The Portuguese Empire was one of the shortest-lived empires in world history.

Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire ( Império Português ) , also known as the Portuguese Overseas ( Ultramar Português ) , was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history and the first colonial empire of the Renaissance . It existed for almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002 .   The first era of the Portuguese empire originated at the beginning of the Age of Discovery . Initiated by the Kingdom of Portugal , it would eventually expand across the globe . Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418 -- 19 , using recent developments in navigation , cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel , in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade . In 1488 , Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope , and in 1498 , Vasco da Gama reached India . In 1500 , either by an accidental landfall or by the crown 's secret design , Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast .   Over the following decades , Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia , establishing forts and factories as they went . By 1571 , a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa , the Middle East , India and South Asia . This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth ( 1500-1800 ) , when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal 's per capita income .   When Philip II of Spain , I of Portugal , inherited the Portuguese crown in 1580 , this began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal that has since been given the historiographic term of the Iberian Union . Though the realms continued to be administered separately , the Council of Portugal ruled the country and its empire from Madrid . As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal , Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain : the Dutch Republic , England , and France . With its smaller population , Portugal was unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts , and the empire began a long and gradual decline . Eventually , Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era until , as part of the wave of independence movements that swept the Americas during the early 19th century , it broke away in 1822 .   The third era represents the final stage of Portuguese colonialism after the decolonization of the Americas of the 1820s . The colonial possessions had been reduced to the African coastline ( expanded inland during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century ) , Portuguese Timor , and enclaves in India ( Goa ) and China ( Macau ) . The disastrous 1890 British Ultimatum led to the contraction of Portuguese ambitions in Africa .   Under António Salazar , the Second Portuguese Republic made some ill-fated attempts to hold on to its last remaining colonies and overseas provinces after the 1961 Indian annexation of Goa , embarking on the Portuguese Colonial War in Africa which lasted until the final overthrow of the regime in the Carnation Revolution of 1974 . Macau was returned to China in 1999 .


Ballet Shoes (novel) Ballet Shoes : a story of three children on the stage is a children 's novel by Noel Streatfeild , published by Dent in 1936 . It was her first book for children , and was illustrated by the author 's sister , Ruth Gervis .   Ballet Shoes was a commended runner up for the inaugural Carnegie Medal from the Library Association , recognising the year 's best British children 's book by a British subject . ( She won the Medal for her third novel , The Circus Is Coming , published as Circus Shoes in the USA , though the ` Shoes ' titles , used by her USA publishers , were a marketing device : the books so titled do not in fact form part of a series . )


Super Street Fighter II Turbo is made by a Japanese game company.

Capcom , or Capcom , is a Japanese video game developer and publisher . known for creating multi-million-selling franchises such as Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Ace Attorney , and Monster Hunter , as well as games based on the Disney animated properties . Originally established in 1979 , it has since become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and East Asia .


Super Street Fighter II Turbo Super Street Fighter II Turbo , released in Japan as , is a competitive fighting game released for the arcades by Capcom in . It is the fifth installment in the Street Fighter II sub-series of Street Fighter games , following Super Street Fighter II : The New Challengers . Like its predecessor , it ran on the CP System II hardware . It is commonly referred to as just Super Turbo , or ST for short .   Super Turbo introduced several new gameplay mechanics not present in previous versions of Street Fighter II , including the addition of Super Combos and air combos . It also introduced the secret character Akuma , who would go on to become a recurring character in later Street Fighter installments and other Capcom fighting games .   Super Turbo was originally ported to the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer , followed by the PlayStation and Sega Saturn ( under the title of Super Street Fighter II Turbo : The Ultimate Championship ) as part of the Street Fighter Collection , and for the Dreamcast in Japan under the title of Super Street Fighter II X for Matching Service . A remake of the game was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 titled Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix .   While not as much of a commercial success as previous iterations of the game , the game was a critical darling and has had a huge impact on the competitive fighting game `` e-sport '' circuit . Super Street Fighter II Turbo is still played competitively over 20 years after its original release , and is the oldest fighting game that still has an active competitive tournament scene throughout the world .


Into the Woods received three music nominations.

Into the Woods (film) Into the Woods is a 2014 American musical fantasy film directed by Rob Marshall , and adapted to the screen by James Lapine from his and Stephen Sondheim 's Broadway musical of the same name . A Walt Disney Pictures production , it features an ensemble cast that includes Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski , Lilla Crawford , Daniel Huttlestone , MacKenzie Mauzy , Billy Magnussen , and Johnny Depp . Inspired by the Grimm Brothers ' fairy tales of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' , `` Cinderella '' , `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' , and `` Rapunzel '' , the film is a fantasy genre centered on a childless couple , who set out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch . Ultimately , the characters are forced to rectify the consequences of their actions .   After several unsuccessful attempts by other studios and producers to adapt the musical to film , Disney announced in 2012 that it was producing an adaptation , with Marshall directing and John DeLuca serving as producer . Principal photography commenced in September 2013 , and took place entirely in the United Kingdom , including at Shepperton Studios in London .   Into the Woods held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8 , 2014 , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 25 , 2014 . The film was commercially successful and received generally positive reviews , receiving praise for its acting performances and production merits , but was criticized for its lighter tone compared to the source material and the changes made for the translation . It grossed $ 213 million worldwide . Into the Woods received three Academy Award nominations at the 87th Academy Awards , including a Best Supporting Actress nomination for Streep , as well as three Golden Globe Award nominations , including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy .


Cricket Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field , at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket ( a set of three wooden stumps ) at each end . One team bats , attempting to score as many runs as possible , whilst their opponents field . Each phase of play is called an innings . After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a fixed number of overs have been completed , the innings ends and the two teams then swap roles . The winning team is the one that scores the most runs , including any extras gained , during their innings .   At the start of each game , two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play . The play begins when a member of the fielding team , known as the bowler , delivers the ball from one end of the pitch to the other , towards the wicket at that end , in front of which stands one of the batsmen , known as the striker . The striker `` takes guard '' on a crease drawn on the pitch four feet in front of the wicket . His role is to prevent the ball from hitting the stumps by use of his bat , and simultaneously to strike it well enough to score runs . The other batsman , known as the non-striker , waits at the opposite end of the pitch near the bowler . A dismissed batsman must leave the field , and a teammate replaces him . The bowler 's objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman . An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler . The next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler .   The most common forms of dismissal are bowled , when the bowler hits the stumps directly with the ball ; leg before wicket , when the batsman prevents the ball from hitting the stumps with his body instead of his bat ; and caught , when the batsman hits the ball into the air and it is intercepted by a fielder before touching the ground . Runs are scored by two main methods : either by hitting the ball hard enough for it to cross the boundary , or by the two batsmen swapping ends by each simultaneously running the length of the pitch in opposite directions whilst the fielders are retrieving the ball . If a fielder retrieves the ball quickly enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch , that batsman is dismissed ( a run-out occurs ) . Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires .   The laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) and the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . There are various formats ranging from Twenty20 , played over a few hours with each team having a single innings of 20 overs ( i.e. 120 deliveries ) , to Test cricket , played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams playing two innings apiece . Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours . In addition to the basic kit , some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball , which is a hard , solid object made of compressed leather enclosing a cork core .   Although cricket 's origins are uncertain , it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century . It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century . ICC , the game 's governing body , has over 100 members , ten of which are full members who play Test cricket . The sport is followed primarily in Australasia , Britain , the Indian subcontinent , southern Africa and the West Indies . Women 's cricket , which is organised and played separately , has also achieved international standard .


Paul Newman was birthed on January 26, 1925.

