Because these solutions are under development, they have yet to be tested at a largescale, and some technology risk remains. •  Electrification requires access to necessary minerals and rare earths. Global demand for critical minerals is set to rise two- to four-fold by 2030, according to the IEA.
A key challenge is that geopolitical risk and security concerns increasingly call for diversification of supply chains. This is, however, hampered by the fact that critical minerals extraction is geographically highly concentrated. •  The increasing importance of critical minerals could become a bottleneck for green energy deployment.