For example, Pakistan has put in place a mechanism of person-to-person funds transfer through the banking system using BCs without the need for opening accounts; customer identification being based on national identity as well as mobile number.
Concern over who will bear the exchange-rate risk or, alternatively, who will bear the costs of hedging that risk are an additional factor retarding international investment. Along with foreign exchange risk, political risk helps to drive a wedge between foreign and domestic perceptions of the expected risk-adjusted return to an asset.