No data available for 2015 and 2016. Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
3,00  Germany US  2,50 France  2008-2014  2,00 1,50  Spain  Italy  1,00 Greece  0,50 0,00 0,00  0,50  1,00  1,50 1999-2007  Source: World Bank (2017)  2,00  2,50  3,00  26 Graph 13: Researchers in R&D (per million persons) Graph 13 plots the average number of researchers in R&D (per million persons) in the pre-crisis (1999-2007) against the number of researchers in R&D in the crisis period (2008-2014).