The industry has moved a number of these projects through a series of phases, often developing more incremental changes at first in order to gain confidence in the technology before tackling large projects with  8  For example, see Bank of Canada’s Project Jasper, https://www.bankofcanada.ca/research/digital-currencies-andfintech/fintech-experiments-and-projects/. -8significant operational impacts.
In fact, the share of African countries in total FDI in the continent more than doubled between 2003 and 2012; whereas in 2003 some 8 per cent of FDI into African countries came from other African countries, by 2012 this share had risen to 18 per cent.