These capital flows are said to cause undesirable currency appreciation, too much liquidity leading to asset bubbles or inflation, or economic disruptions as capital inflows quickly give way to outflows. I am sympathetic to the challenges faced by many economies in a world of volatile international capital flows.
•  To further put in place risk mitigation measures for customers using various types of cards, banks are advised that with effect from Feb 1, 2016 all new cards issued – debit and credit, domestic and international – by banks shall be EMV chip and pin based cards.