Premise: When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?

Hypothesis: Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.


Premise: What does the MoD wish to strengthen?

Hypothesis: The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability.


Premise: When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?

Hypothesis: Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games.


Premise: Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?

Hypothesis: On 4 November Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution.


Premise: What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry?

Hypothesis: Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters, these poets continue to influence and inspire; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy's work.


Premise: What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?

Hypothesis: The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth.


Premise: When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?

Hypothesis: " The group landed in the U.S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds.


Premise: What was the first manufactured fiber?

Hypothesis: The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s.


Premise: What number was Beyoncé on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?

Hypothesis: In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.


Premise: If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system, what is it called?

Hypothesis: Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others.


Premise: Why was it natural to have Ford Motor Company based in Cork?

Hypothesis: Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork, which was one of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork.


Premise: Where in the National Archives can you view a copy of the Magna Carta?

Hypothesis: It also hosts a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I. These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom.


Premise: How much data space can an SNES cartridge use?

Hypothesis: However, most available memory access controllers only support mappings of up to 32 Mbit.


Premise: Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?

Hypothesis: It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.


Premise: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?

Hypothesis: While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom.


Premise: What did these attacks accomplish?

Hypothesis: The defences failed to prevent widespread damage but on some occasions did prevent German bombers concentrating on their targets.


Premise: The Merseyside derby is also known as?

Hypothesis: The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture, and has been known as the "friendly derby" because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park.


Premise: How many ministers serve in the government?

Hypothesis: The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of twelve ministers, including the Prime Minister.


Premise: What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?

Hypothesis: These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour — though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.


Premise: When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?

Hypothesis: Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened.


Premise: When did Kerry sponsor a resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam?

Hypothesis: In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization.


Premise: Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II?

Hypothesis: During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were inducted into the German army against their will (malgré-nous) and in some cases, the Waffen SS.


Premise: In 2005, which was the only non-"Big Four" team to break the top four?

Hypothesis: In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005.


Premise: What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?

Hypothesis: The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation.


Premise: What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?

Hypothesis: Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute.


Premise: What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?

Hypothesis: With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK.


Premise: What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?

Hypothesis: While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks and whites) have maintained the majority in this part of the country (known as the Bible Belt), the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, including Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism.


Premise: What happened to Atlantic City in the early part of the 20th century?

Hypothesis: Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels.


Premise: North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation?

Hypothesis: Another situation can occur when one party wishes to create an obligation under international law, but the other party does not.


Premise: How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?

Hypothesis: On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane.


Premise: Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?

Hypothesis: Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power.


Premise: The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century?

Hypothesis: (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District.)


Premise: Who was a recent mayor of Miami?

Hypothesis: The city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009, and ordinances requiring bike parking in all future construction in the city became mandatory as of October 2009.


Premise: What does MIH stand for?

Hypothesis: This process, known as the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH), would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth.


Premise: What are the two major differences between cantons?

Hypothesis: The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence.


Premise: How much did Adventures of Tintin earn?

Hypothesis: The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, was not released until October 2011, due to the complexity of the computer animation involved.


Premise: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?

Hypothesis: These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion.


Premise: In what year did a proposal to expand light rail service to Portsmouth and Gosport fail?

Hypothesis: The proposal follows a failed plan to bring light rail to the Portsmouth and Gosport areas in 2005.


Premise: HOw much did the tour earn?

Hypothesis: I'm Going to Tell You a Secret.


Premise: What can be either lossy or lossless?

Hypothesis: Compression can be either lossy or lossless.


Premise: By what year was AMC showing commercials?

Hypothesis: The network originally served as a competitor to AMC – which at the time was known as "American Movie Classics" and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM, as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut, uncolorized, and commercial-free format.


Premise: How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto

Hypothesis: The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none.


Premise: What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have?

Hypothesis: The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.:7.3


Premise: What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?

Hypothesis: The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era.


Premise: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?

Hypothesis: There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.


Premise: What company owns the company that owns the Richmond Times-Dispatch?

Hypothesis: RVA Magazine is the city's only independent art music and culture publication, was once monthly, but is now issued quarterly.


Premise: What president was born in Raleigh?

Hypothesis: One U.S. president, Andrew Johnson, was born in Raleigh.


Premise: With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?

Hypothesis: Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples.


Premise: The realist view is sometimes referred to as what?

Hypothesis: Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time.


Premise: How long did he reign as Pope?

Hypothesis: Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014.


Premise: How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?

Hypothesis: Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree.


Premise: Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connectors?

Hypothesis: Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does.


Premise: How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?

Hypothesis: The translation is known as the "Septuagint", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt.


Premise: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?

Hypothesis: It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer.


