6 See for example ECB (2017), ‘Stocktake of national supervisory practices and legal frameworks related to  NPLs’, June 2017, European Central Bank Available here. 7 See Dong He, Ross Leckow, Vikram Haksar, Tommaso Mancini-Griffoli, Nigel Jenkinson, Mikari Kashima,  Tanai Khiaonarong, Céline Rochon, and Hervé Tourpe, (2017), Fintech and Financial Services: Initial Considerations, IMF Staff Discussion Note, June 2017 SDN/17/05. Available here.
8 The Capital Requirements Regulation (EU) No. 575/2013 (CRR) and Directive 2013/36/EU (CRD IV) came into  effect on 1 January 2014. The CRR is directly applicable to all Member States while CRD IV has been transposed into Irish national law via Statutory Instruments 158/2014 & 159/2014 [European Union (Capital Requirements) (No.2) Regulations 2014]. Further information available here.