Even in the Old Testament, God is often described as a Shepherd to His people (Gen 48:15; 49:24; 2 Sam 5:2; 1 Chron 11:2; Ps 23:1-6; 28:9; 80:1; 95:7; 79:13; 100:3; Isa 40:11; 63:11; Ezek 34:11-22, 31; Jer 3:15; 23:1; 31:10; Micah 5:4; 7:14; Zeph 11:16).
Dagiti bambanag a katupag ti nagkauna a tabernakulo a nausar iti panagdaydayaw iti Dios—a pakairamanan ti lakasa ti tulag, simmarming a baybay, (palanggana a pagbugguan), dagiti pagsilawan, daton nga insienso, ken ti altar a pagidatonan.​—Exodo 25:10, 17, 18; 40:24-32; Apocalipsis 4:​5, 6; 5:8; 8:3; 11:19.