Proto-fascism
Proto-fascism refers to the direct predecessor ideologies and cultural movements that influenced and formed the basis of fascism. A prominent proto-fascist figure is Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian nationalist whose politics influenced Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Proto-fascist political movements include the Italian Nationalist Association (Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, ANI), the German National Association of Commercial Employees (Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfen-Verband, DHV) and the German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP).Other people who have been labeled proto-fascist because they shared an ideological basis with fascism include:

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881)
Goldwin Smith (1823–1910)
Georges Ernest Boulanger (1837–1891)
George Fitzhugh (1806–1881)
John Ruskin (1819–1900)
Charles Maurras (1868–1952)
Ion Dragoumis (1878–1920)
Edgar Julius Jung (1894–1934)
D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930). The English philosopher Bertrand Russell characterized Lawrence as a "proto-German fascist". This characterization is useful as a demarcation point between Fascism and proto-fascism.