Guidance, Contingencies and Brexit Speech given by Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England  Society of Professional Economists 24 May 2018  I am grateful to James Benford and Clare Macallan for their assistance in preparing these remarks. 1  All speeches are available online at www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches  Introduction This evening I would like to discuss potential paths for monetary policy during the next, critical phase of the Brexit process. Note the conditionality of the phrase “potential paths.” The actual path for policy will depend on the outlook for the economy which in turn will depend very much on how the Brexit negotiations evolve. Monetary policy is always contingent on the economic outlook. This is broader than it being data dependent. In order to achieve the inflation target, monetary policy needs to adjust not only to news about current 1  conditions but also to any changes in likely future circumstances. While it may be the MPC that sets interest rates, it is ultimately the economy that determines them. Monetary policy will be most effective if agents can anticipate how policymakers will react to changing conditions. But the predictability of monetary policy can break down when there are large structural changes in: -  Supply capacity;  -  Equilibrium interest rates; or  -  Trading relationships. In such circumstances, forward guidance can help anchor expectations and improve the effectiveness of monetary policy.
15  All speeches are available online at www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches  15  Chart 10: With no monetary policy tightening, excess demand builds significantly and inflation remains above target May 2018 Inflation Report projections for inflation and growth Per cent / Per cent of potential GDP 4.0 3.5 Inflation projection market conditioning path  Inflation projection constant rate path  3.0 2.5 2.0  2% inflation target  Excess supply / demand projection - constant rate path  1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0  Excess supply / demand projection - market conditioning path 2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  -0.5 -1.0 2018  2019  2020  2021  Of course, as the Committee has made clear before, its guidance about the likely gentle path of rate increases depends on the economy evolving broadly as expected – in particular, whether growth in demand exceeds that of supply. That might not happen. For example, the weakness in demand at the start of the year could reflect a worsening of the underlying economic climate, not the temporary effects of adverse weather as the Committee currently assesses. In particular, there is somewhat greater uncertainty about the near-term momentum in consumer spending at present, given recent weakness in consumer credit and the housing market across a range of indicators. Growth in consumer credit, particularly credit cards, slowed sharply in March. Retail sales volumes have been falling and profit warnings in the retail sector rising.