Washington DC: IMF International Monetary Fund (2003). "Developments and Issues in Exchange Rate Regimes, in Exchange Arrangements and Foreign Exchange Markets – Developments and Issues", World Economic and Financial Surveys Series, 2003 Ishii, Shogo, Jorge Canales Kriljenko, Roberto Guimaraes, and Cem Karacadag (2006). Official Foreign Exchange Intervention. IMF Occasional Paper 249. Mussa, Michael (2007).
In the financial market, the overnight call rate is generally moving around 0.25 percent. Interest rates on term instruments have been declining somewhat. The Japan premium remains negligible. Yields on long-term government bonds have declined to around 1.4-1.45 percent. The yield spreads between private bonds (bank debentures and corporate bonds) and government bonds are mostly unchanged or expanding somewhat.