What is personal jurisdiction and how can it allow someone to not respect the copyright of another individual?
<p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050011/http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050011/http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>The court similarly found that any purported agreement with Wong via
the Creative Commons license was not sufficient to establish personal
jurisdiction. The Creative Commons license did not require Virgin to
perform any of its obligations in Texas. Instead, the license
permitted the photograph to be used anywhere in the world.
Furthermore, Chang failed to show that Virgin performed any of its
obligations in Texas. It used the photograph solely in Australia, the
one place that, according to Virgin’s evidence, it was authorized to
sell its products and services. Finally, because Virgin only used the
photograph in Australia, the license that permitted its use was
centered in Australia, not Texas.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>What is personal jurisdiction and how can it allow someone to not respect the copyright of another individual? Also, does that mean that Chang can sue Virgin in an Australian court?</p>

<h2>A court must have both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction" rel="nofollow noreferrer">personal jurisdiction</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction" rel="nofollow noreferrer">subject-matter</a> jurisdiction</h2>
<p>Personal jurisdiction is jurisdiction over the parties to the case, for example, a New York court does not have personal jurisdiction over a murder committed in California. Subject-matter jurisdiction is jurisdiction over the law, for example, a Small Claims court can only hear cases where the amount in dispute is below the small claims threshold.</p>
<p>In the case you cite, the court held that it did not have personal jurisdiction because the alleged tort took place in Australia, not Texas. Or, more precisely, the connections to Texas were too insubstantial to enliven it’s jurisdiction.</p>
<p>Importantly, this was <strong>not</strong> a breach of copyright case. It is undisputed that Virgin <em>had</em> a valid licence (the CC-BY 2.0 that the photographer had granted to Flickr) and complied with it. Chang was pursuing “a number of tort claims including misappropriation of Chang’s right of publicity”, not copyright infringement. Further, unless the photo was a selfie, Chang would not be the copyright owner; copyright in a photograph belongs to the photographer, not the subjects.</p>
<p>Chang can sue in any or all of the states or territories in Australia where the ad was broadcast and the relevant court would probably decide that it did have personal jurisdiction. However, the case would fail because breach of the “right of publicity” is not a tort recognised under Australian law. That is, if Virgin had done what they did in Texas it might have been illegal but because they did it in Australia, it wasn’t.</p>

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