Figures for 2021 are those up through July. Source: Bloomberg. 14  Chart 15  III.
It is also important to assess the implications of new types of settlement systems and digital currencies for the role of central banks in the domestic and international monetary systems, including the pros and cons of digital base monies supplied by central banks.10  Conclusions In summary, the dual forces of globalisation and innovation are high on the research and policy agendas for financial regulators and central bankers.