CBDC is expected to play a part in this. I would like to share one of the views often expressed by payment service providers. As mentioned earlier, the entry of new service providers into the payments market is one of the key changes in the payment systems arena. In this sense, ensuring the interoperability between private digital money is a challenge.
The premise was generally borne out: Growth from the end of 2015 to the end of 2018 averaged 2.5 percent, a bit above the 2.2 percent rate over the previous five years (figure 2, panel A).