If the labor participation of female workers became as high as that in Sweden, for instance, the working-age population would rise, rather than decline.2  2  Please see Masaaki Shirakawa, “Japan’s Economy and Monetary Policy” (Speech at a Meeting Held by the Naigai Josei Chousa Kai <Research Institute of Japan> in Tokyo), June 4, 2012. http://www.boj.or.jp/en/announcements/press/koen_2012/data/ko120604a1.pdf  BIS central bankers’ speeches  7  The second is to exert efforts to raise or at least stop a further decline in value-added productivity.
They therefore have to earn more on their loan portfolio in order to improve their overall rate of return on assets;  •  it will give enterprises a larger range of sources of capital. This should allow the types of capital available to better meet their needs and could also reduce the cost of capital by increasing competition.