused Grid.


Premise: Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?

Hypothesis: The British adopted "effective ceiling", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability.


Premise: In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?

Hypothesis: In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued.


Premise: What was one of the names that was initially considered for Washington University in St. Louis?

Hypothesis: The university amended its name once more in 1976, when the Board of Trustees voted to add the suffix "in St. Louis" to distinguish the university from the nearly two dozen other universities bearing Washington's name.


Premise: What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?

Hypothesis: Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy, calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations.


Premise: What has made the no photography rule hard to enforce in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?

Hypothesis: For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules increasingly difficult to enforce.


Premise: Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?

Hypothesis: It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another.


Premise: What place held an opening show for the relay?

Hypothesis: The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading "Free Tibet", and an alternative "human rights torch" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take.


Premise: What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?

Hypothesis: Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun.


Premise: What school practices were kept by the Roman world after the fall of Greece ?

Hypothesis: The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria and other centres of Greek learning while Eastern Roman science was essentially a continuation of classical science.


Premise: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?

Hypothesis: In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.


Premise: What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?

Hypothesis: He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster.


Premise: Who were the beats Kanye made in the 90's originally intended for?

Hypothesis: Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists, eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records.


Premise: Which season was Ace Young on?

Hypothesis: Prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage – which she accepted.


Premise: Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?

Hypothesis: Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn.


Premise: Who took over after the preliminary phase?

Hypothesis: He also collated the various editions of the Book of Mormon down to the present to see what sorts of changes have been made through time.


Premise: What happened in Philadelphia in 1856?

Hypothesis: After the Great Depression, Democratic registrations increased, but the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 (in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover).


Premise: What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?

Hypothesis: The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ("Land of the Goths"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia >


Premise: What did John XXIII die of?

Hypothesis: He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia.


Premise: How are views on race influenced?

Hypothesis: The survey shows that the views on race are sociopolitically (ideologically) influenced and highly dependent on education."


Premise: Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death?

Hypothesis: In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying.


Premise: Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?

Hypothesis: Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts.


Premise: Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record?

Hypothesis: A record cutter would engrave the grooves into the master disc.


Premise: What role does Warwick have on the show?

Hypothesis: The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.


Premise: What percentage of the population speaks Kriol?

Hypothesis: 14% of the population speaks the official language Portuguese, the language of government and national communication during centuries of colonial rule.


Premise: Nicholas Vincent was described as what?

Hypothesis: John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being "downright mean" towards Isabella.


Premise: How long ago did people start living in the area?

Hypothesis: Bananas arrived in the region and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet; they were also used in the production of alcoholic beverages.[when?]


Premise: What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?

Hypothesis: The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language.


Premise: What was Boucicaut most widely known for?

Hypothesis: The entrepreneur Aristide Boucicaut became a partner in 1852, and changed the marketing plan, instituting fixed prices and guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds, advertising, and a much wider variety of merchandise.


Premise: Which Bond novel first featured Spectre?

Hypothesis: The ownership of the Spectre organisation—originally stylised "SPECTRE" as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion—and its characters, had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball.


Premise: When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?

Hypothesis: The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy.


Premise: Who was the official that accused UNFPA?

Hypothesis: However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.


Premise: Why did Naples remain neutral?

Hypothesis: Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway.


Premise: In what month was the second generation of the Digital Monsters Released?

Hypothesis: In December, the second generation of Digital Monster was released, followed by a third edition in 1998.


Premise: Religious diversity in North Carolina has generally what?

Hypothesis: The second-largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism, which is strong in the northern Piedmont, especially in populous Guilford County.


Premise: What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?

Hypothesis: Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.


Premise: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?

Hypothesis: Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces.


Premise: When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?

Hypothesis: On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports.


Premise: What does Běidǒu translate as?

Hypothesis: The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation.


Premise: How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?

Hypothesis: However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008.


Premise: Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?

Hypothesis: Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art; many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures have survived.


Premise: What is Seattle's musical genre developed in the 1990s?

