The end consumers ultimately have to bear the costs of payment transactions, since the other parties take these into account in their price calculation and pass them on to the customer. It is extremely difficult to quantify whether notes and coins or cashless payment instruments are cheaper from a macroeconomic perspective. Research on this has, to date, not arrived at a clear conclusion.
Doing all the right things and the things right as far as macroeconomic policy is concerned, with enhanced stability, clear medium-term policy frameworks, and adequate transparency and accountability, confidence is growing and fixed investment expenditure is rising. Furthermore, the rising investment expenditure is spread over many industries. This bodes well for future growth.