•  Solar and wind generation challenges the stability of supply. Fuelbased power plants provide a more stable supply of electricity than solar and wind energy, which are sensitive to the weather. •  Plans to ensure the stability of supply of renewable energy rely on untested technologies, e.g. Power-to-X or e-fuels.
Because these solutions are under development, they have yet to be tested at a largescale, and some technology risk remains. •  Electrification requires access to necessary minerals and rare earths. Global demand for critical minerals is set to rise two- to four-fold by 2030, according to the IEA.