and Manzano, C., “Trade disclosure and price dispersion”, Journal of Financial Markets, Vol. 8, No 2. pp. 183–216. 8  See Goldstein, M., Hotchkiss, E. and Sirri, E., “Transparency and Liquidity: A Controlled Experiment on Corporate Bonds”, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 20, No 2, pp. 235-273, and Edwards A., Harris, L. and Piwowar, M., “Corporate Bond Market Transaction Costs and Transparency”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 62, No 3, pp. 1421–1451. 9  See Naik, N., Neuberger, A. and Viswanathan, S., “Trade Disclosure Regulation in Markets with Negotiated Trades”, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 12, No 4, pp. 873–900. 4  BIS central bankers’ speeches
While risk-based divestments concern companies that we prefer not to invest in, there are other companies that we want more of. These are companies that, in our opinion, provide opportunities for solid returns in the longer term. In the mandate, the Ministry of Finance has also set a requirement for the Bank to establish separate environment-related investment mandates. At the end of 2019, these mandates amounted to NOK 79 billion invested in 77 companies and bonds. In 2019, the Ministry also decided to permit unlisted investments in renewable energy infrastructure. NBIM has a group in place that has begun to seek out opportunities in this sector. We set the same risk and return requirements for the investments under these mandates as for the rest of the fund’s investments. Everything we do in the area of ownership is, and must be, a result of an active approach. In our active management, we seek at all times to make the most of analyses we have performed and the knowledge we have acquired over the past 20 years. Our internal asset managers closely follow the largest European companies in particular. Knowing the companies well puts the fund in position where it is possible to earn excess returns. External management In emerging markets, we benefit greatly from our use of external asset managers. Knowledge of and proximity to markets are essential for being able to assess the risk of investments. In view of challenges associated with responsible investment, a passive investment strategy is not really appropriate in these markets.