However, there are some significant differences  across the EU, for example: Germany 49.5%, France 64.7%, Italy 73.7% and Spain 75.8%. 7 See Lydon, Horan and McIndoe-Calder (2021) for an in-depth analysis of changes in the distribution of wealth since  1987. 8 See, for example, Table 6.1, page 87 in Lawless, Lydon and McIndoe-Calder (2015).
9 In just the last decade, there has been a significant shift towards fixed-rate mortgage loans in Ireland. In 2010, for  example, just 13% of outstanding loans were on a fixed rate; by 2022 this had risen to around 55% of outstanding mortgages, with 88% of new loans opting for a fixed rate period.