J. Chiu and T. Koeppl, “Payments and the DNA of Big Tech.” Presentation at The Future of Money and Payments: Implications for Central Banking, Bank of Canada Annual Economic Conf erence, November 5, 2020. 11  R. J. Garratt and M. R. C. Van Oordt, “Privacy as a Public Good: A Case for Electronic Cash,” Bank of Canada Staff Discussion Paper No.
Lending rates, which at the time of the first oil shock were administratively set, soared during the gradual interest rate liberalisation (1984-1993) to almost 30% (specifically, interest rates on short-term lending to businesses ranged between 27.5% and 29.5% in 1990-1994). These facts should be kept in mind when we decide on our actions and responses today. 2  BIS Review 93/2008  5.