This Article does not clarify which is the competent authority to authorise the issuance of a local or complementary currency, but without a doubt the National Bank of Belgium will have its say, and its opinion is in practice regularly sought by prospective issuers. Article 178bis  11 See J. VEKEMAN, “Het systeem is het probleem, niet de banken”, Trends, 11 October 2018.
12 See A. STEVENS, “Digital Currencies: Threats and Opportunities for Monetary Policy”, NBB Economic  Review, June 2017, 89. 13 See Article 127.5 TFEU. 14 See for example FINANCIAL STABILITY BOARD, Crypto-assets: Report to the G20 on the work of the FSB  and standard-setting bodies, 16 July 2018. See http://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P160718-1.pdf.