Much  other  material  has  been  in  hand,  particu-
larly those  magnificent  volumes  New  York  at  Gettys-
burg and  Pennsylvania  at  Gettysburg,  enriched  with
maps,  portraits,  biographical  sketches,  regimental
and  battery  annals,  and  the  pictures  of  many  scores
of  ^monuments;  and  in  addition  books  or  booklets
of  similar  scope  from  other  Commonwealths.  The
papers  in  the  Century  War  Book,  various  writings
from  the  pens  of  Humphreys,  Walker,  Howard,
Schurz,  Doubleday,  and  other  officers  of  the  Union
Army;  the  critical  works  produced  on  the  other  side
of  the  sea  by  John  Formby  and  Cecil  Battine;  the
various  Lives  of  Lee  and  of  Meade,  particularly
Pennypacker's  biography  of  the  latter;  and  much
other  collateral  literature,  criticism,  an4  memoranda
in  the  Nation,  and  in  other  journals  and  magazines —
to  all  this  material  assiduous  attention  has  been
given.  The  effort  has  been  made  to  scan,  analyze,
and  organize,  so  far  as  possible,  aU  the  information
in  print  bearing  on  the  subject  in  hand ;  and  especially
to  give  heed  to  critical  questions  pertaining  to  the
campaign  or  fight.  Occasional  citations  from  experts
will  be  found  here  and  there  in  this  respect,  but  at
the  same  time  the  writer  has  endeavored  to  form,  an
independent  judgment  on  every  disputed  point,  and
to  compose  a  fresh  and  individual  narrative,  and  not
offer  to  the  public  a  mere  compilation  of  the  work  of
other  historians.
