BIS central bankers’ speeches  1  Secondly, we are seeing increased standardization of processes, structures, and rules, across technological platforms. But do common standards have an impact on innovation? Are they synonymous with interoperability? Technological standards support the production process and market penetration of products, and therefore have a significant collective effect on innovation, productivity, and market structure.
The gap between loan rates and deposit rates narrows because declining rates are passed on more strongly to loan rates than to deposit rates, indicating that there indeed seems to be a zero lower bound for deposits.