These measures are the responsibility of states, either individually or in a coordinated way.   The euro area economies can become fairer and more competitive, for instance, by removing the barriers to entry in the labour market, which protect those with a job but reduce opportunities for the unemployed, especially the young.
This is crucial advice to all policy authorities responsible for addressing inequality: the most effective and sustainable path to reducing inequality is not by redistributing income, but rather by ensuring everyone has comparable opportunities to take part in the generation of income. In other words, although redistribution remains an important complementary tool, the strongest instrument to promote social inclusion is inclusive growth.