Muhammad was born in the Arabian city of Mecca in 570CE.

Muhammad Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd AllāhFull name : Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim ( ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم , lit : Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim ) ( محمد -LSB- muħammad -RSB- ; Classical Arabic pronunciation c. 570 CE -- 8 June 632 CE ) is the prophet of Islam and widely identified as its founder by non-Muslims . According to Islamic doctrine , he was God 's Messenger ( rasūl Allāh ) sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is viewed as the final prophet of God in primary branches of Islam , though some modern denominations diverge from this belief.The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community considers Muhammad to be the `` Seal of the Prophets '' ( Khātam an-Nabiyyīn ) and the last law-bearing Prophet but not the last Prophet . See :   There are also smaller sects which believe Muhammad to be not the last Prophet :  The Nation of Islam considers Elijah Muhammad to be a prophet ( source : African American Religious Leaders -- p. 76 , Jim Haskins , Kathleen Benson -- 2008 ) .  United Submitters International consider Rashad Khalifa to be a prophet . ( Source : Daniel Pipes , Miniatures : Views of Islamic and Middle Eastern Politics , p. 98 ( 2004 ) ) Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings , practices , and the Quran , formed the basis of Islamic religious belief .   Born approximately 570CE ( Year of the Elephant ) in the Arabian city of Mecca , Muhammad was orphaned at an early age ; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib . Periodically , he would seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer ; later , at age 40 , he reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave , where he stated he received his first revelation from God . Three years later , in 610 , Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly , proclaiming that `` God is One '' , that complete `` surrender '' ( lit . islām ) to him is the right course of action ( dīn ) , and that he was a prophet and messenger of God , similar to the other prophets in Islam .   Muhammad gained few early followers , and met hostility from some Meccan tribes . To escape persecution , Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina ( then known as Yathrib ) in the year 622 . This event , the Hijra , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri Calendar . In Medina , Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . In December 629 , after eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes , Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed . In 632 , a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage , he fell ill and died . Before his death , most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam .   The revelations ( each known as Ayah , lit . `` Sign -LSB- of God -RSB- '' ) , which Muhammad reported receiving until his death , form the verses of the Quran , regarded by Muslims as the `` Word of God '' and around which the religion is based . Besides the Quran , Muhammad 's teachings and practices ( sunnah ) , found in the Hadith and sira literature , are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law ( see Sharia ) .


Hannah Simone Hannah Simone ( born August 3 , 1980 ) is a British-Canadian television host , actress , and former fashion model . From May 2006 to November 2008 , she worked as a VJ for MuchMusic in Canada , and is best known for portraying Cece Parekh on the Fox sitcom New Girl .


Katie Stevens Katherine Mari `` Katie '' Stevens ( born December 8 , 1992 ) is an American actress and singer best known for finishing in eighth place on the ninth season of American Idol and starring as Karma Ashcroft in the MTV series Faking It .


Billy Wilder Samuel `` Billy '' Wilder -LSB- ˈwaɪldər -RSB- -LSB- ˈvɪldɐ -RSB- ( June 22 , 1906March 27 , 2002 ) was an Austrian-born Jewish-American filmmaker , screenwriter , producer , artist , and journalist whose career spanned more than five decades . He is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of Hollywood 's golden age . With The Apartment , Wilder became the first person to win Academy Awards as producer , director , and screenwriter for the same film .   Wilder became a screenwriter in the late 1920s while living in Berlin . After the rise of the Nazi Party , he left for Paris , where he made his directorial debut . He moved to Hollywood in 1933 , and in 1939 he had a hit when he co-wrote the screenplay for the romantic comedy Ninotchka , starring Greta Garbo . Wilder established his directorial reputation with an adaption of James M. Cain 's Double Indemnity ( 1944 ) , a film noir . Wilder co-wrote the screenplay with crime novelist Raymond Chandler . Wilder earned the Best Director and Best Screenplay Academy Awards for the adaptation of a Charles R. Jackson story The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) , about alcoholism . In 1950 , Wilder co-wrote and directed the critically acclaimed Sunset Boulevard , as well as Stalag 17 in 1953 .   From the mid-1950s on , Wilder made mostly comedies . Among the classics Wilder created in this period are the farces The Seven Year Itch ( 1955 ) and Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) , and satires such as The Apartment ( 1960 ) . He directed fourteen different actors in Oscar-nominated performances . Wilder was recognized with the American Film Institute ( AFI ) Life Achievement Award in 1986 . In 1988 , Wilder was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award . In 1993 , he was awarded the National Medal of Arts .


The Lost Weekend (film) The Lost Weekend is a 1945 American film noir directed by Billy Wilder and starring Ray Milland and Jane Wyman . The film was based on Charles R. Jackson 's 1944 novel of the same name about an alcoholic writer . The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won four : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , and Best Writing ( Adapted Screenplay ) . It also shared the Grand Prix at the first Cannes Film Festival , making it one of only two films to win both the Academy Award for Best Picture and the highest award at Cannes .   In 2011 , The Lost Weekend was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . ''


Some Like It Hot Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American romantic comedy film set in 1929 , directed and produced by Billy Wilder , starring Marilyn Monroe , Tony Curtis , and Jack Lemmon . The supporting cast includes George Raft , Pat O'Brien , Joe E. Brown , Joan Shawlee , and Nehemiah Persoff . The plot is based on a screenplay by Billy Wilder and Michael Logan from the French film Fanfare of Love . The film is about two musicians who dress in drag in order to escape from mafia gangsters whom they witnessed commit a crime inspired by the Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre . The film was produced in black and white , even though color films were increasing in popularity .   Some Like It Hot opened to largely positive reviews and is today considered to be one of the greatest film comedies of all time . It was voted as the top comedy film by the American Film Institute on their list on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs poll in 2000 . The film is also notable for featuring cross dressing , and for playing with the idea of homosexuality , which led to it being produced without approval from the Motion Picture Production Code . The code had been gradually weakening in its scope during the early 1950s , due to increasing social tolerance for previously taboo topics in film , but it was still officially enforced . The overwhelming success of Some Like It Hot was a final nail in the coffin for the Hays Code .


Paris Hilton's debut single was a number 15 hit in Scotland.

Paris Hilton Paris Whitney Hilton ( born February 17 , 1981 ) is an American businesswoman , socialite , television and media personality , model , actress , singer , and DJ . She is the great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton , the founder of Hilton Hotels . Born in New York City and raised there and in Beverly Hills , California , Hilton began her modeling career as a teenager when she signed with New York based modelling development agency , Trump Model Management . Her lifestyle and rumored short-lived relationships made her a feature of entertainment news and tabloid magazines , and Hilton was proclaimed `` New York 's leading It girl '' in 2001 . In 2003 , a sex tape with Hilton and her then-boyfriend Rick Salomon , later released as 1 Night in Paris , was leaked to the public . Released only three weeks before the premiere of the reality television series The Simple Life , in which she starred alongside her long-time friend Nicole Richie , the sex tape became a media sensation .   In 2004 , Hilton released her book Confessions of an Heiress , which became a New York Times Best Seller . She later played a supporting role in the horror film House of Wax ( 2005 ) , in 2005 Hilton later signed to Warner Brothers records as a singer and began working with producers such as Scott Storch , Tom Whalley , J.R. Rotem , Dr. Luke , Fernando Garibay and Kara DioGuardi on a pop album .   Hilton 's debut single `` Stars Are Blind '' was released worldwide in June 2006 and quickly became an instant hit around the world including number one in Scotland . In the United States , `` Stars Are Blind '' was amongst the highest debuting singles in the U.S. in 2006 , entering the Billboard Hot 100 at number 18 due to strong digital sales and was played on more than 125 pop stations in the U.S. alone in 2006-2007 . The self-titled album , Paris , was released worldwide on August 22 , 2006 . The album reached number six on the Billboard 200 , and has since sold over 600,000 copies worldwide .   Hilton returned to reality television in 2008 with Paris Hilton 's My New BFF ( 2008 ) and its two spin-offs : Paris Hilton 's British Best Friend ( 2009 ) and Paris Hilton 's Dubai BFF ( 2009 ) , and again in 2011 with Oxygen series The World According to Paris . Her other acting credits include Bottoms Up , National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! ( 2006 ) , The Hottie and the Nottie ( 2008 ) , Repo ! The Genetic Opera ( 2008 ) and Sofia Coppola 's film The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) . In 2012 , Hilton announced her DJ career and made her debut at the São Paulo Pop Music Festival . Although her performance was criticized , she became one of the highest-paid celebrity DJs , holding club residencies all over the world . That same year , she also returned to music , signing a record deal with Lil Wayne 's and Birdman 's label Cash Money Records .   Critics and admirers have said that Hilton is famous for being famous , exemplifying the celebutante : a celebrity not through talent or work , but through inherited wealth and lifestyle .   She has parlayed her media fame into perfumes and a fashion line with her endorsement ; her fragrances have earned $ 1.5 billion . There are currently three Paris Hilton apartment complexes and 44 Paris Hilton stores worldwide , with products including perfumes , handbags , watches and footwear . Hilton earns over $ 10 million a year from product sales . Hilton 's perfume products alone have brought in over $ 2.5 billion in revenue , the second largest celebrity fragrance of all time behind Hollywood actress Liz Taylor . and , as of 2005 , was paid about $ 300,000 for appearances in clubs and events .


