On the provision of services, such as a platform for high-value payments typically processed through a real-time gross settlement system, we have seen waves of experimentation by central banks. Projects such as Jasper in Canada, Ubin in Singapore, and our own Project Khokha have been initiated to understand the impact of new technologies on such service provision.
Some of these projects are in their third phase, trialling securities and cross-border payments on a blockchain. Other central banks, such as the Swedish Riksbank and the Bank of Uruguay, have already experimented  with CBDCs,  or are  considering a more  retail-focused or  general-purpose CBDC.