There are three complementary options: reprioritising the EU budget, tapping new EU own resources and  issuing common debt. The share of “new and reinforced priorities” has already been increased in the current EU budget. [30] However, this item still amounts to only around € billion per year (0.4 per cent of EU GDP in 2021).
Proposed explanations for the decline in interest rates, in addition to the decline in the rates of inflation and real GDP growth, include changes in the saving-investment balance.13 Various factors are said to be responsible for such changes: demographic forces; higher inequality; the glut of precautionary saving by emerging markets; the decline in the relative price of capital; the high profitability of large IT firms and their large cash reserves; lower public investment; the shortage of safe assets; and the improvement in fiscal conditions.