In the pre-industrial era, the laws of motion and discovery of hydrogen were foundational achievements by UK scientists. They paved the way for future scientific progress – from autos to aerospace – so that present day heroes like Lewis Hamilton and astronauts Tim Peake and Helen Sharman truly “stand on the shoulders of giants” [Newton, 1675] and continue the legacy of UK-led innovation. The invention in the UK of the steam engine, electric motor and telegraph powered the first two industrial revolutions, bringing our world closer together and bringing prosperity to many. In medicine and biology, the discoveries of penicillin, x-rays and the double helix by UK scientists afforded people healthier and longer lives. Meanwhile, the creation of the world wide web by Tim Berners Lee brought the sum of human knowledge to the masses in the third industrial revolution. The UK is expanding this frontier in the fourth industrial revolution through the development of Artificial Intelligence with the likes of Demis Hassabis. Scientific terms like black holes in vitro and Higgs Boson particles are now part of our vocabulary thanks to pioneering UK scientists who have popularised science and brought it into the mainstream. This high regard of the sciences shows up in polls and currency alike. From Darwin to Newton, eminent UK scientists are regulars on top 100 Britons lists and have featured on some of our historic banknotes.
58   729 22723 1 1 7 23 4 3 7 72 8 72 3  72 8 23 7 23 6921 3234 8 31 727263   8  127263 9   9 3  76 8 8 7 8 3 4   1 3   9 3 31 3  % 1 8723 729 87 8723 66272  9 88 &  1 88 231 39263 88 372 31 2 1 87 & 4263  3829 73  B 3 ' 23 3 3 72 87 7263 877 7  37  6 3 386 8 9 26237 8 0367 3    8 92 9 87 28234 7231     8 87 3 23 728 3234 %  78 23 3 88 8 3 729 127263 3 3 729 9 1 729 729 4 32 31 8 9 23  3 729 3 38  3 3  28 4 37 3  31 347 8223  11 92    3 127263 1 4  8  9 73 3 1 23 3   2728 7 33  c6L?589  63  343   9  98 1 5   141 611 8  7 48945  4861 633  8 633 1 1 41 3   '(''12n3 +9  861 ,3 4 48 48  1 8 48 # 561 763 63  4 4 8 4S61S5 8  63 83 83 18     7896  86    !