In  respect  to  subordinate  ministerial  officers  I  think  the
power  exists.  These  offices  are  created  by  law ;  the  Consti-
tution does  not  prescribe  any  length  of  term,  but  Congress  has
this  matter  at  its  complete  disposal.  It  would  seem,  therefore,
that  the  legislature  may,  by  general  statute,  provide  for  suspend-
ing all  subordinate  ministerial  officers  from  the  exercise  of  their
functions  during  the  pendency  of  an  impeachment  against  them.
I  do  not  think  the  measures  of  arrest  and  bail,  or  confinement
in  ordinary  criminal  proceedings  have  any  analogy  to  this  pro-
cess of  suspension  ;  nor  do  the  English  precedents,  however
numerous,  give  any  aid  in  the  interpretation  of  the  Constilu
tion  in  this  respect.
CHAPTER  VI.
THE    JUDICIAL   POWERS    OF   THE   UNITED    STATES    GOVEENMBNT.
§  729.  Article  III.,  Section  I.  provides  that  "  The  judicial
power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one  Supreme
Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Congress  may  from
time  to  time  ordain  and  establish."  Section  II.  is  as  follows  :
"  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and
equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United
States,  and  the  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under
their  authority  ;  to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public
ministers  and  consuls  ;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty,  and  maritime
jurisdiction ;  to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall
be  a  party ;  to  controversies  between  two  or  more  states  ;  be-
tween a  state  and  citizens  of  another  state ;  between  citizens
of  different  states  ;  between  citizens  of  the  same  state  claiming
lands  under  grants  of  different  states  ;  and  between  a  state  or
the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  states,  citizens,  or  subjects.
