Premise: What type of materials inside the cabin were removed to help prevent more fire hazards in the future?

Hypothesis: To remedy the causes of the fire, changes were made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures, the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials.


Premise: How often are elections for the counsel held?

Hypothesis: Council members are elected directly every four years.


Premise: Whose tune did Luther adapt for the hymn of Psalm 67?

Hypothesis: Luther adopted a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541.


Premise: What were the civil wars caused by the Huguenots called?

Hypothesis: The uprising occurred a decade following the death of Henry IV, a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, who had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes.


Premise: When did Watt finish the development of his improvements to Newcomen's engine?

Hypothesis: The next major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763–1775) an improved version of Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser.


Premise: How many pages was the Kalven Report statement?

Hypothesis: After continued turmoil, a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report.


Premise: Who received the pass that was ruled incomplete and confirmed after a challenge?

Hypothesis: After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass Jerricho Cotchery, but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge.


Premise: When was the UMC formed?

Hypothesis: With the formation of The United Methodist Church in 1968, theologian Albert C. Outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine.


Premise: When was the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report published?

Hypothesis: The section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data.


Premise: Who lead the school back to leading research institution in 2oth century?

Hypothesis: James Bryant Conant (president, 1933–1953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions.


Premise: How many Doctor Who soundtracks have been released since 2005?

Hypothesis: Six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005.


Premise: What is the system by which prokaryotes retain phage gene fragments that they have previously come in contact with?

Hypothesis: Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference.


Premise: What else did the new consitution change?

Hypothesis: As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.


Premise: What special was created for the show's 30th anniversary?

Hypothesis: In 1993, for the franchise's 30th anniversary, another charity special, titled Dimensions in Time was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving actors who played the Doctor and a number of previous companions.


Premise: What city later became Beijing?

Hypothesis: Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266.


Premise: How many casualties did British get?

Hypothesis: Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.


Premise: What author did Tesla credit for his recovery?

Hypothesis: He read many books while in Tomingaj, and later said that Mark Twain's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness.


Premise: Who was hired to be the deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight?

Hypothesis: The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) took longer to become convinced of its merits, but their conversion was announced by Wernher von Braun at a briefing in June 1962.


Premise: How much land do farms use in Victoria?

Hypothesis: As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land.


Premise: What are the principal cash crops in Kenya?

Hypothesis: The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee.


Premise: By what year had Temüjin created a significant "Mongol" tribal alliance?

Hypothesis: At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan".


Premise: Classification of resources is contingent on determining the upper and lower bounds of minimum time required by what?

Hypothesis: To classify the computation time (or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem.


Premise: Who sold the Upper Rhine to Burgundy?

Hypothesis: The mouths of the Rhine, in the county of Holland, fell to the Burgundian Netherlands in the 15th century; Holland remained contentious territory throughout the European wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, when the length of the Rhine fell to the First French Empire and its client states.


Premise: What is Warsaw known as in Polish?

Hypothesis: Its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union.


Premise: Who is Methodism's revered founder?

Hypothesis: Such exemplary saints include martyrs, confessors of the Faith, evangelists, or important biblical figures such as Saint Matthew, Lutheran theologian and martyr to the Nazis Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Salvation Army Founder William Booth, African missionary David Livingstone and Methodism's revered founder John Wesley are among many cited as Protestant saints.


Premise: What forest is by Warsaw's southern border?

Hypothesis: Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest by the southern city border.


Premise: What did Luther identify the Papacy as?

Hypothesis: The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy.


Premise: Who designed the bronze doors used as the main entrance to the museum?

Hypothesis: The last work by Fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden, this includes the refreshment rooms, reinstated as the Museum Café in 2006, with the silver gallery above, (at the time the ceramics gallery), the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public.


Premise: Who is the designer of the "50?"

Hypothesis: Like the Lombardi Trophy, the "50" will be designed by Tiffany & Co.


Premise: Who lost 3 yards on a tackle by Shaq Thompson?

Hypothesis: First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled Ronnie Hillman for a 3-yard loss.


Premise: What is another name for State Route 168?

Hypothesis: State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake.


Premise: Who filed an objection to the BBC using the blue police box in Doctor Who merchandise?

Hypothesis: In 1996, the BBC applied for a trade mark to use the TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who.


Premise: Who transported Tesla's ashes from the US.

Hypothesis: In 1957, Kosanović's secretary Charlotte Muzar transported Tesla's ashes from the United States to Belgrade.


Premise: How is the time needed to obtain the solution to a problem calculated?

Hypothesis: Thus the time required to solve a problem (or the space required, or any measure of complexity) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance.


Premise: Who was the number two draft pick for 2011?

Hypothesis: This was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes.


Premise: Who were the astronauts aboard the Apollo 11 mission?

Hypothesis: The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by an all-Gemini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.


Premise: Interest groups and government agencies that were concerned with energy were no match for who?

Hypothesis: Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger's dominance.


Premise: What publication did Philip Howard work for?

Hypothesis: Responding to the findings of the survey in The Times newspaper, journalist Philip Howard maintained that, "to compare the violence of Dr Who, sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare, with the more realistic violence of other television series, where actors who look like human beings bleed paint that looks like blood, is like comparing Monopoly with the property market in London: both are fantasies, but one is meant to be taken seriously."


Premise: Which Carolina Panthers player was named Most Valuable Player?

Hypothesis: They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl.


Premise: By justification certain racial and geographical theories, Europe thought of itself as what?

Hypothesis: According to Siad, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm, which justified its dominance over the essentialized Orient.


Premise: Outside of livestock, what else was considered a major industry in the agriculture regions?

Hypothesis: In one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs.


Premise: Who designed the Turner and Vernon galleries that were built in 1858-9?

Hypothesis: The next major expansions were designed by the same architect, the Turner and Vernon galleries built 1858-9 to house the eponymous collections (later transferred to the Tate Gallery) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively.


Premise: Who was the ABC Radio president in 1968?

Hypothesis: In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded by Allen Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who was approached by ABC Radio president Harold L. Neal to develop a format to compete with the new progressive rock and DJ-helmed stations.


Premise: Who directed Stormy Monday?

Hypothesis: The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s.


Premise: What were the papal legate's orders from the Pope?

Hypothesis: Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant, but the legate desisted from doing so.


Premise: What is one condition that an element p of R must satisfy in order to be considered a prime element?