Paul Newman Paul Leonard Newman ( January 26 , 1925 -- September 26 , 2008 ) was an American actor , IndyCar driver , entrepreneur , and philanthropist . He won and was nominated for numerous awards , winning an Academy Award for his performance in the 1986 film The Color of Money , a BAFTA Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a Cannes Film Festival Award , an Emmy Award , and many others . Newman 's other films include The Hustler ( 1961 ) , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) as Butch Cassidy , The Sting ( 1973 ) , and The Verdict ( 1982 ) . However , he is perhaps best remembered for his role as the title character in Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) .   Despite being colorblind , Newman won several national championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing , and his race teams won several championships in open wheel IndyCar racing . He was a co-founder of Newman 's Own , a food company from which he donated all post-tax profits and royalties to charity . As of January 2017 , these donations have totaled over US$ 485 million . He was also a co-founder of Safe Water Network , a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need . In 1988 , Newman founded the SeriousFun Children 's Network , a global family of summer camps and programs for children with serious illness which has served 290,076 children since its inception .


Venice Venice ( -LSB- langˈvɛnɪs -RSB- ; Venezia -LSB- veˈnɛtsja -RSB- ; Venesia -LSB- - vecveˈnɛsja -RSB- ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region . It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by bridges . These are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon , an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers . Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings , their architecture , and artwork . The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site .   In 2014 , 264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia , of whom around 55,000 live in the historic city of Venice ( Centro storico ) . Together with Padua and Treviso , the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area ( PATREVE ) , with a total population of 2.6 million . PATREVE is a statistical metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy .   The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC . The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice . Venice has been known as the `` La Dominante , '' `` Serenissima , '' `` Queen of the Adriatic , '' `` City of Water , '' `` City of Masks , '' `` City of Bridges , '' `` The Floating City , '' and `` City of Canals . ''   The Republic of Venice was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance , and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto , as well as a very important center of commerce ( especially silk , grain , and spice ) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century . The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century . This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history .   It is also known for its several important artistic movements , especially the Renaissance period . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music , and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi . Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016 .


Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice ( Repùblica Vèneta Repubblica di Venezia ) , traditionally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice ( Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta  Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia ) , was a sovereign state and maritime republic in northeastern Italy , which existed for a millennium between the 8th century and the 18th century . It was based in the lagoon communities of the historically prosperous city of Venice , and was a leading European economic and trading power during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance .   The Venetian city state was founded as a safe haven for the people escaping persecution in mainland Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire . In its early years , it prospered on the salt trade . In subsequent centuries , the city state established a thalassocracy . It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea , including commerce between Europe and North Africa , as well as Asia . The Venetian navy was used in the Crusades . Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea . The city became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class , who patronized renowned art and architecture along the city 's lagoons . Venetian merchants were influential financiers in Europe . The city was also the birthplace of great European explorers , especially Marco Polo , as well as the classical music composer Vivaldi .   The republic was ruled by the Doge , who was elected by members of the Great Council of Venice , the city-state 's parliament . The ruling class was an oligarchy of merchants and aristocrats . Venice and other Italian maritime republics played a key role in fostering capitalism . Venetian citizens generally supported the system of governance . The city-state enforced strict laws and employed ruthless tactics in its prisons .   The opening of new trade routes to the Americas and the East Indies via the Atlantic Ocean marked the beginning of Venice 's decline as a powerful maritime republic . The city state suffered defeats from the navy of the Ottoman Empire . In 1797 , the republic was plundered by retreating Austrian and then French forces , following an invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte . Venice then became a part of a unified Italy in the 19th century .


Russia contains the city Saint Petersburg and Moscow.

Russia Russia ( -LSB- ˈrʌʃə -RSB- -LSB- Россия , Rossiya , rɐˈsʲijə -RSB- ) , also officially the Russian Federation ( -LSB- Российская Федерация , r = Rossiyskaya Federatsiya , p = rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə -RSB- ) , is a country in Eurasia . At 17075200 km2 , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , and the ninth most populous , with over 144 million people at the end of March 2016 . The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern ; about 77 % of the population live in European Russia . Russia 's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world ; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan .   Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe , Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms . From northwest to southeast , Russia shares land borders with Norway , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ( both with Kaliningrad Oblast ) , Belarus , Ukraine , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , China , Mongolia , and North Korea . It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait .   The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states ; most of the Rus ' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century . The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities , achieved independence from the Golden Horde , and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus ' . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east .   Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state . The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II , and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War . The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century , including the world 's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space . By the end of 1990 , the Soviet Union had the world 's second largest economy , largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , fifteen independent republics emerged from the USSR : Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Estonia , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan ; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet Union . It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic .   The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015 . Russia 's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world , making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally . The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction . Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower . It is permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , as well as a member of the G20 , the Council of Europe , the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , the Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union ( EEU ) , along with Armenia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Kyrgyzstan .


Amaze Entertainment was a video game developer for 10 years.

Amaze Entertainment Amaze Entertainment was a video game developer from the United States that developed over 100 games in its ten-year history ( selling nearly 40 million units ) , for several video game platforms , with headquarters located in Kirkland , Washington . Amaze was founded by serial entrepreneur Dan Elenbaas and his business partners Todd Gilbertsen and David Mann . Amaze 's primary focus was licensed games based on movie franchises , comic series , and original titles for established video game franchises . Amaze grew to become one of the world 's largest independent video game developers , with nearly 300 employees in four studios . Amaze was acquired by Foundation 9 Entertainment on November 14 , 2006 .   In July 2009 , Foundation 9 abandoned the Amaze Entertainment brand and renamed the Kirkland location after the former subsidiary , Griptonite Games . On August 2 , 2011 , Glu Mobile acquired Griptonite Games . Its staff of 200 `` approximately doubles '' Glu 's internal development capacity .


The bassist for Gorillaz, Murdoc Niccals, is a made up character.

Gorillaz Gorillaz are an English virtual band created in 1998 by musician Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett . The band consists of four animated members : 2-D ( lead vocals , keyboards ) , Murdoc Niccals ( bass guitar ) , Noodle ( guitar , keyboards ) and Russel Hobbs ( drums and percussion ) . These members are fictional and are not personas of any `` real life '' musicians involved in the project . Their fictional universe is explored through the band 's website and music videos , as well as a number of other media , such as short cartoons . In reality , Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor , and the music is often a collaboration between various musicians . Writers and critics have described their music as alternative rock , Britpop , trip hop , hip hop , electronica , indie , dub , reggae and pop .   The band 's 2001 debut album Gorillaz sold over seven million copies and earned them an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band . It was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2001 , but the nomination was later withdrawn at the band 's request . Their second studio album Demon Days ( 2005 ) went five times platinum in the UK and double platinum in the US . The band has won other awards , including one Grammy Award , two MTV Video Music Awards , an NME Award , three MTV Europe Music Awards , and have been nominated for nine Brit Awards . The band 's third studio album , Plastic Beach , was released in March 2010 . Their fourth studio album called The Fall was released in December 2010 as a free download for fan club members , then in April 2011 as a physical release . After a six-year hiatus , Gorillaz announced their fifth studio album Humanz , which was released on 28 April 2017 .


Love Actually was directed by its cast, without a central director.

Love Actually Love Actually is a 2003 Christmas-themed romantic comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis . It features an ensemble cast , many of whom had worked with Curtis in previous film and television projects . The screenplay delves into different aspects of love as shown through ten separate stories involving a wide variety of individuals , many of whom are shown to be interlinked as their tales progress . Most of the film was filmed on location in London . The story begins five weeks before Christmas and is played out in a weekly countdown until the holiday , followed by an epilogue that takes place one month later .   The United States release was on 14 November 2003 and a week later in the United Kingdom , where it debuted to positive reviews , but received mixed-to-positive reviews in the US . The film was a box-office success , grossing almost $ 247 million worldwide on a budget of $ 45 million .


Hitman (2007 film) Hitman is a 2007 French-American-British action-thriller film directed by Xavier Gens and based on the video game series of the same name . The story revolves around Agent 47 , a professional hitman , who was engineered to be an assassin by the group known as `` The Organization '' . He becomes ensnared in a political conspiracy and finds himself pursued by both Interpol and Russian intelligence . The film stars Timothy Olyphant , Olga Kurylenko and Dougray Scott and was released on November 21 , 2007 in the United States , November 30 , 2007 in the United Kingdom and December 26 , 2007 in France . Though critically not well-received , it was a financial success , grossing $ 99 million against a $ 24 million budget .   A sequel was canceled during the production , but it was followed by a reboot titled Hitman : Agent 47 starring Rupert Friend as Agent 47 , released on August 21 , 2015 .


