[9] For a comprehensive discussion, see Baldwin, R. and R. Freeman (2022), “Risks and global supply chains: What we know and what we need to know”, NBER Working Paper No. 29444. [10] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2020), “Shocks, risks and global value chains: Insights from the OECD METRO model”, Paris.
[11] For an overview of the estimated effects from various studies, see Aiyar, S. et al. (2023), “Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism”, IMF Staff Discussion Notes No. 2023/001. [12] Clancy, D. et al. (2023a), “The macroeconomic effects of global supply chain reorientation”, mimeo [13] Caldara, D. et al. (2023), “Do Geopolitical Risks Raise or Lower Inflation?”, mimeo. [14] Clancy, D. et al.