Arnold Schwarzenegger has zero involvement with film.

Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( -LSB- ˈʃwɔːrtsənˌɛɡər -RSB- -LSB- ˈaɐ̯nɔlt ˈalɔʏs ˈʃvaɐ̯tsn̩ˌɛɡɐ -RSB- ; born July 30 , 1947 ) is an Austrian-American actor , producer , businessman , investor , author , philanthropist , activist , politician and former professional bodybuilder . He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011 .   Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15 . He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times . Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport . He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all time as well as bodybuilding 's biggest icon . Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon . His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982 , a box office hit that resulted in a sequel .   In 1984 , Schwarzenegger appeared in James Cameron 's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator , a critical and commercial success . Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise 's later installments : Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines ( 2003 ) , and Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) . He has appeared in a number of successful films , such as Commando ( 1985 ) , The Running Man ( 1987 ) , Predator ( 1987 ) , Twins ( 1988 ) , Total Recall ( 1990 ) , Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) , and True Lies ( 1994 ) . In 2015 , it was announced that Schwarzenegger would replace Donald Trump as the host of The Celebrity Apprentice , though he left after one season due to conflicts caused by Trump 's remarks . Schwarzenegger was nicknamed `` the Austrian Oak '' in his bodybuilding days , `` Arnie '' during his acting career , and `` The Governator '' ( a portmanteau of `` Governor '' and `` The Terminator '' ) during his political career .   As a Republican , Schwarzenegger was first elected on October 7 , 2003 , in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis . He was sworn in on November 17 , to serve the remainder of Davis ' term . He was then re-elected on November 7 , 2006 , in the 2006 California gubernatorial election , to serve a full term as governor , defeating Democrat Phil Angelides , who was California State Treasurer at the time . Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5 , 2007 . In 2011 , he completed his second term as governor and returned to acting .


Lisa Kudrow Lisa Valerie Kudrow ( -LSB- ` kuːdroʊ -RSB- born July 30 , 1963 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer and producer . She gained worldwide recognition for her ten-season run as Phoebe Buffay and Ursula Buffay on the television sitcom Friends , for which she received many accolades , including six Emmy Award nominations , winning once in 1998 , and twelve Screen Actors Guild Award nominations , winning twice in 1996 and 2000 .   She went on to produce , write and star in the 2005 HBO series The Comeback , which was revived nine years later and began airing its second season in November 2014 . She received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for both seasons , in 2006 and 2015 respectively . She also starred in Web Therapy , which aired for four seasons on Showtime . As a producer of the series , she was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class -- Short-Format Live-Action Entertainment Program for the show in 2012 . She is also one of the executive producers of the TLC reality program Who Do You Think You Are and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Program for the series in 2012 and 2014 .   Away from television , Kudrow has also appeared in many films , including Romy and Michele 's High School Reunion ( 1997 ) , The Opposite of Sex ( 1998 ) , Analyze This ( 1999 ) and its sequel Analyze That ( 2002 ) , Dr. Dolittle 2 ( 2001 ) , Wonderland ( 2003 ) , Happy Endings ( 2005 ) , P.S. I Love You ( 2007 ) , Bandslam ( 2008 ) , Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) , Easy A ( 2010 ) , Neighbors ( 2014 ) , its sequel Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising ( 2016 ) and The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) .


Stephon Marbury Stephon Xavier Marbury ( born February 20 , 1977 ) is an American professional basketball player who most recently played for the Beijing Ducks of the Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA ) . He has won three CBA championships with Beijing in 2012 , 2014 and 2015 , and is widely considered as the greatest foreign player to ever play in the Chinese Basketball Association .   The , 205 lb point guard was selected out of the Georgia Institute of Technology by the Milwaukee Bucks with the 4th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft , but was traded shortly thereafter to the Minnesota Timberwolves .   He was an NBA All-Star in 2001 and 2003 and was voted into the All-NBA Third Team in 2000 and 2003 .


All-NBA Team The All-NBA Team is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) honor bestowed on the best players in the league following every NBA season . The voting is conducted by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada . The team has been selected in every season of the league 's existence , dating back to its inaugural season in 1946 . The All-NBA Team originally had two teams , but since 1988 it is composed of three five-man lineups -- a first , second , and third team , typically comprising a total of 15 roster spots .   Players receive five points for a first team vote , three points for a second team vote , and one point for a third team vote . The five players with the highest point totals make the first team , with the next five making the second team and so forth . In the case of a tie at the fifth position of any team , the roster is expanded . If the first team consists of six players due to a tie , the second team will still consist of five players with the potential for more expansion in the event of additional ties . A tie has occurred only once , in 1952 , when Bob Davies and Dolph Schayes tied in votes received . From 1946 to 1955 , players were selected without regard to position ; however , since 1956 , each team has consisted of two guards , two forwards , and one center .   Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , Kobe Bryant and Tim Duncan hold the record for the most total selections with fifteen . Karl Malone and Shaquille O'Neal follow with fourteen total honors , , LeBron James has thirteen selections , while Schayes , Bob Cousy , Jerry West , Hakeem Olajuwon , Dirk Nowitzki have twelve selections . Malone , Bryant and James are tied for the most All-NBA first team honors with eleven , while Cousy , Bob Pettit , Elgin Baylor , West , Abdul-Jabbar , Tim Duncan , and Michael Jordan are all tied for second-most with ten .


Milwaukee Bucks The Milwaukee Bucks are an American professional basketball franchise based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The Bucks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded in 1968 as an expansion team , and play at the Bradley Center . Former U.S. Senator Herb Kohl was the long-time owner of the team , with John Hammond as general manager ; as of April 16 , 2014 a group led by billionaire hedge fund managers Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry agreed to purchase a majority interest in the team from Kohl , a sale which was approved by the owners of the NBA and its Board of Governors a month later on May 16 . The team is currently valued at $ 675 million according to Forbes , ranking fourth-to-last in the league .   The Bucks have won one league title ( 1971 ) , two conference titles ( 1971 and 1974 ) , and 13 division titles ( 1971 -- 74 , 1976 , 1980 -- 86 , 2001 ) . They have featured such notable players as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , Sidney Moncrief , Oscar Robertson , Bob Dandridge , Bob Lanier , Glenn `` Big Dog '' Robinson , Ray Allen , Sam Cassell , Junior Bridgeman , Michael Redd , Terry Cummings , Vin Baker , Jon McGlocklin , Marques Johnson , and Brian Winters .


Anton Yelchin did not relocate to the United States.

Anton Yelchin Anton Viktorovich Yelchin ( Анто́н Ви́кторович Ельчи́н March 11 , 1989 -- June 19 , 2016 ) was an American actor . He played Pavel Chekov in three Star Trek films , including the 2009 reboot film of the same name , along with the sequels , Star Trek Into Darkness and the posthumously released Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) .   Born to a Russian Jewish family in Leningrad , Yelchin relocated to the United States , where he began performing in the late 1990s , appearing in several television and film roles , and received recognition in Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) . His role as Jacob Clarke in Steven Spielberg 's miniseries Taken was significant in furthering his career as a child actor . He starred on the television series , including Huff and the posthumously released Trollhunters . He also starred in other films , including Alpha Dog ( 2007 ) , Charlie Bartlett ( 2007 ) , Terminator Salvation ( 2009 ) , Fright Night ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , Only Lovers Left Alive ( 2013 ) , Green Room ( 2015 ) and Thoroughbred ( 2017 ) .   In June 2016 , Yelchin died in a car incident in Studio City , California .