Hypothesis: Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene.


Premise: Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43?

Hypothesis: Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland.


Premise: Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?

Hypothesis: The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster.


Premise: What is the chairman of the bucopho also called?

Hypothesis: As noted above, there are 55 tinkhundla in Swaziland and each elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Swaziland.


Premise: the dominion act was passed in what year

Hypothesis: The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada.


Premise: What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?

Hypothesis: The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard


Premise: What do they believe about sexual orientation?

Hypothesis: They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.


Premise: Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from people of what nationality?

Hypothesis: For example, there is discussion about if the Limón Creole English must be considered as "a kind" of English or a different language.


Premise: What are the boreholes on Funafuti called?

Hypothesis: The boreholes on Funafuti, at the site now called Darwin's Drill, are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls.


Premise: Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?

Hypothesis: While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South.


Premise: What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas.


Premise: What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?

Hypothesis: In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called "New Town" and which became Downtown San Diego.


Premise: Charleston is known for what type of food?

Hypothesis: Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits.


Premise: What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?

Hypothesis: These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility; for instance, vancomycin can kill only gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against gram-negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


Premise: What causes the different accounts of the cross used?

Hypothesis: The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous.


Premise: What was the original meaning of ta'wil?

Hypothesis: The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed.


Premise: In classical times, what was Apollo's strong function in popular religion?

Hypothesis: In later writers, the word, usually spelled "Paean", becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing.


Premise: How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in Santa Monica?

Hypothesis: The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese.


Premise: Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?

Hypothesis: John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John.


Premise: WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?

Hypothesis: Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko


Premise: What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara?

Hypothesis: Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540.


Premise: Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam?

Hypothesis: In northeast Korea by 11 December, the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam.


Premise: What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?

Hypothesis: Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.


Premise: How many rivers run through Hanover?

Hypothesis: With around 40 parks, forests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and one canal, Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities.


Premise: Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?

Hypothesis: In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification.


Premise: What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?

Hypothesis: He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.


Premise: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?

Hypothesis: Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature.


Premise: Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba?

Hypothesis: Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe.


Premise: What is the most commonly seen species?

Hypothesis: The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).


Premise: What year was the Platonic Academy founded?

Hypothesis: Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.


Premise: Why was there a low point for English football?

Hypothesis: Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.


Premise: As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?

Hypothesis: Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.


Premise: Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one?

Hypothesis: It became one of the most important metals to the ancients.


Premise: Where did Beyonce get her name from?

Hypothesis: Beyoncé's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name.


Premise: Who owned Kingsbridge?

Hypothesis: Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor.


Premise: Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected?

Hypothesis: Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location.


Premise: Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?

Hypothesis: While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture.


Premise: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?

Hypothesis: Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state.


Premise: Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?

Hypothesis: The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining.


Premise: When was the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium opened?

Hypothesis: Other theaters include Lyric Theatre, Jewel Box Theatre, Kirkpatrick Auditorium, the Poteet Theatre, the Oklahoma City Community College Bruce Owen Theater and the 488-seat Petree Recital Hall, at the Oklahoma City University campus.


Premise: What did LaserStacks software enable Mac users to do?

Hypothesis: User-created "stacks" were shared and were especially popular in education where teacher-generated stacks were used to access discs ranging from art collections to basic biological processes.


Premise: Who made the first known clean slate decrees?

Hypothesis: The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC.


Premise: What does the Dutch word "vertaling" roughly translate to?

Hypothesis: The Slavic and Germanic languages (except in the case of the Dutch equivalent, "vertaling"—a "re-language-ing") likewise use calques of these Latin sources.


Premise: Why has defining pain been a challenge?

Hypothesis: The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.


Premise: Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?

Hypothesis: Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.


Premise: How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012?

Hypothesis: New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city.


Premise: What does the Xeer system call attorneys?

Hypothesis: The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework.


Premise: How much did the population increase since 2010?

Hypothesis: The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census.


Premise: How many tourists did Greece welcome in 2009?

