Luis de Guindos: Banking union and capital markets union after COVID-19 Speech by Mr Luis de Guindos, Vice-President of the European Central Bank, at the CIRSF (Research Centre on Regulation and Supervision of the Financial Sector, Portugal) online Annual International Conference 2020 on Major Trends in Financial Regulation, Frankfurt am Main, 12 November 2020.
2 The central banks of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the euro area,  Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland together account for 49 percent of nominal global GDP measured in dollars at market exchange rates. Each of these central banks has raised its policy rate by at least 125 basis points in the past six months.