There should soon also be an acceleration of convergence of fee mechanisms thanks in part to the progress being made in the debate on the multilateral interchange fee (MIF). The measures affecting governance and the creation of pan-European alternatives to the Visa and Mastercard circuits have been less significant.
Although some interesting initiatives have been taken under the logic of “federating” the national debit card circuits (e.g. EAPS, Payfair, Monnet), by far the most prevalent approach still remains co-branding with the international circuits.