104 ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM

The intra- European migration proceeds from many widely
separated points. The most important is Italy,^ which
annually sends out in the spring to other European countries
numbers of people from the northern provinces ; these
emigrants find employment in agricultural and construction
work, and return in the late autumn with their savings. The
following table shows the munber of these temporary
emigrants to Europe and Mediterranean countries :







Italian Seasonal Emigration






To


To


To Austria- To




Date.
France.
Switzerland.
Hungary. Germany.
TotaU


1906


62,497


80,019


39,521 68,295


276,042


1907


63,105


83,026


41.953 75.885


288,774


1908


57.702


76,708


36,998 59,780


248,101


1909


56,863


66,931


30,989 53.391


226,355


1910


60,956


79.843


36,233 53,648


248,696



Belgium is a country which shows a predominantly tem-
porary emigration ; according to the official statistics the
number of immigrants is actually greater as a rule than that
of the emigrants. The migratory movement takes place
chiefly between Belgium and the neighbouring countries,
Prance, Germany, and Holland, the share of the oversea
regions falling quite into insignificance in comparison. The
following table of emigration to and immigration from various
countries brings out the proportions :

Belgium Emigration and Immigration







Emig


ration.
Immigration.
Country or


District.
1908.
1909.
1908.
1909.
France.
17,411


20,025


16,296


16,090


Germany.
4.739


4.432


7,092


8,329


Holland.
■


4.497


4,485


6,956


7,133


All Europe 2.
29,767


32,282


, 36,118


38,090


Countries outside of Europe


2,527


2,908


2.037


1,398



Total . . ■ 32,294 35.190 38,155 39,488

A much greater centre of seasonal migration is Austria,

1 Fr. Nagri, VEmigrazione temporanea, Rome, 1911.
- The totals include further details not given in this table.
THE OBJECTS OF WORLD ECONOMY 105

especially Galicia, Dalmatia and parts of southern Tyrol.
