Two papers use the embargo after the first Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014 to study how firms in France and Latvia adjusted to the shock. The third paper examines how supply bottlenecks due to COVID19 affected the performance of global value chains.
  While the microfinance revolution has been largely successful in expanding financial services to many poor people, there are instances when the very poor and other especially disadvantaged and marginal groups tend to be excluded.   Although the number of BFIs has been significantly increased in Nepal during last three decades, most of them are found centric in urban and accessible areas.