It may serve as a warning here that, until now, European stakeholders have not been able to develop a standard interface for access to bank accounts. Third, if BigTech penetrates into the European market, who should organize the countervailing power to prevent market dominance. And how could this be done? 4. Concluding remarks • Let me conclude.
PSD2 compels the payment industry to head for a new digital era. This may have major strategic consequences for online payments. In my address, I have raised a series of questions on privacy, on the potential role of BigTech and on the conceivable prospect of a fragmented payment system. While DNB welcomes PSD2, these questions deserve ample further reflection in the coming years.