On balance, the total net capital inflow over the past three years exceeded the accumulated current account deficit of $ billion by $ billion, which enabled the country to replenish its exhausted foreign reserves to a more comfortable but still inadequate level.
This transfer reflects a shift in relative prices at the global level. Neither households nor enterprises can ever make up for this loss of income, therefore efforts to pass the cost on to each other only serve to ultimately aggravate the adverse consequences for all parties involved.