Such patterns were observed in Japan during the financial crisis of the late 1990s. The market selection mechanism broke down, and the survival of the fittest no longer applied to the world of business. So-called zombie firms were supported by zombie banks.
It is already evident that more and more jobs are being created in large cities rather than in peripheral areas. Up until the crisis of 2008, the unemployment rate in big cities matched the rate in the more remote regions. After the crisis, profound differences came to the fore: the average unemployment rate in such regions is double the size of that in cities.