Hypothesis: An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not have a multiplicative inverse) and satisfies the following requirement: given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y. An element is irreducible if it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units.


Premise: What team did the Panthers defeat?

Hypothesis: They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49–15 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995.


Premise: Where was France's Huguenot population largely centered?

Hypothesis: As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the French crown.


Premise: What branch is independant of the other branches?

Hypothesis: The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.


Premise: Who was the defensive coordinator for the Broncos in 2015?

Hypothesis: Under defensive coordinator Wade Phillips, the Broncos' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed, passing yards allowed and sacks, and like the previous three seasons, the team has continued to set numerous individual, league and franchise records.


Premise: How much retail activity does the neighborhood have?

Hypothesis: Due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers, is not a true "inner-city" neighborhood, and there are many vacant lots, strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood.


Premise: Which female anchor from Today joined Hugh Downs on 20/20?

Hypothesis: In June 1978, Arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20; after its first episode received harshly negative reviews, the program – which debuted as a summer series, before becoming a year-round program in 1979 – was immediately revamped to feature a mix of in-depth stories and interviews, with Hugh Downs appointed as its anchor (later paired alongside his former Today colleague Barbara Walters).


Premise: In which months does Fresno experience increased wind coming from the southeastern direction?

Hypothesis: Summers provide considerable sunshine, with July peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours; conversely, January is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog.


Premise: How did Luther smuggle 12 nuns out of a convent during the rebellion?

Hypothesis: At the time of their marriage, Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old.


Premise: Besides taking in boarders, how did Katharina help support the family?

Hypothesis: Between bearing six children, Hans – June 1526; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527, who died within a few months; Magdalene – 1529, who died in Luther's arms in 1542; Martin – 1531; Paul – January 1533; and Margaret – 1534; Katharina helped the couple earn a living by farming the land and taking in boarders.


Premise: Who did the Panthers play to advance to the Super Bowl?

Hypothesis: The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round, running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24, avenging their elimination from a year earlier.


Premise: Who missed a field goal for the Panthers?

Hypothesis: After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16–7 lead.


Premise: How many affiliates does Sinclair Broadcast Group service or own?

Hypothesis: The Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total, owning or providing services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates; Sinclair owns the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size, WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market, which serve as repeaters of WBMA-LD (the largest low-power "Big Four" affiliate by market size, which itself is also simulcast on a subchannel of former WBMA satellite WGWW, owned by Sinclair partner company Howard Stirk Holdings).


Premise: What was done to the Trajan's Column replica to fit it under the ceiling?

Hypothesis: Replicas of two earlier Davids by Donatello's David and Verrocchio's David, are also included, although for conservation reasons the Verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case.


Premise: When was the Masovian Duchy reincorporated into the Polish Crown?

Hypothesis: Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526.


Premise: What was the estimated population of Pons Aelius around the 2nd century?

Hypothesis: It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD.


Premise: What combined with ricing prices to make it difficult or impossible for poor people to keep pace?

Hypothesis: A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality.


Premise: How many times has Polonia won the cup?

Hypothesis: They also won the country’s championship in 1946, and won the cup twice as well.


Premise: The Rhine is the longest river in what country?

Hypothesis: The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.


Premise: What service did Verizon customers need to use to stream the game on their smartphones?

Hypothesis: Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service.


Premise: How is Genghis Khan spelled in Turkic?

Hypothesis: Genghis Khan, the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz, Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéngjísī Hán, Turkic: Cengiz Han, Çingiz Xan, Çingiz Han, Chingizxon, Çıñğız Xan, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Xaan, Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn, Russian: Чингисхан (Čingiskhan) or Чингиз-хан (Čingiz-khan), etc.


Premise: How often does the General Conference meet?

Hypothesis: The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium).


Premise: How many Huguenots were killed in Toulouse?

Hypothesis: Nearly 3,000 Protestants were slaughtered in Toulouse alone.


Premise: Who receives higher salaries at private schools that charge higher tuition?

Hypothesis: High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments, including a low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers.


Premise: What is to blame for the burdens in health care in Kenya?

Hypothesis: Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution: Half of Kenyans live below the poverty level.


Premise: What language is used in Chinese secondary schools in Malaysia?

Hypothesis: While Chinese primary schools were allowed to retain Chinese as the medium of instruction, Chinese secondary schools are required to change into English-medium schools.


Premise: What motivation is opportunity-based entrepreneurship driven by?

Hypothesis: However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity.


Premise: Whose relics reside in the Becket Casket?

Hypothesis: One of the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110, made from gilt bronze; with highly elaborate and intricate intertwining branches containing small figures and inscriptions, it is a tour de force of bronze casting.


Premise: Where was France concentraing efforts?

Hypothesis: William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France.


Premise: The academic body of the university is made up of how many professional schools?

Hypothesis: The academic bodies of the University of Chicago consist of the College, four divisions of graduate research and seven professional schools.


Premise: When was al-Nimeiry overthrown?

Hypothesis: After al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military.


Premise: When was the FCC's sixth report and order released?

Hypothesis: In 1952, when the release of the FCC's Sixth Report and Order announced the end of its freeze on new station license applications, among the issues the Commission was slated to address was whether to approve the UPT-ABC merger.


Premise: How long would this coalition last?

Hypothesis: On 28 February 2008, Kibaki and Odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister.


Premise: How many atoms combine to form dioxygen?

Hypothesis: It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements.


Premise: Who is the NFL's vice president of brand and creative?

Hypothesis: Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter "L" using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV.


Premise: What sort of motion did Watt's steam engine continuously produce?

Hypothesis: In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion.


Premise: What is another word for diatom?

Hypothesis: The diatom endosymbiont's nucleus is present, but it probably can't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction, and might have even been expanded.


Premise: What is being described when simplicity of geometrical forms are teamed with inspiration from the Roman period?

Hypothesis: The Neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture, the most notable are the Great Theater (1825–1833) and buildings located at Bank Square (1825–1828).


Premise: What may explain why some Americans who've become rich may have had a head start?

Hypothesis: Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start".


Premise: What late Gothic architectural sculptural feature is found on the tower above the main entrance?

Hypothesis: The main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed, again a Gothic feature, the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum.


Premise: What register did Chris Keates think that some teachers should not be placed on?

