Each point represents the gender gap, and the bars indicate its 95% confidence interval. Source: Daiji Kawaguchi and Takahiro Toriyabe, "Parental Leaves and Female Skill Utilization: Evidence from PIAAC," RIETI Discussion Paper Series, no.18-E-003, 2018. Chart 18  II.
Challenges Ahead  Labor Underutilization Proportion of Employed Women and Women in Managerial Positions (2018) 60  %  Labor Underutilization by Gender and Age (2019/Q2) 400  Employed persons  Available potential jobseekers 350  Managers  50  thousand persons  300 40  Employed persons in timerelated underemployment  250 200  30  150 20  100 50  10  Men  65 and over  55-64  45-54  35-44  25-34  15-24  65 and over  55-64  45-54  35-44  25-34  15-24  Norway  Sweden  Germany  France  UK  US  Japan  Age  0 0  Women  Notes: 1.