The meeting, which was co-chaired by the ECB and the European Commission, provided new impetus for the discussion, especially on payment initiation services. These services make use of the banks’ online banking systems and are often offered by non-financial institutions which are not always regulated, supervised or overseen.
It is believed that in the foreign exchange markets, the so-called purchasing power parity, with which "fluctuations in foreign exchange rates in the long term reflect differences in inflation rates at home and abroad," provides a reference value.