The application of these tools is actively debated in the United States recently in the context of a smooth exit policy to normalize market interest rates while maintaining abundant liquidity within the Federal Reserve.
Some of them are akin to panEuropean players. The 14 largest of these cross-border banking groups already account for almost one-third of total banking assets in the EU. Third, large foreign establishments with a significant market share in host countries have become more prevalent, especially, but not exclusively, in the new Member States.