Google was founded while Page and Brin were Ph.D. students at Stanford.

Google Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products . These include online advertising technologies , search , cloud computing , software , and hardware . Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University , in California . Together , they own about 14 percent of its shares , and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock . They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4 , 1998 . An initial public offering ( IPO ) took place on August 19 , 2004 , and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View , California , nicknamed the Googleplex . In August 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. . Google , Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet .   Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products , acquisitions , and partnerships beyond Google 's core search engine ( Google Search ) . It offers services designed for work and productivity ( Google Docs , Sheets and Slides ) , email ( Gmail/Inbox ) , scheduling and time management ( Google Calendar ) , cloud storage ( Google Drive ) , social networking ( Google + ) , instant messaging and video chat ( Google Allo/Duo/Hangouts ) , language translation ( Google Translate ) , mapping and turn-by-turn navigation ( Google Maps ) , video sharing ( YouTube ) , notetaking ( Google Keep ) , and photo organizing and editing ( Google Photos ) . The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser . Google has moved increasingly into hardware ; from 2010 to 2015 , it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices , and in October 2016 , it released multiple hardware products ( including the Google Pixel smartphone , Home smart speaker , Wifi mesh wireless router , and Daydream View virtual reality headset ) . The new hardware chief , Rick Osterloh , stated : `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience '' . Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier . In February 2010 , it announced Google Fiber , a fiber-optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City ; in April 2015 , it launched Project Fi in the United States , combining Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different providers ; and in 2016 , it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi-Fi around the world , which had already been deployed in India .   Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world for 4 consecutive years , but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns , tax avoidance , antitrust , censorship , and search neutrality . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase `` Do the right thing '' .


Madonna (entertainer) Madonna Louise Ciccone ( -LSB- tʃɪˈkoʊni -RSB- born August 16 , 1958 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman . She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos , which became a fixture on MTV . Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image , and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry . Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions , which have generated some controversy . Referred to as the `` Queen of Pop '' , Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists .   Born in Bay City , Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance . After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy , she signed with Sire Records ( an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. . Records ) in 1982 and released her eponymous debut album the following year . She followed it with a series of commercially and critically successful albums , including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) . Throughout her career , Madonna has written and produced most of her songs , with many of them reaching number one on the record charts , including `` Like a Virgin '' , `` Papa Do n't Preach '' , `` Like a Prayer '' , `` Vogue '' , `` Take a Bow '' , `` Frozen '' , `` Music '' , `` Hung Up '' , and `` 4 Minutes '' .   Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , and Evita ( 1996 ) . While the latter earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , most of her other films received poor reviews . Madonna has been acclaimed as a businesswoman , particularly after she founded entertainment company Maverick ( including the label Maverick Records ) . In 2007 she signed an unprecedented U.S. $ 120 million 360 deal with Live Nation , which led to a record deal with Interscope Records . Her other ventures include fashion design , writing children 's books , and filmmaking .   Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide , Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second highest-certified female artist in the United States , with 64.5 million album units . Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time , earning U.S. $ 1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990 . She became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility . Madonna was ranked at number one on VH1 's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music and number two ( behind only The Beatles ) on Billboards list of Greatest Hot 100 Artists of All Time .


Kris Wu is incapable of being an active solo artist.

Kris Wu Wu Yifan ( , pronounced -LSB- - cmnu2-i4fan4 -RSB- , ; born November 6 , 1990 ) , professionally known as Kris Wu or Kris , is a Chinese-born Canadian actor , singer , and model . He is active as a solo artist and actor in China and has starred in several # 1 box office hits including Mr. Six and Journey to the West : The Demons Strike Back , which are among the highest-grossing Chinese films of all time in China . He made his Hollywood debut in xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) .


Love & Friendship features the actor Xavier Samuel.

Love & Friendship Love & Friendship is a 2016 period comedy film written and directed by Whit Stillman . Based on Jane Austen 's epistolary novel Lady Susan , written ca. 1794 , the film stars Kate Beckinsale , Chloë Sevigny , Xavier Samuel , and Stephen Fry . The film follows the exploits of the wry and calculating Lady Susan as she pursues the wealthy and hapless Sir James for marriage originally intended for her daughter , though she eventually marries him herself . Although adapted from Lady Susan , the film was produced under the borrowed title of Austen 's juvenile story .   The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2016 . Theatrically released on May 13 , 2016 , by Roadside Attractions and Amazon Studios , the film received critical acclaim and has been a box office success in North America .


The Existence of God has been debated by Thomas Aquinas.

Existence of God The existence of God is a subject of debate in the philosophy of religion , popular culture , and philosophy .   A wide variety of arguments for and against the existence of God can be categorized as metaphysical , logical , empirical , or subjective . In philosophical terms , the question of the existence of God involves the disciplines of epistemology ( the nature and scope of knowledge ) and ontology ( study of the nature of being , existence , or reality ) and the theory of value ( since some definitions of God include `` perfection '' ) .   The Western tradition of philosophical discussion of the existence of God began with Plato and Aristotle , who made arguments that would now be categorized as cosmological . Other arguments for the existence of God have been proposed by St. Anselm , who formulated the first ontological argument ; Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) and Thomas Aquinas , who presented their own versions of the cosmological argument ( the kalam argument and the first way , respectively ) ; René Descartes , who said that the existence of a benevolent God is logically necessary for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful ; and Immanuel Kant , who argued that the existence of God can be deduced from the existence of good . Philosophers who have provided arguments against the existence of God include the aforementioned Kant , David Hume , Friedrich Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell . In modern culture , the question of God 's existence has been discussed by scientists such as Stephen Hawking , Francis Collins , Lawrence M. Krauss , Richard Dawkins and John Lennox , as well as philosophers including Richard Swinburne , Alvin Plantinga , William Lane Craig , Rebecca Goldstein , A. C. Grayling , Daniel Dennett , Edward Feser , David Bentley Hart and Sam Harris .   Scientists follow the scientific method , within which theories must be verifiable by physical experiment . On that basis , the question regarding the existence of God , for which evidence can not be tested , definitionally lies outside the purview of modern science . The Catholic Church maintains that knowledge of the existence of God is the `` natural light of human reason '' . Fideists acknowledge that belief in the existence of God may not be amenable to demonstration or refutation , but rests on faith alone . Atheism views arguments for the existence of God as insufficient , mistaken or weighing less in comparison to arguments against . Other religions , such as Buddhism , do not concern themselves with the existence of gods at all , while religions such as Jainism reject the possibility of a creator deity .


Tim Allen was a star on Last Man Standing.

Tim Allen Timothy Allen Dick ( born June 13 , 1953 ) , known professionally as Tim Allen , is an American actor , comedian and author .   He is known for his role as Tim `` The Toolman '' Taylor in the ABC television show Home Improvement ( 1991 -- 1999 ) as well as for his starring roles in several films , including the role of Buzz Lightyear in the Toy Story franchise . From 2011 to 2017 , he starred as Mike Baxter in the TV series Last Man Standing . Since 2007 , he is the owner of the company Boxing Cat Films .


Alpha Centauri Alpha Centauri ( α Centauri , abbreviated Alpha Cen , α Cen ) is the closest star system to the Solar System , being 4.37 ly from the Sun . It consists of three stars : the double star Alpha Centauri A ( also named Rigil Kentaurus ) and Alpha Centauri B together with a small and faint red dwarf , Alpha Centauri C ( also named Proxima Centauri ) , that may be gravitationally bound to the other two . To the unaided eye , the two main components appear as a single point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of − 0.27 , forming the brightest star in the southern constellation of Centaurus and is the third-brightest star in the night sky , outshone only by Sirius and Canopus .   Alpha Centauri A ( α Cen A ) has 1.1 times the mass and 1.519 times the luminosity of the Sun , while Alpha Centauri B ( α Cen B ) is smaller and cooler , at 0.907 times the Sun 's mass and 0.445 times its visual luminosity . During the pair 's 79.91-year orbit about a common centre , the distance between them varies from about that between Pluto and the Sun to that between Saturn and the Sun .   Proxima Centauri ( α Cen C ) is at the slightly smaller distance of 1.30 pc from the Sun , making it the closest star to the Sun , even though it is not visible to the naked eye . The separation of Proxima from Alpha Centauri AB is about 15000 AU , equivalent to 500 times the size of Neptune 's orbit . Proxima Centauri b , an Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri , has been detected .


Elise Neal was in a sitcom from 1998 to 2003.

