There is, however, a certain competition with the
waterways, on which the rates are not subjected to
governmental control. In winter, when the water-
ways are closed to traffic, there is an increase in the
rail rates on certain traffic for which in summer
the railways compete with the waterways. In Hun-
gary the railways have been so successful in com-
peting with the waterways that the water-carrying
interests have petitioned the Hungarian government
so to revise the railway tariffs as to render this
competition ineffective.
Russia In Russia, as stated in the previous chapter, the

government not only permits, but promotes, com-
petition of the railways with the waterways.
CHAPTER X

SUMMARY OF THE SITUATION ON THE
CONTINENT

That like causes produce like efifects and unlike
causes unlike effects is not only a maxim of the
exact sciences, but one that has found abundant
demonstration in the development of human insti-
tutions. The progress of transportation has fol-
lowed different lines in Europe and in the United
States, because the determinant physical, political
and economic conditions have been different. But
paths that diverge may in the long course become
convergent again : the working of the same economic
forces leads in time to the same ends.
Commerce was first developed by races living along Natural and
coast lands, because the carrying of heavy burdens *'^'^°*' ^^^
for long distances was easier by boat over water
than by men or animals through forest and marsh.