Premise: "Drug reps" are usually hired by what type of firms?

Hypothesis: In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public.


Premise: Which government position is given most of the executive powers over Delhi?

Hypothesis: The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers.


Premise: What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena?

Hypothesis: On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002.


Premise: Who was elected as president of the Barcelona club in 2010?

Hypothesis: In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3–1 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup.


Premise: France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?

Hypothesis: An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.


Premise: What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?

Hypothesis: Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; one occasionally encounters a third "functional" conception.


Premise: What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?

Hypothesis: Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money).


Premise: What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?

Hypothesis: Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters).


Premise: What is the legal status of secondary liability?

Hypothesis: Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation.


Premise: Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?

Hypothesis: In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman, Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782.


Premise: What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?

Hypothesis: A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers.


Premise: What is a naming term for asphalt?

Hypothesis: Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits.


Premise: The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work?

Hypothesis: The physics of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them.


Premise: Where does protein digestion occur?

Hypothesis: Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids.


Premise: Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?

Hypothesis: A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate.


Premise: When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?

Hypothesis: His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line, became Borough President on May 1.


Premise: What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?

Hypothesis: The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.


Premise: What does Materialism see each object as?

Hypothesis: The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything.


Premise: Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?

Hypothesis: It was the first time that the Olympic torch has traveled to North Korea.


Premise: What style of gardens did Marx design?

Hypothesis: Between the federal and civic buildings on the Monumental Axis is the city's cathedral, considered by many to be Niemeyer's finest achievement (see photographs of the interior).


Premise: Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings?

Hypothesis: Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins (reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin) and carved (arch) top mandolins with oval soundholes, such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s.


Premise: What is the largest private foundation in the world?

Hypothesis: It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world.


Premise: What is the capital of Eritrea?

Hypothesis: The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic.


Premise: Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?

Hypothesis: Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not.


Premise: What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do?

Hypothesis: All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position.


Premise: In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?

Hypothesis: An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637.


Premise: Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?

Hypothesis: There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very specific curriculum; this model tended to train specialists.


Premise: What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design?

Hypothesis: Long-life general service lamps have lower efficiency but are used where the cost of changing the lamp is high compared to the value of energy used.


Premise: What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?

Hypothesis: Following that, on 1 February 1951, United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War.


Premise: Whose design was the Nazi flag?

Hypothesis: Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.


Premise: How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?

Hypothesis: commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91.


Premise: What did Patrick Henry's speech encourage to happen?

Hypothesis: The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.


Premise: Who invented the term "urban adult contemporary format"?

Hypothesis: The urban adult contemporary format (a term coined by Barry Mayo) usually attracts a large number of African Americans and sometimes Caucasian listeners through playing a great deal of R&B (without any form of rapping), gospel music, classic soul and dance music (including disco).


Premise: In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?

Hypothesis: Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs.


Premise: What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?

Hypothesis: It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in Britain and North America.


Premise: What year was the Legend of Zelda:Twilight Princess originally planned for release?

Hypothesis: Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii.


Premise: What was the name of the first Cathedral?

Hypothesis: Guam's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the Royal College of San Juan


Premise: What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?

Hypothesis: For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance.


Premise: What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced?

Hypothesis: " The "exactly balanced" variants are said to be indifferent.


Premise: When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?

Hypothesis: Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia C.F., which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), for a total of six times, and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001.


Premise: What did the repair centers promise?

Hypothesis: According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired.


Premise: Who was found guilty of collaboration, high treason?

Hypothesis: Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime.


Premise: What does the name "Rodo" commemorate?

Hypothesis: Apart from the main park area which is delimited by Sarmiento Avenue to the south, Parque Rodó includes an amusement park; the Estadio Luis Franzini, belonging to Defensor Sporting; the front lawn of the Faculty of Engineering and a strip west of the Club de Golf de Punta Carretas that includes the Canteras ("quarry") del Parque Rodó, the Teatro de Verano ("summer theatre") and the Lago ("lake") del Parque Rodó.


Premise: Why were Londoners forced to sleep in shelters?

Hypothesis: Much civil-defence preparation in the form of shelters was left in the hands of local authorities, and many areas such as Birmingham, Coventry, Belfast and the East End of London did not have enough shelters.


Premise: When did Japan invade Indochina?

Hypothesis: In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France.


Premise: According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?

Hypothesis: According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself.


Premise: What record company released recordings of 'Buena' and 'Tuff Enuff' in 1980?

Hypothesis: In 1980 Stiff Records in the United Kingdom issued a 78 by Joe "King" Carrasco containing the songs Buena (Spanish for "good," with the alternate spelling "Bueno" on the label) and Tuff Enuff.


