[37]  The other task is to ensure that the taxation of crypto-assets is harmonised across jurisdictions and consistent with how other instruments are taxed. [38] In Europe, given the negative externalities that crypto activities can generate across multiple Member States, the EU should introduce a tax levied on crossborder crypto issuers, investors and service providers.
Upon accession to the EU they will automatically become “Member States with a derogation”, the Maastricht Treaty’s term for those EU countries not yet participating in monetary union. The emerging economies, too, must define their position in the currency triad. How do they intend to fix their exchange rates? Should they aim for floating exchange rates or for fixed but adjustable exchange rates?