Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.
14  While the average annual rate of change in the CPI excluding fresh food and energy between April 1999, when it first turned negative, and April 2013 was minus 0.5 percent, it has been plus 0.6 percent between the start of QQE in April 2013 and April 2017 (excluding the 2 percent increase in the CPI as a result of the consumption tax hike).