Following the recent ESA 2010 reclassification, some limited information is available on size, asset composition, and geographic distribution of this “residual”. Limited balance sheet statistics would provide some weight to the assumption that most of the residual entities are Special Financing Institutions (SFIs) or holding companies which would not be included in the FSB concept of shadow banking.
They do so by affecting positively labour participation and by improving productivity growth through the promotion of innovation and technological change. In recent years, we have already seen the benefits of a number of structural reforms, with the creation of about 13 million new jobs since 1999. Economic flexibility can be promoted by removing the institutional barriers to flexible wage and price-setting mechanisms.