Authorities play a role in making sure that level playing field can be achieved even in the presence of dominating payment methods, and that any dominant position in the market is not misused. 5 Cooperation, in relation to adaptation of new technical innovations and security measures, must still be allowed. This is the competition-cooperation nexus.
Gross inflows to the public sector have risen from an average of close to zero in the decade prior to the crisis to around 2½ per cent of GDP, on average, over the 2008−2013 period.