*** To conclude, let me quote one of the most famous Dutch painters, Van Gogh, writing to his brother Theo from the south of France in 1879: “art is man added to nature – nature, reality, truth, but with a significance, a conception, a character, which the artist brings out in it”. Just like in Van Gogh’s art, it is becoming urgent that we find a way of life (in France we say “art of life” [art de vivre]) that allows men to live harmoniously within nature. We have to ‘re-embed’ our economies into nature, also in the name of our long-term economic interest. It will take time and hard work, as I stressed: this is one more reason to start soon. Thank you for your attention. Page 13 sur 13  References i Rachel Carson (1962), ‘A Silent Spring’. ii IPBES (2020), Workshop Report on Biodiversity and Pandemics. iii Dasgupta, P. (2021), The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. (London: HM Treasury). iv Herweijer, C., Evison, W., Mariam, S., Khatri, A., Albani, M., et al. (2020), Nature Risk Rising: Why the Crisis Engulfing Nature Matters for Business and the Economy, World Economic Forum. v Costanza, R., De Groot, R., Sutton, P., Van der Ploeg, S., Anderson, S. J., Kubiszewski, I., ... & Turner, R. K. (2014), Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global environmental change, 26, 152-158. vi NGFS and INSPIRE (2021), Central banking and supervision in the biosphere: An agenda for action on biodiversity loss, financial risk and system stability.
As an illustration, recent research showed that exposure to degraded land could  Page 3 sur 13 impact the value of listed companies in the food supply chain in Brazil: the market value of farmers operating on degrading land declined by 13 per cent following extreme weather, while those on healthy soils increased by 6 per cent.vii  3. Climate change, biodiversity loss and other nature-related risks are intricately linked First, biodiversity-related risks and climate-related risks are deeply intertwined, and subject to feedback phenomena – what we call the “climate-biodiversity nexus”. Climate change is indeed already the third driver of biodiversity loss behind land use change and overexploitation of living organisms; in turn, the loss of biodiversity undermines the capacity to adapt to and mitigate climate change. The canonical example of Amazonian deforestation is prime evidence of the synergies between these drivers: the Amazon rainforest is both a carbon reserve and a unique ecosystem hosting many endangered species. In fact, nature-based solutions represent several of the most valuable options to progress toward net zero according to the IPCC.viii  Page 4 sur 13  These interdependences also extend to several other aspects of nature-related risks: for example, both climate and land-use change drive imbalances in freshwater availability, notably caused by droughts – which we have been acutely aware of lately. Let’s acknowledge that so far, the contours of naturerelated risks are more vague, as they relate to risks posed by any phenomena relating to nature. We still have here a definition challenge.