In Germany, roughly half of the bank loans granted to the private non-ﬁnancial sector are collateralised with real estate. As a result, overvaluations in the property market could mean that banks overestimate the recoverability of their loan collateral. What is more, the long economic upturn in Germany has meant that borrowers generally have better creditworthiness and fewer loans default.
Secondary requirements represented potential leverage factors such as product innovativeness with value-added features, which can be used to substantially improve overall customer relationship. The central bank of Philippines initiated significant measures geared towards protecting both the industry and the public.