The provision of vocational training has been difficult in most countries since successful training needs to be market determined; but the private sector often finds it difficult to design an appropriate revenue model and public provision is typically not market sensitive. The need is for public private partnership, which is not easy to design.
Successful urbanisation in the future will be crucially dependent on the availability of labour with appropriate skills. Thus for Asian cities growing in the next 30 to 50 years it is becoming increasingly clear that the key to their success will indeed lie in the continuous enhancement of human resources.