The first class of impressions are subject matter for what he
styles moral law; the second class, subject matter for what
he chooses to designate juridical or judicial law. Moral law
is therefore a restraint on nature and inborn factors of dis-
order. Juridical law holds in check what enemies threaten
an attack on freedom from without. To bring order out of
the chaos liable to result from the conflict between will and
will in the field of outward agencies, reason and nature made
the establishment of the State, or political society, impera-
tively necessary. In establishing the State it imposed on the
same the obligation of seeing to it that each man's freedom
be confined within such limits as not to interfere with the
freedom of others. The principle, therefore, of coexistence
of individual liberties lies at the root of civil society, and
constitutes civil society's sole purpose and aim. This theory
of Kant is built from turret to foundation-stone on false prin-

366



ELEMENTS AND PUKPOSE OF STATE 367

ciples. We call attention to these thrpe statements in par-
ticular :

a. Man is absolutely independent, responsible to no one
save himself.
b. Morality is an affair of abstractions, outside the sphere
of concrete realities.
c. Human liberty, viewed externally, is illimitable and un-
confined.
We beg leave to think that all three statements are un-
founded and untrue.
a. Man is God's creature, and essentially dependent on his
Creator, essentially responsible before God for his every act.
