At the last count, at the beginning of the third quarter, EMDEs had utilized 12 different unconventional tools to stem the impact of the pandemic on their economies. In emerging market economies, central banks intensified foreign exchange interventions to smoothen 10 | P a g e  currency  volatilities  following  deteriorating  financial  market  sentiments induced by Covid-19. 13.
Across Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, policy responses to the pandemic varied depending on country specific conditions, but not distinctly different from those in advanced and emerging market economies. Remarkably, monetary and macro-prudential policies were eased to support economic growth and provide adequate liquidity in the financial systems.