Third, the low interest rates helped to reduce the service costs of the existing loans and to lower their re-financing costs. This has facilitated the activity of borrowing enterprises and households. Fourth, the low interest rates supported the increase of private consumption and investments in the economy, through encouraging a behaviour oriented more towards consumption and less towards savings. According to our economic models, in the absence of monetary policy effects, economic growth and inflation for 2016 would have scored respectively 0.5 and 0.4 percentage point lower than their actual values. Honourable committee members, The Bank of Albania is independent in formulating and implementing its monetary policy. It is, however, aware of the mutual impact between the monetary policy and the fiscal policy in achieving the respective objectives. Therefore, for a right combination of macroeconomic policies, we are constantly mindful to coordinate the monetary policy stance with the fiscal policy stance; similarly, the latter is detailed in the budget per calendar year, and in medium-term draft 3/8  BIS central bankers' speeches  budgets. As I have said previously, the inclusion in 2016 of specific provisions for guaranteeing fiscal stability in the Organic Budget Law, established more solid basis for a better coordination of the two macroeconomic policies, as it contributes to increasing the discipline and foreseeability of the fiscal policy. About the latter, the Bank of Albania finds that the fiscal policy has been on a consolidation path during in 2016, reflected in the reduction of the public deficit and public debt.
During 2016, we intensified our work to enhance the effectiveness of electronic payment instruments, and reduce the use of cash in the economy. For that purpose, in accordance with EU directives, the regulatory framework on electronic payment instruments was revised. Moreover, to fulfil the recommendations of the National Payments System Committee, a project was finalised on the standardisation of the payment-order; meanwhile, the implementation of the Interbank Direct Debit project is underway. It is aimed at increasing the use of this instrument by the clients of all banks, contributing thus the reduction of cash in the economy. In our judgement, the coordination of the monetary policy with the micro and macro-prudential measures by the Bank of Albania has contributed to promoting monetary and financial stability. 4. Fostering internal control and monitoring systems and procedures The last two years have seen important changes in terms of fostering internal control systems, in order to bolster risk prevention. The internal audit at the Bank of Albania is an independent activity from the management, ensured through the Inspector General, appointed by the Parliament. It also contributes to a smooth operation and accountability at the Bank of Albania, assessing both the control over processes and the efficiency in the use of resources. The practices in control systems are approximated with international audit standards, and are adopted to address recommendations by international institutions. One of the recurring recommendations from these institutions pertains to the implementation of the operational risk management at bank level.