5  Directive 2002/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the supplementary supervision of credit institutions, insurance undertakings and investment firms (OJ L 35, 11.2.2003, p. 1). BIS Review 17/2009  5  Fifth, in order to conduct macro-prudential supervision, it is necessary to have access to all the relevant information, including from systemically relevant institutions.
Globally, risks associated with cybercrime on financial systems have increased, notable among them are the financial disruptions arising from cyber-incidents in Bangladesh and  5  Malaysia. Indeed, cyber-attacks have the potential to pose systemic risk by disrupting business operations within the financial sector. For Ghana, the threat is growing.