Market makers hold inventory and manage exposures to the assets in which they make markets to ensure that they can continuously serve the needs of their customers. Accordingly, in the broad middle that exists between these two clear examples, the distinction between prohibited proprietary trading and permissible market making can be difficult to draw, because these activities share several important characteristics.
Greenwashing practices and unsubstantiated environmental disclosures can impede green transition efforts. Only high-quality granular data availability can help us understand the connection between firms' disclosures and the banks' propensity to lend to brown industries.