Persistent in this regards means that every time a shock occurs, inflation of this group tends to take a long time to return to its initial rate. As I have shown in Graph 5, it can be seen that although headline inflation has returned to “normal” subsequent to the 2005 shocks, volatile food inflation remains persistently high.
Sabine Lautenschläger: Interview with Deutschlandfunk Interview by Ms Sabine Lautenschläger, Member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank and Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board of the European Central Bank, with Deutschlandfunk, conducted by Mr Klemens Kindermann and broadcast on 30 December 2018. * * *  Ms Lautenschläger, the euro is now 20 years old.