Hypothesis: Chris Keates, the general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers, said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape "is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about.


Premise: What is the name for a response of the immune system that damages the body's native tissues?

Hypothesis: They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction.


Premise: Who did the Broncos tie with the most sacks in a Super Bowl?

Hypothesis: Manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39, and the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl with two different teams, while Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player.


Premise: How many large public parks does Fresno have?

Hypothesis: Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway.


Premise: Who presented the Edict of Worms declaring Luther to be an outlaw?

Hypothesis: The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic.


Premise: When did DFDS terminate its services to Norway?

Hypothesis: The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008.


Premise: What Han Chinese leader defected to the Mongols?

Hypothesis: Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin.


Premise: When did Tesla depart Graz?

Hypothesis: In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school.


Premise: Which group seeks to reconceive and promote Biblical holiness in today's church?

Hypothesis: It is also active in the World Methodist Council, an interdenominational group composed of various churches in the tradition of John Wesley to promote the Gospel throughout the world.


Premise: What are teachers expected to give their students?

Hypothesis: A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class.


Premise: What is chloroplast DNA abbreviated as?

Hypothesis: Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as ctDNA, or cpDNA.


Premise: In what year did the serial format change for the Doctor Who series?

Hypothesis: The serial format changed for the 2005 revival, with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day.


Premise: When did the Meuse and Waal merge?

Hypothesis: From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede.


Premise: What was the passer rating for Peyton Manning that he finished out with for the season?

Hypothesis: Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions.


Premise: What does zhèng mean?

Hypothesis: Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis".


Premise: What type of impact can the residents of Newcastle expect the city's noise to have on them?

Hypothesis: The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents.


Premise: What pushed up the Pyrenees?

Hypothesis: At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods.


Premise: What is the process by which the adaptive immune system is evaded by the chainging of non-essential epitopes called?

Hypothesis: Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system.


Premise: What is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States?

Hypothesis: St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769.


Premise: Where did the president appoint cabinet members from?

Hypothesis: The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers.


Premise: What kicker was successful on a 33-yard field goal?

Hypothesis: After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16–7 lead.


Premise: Who was the head of the household that Temüjin joined when he was nine years old?

Hypothesis: His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the tribe Khongirad.


Premise: Into what religion was Martin Luther baptized?

Hypothesis: He was baptized as a Catholic the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours.


Premise: Where do plenary meetings take place?

Hypothesis: Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on Thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm.


Premise: What day was the game played on?

Hypothesis: As this was the 50th Super Bowl, the league emphasized the "golden anniversary" with various gold-themed initiatives, as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as "Super Bowl L"), so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 50.


Premise: What was the Harvard endowment total in 2011?

Hypothesis: It was worth $32 billion in 2011, up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009.


Premise: When did these rebellions take place?

Hypothesis: A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621 and 1629.


Premise: Why did OPEC raise the price of oil to $5.11?

Hypothesis: In response to American aid to Israel, on October 16, 1973, OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel.


Premise: What was increased in November 2011?

Hypothesis: In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed.


Premise: What percentage of British children are educated at GSCE level in fee-paying schools?

Hypothesis: According to The Good Schools Guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the UK are doing so at fee-paying schools at GSCE level and 13 per cent at A-level.[citation needed]


Premise: What is the vast disparities in wealth attributed to by Socialists?

Hypothesis: In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product.


Premise: Who was New France's governor?

Hypothesis: Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed by New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil.


Premise: What does oxygen the basis for in combustion?

Hypothesis: Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion.


Premise: Who is responsible for operating the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks?

Hypothesis: A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.


Premise: What was published in February of 2007?

Hypothesis: In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 decibels.


Premise: Large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution are under what construction sector?

Hypothesis: Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering.


Premise: What kind of marriage was this ?

Hypothesis: Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex (for I am neither wood nor stone); but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic."


Premise: In a 4-cylinder compound engine, what degree were the individual pistons balanced at?

Hypothesis: In one case (the first type of Vauclain compound), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine.


Premise: What was the nationality of Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont?

Hypothesis: Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.


Premise: What was the protest in Antigone about?

Hypothesis: She is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with (and eventually carries out), but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this.


Premise: Where can you find more information on a country's practices?

Hypothesis: Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries.


Premise: Does the new deal include Video on demand and High Definition?

Hypothesis: Currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB.


Premise: What university alumni member was known for his work on portfolio theory?

Hypothesis: American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus.


Premise: What does connecting different Sky Q boxes enable them to do?

Hypothesis: The Sky Q Mini set top boxes connect to the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds.


Premise: What role in economics did the university play a major part in?

Hypothesis: The university's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the United States and gave birth to the Chicago school of sociology.


Premise: Which descendant of Genghis Khan sacked Baghdad?

Hypothesis: His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt, but Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant, Palestine and even Gaza.


Premise: Who did Tesla credit for his abilities?

Hypothesis: Tesla's mother, Đuka Tesla (née Mandić), whose father was also an Orthodox priest,:10 had a talent for making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems.


Premise: In what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority?

Hypothesis: The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.


Premise: What was Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994?

Hypothesis: KQTV is licensed to St. Joseph, Missouri, which is designated by Nielsen as a separate market from Kansas City despite being located within 55 miles (89 km) of one another, while WWSB and WOTV serve areas that do not receive an adequate signal from their market's primary ABC affiliate (in the case of WWSB, this dates back to when WTSP was Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994, with the former being necessitated to serve the southern part of the Tampa market including the station's city of license, Sarasota, due to WTSP's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of Miami affiliate WPLG – which like WTSP, broadcast on VHF channel 10).


Premise: Who build the major port city in Kenya?

Hypothesis: By the 15th-century, Portuguese voyager Duarte Barbosa claimed that "Mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships, both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail to the island of Zanzibar."


Premise: Who wrote a pamphlet outlining the radical ideas of the extremists?

Hypothesis: Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag, in which he states:


Premise: What dilemma is a good example of moral civil disobedience?

Hypothesis: But Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality, we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking.


Premise: Who were the Super Bowl 50 sideline announcers?

Hypothesis: The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines.


Premise: Why is it difficult to resolve disagreements about the changes in the Amazon rainforest?

Hypothesis: Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today.


Premise: In what city is SAP Center located?

Hypothesis: The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.


Premise: Which uses of sculpture are represented in the collection?

