Divergence has widened also in terms of unemployment rates and in terms of income inequality indicators, such as the share of population at risk of poverty or social exclusion or the ratio of total income received by the 20% of the population with the highest income to that received by the 20% of the population with the lowest income (S80/S20 income quintile ratio), in particular among the 12 old euro area Member States.
Real divergence, the weakening of social convergence and the North-South divide due to the 6 / 11  BIS central bankers' speeches  sovereign debt crisis, coupled with the effect of globalisation and the digital revolution on the lowskilled and the rise in migration, have created social tensions, sparked anti-EU rhetoric and propagated mistrust towards European policies and institutions.