If we combine all the bilateral official flows from the U.S. they do not, on average, exceed $ billion annually. Pakistan’s foreign exchange earnings will amount to $ billion this year. Thus, contrary to the popular belief that Pakistan’s economy will collapse if the U.S. withdraws its official assistance, the truth of the matter is that the amounts involved are too insignificant.
Although research has made progress, the relevant questions are far from being resolved, and I am sure that there is scope for many further conferences. Seen in this light, times have seldom been as exciting for economic research as they are right now. I encourage you to continue with your work and wish you every success. Thank you very much for your attention.