Ron Perlman Ronald N. Perlman ( born April 13 , 1950 ) is an American actor and voice actor . He is best known for his roles as Clay Morrow on the television series Sons of Anarchy , Vincent on the television series Beauty and the Beast ( for which he won a Golden Globe Award ) , and as the comic book character Hellboy in both Hellboy ( 2004 ) and its sequel Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) .   Perlman is also well known as a frequent collaborator of Hellboy director Guillermo del Toro , also having roles in his films Cronos , Blade II and Pacific Rim . He is also known for his voice-over work as the narrator of the post-apocalyptic game series Fallout , Clayface on Batman : The Animated Series , Slade on the animated series Teen Titans , The Lich in Adventure Time , The Stabbington Brothers in Disney 's animated film Tangled , and as the narrator of the television series 1000 Ways to Die .


Ruth Negga Ruth Negga ( -LSB- ˈneɪgə -RSB- born 7 January 1982 ) is an Ethiopian born Irish actress , who has appeared in the films Capital Letters ( 2004 ) ( also released as Trafficked in some countries ) , Isolation ( 2005 ) , Breakfast on Pluto ( 2005 ) and Warcraft ( 2016 ) . She has also played roles in television , such as in the BBC 's mini-series Criminal Justice , RTÉ 's Love/Hate , E4 's Misfits , and ABC 's Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. . In 2016 , she began a starring role as Tulip O'Hare in AMC 's Preacher .   For her portrayal of Mildred Loving in Loving ( 2016 ) , Negga was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress , Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama , Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead and Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress , as well as the BAFTA Rising Star Award .


Loving (2016 film) Loving is a 2016 American historical drama film which tells the story of Richard and Mildred Loving , the plaintiffs in the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court decision Loving v. Virginia , which invalidated state laws prohibiting interracial marriage . The film was produced by Big Beach and Raindog Films , and distributed by Focus Features . The film takes inspiration from The Loving Story ( 2011 ) by Nancy Buirski , a documentary which follows the Lovings and their landmark case .   The film was directed by Jeff Nichols , who also wrote the screenplay . Joel Edgerton stars as Richard Loving , with Ruth Negga co-starring as Mildred Loving . Marton Csokas , Nick Kroll , and Michael Shannon are all featured in supporting roles . Principal photography began in Richmond , Virginia on September 16 , 2015 and ended on November 19 . The locations used for Loving were mainly based in Richmond , also in King and Queen County , Caroline County , Central Point , and Bowling Green .   Loving began a limited release in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , before a wide release on November 11 , 2016 . The film received positive reviews , and was named one of the best films of 2016 by several media outlets . The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival , and was nominated for numerous awards , including a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for Edgerton and Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations for Negga .


Alexander Hamilton avoided a college that is now called Columbia University.

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton ( January 11 , 1755 or 1757July 12 , 1804 ) was an American statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution , as well as the founder of the nation 's financial system , the Federalist Party , the United States Coast Guard , and The New York Post newspaper . As the first Secretary of the Treasury , Hamilton was the main author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration . He took the lead in the funding of the states ' debts by the Federal government , as well as the establishment of a national bank , a system of tariffs , and friendly trade relations with Britain . His vision included a strong central government led by a vigorous executive branch , a strong commercial economy , with a national bank and support for manufacturing , plus a strong military . This was challenged by Virginia agrarians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison who formed a rival party . They favored strong states based in rural America and protected by state militias as opposed to a strong national army and navy . They denounced Hamilton as too friendly toward Britain and toward monarchy in general , and too oriented toward cities , business and banking .   Hamilton was born out of wedlock in Charlestown , Nevis to a married mother of English and French Huguenot ancestry and a Scottish father . His father , James A. Hamilton , was the fourth son of Alexander Hamilton , the laird of Grange , Ayrshire . Orphaned as a child by his mother 's death and his father 's abandonment , Hamilton was taken in by an older cousin and later by a prosperous merchant family . He was recognized for his intelligence and talent , and sponsored by a group of wealthy local men to travel to New York City to pursue his education . Hamilton attended King 's College ( now Columbia University ) , choosing to stay in the Thirteen Colonies to seek his fortune .   Discontinuing his studies before graduating when the college closed its doors during British occupation of the city , Hamilton played a major role in the American Revolutionary War . At the start of the war in 1775 , he joined a militia company . In early 1776 , he raised a provincial artillery company , to which he was appointed captain . He soon became the senior aide to General Washington , the American forces ' commander-in-chief . Hamilton was dispatched by Washington on numerous missions to convey plans to his generals . After the war , Hamilton was elected as a representative to the Congress of the Confederation from New York . He resigned to practice law , and founded the Bank of New York .   Hamilton was among those dissatisfied with the weak national government . He led the Annapolis Convention , which successfully influenced Congress to issue a call for the Philadelphia Convention in order to create a new constitution . He was an active participant at Philadelphia , and he helped achieve ratification by writing 51 of the 85 installments of The Federalist Papers which , to this day , are the single most important reference for Constitutional interpretation .   Hamilton became the leading cabinet member in the new government under President Washington . He was a nationalist who emphasized strong central government and successfully argued that the implied powers of the Constitution provided the legal authority to fund the national debt , assume states ' debts , and create the government-backed Bank of the United States . These programs were funded primarily by a tariff on imports , and later also by a highly controversial tax on whiskey . To overcome localism , Hamilton mobilized a nationwide network of friends of the government , especially bankers and businessmen , which became the Federalist Party . A major issue in the emergence of the American two-party system was the Jay Treaty , largely designed by Hamilton in 1794 . It established friendly trade relations with Britain , to the chagrin of France and the supporters of the French Revolution . Hamilton played a central role in the Federalist party , which dominated national and state politics until it lost the election of 1800 to Jefferson 's Democratic-Republican Party .   In 1795 , he returned to the practice of law in New York . He tried to control the policies of President Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) . In 1798 -- 99 , Hamilton called for mobilization against France after the XYZ Affair and became commander of a new army , which he readied for war . However , the Quasi-War was never officially declared and did not involve army action , though it was hard-fought at sea . In the end , President Adams found a diplomatic solution that avoided a war with France . Hamilton 's opposition to Adams ' re-election helped cause his defeat in the 1800 election . Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for the presidency in the electoral college in 1801 , and Hamilton helped to defeat Burr , whom he found unprincipled , and to elect Jefferson despite philosophical differences .   Hamilton continued his legal and business activities in New York City , and was active in ending the legality of the international slave trade . Vice President Burr ran for governor of New York State in 1804 , and Hamilton crusaded against him as unworthy . Burr took offense and challenged him to a duel . Burr mortally wounded Hamilton , who died the next day .


2006 FIFA World Cup The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football world championship tournament . It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany , which won the right to host the event in July 2000 . Teams representing 198 national football associations from all six populated continents participated in the qualification process which began in September 2003 . Thirty-one teams qualified from this process , along with the host nation , Germany , for the finals tournament . It was the second time that Germany staged the competition ( the first was in 1974 as West Germany and also a re-FIFA World Cup ) , and the tenth time that it was held in Europe .   Italy won the tournament , claiming their fourth World Cup title . They defeated France 5 -- 3 in a penalty shootout in the final , after extra time had finished in a 1 -- 1 draw . Germany defeated Portugal 3 -- 1 to finish in third place . Angola , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Serbia and Montenegro , Trinidad and Tobago , and Togo made their first appearances in the finals .   The 2006 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history , garnering an estimated 26.29 billion non-unique viewers , compiled over the course of the tournament . The final attracted an estimated audience of 715.1 million people . The 2006 World Cup ranks fourth in non-unique viewers , behind the World Cup in 1994 , 2002 , and 1990 . As the winner , Italy represented the World in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup .


Ballon d'Or The Ballon d'Or ( -LSB- balɔ̃ dɔʁ -RSB- ; `` Golden Ball '' ) , is an annual association football award presented by France Football . It has been awarded since 1956 , although between 2010 and 2015 , an agreement was made with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year , and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or . Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot , the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year , based on voting by football journalists . Originally , only European players were in contention for the Ballon d'Or : in 1995 the award was expanded to include all players at European clubs and in 2007 to all players from around the world .


2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA 's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year . The awards were given out in Zürich on 13 January 2014 . The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was unexplicably extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history .   Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year . It was his second Ballon d'Or , after winning the award in 2008 , as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or . With the win , he ended Lionel Messi 's domination of the award . Nadine Angerer was announced as the Women 's World Player of the Year recipient , while Jupp Heynckes claimed the World Coach of the Year for Men 's Football , and Silvia Neid the World Coach of the Year for Women 's Football . The ninety-minute ceremony was hosted by Fernanda Lima along with Ruud Gullit .   The 2013 voting extension remains the greatest scandal in the award 's history .


