[For  the  case  of  Dunstan  refusing  to  obey
the  Pope  in  recalling  an  excommunication
see  Makower,  Const.  Hist,  of  Ch.  of  Eng.,
sec.  23.]

3.  With  the  Norman  Conquest  a  third
period  begins.  The  Normans  both  in  Nor-
mandy and  in  Sicily  were  allies  of  the
Papacy,  and  appreciated  the  order  and
unity  for  which  the  Papacy  stood.  They
agreed  with  the  ideas  of  reform,  which  began
to  be  powerful  with  the  Pope  Leo  ix.  and
under  the  Emperor  Henry  m.  in  Germany.
Simony  was  prevalent,  with  a  low  idea  of
the  Church's  responsibility.  Against  this
appeared  the  conception  of  a  Church  purified,
compact,  and  organised  under  the  Papacy:
this  resulted  in  the  struggle  over  Investitures
(q.v.).     The  English  Church  was   backward,


(438)


Papacy]


Dictionary  of  English  Church  History


[Papacy


isolated,  and  needed  reform.  Stigand's  posi-
tion was  significant.  The  Norman  Conquest,
blessed  by  Alexander  n.,  who  declared
William  I.  the  rightful  king,  made  a  change.
Lanfranc  (q. v.),  too,  was  a  reformer,  and  thus
after  his  accession  (1070)  the  English  Church
was  governed  in  strict  alliance  with  the
Papacy  and  its  ideas  of  reform.  At  the
Council  of  1070  (when  Stigand  was  deposed)
three  legates  were  present,  and  from  this  time
legates  (now  beginning  to  be  widely  used)
often  visited  England.  They  worked  with
the  revival  of  synods  and  councils,  which
had  for  some  time  been  almost  disused  in
England.  The  policy  of  William  I.  towards
the  Papacy  must  be  noted :  while  keeping
to  the  limits  of  custom,  of  the  English  State
and  of  the  Western  Church,  he  refused  to
regard  himself  as  a  vassal  of  the  Pope.
Lanfranc,  too,  was  rebuked  by  Gregory  vn.
