The events are the same, but the environment has changed. The characters are developed in the modern fashion, and even style and expression are subordinated to approximate Western models. In old provinces like Bengal or Bombay, the people have turned from rivers of English literature to freshly found fountains of their own. Great poets like Taper have brought to life an impassioned literature, retaining the loveliness, simplicity, and fluency of the old, but animated by a new and positive influence. Taper's songs are like fire-tipped arrows dipped in honey, sweet at the same time.

In Northern India, which is the land of Guru Nana, and Kabir, the literature was essentially religious. The poets were many-writers, who raised their voice in gentle devotion, seeking communion with God, in obedience to a set of large religious ideas, which have emancipated the minds of men from the tentacles of pantheism. 