2  For productivity and wage effects from NAFTA, see De Hoyos, R. and L. Iacovone (2013), “Economic Performance under NAFTA: A Firm-Level Analysis of the Trade-Productivity Linkages,” World Development 44; and Caliendo, L. and F. Parro (2012), “Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA,” NBER Working Paper 18508. Evidence of the FDI channel of NAFTA is provided by Waldkirch, A.
(2010), “The effects of Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico since NAFTA,” The World Economy, 33(5), 710–745. 3  From 1980 to 2011, annual average PPP-adjusted per capita GDP growth was 1.7 percent in the United States and 0.6 percent in Mexico; based on Feenstra, R.C., R. Inklaar and M.P. Timmer (2013), The Next Generation of the Penn World Table.