There is evidence of increasing wages in some occupations, but wage growth in general continues to be very modest at about 2–1/4 percent per year. That is a long way from the 3 to 4 percent benchmark implied by productivity growth and our inflation objective. Indeed, over the past three years, the unemployment rate has fallen by a percentage point per year; yet real wage growth has barely budged. It’s hard for me to imagine a full labor market recovery without genuine improvement in compensation growth. But am I wrong? Has the wage Phillips curve completely broken down? Some claim the answer is no – you just have to look at the right measure of unemployment. Alan Krueger, Judd Cramer and David Cho, among others, have shown that the relationship between real wages and the short-term unemployment rate during this cycle has been in line with historical norms, whereas the historical spike in long-term unemployment exerted minimal pressure on real wage growth. 10 Of course, the short-term unemployment rate is now close to its pre-recession level. So their model implies nominal wage growth should be returning to something close to the fundamentals implied by productivity growth and inflation. My staff’s research comes to a somewhat different conclusion. Using models similar to those Michael Kiley presented here this morning, 11 they find that pools of potential workers other than the short-term unemployed, notably the medium-term unemployed and the involuntary part-time work force, substantially influence wage growth at the state or metropolitan statistical area level.
BIS Review 105/1997  -4Within the CB’s foreign reserves, some positions are being held in the currencies of the countries which are candidates for monetary union membership. These positions consist of securities and money market placements. It is expected that security investments will be converted to the Euro as of January 1st, 1999. Money market placements on the other hand will continue to be transacted in their original currencies until July 1st, 2002. The fixing of the Deutsche Mark rate against Euro, the Euro’s value against other currencies in the international money markets and the depth and performance of the Euro bond market will be important factors in terms of our reserve management policy. In the Euro market, there will no longer be any cross-currency risk and cross currency-induced interest rate differential. However, it is possible that the country risk-induced differential will become more pronounced. Therefore investors must pay attention to which country’s security they are buying when investing in Euro-denominated securities. There are also issues which should be considered by the real sector. In particular those firms which are very active in trades across borders are likely to adopt the value of the Euro in their dealings rather quickly, because firms competing in European markets, in order to make comparison possible, should set their prices in Euro. As I have already mentioned, the CB and the commercial banks have to convert the foreign exchange denominated accounts into the Euro. This is not an easy task and involves changes in accounting systems and data processing.