Even though exports increased in almost all areas, the most significant contribution to this growth stemmed from the production of base metals, rubber and plastic products, machinery and equipment and chemical products.
In many cases, this is achieved by using collateral, third-party guarantees, and/or contingency liquidity arrangements such as committed lines of credit. The Bank discussed the need to achieve such a high level of safety with operators of private-sector payment systems. In 2003, the Zengin System enhanced its risk management  10  8  See Bank of Japan (2009c).