However, objectives such as improving financial inclusion and financial literacy are becoming increasingly more important to the realm of central banks' activities. These are indeed important components of a stable and well-functioning financial system, and may have the beneficial side effect of reducing the inequalities of income and wealth.
Bank of Japan has kept the interest rates very low and has at times engaged in unconventional policies during the past fifteen years or so. III. Remarks on exit from current stagnation  I next want to make other remarks about the regime of effective lower bound for interest rates and of unconventional monetary policies.