The need for making bulk and repetitive payments is met by systems such as Electronic Clearing Service (ECS), National Automated Clearing House (NACH) and Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS). 9. Let us take a look at the path of “evolution” of payment and settlement systems in the country: 10.
Loans in real terms (CPI adjusted) are JAPAN: Loans of Depository corporations, Flow of Funds, Bank of Japan, US: Loans and leases in bank credit, all commercial banks, not seasonally adjusted, Federal Reserve, and CHINA: Financial Institution Loans, People’s Bank of China.