13  These patterns were also observed during the recessions of the early 1990s and early 2000s – the so-called jobless recoveries – but not prior to then.
See Nir Jaimovich and Henry E. Siu (2012), “The Trend Is the Cycle: Job Polarization and Jobless Recoveries,” NBER Working Paper Series 18334 (Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, August); and Christopher L. Foote and Richard W. Ryan (2012), “LaborMarket Polarization over the Business Cycle,” Public Policy Discussion Paper 12-8 (Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, December).