Japanese banks maintain geographically dense networks of branches and ATMs, enabling people to withdraw cash from their accounts very easily.8 8  Bank of Japan, Payment and Settlement Systems Report (March 2019). 9  What makes cash payment convenient is not only the number of bank branches and ATMs. The interoperability of ATM services across banks also contributes to this.
In modern day society, the most familiar issuers of money are on the one hand central banks which provide central bank money in the form of both banknotes and deposit liabilities, and on the other hand commercial banks, which generally issue private or commercial bank money in the form of deposit liabilities 5.