Finally, I would add that we, at the National Bank, have learned a lot from the mistakes that economic policy-makers have done in the past. But, as confirmed by the history of our institution, monetary independence is perhaps the decision that best helped us to contribute to the improvement of the efficiency of the economic policies, and thus improve the living standard generally, in a state-making, institutional, economic and practical way. Long live this great anniversary! BIS central bankers’ speeches  3
At the Green Swan Conference, we have a diverse and inclusive assembly comprising some of the best minds and influential figures. I am confident that the conversations we will have over these two days will add impetus to what we can do together in the fight against climate change during this “critical decade”. Thank you, and I wish you all a fruitful conference. [1] Examples include the Sustainable and Responsible Investment Guide for Central Banks’ Portfolio Management and the subsequent update in a progress report. [2] International Network for Sustainable Financial Policy Insights, Research and Exchange (INSPIRE). © 2022, Government of Singapore.