This can be done by drawing up a common public investment programme that is also aimed at improving and redeveloping major infrastructure − energy, transport, and 10  urban services − to enhance service quality, reduce their environmental impact and unleash private investment which, in the absence of any clear strategic direction, today struggles to materialize.
But following the tragic experience of war, he comes down squarely in favour of a fully unified “army, navy and air force”, and of clearly defined federal legislative and executive bodies. These are boldly integrationist views, even by today’s standards. In 1939 Einaudi’s thoughts on Europe came to the attention of two careful readers who would later play a key role in European federalism.