This  constant  tendency  of  men  to  group  themselves
about  a  leader  who  stands  for  them  as  the  type  and  repre-
sentation s^  of  such  order  as  is  possible  to  the  Time,  who
can  decide  all  qaaxrels  and  placate   the  angry  Deities,   seems
to  have  had  now  and  then  remarkable  exceptions,  but  which
after  all  are  more  so  in  appearance  than  in  reality.     They
come  usually  at  later  stages  of  kingly  predominance  and  when
the   government  has  become  altogether  and  unendurably  tyran-
nous.    The  tribe  or  the  race  developes  into  a  Democracy,
and  the  people  take  all  power,  executive  and  judicial,   into
their  own  hauids,  and  wield  it  directly  without  even  the
safeguard  or  the^elp  of  representation.     The  example  of
Athens  will  suggest   itself  at   once   as  an  illustration  both
of  the  effort  and  its  failure.     The  people   of  that  prosper-
ous but  restless  city,  as  we  all  know,   seized  upon  and  con-
centrated into  their  aggregate  action  the  whole  governmental
authority,  and,   gathering  as  a  dikastery,  wielded  a  judicial


161


p®wer  without  limit  or  boundeiry.     The  nev/  trial  court  was
constituted  in  this  way.     Six  thousand  citizens  were   selected
out  of  the  whole  number  by  lot.     Five  thousand  of  these  were
arranged  in  ten  groups  or  panels  of  five  hundred  each,^
the   surplus  thousand  being  reserved  to  fill  vacancies  aris-
ing from  death  or  absence.     Each  group  of     five  hundred  was
described  as  a  decuria.     The  whole  body  of  six  thousand  took
a  prescribed  oath  couched  in  striking  terms,  very  much  as
at  this  day   in  civil  cases  the  whole  panel  of  petit   jurors
are  sworn  at  the  commencement   of  xtsxKX     a  term,   or  the
whole  grand  jury  before  they  begin  their   investigations.
