9  Gai P, Haldane AG, Kapadia S, Complexity, concentration and contagion, Journal of Monetary Economics, 58 (5), 2011. 4  energy lines to switch off, then domestic generators to switch off as well.
Within a couple of minutes the entire country had been left in the dark and it stayed there for hours-with one exception: the island of Sardinia,10 a peripheral node of the network, essentially unconnected to the rest. The conclusion appeared to be that while isolation may imply lower efficiency and higher volatility in normal times, it can deliver more resilience to unusual shocks.