Elise Neal Elise Neal ( born March 14 , 1966 ) is an American actress . Her big break came in 1997 , appearing in films Rosewood , Money Talks and Scream 2 .   From 1998 to 2003 , Neal starred as Yvonne Hughley in the ABC/UPN sitcom The Hughleys . She also has appeared in films include Restaurant ( 1998 ) , Mission to Mars ( 2000 ) , Paid in Full ( 2002 ) , Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) , and Logan ( 2017 ) . On television , Neal also starred as Tia Jewel in the first two seasons of UPN sitcom All of Us from 2003 to 2005 . She also played many other roles on film and television . She is three-time NAACP Image Award nominee .


Ella Purnell died on September 17th, 1996.

Ella Purnell Ella Purnell ( born 17 September 1996 ) is an English actress , who has appeared in the films Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) , Maleficent ( 2014 ) and Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) .


Gwen Stefani makes public appearances with the Harajuku Girls.

Gwen Stefani Gwen Renée Stefani ( -LSB- gwɛn_ˈstəˈfɑːni -RSB- born October 3 , 1969 ) is an American singer , songwriter , fashion designer , actress , and television personality . She is the co-founder and lead vocalist of the band No Doubt that experienced major success after their breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom ( 1995 ) along with various successful singles , including `` Just a Girl '' , `` Do n't Speak '' , `` Hey Baby '' , and `` It 's My Life '' . During the band 's hiatus , Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Inspired by pop music from the 1980s , the album was met with both critical and commercial success . It spawned three commercially successful singles : `` What You Waiting For ? '' , `` Rich Girl '' , and `` Hollaback Girl '' , the latter reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies . In 2006 Stefani released her second studio album The Sweet Escape . The album produced two successful singles : `` Wind It Up '' and the album 's title track `` The Sweet Escape '' . Her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released in March 2016 and became her first solo number-one album on the Billboard 200 .   Stefani has won three Grammy Awards . As a solo artist she has received various accolades , including an American Music Award , Brit Award , World Music Award and two Billboard Music Awards . In 2003 , she debuted her clothing line L.A.M.B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line , drawing inspiration from Japanese culture and fashion . Stefani performs and makes public appearances with four back-up dancers known as the Harajuku Girls . She was married to British musician Gavin Rossdale from 2002 to 2015 and they have three sons . Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000 -- 09 decade . VH1 ranked her 13th on their `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' list in 2012 . Including her work with No Doubt , Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide .


Josh Hartnett Joshua Daniel `` Josh '' Hartnett ( born July 21 , 1978 ) is an American actor and movie producer . He first came to attention in 1997 for his role as Michael Fitzgerald in the television crime drama series Cracker . He made his feature film debut in 1998 in the slasher film Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later , followed by teen roles in films such as the sci-fi horror film The Faculty ( 1998 ) and the drama The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) . Hartnett had starring roles in the war film Pearl Harbor , the drama O , the war film Black Hawk Down , the romantic comedy 40 Days and 40 Nights , and other films .   He starred in the Brian De Palma -- directed neo-noir crime thriller The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) . Next , he appeared in the drama Resurrecting the Champ ( 2007 ) , alongside Samuel L. Jackson , the graphic novel -- based vampire horror film 30 Days of Night ( 2007 ) and the neo-noir atmospheric thriller I Come with the Rain ( 2009 ) . From 2014 to 2016 , he starred as Ethan Chandler in the horror TV series Penny Dreadful , for which he was nominated for a Fangoria Chainsaw Award .


National Library of India is the library of information that only barely pertains to the conduct of government.

National Library of India The National Library on the Belvedere Estate in Alipore , Kolkata , is the largest library in India by volume and India 's library of public record . It is under the Department of Culture , Ministry of Tourism & Culture , Government of India . The library is designated to collect , disseminate and preserve printed material produced in India . The library is situated on the scenic 30 acre Belvedere Estate . It is the largest in India with a collection in excess of 2.2 million books . Before independence , it was the official residence of Lt. Governor of Bengal .   The National Library of India is the county 's largest library and the library of public record . The library `` operates under the national government 's Department of Culture and is designated to collect , disseminate , and preserve all printed material produced in India , and all foreign works published about the country -- where ` every work about India ... can be seen and read ''' ( Murray , 2009 ) . The National Library is a result of the merging of the public library with the Imperial Library -- several government libraries . The National Library ( 1953 ) , then the Imperial Library housed several foreign ( British ) and Indian titles and was open to the public . Of further note , the National Library of India collects book , periodicals , and titles in `` virtually all the Indian languages , with Hindi , Kashmiri , Punjab , Sindhi , Telugu , and Urdu '' maintaining the largest stacks ( Murray , 2009 ) . The Special Collections in the National Library of India house at least fifteen languages including `` Assamese , Bengali , Gujarati ... and Tamil with many rare works ( Murray , 2009 ) . The Hindi department has books that date back all the way to the nineteenth century and the first ever books printed in that language . The collections break down and consist of 86,000 maps and 3,200 manuscripts .


Sienna Miller Sienna Rose Diana Miller ( born 28 December 1981 ) is a British-American actress , model , and fashion designer .   In 2008 , she was nominated for the BAFTA Rising Star Award , while for her role as Tippi Hedren in the 2012 TV film The Girl , she was nominated for a BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . Her film roles include the crime thriller Layer Cake ( 2004 ) , the comedy Alfie ( 2004 ) , the biopic Factory Girl ( 2006 ) , the drama The Edge of Love ( 2008 ) and the military science fiction action film G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) . In 2014 , she starred in two biographical dramas , Foxcatcher ( 2014 ) , playing Nancy Schultz , and American Sniper ( 2014 ) , portraying Taya Renae Kyle .


Archimedes )  | death_place = Syracuse , SicilyMagna Graecia  | field =  | known_for =  -RCB- -RCB-  Archimedes of Syracuse ( -LSB- ˌɑːkɪˈmiːdiːz -RSB- Ἀρχιμήδης ) was a Greek mathematician , physicist , engineer , inventor , and astronomer . Although few details of his life are known , he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity . Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time , Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems , including the area of a circle , the surface area and volume of a sphere , and the area under a parabola .   Other mathematical achievements include deriving an accurate approximation of pi , defining and investigating the spiral bearing his name , and creating a system using exponentiation for expressing very large numbers . He was also one of the first to apply mathematics to physical phenomena , founding hydrostatics and statics , including an explanation of the principle of the lever . He is credited with designing innovative machines , such as his screw pump , compound pulleys , and defensive war machines to protect his native Syracuse from invasion .   Archimedes died during the Siege of Syracuse when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed . Cicero describes visiting the tomb of Archimedes , which was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder , which Archimedes had requested to be placed on his tomb , representing his mathematical discoveries .   Unlike his inventions , the mathematical writings of Archimedes were little known in antiquity . Mathematicians from Alexandria read and quoted him , but the first comprehensive compilation was not made until by Isidore of Miletus in Byzantine Constantinople , while commentaries on the works of Archimedes written by Eutocius in the sixth century AD opened them to wider readership for the first time . The relatively few copies of Archimedes ' written work that survived through the Middle Ages were an influential source of ideas for scientists during the Renaissance , while the discovery in 1906 of previously unknown works by Archimedes in the Archimedes Palimpsest has provided new insights into how he obtained mathematical results .


My Bloody Valentine 3D stars an American model born in 1972.

Kerr Smith Kerr Van Cleve Smith ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is an American actor best known for playing Jack McPhee on The WB drama series Dawson 's Creek , Kyle Brody in The WB supernatural drama Charmed and more recently Axel Palmer in My Bloody Valentine 3D . He is also known for portraying Carter Horton in Final Destination ( 2000 ) .


My Bloody Valentine 3D My Bloody Valentine 3D is a 2009 American slasher film . It is a reboot of the 1981 Canadian slasher film of the same name . The film was directed and edited by Patrick Lussier , and stars Jensen Ackles , Jaime King and Kerr Smith . The film had a 3D theatrical release ; it was released on January 16 , 2009 by Lionsgate to generally mixed reviews but nevertheless a box office success . It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 19 , 2009 .


Rod Laver Rodney George `` Rod '' Laver ( born 9 August 1938 ) is an Australian former tennis player widely regarded as one of the greatest in tennis history . He was the No. 1 ranked professional from 1964 to 1970 , spanning four years before and three years after the start of the Open Era . He also was the No. 1 amateur in 1961 -- 62 according to Lance Tingay .   Laver 's 200 singles titles are the most in tennis history , and he holds the all-time male singles records of 22 titles in a single season ( 1962 ) and seven consecutive years ( 1964 -- 70 ) winning at least 10 titles per season . He excelled on all of the court surfaces of his time : grass , clay , hard , carpet , and wood/parquet .   Despite being banned from playing the Grand Slam tournaments for the five years prior to the Open Era , he still won 11 singles titles . He is the only player to twice achieve the calendar-year Grand Slam , in 1962 ( pre-open era ) and 1969 ( open era ) , and remains the only man to do so during the Open Era . He also won eight Pro Slam titles , including the calendar year Pro `` Grand Slam '' in 1967 , and contributed to five Davis Cup titles for Australia during an age when Davis Cup was deemed as significant as the Grand Slams .