List of men's association football players with 50 or more international goals As of 28 March 2017 , a total of 55 male players have each scored fifty or more goals in official international association football matches . The only male player to score more than a hundred goals is Ali Daei , who scored 109 goals for Iran .


Manchester United F.C. Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed `` the Red Devils '' , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 .   Manchester United are the most successful club in England , having won a record 20 League Titles , 12 FA Cups , 5 League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . The club has also won three UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 -- 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League . In 2016 -- 17 , they also , by winning the UEFA Europa League , became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . In winning all three top domestic trophies ( as well as both iterations of the English championship ) , all three major European trophies , both the domestic and European super cups , and both international titles ( the now-defunct Intercontinental Cup in 1999 and its successor , the FIFA World Club Cup in 2008 ) , the club has achieved a clean sweep of all top honours available to it ; the first and thus far only English club to do so .   The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . José Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 .   Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2015 -- 16 , with an annual revenue of $ 689 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2015 , valued at # 1.98 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost # 800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world , and holds several rivalries with other clubs , most notably with Liverpool , Manchester City and Leeds United , and more recently with Arsenal .


Jimmy Greaves James Peter Greaves ( born 20 February 1940 ) is a former England international footballer who played as a forward . He is England 's fourth highest international goalscorer ( 44 goals ) , Tottenham Hotspur 's highest ever goalscorer ( 266 goals ) , the highest goalscorer in the history of English top-flight football ( 357 goals ) , and has also scored more hat-tricks ( six ) for England than anyone else . He finished as the First Division 's top scorer in six seasons . He is a member of the English Football Hall of Fame .   Greaves began his professional career at Chelsea in 1957 , and played in the following year 's FA Youth Cup final . He scored 124 First Division goals in just four seasons before being sold on to Italian club A.C. Milan for # 80,000 in April 1961 . His stay in Italy was not a happy one and he returned to England with Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of # 99,999 in December 1961 . Whilst with Spurs he won the FA Cup in 1961 -- 62 and 1966 -- 67 , the Charity Shield in 1962 and 1967 , and the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1962 -- 63 ; he never won a league title but did help Spurs to a second-place finish in 1962 -- 63 . He moved to West Ham United in a player-exchange in March 1970 and retired the following year . After a four-year absence he returned to football at the non-league level , despite suffering from alcoholism . In a five-year spell he played for Brentwood , Chelmsford City , Barnet , and Woodford Town .   Greaves scored 13 goals in 12 England under-23 internationals and scored 44 goals in 57 full England internationals between 1959 and 1967 . He played in the 1962 and 1966 FIFA World Cup , but was injured in the group stage of the 1966 World Cup and lost his first team place to Geoff Hurst , who kept Greaves out of the first team in the final . England won the World Cup , but Greaves was not given his medal until a change of FIFA rules in 2009 .   After retiring as a player Greaves went on to enjoy a career in broadcasting , most notably working alongside Ian St. John on Saint and Greavsie from 1985 to 1992 . During this period , he also made regular appearances on TV-am . He worked on a number of other sport shows on ITV during this period , including Sporting Triangles .


Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro , ( -LSB- kɾiʃ ` tjɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu -RSB- , born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . He primarily plays as a forward , but has also been deployed as a winger and serves as captain for Portugal . In 2008 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . Ronaldo then won the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . In 2016 , he received his fourth Ballon d'Or , the most for a European player in the history of the award , and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player . In 2015 , Ronaldo scored his 500th senior career goal for club and country . Two years later , he surpassed Jimmy Greaves as the all-time top-scorer in the top five European leagues .   Often ranked the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation , during its 100th anniversary celebrations in 2015 . He was the first player to win four European Golden Shoe awards . One of the most marketable athletes in sport , in 2016 Forbes named Ronaldo the world 's best paid athlete . ESPN ranked him the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 and 2017 .   Ronaldo began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 23 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations . He was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth $ 94 million ( $ 132 million ) . In Spain , he has won two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , two Champions League titles , and two Club World Cups . Ronaldo holds the record for most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League season , having scored 17 goals in the 2013 -- 14 season . In 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player to score 200 goals in La Liga , which he achieved in his 178th La Liga game . He is the only player in the history of football to score more than 50 goals in a season on six consecutive occasions . In 2015 , Ronaldo became the all-time top goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League , and he also became Real Madrid 's all-time leading goalscorer . In 2017 , he became the first player to reach 100 goals in European club competitions , as well as in the UEFA Champions League . He is the second highest goalscorer in La Liga history behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival .   Ronaldo made his international debut for Portugal in August 2003 , at the age of 18 . He is Portugal 's most capped player of all time with over 130 caps , and has participated in seven major tournaments : four UEFA European Championships ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) and three FIFA World Cups ( 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) . He is the first Portuguese player to reach 50 international goals , making him Portugal 's all-time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal in Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , and he led Portugal to the semi-finals at Euro 2012 , finishing the competition as joint-top scorer . In November 2014 , Ronaldo became the all-time top scorer in the UEFA European Championship ( including qualifying ) with 23 goals . At Euro 2016 , he became the most capped player of all-time in the tournament , the first player to score at four consecutive European Championship finals , and also equalled Michel Platini 's all-time record for most goals scored in the competition . Ronaldo lifted the trophy after Portugal defeated France in the final , and he received the Silver Boot as the second-highest goalscorer of the tournament .


List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers The UEFA Champions League , known until 1992 as the European Champion Clubs ' Cup or colloquially as the European Cup , is an annual association football cup competition organised by UEFA since 1955 . Originally a straight knockout competition open only to champion clubs , the tournament was expanded during the 1990s to incorporate a round-robin group phase and more teams . The expansion resulted in more games being played , increasing players ' goalscoring chances , thus the list below is weighted in favour of modern players . On April 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo became the First player to score 100 goals in this competition .


Michel Platini Michel François Platini ( born 21 June 1955 ) is a French former football player , manager and administrator . Nicknamed Le Roi ( The King ) for his ability and leadership , he is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time . Platini won the Ballon d'Or three times , in 1983 , 1984 and 1985 , and came sixth in the FIFA Player of the Century vote . In recognition of his achievements , he was named Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1985 and became Officier in 1988 .   During his career , Platini played for the clubs Nancy , Saint-Étienne , and Juventus . Despite primarily serving as an advanced midfield playmaker , he was a prolific goalscorer ; he won the Serie A capocannoniere award three consecutive times between 1983 and 1985 , and was the top scorer of Juventus 's victorious 1984 -- 85 European Cup campaign . Platini was a key player of the French national team that won the 1984 European Championship , a tournament in which he was the top scorer and best player , and reached the semi-finals of the 1982 and 1986 World Cups . Together with the midfielders Alain Giresse , Luis Fernández and Jean Tigana , he formed the carré magique ( magic square ) of the French team in the 1980s . Platini was his country 's record goalscorer until 2007 , and holds the record for most goals ( 9 ) scored in the European Championship despite only appearing in the victorious 1984 edition .   Following his retirement as a player , Platini was the French national team coach for four years , and was the co-organizer of the 1998 World Cup in France . From 2007 , he served as the president of the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . He also held the positions of chairman of FIFA 's Technical and Development Committee and vice-president of the French Football Federation . In 2015 , however , he was banned from football administration for conflict of interest by the FIFA Ethics Committee .


Portugal national football team The Portugal national football team ( Seleção Portuguesa de Futebol , -LSB- sɨlɛˈsɐ̃w puɾtuˈgezɐ dɨ futɨˈbɔl -RSB- ) represents Portugal in international men 's association football competition since 1921 . It is controlled by the Portuguese Football Federation , the governing body for football in Portugal .   Portugal 's first participation in a major tournament finals , at the 1966 FIFA World Cup , saw a team featuring famed striker Eusébio finish in third place . The next two times Portugal qualified for the World Cup finals were in 1986 and 2002 , going out in the first round both times . Portugal also made it to the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 1984 final tournament , losing 3 -- 2 after extra time to the hosts and eventual winners France .  The team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2000 , the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2012 , as well as the final of Euro 2004 , the latter on home soil . At Euro 2016 , Portugal won its first ever major trophy , defeating hosts France 1 -- 0 after extra time , with the winning goal scored by Eder . With the win , Portugal qualified and will make its first appearance in the FIFA Confederations Cup held the following year in Russia .   The team 's home stadium is the Estádio Nacional , in Oeiras , although most of their home games are frequently played in other stadia across the country . The current head coach is Fernando Santos and the captain is Cristiano Ronaldo , who holds the team records for most caps and goals .