Hypothesis: In 2009, Greece welcomed over 19.3 million tourists, a major increase from the 17.7 million tourists the country welcomed in 2008.


Premise: After what war were Germans expelled from their territories?

Hypothesis: After World War II, eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories.


Premise: What is one type of competition department stores face?

Hypothesis: Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores.


Premise: How do digimon evolve?

Hypothesis: This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental (デジメンタル, Dejimentaru?) in Japanese.


Premise: What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?

Hypothesis: From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education.


Premise: With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?

Hypothesis: It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.


Premise: What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?

Hypothesis: DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1


Premise: Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted  ?

Hypothesis: Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca.


Premise: What happened with education  during the Early Middle Ages?

Hypothesis: The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education.


Premise: People have been wondering about the nature of matter for the entire history of what branch of science?

Hypothesis: The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).


Premise: What did Miguel López de Legazpi call the island discovered on January 9, 1530?

Hypothesis: After that, ships including the San Jeronimo, Los Reyes and Todos los Santos also visited the islands in different years.


Premise: What are prakritisms?

Hypothesis: The deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian.


Premise: Who was the first President to address the NAACP?

Hypothesis: In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights.


Premise: Who did Tony Blair side with?

Hypothesis: The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry.


Premise: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?

Hypothesis: This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty.


Premise: What efforts have the WSH taken

Hypothesis: This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.


Premise: Rather than beats, what two things does Beyoncé usually come up with for producers?

Hypothesis: Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like "Independent Women" and "Survivor", but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as "Cater 2 U".


Premise: What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?

Hypothesis: In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty.


Premise: Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?

Hypothesis: Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut.


Premise: What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?

Hypothesis: In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide.


Premise: Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?

Hypothesis: During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession.


Premise: What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict?

Hypothesis: He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter" without air force protection.


Premise: How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?

Hypothesis: Unemployment levels are low (31 individuals in 2013, compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998).


Premise: What advertising demographic is soft adult contemporary marketed towards?

Hypothesis: The format can be seen as a more contemporary successor to and combination of the middle of the road (MOR), beautiful music, easy listening and soft rock formats.


Premise: Who was the ruler of China in 677?

Hypothesis: They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao (王潮) and Wang Shenzhi (王審知), led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion.


Premise: How far back was the county populated

Hypothesis: The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion.


Premise: When did Houston begin to regain its dependence on the oil industry?

Hypothesis: Since the increase of oil prices in the 2000s, the petroleum industry has again increased its share of the local economy.


Premise: What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?

Hypothesis: This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).


Premise: What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?

Hypothesis: However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections.


Premise: What does DETEC stand for?

Hypothesis: The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.


Premise: In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?

Hypothesis: When British and French forces landed in Port Said on 5–6 November, its local militia put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street-to-street fighting.


Premise: Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?

Hypothesis: While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City, it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City.


Premise: What does LoC stand for?

Hypothesis: The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library.


Premise: When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?

Hypothesis: In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury.


Premise: When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?

Hypothesis: People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad").


Premise: When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?

Hypothesis: The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology.


Premise: When was the Roman abacus first used?

Hypothesis: The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC.


Premise: How many people read the Sunday issue of The Oklahoman?

Hypothesis: The Oklahoman, based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690.


Premise: How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?

Hypothesis: During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries.


Premise: Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?

Hypothesis: When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party.


Premise: When was the General Availablity Cumulative Update provided?

Hypothesis: Microsoft indicated that due to improvements to its testing infrastructure, general improvements of this nature are to be released more frequently through Windows Update instead of being relegated to OEMs and service packs only.


Premise: What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?

Hypothesis: Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds.


Premise: Did Von Neumann have any siblings?

Hypothesis: John's mother was Kann Margit (Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels.


Premise: What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?

Hypothesis: On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems.


Premise: On what holiday do insurgents plan to detonate a bomb?

Hypothesis: C campaigns for Britain to form alongside 8 other countries "Nine Eyes ", a global surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative between nine member states, and uses his influence to close down the '00' section, believing it to be outdated.