Hypothesis: The sculpture collection at the V&A is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical European sculpture in the world.


Premise: Who attends Loreto Normanhurst?

Hypothesis: Although most are non-aligned, some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations, such as the Anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian Church, but in most cases, they do not insist on their students’ religious allegiance.


Premise: What did Martin Luther do during 1510 to 1520?

Hypothesis: From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians.


Premise: What type of civil disobedience is larger scale?

Hypothesis: Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue.


Premise: What halftime performer previously headlined Super Bowl XLVII?

Hypothesis: The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively.


Premise: When is the funfair held in Newcastle?

Hypothesis: Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre.


Premise: In which year did the museum started charging free admission fees?

Hypothesis: Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001.


Premise: How did Genghis Khan describe himself to the people of Bukhara?

Hypothesis: Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery.


Premise: Goldenson proposed a merger between UPT and what network in October 1954?

Hypothesis: Goldenson added to the confusion when, in October 1954, he proposed a merger between UPT and the DuMont Television Network, which was also mired in financial trouble.


Premise: Granite is made up largely of what chemical compound?

Hypothesis: The Earth's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon (silica SiO_2, as found in granite and quartz), aluminium (aluminium oxide Al_2O_3, in bauxite and corundum), iron (iron(III) oxide Fe_2O_3, in hematite and rust), and calcium carbonate (in limestone).


Premise: What si the comparison to sea level with the oxygen level in space suits?

Hypothesis: Breathing pure O_2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as Apollo, causes no damage due to the low total pressures used.


Premise: How many of the fifteen points of discussion were agreed on?

Hypothesis: In October 1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy, to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states.


Premise: Which Apollo was the first testing of the LM, unmanned, in Earth's orbit?

Hypothesis: Apollo 5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1.


Premise: Who were two of Kublai's Chinese advisers?

Hypothesis: Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign.


Premise: The V&A has the world's most comprehensive collection of sculptures from which period?


Premise: What was the goal of John Sheepshanks considerable bequest to the museum?

Hypothesis: In 1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly by contemporary British artists, and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art', a role since taken on by Tate Britain; artists represented are William Blake, James Barry, Henry Fuseli, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, Sir David Wilkie, William Mulready, William Powell Frith, Millais and Hippolyte Delaroche.


Premise: What does Warsaw's mixture of architectural styles reflect?

Hypothesis: However, some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s (e.g. Leopold Kronenberg Palace).


Premise: What was the secondary endosymbiotic event?

Hypothesis: While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much like the cyanobacterium at the beginning of this story.


Premise: How do private schools in Ireland differ from most?

Hypothesis: Many private schools in Ireland also double as boarding schools.


Premise: How many of the six total packages available to broadcasters was Setanta awarded?

Hypothesis: This represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay.


Premise: What was the attack on the British weakness?

Hypothesis: Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry.


Premise: How many dairy cows are there in Australia?

Hypothesis: Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia.


Premise: What factor may make a teacher's role vary?

Hypothesis: Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.


Premise: When did Tamara marry a lawyer?

Hypothesis: She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki.


Premise: What team was the NFC champion?

Hypothesis: Super Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season.


Premise: How high do plague fevers run?

Hypothesis: In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes.


Premise: Where did the earliest item in the V&A glass collection come from?

Hypothesis: The stained glass collection is possibly the finest in the world, covering the medieval to modern periods, and covering Europe as well as Britain.


Premise: How old was Elway during his Super Bowl XXXIII win?

Hypothesis: The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.


Premise: Who reigned over the Ottoman empire when it was at its most powerful.

Hypothesis: The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923.


Premise: When did Genghis Khan capture the Jin dynasty capital?

Hypothesis: In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty.


Premise: What did Standard & Poor recommend to speed economy recovery?

Hypothesis: In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles.


Premise: In what year did Massachusetts first require children to be educated in schools?

Hypothesis: Private schooling in the United States has been debated by educators, lawmakers and parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852.


Premise: What has the avoidance of men to become teachers caused, in some areas?

Hypothesis: This has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers.


Premise: When was al-Nimeiry overthrown?

Hypothesis: The NIF regime also harbored Osama bin Laden for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War.


Premise: What is a regulatory factor produced by macrophages?

Hypothesis: During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis, and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection.


Premise: Who was added to party as Washington went on the way?

Hypothesis: Washington left with a small party, picking up along the way Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company surveyor working in the area; and a few Mingo led by Tanaghrisson.


Premise: In what part of the United States did many students migrate to Christian academies during the desegregation period?

Hypothesis: In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States schools desegregate "with all deliberate speed", local families organized a wave of private "Christian academies".


Premise: When did Europe slowly begin to warm up from the last Ice Age?

Hypothesis: As northwest Europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring.


Premise: What does civil disobedience relate to?

Hypothesis: Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.


Premise: People of what nationality invented the steam turbine?

Hypothesis: Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available.


Premise: What is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing nations?

Hypothesis: However, malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries.


Premise: How much rain per year does Fresno get on average?

Hypothesis: Average annual precipitation is around 11.5 inches (292.1 mm), which, by definition, would classify the area as a semidesert.


Premise: In addition to recirculating water, what do condensers do?

Hypothesis: Other components are often present; pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes.


Premise: What percentage of oxygen is usually supplied by a medical mask?

Hypothesis: (although this figure also is subject to wide variation, depending on type of mask).


Premise: Why are coastal species tough?

Hypothesis: In addition oceanic species do not preserve well, and are known mainly from photographs and from observers' notes.


Premise: Who formed the government in Kenya?

Hypothesis: Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government.


Premise: What Doctor Who actress was nominated for an award in 2016?

Hypothesis: In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor and in 2016, Michelle Gomez became the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination for the series, getting a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her work as Missy.


Premise: Who conducted this survey?

Hypothesis: A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education; be they a volunteer, bus driver, teacher, administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career.


Premise: What type of compounds such as acetone,contain oxygen?

Hypothesis: There are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen, including: acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid.


Premise: What is the animal that the Rhine's islands are named after?

Hypothesis: In the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced "Isel" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel ("Donkey").


Premise: Where was Tesla hoping to attend classes in Prague?

Hypothesis: Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University; he never studied Greek, a required subject; and he was illiterate in Czech, another required subject.


Premise: In which city was Tesla's consultant job for Westinghouse?

