There is also the issue that, compared with the situation before the capital inflow and appreciation of the exchange rate, interest rates will have to fall: we know that the extra capital inflows are putting pressure on domestic asset prices, and it might well be asked whether this is an appropriate time to be easing domestic interest rates - which seems to be the implication of a simple reading of an inflation targeting regime.
in the Internet of Things, and also the initiatives pursued by other central banks and private companies to develop new means of payment, like Libra, have triggered debate on the future of payments. In January 2020, the Governing Council of the ECB established a High-Level Task Force in order to advance joint work on CBDC.