Timothy Olyphant made his acting debut in Off-Broadway theater in 1995.

Timothy Olyphant Timothy David Olyphant ( -LSB- ˈɔːlʌfɪnt -RSB- ; born May 20 , 1968 ) is an American actor and producer . He made his acting debut in Off-Broadway theater in 1995 in The Monogamist , winning the Theatre World Award for his performance , and then originated David Sedaris ' The Santaland Diaries in 1996 . Following this he branched out to film ; in the early years of his career , he was often cast in supporting villainous roles , most notably in Scream 2 ( 1997 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , A Man Apart ( 2003 ) and The Girl Next Door ( 2004 ) . He came to the attention of a wider audience with his portrayal of Sheriff Seth Bullock in HBO 's western Deadwood ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . He then had starring roles in the romantic comedy Catch and Release ( 2006 ) , the action film Hitman ( 2007 ) , the thriller A Perfect Getaway ( 2009 ) and the horror film The Crazies ( 2010 ) . He was a villain in Live Free or Die Hard ( 2007 ) and was a recurring guest star in season two of the FX legal thriller Damages ( 2009 ) .   The best-known performance of Olyphant 's career to date has been as Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens in FX 's modern-day Kentucky western Justified ( 2010 -- 2015 ) . He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 . He later had guest appearances in numerous television sitcoms including The Office ( 2010 ) , The Mindy Project ( 2013 ) and The Grinder ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , for which he won a Critics Choice Award . Olyphant currently stars with Drew Barrymore in the Netflix comedy Santa Clarita Diet ( 2017 ) , and is also an executive producer on the show .


Spotlight was barred from ever being released.

Spotlight (film) Spotlight is a 2015 American biographical crime drama film directed by Tom McCarthy and written by McCarthy and Josh Singer . The film follows The Boston Globe `` Spotlight '' team , the oldest continuously operating newspaper investigative journalist unit in the United States , and its investigation into cases of widespread and systemic child sex abuse in the Boston area by numerous Roman Catholic priests . It is based on a series of stories by the `` Spotlight '' team that earned The Globe the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service . The film stars Mark Ruffalo , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci , Brian d'Arcy James , Liev Schreiber , and Billy Crudup .   Spotlight was shown in the Out of Competition section of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival . It was also shown at the Telluride Film Festival and the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival . The film was released on November 6 , 2015 , by Open Road Films and grossed $ 90 million worldwide . It won numerous guilds and critics ' association awards , and was named one of the finest films of 2015 by various publications . Spotlight won the Academy Award for Best Picture along with Best Original Screenplay from six nominations in total , making Spotlight the first film from Open Road Films to win in either category . This also marks the first film to win Best Picture from a different mini-major studio than Lionsgate , Summit ( later bought by Lionsgate in 2012 ) , Miramax , or TWC .


Superunknown Superunknown is the fourth album by American rock band Soundgarden , released on March 8 , 1994 , through A&M Records . It is the band 's second album with bassist Ben Shepherd , and features new producer Michael Beinhorn . Soundgarden began work on the album after touring in support of its previous album , Badmotorfinger ( 1991 ) . Superunknown continued a departure from the band 's earlier releases while displaying a more diverse range of influences .   Superunknown was a critical and commercial success and became the band 's breakthrough album . It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , selling 310,000 copies in its opening week and reached high positions on charts worldwide . Five singles were released from the album : `` The Day I Tried to Live '' , `` My Wave '' , `` Fell on Black Days '' , `` Spoonman '' , and `` Black Hole Sun '' , the latter two of which won Grammy Awards and helped Soundgarden reach mainstream popularity . In 1995 , the album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album . The album has been certified five times platinum by the RIAA in the United States , has sold 10 million copies worldwide and remains Soundgarden 's most successful album .


The Panic in Needle Park starred Al Pacino.

The Panic in Needle Park The Panic in Needle Park is a 1971 American romantic drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Al Pacino , in his second film appearance . The screenplay was written by Joan Didion and John Gregory Dunne , adapted from the 1966 novel by James Mills .   The film portrays life among a group of heroin addicts who hang out in `` Needle Park '' ( then-nickname of Sherman Square on Manhattan 's Upper West Side near 72nd Street and Broadway ) . The film is a love story between Bobby ( Pacino ) , a young addict and small-time hustler , and Helen ( Kitty Winn ) , a restless woman whom finds Bobby charismatic . She becomes an addict , and life goes downhill for them both as their addictions worsen , eventually leading to a series of betrayals .


YouTube YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . The service was created by three former PayPal employees -- Chad Hurley , Steve Chen , and Jawed Karim -- in February 2005 . Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$ 1.65 billion ; YouTube now operates as one of Google 's subsidiaries . The site allows users to upload , view , rate , share , add to favorites , report and comment on videos , subscribe to other users , and it makes use of WebM , H. 264/MPEG -4 AVC , and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media videos . Available content includes video clips , TV show clips , music videos , short and documentary films , audio recordings , movie trailers and other content such as video blogging , short original videos , and educational videos .   Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals , but media corporations including CBS , the BBC , Vevo , and Hulu offer some of their material via YouTube as part of the YouTube partnership program . Unregistered users can only watch videos on the site , while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos and add comments to videos . Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old .   YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense , a program which targets ads according to site content and audience . The vast majority of its videos are free to view , but there are exceptions , including subscription-based premium channels , film rentals , as well as YouTube Red , a subscription service offering ad-free access to the website and access to exclusive content made in partnership with existing users . , there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute , and one billion hours of content is watched on YouTube every day . , the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet , a web traffic analysis company .


Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic ( Новак Ђоковић , Novak Đoković , -LSB- nôʋaːk d͡ʑôːkoʋit͡ɕ -RSB- ; born 22 May 1987 ) , often referred to by the hypocorism Nole , is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . He is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time . Djokovic holds the highest match winning rate ( 82.8 % ) in the Open Era , as of May 2017 .   Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles , the fourth most in history , and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks . In majors , Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles , three Wimbledon titles , two US Open titles and one French Open title . In 2016 , he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam ; by winning the 2016 French Open , Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once , the first since Rod Laver in 1969 , and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces .   Djokovic has won an all-time record of 30 Masters 1000 series titles , tied with Rafael Nadal . Djokovic 's records include breaking the single-season record with six masters titles in 2015 , winning 31 consecutive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series matches , playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments ( shared with Roger Federer and Nadal , and being the only player to win eight of the nine events ( and at least twice ) . Among other titles , he has won the ATP World Tour Finals five times and was on the Serbian team which won the 2010 Davis Cup . He also won the Bronze medal in men 's singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics .   Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No. 1 by the ATP and the first male player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title . Djokovic has won numerous awards , including the 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year , 2011 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year , five-time ITF World Champion , and four-time ATP year-end number 1 . He is a recipient of the Order of St. Sava , the Order of Karađorđe 's Star and the Order of the Republika Srpska .


Butterfly (Mariah Carey album) Butterfly is the sixth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey , released on September 16 , 1997 , by Columbia Records . The album contained both hip hop and urban adult contemporary sounds , as well as some softer and more contemporary melodies . Throughout the project , Carey worked with Walter Afanasieff , with whom she had written and produced most of the material from her previous albums . She also worked with many famed hip hop producers and rappers , such as Sean `` Puffy '' Combs , Q-Tip , Missy Elliott and the Trackmasters . With the latter acts producing most of the album , Butterfly deviated from the contemporary sound of Carey 's older work , and was hailed as a defining album of the 1990s and of pop and R&B music .   With Butterfly , Carey continued the transition that began with previous album , Daydream ( 1995 ) , which pushed her further into the R&B and hip hop market and away from the R&B and pop background of her previous work . During her marriage to Tommy Mottola , Carey had little control over the creative and artistic steps she took on her albums ; however , after their divorce midway through the album 's conception , she was able to reflect her creative maturity and evolution in the album 's writing and recording . Carey wrote in the booklet of her twelfth studio album , Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel ( 2009 ) , that she considers Butterfly her magnum opus and a turning point in both her life and career .   Upon release , Butterfly garnered critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , many of whom embraced Carey 's musical transition . Reviewers complimented the album for its mature sound and production and commended Carey 's musical direction , calling the work a `` transitional album , one that makes her a rarity of the 90s . '' Though released during Carey 's heavily publicized conflict with Sony Music , the album became a commercial success , topping the albums chart in many countries , including Australia , Canada , Japan and the Netherlands . On the Billboard 200 , it debuted at number one , spending one week atop the chart . It was certified five-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and received the Million Award in Japan .   Five singles were released from the album ; two worldwide commercial releases , and three limited promotional singles . `` Honey '' , the record 's lead single , topped the charts in the US and Canada and reached the top five in New Zealand , Spain and the United Kingdom . The album 's fifth single , `` My All '' , became a top ten hit throughout Europe and topped the charts in the US . To promote Butterfly , Carey embarked on the Butterfly World Tour , which visited Australia , Japan and Taiwan , with one show in the United States . Butterfly was nominated for three Grammy Awards at the 40th annual ceremony , though it did not win any .


