A contribution will come from the increase in VAT and customs duties as a result of activating the remaining part of the safeguard clauses: these will yield 0.7 percentage points of GDP in 2020 and 0.8 points in 2021.
The Government has in any case already announced that it will not in fact apply this increase, but will instead replace it with other, as yet unspecified, measures to reduce expenditure and improve tax collection. In the period 2020-21, structural net borrowing is expected to remain unchanged at the level estimated for 2019.