additional stand are in store) ; the cavalry partly with
revolver and lance, and partly with sabre and carbine ;
the field artillery with 100 Krupp and 50 smooth-bore
guns, and the garrison batteries partly with Krupp and
partly with 8 and 10-inoh Wahrendroff guns — besides
which there are nearly 300 smooth-bore pieces available
for field and garrison service. The powder-mills and
cartridge factories near Cairo, furnished with the best
modem machinery, provide an ample store of ammunition
for these various arms of the service, and so render the
whole practically independent of a foreign supply. In
addition to this full war strength of the regular army,
there is a reserve of about 30,000 men, who have served,
actually or on furlough, their full time with the colours —
five years in the infantry, six in the cavalry, or seven in
the artillery, but are liable to seven years' further service^
as redifs; and an irregular, or bashi-bazouk, contingent
of 60,000 mounted Bedoween under their own chiefs, who,
Like the Russian Cossacks, find their own arms and
horses. This considerable army is recruited by conscrip-
tion — not by fixed annual contingents, but by irregular
levies every two or three years as men are required — to
which all Egyptians, of whatever rank or religion, are
liable. The inhabitants of Cairo and Alexandria, like
those of Constantinople, are exempt in virtue of an old
chartered privilege. But payment of a special annual
tax also exempts any particular family, and for a mode-
rate sum any recruit may purchase his discharge after a
year's service, but he is stiU liable to enrolment in the
reserve. Unlike the Turkish army, therefore, that of
Egypt iucludes Mussulmans, Christians (of two or three
sects), and Jews ; and so practically solves the problem
of mixed military service which has professedly so much
embarrassed the Porte. The various creeds are found to



DBFEOTIVE ORGANISATION.