List of Portugal national football team captains The first Portugal captain was Cândido de Oliveira , who captained Portugal in the international match against Spain on 18 December 1921 . This was his only international appearance . Vítor Gonçalves captained Portugal in their first international on home soil , on 17 December 1922 against the same opponent . The first international captain to win a match was Jorge Vieira against Italy on 18 June 1925 .   Since then , Cristiano Ronaldo went on to set the record for most captaincies of his country , with 80 . Humberto Coelho , João Domingos Pinto , Vítor Baía , and Fernando Couto have all captained Portugal at least 40 times . This article includes matches in which the Portuguese Football Federation awarded full caps , despite FIFA not listing those matches as full internationals .


Captain (association football) The team captain of an association football team , sometimes known as the skipper , is a team member chosen to be the on-pitch leader of the team : it is often one of the older or more experienced members of the squad , or a player that can heavily influence a game . The team captain is usually identified by the wearing of an armband .


European Golden Shoe The European Golden Shoe , formerly known as the European Golden Boot , is an association football award presented each season to the leading goalscorer in league matches from the top division of every European national league . From its inception in the 1967 -- 68 season , the award , originally called Soulier d'Or , which translates from French as Golden Shoe or Boot , has been given to the top goalscorer in all European leagues that season . Originally presented by L'Équipe magazine , it has been awarded by the European Sports Media since the 1996 -- 97 season .


FA Cup The FA Cup is an annual knockout football competition in men 's domestic English football . First played during the 1871 -- 72 season , it is the oldest association football competition in the world . It is organised by and named after The Football Association ( The FA ) . For sponsorship reasons , from 2015 through to 2018 it is also known as The Emirates FA Cup . A concurrent women 's tournament is also held , the FA Women 's Cup .   The competition is open to any eligible club down to Level 10 of the English football league system -- all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League ( Level 1 ) and the English Football League ( Levels 2 to 4 ) , and several hundred `` non-league '' teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System ( Levels 5 to 10 ) . A record 763 clubs competed in 2011 -- 12 . The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final . Entrants are not seeded , although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds -- the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen .   The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition , from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper , meeting the first of the 48 professional teams from Leagues One and Two . The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs , into the draw for the Third Round Proper . In the modern era , only one non-league team has ever reached the quarter finals , and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.Since 1920 , when the Football League expanded to three divisions , no club from outside the top two divisions has reached the final . Since 1914 , when QPR reached the fourth round proper ( the last eight/quarter-final stage ) , the only non-league club to have reached that stage is Lincoln City in 2017 . As a result , as well as who wins , significant focus is given to those `` minnows '' ( smaller teams ) who progress furthest , especially if they achieve an unlikely `` giant-killing '' victory .   Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 . Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match . Arsenal are the current holders , having beaten Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the 2017 final to win the cup for the 13th time in their history and become the tournament 's most successful club . Arsenal 's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition , with seven finals won .


UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) and contested by top-division European clubs . It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football , played by the national league champion ( and , for some nations , one or more runners-up ) of each UEFA national association . The UEFA Champions League final is the most watched annual sporting event worldwide . The final of the 2012 -- 13 tournament had the highest TV ratings to date , drawing 360 million television viewers .   Introduced in 1992 , the competition replaced the European Champion Clubs ' Cup , or simply European Cup , which had run since 1955 , adding a group stage to the competition and allowing multiple entrants from certain countries . The pre-1992 competition was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champion club of each country . During the 1990s , the format was expanded , incorporating a round-robin group stage to include clubs that finished runner-up of some nations ' top-level league . While most of Europe 's national leagues can still only enter their national league champion , Europe 's strongest national leagues now provide up to four teams for the competition , and will provide up to five teams from the 2015 -- 16 season onwards . Clubs that finish next-in-line in each nation 's top level league , having not qualified for the UEFA Champions League competition , may be eligible for the next level UEFA Europa League competition .   In its present format , the UEFA Champions League begins in mid-July with three knockout qualifying rounds and a play-off round . The 10 surviving teams enter the group stage , joining 22 other teams qualified in advance . The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams and play each other in a double round-robin system . The eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in May . The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup .   Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competition 's history , having won the tournament 11 times , including its first five seasons . Spanish clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories ( 16 wins ) , followed by England and Italy ( 12 wins apiece ) . The competition has been won by 22 different clubs , 12 of which have won it more than once . Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992 , no club has managed consecutive wins ; Milan were the last holders to successfully defend their title , in the 1989 -- 90 season . The reigning champions are Real Madrid , who secured their eleventh title in the competition after defeating Atlético Madrid on penalties following a 1 -- 1 draw in the 2016 final .


La Liga The Primera División , commonly known as La Liga and as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons with Santander , is the top professional association football division of the Spanish football league system . Administrated by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) , La Liga is contested by 20 teams , with the three lowest-placed teams relegated to the Segunda División and replaced by the top two teams in that division plus the winner of a play-off .   A total of 60 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception . Nine teams have been crowned champions , with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times . Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through the 1980s . From the 1990s onwards , Barcelona ( 14 titles ) and Real Madrid ( 8 titles ) both dominated , though La Liga also saw other champions , including Atlético Madrid , Valencia , and Deportivo de La Coruña . In more recent years , Atlético Madrid has joined a coalition of now three teams dominating La Liga alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona .   According to UEFA 's league coefficient , La Liga has been the top league in Europe over the last five years , and has produced the continent 's top-rated club more times ( 18 ) than any other league , double that of second-placed Serie A. Its clubs have won the most UEFA Champions League ( 16 ) , UEFA Europa League ( 10 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 13 ) , and FIFA Club World Cup ( 5 ) titles , and its players have accumulated the highest number of ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards ( 19 ) .   La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world , with an average attendance of 26,741 for league matches in the 2014 -- 15 season . This is the sixth-highest of any domestic professional sports league in the world and the fourth-highest of any professional association football league in the world , behind the Bundesliga , the Premier League , and the Indian Super League .


Copa del Rey The Copa del Rey ( King 's Cup ) is an annual football cup competition for Spanish football teams . Its full name is Campeonato de España - Copa de Su Majestad el Rey ( Championship of Spain - His Majesty the King 's Football Cup ) , and is also known as La Copa .   The competition was founded in 1903 , thus making it the oldest Spanish football competition . Typically , the winner of Copa del Rey goes to the UEFA Europa League ; unless they qualify for the UEFA Champions League .   Barcelona are currently the cup holders , who won their 29th Copa del Rey against Deportivo Alavés at the 2017 Copa del Rey Final held at the Vicente Calderón Stadium .


2014 FIFA World Cup The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial world championship for men 's national football teams organized by FIFA . It took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July 2014 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2007 . It was the second time that Brazil staged the competition ( the first was in 1950 ) , and the fifth time that it was held in South America .   Thirty-one national teams advanced through qualification competitions to join the host nation in the final tournament . A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues located in as many host cities across Brazil . For the first time at a World Cup finals , match officials used goal-line technology , as well as vanishing foam for free kicks . FIFA Fan Fests in each host city gathered a total of 5 million people , and the country received 1 million visitors from 202 countries .   Every World Cup-winning team since the first edition in 1930 -- Argentina , Brazil , England , France , Germany , Italy , Spain and Uruguay -- qualified for this tournament . Spain , the title holders , were eliminated at the group stage , along with England and Italy . Uruguay were eliminated in the round of 16 , and France exited in the quarter-finals . Host nation Brazil , who had won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , lost to Germany 7 -- 1 in the semi-finals and eventually finished in fourth place . In the final , Germany defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 to win the tournament and secure the country 's fourth world title , the first after the German reunification in 1990 , when as West Germany they also beat Argentina in the World Cup final .  Germany became the first European team to win a World Cup staged in the Americas , and this result marked the first time that sides from the same continent had won three consecutive tournaments ( following Italy in 2006 and Spain in 2010 ) .   As the winners , Germany qualified for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia .


