1 (Elsevier, 2005): 865–934; and T. Beck, A. Demirgüç-Kunt, and R. Levine, “Finance, Inequality, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 10979, Cambridge, 2004. 8  T. Macklem, “Raising the House of Reform,” speech to the Rotman Institute for International Business, Toronto, Ontario, 7 February 2012.
BIS central bankers’ speeches  9    capital and liquidity buffers to make banks safer;    broadening the span of regulation and oversight so that all systemically important financial institutions, markets and products are included;    stronger infrastructure so that core financial markets continue to function in periods of stress; and    credible and effective resolution regimes for all financial institutions so that no institution is too big to fail.