Hypothesis: Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.


Premise: What is the best QB ranking that Cam Newton holds?

Hypothesis: The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections.


Premise: There are direct contractual links between who?

Hypothesis: Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor.


Premise: What year was the latest addition to the Church of St. Andrew?

Hypothesis: This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham.


Premise: How man volumes does the The University of Chicago Library system hold?

Hypothesis: The university's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States.


Premise: The Brotherhood's members are against consuming what beverage?

Hypothesis: Rather than being more moderate than the PLO, the 1988 Hamas charter took a more uncompromising stand, calling for the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine.


Premise: What range of years was the current warming compared to?

Hypothesis: These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.


Premise: From 2004 to 2005 Harvard reduced the number of students earning Latin honors from 90% to what?

Hypothesis: Moreover, the honors of "John Harvard Scholar" and "Harvard College Scholar" will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class.


Premise: Since Denver chose white, what colors did Carolina wear in Super Bowl 50?

Hypothesis: In their only other Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XXXII, Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time.


Premise: Who, with Jim Nantz, was a member of the game's lead broadcast team?

Hypothesis: The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines.


Premise: How many major chloroplast replication models have been suggested?

Hypothesis: The mechanism for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed.


Premise: Who was Kaidu's grandfather?

Hypothesis: He feared that his dependence on Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song.


Premise: Name a luxury model that became popular in the mid-1970s.

Hypothesis: Sales of large sedans for most makes (except Chrysler products) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis.


Premise: Along what geographic feature are nine residential houses located?

Hypothesis: The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard.


Premise: What year did Newcastle first develop its cycling strategy?

Hypothesis: As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living…


Premise: What does the chloroplast peripheral reticulum do?

Hypothesis: Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm.


Premise: What magnetic character do triplet O2 have?

Hypothesis: That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O_2 molecules.


Premise: In what city did the last Super Bowl in California occur?

Hypothesis: On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium.


Premise: In what decades was Dudley Simpson most active in contributing to Doctor Who?

Hypothesis: Simpson's first Doctor Who score was Planet of Giants (1964) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s, including most of the stories of the Jon Pertwee/Tom Baker periods, ending with The Horns of Nimon (1979).


Premise: Aside from BBC Radio 5, what radio station will broadcast the game?

Hypothesis: In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.


Premise: When was the Santer Commission censured by Parliament?

Hypothesis: Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations.


Premise: When was Operation Market Garden?

Hypothesis: The Rhine bridge at Arnhem, immortalized in the book, A Bridge Too Far and the film, was a central focus of the battle for Arnhem, during the failed Operation Market Garden of September 1944.


Premise: For what railroad did Stephenson build a locomotive in 1825?

Hypothesis: This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials.


Premise: What is name of the function used for the largest integer not greater than the number in question?

Hypothesis: Here  represents the floor function, i.e., largest integer not greater than the number in question.


Premise: What did Watt add to Newcomen's engine between 1763 and 1775?

Hypothesis: Boulton and Watt's early engines used half as much coal as John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's.


Premise: What school did both Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch attend?

Hypothesis: Multiple circumnavigator David Scott Cowper, Nobel Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville were born in the city.


Premise: Where did the highwaymen take Luther?

Hypothesis: Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen.


Premise: How many types of science fiction have been impacted by Tesla?

Hypothesis: Tesla's legacy has endured in books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games.


Premise: What was the one linear HD channel Virgin Media carried from November 2006 to July 2009?

Hypothesis: :Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, although from 30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009 it only carried one linear HD channel, BBC HD, after the conclusion of the ITV HD trial.


Premise: When was the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center constructed?

Hypothesis: In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen); a series of arts buildings; a building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university's School of Social Service Administration;, a building which is to become the home of the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the largest building on campus, a brutalist structure designed by Walter Netsch of the Chicago firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.


Premise: What properties are analyzed with a conoscopic lens by petrologists?

Hypothesis: Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe.


Premise: What is one example of an instance that the quantitative answer to the traveling salesman problem fails to answer?

Hypothesis: To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance, consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem: Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany's 15 largest cities?


Premise: What was the first true engine that was commercially successful?

Hypothesis: The first commercially successful true engine, in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine, was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712.


Premise: What is the concept of the visible and invisible Church?

Hypothesis: The United Methodist Church understands itself to be part of the holy catholic (or universal) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used frequently in services of worship.


Premise: What Carolina player was injured in the NFC Championship Game?

Hypothesis: Despite this, he insisted he would still find a way to play in the Super Bowl.


Premise: How many types of thylakoids are there?

Hypothesis: There are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma.


Premise: Who may also submit private bills to Parliament?

Hypothesis: Bills can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill; a committee of the Parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit; a member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member; or a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer.


Premise: In what year did Lost first debut?

Hypothesis: That year, the sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004.


Premise: For how long did the plague stick around?

Hypothesis: The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.


Premise: What do some encrypted broadcasts require to view?

Hypothesis: To view the encrypted content a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver (all of which are dedicated to the Sky service, and cannot be used to decrypt other services) needs to be used.


Premise: What do power station steam turbines use as a cold sink in the absence of CHP?

Hypothesis: Evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than "once-through" cooling by river or lake water; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling, but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water.[citation needed]


Premise: In lands attributed to what tribe are found remains of large settlements?

Hypothesis: The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed.


Premise: What can be achieved without building high or getting rid of common areas?

Hypothesis: A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.


Premise: Prior to Manning, who was the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl?

Hypothesis: He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.


Premise: In what century did missionaries notably establish church schools in South Africa?

Hypothesis: Some of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century.


Premise: Where does the diatom endosymbiont store starch?

Hypothesis: These chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes, (depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast, or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it).


Premise: What were British plans against French?

Hypothesis: The British, intending to blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755, but the French fleet had already sailed.


Premise: What major category of conservation result in an object that is more attractive and more comprehensible to the viewer?

Hypothesis: The other major category is "interventive" conservation, this includes: cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects, reveal original surface decoration, and restore shape.


Premise: Why did he want to make the language accessible to people?

Hypothesis: Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans.


Premise: What does the Secretariat Wing house?

Hypothesis: On the very northern edge of the site is situated the Secretariat Wing, also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room etc. and is not open to the public.


Premise: What happened to nearby light bulbs?

Hypothesis: Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off.


