And the effects of movements in the currency are spread out over time. You can't look at one day's or one week's performance of the Canadian dollar and pinpoint the reason behind the movement. There is no precise way to measure the relative importance of the two types of movement that I have described, or their likely persistence.
Initiatives range from the Financial Inclusion Task Force in the UK, which has noted that better customer-segmentation technology has led to certain sections of the population being financially excluded, to the Community Reinvestment Act in the US, which imposes an affirmative and continuing obligation on banks to serve the credit and banking needs of all the communities in which they are chartered, to the initiatives of the Indian government and the Reserve Bank.