Currently, authorities at national and international level, including the ESRB, the FSB and  2/4  BIS - Central bankers' speeches  the IMF, are investigating the concept of "systemic cyber risk" as a potential threat to financial stability. Building cyber resilience, cooperative oversight and crisis management frameworks are top priorities for financial authorities worldwide.
Cryptoassets and decentralised finance, commonly referred to as DeFi, have also raised concerns among supervisory authorities with respect to financial stability, market integrity, investor and consumer protection and anti-money laundering. Assessing the relevant risk exposure of markets and institutions, as well as potential contagion across borders, is a difficult task that requires extensive enhancement of central banks' monitoring capabilities.