Transcribing Ancient Manuscripts from Around the World
<p>As a follow-up/clarification to <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/33113/are-you-allowed-to-transcribe-a-copyrighted-manuscript/33137#33137">this question</a>, I would like to ask with a little  bit more detail.</p>

<p>There are several groups of "ancient" manuscripts and inscriptions which I would like for this to take into account. Here is a list of some of them:</p>

<ul>
<li>Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs (>3000 years old)</li>
<li>Ancient Olmec Inscriptions (>3000 years old)</li>
<li>Ancient Mayan Glyphs</li>
<li>Ancient Aztec Glyphs</li>
<li>Old English Manuscripts (>1000 years old)</li>
<li>Old Runic Inscriptions (>1000 years old)</li>
<li>Old Irish Manuscripts (>1000 years old)</li>
<li>Ancient Chinese Manuscripts (>1000 years old)</li>
<li>Ancient Chinese Inscriptions (>3000 years old, like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone" rel="noreferrer">oracle bone</a>)</li>
<li>Ancient Latin Manuscripts (>1000 years old)</li>
<li>Ancient Greek Manuscripts (>1000 years old)</li>
<li>Etc. There are many other cultures such as Finnish, Tibetan, etc.</li>
</ul>

<p>Some of these are owned by places like the Catholic Church, others by places like the British Library, or other Libraries or Museums, even others are held by Universities, and still others are held by private individuals who may post an image online of the artifact for a variety of reasons, like <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/whatisthisthing/comments/4t9kop/book_written_in_geez_ancient_ethiopic_unknown_age/" rel="noreferrer">this person did</a>. Also, some artifacts may have been <em>created</em> in one place (like in China), but <em>hosted</em> in another place (like at the British museum).</p>

<p>So the question is about looking at an online image of one of these artifacts, which is provided by one of the owners, and then either drawing a picture to replicate the object (like the image below), or copying it into text form, such as <a href="http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/texts/sacr-cor/" rel="noreferrer">this</a>, which was transcribed from <a href="http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/manuscripts/cp/?tp=ob" rel="noreferrer">an image of a manuscript</a>, into <a href="http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/texts/sacr-cor/view/#edition/translation" rel="noreferrer">electronic text</a>.</p>

<p>Specifically, all of the things I am talking about are pre-copyright era, the actual objects themselves. So then someone finds/discovers the item (either they found it pre-copyright era, like 1000+ years ago finding something and putting it in the king's library), or it was discovered post-copyright-starting era. So somebody owns it. I am not concerned with that part. But then they take a picture of it and put it online. Some of the pictures (like the reddit image) are just quickly shot with an iPhone. Others require significant cost, care, and tooling, such as taking a picture of a fragile ancient manuscript, while others require that much cost/care/tooling to startup, but then can be automated for thousands or millions of artifacts (like the Google books project). But in the end, an image of a natural, copyright-free artifact (since it was created pre-copyright era) is online and publicly available.</p>

<p>What you see in this situation often is "this image is copyrighted". To me that means that you can't directly sell the image, or host it on your site/product for commercial gain. But given the <em>content</em> of the image is in the public domain (again, the content from all those cultural resources listed at the beginning) because it was created thousands of years ago, I wonder what you are allowed to do with the image.</p>

<p>I wonder if you are allowed to:</p>

<ul>
<li>Make a drawing of it (like the sketch below).</li>
<li>Transcribe the text contained in the original document (which you could <em>see</em> because of the copyrighted image).</li>
</ul>

<p>Obviously the drawing wouldn't be a straight copy of the <em>photograph</em>. It would draw the essence of the content instead. So the content is public domain, but the image is copyrighted and the artifact is owned. I wonder if you are allowed to essentially write down in electronic form what is in the manuscript artifact, or in the case of glyphs, to write down the glyphs.</p>

<p>What this would mean is that one could go to a museum website and view their manuscripts, and transcribe them, and then do what you want with the transcription. If that's not allowed, I would be interested to know the reason.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Rl7Pn.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Rl7Pn.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>What you're describing is generally permissible in the United States.</p>

<p>The photographer has copyright in the photograph itself, not in the items photographed. This means that they have copyright in the way that they composed the photograph -- what background they placed it against, lighting, camera placement, etc. -- but not in the ancient manuscript. </p>

<p>If you are strictly transcribing the text of the script, you're not infringing on anything that's copyrighted. If you make a sketch, there's more potential for infringement, but I suspect that you would not be working to faithfully copy the angles of the shadows as much as you would working to faithfully copy the image and condition of the artifact. </p>

