In particular, governments need to foster innovation by providing the right framework to encourage experimentation and risk-taking in new and growing sectors, and to support the transition to new jobs for people working in “sunset” sectors. In parallel, they need to ensure that the conditions are in place to direct investment towards the technologies and sectors of the future. 2/4  BIS central bankers' speeches  This requires sufficient financing. The European Commission estimates that the investment needs for delivering the digital transformation as well as the green transition will be at least € trillion over the next two years.2 But in a number of countries – Italy among them – mobilising investment requires above all a business-friendly economic environment, with efficient and agile public and private services, adequate physical and digital infrastructures, a well-functioning judicial system and a strong financial sector. If such actions are taken, this crisis can engender a period of positive transformation. It offers an opportunity to policymakers to take a decisive step forward towards more inclusive, greener and more digital growth.
If we are collectively successful, uncertainty will start to turn into confidence, and then a real recovery can begin. 1 See Anderton, R., Jarvis, V., Labhard, V., Morgan, J., Petroulakis, F. and Vivian, L. (2020), “Virtually everywhere? Digitalisation and the euro area and EU economies: Degree, effects, and key issues”, Occasional Paper Series, ECB, forthcoming. 2 European Commission (2020), “Identifying Europe’s recovery needs”, Staff Working Document, (2020) 98. 3 Anderton et al. (2020), op. cit. 4 Perez, C. and Murray Leach, T. (2018), “A Smart Green ‘European Way of Life’: the Path for Growth, Jobs and  Wellbeing”, Beyond the Technological Revolution Working Paper, 2018–01. 5 In terms of revenues. See: ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoap/indicators/socio-economic-outcomes_en 6 ECB (2020), The international role of the euro, June. 7 Sondermann, D. (2016), “Towards more resilient economies: the role of well-functioning economic  structures”, Working Paper Series, No 1984, ECB, November. 4/4  BIS central bankers' speeches