OH. VIII EVOLUTION 259

or descriptive. Hegel's, on the other hand, is rational;
he endeavours to show that the actual development
of knowledge and of social and moral institutions is
the necessary order in which Eeason finds expression ;
the development is the manifestation of Eeason or
Mind.
The term " evolution," as used by Darwin and
Spencer, includes '' growth," but also emphasises
the idea that growth is not the creation of new
forms, but the necessary outcome of what already
exists ; it also suggests that growth is not merely
of individuals hut of races and institutions, and even
of material systems. What is required to give pre-
cision to the term is to state some principle by
which growth takes place; and such principle may
be either a law, working mechanically {e.g. " survival
of the fittest ") or an ideal end at which Nature or
the Mind in Nature aims. Unless some working
method or end of evolution is implied, the word
evolution can mean little more than change.^



A. Daewin

Natural Evohotion. — The empirical hypothesis of
Natural Evolution, though foreshadowed by Comte in
the sphere of knowledge, and by others in biology,
is specially associated with the name of Charles
Darwin,^ who first collected the facts required to

^ A number of different views as to the meaning of evolution and its
applications will be found in the essays collected under the title Darwin
and Modern t>cience (1909). What is still required is a systematic
exposition of the connecting links between these different meanings.
2 1809-1882. His most famous works are the Origin of Species (1859),
and the Descent of Man (1871).