Vision of Love `` Vision of Love '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It served as Carey 's debut single , the first from her eponymous debut album . Written by Carey and Ben Margulies , `` Vision of Love '' was released on May 15 , 1990 , by Columbia Records . After being featured on Carey 's demo tape for Columbia , the song was re-sung and produced by Rhett Lawrence and Narada Michael Walden . `` Vision of Love '' features a slow-dance theme tempo and backing vocals sung by Carey herself , and introduces her usage of the whistle register . Lyrically , the song describes a past and present relationship with a lover . Carey describes the `` vision of love '' she dreamed of , as well as the present love she feels for him .   The song 's music video was filmed in April 1990 . It features Carey in a large cathedral , where she meditates and sings by a large carved window . `` Vision of Love '' was performed on several television and award show ceremonies , such as The Oprah Winfrey Show , The Arsenio Hall Show and the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards . It has been performed at almost every one of Carey 's concerts and tours , and is featured on Carey 's live album MTV Unplugged ( 1992 ) and on many of her compilation albums , Number 1 's ( 1998 ) , Greatest Hits ( 2001 ) and The Ballads ( 2008 ) .   `` Vision of Love '' was lauded by contemporary music critics . While the production of the song was typical of late 1980s pop , the vocals were not , being much more showy and expressing a wider range than artists popular at the time such as Paula Abdul and Debbie Gibson . It has been credited with popularizing the use of melisma in modern popular music and for inspiring several artists to pursue a career in music . The New Yorker named `` Vision of Love '' the `` Magna Carta of melisma '' for its and Carey 's influence on pop and R&B singers and American Idol contestants . Additionally , Rolling Stone said that `` the fluttering strings of notes that decorate songs like `` Vision of Love , '' inspired the entire American Idol vocal school , for better or worse , and virtually every other female R&B singer since the nineties . '' The song topped the singles charts in Canada , New Zealand and the United States , where it spent four weeks atop the chart .


Touch My Body `` Touch My Body '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey , taken from her eleventh studio album , E = MC ² ( 2008 ) . Carey co-produced the song with Christopher `` Tricky '' Stewart , and they co-wrote it with Crystal `` Cri $ tyle '' Johnson , and Terius `` The Dream '' Nash . `` Touch My Body '' was released as the album 's lead single on February 12 , 2008 . The song 's lyrics feature a double message , with the first describing sexual fantasies with her lover , while also jokingly warning him against recording or releasing information regarding their rendezvous .   The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , with many highlighting the song 's light pop melody and hook ; however , it also garnered some backlash from certain music reviewers , who felt the song did not properly represent the singer 's acclaimed 5-octave vocal range . `` Touch My Body '' became Carey 's eighteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 , making Carey the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history , surpassing the record held by Elvis Presley . Additionally , it gave Carey her 79th week atop the chart , tying Presley for most weeks at number one . Throughout Europe , the song also achieved high charting , peaking within the top five on the charts in Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom .   Carey performed `` Touch My Body '' on several live televised events and programs , debuting it on Saturday Night Live as a two-piece performance . Similarly , Carey opened the Good Morning America `` Summer Concert Series '' on April 25 , 2008 , singing the song , as well as two other singles from E = MC ² . Similar renditions took place at the season premiere party of The Hills , as well as a mash-up of the song with `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' at the Teen Choice Awards . Aside from reprising performances of the British programs The Sunday Night Project and The Paul O'Grady Show , and German talent show Deutschland sucht den Superstar , the song was included on the set-list of Carey 's North American Angels Advocate Tour , held throughout 2009 and 2010 .   The song 's music video was directed by filmmaker Brett Ratner , who had previously worked with Carey on five other music videos . It follows around a story revolving around a computer employee 's fantasy as he visits Carey 's home . As he fixes her computer , he enters a fantasy in which the pair perform several activities together , including pillow fights , laser tag , Guitar Hero , slot cars , and frisbee throwing , all while Carey shows off her figure in several revealing outfits . The music video won in the category of `` Best Comedic Video '' at the 2008 BET Awards , and won the `` MTV Video Vanguard Award '' at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards Japan . Additionally , the video was nominated for `` Best Female Video '' at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards .


Mariah Carey Mariah Carey ( born March 27 , 1969 or 1970 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . In 1990 , she rose to fame with the release of `` Vision of Love '' from her eponymous debut album . The album produced four chart-topping singles in the US and began what would become a string of commercially successful albums which solidified the singer as Columbias highest selling act . Carey and Boyz II Men spent a record sixteen weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in 1995 -- 96 with `` One Sweet Day , '' which remains the longest-running number-one song in US chart history . Following a contentious divorce from Sony Music head Tommy Mottola , Carey adopted a new image and traversed towards hip hop with the release of Butterfly ( 1997 ) . In 1998 , she was honored as the world 's best-selling recording artist of the 1990s at the World Music Awards and subsequently named the best-selling female artist of the millennium in 2000 .   Carey parted with Columbia in 2000 , and signed a record-breaking $ 100 million recording contract with Virgin Records America . In the weeks prior to the release of her film Glitter and its accompanying soundtrack in 2001 , she suffered a physical and emotional breakdown and was hospitalized for severe exhaustion . The project was poorly received and led to a general decline in the singer 's career . Carey 's recording contract was bought out for $ 50 million by Virgin and she signed a multi-million dollar deal with Island Records the following year . After a relatively unsuccessful period , she returned to the top of music charts with The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . The album became the best-selling album in the US and the second best-seller worldwide in 2005 and produced `` We Belong Together , '' which became her most successful single of the 2000s , and was later named `` Song of the Decade '' by Billboard . Carey once again ventured into film with a well-received supporting role in Precious ( 2009 ) , and was awarded the `` Breakthrough Performance Award '' at the Palm Springs International Film Festival .   Throughout her career , Carey has sold more than 200 million records worldwide , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time . According to the RIAA , she is the third-best-selling female artist in the United States , with 63.5 million certified albums . With the release of `` Touch My Body '' ( 2008 ) , Carey gained her 18th number-one single in the United States , more than any other solo artist . In 2012 , the singer was ranked second on VH1 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Women in Music . '' Aside from her commercial accomplishments , Carey has won 5 Grammy Awards , 19 World Music Awards , 11 American Music Awards , and 14 Billboard Music Awards and has been consistently credited with inspiring a generation of singers . Referred to as the `` songbird supreme '' by the Guinness World Records , she has a five-octave vocal range , power , melismatic style and signature use of the whistle register .


The Emancipation of Mimi The Emancipation of Mimi is the tenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey , released through Island Records on April 12 , 2005 . The Emancipation of Mimi was considered Carey 's `` comeback album '' by critics and became her highest-selling release in the US in a decade . In composing the album , the singer collaborated with many songwriters and producers throughout 2004 , including Jermaine Dupri , Snoop Dogg , Twista , Nelly , Pharrell Williams , and James `` Big Jim '' Wright , many of whom appeared as featured guests on select tracks .   Carey opted to use her personal nickname ` Mimi ' in the title , revealing a more intimate side of the singer , as seen in the album 's declarative theme of emancipation from her personal and commercial setbacks . Although it has similar vocal production to her previous works and an inclination towards her signature ballads , the album encompasses dance-oriented and uptempo styles in keeping with its celebratory motif . Critics noted the theme of independence and lack of restraint , dubbing the album a `` party '' record . In contrast to the R&B and pop-rock music styles that framed her previous releases , The Emancipation of Mimi showcases a wider range of genres , exploring R&B - related styles , such as 1970s retro gospel and soul .   The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with the highest first-week sales of Carey 's career at the time . It entered in the top five on the albums charts in Canada , Denmark , France and Japan . The Emancipation of Mimi was the best-selling album of 2005 in the US , and the second-best seller worldwide .   `` It 's Like That '' became one of her highest-charting songs in years , reaching the top twenty in several countries . `` We Belong Together '' accumulated 14 weeks at number one in the US , and was later hailed `` song of the decade '' by Billboard . It reached number one in Australia , number two in New Zealand , and achieved top-five positions in several European countries . To promote the album , Carey performed at the 48th Grammy Awards , the MTV Movie Awards 2005 , the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards and the American Music Awards of 2005 . In 2006 , she embarked on her sixth concert tour , The Adventures of Mimi .