Curse, Inc. is used by the video game Skyrim.

Curse, Inc. Curse , Inc. is an online game portal and network of gaming websites founded by Hubert Thieblot in 2006 . The company is headquartered in Huntsville , Alabama , and has offices in San Francisco , New York City , Los Angeles , Brighton , UK , and Berlin , Germany . Claiming to be the `` number one resource for core online gamers , '' Quantcast estimated monthly unique traffic in 2013 in excess of 30 million visitors . Curse has several primary functions , the most notable of which include an add-on and modification service called Curse Client for such games as World of Warcraft , Rift , The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , Terraria , Kerbal Space Program , and Minecraft , a collection of over 1000 gaming wikis known as Gamepedia , and a Voice over IP ( VoIP ) service called Curse Voice .   Curse formerly sponsored a professional team , known collectively as Team Curse , that competed in League of Legends and Call of Duty '' , which in addition to various high-profile wins have garnered sponsorship from companies such as Nissan , Alienware , and Cooler Master . In January 2015 Team Curse merged with Team Liquid under the name of the latter organization .   While Curse initially offered modifications and add-ons alone through their Curse-Beta website , offerings have expanded to include Wiki services , the Curse client , CurseForge , CurseVoice , Union for Gamers , BukkitDev , and in-house content produced for YouTube .   On August 16 , 2016 , Curse announced that it had agreed to be acquired by Amazon.com Inc. via its subsidiary Twitch Interactive for an undisclosed amount .


Washington Naval Conference resulted in the end of the Five-Power Treaty.

Washington Naval Treaty The Washington Naval Treaty , also known as the Five-Power Treaty , and including the `` Four-Power Treaty '' and the `` Nine-power Treaty '' was a treaty among the major nations that had won World War I , which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction . It was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference , held in Washington , D.C. , from November 1921 to February 1922 , and it was signed by the governments of the United Kingdom , the United States , Japan , France , and Italy . It limited the construction of battleships , battlecruisers and aircraft carriers by the signatories . The numbers of other categories of warships , including cruisers , destroyers and submarines , were not limited by the treaty , but those ships were limited to 10,000 tons displacement .   The naval treaty was concluded on February 6 , 1922 . Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17 , 1923 , and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16 , 1924 .   Subsequent to the treaty , other naval arms limitation conferences sought to increase limitations of warship building . The terms of the Washington treaty were modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936 . By the mid-1930s , Japan and Italy renounced the treaties , making naval arms limitation an increasingly untenable position for the other signatories .


Washington Naval Conference The Washington Naval Conference , also called the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference , was a military conference called by U.S. President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington , D.C. , from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922 . Conducted outside the auspice of the League of Nations , it was attended by nine nations -- the United States , Japan , China , France , Britain , Italy , Belgium , Netherlands , and Portugal -- regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia . Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference . It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first arms control conference in history , and as Kaufman , 1990 shows , it is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement .   Held at Memorial Continental Hall in downtown Washington DC , it resulted in three major treaties : Four-Power Treaty , Five-Power Treaty ( more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty ) , the Nine-Power Treaty , and a number of smaller agreements . These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but were not renewed in the increasingly hostile world of the Great Depression .


Anne Hathaway had a part in Nicholas Nickleby.

Anne Hathaway Anne Jacqueline Hathaway ( born November 12 , 1982 ) is an American actress and singer . Born in Brooklyn , New York and brought up in Millburn , New Jersey , Hathaway was inspired to act by her mother and as a high school student was nominated for the Paper Mill Playhouse Rising Star Award for Best Performance by a High School Actress for her performance in Once Upon a Mattress . She made her professional screen debut in the short-lived Fox television series Get Real ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , before landing the lead role of Mia Thermopolis in the Disney comedy film The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) , for which she won the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy . Hathaway went on to become a widely praised `` role model for children '' for her roles in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) , The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) , and Hoodwinked ! ( 2005 ) .   Hathaway began to transition to more adult roles in 2005 , winning a DVD Exclusive Award for Best Actress for Havoc ( 2005 ) , receiving a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the critically acclaimed Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) , garnering further recognition for appearing alongside Meryl Streep in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , and earning a BIFA nomination for Best Performance by an Actress for her portrayal of Jane Austen in Becoming Jane ( 2007 ) . Hathaway received praise for her performance as a recovering drug addict in Rachel Getting Married ( 2008 ) , for which she won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy , Golden Globe , Screen Actors Guild , and Indie Spirit Awards for Best Actress / Female Lead . She went on to win her second Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy for starring in Bride Wars ( 2009 ) and in 2010 , appeared in the box office hits Valentine 's Day , Alice in Wonderland and Love & Other Drugs , which earned her the Satellite Award for Best Actress and a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical .   In 2011 , Hathaway voiced Jewel in the animated film Rio and hosted the 83rd Academy Awards with James Franco , which was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program . In 2012 , she portrayed Catwoman in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises , for which she won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress . The same year , she starred as Fantine in Tom Hooper 's Les Misérables , which earned her widespread acclaim and she won the Academy , Golden Globe , BAFTA , and SAG Awards for Best Supporting Actress . Hathaway has since gone on to appear in Rio 2 ( 2014 ) , Interstellar ( 2014 ) , The Intern ( 2015 ) , and reprised her role as the White Queen in Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) .   People magazine named Hathaway one of its breakthrough stars of 2001 , and she appeared on its list of the world 's 50 Most Beautiful People in 2006 . Following a four-year relationship with real estate developer Raffaello Follieri , Hathaway married Adam Shulman in 2012 , with whom she has one son , born in March 2016 .


Emma is based on a book by a neural net.

Emma (1996 TV film) Jane Austen 's Emma is an adaptation of the 1815 novel of the same name . It was adapted for the British television network ITV in 1996 , directed by Diarmuid Lawrence and dramatised by Andrew Davies , the same year as Miramax 's film adaptation of Emma starring Gwyneth Paltrow . This production of Emma stars Kate Beckinsale as the title character , and also features Samantha Morton as Harriet Smith and Mark Strong as Mr. Knightley .   Davies had recently adapted another Austen novel as the successful 1995 television serial Pride and Prejudice for BBC when he proposed to adapt the novel Emma for the network . BBC had already made such an agreement with another screenwriter however , leading Davies to approach ITV .   Emma received generally positive reviews from critics , who believed it to be superior to the 1996 Miramax film . Most focused on Beckinsale 's performance as a positive highlight . It aired on ITV on the 24 November 1996 and garnered an estimated 12 million viewers . It also was broadcast on the American channel A&E in 16 February 1997 .


Jane Austen Jane Austen ( -LSB- ˈdʒeɪn_ˈɒstɪn -RSB- 16 December 1775 -- 18 July 1817 ) was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels , which interpret , critique and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century . Austen 's plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage in the pursuit of favourable social standing and economic security . Her works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century literary realism .   With the publications of Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) , Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) , Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) and Emma ( 1815 ) , she achieved success as a published writer . She wrote two additional novels , Northanger Abbey and Persuasion , both published posthumously in 1818 , and began another , eventually titled Sanditon , but died before its completion . Her novels have rarely been out of print , although they were published anonymously and brought her little fame during her lifetime . A significant transition in her posthumous reputation occurred in 1869 , fifty-two years after her death , when her nephew 's publication of A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider audience .   Austen has inspired a large number of critical essays and literary anthologies . Her novels have inspired many films , from 1940 's Pride and Prejudice to more recent productions like Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Love & Friendship ( 2016 ) .   Jane Austen 's use of biting irony , along with her realism and social commentary have earned her great and historical importance to critics and scholars .   The Bank of England has confirmed that Austen will appear on the new polymer # 10 note , to be released in September 2017 .


