Cost-reducing scale economies are available in areas where fixed costs are reasonably high, such as in information technology and other infrastructure systems. Network-effect economies are seen in the large distribution networks that allow securities dealers to offer clients wider sources of funds for issues of debt and equity instruments.
Graph 6  Changes in Outstanding Mortgage Rates* Month preceding first policy rate increase = 0** bps  bps Norway  200  200 Australia  150  150 NZ  Canada  100  100  50  50 UK  0 -50  0  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 * **  -50  Data for Canada and NZ to January, remainder to February.