Bentley Bentley Motors Limited ( -LSB- ˈbɛntli -RSB- ) is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs -- and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1998 .   Headquartered in Crewe , England , the company was founded as Bentley Motors Limited by W. O. Bentley in 1919 in Cricklewood , North London -- and became widely known for winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1924 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , and 2003 .   Prominent models extend from the historic sports-racing Bentley 4 1/2 Litre and Bentley Speed Six ; the more recent Bentley R Type Continental , Bentley Turbo R , and Bentley Arnage ; to its current model line -- including the Continental Flying Spur , Continental GT , Bentley Bentayga and the Mulsanne -- which are marketed worldwide , with China its largest market as of November 2012 .   Today most Bentleys are assembled at the company 's Crewe factory , with a small number assembled at Volkswagen 's Dresden factory Germany , and with bodies for the Continental manufactured in Zwickau and the Bentayga manufactured at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant .   The joining and eventual separation of Bentley and Rolls-Royce follows a series of mergers and acquisitions , beginning with the 1931 purchase by Rolls-Royce of Bentley , then in receivership . In 1971 , Rolls-Royce itself was forced into receivership and the UK government nationalised the company -- splitting into two companies the aerospace division ( Rolls-Royce Plc ) and automotive ( Rolls-Royce Motors Limited ) divisions -- the latter retaining the Bentley subdivision . Rolls-Royce Motors was subsequently sold to engineering conglomerate , Vickers and in 1998 , Vickers sold Rolls-Royce to Volkswagen AG .   Intellectual property rights to both the name Rolls-Royce as well as the company 's logo had been retained not by Rolls-Royce Motors , but by aerospace company , Rolls-Royce Plc , which had continued to license both to the automotive division . Thus the sale of `` Rolls-Royce '' to VW included the Bentley name and logos , vehicle designs , model nameplates , production and administrative facilities , the Spirit of Ecstasy and Rolls-Royce grille shape trademarks ( subsequently sold to BMW by VW ) -- but not the rights to the Rolls-Royce name or logo . The aerospace company , Rolls-Royce Plc , ultimately sold both to BMW AG .


In 1941, the comic book character Green Arrow first appeared.

Green Arrow Green Arrow is a fictional superhero who appears in comic books published by DC Comics . Created by Mortimer Weisinger and designed by George Papp , he first appeared in More Fun Comics # 73 in November 1941 . His real name is Oliver `` Ollie '' Queen , a billionaire businessman and owner of Queen Industries , also a well-known celebrity in his locale of Star City . Sometimes shown dressed like Robin Hood , Green Arrow is an archer who uses his skills to fight crime in his home cities of Star City and Seattle , as well as alongside his fellow superheroes as a member of the Justice League . Though much less frequently used in modern stories , he also deploys a range of trick arrows with various special functions , such as glue , explosive-tipped , grappling hook , flash grenade , tear gas and even kryptonite arrows for use in a range of special situations . At the time of his debut , Green Arrow functioned in many ways as an archery-themed analogue of the very popular Batman character , but writers at DC subsequently developed him into a voice of progressivism very much distinct in character from Batman .   Green Arrow enjoyed moderate success in his early years , becoming the cover feature of More Fun , as well as having occasional appearances in other comics . Throughout his first twenty-five years , however , the character never enjoyed greater popularity . In the late 1960s , writer Denny O'Neil , inspired by the character 's dramatic visual redesign by Neal Adams , chose to have him lose his fortune , giving him the then-unique role of a streetwise crusader for the working class and the disadvantaged . In 1970 , he was paired with a more law and order-oriented hero , Green Lantern , in a ground-breaking , socially conscious comic book series . Since then , he has been popular among comic book fans and most writers have taken an urban , gritty approach to the character . The character was killed off in the 1990s and replaced by a new character , Oliver 's son Connor Hawke . Connor , however , proved a less popular character , and the original Oliver Queen character was resurrected in the 2001 `` Quiver '' storyline , by writer Kevin Smith . In the 2000s , the character has been featured in bigger storylines focusing on Green Arrow and Black Canary , such as the DC event The Green Arrow/Black Canary Wedding and the high-profile Justice League : Cry for Justice storyline , prior to the character 's relaunch alongside most of DC 's properties in 2011 .   Green Arrow was not initially a well-known character outside of comic book fandom : he had appeared in a single episode of the animated series Super Friends in 1973 . In the 2000s , the character appeared in a number of DC television properties , including the animated series Justice League Unlimited , Young Justice , The Batman and Batman : The Brave and the Bold , and several DC Universe Animated Original Movies . In live action , he appeared in the series Smallville , played by actor Justin Hartley , and became a core cast member . In 2012 , the live action series Arrow debuted on The CW , in which the title character is portrayed by Stephen Amell , earning positive reviews and launched several spin-off series , becoming the starting point for a DC Comics shared television universe .


Venice Venice ( -LSB- langˈvɛnɪs -RSB- ; Venezia -LSB- veˈnɛtsja -RSB- ; Venesia -LSB- - vecveˈnɛsja -RSB- ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region . It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by bridges . These are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon , an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers . Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings , their architecture , and artwork . The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site .   In 2014 , 264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia , of whom around 55,000 live in the historic city of Venice ( Centro storico ) . Together with Padua and Treviso , the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area ( PATREVE ) , with a total population of 2.6 million . PATREVE is a statistical metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy .   The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC . The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice . Venice has been known as the `` La Dominante , '' `` Serenissima , '' `` Queen of the Adriatic , '' `` City of Water , '' `` City of Masks , '' `` City of Bridges , '' `` The Floating City , '' and `` City of Canals . ''   The Republic of Venice was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance , and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto , as well as a very important center of commerce ( especially silk , grain , and spice ) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century . The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century . This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history .   It is also known for its several important artistic movements , especially the Renaissance period . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music , and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi . Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016 .


Bangalore Bangalore -LSB- bæŋɡəˈlɔːr -RSB- , officially known as Bengaluru ( -LSB- ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu -RSB- ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka . It has a population of about and a metropolitan population of about , making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India . It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau . Its elevation is over 3000 ft above sea level , the highest of India 's major cities .   A succession of South Indian dynasties , the Western Gangas , the Cholas and the Hoysalas , ruled the present region of Bangalore until in 1537 CE , Kempé Gowdā -- a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire -- established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore . In 1638 , the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years , after which the Mughals captured and sold the city to the Mysore Kingdom of the Wadiyar dynasty . It was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ( 1799 ) , who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore . The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made capital of the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . In 1809 , the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore , outside the old city , and a town grew up around it , which was governed as part of British India . Following India 's independence in 1947 , Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State , and remained capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 1956 . The two urban settlements of Bangalore -- city and cantonment -- which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949 . The existing Kannada name , Bengalūru , was declared the official name of the city in 2006 .   Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the `` Silicon Valley of India '' ( or `` IT capital of India '' ) because of its role as the nation 's leading information technology ( IT ) exporter . Indian technological organisations ISRO , Infosys , Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city . A demographically diverse city , Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India . It is home to many educational and research institutions in India , such as Indian Institute of Science ( IISc ) , Indian Institute of Management ( Bangalore ) ( IIMB ) , National Institute of Fashion Technology , Bangalore , National Institute of Design , Bangalore ( NID R&D Campus ) , National Law School of India University ( NLSIU ) and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences ( NIMHANS ) . Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations , such as Bharat Electronics , Hindustan Aeronautics and National Aerospace Laboratories are located in the city . The city also houses the Kannada film industry .


Johnny Mnemonic (film) Johnny Mnemonic is a 1995 Canadian-American cyberpunk action thriller film directed by Robert Longo in his directorial debut . The film stars Keanu Reeves and Dolph Lundgren . The film is based on the story of the same name by William Gibson . Keanu Reeves plays the title character , a man with a cybernetic brain implant designed to store information . The film portrays Gibson 's dystopian view of the future with the world dominated by megacorporations and with strong East Asian influences . This was Dolph Lundgren 's last theatrically released film until 2010 's The Expendables .   The film was shot on location in Canada , with Toronto and Montreal filling in for the film 's Newark and Beijing settings . A number of local sites , including Toronto 's Union Station and Montreal 's skyline and Jacques Cartier Bridge , feature prominently .   The film premiered in Japan on April 15 , 1995 , in a longer version ( 103 mins ) that is closer to the director 's cut , featuring a score by Mychael Danna and different editing . The film was released in the United States on May 26 , 1995 .


Red Hot Chili Peppers have nothing to do with Los Angeles.

