* Crude oil, natural gas and coal. ** Copper, aluminium, iron ore, lead, nickel, zinc and tin.
In 2015, EU countries lost around 12% of total expected revenues in value-added tax, partly because of tax evasion and inadequate tax collection systems.15 Still, some reforms will always have negative distributional effects, at least in the short term.16 But in these cases we can do more to reduce inequality by ensuring that flexibility is combined with security.