`5  Chart 4. Loans and NPLs on bank balance sheets per asset class and country (June 2018)  Source: EBA. There is lack of transparency of market prices and volumes with large bid-ask spreads when counterparts enter negotiations. Industry sources estimate that prices vary strongly depending on the type of debt and the quality of the underlying collateral (Chart 5). 4. Chart 5.
BIS central bankers’ speeches  1  The current business model of mobile banking in East Africa implies a substitution of cash for bank deposits, and hence a larger money multiplier, because all virtual money sold to customers has to be backed up by deposits in the partner bank of the mobile money provider.