15  Figure 1 – Public expenditure on education in the main euro-area economies (percentage points of GDP) 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 2008  2009  Italy  2010  2011  Germany  2012  2013  France  2014  Spain  2015  2016  Euro area  Sources: Eurostat, COFOG database.
Figure 2 – Expenditure on research and development in the main euro-area economies (percentage points of GDP; 2016) 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 Germany Private-sector firms  France Public sector  Italy  Universities and research institutions  Source: Eurostat.