Conversely, the economic damage caused by market misconduct, such as insider trading and market manipulation, can also be significant. While it is commonly accepted that such adverse activity can result in a private loss for investors, the public cost, which is the harm to the integrity of the market and to its perception, can lead to changes in broader market behavior and pricing.
§225a as added by act of Nov. 16, 1977 (91 Stat. 1387) and amended by acts of Oct. 27, 1978 (92 Stat. 1897); Aug. 23, 1988 (102 Stat. 1375); and Dec. 27, 2000 (114 Stat. 3028)).