“Resilience” here means the ability to cope with economic shocks. This depends on multiple factors including the effectiveness of public administration, the regulation of product markets or the ﬂexibility of labour markets. Structural reforms may not be popular. But given the long-term harm which the current crisis may inﬂict, they are needed now even more than before.
As I have noted on previous occasions, strengthening elementary and secondary schooling in the United States - especially in the core disciplines of math, science, and written and verbal communications - is one crucial element in avoiding such outcomes.