5  More resilience and low interest rate: Required return on bank equity can be lowered Equity and required return  Required return, per cent 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0  2  4  6  8  10  12  14  Market-based equity ratio, per cent Source: Bloomberg, SNL and own calculations. 2017, 3rd quarter.
In East Asia, along with the brisk growth of the real economy, financial demand has also been increasing sharply, in connection with trade, foreign direct and indirect investment, and the operation of the foreign reserves. Looking only at trade, the volume between Japan, China and Korea built up rapidly from 96 billion dollars in 1990 to 378 billion dollars in 2002.