Emma (novel) Emma , by Jane Austen , is a novel about youthful hubris and the perils of misconstrued romance . The novel was first published in December 1815 . As in her other novels , Austen explores the concerns and difficulties of genteel women living in Georgian -- Regency England ; she also creates a lively comedy of manners among her characters .   Before she began the novel , Austen wrote , `` I am going to take a heroine whom no one but myself will much like . '' In the first sentence , she introduces the title character as `` Emma Woodhouse , handsome , clever , and rich . '' Emma is spoiled , headstrong , and self-satisfied ; she greatly overestimates her own matchmaking abilities ; she is blind to the dangers of meddling in other people 's lives ; and her imagination and perceptions often lead her astray .   This novel has been adapted for several films , many television programs , and a long list of stage plays .


Dennis Hopper Dennis Lee Hopper ( May 17 , 1936 -- May 29 , 2010 ) was an American actor , filmmaker , photographer and artist . He attended the Actors Studio , made his first television appearance in 1954 , and soon after appeared alongside James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) and Giant ( 1956 ) . In the next ten years he made a name in television , and by the end of the 1960s had appeared in several films . Hopper also began a prolific and acclaimed photography career in the 1960s .   Hopper made his directorial film debut with Easy Rider ( 1969 ) , which he and co-star Peter Fonda wrote with Terry Southern . The film earned Hopper a Cannes Film Festival Award for `` Best First Work '' and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay ( shared with Fonda and Southern ) . Journalist Ann Hornaday wrote : `` With its portrait of counterculture heroes raising their middle fingers to the uptight middle-class hypocrisies , Easy Rider became the cinematic symbol of the 1960s , a celluloid anthem to freedom , macho bravado and anti-establishment rebellion '' . Film critic Matthew Hays notes that , `` no other persona better signifies the lost idealism of the 1960s than that of Dennis Hopper '' .   He worked on various small projects until he found new fame for his role as the American photojournalist in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . He went on to helm his third directorial work Out of the Blue ( 1980 ) , for which he was again honored at Cannes , and appeared in Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) and The Osterman Weekend ( 1983 ) . He saw a career resurgence in 1986 when he was widely acclaimed for his performances in Blue Velvet and Hoosiers , the latter of which saw him nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . His fourth directorial outing came about through Colors ( 1988 ) , followed by an Emmy-nominated lead performance in Paris Trout ( 1991 ) . Hopper found even greater fame for portraying the villains of the films Super Mario Bros. ( 1993 ) , Speed ( 1994 ) and Waterworld ( 1995 ) .   Hopper 's later work included a leading role in the short-lived television series Crash ( 2008 -- 2009 ) , inspired by the Academy Award-winning film of the same name . Production on his final film , The Last Film Festival ( 2016 ) , completed just before his death ; originally slated for 2011 distribution , the project was picked up for theatrical release in late 2016 by Monterey Home Video . Hopper has an additional posthumous credit in the completed , but unreleased Orson Welles drama The Other Side of the Wind , acquired for distribution by Netflix .


Friendship has been studied in academic disciplines like philosophy.

Friendship Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people . Friendship is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an association . Friendship has been studied in academic fields such as communication , sociology , social psychology , anthropology , and philosophy . Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed , including social exchange theory , equity theory , relational dialectics , and attachment styles . A World Happiness Database study found that people with close friendships are happier .   Although there are many forms of friendship , some of which may vary from place to place , certain characteristics are present in many types of bond . Such characteristics include affection ; sympathy ; empathy ; honesty ; altruism ; mutual understanding and compassion ; enjoyment of each other 's company ; trust ; and the ability to be oneself , express one 's feelings , and make mistakes without fear of judgment from the friend .   While there is no practical limit on what types of people can form a friendship , friends tend to share common backgrounds , occupations , or interests and have similar demographics .


Land Rover Land Rover is a car brand that specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles , owned by British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover , which has been owned by India 's Tata Motors since 2008 . The Land Rover is regarded as a British icon , and was granted a Royal Warrant by King George VI in 1951 .   The Land Rover name was originally used by the Rover Company for the Land Rover Series , launched in 1948 . It developed into a brand encompassing a range of four-wheel-drive models , including the Defender , Discovery , Freelander , Range Rover , Range Rover Sport , and Range Rover Evoque . Land Rovers are currently assembled in the company 's Halewood and Solihull plants , with research and development taking place at the Gaydon and Whitley engineering centres . Land Rover sold 194,000 vehicles worldwide in 2009 .   In September 2013 , Jaguar Land Rover announced plans to open a # 100 million ( US$ 160 million ) research and development centre in the University of Warwick , Coventry to create a next generation of vehicle technologies . The carmaker said around 1,000 academics and engineers would work there and that construction would start in 2014 .


Neil Patrick Harris played the fictional rock star Hedwig in Hedwig and the Angry Inch.

Neil Patrick Harris Neil Patrick Harris ( born June 15 , 1973 ) is an American actor , comedian , magician , singer , and composer , known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles . On television , he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother ( 2005 -- 2014 , for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards ) , and Count Olaf on A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2017 onward ) .   Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon 's musical Dr. Horrible 's Sing-Along Blog ( 2008 ) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series ( 2004 -- 2011 ) . His other films include Starship Troopers ( 1997 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) , A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , he starred in the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch on Broadway , for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical .   Harris has hosted the Tony Awards in 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , for which he won several special class Emmy Awards . He also hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2013 , and hosted the 87th Academy Awards in 2015 , thus making him the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards .   Harris was named one of Time magazine 's 100 Most Influential People in 2010 . He is married to David Burtka . In 2010 , they got twins through surrogacy .


Hedwig and the Angry Inch (musical) Hedwig and the Angry Inch is a rock musical about a fictional rock and roll band fronted by a transgender East German singer , Hedwig Robinson . The book is by John Cameron Mitchell , and the music and lyrics are by Stephen Trask . The story draws on Mitchell 's life as the son of a U.S. Army Major General who once commanded the U.S. sector of occupied West Berlin . The character of Hedwig was inspired by a German divorced U.S. Army wife who was a Mitchell family babysitter and moonlighted as a prostitute at her Junction City , Kansas , trailer park home . The music is steeped in the androgynous 1970s glam rock style of David Bowie ( who co-produced the Los Angeles production of the show ) , as well as the work of John Lennon and early punk performers Lou Reed and Iggy Pop .   The musical opened Off-Broadway in 1998 , and won the Obie Award and Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Off-Broadway Musical . The production ran for two years , and was remounted with various casts by the original creative team in other US cities . In 2000 , the musical had a London West End production , and it has been produced throughout the world in hundreds of stage productions .   In 2014 , the show saw its first Broadway incarnation , opening that April at the Belasco Theatre and winning the year 's Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical . The production closed on September 13 , 2015 . A national tour of the show began at San Francisco 's Golden Gate Theatre on October 2 , 2016 .


Kobe Bryant suffered a ripped Achilles tendon in 2013.

Kobe Bryant Kobe Bean Bryant ( born August 23 , 1978 ) is an American retired professional basketball player and businessman . He played his entire 20-year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers . Bryant is an 18-time All-Star , 15-time member of the All-NBA Team , and 12-time member of the All-Defensive team . He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons , and ranks third on the league 's all-time regular season scoring and fourth on the all-time postseason scoring list . He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career .   The son of former NBA player Joe Bryant , Kobe Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania , where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country . He declared for the NBA draft upon graduation , and was selected with the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets , who traded him to the Lakers . As a rookie , Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , and he was named an All-Star by his second season . Despite a feud between them , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002 .   In 2003 , Bryant was accused of sexual assault in Colorado , but the charges were eventually dropped , and a civil suit was settled out of court . After the Lakers lost the 2004 NBA Finals , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat . Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers , and he led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In 2006 , he scored a career-high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second most points scored in a single game in league history behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100-point game in 1962 . Bryant was awarded the regular season 's Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) in 2008 . After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals , he led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010 , earning the Finals MVP Award on both occasions . He continued to be among the top players in the league through 2013 , when the 34-year-old Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon . Although he recovered , his play was limited the following two years by season-ending injuries to his knee and shoulder , respectively . Citing his physical decline , he announced that he would be retiring after the 2015 -- 16 season .   At 34 years and 104 days of age , Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points . He became the all-time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history on February 1 , 2010 , when he surpassed Jerry West . Following his second year in the league , Bryant was chosen to start every All-Star Game until his retirement for a record 18 consecutive appearances , and his four All-Star MVP Awards are tied for the most in NBA history . At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , he won gold medals as a member of the U.S. national team . Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s .


