In addition, surveys on the underutilization of labor show that many women wish to increase their working hours, particularly middle-aged women who have completed  7  Lorraine Dearden and Nobuko Nagase, "Getting Student Loans Right in Japan: Problems and Possible Solutions," Discussion Paper Series A of the Institute of Economic Research at Hitotsubashi University, no.668, 2017.
8 Daiji Kawaguchi and Takahiro Toriyabe, "Parental Leaves and Female Skill Utilization: Evidence from PIAAC," RIETI Discussion Paper Series, no.18-E-003, 2018. 10  the early stages of child-rearing. There seems to be quite a few women who want to return to a full-time job after child-rearing but are unable to do so.