The end consumers ultimately have to bear the costs of payment transactions, since the other parties take these into account in their price calculation and pass them on to the customer. It is extremely difficult to quantify whether notes and coins or cashless payment instruments are cheaper from a macroeconomic perspective. Research on this has, to date, not arrived at a clear conclusion.
The only thing that is certain is that the willingness of consumers to pay for payment services is extremely low. New services on the  BIS central bankers’ speeches  3  payment services market must either be very competitively priced for users or provide an additional benefit compared to existing services in order for them to become established.