Premise: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?

Hypothesis: Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages.


Premise: Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share?

Hypothesis: Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queen's logo, called the Queen crest, shortly before the release of the band's first album.


Premise: What can be easily coined by writing on paper?

Hypothesis: While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption.


Premise: Which notable New Haven resident inventor, credited with the cotton gin, is buried in Grove Street Cemetery?

Hypothesis: Grove Street Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale's campus, contains the graves of Roger Sherman, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp, among other notable burials.


Premise: What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?

Hypothesis: Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements.


Premise: In what year was Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee?

Hypothesis: Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John's.


Premise: What rare types of maples grow in southwest Oklahoma?

Hypothesis: Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare, disjunct species including sugar maple, bigtooth maple, nolina and southern live oak.


Premise: What is the elevation difference between the inner cities and the other cities?

Hypothesis: There is an elevation difference of several metres between the inner city districts on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) and the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, Länggasse).


Premise: During independant service mode how is a single cab in a hall kept from being used?

Hypothesis: (In a bank of elevators, traffic is rerouted to the other elevators, while in a single elevator, the hall buttons are disabled).


Premise: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?

Hypothesis: The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language.


Premise: Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?

Hypothesis: Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.


Premise: What early sign heralded the post-punk revival?

Hypothesis: In the 2010s, Savages played a music reminiscent of early British post-punk bands of the late '70s.


Premise: When assent is granted in person, when is it formally considered final?

Hypothesis: When the act is assented to by the sovereign in person, or by empowered Royal Commissioners, royal assent is considered given at the moment when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled.


Premise: Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?

Hypothesis: By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.


Premise: What kind of birds fly low over water?

Hypothesis: Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds.


Premise: What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?

Hypothesis: Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications.


Premise: What are some services that are offered by VIP services?

Hypothesis: Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program.


Premise: How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?

Hypothesis: In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama.


Premise: What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?

Hypothesis: The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm.


Premise: How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?

Hypothesis: Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries.


Premise: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.

Hypothesis: Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese.


Premise: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?

Hypothesis: Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire.


Premise: To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to?

Hypothesis: First thing is I'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship."


Premise: When were Greek festivals celebrated?

Hypothesis: He is pictured as a terrible god, less trusted by the Greeks than other gods.


Premise: Which artist made Bobby Troup's song famous?

Hypothesis: Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz classic, "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66", later made famous by artist Nat King Cole.


Premise: A monsoon can last into what month?

Hypothesis: It typically continues through August and sometimes into September.


Premise: Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?

Hypothesis: John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions.


Premise: Could von Neumann recall written text much later?

Hypothesis: Whereupon, without any pause, he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes."


Premise: Name some historic private houses in the county

Hypothesis: Other historic houses in the county which have remained in private ownership or used for other purposes include Halswell House and Marston Bigot.


Premise: When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?

Hypothesis: Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks.


Premise: Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?

Hypothesis: The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well.


Premise: Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?

Hypothesis: La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia.


Premise: Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?

Hypothesis: Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts.


Premise: What is KFOR?

Hypothesis: In 2004 its forces joined KFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo.


Premise: What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?

Hypothesis: Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products.


Premise: In what year was Hugh Wood born?

Hypothesis: More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, Liverpool), Simon Holt (1958-, Bolton) and Philip Cashian (1963-, Manchester).


Premise: How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?

Hypothesis: Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain.


Premise: What did KF disprove during this study?

Hypothesis: The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently.


Premise: What was the score in the final game that Everton won its second FA Cup in 1993 against Manchester City?

Hypothesis: On return to the top flight in 1931–32, Everton wasted no time in reaffirming their status and won a fourth League title at the first opportunity.


Premise: What was the impeachment formally called?

Hypothesis: The impeachment in Westminster Hall, which did not begin until 14 February 1788, would be the "first major public discursive event of its kind in England", bringing the morality and duty of imperialism to the forefront of public perception.


