All the more reason, bearing in mind that the same optimal price, that which correctly incorporates the externalities associated with emissions is subject to uncertainty in its calculation, while the technical instruments to achieve it give rise to differences of opinion, and it is therefore inevitable that we will have to move forward, at least in part, by trial and error.
This already complex situation was made even more difficult by the sudden, sharp rise in fossil fuel prices between 2021 and 2022, following the economic and political tensions with which we are all familiar. A rise that was neither desired nor foreseen, and certainly not ‘optimal’ in its timing, manner or extent, and with such a heavy and unexpected impact on households and firms.