Premise: What do the Waal and the Nederrijn-Lek discharge throguh?

Hypothesis: At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam.


Premise: What did the second stage in the Saturn V end up doing?

Hypothesis: The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen, and the third stage was a modified version of the S-IVB, with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit.


Premise: Where did Luther explain his idea of justification?

Hypothesis: He explained his concept of "justification" in the Smalcald Articles:


Premise: How do academic results in former Model C schools compare to other schools?

Hypothesis: These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups .


Premise: Higher rates of health and social problems are just two of examples of effects from what?

Hypothesis: Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption.


Premise: Which episode featured the return of William Hartnell?

Hypothesis: In 1973's The Three Doctors, William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton returned alongside Jon Pertwee.


Premise: What did Sir Charles Parsons invent?

Hypothesis: Other notable people born in or associated with Newcastle include: engineer and industrialist Lord Armstrong, engineer and father of the modern steam railways George Stephenson, his son, also an engineer, Robert Stephenson, engineer and inventor of the steam turbine Sir Charles Parsons, inventor of the incandescent light bulb Sir Joseph Swan, modernist poet Basil Bunting, and Lord Chief Justice Peter Taylor.


Premise: What term do Islamists think should be applied to them?

Hypothesis: Islamists have asked the question, "If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam?"


Premise: What percentage of France's population is protestant today?

Hypothesis: Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population.


Premise: Name a larger car that Toyota came up with as buyers lamented the small sized compacts?

Hypothesis: Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle.


Premise: The immune systems of bacteria have enzymes that protect against infection by what kind of cells?

Hypothesis: Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens.


Premise: Who had the most receptions out of all players for the year?

Hypothesis: Overall, the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any Pro Bowl selections.


Premise: Which fantasy books have references to Doctor Who?

Hypothesis: There have also been many references to Doctor Who in popular culture and other science fiction, including Star Trek: The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone") and Leverage.


Premise: How much has a Lama agreed to be reborn?

Hypothesis: A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow is called a Tulku.


Premise: What was Newcastle named as the most type of city in the UK?

Hypothesis: The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents.


Premise: Why did the university eventually leave the conference?

Hypothesis: The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament.


Premise: What was the most recent Super Bowl hosted in the South Florida/Miami area?

Hypothesis: The San Francisco Bay Area last hosted in 1985 (Super Bowl XIX), held at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California, won by the home team 49ers.


Premise: When was the concept of a social market economy introduced into EU law?

Hypothesis: It was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union, which led to a common market, then monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state.


Premise: What was the name of the 50th Anniversary show?

Hypothesis: Notably, in 2013, John Hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the Doctor known as the War Doctor in the run-up to the show's 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor".


Premise: Luther treated Jews in a like way as he treated what group?

Hypothesis: In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy.


Premise: Where was the ESPN Deportes Spanish version of Super Bowl 50 available?

Hypothesis: The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.


Premise: What is the legislature of the European Union comprised of?

Hypothesis: The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union.


Premise: What was the ideal duty of a Newcomen engine?

Hypothesis: The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty".


Premise: What network did ABC beat out for third place in television ratings in 2010-11?

Hypothesis: Meanwhile, the new lows hit by Brothers & Sisters led to its cancellation, and the previous year's only drama renewal, V, also failed to earn another season after a low-rated midseason run.


Premise: How many total judges are there in the EU?

Hypothesis: Under the Treaty on European Union article 19(2) there is one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices" (or for the General Court, the "ability required for appointment to high judicial office").


Premise: When was Phags-pa script invented?

Hypothesis: Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language.


Premise: Which logo had the DW Tardis insignia removed?

Hypothesis: The logo for the Twelfth Doctor had the "DW" TARDIS insignia removed and the font was subtly altered, as well as made slightly larger.


Premise: In August 1994, which Flint, Michigan affiliate did ABC purchase?

Hypothesis: In order to compete with CNN, ABC proposed a 24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News, with plans to launch the network in 1995; however, the plan would ultimately be shelved by company management.


Premise: How many Examination Boards exist in India?

Hypothesis: Among other things, this has also resulted in 30 different Examination Boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates.


Premise: How many cinemas are currently housed at one site?

Hypothesis: The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead.


Premise: Who conducted the 2011 online vote?

Hypothesis: The phrase retains this association with Doctor Who, to the point that in 1991 the Museum of the Moving Image in London named their exhibition celebrating the programme "Behind the Sofa".


Premise: In what year did developers Billings & Meyering acquire the Alta Vista Tract?

Hypothesis: In 1914 developers Billings & Meyering acquired the tract, completed street development, provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service, and began marketing the property with fervor.


Premise: Where is corporal punishment usually performed these days?

Hypothesis: 30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not.


Premise: What are Ctenophora commonly known as?

Hypothesis: Ctenophora (/tᵻˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide.


Premise: From whom were the movement that Eliot followed derived?

Hypothesis: Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of each person to perceive truth, and the indwelling God in each person.


Premise: How many first downs did the Panthers have in Super Bowl 50?

Hypothesis: Manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39, and the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl with two different teams, while Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player.


Premise: What system did Tesla recommend to Niagara Falls in 1893?

Hypothesis: Tesla advised Adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current.


Premise: What report had the correct date?

Hypothesis: The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.


Premise: What color are the numbers in the Super Bowl 50 logo?

Hypothesis: The logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals, colored in gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo.


Premise: Who acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for a renovation project?

Hypothesis: Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project.


Premise: How many intercollegiate sports does Harvard compete in NCAA division I

Hypothesis: The Harvard Crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League.


Premise: Why was there a depreciation of the industrialized nations dollars?

Hypothesis: The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies.


Premise: Where did the ABC New York flagship stations move their facilities to in 1953?

Hypothesis: The WJZ calls would later be reassigned to the then-ABC affiliate in Baltimore in 1959, in an historical nod to the fact that WJZ was originally established by the Baltimore station's owner at the time, Westinghouse.


Premise: When did Great Britain lose its colonies in North America?

Hypothesis: After losing its first Empire to the Americans, Britain then turned its attention towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific.


Premise: Who was the main proponent of the cellular theory of immunity?

Hypothesis: According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses.


Premise: Tumor antigens are complexed with MHC class I molecules in the same way as what antigens?

Hypothesis: Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens.


