A 2002 Gartner survey found that 20 percent of all expenditures on IT is wasted – a finding that represents, on a global basis, an annual destruction of value totaling about US $ billion. A 2004 IBM survey of Fortune 1000 CIOs found that, on average, CIOs believe that 40 percent of all IT spending brought no return to their organizations.
A 2006 study conducted by The Standish Group found that only 35 percent of all IT projects succeeded while the remainder (65 percent) were either challenged or failed. Many surveys have consistently revealed that 20 to 70 percent of large‐scale investments in IT‐enabled change are wasted.