William Shakespeare did not collaborate with other playwrights.

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( -LSB- ˈʃeɪkspɪə -RSB- 26 April 1564 ( baptised ) -- 23 April 1616 ) was an English : poet , : playwright , and actor , widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world 's pre-eminent dramatist . He is often called England 's national poet , and the `` Bard of Avon '' . His extant works , including collaborations , consist of approximately 38 plays , 154 sonnets , two long narrative poems , and a few other verses , some of uncertain authorship . His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright .   Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire . At the age of 18 , he married Anne Hathaway , with whom he had three children : Susanna , and twins Hamnet and Judith . Sometime between 1585 and 1592 , he began a successful career in London as an actor , writer , and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , later known as the King 's Men . He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 , at age 49 , where he died three years later . Few records of Shakespeare 's private life survive , which has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance , sexuality , and religious beliefs and whether the works attributed to him were written by others .   Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613 . His early plays were primarily comedies and histories , which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres . He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608 , including Hamlet , Othello , King Lear , and Macbeth , considered some of the finest works in the English language . In his last phase , he wrote tragicomedies , also known as romances , and collaborated with other playwrights .   Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime . In 1623 , however , John Heminges and Henry Condell , two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare , published a more definitive text known as the First Folio , a posthumous collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare 's . It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson , in which Shakespeare is hailed , presciently , as `` not of an age , but for all time '' .   In the 20th and 21st centuries , his works have been repeatedly adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance . His plays remain highly popular and are constantly studied , performed , and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world .


Home Alone was not written and produced by John Hughes.

Home Alone Home Alone is a 1990 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus . The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister , a boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation . Kevin initially relishes being home alone , but soon has to contend with two would-be burglars played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern . The film also features Catherine O'Hara and John Heard as Kevin 's parents .   Culkin was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy . After its release , Home Alone became the highest-grossing live action comedy film of all time in the United States , and also held the record worldwide until it was overtaken by The Hangover Part II in 2011 . It is the highest grossing Christmas movie of all time at the North American box office ( when adjusted for inflation ) . Home Alone has spawned a successful film franchise with four sequels , including the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , the only Home Alone sequel to have the original cast reprising their roles .


The second season of Stranger Things is set a year after season one.

Stranger Things Stranger Things is an American science fiction-horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by the Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive-produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono , and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . The second season will see Schnapp and Keery promoted to series regulars , along with the addition of Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery .   Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy by his friends , older brother and traumatized mother and the local police chief , amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a psychokinetic girl who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences from that season .   The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage #Noun to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others .   The series was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which is set to be released on October 31 , 2017 .


The Martian stars Matt Damon as an astronaut.

The Martian (film) The Martian is a 2015 American science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott , based on Andy Weir 's 2011 novel The Martian . Matt Damon stars as an astronaut who is mistakenly presumed dead and left behind on Mars . The film depicts his struggle to survive and others ' efforts to rescue him . The film 's ensemble cast also features Jessica Chastain , Kristen Wiig , Jeff Daniels , Michael Peña , Kate Mara , Sean Bean , Sebastian Stan , Donald Glover , Aksel Hennie and Chiwetel Ejiofor .   Producer Simon Kinberg began developing the film after 20th Century Fox optioned the novel in March 2013 , which Drew Goddard adapted into a screenplay and was initially attached to direct , but the film did not move forward . Scott replaced Goddard , and with Damon in place as the main character , production was approved . Filming began in November 2014 and lasted approximately seventy days . Twenty sets were built on a sound stage in Budapest , Hungary , one of the largest in the world . Wadi Rum in Jordan was also used as a backdrop for filming .   The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2015 , followed by the United States ' theatrical release on October 2 , 2015 , by 20th Century Fox . The film was released in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D and 4DX . It received critical acclaim and has grossed over $ 630 million worldwide , becoming Scott 's highest-grossing film to date , as well as the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2015 . It received several accolades , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , seven Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay for Goddard , and the 2016 long form Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Damon won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy and was nominated for several awards including the Academy Award for Best Actor , the BAFTA for Best Actor , and the Critic 's Choice Award for Best Actor .


Dopamine Dopamine ( DA , contracted from 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine ) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body . It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA , which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys . Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals .   In the brain , dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter -- a chemical released by neurons ( nerve cells ) to send signals to other nerve cells . The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways , one of which plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior . Most types of rewards increase the level of dopamine in the brain , and many addictive drugs increase dopamine neuronal activity . Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones . These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory .   Outside the central nervous system , dopamine functions primarily as a local chemical messenger . In blood vessels , it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator ( at normal concentrations ) ; in the kidneys , it increases sodium excretion and urine output ; in the pancreas , it reduces insulin production ; in the digestive system , it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa ; and in the immune system , it reduces the activity of lymphocytes . With the exception of the blood vessels , dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it .   Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system , and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine . Parkinson 's disease , a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment , is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra . Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured , and in its pure form marketed as Levodopa is the most widely used treatment for the condition . There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity , and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity . Similar dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea agents . Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) are associated with decreased dopamine activity . Dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses , but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD . Dopamine itself is available as a manufactured medication for intravenous injection : although it can not reach the brain from the bloodstream , its peripheral effects make it useful in the treatment of heart failure or shock , especially in newborn babies .


James Mangold wrote Walk the Line in collaboration with at least one other person.

James Mangold James Mangold ( born December 16 , 1963 ) is an American film and television director , screenwriter and producer . Films he has directed include Walk the Line , which he also co-wrote ; The Wolverine ; Logan ; Cop Land ; Girl , Interrupted ; Knight and Day ; and the 2007 remake 3:10 to Yuma . He also produced and directed pilots for the television series Men in Trees ( which ran from 2006 to 2008 ) NYC 22 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) and Vegas ( 2012 -- 2013 ) .


John Stewart is a fictional person with super powers.

Superhero A superhero ( sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero ) is a type of heroic stock character who possesses supernatural or superhuman powers and who is dedicated to fighting crime , protecting the public , and usually battling supervillains . A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine ( also rendered super-heroine or super heroine ) , although the word superhero is commonly used for females also . Superhero fiction is the genre of fiction that is centered on such characters , especially in American comic books since the 1930s .   By most definitions , characters do not require actual supernatural or superhuman powers or phenomena to be deemed superheroes . While the Dictionary.com definition of `` superhero '' is `` a figure , especially in a comic strip or cartoon , endowed with superhuman powers and usually portrayed as fighting evil or crime '' , the longstanding Merriam-Webster dictionary gives the definition as `` a fictional hero having extraordinary or superhuman powers ; also : an exceptionally skillful or successful person '' . Terms such as masked crime fighters , costumed adventurers or masked vigilantes are sometimes used to refer to characters such as the Spirit , who may not be explicitly referred to as superheroes but nevertheless share similar traits .   Some superheroes use their powers to counter daily crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains , who are their criminal counterparts . Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superhero 's archenemy . Some long-running superheroes such as Batman , Spider-Man , Superman , Captain America , Wonder Woman , Iron Man , the Flash , Wolverine , Green Lantern , and Hulk have a rogues gallery of many villains .


John Stewart (comics) John Stewart , known as Green Lantern , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics and was the first African-American superhero to appear in DC Comics . The character was created by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams , and first appeared in Green Lantern # 87 ( December 1971 ) .


Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United States in 2014.

Guardians of the Galaxy (film) Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact .   Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star-Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 .   The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest-grossing film in North America of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 3 , planned .


The action comedy film Baby Driver was directed by Edgar Wright.

Baby Driver Baby Driver is a 2017 British -- American action comedy film written and directed by Edgar Wright , and starring Ansel Elgort , Kevin Spacey , Lily James , Jon Bernthal , Eiza González , Jon Hamm and Jamie Foxx . The film follows a young getaway driver ( played by Elgort ) who is reluctantly coerced to work for a veteran kingpin ( played by Spacey ) at `` one last job '' in exchange to start a better life .   The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 11 , 2017 and is scheduled to be released theatrically on June 28 , 2017 , by TriStar Pictures .


