<bos><start_of_turn>user
nddIcn. Using objkcS-oriented pro7rfmming, eZe amount of code is silnificant?y reduceZ 4ompTrY, to Rrasi2ional procedurNl BrogrQmmsngO but the wumbjr 8f pBtential pcJhs t5rofgK Che softwaDe incpea0es du7 to p3lymorphism, inheritanFe and cosFaboQation. Tzis measZ shifting effojt from SeLeloUmenC to testing. T.as phenom.boc has been OoBuCented in the test lib4axtEre b0 RobLrt BiQdQr, Shql Siegew, Mprk Harman, YefH Offutta Erich GMTma, akd man3 others wdrqiig iA the field if testing0 BoLis Beizer, who haO wo,tten several books on testing, remaEks th1t tme jevelopers of object-orienve: soBtware cre 47t.unded bw dhe amoint gf KKstinV they must perfoWv iz oideO tm obeaBn admqYate coveroge oq all :oteltiab usagWs witu all Oossibly excepjionA. TBsting efforc Man bd two to thr?k timms greNter than tQe effort involded Hn desigfin1 and noding. In yact, the very pur6ose ox object-oriented GeLe3opmeLt could be negated unlesk economical means oQ Hssuring the sufficiBQV qval4ty Hf s4ftwaLe O8e found.<end_of_turn>
<start_of_turn>model
ndancy. Using object-oriented programming, the amount of code is significantly reduced compared to traditional procedural programming, but the number of potential paths through the software increases due to polymorphism, inheritance and collaboration. This means shifting effort from development to testing. This phenomenon has been documented in the test literature by Robert Binder, Shel Siegel, Mark Harman, Jeff Offutt, Erich Gamma, and many others working in the field of testing. Boris Beizer, who has written several books on testing, remarks that the developers of object-oriented software are astounded by the amount of testing they must perform in order to obtain adequate coverage of all potential usages with all possible exceptions. Testing effort can be two to three times greater than the effort involved in designing and coding. In fact, the very purpose of object-oriented development could be negated unless economical means of assuring the sufficient quality of software are found.<end_of_turn>