In a word, African cities are not ‘economically dense’ and hence fail to benefit from those regional or global growth opportunities which, in other continents, become available to new urban dwellers. 4 See Africa’s cities: opening doors to the world published by the World Bank in 2017. Page 5 of 11  How can these problems be remedied?
Oil prices are down by about 50 per cent since last June, and that has caused a significant drop in our terms of trade – the price of what we export relative to the price of what we import.12 The fall in oil revenues will be large and is occurring already.