In Europe, the share of individuals aged 20-64 with academic or advanced professional education rose by around 10 percentage points in the last 15 years, reaching 30 per cent in 2017. The greater labour market attachment of persons in central age brackets has more than compensated for the lower participation of younger individuals, who now tend to remain longer in education.
Topmost among these, I would place additional capitalisation, or resourcing, of central banks, as in Australia, without waiting for them to actually make losses first, as is the norm in central bank legislation. Dynamic provisioning, which flies in the face of accounting practice, is equally important.