Sanjay Gupta was one of the White House Fellows.

Sanjay Gupta Sanjay Gupta ( -LSB- ˈsɑːndʒeɪ_ˈɡuːptə -RSB- ; born October 23 , 1969 ) is an American neurosurgeon and media reporter . He serves as associate chief of the neurosurgery service at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta , Georgia , and as assistant professor of neurosurgery at the Emory University School of Medicine .   A media personality on health-related issues , he is best known as CNN 's multiple Emmy Award-winning chief medical correspondent , hosting the network 's weekend health program Sanjay Gupta , M.D. , and making frequent appearances on their American Morning , Larry King Live and Anderson Cooper 360 ° programs . His reports from Charity Hospital , New Orleans , Louisiana , in the wake of Hurricane Katrina led to him winning a 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Feature Story in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast . Additionally , Gupta publishes a column in Time magazine and is a special correspondent for CBS News . His books Chasing Life and Cheating Death were New York Times and national bestsellers . His latest book , Monday Mornings , a novel , was released in March 2012 and became an instant New York Times bestseller . It was adapted as a 2013 television series with David E. Kelley and Gupta serving as executive producers .   From 1997 to 1998 , he served as one of fifteen White House Fellows , primarily as an advisor to Hillary Clinton . In January 2009 , it was reported that Gupta was offered the position of Surgeon General of the United States in the Obama administration , but he withdrew his name from consideration . In January 2011 , he was named `` one of the 10 most influential celebrities '' by Forbes magazine .


Jazz Jennings Jazz Jennings ( born ) is an American YouTube personality , spokesmodel , television personality and LGBTQ rights activist . Jennings , a transgender teenage girl , is notable for being one of the youngest publicly documented people to be identified as transgender , and for being the youngest person to become a national transgender figure .   Jennings received national attention in 2007 when an interview with Barbara Walters aired on 20/20 , which led to other high-profile interviews and appearances . Christine Connelly , a member of the board of directors for the Boston Alliance of Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual and Transgender Youth ( BAGLY ) , stated , `` She was the first young person who picked up the national spotlight , went on TV and was able to articulate her perspective and point of view with such innocence . '' Her parents noted that Jennings was clear on being female as soon as she could speak .   Jennings is an honorary co-founder of the TransKids Purple Rainbow Foundation , which she and her parents founded in 2007 to assist transgender youth . In 2013 , she founded Purple Rainbow Tails , a company in which she fashions rubber mermaid tails to raise money for transgender children .   Jennings hosts a series of YouTube videos about her life , titled `` I Am Jazz '' , making her one of the youngest trans females in history to speak out on issues publicly . Jennings stars in the TLC reality TV series , I Am Jazz , which focuses on her life with her family as a teenager and as a transgender youth . The series premiered on July 15 , 2015 .


University of Oxford does not have a main campus.

University of Oxford The University of Oxford ( informally Oxford University or simply Oxford ) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford , England . It has no known date of foundation , but there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's second-oldest university in continuous operation . It is one of the world 's most prestigious universities . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two `` ancient universities '' are frequently jointly referred to as `` Oxbridge '' .   The university is made up of a variety of institutions , including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions . All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university , each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities . Being a city university , it does not have a main campus ; instead , its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls , supported by classes , lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments .   Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship , one of the world 's oldest and most prestigious scholarships , which has brought graduate students to study at the university for more than a century . The university operates the world 's oldest university museum , as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain . Oxford has educated many notable alumni , including 28 Nobel laureates , 27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom , and many heads of state and government around the world .


Brian Eno Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno , RDI ( -LSB- ˈiːnoʊ -RSB- born 15 May 1948 and originally christened Brian Peter George Eno ) is an English musician , composer , record producer , singer , writer , and visual artist . He is best known for his pioneering work in rock , ambient , pop , and electronic music . A self-described `` non-musician '' , Eno has helped to introduce a variety of unique conceptual approaches and recording techniques into contemporary music , advocating a methodology of `` theory over practice '' throughout his career . He has been described as one of popular music 's most influential and innovative figures .   Born in Suffolk , Eno studied painting and experimental music at art school in the late 1960s before joining glam rock group Roxy Music as synthesizer player in 1971 . After recording two albums with the band , he departed in 1973 to record a number of solo albums , contributing to and ultimately coining the concept of ambient music with works such as Another Green World ( 1975 ) , Discreet Music ( 1975 ) , and Music for Airports ( 1978 ) . He took part in frequent collaborations with artists such as Robert Fripp , Harold Budd , Cluster , David Bowie on his `` Berlin Trilogy '' , and David Byrne on 1981 's My Life in the Bush of Ghosts . During the 1970s , Eno would also begin a parallel career as a producer , which included work on albums by Talking Heads and Devo , the no wave compilation No New York ( 1978 ) , and recordings by avant-garde artists such as John Cale , Jon Hassell , Laraaji , and Harold Budd , among others .   In subsequent decades , Eno continued to record solo albums , collaborate , and produce for other artists , including U2 , Coldplay , Laurie Anderson , James , Grace Jones , and Slowdive . Dating back to his time as a student , he has also pursued a variety of multimedia projects in parallel with his music career , including sound installations and his mid-70s co-development of Oblique Strategies , a deck of cards featuring cryptic aphorisms  intended to spur creative thinking . He continues to release music , produce , and write , and maintains a regular column in Prospect Magazine .


The Beach Boys was a rock band from America.

The Beach Boys The Beach Boys are an American rock band formed in Hawthorne , California , in 1961 . The group 's original lineup consisted of brothers Brian , Dennis , and Carl Wilson ; their cousin Mike Love ; and their friend Al Jardine . Distinguished by their vocal harmonies and early surf songs , they are one of the most influential acts of the rock era . The group , led by their principal songwriter and producer Brian , pioneered novel approaches to popular music form and production , combining their affinities for jazz-based vocal groups , 1950s rock and roll , and black R&B to create their unique sound . He later arranged his compositions for studio orchestras and explored a variety of other styles , often incorporating classical or jazz elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways .   The Beach Boys began as a garage band managed by the Wilsons ' father Murry , with Brian 's increasingly sophisticated songwriting and recording abilities dominating their creative direction . Emerging at the vanguard of the `` California Sound '' , they performed original material that reflected a southern California youth culture of surfing , cars , and romance . After 1964 , they abandoned the surfing aesthetic for more personal lyrics and multi-layered sounds . In 1966 , the Pet Sounds album and `` Good Vibrations '' single vaulted the group to the top level of rock innovators and established the band as symbols of the nascent counterculture era . Following the dissolution of the group 's Smile project in 1967 , Brian gradually ceded production and songwriting duties to the rest of the band , reducing his input because of mental health and substance abuse issues . The group 's public image subsequently faltered , and despite efforts to continue their psychedelic/avant-garde ventures and reclaim their hippie audiences , they were dismissed as an embodiment of the values and outlooks shared by early 1960s white , suburban teenagers .   The continued success of their greatest hits albums during the mid 1970s precipitated the band 's transition into an oldies act , a move that was denigrated by critics and many fans . Since the 1980s , much-publicized legal wrangling over royalties , songwriting credits and use of the band 's name transpired . Dennis drowned in 1983 and Carl died of lung cancer in 1998 . After Carl 's death , many live configurations of the band fronted by Mike Love and Bruce Johnston continued to tour into the 2000s while other members pursued solo projects . Even though Wilson and Jardine have not performed with Love and Johnston 's band since their one-off 2012 reunion tour , they remain a part of the Beach Boys ' corporation , Brother Records Inc. .   The Beach Boys are one of the most critically acclaimed , commercially successful , and widely influential bands of all time . The group had over eighty songs chart worldwide , thirty-six of them US Top 40 hits ( the most by an American rock band ) , four reaching number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The Beach Boys have sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time and are listed at No. 12 on Rolling Stone magazine 's 2004 list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . The core quintet of the three Wilsons , Love and Jardine were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 .