<p>Even if you were, calling that a copyright infringement would require that the image truly be copyrighted, and I'm not 100 percent convinced that they would be. Copyright is only available to <em>original</em> works of authorship, and that means that the author has to make some meaningful efforts to create something new out of the copyrighted elements discussed above.</p>

<p>But what has the photographer done in that picture of the Coronation Oath? It appears that they've photographed the book head-on, as it's displayed by the museum, with lighting as provided by the museum, in an effort to recreate the display one would see while visiting the museum. Is that really sufficiently "original" to merit copyright protection that could be invoked to prevent someone from drawing a duplicate? I doubt it.</p>

<p>But that picture of the Ge'ez book may be different. Someone appears to have grabbed the book, opened it up under weird lighting, kept their hands in the photograph, and otherwise actually composed a photograph that may not be particularly artistic, but is nonetheless difficult enough to duplicate that it can be considered original.</p>

<p>So let's be generous to the copyright trolls and assume that the sketch you're imagining is protected. Even then, that only raises the question of whether the copy is a fair use. You haven't said anything about how the hypothetical copier would be using these materials, but I have a hunch that the idea isn't to launch a multimillion dollar merchandising enterprise. If the idea is more academic or cultural, you'd have a better claim to fair use. Again, you can review <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/32422/is-this-copyright-infringement-is-it-fair-use-what-if-i-dont-make-any-money-o">this fair-use explainer</a> to get a better idea.</p>

<p>Your question adds one non-trivial complication, which is that you are accessing the material via a website. That means there are, potentially, terms of use applicable to such access. As you know, all internet operations involve massive copying, we pages are protected by copyright law, but fortunately web page operators typically grant conditional permission to access a web page of interest. "Conditional" means, you may access the page as long as you abide by certain conditions. There may be a "no transcribing!" term attached to that web page. Webpage TOS's are not, as a rule, just restatements of prohibitions of copyright infringement.</p>

<p>Supposing that the image is of a thing not protected by copyright, and the image itself is not protected (e.g. if the photograph is a US government work), it is still possible that permission to access the web page is contingent on refraining from certain acts. </p>

<p>In the UK (and EU) one cannot own copyright on ancient works themselves whether in public collections or private hands, that includes publications whose copyright has expired. If you take photos, photocopies or hand sketches, where the original non-copyrighted material is freely accessible to do so, you are not infringing anyones rights.The photos, photocopies and sketches themselves are yours and become copyright to you automatically as your original works, regardless of the content within which you never own.</p>
<p>If you try to copy,manufacture and sell a modern artwork or an exclusive designer's object which you photographed at an expo you are in trouble. You own the photograph but not the right to reproduce the content and must desist, or pay agreed commission fees on the manufacture.
This is all within my personal experience as a craftsman, designer and academic writer who suffered ripoff of my works.</p>
<p>If you take an old published book that is out of copyright and make editing changes,re-format and add supplementary notes, commentary or additional material then you have created a new work that becomes copyright to you. It is a new edition that did not exist previously and is entitled to copyright protection.
Some publishers do just that periodically to maintain copyright protection that is commercially worthwhile.
Online creator and commentator styxhexenhammer666 regularly republishes old and ancient books and material on mysticism, the occult and philosophical works and his editions thereby become copyright.</p>
<p>For works of art in galleries or museums any photos you take are yours to do with as you will. Print t-shirts, make greeting cards, print mugs or modify the images to create new , humourous, satirical, montage, wallpapers etc etc.
However, if you take images from a museum website for commercial use you must pay a fee, usually per item made or per magazine published.The same applies to privately owned websites with privately owned images.</p>
<p>If you discover some unknown aspect of an object on a museum website you can use their image freely to illustrate your ideas in an academic paper or similar under 'fair use' and no fee will be payable. So if you see problems with the translation of the Rosetta Stone shown on a museum image you can use and comment freely as per above. But, you cannot manipulate or change their images in order to lay a personal claim to that altered image outside academic constraints.
If you just want to cash in and take images for reprint in a coffee table book then fees are due.
To avoid fees take the pictures yourself where its possible or permissable.</p>
<p>It is interesting to note that the Dutch Rikjsmuseum has no copyright restrictions on any of their online hi-res images. Its all free to use and distribute for commercial purposes or otherwise in any way possible.
There may be obscure scenarios and dark unexplored corners that are as yet unresolved but the foregoing examples and principles represents the current legal situation as I understand it.</p>

copyright