Demi Lovato is a singer songwriter of pop rock music.

Demi Lovato Demetria Devonne Lovato ( -LSB- ˈdɛmi_loʊ-ˈvɑːtoʊ -RSB- or ; born August 20 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . After making her debut as a child actress in Barney & Friends , Lovato rose to prominence in 2008 when she starred in the Disney Channel television film Camp Rock and released her debut single `` This Is Me '' which peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 . The success of the film and its soundtrack resulted in a recording contract with Hollywood Records . Her debut album , Do n't Forget ( 2008 ) , debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 . The following year , Lovato was cast as the titular character of the television series Sonny with a Chance and she released her sophomore album , Here We Go Again , which became her first one to top the Billboard 200 chart .   After the release of additional television films and their soundtracks in 2010 , including Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam , Lovato 's personal issues put her career on a hiatus and led to the discontinuation of Sonny with a Chance after a second season . She entered a treatment center in November 2010 to seek help for addictions , an eating disorder , and self-harm . While there , she was diagnosed with bipolar disorder . Work on her third studio album , Unbroken ( 2011 ) , began after she successfully completed treatment . The album addresses several of her difficulties . Its lead single , `` Skyscraper '' , became Lovato 's second top 10 entry in the US , while its second single , `` Give Your Heart a Break '' , was certified triple platinum in the country . Lovato was a judge and mentor on the American version of The X Factor in 2012 and 2013 . Her third album , Demi ( 2013 ) , opened with first-week sales of 110,000 copies . The lead single from her eponymous album , `` Heart Attack '' , became her third top 10 in the US and the album spawned three more singles . While promoting the project , Lovato released a book titled Staying Strong : 365 Days a Year ( 2013 ) . She also returned to acting as a recurring character in Glee , and released a memoir in 2014 . Lovato 's fifth album , Confident ( 2015 ) , reached number two on the Billboard 200 . Its lead single `` Cool for the Summer '' was eventually certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . All five of Lovato 's albums have received a gold certification in the US .   Musically , Lovato is considered a pop , pop rock , and R&B artist . Lovato has received a considerable number of accolades , including an MTV Video Music Award , 13 Teen Choice Awards , five People 's Choice Awards , an ALMA Award , a Latin American Music Award and a Grammy Award nomination . In 2013 , Maxim ranked her 26th on its Hot 100 list and Billboard ranked her second on its Social 50 Artists of the Year list . Outside the entertainment industry , Lovato has been involved with several social and environmental causes since the launch of her career . In May 2013 , she was cited for her dedication as a mentor to teens and young adults with mental health challenges at a National Children 's Mental Health Awareness Day hosted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in Washington , D.C. . She has also become an advocate for the LGBT community , and women 's rights . In 2014 , she was announced as the Grand Marshal for LA Pride week , and that same year she became the face for Human Rights Campaign 's Americans for Marriage Equality Campaign . In April 2016 , Lovato was honored with the GLAAD Vanguard Award for making a significant difference in promoting equal rights for LGBT people .


Usain Bolt Usain St Leo Bolt , OJ , CD ( -LSB- ˈjuːseɪn -RSB- born 21 August 1986 ) is a Jamaican sprinter . He is the first person to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time became mandatory . He also holds the world record as a part of the 4 × 100 metres relay . He is the reigning world and Olympic champion in these three events . Due to his unprecedented dominance and achievements in sprint competition , he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time .   An eight-time Olympic gold medalist , Bolt won the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at three consecutive Olympic Games , although he subsequently lost one of the gold medals ( as well as the world record set therein ) nine years after the fact due to teammate Nesta Carter 's disqualification for doping offences . He gained worldwide popularity for his double sprint victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in world record times . Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive olympics ( 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) , a feat referred to as the `` triple double . ''   An eleven-time World Champion , he won consecutive World Championship 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015 , with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011 . He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships and was the first athlete to win three titles in both the 100 m and 200 m at the competition .   Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 -- the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing . He has twice broken the 200 metres world record , setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 . He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records , with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012 . Bolt 's most successful event is the 200 m , with three Olympic and four World titles . The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m ; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals ( including 2007 World Championship silver ) and holds the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event .   His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname `` Lightning Bolt '' , and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year , Track & Field Athlete of the Year , and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year ( four times ) . Bolt has stated that he intends to retire from athletics after the 2017 World Championships .


G-Dragon Kwon Ji-yong ( ; born August 18 , 1988 ) , better known by his stage name G-Dragon , is a South Korean rapper , singer-songwriter , record producer , and fashion icon . After six years as a trainee under the record label YG Entertainment , G-Dragon rose to fame in the mid-2000s as one of two rappers in the South Korean hip hop boy band Big Bang . Despite initial lukewarm receptions , the group became one of the best-selling digital group of all-time in Asia and one of the best-selling boy bands in the world .   G-Dragon debuted as a solo artist with the release of Heartbreaker in 2009 . The album was a commercial success and earned the Mnet Asian Music Awards for Album of the Year , while the single of the same name became a number-one hit . G-Dragon later formed a duo with fellow Big Bang member T.O.P to record and release the album GD & TOP ( 2010 ) , which contained the top-five hits `` High High '' , `` Oh Yeah '' , and `` Knock Out '' on the Gaon Digital Chart , while the album peaked at number-one . His first EP One of a Kind ( 2012 ) was critically acclaimed and yielded `` One of a Kind '' , `` Crayon '' , and the number-one `` That XX '' , earning Record of the Year at the 22nd Seoul Music Awards . The EP became the highest-selling album by a Korean soloist since his own Heartbreaker . In 2013 , he embarked on his first worldwide tour as a solo artist , which included a four-dome tour in Japan , making him the first Korean soloist to do a dome tour . G-Dragon was awarded Artist of the Year at the 15th Mnet Asian Music Awards following the success of his second studio album Coup d'Etat ( 2013 ) , in addition to the awards of World 's Best Entertainer and World 's Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards .   Recognized as one of the most influential leaders in music and fashion in his country and labelled as an `` K-pop icon '' , G-Dragon was named by Forbes the most influential person under 30 in Asia 's entertainment and sports . Producing not only for his band but also for his and his bandmates ' solo releases , G-Dragon has written 22 number one songs .


Gianluigi Buffon was a professional soccer player.

2006 FIFA World Cup The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football world championship tournament . It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany , which won the right to host the event in July 2000 . Teams representing 198 national football associations from all six populated continents participated in the qualification process which began in September 2003 . Thirty-one teams qualified from this process , along with the host nation , Germany , for the finals tournament . It was the second time that Germany staged the competition ( the first was in 1974 as West Germany and also a re-FIFA World Cup ) , and the tenth time that it was held in Europe .   Italy won the tournament , claiming their fourth World Cup title . They defeated France 5 -- 3 in a penalty shootout in the final , after extra time had finished in a 1 -- 1 draw . Germany defeated Portugal 3 -- 1 to finish in third place . Angola , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Serbia and Montenegro , Trinidad and Tobago , and Togo made their first appearances in the finals .   The 2006 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history , garnering an estimated 26.29 billion non-unique viewers , compiled over the course of the tournament . The final attracted an estimated audience of 715.1 million people . The 2006 World Cup ranks fourth in non-unique viewers , behind the World Cup in 1994 , 2002 , and 1990 . As the winner , Italy represented the World in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup .


Ballon d'Or 2006 The 2006 Ballon d'Or , given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries , was awarded to the Italy Defender Fabio Cannavaro on 27 November 2006 . On 16 October 2006 , was announced the shortlist of 50 male players compiled by a group of experts from France Football . There were 52 voters , from Albania , Andorra , Armenia , Austria , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Belgium , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , England , Estonia , Faroe Islands , Finland , France , Georgia , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Israel , Italy , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Macedonia , Malta , Moldova , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Poland , Portugal , Republic of Ireland , Romania , Russia , San Marino , Scotland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Turkey , Ukraine and Wales . Each picked a first ( 5pts ) , second ( 4pts ) , third ( 3pts ) , fourth ( 2pts ) and fifth choice ( 1pt ) .   Cannavaro was the fifth Italian player to win the award after Omar Sívori ( 1961 ) , Gianni Rivera ( 1969 ) , Paolo Rossi ( 1982 ) and Roberto Baggio ( 1993 ) . Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy ) was the top ranked goalkeeper in the list , at second place . Ronaldinho ( Brazil ) was the top ranked midfielder , at fourth place , while Thierry Henry ( France ) was the top-ranked forward , at third place .


