4 Conclusion Ladies and gentlemen, the discovery of the “Clever Hans phenomenon” was a major breakthrough for experimental psychology and led to further research on the effects of expectations. For example, evidence was found that teachers’ expectations could have an impact on students’ performance. [9] More generally, “Clever Hans” may highlight the importance of designing experiments properly in order to avoid biased results.
Not only are you serving your students; you are serving the global economy. Thank you for your attention. BIS Review 12/2001  5