The gross amount of capital flowing each year to emerging-market economies increased dramatically in the 1990s and is now more than $ billion. That amount may sound like a lot, but it is only oneseventh of total international capital flows excluding official reserves.
The  9  Benson, C and S Loftesness, "Interoperability in Electronic Payments: Lessons and Opportunities," CGAP, 2012. Clark, D and G Camner, "A2A Interoperability - Making Mobile Money Schemes Interoperable," GSMA, February 2014. 10 The Yomiuri Shimbun, "Jidou shiharai, dono togin demo" [Interoperation of CD/ATMs deployed among city banks], news article, February 19, 1986.