Let me assume that a gap between the average rate of long-term inflation expectations and the average rate of change in the headline price index roughly reflects an upward bias. The scale of the bias over about the decade before the sharp drop in oil prices in October 2014, averaged at around 2 percent in Japan and around 1 percent in the United States.
All of these programs are designed to give individuals tools to manage their personal financial affairs and make responsible decisions about products that can improve their economic well-being. The financial services industry maintains a keen interest in financial education programs and provides significant support.