I welcome the opportunity to inaugurate your economic seminar series because I believe that the education community has a crucial role to play in the current era of rapid economic change. Our businesses and workers are confronting a dynamic set of forces that will influence our nation’s ability to compete worldwide in the years ahead.
As of September 2020, European countries covered by the ESRB recommendation announced programmes worth over € billion, equivalent to more than 14% of 2019 GDP. The uptake by September 2020 was around € billion or roughly 4% of GDP. Moratoria were used most intensively, followed by public loan guarantees. The size and uptake of ﬁscal measures differ signiﬁcantly across countries.