Premise: Were there more Democrats or Republicans in 2007?

Hypothesis: Elections are held on a non-partisan basis per California state law; nevertheless, most officeholders do identify themselves as either Democrats or Republicans.


Premise: How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?

Hypothesis: Only one 5.1 surround sound option exists on a given LaserDisc (either Dolby Digital or DTS), so if surround sound is desired, the disc must be matched to the capabilities of the playback equipment (LD Player and Receiver/Decoder) by the purchaser.


Premise: What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?

Hypothesis: A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products.


Premise: Which European ancestries are most common among self-identified ethnic "Americans" in Tennessee?

Hypothesis: Most Tennesseans who self-identify as having American ancestry are of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry.


Premise: What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection?

Hypothesis: Only 20% of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns.


Premise: What does BBB stand for?

Hypothesis: From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation, causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women.


Premise: Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year?

Hypothesis: Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, established the Ilkhanate in Iran.


Premise: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?

Hypothesis: The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece.


Premise: When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?

Hypothesis: The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries.


Premise: According to the locality, in addition to "Three Rectifications and One Demolition", what was another name for these measures?

Hypothesis: The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014, variously named "Three Rectifications and One Demolition" operations or "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities" according to the locality.


Premise: What is distinct from the self?

Hypothesis: Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24).


Premise: When was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?

Hypothesis: NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on December 19, 2011.


Premise: What did this charter give them?

Hypothesis: This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies.


Premise: Who was the boyfriend that Madonna moved in with?

Hypothesis: Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced "Holiday", which was her third single and her first global hit.


Premise: What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?

Hypothesis: In present-day forest canopies chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks.


Premise: What type of community was Siddhārtha Gautama raised in?

Hypothesis: It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.


Premise: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?

Hypothesis: It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage.


Premise: What type of LED can possibly cause blindness?

Hypothesis: The opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) of 2010, on the health issues concerning LEDs, suggested banning public use of lamps which were in the moderate Risk Group 2, especially those with a high blue component in places frequented by children.


Premise: What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?

Hypothesis: The original note was printed in black and green on the back side.


Premise: What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?

Hypothesis: Having a variety of antioxidants allows any byproducts to be safely dealt with by more efficient antioxidants in neutralizing a free radical's butterfly effect.


Premise: What shortcoming was noticeable, from the start, for Wesley Clark?

Hypothesis: His late start left him with relatively few detailed policy proposals.


Premise: What made up Mauretania?

Hypothesis: The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.


Premise: Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?

Hypothesis: Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch.


Premise: How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?

Hypothesis: But the Bahá'í Faith, which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century.


Premise: What was the first country to be able to buy the new DualShock 3 in stores?

Hypothesis: At its press conference at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced DualShock 3 (trademarked DUALSHOCK 3), a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as Sixaxis, but with vibration capability included.


Premise: What were the name of outrigger canoes?

Hypothesis: These outrigger canoes were called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas ("Islands of the Lateen sails").


Premise: Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains begin at?

Hypothesis: The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the Rocky Mountains.


Premise: What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans

Hypothesis: Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the Île d'Orléans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River.


Premise: What are Afro-Spaniards?

Hypothesis: Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.


Premise: In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?

Hypothesis: In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred.


Premise: What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors"?

Hypothesis: This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be authors".


Premise: What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?

Hypothesis: China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department.


Premise: A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2/10?

Hypothesis: Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a full five stars, calling it "inventive, intelligent and complex", and singling out Craig's performance as the film's highlight.


Premise: What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?

Hypothesis: ; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath.


Premise: Who replaced Nishonov?

Hypothesis: On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov, who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state.


Premise: What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?

Hypothesis: On August 17, 2011, Shueisha's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later, a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time, which aired from October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012, following on from the previous arc.


Premise: In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?

Hypothesis: Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people.


Premise: How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?

Hypothesis: They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats.


Premise: What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?

Hypothesis: In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).


Premise: When did the North American natives begin farming?

Hypothesis: Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures.


