The output gap is measured as deviation of actual GDP from potential GDP as a percentage of potential GDP. Vertical line separates the pre-crisis period (up to 2007) from the crisis period (as of 2008).
15,00 10,00 5,00  France Germany  0,00  Greece  -5,00  Italy Spain  -10,00  US -15,00 -20,00 1999  2001  Source: OECD (2017)  2003  2005  2007  2009  2011  2013  2015  24 Graph 11: Productivity (1999 = 100) Graph 11 shows the development of multifactor productivity (MFP).