2  framework that shaped the ‘economic miracle’ was built on this intellectual platform, firstly via the stabilisation of the lira, and then through membership of the common European market.
Later on, however, the landscape changed completely, with a new generation of economists.7 The global tendency towards intervention for macroeconomic regulation was accompanied, together with the changes in the political situation, by a uniquely Italian approach to development planning (or ‘programming’).8 Your speaker today studied economics at an Italian university in the 1970s, and can bear witness to how the economics taught at that time was of a wholly Keynesian stamp.