To the extent that the depreciation reflects the pure portfolio effect that is due to "financial contagion," and not the result of a fall in demand for the goods and services produced by the country, it is a Type Two depreciation.
See Cesari, Grande and Panetta (2008), updating the estimates in Bottazzi, Jappelli and Padula (2006). 9  Gustman and Steinmeier (2004). 10  Blake, Cairns and Dowd (2008). 11  Choi et al (2004). 4  BIS Review 148/2008  Two widely used instruments to increase pension fund enrolments and contributions are fiscal incentives and employer-matching contributions.