Premise: Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants?

Hypothesis: Although the work was shown in the Salon de la Section d'Or in October 1912 and the 1913 Armory Show in New York, Duchamp never forgave his brothers and former colleagues for censoring his work.


Premise: Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs?

Hypothesis: As a result, playback of an Orthophonic record sounded like it was coming from a radio.


Premise: What percentage of New Delhi's population is Christian?

Hypothesis: There are also communities of Muslims (12.9%), Sikhs (5.4%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.9%) in Delhi.


Premise: What is the largest consumer of insects?

Hypothesis: While birds are perhaps more visible predators of insects, insects themselves account for the vast majority of insect consumption.


Premise: In combination with skin tests, are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity?

Hypothesis: IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.


Premise: Who built a plant in Clover field?

Hypothesis: Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field (Santa Monica Airport) for the Douglas Aircraft Company.


Premise: What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?

Hypothesis: Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life.


Premise: What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?

Hypothesis: A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage.


Premise: What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?

Hypothesis: The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized.


Premise: What did the foundation announce in November 2014

Hypothesis: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.


Premise: When was Boombots released?

Hypothesis: He has been giving thanks to his games of his division DreamWorks Interactive most notable as Someone's in the Kitchen with script written by Animaniacs' Paul Rugg, Goosebumps: Escape from HorrorLand, The Neverhood (all in 1996), Skullmonkeys, Dilbert's Desktop Games, Goosebumps: Attack of the Mutant (all 1997), Boombots (1999), T'ai Fu: Wrath of the Tiger (1999), and Clive Barker's Undying (2001).


Premise: What famous soccer player played for the New York Cosmos?

Hypothesis: Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pelé, one of the world's most famous soccer players.


Premise: Who was the first President of Namibia?

Hypothesis: Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa.[citation needed]


Premise: What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?

Hypothesis: In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004.


Premise: What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?

Hypothesis: It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.


Premise: Who was Saint Valentine?

Hypothesis: Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other.


Premise: What century was the majority of the Navicella mosaic destroyed?

Hypothesis: This extraordinary work was mainly destroyed during the construction of the new St. Peter's in the 17th century.


Premise: What will the project named CASA 1000 do?

Hypothesis: A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan.


Premise: When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?

Hypothesis: It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims.


Premise: How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?

Hypothesis: The Human Development Index report of 2005  shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high).


Premise: How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?

Hypothesis: By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.


Premise: Are there any groups who are able to effectively operate in Burma ?

Hypothesis: A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level.


Premise: Which season five contestant has had the most success after the show?

Hypothesis: Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success.


Premise: How tall is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?

Hypothesis: There are two other small temples located in the Asian community in the 13th arrondissement.


Premise: Who was executed on June 2, 1967?

Hypothesis: Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia.


Premise: When did Ken Hoitzman pitch a no-hitter?

Hypothesis: In a key play in the second game, on September 11, Cubs starter Dick Selma threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo, who was nowhere near the bag or the ball.


Premise: How do the senses affect causal efficacy?

Hypothesis: Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.


Premise: What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?

Hypothesis: Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body.


Premise: When was the winner announced?

Hypothesis: Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S.


Premise: What did the committee decide was important?

Hypothesis: The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:237 § 10 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits.


Premise: Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?

Hypothesis: The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France.


Premise: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?

Hypothesis: In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied.


Premise: What was the name of the second single called?

Hypothesis: However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so decided to seek additional help.


Premise: What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648?

Hypothesis: By 1648, less than one-sixth of the bannermen were of Manchu ancestry.


Premise: Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw  Southampton become popular for sea bathing?

Hypothesis: Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.


Premise: A large airfield is located on what portion of the island?

Hypothesis: A large military airfield is located on Ascension Island, with two Friday flights to RAF Brize Norton, England (as from September 2010).


Premise: What date did Comcast drop their proposed merger agreement with Time Warner?

Hypothesis: However, on April 24, 2015, Comcast terminated the agreement.


Premise: What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?

Hypothesis: Cubic equations were solved in the Tang dynasty and solutions of equations of order higher than 3 appeared in print in 1245 AD by Ch'in Chiu-shao.


Premise: At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?

Hypothesis: Firing a contact-detonated shell, the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon, which relied on faulty time fuses.


Premise: On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?

Hypothesis: 21 on 17 March 1830.


Premise: What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du "Cubsime"?

Hypothesis: Two Women (a sculpture now lost), in addition to the highly abstract paintings by Kupka, Amorpha (The National Gallery, Prague), and Picabia, La Source, The Spring (Museum of Modern Art, New York).


Premise: About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?

Hypothesis: It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.


Premise: What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?

