3  For a thorough discussion of measurement issues, see Hansen, L.P. (2013), “Challenges in Identifying and Measuring Systemic Risk,” in Brunnermeier, M. and A. Krishnamurthy (eds. ), Risk Topography: Systemic Risk and Macro Modeling, NBER.
c. The OECD’s forecast shows an economic contraction of 7.6 per cent in 2020. 14. Substantial downside risks still prevail given the resurgence of COVID-19 infections in several parts of the world. 15. Brent oil prices are currently at around USD43 a barrel, well below their 2019 prices. Commodity prices, excluding precious metals, remain weak reflecting the demand shock. 16.