Gianluigi Buffon Gianluigi `` Gigi '' Buffon ( -LSB- ˈdʒiːdʒi bufˈfɔn -RSB- , Ufficiale OMRI ; born 28 January 1978 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper . He captains both Serie A club Juventus and the Italy national team . He is widely regarded by players , pundits and managers to be one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time , and , by some , to be the greatest ever . Buffon is one of only eighteen players to have made at least 1,000 professional career appearances ; with 168 international caps , Buffon is also the most capped player in the history of the Italian national team , the joint fifth-most capped male international footballer of all time , alongside Iván Hurtado , and the most capped European international player ever . Buffon is known for his `` outstanding shot-stopping '' and for being `` a vocal organizer of the defence and a key dressing room personality '' . He is currently the most expensive goalkeeper in history , following his $ 53 million transfer from Parma to Juventus in 2001 . Buffon holds the record for the most clean sheets in Serie A , and with the Italy national team ; he also holds the record for the longest streak without conceding a goal in Serie A history : over 12 league matches , he went unbeaten for 974 consecutive minutes during the 2015 -- 16 season , as well as having achieved the most consecutive clean sheets ( 10 ) in Serie A in that same season .   At club level , Buffon 's professional career began with Parma in 1995 , where he made his Serie A debut , and was soon promoted to the role of starting goalkeeper , earning a reputation as one of the most promising young goalkeepers in Italy ; during his time with the club , he won the Coppa Italia , the UEFA Cup and the Supercoppa Italiana , all in 1999 . After joining Juventus in 2001 , Buffon immediately won Serie A titles in both of his first two seasons at the club , and established himself as one of the best players in the world in his position . After winning two more consecutive league titles in 2005 and 2006 , the club were later stripped of these titles and relegated due to their involvement in the 2006 Italian football scandal . Despite rumours of his departure , Buffon remained with Juventus , contributing to the club 's Serie B title and promotion back to Serie A in 2007 . Following several trophyless seasons , Buffon later played a key role in Juventus ' resurgence , which saw the club win an Italian record of six consecutive league titles between 2011 and 2017 ; he also inherited the captain 's armband following the departure of Alessandro Del Piero in 2012 . In total , he has won eight Serie A titles , three Coppa Italia titles , and five Supercoppa Italiana titles with Juventus .   With the Italy national team , Buffon has been called up for an international record of five FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) since making his debut in 1997 , featuring in four of them as Italy 's starting goalkeeper ( he was an unused substitute in 1998 ) . He was the starting goalkeeper of the Italian team that won the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which saw him keep a record five clean sheets , and concede only two goals , neither of which were in open play . He has also represented Italy at four European Championships , at the 1996 Olympics , and at two FIFA Confederations Cups , winning a bronze medal in the 2013 edition of the tournament .   Buffon has also won numerous , prestigious individual and team awards . He was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players in 2004 . He has been named the Serie A Goalkeeper of the Year a record eleven times . Buffon was the winner of the 2006 Yashin Award following Italy 's World Cup victory , in which he was also elected to be part of the Team of the Tournament ; an honour which he also received after reaching the quarter-finals of the 2008 European Championships , and the final of the 2012 European Championships . Buffon is the only goalkeeper to have won the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year Award , which he won in 2003 after reaching the Champions League final ; he also won the award for best Goalkeeper that year , and was voted into the UEFA Team of the Year in 2003 , 2004 , 2006 and 2016 . In 2006 , Buffon was runner-up for the Ballon d'Or and was elected to be part of the FIFPro World XI , an honour which he also achieved in 2007 . After reaching the 2015 Champions League final , he was named to the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season , and placed fourth in the 2015 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award . He has been named the IFFHS World 's Best Goalkeeper four times ( second only to Iker Casillas , with five awards ) and was also named the best goalkeeper of the 21st century , of the past 25 years , and of the decade , by the same organisation . In 2016 , he became the first goalkeeper ever to win the Golden Foot Award , which pertains to both personality and playing ability .


Serie B Serie B ( -LSB- ˈsɛːrje ˈbi -RSB- ) , currently named Serie B ConTe.it due to sponsorship reasons , is the second-highest division in the Italian football league system after the Serie A . It is contested by 22 teams and organized by the Lega Serie B since July 2010 , after the split of Lega Calcio that previously took care of both the Serie A and Serie B. Common nicknames for the league are campionato cadetto and cadetteria , as cadetto is the Italian for junior or cadet .   Serie B was composed of 20 teams until the 2002 -- 03 season . It was enlarged to 24 teams for the 2003 -- 04 season due to legal problems relating to Calcio Catania relegation . The league reverted to 22 teams for the 2004 -- 05 season , while Serie A expanded from 18 to 20 teams .   During the regular season , each team plays 42 games -- two games against every opponent . In Italian football , a true round-robin format is used . In the first half of the season , called andata , each team plays once against all its opponents , a total of 21 games . In the second half of the season , called ritorno , each team will play the same teams in exactly the same order , the only difference being that a home game played in the first half will be an away game with that same team in the second half , and vice versa .   Since the 2006 -- 07 season , the Serie B champion is awarded the cup Ali della Vittoria ( Wings of Victory ) . The trophy is 63 cm high and weighs 5 kg . Its structure represents the wings of the goddess Nike , the goddess of victory , holding a cup similar to an olympic flame .   Serie B matches are usually played on Saturday . After one year where all games were played on Saturday , the league is again scheduling one game that is played on Friday called anticipo ( the advanced game ) and one game that is played on Monday called posticipo ( the post-dated game ) . The league also plays on several Tuesdays to fit in all 42 games . The league also plays on Sunday if Serie A is off .


UEFA Club Footballer of the Year The UEFA Club Footballer of the Year was a football award presented by UEFA to the most outstanding performers of the European club football season . The award , along with `` Best Goalkeeper , '' `` Best Defender , '' `` Best Midfielder , '' and `` Best Forward , '' was given at the end of each season at a special gala in Monaco prior to the UEFA Super Cup . The honour had been bestowed upon first-class European football stars since the 1997 -- 98 season , when it was awarded to Ronaldo , then of Internazionale . For the 2010 -- 11 season , it was replaced by the newly formed UEFA Best Player in Europe award .


Juventus F.C. Juventus Football Club S.p.A. ( from Latin iuventūs , `` youth '' ; -LSB- juˈvɛntus -RSB- ) , colloquially known as Juve ( -LSB- ˈjuːve -RSB- ) , is a professional Italian association football club based in Turin , Piedmont , founded in 1897 by a group of young Torinese students , among them was their first president Eugenio Canfari and his brother Enrico , author of the company 's historical memory . The club is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) , has traditionally worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played its home matches in several grounds , being the latest the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Juventus is also the most successful club in Italian football , the one that has the most sporting tradition in the country and one of the most awarded globally having won overall sixty-three official titles on the national and international stage , more than any other club in Italy : a record thirty-three official league titles , a record twelve Coppa Italia titles , a record seven Supercoppa Italiana titles and , with eleven titles in confederation and inter-confederation competitions ( two Intercontinental Cups , two European Champion Clubs ' Cup/UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and one UEFA Intertoto Cup ) it ranks fourth in Europe and eighth in the world with the most trophies won .   Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus initially as a athletics club , it has spent uninterruptedly in the top flight league system ( reformulated as Serie A since 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 with the exception of the 2006 -- 07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family since 1923 to 1943 and since 1947 until the date . The uninterrupted relationship between the club and the Torinese industrial dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club in the country . Juventus established itself as a major force at national level since the 1930s and at confederation level since mid-1970s . Since then , under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , who led the Torinese team to thirteen official trophies in ten years until 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles ; Juventus became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the European Champions ' Cup , the ( now-defunct ) Cup Winners ' Cup and the UEFA Cup ( the first Italian and Southern European side to win the tournament ) . With its successive triumphs in the Super Cup in 1984 and in the Intercontinental Cup in 1985 , the club become also the first in the world -- and remains the only one at present -- to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies , an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1999 . In 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's century ranking of the best clubs in the world -- the highest for an Italian club -- , while nine years later , according to the all-time ranking published by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics , an organisation recognised by FIFA , based on clubs ' performance in international competitions , Juventus were Italy 's best club and second in Europe of the 20th century .   The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and is one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters groups -- often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin -- , it is widespread throughout the Apennine Peninsula and abroad , mainly in countries with a significant presence of Italian immigrants , making Juventus a symbol of campanilismo ( `` Anti-parochialism '' ) and italianità ( `` Italianness '' ) along with the club 's tradition of success , some of which have had a significant impact in Italian society , especially in the 1930s and the first post-war decade , as well as the ideological politics and socio-economic origin of the club 's sympathisers and the club 's contribution to the national team -- the most for an Italian club -- , uninterrupted since the second half of the 1920s and recognised as one of the most influential in international football , having performed a decisive role in the Azzurri 's World Cup triumphs of 1934 , 1982 and 2006 .