Hypothesis: The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world.


Premise: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled?

Hypothesis: Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.


Premise: When was Scott Sanderson acquired from Montreal?

Hypothesis: In December, 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three-team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Martínez.


Premise: On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors?

Hypothesis: On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market.


Premise: Who designed the Planalto?

Hypothesis: The President and his or her family do not live in it, rather in the official residence, the Palácio da Alvorada.


Premise: Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties?

Hypothesis: For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed over the heads of Central Committee members for the people's support in exchange for expansion of liberties.


Premise: Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?

Hypothesis: In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the Imperial system they replaced.


Premise: What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?

Hypothesis: The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.


Premise: What does an optoisolator do?

Hypothesis: This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low-voltage sensor circuit (usually battery-powered) in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages.


Premise: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?

Hypothesis: The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina.


Premise: On what street can Shabaaz Restaurant be found?

Hypothesis: After the NOI split in 1975, the Muslims who joined mainstream Islam, start meeting at Shabaaz Restaurant on Nine Mile Road.


Premise: What was the estimated population of Nanjing in 2011?

Hypothesis: According to the Sixth China Census, the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010.


Premise: What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?

Hypothesis: The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").


Premise: Who represented Rivera's Colorados?

Hypothesis: Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction.


Premise: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?

Hypothesis: Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment.


Premise: When was New York City established?

Hypothesis: New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.


Premise: Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers?

Hypothesis: Similar to the CD versus LP sound quality debates common in the audiophile community, some videophiles argue that LaserDisc maintains a "smoother", more "film-like", natural image while DVD still looks slightly more artificial.


Premise: When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?

Hypothesis: A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel.


Premise: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?

Hypothesis: The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border.


Premise: What does the 51st State Party advocate?

Hypothesis: In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission.


Premise: When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?

Hypothesis: The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.


Premise: In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland?

Hypothesis: The Rapier missile system was the primary GBAD system, used by both British artillery and RAF regiment, a few brand-new FIM-92 Stinger were used by British special forces.


Premise: On what date did the Stonewall riots take place?

Hypothesis: They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.


Premise: If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference, which type would be best?

Hypothesis: However loops small in comparison to a wavelength act differently.


Premise: What created Serbia?

Hypothesis: Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833.


Premise: What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?

Hypothesis: In the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia.


Premise: What is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG?

Hypothesis: The Blind Man Museum is a rarity in Germany, another one is only in Berlin.


Premise: In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?

Hypothesis: In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board.


Premise: What is the most important market for copper today?

Hypothesis: Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry.


Premise: Why is tort law hard to standardize?

Hypothesis: Thus, because of its immense size and diversity, American tort law cannot be easily summarized.


Premise: Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950?

Hypothesis: To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea, and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed.


Premise: What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?

Hypothesis: On August 24, 1673, Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it "New Orange" to honor the Prince of Orange, King William III.


Premise: John focused on trying to retake what?

Hypothesis: Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne – effectively a re-creation of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany.


Premise: On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol?

Hypothesis: Jason Castro's semi-final performance of "Hallelujah" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart.


Premise: What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?

Hypothesis: There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).


Premise: How many Amtrak stations are in San Diego?

Hypothesis: There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego, in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot downtown.


Premise: How did the US react to these discoveries?

Hypothesis: The country was "jolted" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of Congress, including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs.


Premise: As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?

Hypothesis: The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom.


Premise: What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as?

Hypothesis: In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "Forty acres and a mule" policy.


Premise: Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?

Hypothesis: The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire.


Premise: In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written?

Hypothesis: The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature.


Premise: Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?

Hypothesis: Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion.


Premise: Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?

Hypothesis: Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events.


Premise: What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?

Hypothesis: Constitutional government would be dissolved, and the dictator would be the absolute master of the state.


Premise: What is "Clean Mud"?

Hypothesis: It means ""opening of the day".


Premise: Who was Eduard Lasker?

Hypothesis: The Congress of Vienna was essentially conservative, assuring that little would change in Europe and preventing Germany from uniting.


Premise: A general matching network needs a minimum of how many adjustments to correct all components of impedance?

Hypothesis: Avoiding these difficulties, commercial antennas are generally designed with fixed matching elements or feeding strategies to get an approximate match to standard coax, such as 50 or 75 Ohms.


Premise: What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?

Hypothesis: There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.


Premise: How did Wever die?

Hypothesis: In 1936, Wever was killed in an air crash.


Premise: Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism?

Hypothesis: Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as "Mrs. Brown".


Premise: What type of institution is the Notre Dame?

Hypothesis: In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary.


Premise: What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?

Hypothesis: Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s.


Premise: What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?

