On  this
principle  the  main  duties  of  a  State  towards  its  neigh-
bours are. 227-233

2. Firstly,  to  abstain  from  interference  with  other  States  and

their  members  ;  but  we  must  note  that  the  partial
interfusion  of  nations  raises  disputed  questions  as  to
the  determination  of  membership  of  a  State,  and  as  to
the  legitimate  treatment  of  resident  aliens. .233-236

3. Special  difficulties  arise  in  the  case  of  aliens  who  are

fugitive  law-breakers  from,  or  otherwise  hostile  to,  a
neighbouring  State  ... ... 236-239

4. Secondly,  a  State  is  bound  not  to  interfere  with  the  rights

of  property  of  its  neighbours,  or  the  dominion  of  neigh-
bouring States  over  their  territory. But  some  difficult
questions  arise  in  determining  the  legitimate  extent  of
this  dominion,  and  the  modes  of  acquiring  it ;  also  as
regards  the  relations  of  members  of  different  States,  in
territory  not  under  civilised  government. 239-244

5. When  we  pass  to  obligations  arising  out  of  contract,  the

most  important  point  is  that  a  contract  made  under

unjust  coercion  cannot  be  treated  as  simply  invalid. 244-245


CONTENTS


6. From  the  fact  that  the  internal  cohesion  of  States  is
liable  to  be  broken,  dificult  questions  arise  as  to  the
right  of  other  States  to  intervene         .... 245-i249

CHAPTER   XVI

THE   REGULATION   OF   WAR

1. If  one  State  seriously  infringes  on  the  international  rights

of  another,  and  obstinately  refuses  reparation,  the  latter
must  be  held  justified  in  resorting  to  force,  if  arbitra-
tion is  for  any  valid  reason  impracticable. And  if
neighbouring  States  cannot  combine  effectively  on  the
side  of  justice,  it  only  remains  to  impose  impartially
on  both  parties  rules  limiting  the  mischief  of  war. 250-254

2. A  belligerent  must  be  allowed  to  inflict  on  his  enemy

such  mischief  as  is  likely  to  be  effective  in  disabling
him  and  inducing  him  to  submit ;  but  he  may  be
expected  to  abstain  from  such  mischief  as  does  not
conduce  to  these  ends  importantly  in  proportion  to  its
amount,  whether  the  mischief  be  personal  injuries,. 254-257

3. or  seizure  of  property  ;  but  he  can  hardly  be  expected  to

abstain  from  levying  severe  contributions,  even  on  the
property  of  non-combatants. ..... 257-260

4. 