In advanced countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, over 60 percent of their population have been fully vaccinated, and efforts 2  Ole Moehr, et al, “Global QE Tracker,” Atlantic Council, November 22, 2021  12  are underway in deploying a third dose to their citizens.
We also witnessed how some advanced countries-imposed export restrictions on vaccines until a significant proportion of their population had been vaccinated. However, in Africa, less than 5 percent of the total population by October 2021 had been fully vaccinated. Furthermore, the global economy has been affected by rising inflation and supply chain disruptions.