Hypothesis: In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity.


Premise: What is the aggregate population of Paris?

Hypothesis: Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-fifth of the population of France.


Premise: If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood?

Hypothesis: Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created.


Premise: What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters?

Hypothesis: Communal shelters never housed more than one seventh of Greater London residents, however.


Premise: Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?

Hypothesis: Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.


Premise: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?

Hypothesis: In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions.


Premise: Who said something about tyranny?

Hypothesis: U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that "the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted," while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was "proud" of his country's role in overthrowing "this brutal dictator".


Premise: New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?

Hypothesis: The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan.


Premise: With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?

Hypothesis: Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later).


Premise: Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?

Hypothesis: During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines.


Premise: Who first introduced social insurance programs?

Hypothesis: As an answer to the "social question" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state (health insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, old-age pensions).


Premise: Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?

Hypothesis: The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.


Premise: Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"?

Hypothesis: and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world.


Premise: In what year was epinephrine discovered?

Hypothesis: Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist).


Premise: What was the Malleus Maleficarum?

Hypothesis: Besides mysticism, belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread, and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum, the most popular handbook for witch-hunters.


Premise: What famous neighbor did Von Neumann have that may have been distracted by the music Von Neumann played?

Hypothesis: At Princeton he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his gramophone, which distracted those in neighbouring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work.


Premise: How many cities or towns are there in all of England and Wales with a ceremonial sheriff acting as the Mayor's deputy?

Hypothesis: The city has a Mayor and is one of the 16 cities and towns in England and Wales to have a ceremonial sheriff who acts as a deputy for the Mayor.


Premise: How many campuses are run by KU?

Hypothesis: The university offers more than 345 degree programs.


Premise: What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?

Hypothesis: In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector.


Premise: What do archaeological records clearly show about the Sumerian culture?

Hypothesis: However, the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period (5300 – 4700 BC C-14) settlements in southern Mesopotamia.


Premise: Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?

Hypothesis: In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time.


Premise: Hipparchus measured the precession of what?

Hypothesis: Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered.


Premise: What did he write about human rights in?

Hypothesis: He wrote, "Man has the right to live.


Premise: Which national park in Tennessee sees more visitors that any other in the United States?

Hypothesis: Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge; the Parthenon, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville; the Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg; and Elvis Presley's Graceland residence and tomb, the Memphis Zoo, and the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.


Premise: When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall?

Hypothesis: John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession.


Premise: Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?

Hypothesis: Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman", and Betty Hutton's "Stuff


Premise: According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?

Hypothesis: The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis.


Premise: Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?

Hypothesis: Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion.


Premise: What year did The Times of India start?

Hypothesis: The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (founded in 1838), The Straits Times (Singapore) (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), Le Temps (France) (1861-1942), the Cape Times (South Africa) (1872), the Los Angeles Times (1881), The Seattle Times (1891), The Manila Times (1898), The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900), El Tiempo (Colombia) (1911), The Canberra Times (1926), and The Times (Malta) (1935).


Premise: Where does the Constitutional Council meet?

Hypothesis: The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.


Premise: What does Florida have the largest collection of

Hypothesis: It has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area, especially Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination.


Premise: Who founded the PASOK?

Hypothesis: Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth.


Premise: What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?

Hypothesis: The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points


Premise: When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?

Hypothesis: As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro.


Premise: Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?

Hypothesis: They are appointed "from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB".


Premise: Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire?

Hypothesis: One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994.


Premise: How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?

Hypothesis: Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice.


Premise: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?

Hypothesis: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era.


Premise: In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?

Hypothesis: The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism, and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land.


Premise: On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year?

Hypothesis: The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi.


Premise: When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?

Hypothesis: Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027.


Premise: What are SNES game cartridges officially called in Japan?

Hypothesis: The cartridge media of the console is officially referred to as Game Pak in most Western regions, and as Cassette (カセット, Kasetto?) in Japan and parts of Latin America.


Premise: Where did Egyptian plan to get funds to use for reconstruction of infrastructure?

Hypothesis: Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant.


Premise: On what day was Paul VI born?

Hypothesis: The beatification ceremony for Paul VI was held on 19 October 2014, which means that he can now be called "Blessed".


Premise: When did Armenia gain its independence?

Hypothesis: In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence from the Russian empire, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia.


Premise: What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?

Hypothesis: The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom.


Premise: What general topic is eschatology about?

Hypothesis: The doctrine of the last day and eschatology (the final fate of the universe) may be reckoned as the second great doctrine of the Quran.


Premise: Along with the recession, what broad economic trend marked the decline of adult contemporary radio stations?

Hypothesis: Diminishing physical record sales also proved a major blow to the AC genre.


