Since the crisis, estimates have steadily  7  See, for example, Abdul Abiad, Davide Furceri, and Petia Topalova (2014), “IMF Survey: The Time Is Right for an Infrastructure Push,” World Economic Outlook (Washington: International Monetary Fund, October), www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sores093014a.
8 See, for example, International Monetary Fund (2016), “Acting Now, Acting Together,” Fiscal Monitor (Washington: IMF, April), www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fm/2016/01/fmindex.htm; Ryan A. Decker, John Haltiwanger, Ron S. Jarmin, and Javier Miranda (2016), “Declining Business Dynamism: What We Know and the Way Forward,” American Economic Review, vol. 106 (May), pp.