(i)  to promote teaching, study and application of economics and to contribute to the development and maintenance of standards for education and instruction for economists in Papua New Guinea;  There is a   Need for a good number of well trained economists, even to masters and PhD level    Institutions offering economics courses must be of international standard    Need for institutions offering economics courses to achieve and maintain parity with international standards    Need for adequate teaching staff and quality learning facilities including specialized library with current titles and up-to-date issues of professional journals    Fostering of proper application of economics as a decision-making tool in all facets of public policy and private investment decision making  (ii)  to encourage professional development and employment of economists;    In public and private sectors  BIS Review 106/2010  1  (iii)  to promote professional discussion of matters concerning the national economy;    Need for regular professional dialogues for fostering sound alternative rational policy outcomes    Need for independent evaluation and commentary on official public policies and issues  (iv)  to conduct independent research and make impartial commentary on public policy matters without fear or favour;    Need to reduce current dependence on overseas experts and researchers with indigenous and home grown knowledge through professional research    Independent research and analysis can complement official policy and also provide alternative insights  (v)  to make proactive and timely contributions to research and development of public policy; and    Need for regular forum or avenue for exchange of ideas  (vi)  to facilitate dialogue between governmental organisations, nongovernment organisations, community-based organisations and the private sector;    As a facilitator and coordinator in networking partnerships between all sectors of society  (vii)  to collaborate with other organisations both in country and overseas to further its objectives;    To ensure parity with international body of knowledge, trends and reinforcement of professional standards  (viii)  to publish journals and other publications consistent with the advancement of the objectives of the Society;    For imparting and dissemination of knowledge    Capture research findings for promotion of proactive dialogue and for historical or inter-temporal comparisons  (ix)  to organise and participate in gatherings such as conferences, forums, meetings and workshops for discussion of economics and other matters at domestic and international levels;    For proactive exchange of ideas and findings    For encouraging professional development  Beside all these, if we get ourselves organized the Society can get recognized by the Government and other authorities, and can be called upon for advice and representation in various forums and organizations.
2  BIS central bankers’ speeches  1. Strengthening solvency  Let me start with bank capitalisation. In line with international regulatory trends, Banco de Portugal has introduced several measures to strengthen the banking system’s solvency. In September 2010, banks were advised to deleverage through the sale of non-core or nonstrategic assets, thereby also improving solvency levels and increasing liquidity.