Despite the ratification of these protocols by some African countries, it is worth noting that rich countries with 16% of the world population emit 51% of the worlds green house gasses (UNDP, 2003). The Kyoto Protocol is yet to be implemented due to non-ratification by some key developed countries, who happen to be the emitters of substantial amounts of the worlds greenhouse gases (Russia ratified the Protocol in September 2004). A United Nations Forest Forum (UNFF) was established in 2000 to promote the management, conservation, and sustainable development of forests. The institution effectively serves to monitor national, regional, and global developments of forests. United Nations Organisations such as United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the World Bank have done a commendable job in implementing multiple projects that aim to promote environmental sustainability in Africa. These organisations provide both financial and technical support to programmes designed to promote environmental sustainability in Africa. African governments have pledged to support such programmes. 6. Recommendations  From the foregoing, it is clear that environmental protection goals should be realised in order to achieve sustainable economic growth.
Regional and international policies on environmental management, governance, and conservation have an important role to play in this area, as environmental decisions of one economy may adversely affect other economies. The achievement of environmental goals will facilitate the achievement of other MDGs. Equally important are transfers of technology that is friendly to the environment as globalisation takes root. 8  BIS Review 74/2004