This may be attributed to the following factors: (1) the direct effects of requests for self-restraint in going outside and temporary store closures following Chart 5 135  Real Consumption  Jan. 2013 = 100  125  Durable goods Non-durable goods Services Overall (Consumption Activity Index, real)  115 112.5  105  96.0  95  89.1  85 79.0  75 CY 2013  14  15  16  17  Note: The latest figures are as of June 2020.
Source: Bank of Japan, "Consumption Activity Index." 5  18  19  20  the government's declaration of a state of emergency, and (2) the effect on consumer sentiment, namely, where consumers have become vigilant against consumption involving the "three Cs" -- closed spaces, crowded places, and close-contact settings -- in the midst of the spread of COVID-19.