Liability for pushing trespassing stock out on the street?
<p>Bob's land (in an urban area) has been <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/55632">trespassed</a> by Rob's bull which has already caused some damage. Bob has repeatedly asked Rob to keep the bull out, but Rob has not been caring enough. Bob has also informed the local animal control authorities but they are taking time to react.</p>
<p>The fencing around Bob's property is such that if the bull is pushed out on the street (as opposed to back to Rob's property), he is much less likely to come back.</p>
<p>Can Bob push the bull out on the street? Would Bob be liable if the bull causes any trouble there?</p>
<p>I have found that &quot;any person may seize the stock&quot; if &quot;<a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1955/0108/latest/whole.html#DLM294189" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Stock straying or wandering on roads</a>&quot;. But can any person (apart from the stock owners of course) do the opposite — push them out?</p>

<p><strong>It depends on whether &quot;person&quot; means &quot;owner&quot;</strong></p>
<p>If Bob is liable, it's not under the <em>Impounding Act of 1955.</em> In that Act, the occupier of land is <em>allowed,</em> but <em>not required</em> to impound trespassing animals. This is made clear in s 21 of the <a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1955/0108/latest/whole.html#DLM294165" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Act</a>, which says &quot;the occupier...<strong>may</strong> seize and impound any stock trespassing on the land.&quot; A quick search finds no sections of the Act <em>requiring</em> an occupier to impound trespassing cattle. So it seems <em>Bob is free to send the cattle on their way,</em> at least under the <em>Impounding Act.</em></p>
<p>However, liability for cattle and cars is also covered by the <em>&quot;Animals Law Reform Act of 1989.&quot;</em> The two subsections of <em>&quot;<a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0097/latest/whole.html#DLM191765" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Section 5</a>&quot;</em> of that Act appear to broaden the class of people who could be held liable for damage “caused by an animal straying onto a highway.” <em>Neither subsection explicitly mentions the owner.</em> Instead, both talk about the &quot;person&quot; who is liable. The first, s 5(1) says the part of the common law that “excludes or restricts” “the duty that <strong>a person</strong> might <strong>owe to others to take reasonable care</strong>” to prevent damage no longer applies in New Zealand. The second, s 5(2), says a court must determine &quot;whether <strong>a person</strong> is <em>liable...for damage</em> caused by an <em>animal straying onto a particular highway...</em>&quot;</p>
<p>Given that <em>Impounding Act</em> explicitly says &quot;owner&quot; not &quot;person,&quot; common sense suggests the use of the word &quot;person&quot; rather than &quot;owner&quot; in the <em>Animals Law Act of 1989</em> means that Act allows others besides the owner to be held liable for damages. Whether New Zealand courts agree, and whether they have interpreted the “Animal Laws Act” in a way that would include Bob is a matter of fact that can only be answered by someone who knows New Zealand law.</p>
<p><strong>Added: Something fun to read</strong></p>
<p>Law professor Robert Ellickson studied how people actually resolve disputes over wandering cattle in Shasta county in northern California. There's a readable summary of what he found <a href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1465&amp;context=fss_papers#page=35" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>. (The title of his book, &quot;<a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674641693" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Order without law</a>,&quot; sums up his main finding -- there are rules that are enforced, but those rules have little to do with the formal law or law enforcement.)</p>

damages new-zealand animals