Second, in the decade up until 2030 European institutions and governments would also need to contribute approximately € billion per year to close the digital gap in Europe. Moreover, education, upskilling and reskilling of the labour force to manage the digital transition is expected to require additional annual investments of € billion.
[22] Third, over € billion will be required annually to deliver the contributions announced by EU governments towards meeting the NATO military expenditure target of 2% of GDP (Chart 4). Chart 4 Announced defence expenditure targets in EU Member States (percentage of GDP)  Source: Defence spending according to NATO data (NATO members) and SIPRI (non-NATO members). Targets according to media sources.