Premise: What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?

Hypothesis: Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.


Premise: How long did the suppression of time clues study last?

Hypothesis: Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month.


Premise: In cell division, what two cells are created?

Hypothesis: The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division, or the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells.


Premise: What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line?

Hypothesis: Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret.


Premise: What is the name of the largest denomination of Presbyterian church in Vanuatu?

Hypothesis: The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country, with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church.


Premise: In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?

Hypothesis: Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806.


Premise: Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?

Hypothesis: Noyon Cathedral, also in France, saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231.


Premise: How many minor political parties are there?

Hypothesis: There are more than 20 minor parties.


Premise: What types of annelids have evolved jaws?

Hypothesis: Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter.


Premise: What code regulated marriage?

Hypothesis: In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts.


Premise: What year  was the  Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?

Hypothesis: Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system.


Premise: What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?

Hypothesis: The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so.


Premise: Who are currency readers meant to assist?

Hypothesis: It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.


Premise: When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?

Hypothesis: This effort was rebuffed and later, as the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified, Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic, laden with treasure from the New World.


Premise: Who is the recipient?

Hypothesis: There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.


Premise: How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?

Hypothesis: The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe.


Premise: The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?

Hypothesis: This work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths.


Premise: In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?

Hypothesis: Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912.


Premise: Near what body of water was the Maersk Tigris seized?

Hypothesis: On 28 April 2015, the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz.


Premise: What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?

Hypothesis: Such an example is temperature dependence.


Premise: The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?

Hypothesis: The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners' version of Jean Froissart's Chronicles (1523–25).


Premise: What did the rebellion lead to

Hypothesis: The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23.


Premise: What is a glacial surge?

Hypothesis: These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point".


Premise: What is another name for "Curia Regis"?

Hypothesis: Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis, or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament.


Premise: Where was Leto worshipped?

Hypothesis: The name of Apollo's mother Leto has Lydian origin, and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor.


Premise: What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?

Hypothesis: An earlier play, a farce entitled "Vakâyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefşger Ahmed" ("The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed"), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there remains some doubt about its authenticity.


Premise: What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?

Hypothesis: It was claimed that Macrovision's Copyguard protection could not be applied to LaserDisc, due to the format's design.


Premise: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?

Hypothesis: Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school.


Premise: How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?

Hypothesis: Higher speed CD-RW discs, Ultra Speed (16x to 24x write speed) and Ultra Speed+ (32x write speed) are now available.


Premise: What compression is usually performed with even more specialized techniques?

Hypothesis: Compression of human speech is often performed with even more specialized techniques; speech coding, or voice coding, is sometimes distinguished as a separate discipline from audio compression.


Premise: what year did the first permanent settler arrive?

Hypothesis: After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.


Premise: What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?

Hypothesis: Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting.


Premise: What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?

Hypothesis: However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.


Premise: When did Valencia surrender to the French?

Hypothesis: Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812.


Premise: How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America?

Hypothesis: IMAX generated $9.1 million for Spectre at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that Spectre earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues.


Premise: What take place during SWS?

Hypothesis: It also implicates that qualitative changes are made to the memories when they are transferred to long-term store during sleep.


Premise: Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?

Hypothesis: St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.


Premise: Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.

Hypothesis: The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century.


Premise: Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?

Hypothesis: According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'.


Premise: When did the Southern and Northern Nigeria Protectorates merge?

Hypothesis: Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia.


Premise: When was the Taiping rebellion?

Hypothesis: The Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) and Dungan Revolt (1862–77) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people.


Premise: What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?

Hypothesis: In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.


Premise: How many of the lakes were a danger to people?

Hypothesis: As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people.


Premise: What is the name of the second largest bank found in Connecticut?

Hypothesis: Other notable companies based in the city include the Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company (the candy-making division of the Hershey Company), the American division of Assa Abloy (one of the world's leading manufacturers of locks), Yale University Press, and the Russell Trust Association (the business arm of the Skull and Bones Society).


Premise: According to Avicenna, what always exists?

Hypothesis: The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence.


Premise: What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?

Hypothesis: As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace.


Premise: The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?

Hypothesis: The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions.


Premise: Where did the state place on population chart?

Hypothesis: Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).


Premise: What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?

Hypothesis: In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname.


Premise: What might cause an individual to lose consciousness from MI?

Hypothesis: Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.


Premise: Where is the Sprint Unlimited held?

Hypothesis: The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season.


Premise: What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?

Hypothesis: During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her.[note 5] Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush.


Premise: What did Apple consolidate in 1998?

Hypothesis: In 1998, after the return of Steve Jobs, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3, which became a commercial success and revitalized the brand.