Red Hot Chili Peppers Red Hot Chili Peppers , also sometimes shortened to The Chili Peppers or abbreviated as RHCP , are an American alternative rock/funk rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . The group 's musical style primarily consists of rock with an emphasis on funk , as well as elements from other genres such as punk rock and psychedelic rock . When played live , their music incorporates elements of jam band due to the improvised nature of much of their performances . Currently , the band consists of founding members vocalist Anthony Kiedis and bassist Flea , longtime drummer Chad Smith , and former touring guitarist Josh Klinghoffer . Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time with over 80 million records sold worldwide , have been nominated for sixteen Grammy Awards , of which they have won six , and are the most successful band in alternative rock radio history , currently holding the records for most number-one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top-ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . In 2012 , they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .   The band 's original line-up , originally named Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem , featured guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons , alongside Kiedis and Flea . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's self-titled debut album ( 1984 ) . Slovak performed on the second and third albums , Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , but he died from a heroin overdose in 1988 . As a result of his friend 's death , Irons chose to leave the group . After short-lived replacements at guitar and drums , John Frusciante and Chad Smith joined in 1988 . The line-up of Flea , Kiedis , Frusciante , and Smith was the longest-lasting and recorded five studio albums beginning with Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) . In 1990 , the group signed with Warner Bros. . Records and recorded the album Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) under producer Rick Rubin . This album became the band 's first commercial success , but Frusciante grew uncomfortable with it and left abruptly in 1992 in the middle of the Blood Sugar Sex Magik Tour .   After two temporary guitarists , Dave Navarro joined the group in 1993 and played on their subsequent album , One Hot Minute ( 1995 ) . Although commercially successful , the album failed to match the critical or popular acclaim of Blood Sugar Sex Magik , selling less than half as much as its predecessor . Navarro was fired from the band in 1998 . Frusciante , fresh out of drug rehabilitation , rejoined the band that same year at Flea 's request . The reunited quartet returned to the studio to record Californication ( 1999 ) , which became the band 's biggest commercial success with 16 million copies worldwide . That album was followed three years later by By the Way ( 2002 ) , and then four years later by the double album Stadium Arcadium ( 2006 ) , their first number-one album in America . After a world tour , the group went on an extended hiatus . Frusciante announced he was amicably leaving the band in 2009 to focus on his solo career . Klinghoffer , who had worked both as a sideman for the band on their Stadium Arcadium tour and on Frusciante 's solo projects , replaced him . The band 's tenth studio album , I 'm with You , was released in 2011 and topped the charts in 18 different countries . The band released their eleventh studio album , The Getaway , in 2016 . The album was produced by Danger Mouse , marking the first time since 1989 's Mother 's Milk that the Red Hot Chili Peppers had not worked with Rubin , and topped the charts in ten different countries .


Transformers coordinated releases with comic books, toys, and books.

Transformers (film) Transformers is a 2007 American science fiction action film based on the toy line of the same name created by Hasbro . The film , which combines computer animation with live-action filming , was directed by Michael Bay , with Steven Spielberg serving as executive producer . It was produced by Don Murphy and Tom DeSanto , and is the first installment in the live-action Transformers film series . The film stars Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky , a teenager who gets caught up in a war between the heroic Autobots and the villainous Decepticons , two factions of alien robots who can disguise themselves by transforming into everyday machinery , primarily vehicles . The Autobots intend to use the AllSpark , the object that created their robotic race , to rebuild their home planet Cybertron and end the war , while the Decepticons have the intention of using it to build an army by giving life to the machines of Earth . Tyrese Gibson , Josh Duhamel , Anthony Anderson , Megan Fox , Rachael Taylor , John Turturro , and Jon Voight also star , while voice actors Peter Cullen and Hugo Weaving voice Optimus Prime and Megatron respectively .   Murphy and DeSanto developed the project in 2003 , and DeSanto wrote a treatment . Steven Spielberg came on board the following year , hiring Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman to write the screenplay . The U.S. Armed Forces and General Motors ( GM ) loaned vehicles and aircraft during filming , which saved money for the production and added realism to the battle scenes . Hasbro 's promotional campaign for the film included deals with various companies ; advertising included a viral marketing campaign , coordinated releases of prequel comic books , toys , and books , as well as product placement deals with companies such as GM , Burger King , and eBay .   Transformers received mixed to positive reviews from critics and fans , and is the 87th highest-grossing film of all-time and was the fifth highest-grossing film of 2007 , grossing $ 709 million worldwide , with an estimated 46 million tickets sold in the US . The film won four awards from the Visual Effects Society and was nominated for three Academy Awards , for Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , and Best Visual Effects . LaBeouf 's performance was praised by Empire , and Cullen 's reprisal of Optimus Prime from the 1980s television series was well received by fans . It was soon followed by four sequels : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) , Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) , and Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) , the later two of which grossed $ 1 billion . A fifth installment , titled The Last Knight , is scheduled for release on June 23 , 2017 .


Tipper Gore Mary Elizabeth `` Tipper '' Gore ( née Aitcheson ; born August 19 , 1948 ) is an author , photographer , and social issues advocate who was Second Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 , and the wife of Al Gore , the 45th Vice President of the United States , from whom she is currently separated .   Gore rose to prominence for her work with the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) , voicing strong opinions and advocating censorship , for the labeling of record covers of releases featuring profane language , especially in the heavy metal , punk and hip hop genres . She has advocated for mental health , homelessness , women and children . Gore has also been an LGBT rights activist since her husband was in office , which was rare for a second lady and against her husband 's beliefs at the time .


The Academy Honorary Award is given by an organization.

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS , also known as simply the Academy ) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures . The Academy 's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors , which includes representatives from each of the craft branches .   The roster of the Academy 's approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a `` closely guarded secret '' . While the great majority of its members are based in the United States , membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world .   The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards , now officially known as The `` Oscars '' .   In addition , the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film ; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually ; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level ; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually ; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library ( at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study ) in Beverly Hills , California , and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood , Los Angeles . The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017 .


Academy Honorary Award The Academy Honorary Award -- instituted in 1948 for the 21st Academy Awards ( previously called the Special Award , which was first presented in early 1929 ) -- is given annually by the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) to celebrate motion picture achievements that are not covered by existing Academy Awards , although prior winners of competitive Academy Awards are not excluded from receiving the Honorary Award . Unless otherwise specified , Honorary Award recipients receive the same gold Oscar statuettes received by winners of the competitive Academy Awards . Unlike the Special Achievement Award instituted in 1972 ( and discontinued in 1995 ) , those on whom the Academy confers its Honorary Award do not have to meet `` the Academy 's eligibility year and deadline requirements . '' Like the Special Achievement Award , the Special Award and Honorary Award have been used to reward significant achievements of the year that did not fit in existing categories , subsequently leading the Academy to establish several new categories , and to honor exceptional career achievements , contributions to the motion picture industry , and service to the Academy . The Academy Honorary Award is often awarded in preference to those with noted achievements in motion pictures who have nevertheless never won an Academy Award . Thus , many of its recipients are Classic Hollywood stars , such as Lillian Gish , Barbara Stanwyck , Kirk Douglas , and Lauren Bacall .   Since 2009 the Honorary Award is presented at the annual Governors Awards rather than at the Academy Awards .


The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an award that Walter Matthau won.

British Academy of Film and Television Arts The British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) is an independent charity that supports , develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image -- film , television and game in the United Kingdom . In addition to its annual awards ceremonies , BAFTA has an international , year-round programme of learning events and initiatives offering access to talent through workshops , masterclasses , scholarships , lectures and mentoring schemes in the UK and the USA .


Walter Matthau Walter Matthau ( -LSB- ˈmæθaʊ -RSB- October 1 , 1920 -- July 1 , 2000 ) was an American actor and comedian , best known for his role as Oscar Madison in The Odd Couple and its sequel 30 years later , The Odd Couple II , and his frequent collaborations with Odd Couple co-star Jack Lemmon , particularly in the '90s with Grumpy Old Men and its sequel Grumpier Old Men . He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the 1966 Billy Wilder film The Fortune Cookie . Besides the Oscar , he was the winner of BAFTA , Golden Globe and Tony awards .


Philadelphia is the center of economic activity for Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia Philadelphia ( -LSB- ˌfɪləˈdɛlfi.ə -RSB- ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the United States , with an estimated population of 1,567,872 and more than 6 million in the seventh-largest metropolitan statistical area , . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valleya region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers with 7.2 million people residing in the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States .   In 1682 , William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787 . Several other key Philadelphia events during the Revolution include the First and Second Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , the Siege of Fort Mifflin , and the Philadelphia Convention . Philadelphia was one of the nation 's capitals in the Revolutionary War , and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. , was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and railroad hub that grew from an influx of European immigrants . The majority of European immigrants have come from Ireland , Italy and Germany -- the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city . The city became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration of the 20th century , as well as Puerto Ricans , surpassing two million occupants by 1950 .   The area 's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination , as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub . With a gross domestic product of $ 388 billion , Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation . Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies . The Philadelphia skyline is growing , with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several nationally prominent skyscrapers . The city is known for its arts , culture , and rich history , attracting over 41 million domestic tourists alone in 2015 . Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city . Fairmount Park , when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $ 10 billion generated by tourism . Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps , and is also the home of many U.S. firsts , including the first library ( 1731 ) , first hospital ( 1751 ) and medical school ( 1765 ) , first Capital ( 1777 ) , first stock exchange ( 1790 ) , first zoo ( 1874 ) , and first business school ( 1881 ) . Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States .


