Zeti Akhtar Aziz: Financial education for meaningful inclusion Speech by Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia (Bank Negara Malaysia), at the Citi-FT Financial Education Summit 2014 “Financial Education for Meaningful Inclusion”, Kuala Lumpur, 5 November 2014. *  *  *  It is my great pleasure to be here this morning at the Citi-FT Financial Education Summit 2014. First of all, allow me to welcome the Citi-FT Summit back to Kuala Lumpur. It is my honour to once again address this Summit that has now become an important forum for advancing the financial literacy agenda. It was in 2004, at the inaugural Citi-INSEAD Financial Education Summit in Hong Kong that I spoke on financial education in the context of the demographic forces in Asia and their consequent implications for financial consumers, in particular for women in Asia. Today, another demographic shift – the “rapid urbanisation” – provides a new context to our discussion on the challenges in pursuing meaningful financial education strategies to achieve effective and responsible financial management in our communities. My remarks today will focus on the changing demographics and the role of financial education in enhancing the ability to cope with the realities of this new environment. Asia has probably experienced the most rapid demographic change in the world. In these recent two decades, several Asian economies have had to deal with a number of new challenges including slower population growth, rapid aging, the intensification of urbanisation and the consequences of increasing life expectancy.
In times of crisis, as we have seen during the current crisis, other more unconventional methods can be used, such as fixed-rate lending at longer maturities and asset purchases (quantity easing) to affect longer interest rates and expectations of future short rates, and foreign-exchange intervention to prevent currency appreciation or even to induce currency depreciation. The authority responsible for monetary policy is typically the central bank. Financial-stability policy has the objective of maintaining and promoting financial stability. Financial stability can be defined as a situation where the financial system can fulfil its main functions of submitting payments, channelling saving into investment, and providing risk sharing without disturbances that have significant costs. The available instruments are, under normal circumstances, supervision, regulation, and financial-stability reports with analyses and leading indicators that may provide early warnings of stability threats. In times of crisis, authorities may use such instruments as lending of last resort, variable-rate lending at longer maturities (credit policy, credit easing), special resolution regimes for financial firms in trouble, government lending guarantees, government capital injections, and so forth. The responsible authority or authorities vary across countries. In some countries it is the central bank, in other countries there is a separate financial supervisory authority, and sometimes the authority is shared between different institutions. Financial-stability policy and monetary policy are conceptually distinct, with distinct objectives and distinct suitable instruments. My point here is that this has to be taken into account when considering the lessons of the financial crisis for monetary policy.