Coca Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae , native to western South America .   The plant is grown as a cash crop in Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru , even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful .  There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico as a cash crop and an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine .  It also plays a role in many traditional Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ( see Traditional uses ) . Coca is known throughout the world for its psychoactive alkaloid , cocaine . The alkaloid content of coca leaves is relatively low , between 0.25 % and 0.77 % . The native people use it for a stimulant , like coffee , an energy source . Coca leaf extract had been used in Coca-Cola products since 1885 , with cocaine being completely eliminated from the products in or around 1929 . Extraction of cocaine from coca requires several solvents and a chemical process known as an acid / base extraction , which can fairly easily extract the alkaloids from the plant .


Scott Smith (activist) was born on the 2nd.

Scott Smith (activist) Joseph Scott Smith ( October 21 , 1948 -- February 4 , 1995 ) was a gay rights activist best known for his romantic relationship with Harvey Milk , for whom he was a campaign manager .


Of all the continents, Antarctica is the coldest on average.

Antarctica Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula .   Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra .   Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians .   Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations .


The Twilight Saga's second installment was not New Moon.

The Twilight Saga (film series) The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by American author Stephenie Meyer . The films star Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner . The series has grossed over $ 3.3 billion in worldwide receipts and consists , to date , of five motion pictures . The first installment , Twilight , was released on November 21 , 2008 . The second installment , New Moon , followed on November 20 , 2009 , breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history , grossing an estimated $ 72.7 million . The third installment , Eclipse , was released on June 30 , 2010 , and was the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX .   The series was in development since 2004 at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation of Twilight that differed significantly from the novel was written . Three years later , Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the film . After Twilight grossed $ 35.7 million on its opening day , Summit Entertainment announced they would begin production on New Moon ; they had acquired the rights to the remaining novels earlier that same month . A two-part adaptation of Breaking Dawn began shooting in November 2010 with release dates of November 18 , 2011 , and November 16 , 2012 , respectively .


Twilight (2008 film) Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's popular novel of the same name . Directed by Catherine Hardwicke , the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson . It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series . This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan ( a teenage girl ) and Edward Cullen ( a vampire ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires .   The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written . Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project 's stagnant development . Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel 's storyline . Principal photography took 44 days and completed on May 2 , 2008 ; the film was primarily shot in Oregon .   Twilight was theatrically released on November 21 , 2008 ; it grossed over US$ 393 million worldwide . It was released on DVD March 21 , 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year . The soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 . Following the film 's success , New Moon and Eclipse , the next two novels in the series , were produced as films the following year .


The Twilight Saga: Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , commonly referred to as Eclipse , is a 2010 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's 2007 novel Eclipse . It is the third installment of The Twilight Saga film series , following 2008 's Twilight and 2009 's New Moon . Summit Entertainment greenlit the film in February 2009 . Directed by David Slade , the film stars Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner , reprising their roles as Bella Swan , Edward Cullen , and Jacob Black , respectively . Melissa Rosenberg , who penned the scripts for both Twilight and New Moon , returned as screenwriter .  Filming began on August 17 , 2009 , at Vancouver Film Studios , and finished in late October , with post-production began early the following month . Bryce Dallas Howard was cast as Victoria , replacing Rachelle Lefevre who previously played her .   The film was released worldwide on June 30 , 2010 in theatres , and became the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . The film has received mixed reception from critics . It held the record for biggest midnight opening in the United States and Canada in box office history , grossing an estimated $ 30 million , until it was surpassed by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in 2011 . The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in the United States and Canada history with $ 68,533,840 beating Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 's $ 62 million . Eclipse has also become the film with the widest independent release , playing in over 4,416 theaters , surpassing its predecessor , The Twilight Saga : New Moon , which held the record since November 2009 .


Terminator Salvation stars someone born in 1974.

Terminator Salvation Terminator Salvation is a 2009 American post-apocalyptic science fiction war film directed by McG and starring Christian Bale and Sam Worthington . It is the fourth installment of the Terminator franchise . In a departure from the previous installments , which were set between 1984 and 2003 and used time travel as a key plot element , Salvation is a post-apocalyptic film set in the year 2018 , fifteen years after the events of Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines . It focuses on the war between Skynet 's machine network and humanity ; the remnants of the world 's military have organized as the Resistance , fighting against Skynet 's killing machines . Bale portrays John Connor , Resistance fighter and central character to the franchise , while Worthington portrays cyborg Marcus Wright . Terminator Salvation also featured Anton Yelchin as a young Kyle Reese , a character first introduced in The Terminator , and the film depicts the origin of the T-800 ( Model 101 ) Terminator .   After a troubled pre-production , with The Halcyon Company acquiring the rights for the franchise from Andrew G. Vajna and Mario Kassar and several writers working on the screenplay , filming began in May 2008 in New Mexico and ran for 77 days . Terminator Salvation was released on May 21 , 2009 in the United States and Canada , followed by early June releases in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa . Warner Bros. handled the North American release while Columbia Pictures handled the international release . The film grossed over $ 371 million worldwide and met with mixed reviews . A reboot of the film franchise occurred with the release of Terminator Genisys in 2015 .


Christian Bale Christian Charles Philip Bale ( born 30 January 1974 ) is an English actor . He has starred both in blockbuster films and smaller projects from independent producers and art houses .   Bale first caught the public eye at the age of 13 , when he was cast in the starring role of Steven Spielberg 's Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) . Based on the original story by J. G. Ballard , Bale played an English boy who is separated from his parents and subsequently finds himself lost in a Japanese internment camp during World War II . In 2000 , he garnered critical acclaim for his portrayal of serial killer Patrick Bateman in American Psycho . He is known for going to great lengths to portray characters in films , notably for the psychological thriller The Machinist ( 2004 ) , where he lost 63 pounds ( 28.5 kg ) to play the role of Trevor Reznik .   Bale went on to receive greater commercial recognition for his starring role as Batman in Christopher Nolan 's Batman Begins ( 2005 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) . His portrayal of Dicky Eklund in the David O. Russell-directed biographical film The Fighter ( 2010 ) , earned him critical acclaim and a number of awards , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He has since gained further acclaim as well as subsequent Academy Award , Screen Actors Guild Award and Golden Globe nominations for his roles in Russell 's American Hustle ( 2013 ) and Adam McKay 's The Big Short ( 2015 ) .


Shantel VanSanten has been featured in a teen magazine.

Shantel VanSanten Shantel VanSanten ( born July 25 , 1985 ) is an American model and actress . As a model , she has been featured in the magazines Teen Vogue and Seventeen . On television , she played the role of Quinn James in the CW teen drama series One Tree Hill , recurred as Detective Patty Spivot in the CW show The Flash , and stars as Julie Swagger the wife of lead character Bob Lee Swagger on the USA Network series Shooter . On film , she has appeared in The Final Destination , You and I , and Something Wicked .


Hate group practices hatred, hostility, or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, nation, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation or any other designated sector of society.

Hate group A hate group is a social group that advocates and practices hatred , hostility , or violence towards members of a race , ethnicity , nation , religion , gender , gender identity , sexual orientation or any other designated sector of society . According to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , a hate group 's `` primary purpose is to promote animosity , hostility , and malice against persons belonging to a race , religion , disability , sexual orientation , or ethnicity/national origin which differs from that of the members of the organization . '' Scholars find it difficult to define the term hate group and `` whether a particular group is to be classified as a hate group is sometimes in the eye of the beholder . ''   In the US , two private organizations that monitor intolerance and hate groups are the Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) and the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) . They maintain lists of what they deem to be hate groups , supremacist groups and anti-Semitic , anti-government or extremist groups that have committed hate crimes . The SPLC 's definition of a `` hate group '' includes any group with beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people -- particularly when the characteristics being maligned are immutable . However , at least for the SPLC , inclusion of a group in the list `` does not imply a group advocates or engages in violence or other criminal activity . '' According to the SPLC , from 2000 to 2008 , hate group activity saw a 50 percent increase in the US , with a total of 926 active groups . Recently the term alt-right , short for `` alternative right , '' has come into usage . This broad term includes a range of people who reject mainstream conservatism in favor of forms of conservatism that embrace implicit or explicit racism or white supremacy . The alt-right is described as `` a weird mix of old-school neo-Nazis , conspiracy theorists , anti-globalists , and young right-wing internet trolls -- all united in the belief that white male identity is under attack by multicultural , `` politically correct '' forces . ''   The FBI does not publish a list of hate groups , and '' -LSB- I -RSB- nvestigations are conducted only when a threat or advocacy of force is made ; when the group has the apparent ability to carry out the proclaimed act ; and when the act would constitute a potential violation of federal law . The FBI maintains statistics on hate crimes .


