In these circumstances, a chronic shortage of demand has been observed and therefore the negative output gap has had less of a tendency to narrow. In this situation, firms have committed to cutting costs to survive competition while maintaining employment, and this has also exerted continued downward pressure on wages. These overall developments have led to the persistent downward pressure on prices.
Starting with the CSDB-based securities issues statisticsand the Securities Holdings Statistics by Sector, aiming at the first sustainable finance indicators available to users by the end of 2022. [11],[12] In 2023, work will start to expand the ESG data in the CSDB to cover more sustainable instruments (e.g.