Seventh and finally, the BOJ introduced various innovative policy measures (Chart 13). 13 The zero interest rate policy was first introduced by the BOJ in 1999.
Support came from a wide range of stakeholders, including individuals, merchants, fintech firms, and banks.4 Commenters noted that the Federal Reserve would ensure equitable access to banks of all sizes nationwide by operating a real-time service for faster payments alongside the private-sector system.