The life also of a pavement is greatly interfered
with by the question as to how often it is disturbed
for gas, water, and other purposes ; and on this point
all those responsible for the good maintenance of
carriageways in towns will agree that something ought
to be done, if possible, in the way of provision for
subways under the street, when it is considered how
many causes for disturbance of the surface have
accrued with modern requirements. In addition to gas
and water, there are now telephone tubes, electric
cables, hydraulic pipes, telegraph wires, and even
pneumatic tubes, for which provision has to be made
under our street surfaces, with disastrous results to
the good management of their pavements.
Having thus far concluded the subject of the paving
of the carriageways, the author will now proceed to
make a few remarks upon



CAERIAGEWATS AND FOOTWAYS. 109



CURBS AND GUTTERS.
Curbs or curbstones are always used for the outer
side of all footways, with whatever materials they
may be paved, for the following reasons :

(1) The curb acts as a sill for the raised footway

against which the material with which it is

paved may butt.
<2) It retains the foundation and surface of the

footwalk.
<3) It keeps off the vehicular traffic.
i(4) It raises it above the water flowing in the

gutter or channel.
(5) It forms the side of the gutter.
(6) It is necessary to act as a butt for the

haunches of the carriageway.
