In the 1980s, as the traditional source of official concessional flows dried up there was a need to access private capital. But, this came in the form of debt creating flows though costly external commercial borrowings (ECBs) and NRI deposits. The limitations of financing CAD through debt creating flows were exposed in the 1991 crisis.
Money transfer operators, for example, tend to accept physical cash payments by the sender, even if they then pass on the payment information in electronic form. There are specialised providers of this sort – hellopaisa is one such example in South Africa.