BIS Review 115/2010  5  f)  Non-availability of infrastructure Banking penetration through ICT models or otherwise requires some basic infrastructure to be in place. There needs to be robust digital and physical infrastructure for banking services to reach un-banked and inaccessible areas.
g)  Lack of collaborative efforts Since, the challenge is huge, a planned, strategic and massive concerted effort is needed from all stakeholders which was not well appreciated earlier. It is now well recognized that taking banking to the masses and providing cheaper, easier and faster service requires a greater collaborative effort which was lacking earlier. 19.