Certain investments delivering EU public goods would be more effectively or efficiently provided at the EU level. There is a strong case to be made that investments in climate change mitigation and energy security  fall into this category given the limited scope for individual action and the cross-border nature of the issue. Panetta (2022), op. cit. 48. Terzi.
A (2022), “Growth for Good”, Harvard University Press. 49. Stern, N. and Lankes, H.P. (2022), “Collaborating and Delivering on Climate Action through a Climate Club”, London School of Economics, October. 50. Lagarde, C. (2021), “Charting a course for climate action”, ECB Blog, November.