Premise: The Presbyterian denominations from the British Isles were inspired by these principles in what document?

Hypothesis: It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere.


Premise: When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?

Hypothesis: In 1958, the Soviet Union developed Тransformator (Russian: Трансформатор, meaning Transformer), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command.


Premise: Who first used the term Iranian language?

Hypothesis: Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.


Premise: When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?

Hypothesis: The issue is complex, however, as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, at which point the first amendment's application to the state government was recognized.


Premise: Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located?

Hypothesis: The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel.


Premise: From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?

Hypothesis: The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn.


Premise: Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what?

Hypothesis: Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians.


Premise: What is one of the regular folk festivals called?

Hypothesis: A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell, but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including industrial folk song, began to gain attention.


Premise: What famous writers have lived in Tucson?

Hypothesis: The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace.


Premise: How did the British support Prussia?

Hypothesis: Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤670,000 (equivalent to ₤89.9 million in 2015) to its new ally.


Premise: What Tennessee cities are connected by I-269?

Hypothesis: When completed, I-69 will travel through the western part of the state, from South Fulton to Memphis.


Premise: What is the abbreviation of CTN?

Hypothesis: WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city.


Premise: What are the means of transportation in the area?

Hypothesis: The area is served by a number of primary transportation corridors including Glenwood Avenue U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540, Wake Forest Road, Millbrook Road, Lynn Road, Six Forks Road, Spring Forest Road, Creedmoor Road, Leesville Road, Strickland Road, and North Hills Drive.


Premise: What was the lockout chip number for Asia?

Hypothesis: Known regions are: USA/Canada (3193 lockout chip), most of Europe (3195), Asia (3196) and UK, Italy and Australia (3197).


Premise: A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process?

Hypothesis: A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation.


Premise: In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?

Hypothesis: Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology, responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies, particularly radar, guided missiles and computing (initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on, as with equipment described below).


Premise: What community covers the area from Downtown San Diego to the peninsula?

Hypothesis: Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown.


Premise: What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?

Hypothesis: This is why Ptolemaic astronomy was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madaris.


Premise: What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion?

Hypothesis: Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) for common themes.


Premise: Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?

Hypothesis: With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.


Premise: Cyprus was a naval outpost which overlooked what canal?

Hypothesis: The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes.


Premise: What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?

Hypothesis: At long range, the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time, so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though, because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time, exact ranging is crucial.


Premise: When did the First Intifada break out?

Hypothesis: The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza.


Premise: What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?

Hypothesis: When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one).


Premise: What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?

Hypothesis: It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu.


Premise: Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an?

Hypothesis: These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus.


Premise: What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?

Hypothesis: During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication.


Premise: What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?

Hypothesis: Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.


Premise: What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?

Hypothesis: A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology.


Premise: Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?

Hypothesis: Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980, encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university.


Premise: When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?

Hypothesis: In 2001, she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.


Premise: Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music?

Hypothesis: Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women.


Premise: Postmodern music is also know as what?

Hypothesis: Others have more or less equated postmodern music with the "contemporary music" composed from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century.


Premise: What did Reagan call Gaddafi?

Hypothesis: During the Reagan administration, the United States regarded him as "Public Enemy No. 1" and Reagan famously dubbed him the "mad dog of the Middle East".


Premise: On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?

Hypothesis: On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign.


Premise: What did the soldiers who emigrated form?

Hypothesis: This resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the King's German Legion was formed.


Premise: What group does the inverse of gN include?

Hypothesis: The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group, and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is (gN)−1 = (g−1)N.e[›]


Premise: As of 2011, how many people live in the Marshall Islands?

Hypothesis: The country's population of 53,158 people (at the 2011 Census) is spread out over 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets.


Premise: What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?

Hypothesis: Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.


Premise: Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?

Hypothesis: The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30–60¢ higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.


Premise: How many ships were destroyed on May 8, 1941?

Hypothesis: Operations against London up until May 1941 could also have a severe impact on morale.


Premise: Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas.


Premise: Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?

Hypothesis: For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct.


Premise: How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?

Hypothesis: In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland.


Premise: What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem?

Hypothesis: The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries: English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.


Premise: What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?

Hypothesis: Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre.


Premise: Who was with Nasser when he died?

Hypothesis: Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed.


Premise: What year did the Sheffield FA form?

Hypothesis: The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football.


Premise: what are the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and TB 303 examples of?

Hypothesis: These synthesizers were used to create a house subgenre called acid house.


Premise: Which range of months is Tennessee's wettest?

Hypothesis: The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the climate of Tennessee, with winds from the south being responsible for most of the state's annual precipitation.


Premise: What von Neumann work was published in 1944?

