In a cross section dimension, macroprudential tools aim to reduce contagion risks by improving resilience of systemic institutions for example, via additional capital surcharge and loss absorbency requirements. Other prudential tools in the cross section dimension include increasing risk weights and large exposure limits. 19.
In only 15 years, these countries managed to restore and entrench democratic institutions and market economies, replacing the communist ones that were imposed there before. The accession of ten new countries to the EU was an important milestone in a process that will lead to the eventual adoption of the euro by these new Member States.