Violence and political instability has clearly been an element driving an upward spiral in oil prices, but actual supplies and new sources and technologies have not produced the expected correction.
Their ability to cope with large-scale external shocks through, for example, the modulation of capital flows, therefore remains far from sufficient. 3  There are ongoing debates on, among other issues, the appropriateness of the current scale of 120 billion U.S. dollars relative to the total size of economy, and the manner of collaboration with the International Monetary Fund.