Hypothesis: Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (written with Oskar Morgenstern).


Premise: In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?

Hypothesis: The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.


Premise: What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission?

Hypothesis: Also, since Ken Shamrock (a legitimate UFC competitor in its early days) popularized it in 1997, a wrestler can indicate a voluntary submission by "tapping out", that is, tapping a free hand against the mat or against an opponent.


Premise: How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?

Hypothesis: When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances—the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1]


Premise: What are the most commonly used encodings?

Hypothesis: UTF-8 and UTF-16 are probably the most commonly used encodings.


Premise: In the fall of 2014, which school did 40.6% of undergraduates enroll in?

Hypothesis: In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy.


Premise: In which year did the Premier League decide to give BSkyB broadcasting rights?

Hypothesis: The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off.


Premise: Along with electronic pop, what type of music was the most successful in the 1980s?

Hypothesis: Although dance-oriented, electronic pop and ballad-oriented rock dominated the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed a mild success thanks to artists like Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias, Bertie Higgins and Tommy Page.


Premise: What is the highest point on the island of Cyprus?

Hypothesis: The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), located in the centre of the Troodos range.


Premise: At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?

Hypothesis: ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games, most on Monday nights, and nine playoff games, including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC.


Premise: What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?

Hypothesis: The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music.


Premise: What labels did RCA disband in 2011?

Hypothesis: Under Reid, multiple artists from the Jive half of the former RCA/Jive Label Group moved to Epic.


Premise: What was the name of the local government and tribunal?

Hypothesis: These reforms, while establishing a local government and tribunal (the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia) and bringing the nobleman under submission, also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control, in what has been criticized as a process of centralisation.


Premise: What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole?

Hypothesis: In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C).


Premise: When do caged birds change their preferential direction?

Hypothesis: The occurrence of Zugunruhe even in cage-raised birds with no environmental cues (e.g. shortening of day and falling temperature) has pointed to the role of circannual endogenous programs in controlling bird migrations.


Premise: In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?

Hypothesis: The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers.


Premise: What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?

Hypothesis: The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.


Premise: What was the name of the film's soundtrack called?

Hypothesis: Music is the future of sound."


Premise: How long did Disralei last in office?

Hypothesis: Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman".


Premise: How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?

Hypothesis: The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage.


Premise: What is the most common reason for software failure?

Hypothesis: For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running.


Premise: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?

Hypothesis: Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance."


Premise: Minimally, how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC's private affiliates?

Hypothesis: Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming.


Premise: Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?

Hypothesis: Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom.


Premise: How many physicians did Namibia have in 2002?

Hypothesis: The country had only 598 physicians in 2002.


Premise: What incident killed Diana in Paris?

Hypothesis: In 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris.


Premise: What did China need help for?

Hypothesis: Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort.


Premise: When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated?

Hypothesis: Finally, while leaving a peace rally in November 1995, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords.


Premise: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?

Hypothesis: Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition.


Premise: How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?

Hypothesis: The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £9.4 billion in 2014 – is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.


Premise: When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?

Hypothesis: After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.


Premise: What is Canada's defense policy based on?

Hypothesis: Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally.


Premise: What company sponsors the Thanksgiving Day parade?

Hypothesis: The New York Wheel, a 630-foot ferris wheel, was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower Manhattan skyline.


Premise: What causes glaciers to deform and flow?

Hypothesis: Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.


Premise: Who was responsible for the lyrics of Avenue X?

Hypothesis: It was produced by Playwrights Horizons with book by John Jiler, music and lyrics by Ray Leslee.


Premise: What helps bacteria to survive?

Hypothesis: Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival.


Premise: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?

Hypothesis: In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier.


Premise: What year was the first dog sent into space?

Hypothesis: In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.


Premise: What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?

Hypothesis: This gives him the distinction of the being the first active MMA fighter to carry the Olympic flame.


Premise: When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?

Hypothesis: The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s.


Premise: What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?

Hypothesis: These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions.


Premise: Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?

Hypothesis: Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?" and stronger expressions follow, showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child.


Premise: What rights did Brasilia gain in 1988?

Hypothesis: With the Constitution of 1988 Brasília gained the right to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly


Premise: How man feet do vaulters land on?

Hypothesis: When performing a yurchenko, gymnasts "round-off" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard).


Premise: When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?

Hypothesis: During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands.


Premise: Who stopped their trips to Ming China?

Hypothesis: Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet.


Premise: Who wrote the 'War of the Worlds' book?

Hypothesis: Unlike E.T. and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which depicted friendly alien visitors, War of the Worlds featured violent invaders.


Premise: How many votes were cast during the final week?

Hypothesis: Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken.