Figures are pre-tax and net of any relevant financial hedges and off-setting gains, unless a bank does not report these factors. Most recorded losses are the quarterly or accumulated losses that were reported at quarter-end. One important exception is when the company reports provisions for credit losses and charge-offs.
The answer is simple – we need to learn from others in the region, we need to understand how individual markets work, so we can better appreciate what opportunities (and threats) reside in our own backyard. Integration is not just the usual line that markets will be extended or that market guidelines will be harmonized.