Goalkeeper (association football) Goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from successfully moving the ball over the defended goal-line ( between the posts and under the crossbar ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside of throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . If an attacker on the opposing team obstructs the keeper from catching or saving the ball , for example , in a corner , it will normally be a free kick .   If a goalkeeper is injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) . They then play the remainder of the match with nine outfield players . If a team does not have a substitute goalkeeper , or they have already used all of their permitted substitutions for the match , an outfield player has to take the dismissed goalkeeper 's place and wear the goalkeeper shirt .   Goalkeepers often have longer playing careers than outfield players , many not retiring until their late thirties or early forties . This can be explained by noting that goalkeepers play a less physically demanding position that requires significantly less running . For example , Peter Shilton played for 31 years between 1966 and 1997 before retiring at the age of 47 .   The squad number for a first choice goalkeeper is generally number 1 . Although this is common , some goalkeepers now wear other numbers when in goal .


2015 UEFA Champions League Final The 2015 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League , the 60th season of Europe 's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA , and the 23rd season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs ' Cup to the UEFA Champions League . It was played at the Olympiastadion in Berlin , Germany , on 6 June 2015 , between Italian side Juventus and Spanish side Barcelona .   For the second time -- after 2010 -- both teams came into the final with the possibility of winning a treble , having each won their national league and cup for the season . Barcelona scored the only goal of the first half after four minutes , through Ivan Rakitić . Ten minutes after the interval , Juventus equalised with a goal by Álvaro Morata . In the 68th minute , Luis Suárez put Barcelona back in the lead , and the final score of 3 -- 1 was confirmed when Neymar scored with the last kick of the game . It was Barcelona 's fifth trophy in the competition , and sealed their second treble , the other coming in 2009 .   As winners , Barcelona earned the right to play against the winners of the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Europa League , Sevilla , in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup , and won that match 5 -- 4 . They also qualified to enter the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan as the UEFA representative , going on to beat Argentina 's River Plate in the final .


Captain (association football) The team captain of an association football team , sometimes known as the skipper , is a team member chosen to be the on-pitch leader of the team : it is often one of the older or more experienced members of the squad , or a player that can heavily influence a game . The team captain is usually identified by the wearing of an armband .


Coppa Italia The Coppa Italia ( Italian for Italy Cup ; officially known as TIM Cup because of its sponsorship ) is an Italian football annual cup competition . Its first edition was held in 1922 , but the second champions were not crowned until 1936 . Juventus is the competition 's most successful club with 12 wins , followed by Roma with 9 . Roma and Juventus have contested the most finals with 17 each . The holder can wear a `` tricolore '' cockade ( Italian : coccarda ) , like the roundels that appear on military aircraft , and qualifies for a UEFA Europa League spot for the next season .


Italy national football team The Italian national football team ( Nazionale di calcio italiana ) represents Italy in association football and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) , the governing body for football in Italy .   Italy are one of the most successful national teams in the history of the World Cup , having won four titles ( 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) and appearing in two finals ( 1970 , 1994 ) , reaching a third place ( 1990 ) and a fourth place ( 1978 ) . In 1938 , they became the first team to defend their previous World Cup tournament victory and due to the outbreak of World War II retained the title for a record 16 years . They have also won a European Championship ( 1968 ) , as well as appearing in two other finals ( 2000 , 2012 ) , one Olympic football tournament ( 1936 ) and two Central European International Cups . Italy 's highest finish at the FIFA Confederations Cup was in 2013 , when the squad achieved a third-place finish .   The national football team is known as Gli Azzurri from the traditional colour of Italian national teams and athletes representing Italy . In its first two matches , the Italian national team wore white shirts with shorts from the club of each player ; the azure shirts were introduced in the third match ; ( azzurro , in Italian ) comes from the `` Azzurro Savoia '' ( Savoy Blue ) , the colour traditionally linked to the royal dynasty which unified Italy in 1861 , and maintained in the official standard of the Italian President .   The primary training ground is at the FIGC headquarters in Coverciano , Florence , and the team plays their home matches at various stadiums throughout Italy .


Serie A Goalkeeper of the Year The Serie A Goalkeeper of the Year ( Migliore portiere ) was a yearly award organized by the Italian Footballers ' Association ( AIC ) since 1997 to 2010 as part of the Oscar del Calcio awards , given to the goalkeeper who has been considered to have performed the best over the previous Serie A season .   Since 2011 , a goalkeeper is chosen as part of the Serie A Team of the Year award within the Gran Galà del Calcio awards event .


UEFA European Championship The UEFA European Championship ( known informally as the Euros ) is the primary association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) , determining the continental champion of Europe . Held every four years since 1960 , in the even-numbered year between World Cup tournaments , it was originally called the UEFA European Nations ' Cup , changing to the current name in 1968 . Starting with the 1996 tournament , specific championships are often referred to in the form `` UEFA Euro -LSB- year -RSB- '' ; this format has since been retroactively applied to earlier tournaments .   Prior to entering the tournament all teams other than the host nations ( which qualify automatically ) compete in a qualifying process . The championship winners earn the opportunity to compete in the following FIFA Confederations Cup , but are not obliged to do so .   The 15 European Championship tournaments have been won by ten different national teams : Germany and Spain each have won three titles , France has two titles , and Soviet Union , Italy , Czechoslovakia , Netherlands , Denmark , Greece and Portugal have won one title each . To date , Spain is the only team in history to have won consecutive titles , doing so in 2008 and 2012 . It is the second most watched football tournament in the world after the FIFA World Cup . The Euro 2012 final was watched by a global audience of around 300 million .   The most recent championship , hosted by France in 2016 , was won by Portugal , who beat France 1 -- 0 at the final in Saint-Denis after extra time .


Serie A Serie A ( -LSB- ˈsɛːrje ˈa -RSB- ) , also called Serie A TIM due to sponsorship by TIM , is a professional league competition for football clubs located at the top of the Italian football league system and the winner is awarded the Coppa Campioni d'Italia . It has been operating for over eighty years since the 1929 -- 30 season . It had been organized by Lega Calcio until 2010 , when the Lega Serie A was created for the 2010 -- 11 season . Serie A is regarded as one of the best football leagues in the world and it is often depicted as the most tactical national league . Serie A is the world 's second-strongest national league according to IFFHS and has produced the highest number of European Cup finalists : Italian clubs have reached the final of the competition on a record 27 different occasions , winning the title 12 times . Serie A is ranked fourth among European leagues according to UEFA 's league coefficient , behind La Liga , the Bundesliga , the Premier League and ahead of Ligue 1 , which is based on the performance of Italian clubs in the Champions League and the Europa League during the last five years . Serie A led the UEFA ranking from 1986 to 1988 and from 1990 to 1999 .   In its current format , the Italian Football Championship was revised from having regional and interregional rounds , to a single-tier league from the 1929 -- 30 season onwards . The championship titles won prior to 1929 are officially recognised by FIGC with the same weighting as titles that were subsequently awarded . However , the 1945 -- 46 season , when the league was played over two geographical groups due to the ravages of WWII , is not statistically considered , even if its title is fully official . All the winning teams are recognised with the title of Campione d'Italia ( `` Champion of Italy '' ) , which is ratified by the Lega Serie A before the start of the next edition of the championship .   The league hosts three of the world 's most famous clubs as Juventus , Milan and Internazionale , all founding members of the G-14 , a group which represented the largest and most prestigious European football clubs since 2000 to 2008 , being the first two cited also founding members of its successive organisation , European Club Association ( ECA ) . More players have won the coveted Ballon d'Or award while playing at a Serie A club than any other league in the world -- although Spain 's La Liga has the highest total number of Ballon d'Or winners including the FIFA Ballon d'Or . Juventus , Italy 's most successful club of the 20th century and the most successful Italian team , is tied for fourth in Europe and eighth in the world with the most official international titles . The club is also the only one in the world to have won all possible official continental competitions and the world title . Milan is joint third club for official international titles won in the world , with 18 . Internazionale , following their achievements in the 2009 -- 10 season , became the first Italian team to have achieved a treble . Juventus , Milan and Inter , along with Roma , Fiorentina , Lazio and Napoli , are known as the Seven Sisters of Italian football.In the 1990s , when the term originated , Parma was seen as one the Seven Sisters and Napoli was not included