Labour productivity itself can be further decomposed into changes in labour composition, Information and Communication technologies (ICT) and non-ICT usage per hour and (residual) Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth. TFP accounts for effects in total output not caused by inputs. If all inputs are accounted for, TFP measures an economy’s long-term technological progress.
In India, he argues, the caste system led to division of labour, which ensured that entire populations could never be devoted totally to the war effort. So through much of history, war was never as harsh, or military competition between states as fierce, as in China.