(!. 'I'lie powers veNled in <'iicli Slide iire nil ol' Ilieiii
ori;-;iiiiil iind inliereni, powers, wliieli lielon/red lo llie Slide lie-
fore il rnlcred llie lliiion. Miliee lli<'\' lire jilillKl fdi'ii' llll-
liiiiilcd. The povveiN //run led lo llie niilionid ^'ovcrilllleiil lire
dele/riiled powers, eiiilliieriiled ill find tlellmd liy llie in-
sli'iiiiieni wliielriiiis ereiilcd ||ir llnion. Ileiiec llie riilelliMl
wlien II, (pKslion iirisrs wliellier llie iiiilioiiiil ^'overniiieiil, pnn
sesses II pnrlieidiir power, |)ro(d' iiiiisl: lie M'lveii Ijiiii llie |»o\v<'r
WHS posi lively /niniled.
7. Tlie iiiilJiorlly of llie nnlionid ^'overniiieiil. over



FEDERAL SYSTEM 141

the citizens of every State is direct and immediate, not ex-
erted through the State organization, and not requiring the
cooperation of the State government.
On the other hand, the State in no wise depends on the
national govermnent for its organization or its effective
working. It is the creation of its own inhabitants.
8. It is a further consequence of this principle that
the national government has but little to do with the States
as States. Its relations are with their citizens, who are also
its citizens, rather than with them as ruling conmionwealths.
In the following points, however, the Constitution does re-
quire certain services of the States —

It requires each State government to direct the choice
of, and accredit to the seat of the national government, two
Senators and so many Representatives as the State is entitled
to send.
It requires similar^ that Presidential electors be chosen,
meet, and vote in the States, and that their votes be trans-
mitted to the national capital.
It requires each State to organize and arm its militia,
which, when duly summoned for active ser^ace, are placed
under the command of the President.
It requires each State to maintain a republican form of
government.