The Playboy Club's writers includes Naturi Naughton.

The Playboy Club The Playboy Club is an American historical crime drama television series that aired on NBC from September 19 to October 3 , 2011 . Set in 1961 , the series centers on the employees ( known as Bunnies ) of the original Playboy Club operating in Chicago . The Playboy Club stars Eddie Cibrian , Laura Benanti , Amber Heard , Jenna Dewan Tatum , Naturi Naughton , Leah Renee , Wes Ramsey , Jenifer Lewis , and David Krumholtz .   The Playboy Club was canceled on October 4 , 2011 , after three episodes aired , due to its low ratings . It was the first cancellation of the 2011 -- 12 television season . NBC continued to film the series until October 10 , 2011 , hoping to sell the series to another network . Both Playboy magnate Hugh Hefner and show creator Chad Hodge have expressed hope that the series will be picked up by Bravo .   When production wrapped on October 10 , 2011 , Hodge and Laura Benanti both confirmed that they had finished seven episodes , including the pilot . Benanti further stated that the seventh episode has two endings , one of which is more final to the series .


Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo ( République du Congo ) , also known as the Congo Republic , West Congo , Congo-Brazzaville or simply Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . It is bordered by five countries : Gabon and the Atlantic Ocean to the west ; Cameroon to the northwest ; the Central African Republic to the northeast ; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south ; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest .   The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes , who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin . Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa . Upon independence in 1960 , the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo . The People 's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist -- Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991 . Multi-party elections have been held since 1992 , although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years .   The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made the Republic of the Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea , providing the country with relative prosperity despite instability in some areas and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide .   This country has the largest net export saldo as share of GDP in the world ( 47 % ) .


Gabon Gabon ( -LSB- ɡəˈbɒn -RSB- -LSB- ɡabɔ̃ -RSB- ) , officially the Gabonese Republic ( République gabonaise ) , is a sovereign state on the west coast of Central Africa . Located on the equator , Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest , Cameroon to the north , the Republic of the Congo on the east and south , and the Gulf of Guinea to the west . It has an area of nearly 270000 sqkm and its population is estimated at 1.5 million people . Its capital and largest city is Libreville .   Since its independence from France in 1960 , Gabon has had three presidents . In the early 1990s , Gabon introduced a multi-party system and a new democratic constitution that allowed for a more transparent electoral process and reformed many governmental institutions . Gabon was also a temporary member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2010 -- 2011 term .   Abundant petroleum and foreign private investment have helped make Gabon one of the most prosperous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa , with the 4th highest HDI and the third highest GDP per capita ( PPP ) ( after Equatorial Guinea and Botswana ) in the region . GDP grew by more than 6 % per year from 2010 to 2012 . However , because of inequality in income distribution , a significant proportion of the population remains poor .


Cameroon Cameroon ( -LSB- ˌkæməˈruː n -RSB- Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( République du Cameroun ) , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean .   French and English are the official languages of Cameroon . The country is often referred to as `` Africa in miniature '' for its geological and cultural diversity . Natural features include beaches , deserts , mountains , rainforests , and savannas . The highest point at almost 4100 m is Mount Cameroon in the Southwest Region of the country , and the largest cities in population-terms are Douala on the Wouri river , its economic capital and main seaport , Yaoundé , its political capital , and Garoua . After independence , the newly united nation joined the Commonwealth of Nations , although the vast majority of its territories had previously been a German colony and , after World War I , a French mandate . The country is well known for its native styles of music , particularly makossa and bikutsi , and for its successful national football team .   Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun .   After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates . In 1960 , the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent as the Republic of Cameroun under President Ahmadou Ahidjo . The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon . The federation was abandoned in 1972 . The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 .   Cameroon enjoys relatively high political and social stability . This has permitted the development of agriculture , roads , railways , and large petroleum and timber industries . Nevertheless , large numbers of Cameroonians live in poverty as subsistence farmers . Power lies firmly in the hands of the authoritarian president since 1982 , Paul Biya , and his Cameroon People 's Democratic Movement party . The English-speaking territories of Cameroon have grown increasingly alienated from the government . Politicians and civil society in English-speaking regions have called for greater decentralization and even complete separation or independence ( for example : the Southern Cameroons National Council ) from the former French-governed territories .


Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea ( Guinea Ecuatorial , Guinée équatoriale , Guiné Equatorial ) , officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial , République de Guinée équatoriale , República da Guiné Equatorial ) , is a country located in Central Africa , with an area of 28000 km2 . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea , its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea . Equatorial Guinea is the only sovereign African state in which Spanish is an official language . , the country had an estimated population of 1,222,245 .   Equatorial Guinea consists of two parts , an insular and a mainland region . The insular region consists of the islands of Bioko ( formerly Fernando Pó ) in the Gulf of Guinea and Annobón , a small volcanic island south of the equator . Bioko Island is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea and is the site of the country 's capital , Malabo . The island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is located between Bioko and Annobón . The mainland region , Río Muni , is bordered by Cameroon on the north and Gabon on the south and east . It is the location of Bata , Equatorial Guinea 's largest city , and Oyala , the country 's planned future capital . Rio Muni also includes several small offshore islands , such as Corisco , Elobey Grande , and Elobey Chico . The country is a member of the African Union , Francophonie , OPEC and the CPLP .   Since the mid-1990s , Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africa 's largest oil producers . It is the richest country per capita in Africa , and its gross domestic product ( GDP ) adjusted for purchasing power parity ( PPP ) per capita ranks 43rd in the world ; However , the wealth is distributed very unevenly and few people have benefited from the oil riches . The country ranks 144th on the UN 's 2014 Human Development Index . The UN says that less than half of the population has access to clean drinking water and that 20 % of children die before reaching the age of five .   The country 's authoritarian government has one of the worst human rights records in the world , consistently ranking among the `` worst of the worst '' in Freedom House 's annual survey of political and civil rights . Reporters Without Borders ranks President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo among its `` predators '' of press freedom . Human trafficking is a significant problem , with the U.S.Trafficking in Persons Report , 2012 , stating that `` Equatorial Guinea is a source and destination for women and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking . '' The report rates Equatorial Guinea as a `` Tier 3 '' country , the lowest ( worst ) ranking : `` Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so . ''


Susan Sarandon is an Oscar Award winner.

Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Sarandon ( -LSB- səˈrændən -RSB- née Tomalin ; born October 4 , 1946 ) is an American actress and activist . She is an Academy Award and BAFTA Award winner who is also known for her social and political activism for a variety of causes . She was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1999 and received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award in 2006 .   Sarandon began her career in the 1970 film Joe , before appearing in the soap opera A World Apart ( 1970 -- 71 ) . In 1975 , she starred in the cult classic film The Rocky Horror Picture Show . She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for Atlantic City ( 1980 ) , Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) , Lorenzo 's Oil ( 1992 ) , and The Client ( 1994 ) , before winning for Dead Man Walking ( 1995 ) . She has also won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for The Client , and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for Dead Man Walking . Her other films include : Pretty Baby ( 1978 ) , The Hunger ( 1983 ) , The Witches of Eastwick ( 1987 ) , Bull Durham ( 1988 ) , White Palace ( 1990 ) , Little Women ( 1994 ) , Stepmom ( 1998 ) , Enchanted ( 2007 ) , The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) , Tammy ( 2014 ) , and The Meddler ( 2015 ) .   She made her Broadway debut in An Evening with Richard Nixon in 1972 and went on to receive Drama Desk Award nominations for the Off-Broadway plays , A Coupla White Chicks Sitting Around Talking ( 1979 ) and Extremities ( 1982 ) . She returned to Broadway in the 2009 revival of Exit the King .   On television , she is a five-time Emmy Award nominee , including for her guest roles on the sitcoms Friends ( 2001 ) and Malcolm in the Middle ( 2002 ) , and the TV films Bernard and Doris ( 2007 ) and You Do n't Know Jack ( 2010 ) . In 2017 , Sarandon portrayed Bette Davis in the first season of FX 's anthology series Feud .


