i,  687.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  139,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  78,  t.  71.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,620.—
Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  iv,  No.  8. — Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  92 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  175. — Eaton,  Manual,
109;  6  ed. 53.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  218;  Sylva,i,25;  2  ed.  i,  42.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  166.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  854.—
"Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  151. — Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 355;  Fl.  N.  York, ii,  199, 1. 112.— Loudon,  Arboretum, iii,
1707,  f.  1560.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  155.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  156.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  381.— Emerson,  Trees
Massachusetts,  213;  2  ed.  i,  243  &  t. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  421. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  256. —
Wood,  CI.  Book,  649;  Bot.  &  Fl.  308.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  646.
B.  acuminata,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  Yi,  98.— Mosnch,  Meth.  693.
B.  alba,  suhs^eciea populifolia,  Kegel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii*,  399 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  164.
WHITE  BIECH.      OLD-FIELD  BIECH.     GEAT  BIEOH.
New  Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Ontario,  south,
generally  near  the  coast,  to  New  Castle  county,  Delaware.
A  small,  short-lived  tree  of  rapid  growth,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;
dry,  gravelly,  barren  soil  or  borders  of  swamps,  now  generally  springing  up  upon  abandoned  or  burned  land  in
eastern  New  England.
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  iu  drying,  not  durable ;  medullary  rays  numerous,
obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap  wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5760 ;  ash,  0.29 ;  largely  used  in  the
manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-pegs,  wood  pulp,  etc.,  for  hoop-poles  and  fuel.
