BIS central bankers’ speeches  5  has been increasing steadily for the past five years, resulting in more than 28 percent of these families being unbanked as of 2011.8 Families slightly further up the income distribution scale, earning between $ and $ per year, are also financially marginalized: 12 percent reported being unbanked and almost 26 percent reported being underbanked in 2011.9 There are several potential reasons for these impediments to inclusion.
When we examine barriers that individual consumers face in becoming financially included, we uncover trustworthiness and reputation.