4  Page 4 of 12  in 2017 and 2018, which stood at 1.3% and 1.6% respectively at the beginning of the year, have since been revised upwards by 0.9 and 0.2 percentage points respectively. But the so-called „populist risk‟ has not disappeared.
While the antimainstream candidates did not cause major upsets in elections in France or the Netherlands, the results still generally confirmed that a significant portion of the electorate chose candidates who were openly critical of globalisation and of the policy consensus that has prevailed over the past few decades.