Further, in order to promote the use of more efficient and reliable instruments, the Bank of Italy can authorize merchants to make it more costly for customers to use the less efficient instruments, in derogation to the general “no surcharge rule” that the circuits impose on merchants to prevent discrimination against their cards.
In any case, the aim of promoting the most advanced forms of payment is not exclusive to the PSD but runs throughout recent Community regulations. The Electronic Money Directive, whose transposition is scheduled for the end of April 2011, represents in some respects an  2  BIS Review BIS Review 155/2009  extension of the PSD.