ATMs do have a cost of operation and somehow that cost has to be covered. Even where no explicit charge is levied, somewhere or other the financial institution is making up that cost. They do not provide services for free. Now people will know exactly what the price of an ATM transaction is, and they will know it before completing the transaction.
[12] See Beyer, A., Cœuré, B., and Mendicino, C. (2017), “The crisis, ten year after: Lessons learnt from monetary and financial research”, Economics and Statistics, No. 494-495-496, pp. 45-64. [13] See Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J. (2002), “Cooperation among Competitors: Some economics of payment card associations”, Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 33, pp. 549-70. [14] See Cœuré, B.