Premise: From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?

Hypothesis: Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.


Premise: What secondary school did Nasser attend?

Hypothesis: He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service.


Premise: Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?

Hypothesis: On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955.


Premise: What did the senators request of Caesar in order for him to stand for consul?

Hypothesis: While Caesar was fighting in Gaul, Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar's political enemies.


Premise: What should a Jehovah's Witnesses prefer to paying fines?

Hypothesis: Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God.


Premise: What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?

Hypothesis: In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.


Premise: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?

Hypothesis: After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.


Premise: What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?

Hypothesis: where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value.


Premise: In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?

Hypothesis: Although the Arenafootball2 league played its tenth season in 2009, a conference call in December 2008 resulted in enough votes from owners and cooperation from the AFLPA for the AFL to suspend the entire 2009 season in order to create "a long-term plan to improve its economic model".


Premise: What did Blair state about the 2005 election?

Hypothesis: However, it did speak of its hope that the Conservatives (led by Michael Howard) would one day be fit for a return to government.


Premise: What was one of Victoria's major concerns?

Hypothesis: Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.


Premise: When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ?

Hypothesis: The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well.


Premise: What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?

Hypothesis: At the same voltage, DC often has less loss than AC, and for this reason high-voltage direct current is already used on some bulk power transmission lines.


Premise: How many stadiums have been closed down since Premier League started?

Hypothesis: Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished.


Premise: When Tennessee's border was first defined, territory west of which river was considered for future annexation?

Hypothesis: The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee.


Premise: In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?

Hypothesis: The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.


Premise: What comprised most of the early art of Mexico City?

Hypothesis: Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices (Aztec illustrated books), aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history.


Premise: Who awarded the Silver Star to Kerry?

Hypothesis: Eight days later, on February 28, 1969, came the events for which Kerry was awarded his Silver Star Medal.


Premise: Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?

Hypothesis: Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design.


Premise: What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference?

Hypothesis: Similarly, in smaller scale circuits, the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but will still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference (RFI), which a filter capacitor absorbs.


Premise: Who publishes the Laws of the Game?

Hypothesis: There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines.


Premise: Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with?

Hypothesis: In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity.


Premise: Where does Punjab have major military bases?

Hypothesis: Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta.


Premise: What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets?

Hypothesis: The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets.


Premise: How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?

Hypothesis: Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).


Premise: What has the U.S military proposed?

Hypothesis: The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Japan.


Premise: How is data accessed?

Hypothesis: Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized.


Premise: Why were the Tucson Padres temporarily in Tucson?

Hypothesis: The team, formerly known as the Portland Beavers, was temporarily relocated to Tucson from Portland while awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido.


Premise: How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?

Hypothesis: In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell.


Premise: Which president signed an Act directing the delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf?

Hypothesis: A section of that Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to reissue within 60 days of enactment the final rule published on April 2, 2009, that identified the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf (Canis lupus) as a distinct population segment (DPS) and to revise the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by removing most of the gray wolves in the DPS.


Premise: What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent?

Hypothesis: One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia.


Premise: What requires a high data rate?

Hypothesis: Uncompressed video requires a very high data rate.


Premise: Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables?

Hypothesis: The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system.


Premise: What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?

Hypothesis: The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority.


Premise: How were most elevators built before 1939 powered?

Hypothesis: In the first half of the twentieth century, almost all elevators had no automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop.


Premise: What type of area is Sichuan?

Hypothesis: The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area.


Premise: Who was the Bishop in this time frame?

Hypothesis: According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London.


Premise: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?

Hypothesis: There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture – namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague.


Premise: How many workers commute into the municipality?

Hypothesis: The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 5.7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.


Premise: What is the goal of the textual critic?

Hypothesis: Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic might seek to reconstruct the original text (the archetype or autograph) as closely as possible.


Premise: What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions?

Hypothesis: The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise.


Premise: Which team won the first recorded Canadian football game?

Hypothesis: It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing.[citation needed]