If an allegation is approved, does it mean that the statistics cited in the allegation is correct?
<p>For an example excerpt, see the <a href="https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2020/07/29/18-15725.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Schwake v. Arizona</a> case, page 15:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The University contends that the allegations of genderbased decisionmaking are conclusory because they lack the detail of the allegations in Doe v. Miami University, 882 F.3d 579 (6th Cir. 2018). The plaintiff’s allegations there included: (1) “every male student accused of sexual misconduct in the Fall 2013 and Spring 2014 semesters was found responsible for the alleged violation,” (2) “nearly ninety percent of students found responsible for sexual misconduct between 2011 and 2014 have male first-names,” (3) an affidavit from an attorney who represented “many students in Miami University’s disciplinary proceedings” who “describe[d] a pattern of the University pursuing investigations concerning male students, but not female students,” and (4) the plaintiff’s allegation that the university investigated him rather than the complainant. Id. at 593–94.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Also on page 15, