43 See https://www.ft.com/content/88b10240-0869-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 44 JP Morgan Annual Report 2017 (page 50) 45 See Derville Rowland “Innovation and technology in financial services: a regulatory perspective” 46 OECD (2018), OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2018 Issue 1: Preliminary version, OECD Publishing, Paris  14
The study concludes however that 'in the longer run,…… improved inflation outcomes, consolidation of policy credibility and economic development can be expected to help reduce some of the vulnerabilities of emerging market economies'.