2 See the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve  Bank of New York, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Joint Staff Report: The U.S. Treasury Market on October 15, 2014 (PDF) (July 2015).
Although universities, central banks and other institutions still insist on formal publication in a peer-reviewed journal, or by a respected publisher, as the criterion for advancement in the discipline, in practice nowadays papers are invariably read and cited as working papers issued for comment, not as the published work, which typically appears with a considerable lag, if at all.