A virtuous cycle from income to spending has continued to operate. From the latter half of fiscal 2016 through the beginning of fiscal 2018, Japan's economy generally maintained growth at a pace above its potential, which was estimated to be in a range of 0.5-1.0 percent.
Hence inevitably the expected outcomes of decisions are often clouded in uncertainty; of course in a probabilistic world outcomes are always uncertain, but the degree of uncertainty is probably greater in Africa than in many other parts of the world, because our economies have been the subject of much less rigorous empirical research than economies elsewhere.