Premise: What area of Brookhaven is still known for its high levels of crime?

Hypothesis: Another section, Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm, was given the name by the Fresno City Council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood's image.


Premise: When using a probabilistic algorithm, how is the probability that the number is composite expressed mathematically?

Hypothesis: If we repeat the test n times and pass every time, then the probability that our number is composite is 1/(1-p)n, which decreases exponentially with the number of tests, so we can be as sure as we like (though never perfectly sure) that the number is prime.


Premise: What percentage of American households did ABC reach in March 2015?

Hypothesis: As of March 2015[update], ABC has eight owned-and-operated stations, and current and pending affiliation agreements with 235 additional television stations encompassing 49 states, the District of Columbia, four U.S. possessions, Bermuda and Saba; this makes ABC the largest U.S. broadcast television network by total number of affiliates.


Premise: Who was UPT forced to separate themselves from in 1949?

Hypothesis: At the end of 1949, movie theater operator United Paramount Theatres (UPT) was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures.


Premise: What characteristic in recent years has been strongly tied with health in developed countries?

Hypothesis: In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality.


Premise: How old was Turkana Boy?

Hypothesis: Later work at the former site was undertaken by Glynn Isaac.


Premise: Prior to Super Bowl 50, when were the Broncos last there?

Hypothesis: The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII.


Premise: Who wrote The Mutants?

Hypothesis: The first serial had been completed and the BBC believed it was crucial that the next one be a success, but The Mutants was the only script ready to go, so the show had little choice but to use it.


Premise: What science fiction writer introduced the Doctor Who episodes for a period of time?

Hypothesis: From 1979 to 1981, TVO airings were bookended by science-fiction writer Judith Merril who would introduce the episode and then, after the episode concluded, try to place it in an educational context in keeping with TVO's status as an educational channel.


Premise: What can a principal make, if he/she works for a big school?

Hypothesis: A principal of a large school with many years experience and several qualifications (M.A., H.Dip., etc.) could earn over €90,000.


Premise: What does legend say Genghis Khan used to obliterate the Kharezmid emporer's place of birth?

Hypothesis: After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men, while Genghis Khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire, including not only royal buildings, but entire towns, populations, and even vast swaths of farmland.


Premise: What did Tesla think could improve the brain's intelligence?

Hypothesis: The whole room will thus, Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'


Premise: Which treaty provides that the European Union law be applied to metropolitan territories of member states?

Hypothesis: European Union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar and the Åland islands.


Premise: What is the KNLS responsible for?

Hypothesis: KNLS is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country.


Premise: What would type of activities would require a teacher to take on a supervisor role?

Hypothesis: A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching.


Premise: What was the name of the 2010 Christmas special?

Hypothesis: In February 2011, a soundtrack was released for the 2010 Christmas special: "A Christmas Carol", and in December 2011 the soundtrack for Series 6 was released, both by Silva Screen Records.


Premise: What have many HT members graduated to joining?

Hypothesis: HT does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system, but works to take power through "ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government," i.e., launch a "bloodless" coup.


Premise: What is the delta in the Rhine delimited in the east by?

Hypothesis: The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section.


Premise: Who reportedly wanted Tesla's company?

Hypothesis: " There have been numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him.[citation needed]


Premise: What tribe uses GPS devices to map lands?

Hypothesis: Using handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims.


Premise: Where is the Asian influence strongest in Victoria?

Hypothesis: Many Chinese miners worked in Victoria, and their legacy is particularly strong in Bendigo and its environs.


Premise: What change in conditions may make the Amazon rainforest unsustainable?

Hypothesis: The result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation.


Premise: Who has expressed distaste for the canonicity of Doctor Who stories by other media?

Hypothesis: Who character by BBC Television in the early 1960s, a myriad of stories have been published about Doctor Who, in different media: apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC, there have also been novels, comics, short stories, audio books, radio plays, interactive video games, game books, webcasts, DVD extras, and even stage performances.


Premise: Why was Polonia relegated from the country's top flight in 2013?

Hypothesis: They also won the country’s championship in 1946, and won the cup twice as well.


Premise: Against whom did the Camisards rise up to fight?

Hypothesis: It took French troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709.


Premise: What type of bat that lives in the Amazon rainforest can spread rabies?

Hypothesis: Vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus.


Premise: From what type of materials must liquid oxygen be separated?

Hypothesis: It is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.


Premise: Besides Britain and North America, where else did Huguenot refugees settle?

Hypothesis: Four thousand emigrated to the North American colonies, where they settled in New York and Virginia, especially.


Premise: Which leading English tapestry workshop in the late 17th century and early 18th century is represented in the V&A collection?

Hypothesis: Also included are tapestries from John Vanderbank's workshop which was the leading English tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century and early 18th century.


Premise: How much resources were French placing in North America?

Hypothesis: William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France.


Premise: What covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland, and the Alps in the last Ice Age?

Hypothesis: A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna, stretched across middle Europe, from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean.


Premise: What day of the week did Shark Tank debut on?

Hypothesis: Among the few bright spots during this season were the midseason crime dramedy Castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms that anchored the network's revamped Wednesday comedy lineup, The Middle and Modern Family, the latter of which was both a critical and commercial success.


Premise: Why does a lower level of economic growth occur due to high-end consumption?

Hypothesis: Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption.


Premise: Which player played even though he broke his arm two weeks prior to the Super Bowl?

Hypothesis: Linebacker Luke Kuechly had 11 total tackles, while Thomas Davis had seven, despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the NFC title game.


Premise: What is an example of a problem to which effective algorithms have provided a solution in spite of the intractability associated with the breadth of sizes?

Hypothesis: Similarly, algorithms can solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem.


Premise: What did a 1996 study by Perotti examine?

Hypothesis: In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development.


Premise: Why has the Rhine been shortened?

Hypothesis: The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note 7] The "total length of the Rhine", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres (766 miles) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010.[note 1]


Premise: What are BSkyB's standard definition broadcasts compliant with?

Hypothesis: Sky+ HD material is broadcast using MPEG-4 and most of the HD material uses the DVB-S2 standard.


Premise: In a platoon style teaching, what gives the children security?

Hypothesis: Students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes.


Premise: What books did Bayle publish?

Hypothesis: He started teaching in Rotterdam, where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary.


Premise: Which successor to Henry resumed persecution of the Huguenots?

