This came with optimistic economic outlook of businesses in response to rising vaccine rollout and easing of restrictions in the latter part of 2021. Meanwhile, inflation further eased in December 2021. On an annual basis, inflation for food, 1/4  BIS central bankers' speeches  alcoholic beverages and tobacco, and non-food items continued to slow down in December owing to easing supply constraints.
In the foreign exchange market, the yen surged against the U.S. dollar and reached the 103–104 yen level in the middle of and late September, but then declined to the current level of 106—108 yen to the dollar. The amount outstanding of funds in the call money market has remained generally stable since the middle of June.