(2023) are calculated using data from NIKKEI NEEDS-Financial QUEST and the Credit Risk Database. Sources: Banerjee, R. N., and Hofmann, B., "Corporate Zombies: Anatomy and Life Cycle," BIS Working Papers, no. 882 (2022), https://www.bis.org/publ/work882.htm; Yamada, K. et al., "Corporate Finance Facility and Resource Allocation: Research Trends and Developments during the Spread of COVID-19," Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, no. 23-E-1 (January 2023), https://www.boj.or.jp/en/research/wps_rev/wps_2023/data/wp23e01.pdf.
These economies traditionally base their economic development to a greater extent on primary activities that involve the intensive exploitation of natural resources. The intensive exploitation of natural resources, in its turn, degrades biodiversity.