13 According to Todō, Japanese firms can raise productivity by 2 percent through exports or foreign direct investment and their productivity also can be improved through R&D activities of foreign firms in Japan.
He continues that data show that international joint research leads to a significant increase in the number of citations of patents obtained by Japanese firms -- that is, improvement in the quality of patents. For details, see Todō, Y., "Korona go no gurōbaru ka no yukue" in Korona kiki no keizaigaku, Kobayashi and Morikawa, p. 115.