As regards the question on whether Russia would be a member of the EU in the future, of course the enlargement of the European Union is an issue which is not covered by the mandate of the ECB.
The decrease compared with 2019 is attributable to a reduction of approximately € billion in net interest income owing to the increase in interest expense on refinancing operations and the decline in yields on securities denominated in euros and in foreign currency; this was partially offset by higher interest income on securities held for monetary policy purposes, driven by the exceptional increase in such holdings.