Jumlah Korporasi: Global, Europe,Kegagalan EMs Global, AS, Eropa, EMs Corporate  300 Global Speculative-Grade Corporate Defaults  250 200 150 100 50 0  2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020  US  Emerging markets  Sumber: IMF AprilApril 2021 2021 Source: IMFGFSR GFSR  13  0.00  0.0  Euro  Others EM  Graph 17. of E-Commerce E-Commerce Grafik 17.Share Pangsa % of total retail sales  25 21 17 13 9 5  2015  2016  2017  2018  China  Japan  US  UK  2019  2020  Germany  Data s.d.
Nov 2020 (AS), Okt 2020 (Tiongkok), Sep 2020 (Jerman, Jepang dan Inggris) Sumber: BIS  Data as of Nov 2020 (US), Oct 2020 (China), Sep 2020 (Germany, Japan and UK) Source: BIS  On the other hand, payment system digitalization and the financial economy are expanding with rapidity, increasingly dominated by BigTech and e-commerce.