Hypothesis: His successor Louis XIII, under the regency of his Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici, became more intolerant of Protestantism.


Premise: What do larger fortunes generate?

Hypothesis: Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital (r) than economic growth (g), and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [pp.


Premise: What was Newton's quarterback rating for 2015?

Hypothesis: Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4.


Premise: What types of preparation do pharmacists have?

Hypothesis: Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice.


Premise: Who is the publisher of the Doctor Who Adventures magazine?

Hypothesis: This is published by Panini, as is the Doctor


Premise: What is held outside the formal legal ownership registration system in many developing countries?

Hypothesis: Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements.


Premise: How did the Rhine extend watershed southward?

Hypothesis: Through stream capture, the Rhine extended its watershed southward.


Premise: What are the Catechisms of Martin Luther written in?

Hypothesis: Luther's treatment of the Apostles' Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue (the Ten Commandments) and the Lord's Prayer, which are also part of the Lutheran catechical teaching.


Premise: Breaking down barriers to trade and enhancing the free movement of goods is meant to reduce what?

Hypothesis: The tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit.


Premise: What did Queen Elizabeth II open in Newcastle in 1981?

Hypothesis: It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002.


Premise: How are the particle forces and accelerations explained as by gauge bosons exchange?

Hypothesis: Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles


Premise: How long was Warsaw occupied by Germany?

Hypothesis: Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918.


Premise: Pattern recognition receptors recognize components present in broad groups of what?

Hypothesis: The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when damaged, injured or stressed cells send out alarm signals, many of which (but not all) are recognized by the same receptors as those that recognize pathogens.


Premise: What was the shape that Faget designed for the Apollo command module?

Hypothesis: Once Kennedy's Moon landing goal became official, detailed design began of a Command/Service Module (CSM) in which the crew would spend the entire direct-ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module.


Premise: What did DFDS cite as the reasons it terminated operations?

Hypothesis: The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008.


Premise: How many people died of plague in Paris in 1466?

Hypothesis: The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490.


Premise: Newborns are vulnerable to infection because they have no previous exposure to what?

Hypothesis: Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection.


Premise: Is corporal punishment increasing or declining in the South?

Hypothesis: It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas.


Premise: When was Richard Grainger actively building and developing?

Hypothesis: Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.


Premise: Who is the author of the book, "Knowledge and Decisions"?

Hypothesis: A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men.


Premise: What company developed the most successful steam engine indicator?

Hypothesis: Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862.


Premise: What are upper-level secondary schools called?

Hypothesis: There are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools (Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools (Realschule) and higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium).


Premise: ABC began to focus on what kind of series after NBC's success in 1984?

Hypothesis: After nearly a decade of ratings trouble, NBC had regained the ratings lead among the Big Three networks in 1984 on the success of series such as The Cosby Show, Cheers and Miami Vice.


Premise: What public policy school found it's home in the building that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed?

Hypothesis: In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen); a series of arts buildings; a building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university's School of Social Service Administration;, a building which is to become the home of the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the largest building on campus, a brutalist structure designed by Walter Netsch of the Chicago firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.


Premise: Who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences?

Hypothesis: In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour, are all graduates.


Premise: What does paramylon store?

Hypothesis: Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane.


Premise: When was the debut of the 1983 special called The Five Doctors?

Hypothesis: The 1988 story Silver Nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on TVNZ in New Zealand in November, after the first episode had been shown in the UK but before the final two instalments had aired there.


Premise: Who congratulated the SNP while vowing to campaign against their referendum?

Hypothesis: Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.


Premise: When did the General Sejm make Warsaw it's permanent seat?

Hypothesis: In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Premise: In what city is the Nikola Tesla Museum?

Hypothesis: " This treatise is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade.


Premise: What is a genuine love of God with heart, soul and mind?

Hypothesis: Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.


Premise: What had the number of people living in Warsaw declined to by 1945?

Hypothesis: In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000.


Premise: According to the humoral theory of immunity, what were the bodies immune agents?

Hypothesis: According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses.


Premise: What is the name of the law which imposed the speed limit?

Hypothesis: To help reduce consumption, in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (about 88 km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act.


Premise: How many PD rings are there?

Hypothesis: Next, the two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings form.


Premise: Where was Shirey going to be when Fort Oswego was to be attacked?

Hypothesis: In conjunction, Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara.


Premise: Which two leading roles did Audra McDonald perform when she was in high school?

Hypothesis: Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student.


Premise: What is a single Plastoglobuli called?

Hypothesis: Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across.


Premise: Which areas of Northern Europe practiced those religions?

Hypothesis: Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where they were granted special privileges (Edict of Potsdam) and churches in which to worship (such as the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermünde) by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia.


Premise: What did Priestley name the gas his experiment produced?

Hypothesis: Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.


Premise: Where does Warsaw rank in terms of population in the EU?

Hypothesis: Its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union.


Premise: When was Kublai's administration running out of money?

Hypothesis: The Chinese region of Fujian was the original home of the Chinese Tran (Chen) clan before they migrated under Trần Kinh (陳京, Chén Jīng) to Dai Viet and whose descendants established the Trần dynasty which ruled Vietnam Đại Việt, and certain members of the clan could still speak Chinese such as when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese-speaking Trần prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (later King Trần Hưng Đạo) in 1282.


Premise: If the apparant force of two fermions is attractive, what is the spin function?

Hypothesis: If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force), and vice versa, i.e. for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive).


Premise: What mechanism can be used to make oxygen?

Hypothesis: After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline.


Premise: Who stated he wanted Israel to vanish?

Hypothesis: The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah) (two Muslim countries that also have large Shiite populations).


Premise: Prior to Manning, who was the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl?

Hypothesis: The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.


Premise: How long as the U.S. government been actively engaged in efforts to counter Islamism?

Hypothesis: The U.S. government has engaged in efforts to counter Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001.


Premise: What native chief travelled to French fort and threatened Marin?

Hypothesis: Tanaghrisson, a chief of the Mingo, who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion.


Premise: What BBC radio station will carry the game in the United Kingdom?

Hypothesis: In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.


Premise: How many species of Ctenophores have not been fully described or named?

Hypothesis: Only 100–150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named.


Premise: What is the Super Bowl program called that gives local companies business opportunities for the Super Bowl?

Hypothesis: For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in Business Connect, the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl.