In theory, therefore, these investors will – subsequent to a downgrade – require a premium in the form of a higher interest rate, or they will shun these bonds altogether. South Africa requires foreign investors to finance its external deficit (as its imports regularly exceed its exports).
Figures for the short- and long-term unemployment rates up through 2001 are on a semiannual or annual basis. Sources: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; Bank of Japan, etc. Chart 7  Employment and Income Situation in Japan Number of Employed Persons s.a., mil.