The small number of listed companies inhibits the development of financial instruments and services such as bonds and syndicated loans – financing techniques rarely used by unlisted companies, which by nature are less transparent and have only a small number of shareholders.
BIS central bankers’ speeches  commentators and academics postulating that even when all the impediments from the crisis are surmounted, there may be unrelated secular forces at play which have shifted down long-term growth rates. 2 Two of these contributing factors relate to declining productivity and weak demographics.