What I think I can say here is that, whatever one’s political preferences, the structure of migration policies can, in practice, make a significant difference in terms of the labour market.
Experience appears to show that policies designed to foster cultural and social inclusion and to attract foreign workers who are highly attached to the labour market can increase the efficiency of job matching for.7 A key issue in the debate about migration is the effect of migrant labour on local employment and wages, even if only in the short run; one of the papers in this workshop argues that much depends on competitive conditions in the labour market.8  6  7  8  See F. Carta, F. D’Amuri and T. M. von Wachter, Workforce Aging, Pension Reforms, and Firm Outcomes, NBER Working paper, 28407, 2021; F. Carta and M. De Philippis, Working Horizon and Labour Supply: the Effect of Raising the Full Retirement Age on Middle-aged Individuals, Bank of Italy working paper, 1314, 2021; N. Bianchi, G. Bovini, J. Li, M. Paradisi and M. Powell, Career Spillovers in Internal Labor Markets, Review of Economic Studies, forthcoming; M. De Philippis, The Dynamics of the Italian Labour Force Participation Rate: Determinants and Implications for the Employment and Unemployment Rate, Bank of Italy Occasional Papers, 396, 2017.