James McAvoy worked on a television series.

James McAvoy James McAvoy ( -LSB- ˈmækəvɔɪ -RSB- born 21 April 1979 ) is a Scottish actor . He made his acting début as a teen in 1995 's The Near Room and continued to make mostly television appearances until 2003 , when his feature film career began and he continued to work in both areas from then on . His notable television work includes the drama show State of Play , the adult comedy-drama Shameless , and the science fiction show Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune .   Besides screen acting , McAvoy has performed in several West End productions , receiving three nominations for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor . He has also done voice work for animated films including Gnomeo & Juliet and Arthur Christmas ( both 2011 ) .   In 2003 , McAvoy appeared in a lead role in Bollywood Queen , a British Indian take on the Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet , directed by Jeremy Wooding . This was followed by a supporting role , the faun Mr. Tumnus , in The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) . His performance in Kevin Macdonald 's drama The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) garnered him several award nominations . The critically acclaimed romantic drama war film Atonement ( 2007 ) earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination and his second BAFTA nomination . He appeared opposite Angelina Jolie as a newly trained assassin in the action thriller Wanted ( 2008 ) .   Since then , he is known for playing the young Professor Charles Xavier in the 2011 superhero film X-Men : First Class , a role he reprised in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) , and X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) . McAvoy starred in the 2013 crime comedy-drama film Filth for which he won Best Actor in the British Independent Film Awards . In 2016 , he portrayed Kevin , a man with 23 personalities in his body , in M. Night Shyamalan 's Split , for which he received critical acclaim .


Shameless (UK TV series) Shameless is a British adult comedy-drama series set in Manchester on the fictional Chatsworth council estate . Produced by Company Pictures for Channel 4 , the series aired from 13 January 2004 to 28 May 2013 . The comedy drama , centred on British working class culture , was accorded critical acclaim by various sections of the British media , including The Sun newspaper and Newsnight Review on BBC Two . The programme was created and partially written by Paul Abbott , who is also the programme 's executive producer . In 2005 , the show won `` Best Drama Series '' at the BAFTA TV Awards and `` Best TV Comedy Drama '' at the British Comedy Awards . The network Showtime adapted the series into its own American version , which debuted in 2011 .


State of Play (TV series) State of Play is a British television drama series , written by Paul Abbott and directed by David Yates , that was first broadcast on BBC One in 2003 . The series tells the story of a newspaper 's investigation into the death of a political researcher , and centres on the relationship between the leading journalist , Cal McCaffrey , and his old friend , Stephen Collins , who is a Member of Parliament and the murdered woman 's employer . The series is primarily set in London and was produced in-house by the BBC in association with the independent production company Endor Productions . The series stars David Morrissey , John Simm , Kelly Macdonald , Polly Walker , Bill Nighy , and James McAvoy in the main roles .   The series was Abbott 's first attempt to write a political thriller , and he initially made the majority of the plot up as he went along . He was prompted to write the series after BBC Head of Drama Jane Tranter asked him whether he would consider writing a piece `` bigger '' than anything he had written so far in his career . The serial was Abbott 's third major writing project for the channel , following Clocking Off and Linda Green . The series was also a major turning point in David Yates ' directorial career , as he began to direct various high-profile television projects following his work on the series .   The six-part series was broadcast on BBC One on Sunday evenings at 9:00 pm from May 18 to June 22 , 2003 . Episodes two to five were initially premiered on the digital television station BBC Four at 10:00 pm on the nights of the preceding episodes ' BBC One broadcast ; however episode six was held back for a premiere on BBC One , so as not to allow the final twists to be spoiled for those who did not have access to digital television . In 2004 , the series ran in the United States on the BBC 's BBC America cable channel . In 2005 , the series was released on DVD by BBC Worldwide , in a two-disc set . Episode one features an audio commentary from Abbott and Yates , and episode six a commentary from Yates , producer Hilary Bevan-Jones and editor Mark Day .   The success of the series and it 's favourable impression on BBC executives led to Abbott being commissioned to write a sequel , before the first series had even been aired . In 2006 , however , a second series appeared to have been abandoned , with Abbott telling Mark Lawson on BBC Radio 4 's Front Row in November that he `` could n't find a way to make the story work '' . In 2007 , Abbott was quoted in The Sun as saying that he was currently writing scripts for a second , six-episode series of State of Play , with John Simm and Bill Nighy reprising their roles ; however no such series has since come to fruition .


R. Kelly Robert Sylvester Kelly ( born January 8 , 1967 ) , known professionally as R. Kelly , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and former professional basketball player . A native of Chicago , Illinois , Kelly began performing during the late 1980s and debuted in 1992 with the group Public Announcement . In 1993 , Kelly went solo with the album 12 Play . He is known for a collection of major hit singles including `` Bump N ' Grind '' , `` Your Body 's Callin ' '' , `` I Believe I Can Fly '' , `` Gotham City '' , `` Ignition ( Remix ) '' , `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' , `` The World 's Greatest '' , `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' , and the hip-hopera `` Trapped in the Closet '' . In 1998 , Kelly won three Grammy Awards for `` I Believe I Can Fly '' . His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous hip hop and contemporary R&B artists . Kelly became the first musician to play professional basketball , when he was signed in 1997 .   Kelly has written , produced , and remixed songs and albums for many artists , including Aaliyah 's 1994 debut album Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number . In 1996 , Kelly was nominated for a Grammy for writing Michael Jackson 's song `` You Are Not Alone '' . In 2002 and 2004 , Kelly released collaboration albums with rapper Jay-Z and has been a guest vocalist for other hip hop artists like Nas , Sean Combs , and The Notorious B.I.G.   The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) has recognized R. Kelly as one of the best-selling music artists in the United States with 40 million albums sold as well as only the fifth black artist to crack the top 50 of the same list . In March 2011 , R. Kelly was named the most successful R&B artist of the last 25 years by Billboard . Kelly has released 12 solo studio albums , and sold over 100 million records worldwide making him the most successful R&B male artist of the 1990s . He has been credited for helping redefine R&B and hip hop , earning the nicknames `` King of R&B '' and `` King of Pop-Soul '' . He is listed by Billboard as the most successful R&B / Hip Hop artist of the past 25 years ( 1985-2010 ) and also the most successful R&B artist in history . Throughout his career , Kelly has won numerous awards , including a Guinness World Records as well as countless of other awards like Grammy , BET , Soul Train , Billboard , NAACP and American Music Award .


Patrick Wilson was born on July 3, 1973.

Patrick Wilson (American actor) Patrick Joseph Wilson ( born July 3 , 1973 ) is an American actor and singer . He spent his early career starring in Broadway musicals , beginning in 1995 . He is a two-time Tony Award nominee for his roles in The Full Monty ( 2000 -- 2001 ) and Oklahoma ! ( 2002 ) . In 2003 , he appeared in the HBO miniseries Angels in America for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie .   Wilson has also appeared in feature films such as The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) , Little Children ( 2006 ) , Watchmen ( 2009 ) , Insidious ( 2010 ) , Insidious : Chapter 2 ( 2013 ) , and as demonologist Ed Warren in James Wan 's supernatural horror films The Conjuring ( 2013 ) and The Conjuring 2 ( 2016 ) , the latter four earning him a reputation as a `` scream king '' . On television , he starred in the CBS drama series A Gifted Man ( 2011 -- 2012 ) , and as Lou Solverson in the second season of FX 's anthology series Fargo ( 2015 ) , for which he received a second Golden Globe Award nomination . He has been cast as Orm Marius/Ocean Master in the DC Extended Universe superhero film Aquaman ( 2018 ) .