First, foundational digital infrastructure – systems that allow different users, different solutions, and different devices to seamlessly interact with one another. Just as physical infrastructure like roads and railways helped to connect and advance the industrial economy, we need digital infrastructures to enable a vibrant digital economy. What are these digital infrastructures? One, a digital identity, so that we can interact with one another digitally, with trust and confidence, knowing who is on the other side of the transaction. In Singapore, we introduced Singpass as a digital identity to facilitate secure, consent-based verification for residents to digitally access more than 700 different government services. 1/3  BIS - Central bankers' speeches  Two, interoperable electronic payments. We need not only digital payment solutions but common payment rails or networks for these different payment solutions to be interoperable. In Singapore, we built PayNow, an instant payment service. Residents can move money to one another's bank account in real-time at zero cost, with just three clicks on their mobile phones, regardless of which bank app they use. Three, a trusted data exchange so that individuals and corporates can access all their relevant data in digital form for purposes of carrying out digital transactions. In Singapore, we established MyInfo, a platform which allows residents to access via their mobile devices more than 100 of their personal particulars and share them with third party service providers through open, secure APIs. Second critical enabler - connectivity and collaboration.
In March 2000, the group issued a sobering reminder: institutions that provide leverage to HLIs must improve their counterparty risk management and hedge funds need to enhance their disclosures. Along with these developments, or some say in spite of them, the hedge fund industry has continued to grow from strength to strength. There are now about 6,000 hedge funds worldwide, managing more than $ billion. In 2001, some $ billion of new capital was invested into hedge funds. By 1 comparison, the entire industry was only $ billion in 1990 . While high net worth individuals remain the main source of capital, hedge funds are becoming more popular among institutional and retail investors. Funds of hedge funds and other hedge fund-linked 2 products are increasingly being marketed to the retail market . For example, ABN Amro launched the first retail fund of hedge funds in Singapore last month. There are a number of factors behind the meteoric rise in demand for hedge funds. The unprecedented bull run in the US equity markets during the 1990s swelled investment portfolios. This led both fund managers and investors to become more keenly aware of the need for diversification. Hedge funds are seen as a natural “hedge” for controlling downside risk because they employ exotic investment strategies believed to generate returns that are uncorrelated to traditional asset classes.