These mechanisms will become increasingly important as regional integration continues to deepen and as more Malaysian financial institutions venture overseas. The progress that has been achieved in the financial sector has surpassed the initial expectations outlined in the financial sector masterplan. The foundation of a vibrant, sound, stable and resilient financial sector accords the opportunity of advancing the sector to a new level where new opportunities with new formulas and strategies for success can be achieved. The financial sector has been key in supporting the transformation of the Malaysian economy, to increase its significance and to promote a more diversified economic structure. This has been achieved by the increased financing extended via the banking system and capital market. In particular, outstanding loans and private debt securities expanded by an average of 7.8% for the period 2001-2007. Malaysia is also ranked third in terms of access to credit amongst 175 countries surveyed by the World Bank in the Doing Business Report 2007. In an environment of rising incomes and expanding domestic demand, the further  BIS Review 71/2008  5  modernization of retail banking will be important going forward. With increasing financial literacy and growing consumer sophistication, product pioneering and cross-selling, the trend towards electronic financial transactions will gain significance. Increasingly, loans to the corporate sector will become less dominant with an expanding and efficient functioning capital market. In particular, the bond market presents opportunities for increased corporate advisory and debt and equity underwriting business. Private debt securities now represent 45.5% of GDP.
Malaysia has a proven track record over several decades in successfully dealing with difficult periods in our economic history. Each time, the flexibility of the economy, the agility of the private sector to adjust and reinforcement by the policy response, has allowed the economy to emerge stronger. This was demonstrated during the Asian crisis. Within a period of one year, our economy was able to resume growth, expanding by 6.1% in 1999 and by 8.9% in 2000. The current conditions are by no means of such threatening proportions. If managed well by all parts of the economy, the economy will in fact emerge more competitive and stronger. This will require concerted efforts by the private and public sectors to become more efficient and thus reduce costs. This will also require shifting resources to new areas of activities where Malaysia has the competitive advantage. With the aptitude for hard work and prudent  2  BIS Review 71/2008  practices, and the ability for reinvention, this can be realised. To a great extent this has been achieved in the financial sector which has now emerged as an economic sector that generates income and employment and accounts for 11% of the economy, from only 4.5% in 1990. The current increasing inflationary pressures is a global phenomenon, the result of rising international prices of energy and commodities prices. In Malaysia, domestic inflation has increased from less than 1% in April 2004 to 3% in April 2008, primarily reflecting higher food and energy prices.