Briana Banks was born in New York on May 21, 1978.

Briana Banks Briana Banks ( born May 21 , 1978 ) is the stage name of a German American pornographic actress and model . She is the Penthouse Pet of the Month for June 2001 .


In Her Shoes (film) In Her Shoes is a 2005 American comedy-drama film based on the novel of the same name by Jennifer Weiner . It is directed by Curtis Hanson with an adapted screenplay by Susannah Grant and stars Cameron Diaz , Toni Collette , and Shirley MacLaine . The film focuses on the relationship between two sisters and their grandmother .


Star Trek had spin-off television series.

Star Trek Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series , simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC . It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise , a space exploration vessel , built by the interstellar federal republic United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century . The Star Trek canon of the franchise includes The Original Series , an animated series , four spin-off television series , its film franchise and an upcoming television series scheduled to debut in 2017 .   In creating Star Trek , Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels , the satirical book Gulliver 's Travels , and by works of western genre such as the television series Wagon Train . These adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek : The Animated Series and six feature films . Four spin-off television series were eventually produced : Star Trek : The Next Generation followed the crew of a new starship Enterprise set a century after the original series ; Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager set contemporaneously with The Next Generation ; and Star Trek : Enterprise set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel . The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four additional feature films . In 2009 , the film franchise underwent a `` reboot '' set in an alternate timeline , or `` Kelvin Timeline '' , entitled simply Star Trek . This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the original show ; their adventures were continued in the sequel film , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . The thirteenth film feature and sequel , Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , was released to coincide with the franchise 's 50th anniversary . A new Star Trek TV series , entitled Star Trek : Discovery , is set to premiere on the digital platform CBS All Access .   Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades . Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers . The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games , figurines , novels , toys , and comics . Star Trek had a themed attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998 and closed in September 2008 . At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world . The series has its own full-fledged constructed language , Klingon . Several parodies have been made of Star Trek . In addition , viewers have produced several fan productions . As of July 2016 , the franchise had generated $ 10 billion in revenue , making Star Trek one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .   Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction . The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil rights stances . The Original Series included one of television 's first multiracial casts . Star Trek references may be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park .


Islam is the second-largest religion in the world.

Islam Islam ( -LSB- ˈɪslɑːm -RSB- There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English , differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress , whether the s is -LSB- slinkz -RSB- or -LSB- slinks -RSB- , and whether the a is pronounced -LSB- slinkɑː -RSB- , -LSB- slinkæ -RSB- or ( when the stress is on the first syllable ) -LSB- slinkə -RSB- ( Merriam Webster ) . The most common are -LSB- ˈɪzləm , _ ˈɪsləm , _ ɪzˈlɑːm , _ ɪsˈlɑːm -RSB- ( Oxford English Dictionary , Random House ) and -LSB- ˈɪzlɑːm , _ ˈɪslɑːm -RSB- ( American Heritage Dictionary ) . الإسلام , -LSB- alʔisˈlaːm -RSB- ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God . It is the world 's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world , with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1 % of the global population , known as Muslims . Islam teaches that God who is merciful , all-powerful , and unique has guided mankind through prophets , revealed scriptures and natural signs . The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran , viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God , and the teachings and normative example ( called the sunnah , composed of accounts called hadith ) of Muhammad ( 570 -- 8 June 632 CE ) .   Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses , and Jesus . As for the Quran , Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous are punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam .   Islam originated in the early 7th century in Mecca , and by the 8th century the Islamic empire extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east . The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific , economic and cultural flourishing . The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires , traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities .   Most Muslims are of one of two denominations : Sunni ( 75 -- 90 % ) or Shia ( 10 -- 20 % ) . About 13 % of Muslims live in Indonesia , the largest Muslim-majority country , 31 % in South Asia , the largest population of Muslims in the world , 23 % in the Middle East-North Africa , where it is the dominant religion , and 15 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sizable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , Caucasus , China , Europe , Mainland Southeast Asia , Philippines and Russia . Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world .


Contagious disease A contagious disease is a subset category of transmissible diseases , which are transmitted to other persons , either by physical contact with the person suffering the disease , or by casual contact with their secretions or objects touched by them or airborne route among other routes .   Non-contagious infections , by contrast , usually require a special mode of transmission between persons or hosts . These include need for intermediate vector species ( mosquitoes that carry malaria ) or by non-casual transfer of bodily fluid ( such as transfusions , needle sharing or sexual contact ) .  The boundary between contagious and non-contagious infectious diseases is not perfectly drawn , as illustrated classically by tuberculosis , which is clearly transmissible from person to person , but was not classically considered a contagious disease . In the present day , most sexually transmitted diseases are considered contagious , but only some of them are subject to medical isolation .


Lyme disease Lyme disease , also known as Lyme borreliosis , is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type . The most common sign of infection is an expanding area of redness on the skin , known as erythema migrans , that begins at the site of a tick bite about a week after it has occurred . The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful . Approximately 25 -- 50 % of infected people do not develop a rash . Other early symptoms may include fever , headache and feeling tired . If untreated , symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face , joint pains , severe headaches with neck stiffness , or heart palpitations , among others . Months to years later , repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur . Occasionally , people develop shooting pains or tingling in their arms and legs . Despite appropriate treatment , about 10 to 20 % of people develop joint pains , memory problems , and feel tired for at least six months .   Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected ticks of the Ixodes genus . Usually , the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours before the bacteria can spread . In North America , Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii are the cause . In Europe and Asia , the bacteria Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii are also causes of the disease . The disease does not appear to be transmissible between people , by other animals , or through food . Diagnosis is based upon a combination of symptoms , history of tick exposure , and possibly testing for specific antibodies in the blood . Blood tests are often negative in the early stages of the disease . Testing of individual ticks is not typically useful .   Prevention includes efforts to prevent tick bites such as by wearing long pants and using DEET . Using pesticides to reduce tick numbers may also be effective . Ticks can be removed using tweezers . If the removed tick was full of blood , a single dose of doxycycline may be used to prevent development of infection , but is not generally recommended since development of infection is rare . If an infection develops , a number of antibiotics are effective , including doxycycline , amoxicillin , and cefuroxime . Treatment is usually for two or three weeks . Some people develop a fever and muscle and joint pains from treatment which may last for one or two days . In those who develop persistent symptoms , long-term antibiotic therapy has not been found to be useful .   Lyme disease is the most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere . It is estimated to affect 300,000 people a year in the United States and 65,000 people a year in Europe . Infections are most common in the spring and early summer . Lyme disease was diagnosed as a separate condition for the first time in 1975 in Old Lyme , Connecticut . It was originally mistaken for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . The bacterium involved was first described in 1981 by Willy Burgdorfer . Chronic symptoms are well described and are known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome , although it is often called chronic Lyme disease . Some healthcare providers claim that it is due to ongoing infection ; however , this is not believed to be true . A previous vaccine is no longer available . Research is ongoing to develop new vaccines .


The World Science Festival is New York headquartered.

World Science Festival The World Science Festival is an annual science festival produced by the World Science Foundation , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization headquartered in New York City .   The foundation 's mission is to cultivate a general public informed by science , inspired by its wonder , convinced of its value , and prepared to engage with its implications for the future .


Red (2010 film) Red is a 2010 American action comedy film inspired by the limited comic book series of the same name created by Warren Ellis and Cully Hamner and published by the DC Comics imprint Homage . The film stars Bruce Willis , Morgan Freeman , John Malkovich , Mary-Louise Parker , Helen Mirren and Karl Urban , with German film director Robert Schwentke directing a screenplay by Jon Hoeber and Erich Hoeber . In the film version , the title is derived from the designation of former CIA Agent Frank Moses ( Bruce Willis ) , meaning `` Retired , Extremely Dangerous '' .   The film was released on October 15 , 2010 . The film grossed $ 199 million worldwide . In 2011 , the film received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Musical or Comedy Film . A sequel , Red 2 , was released on July 19 , 2013 . Another sequel , Red 3 , is in development .