(2) A further expansion in employment is becoming increasingly difficult since unemployed workers have largely disappeared except for those caused by mismatches. (3) Additional labor hours generated by newly employed workers have been declining since many women and elderly people who are willing to work often prefer short-time working hours.
For instance, over the last ten years, the gap in labour productivity growth between manufacturing and private sector services has been more than twice as high as the gap for the average growth in compensation per employee.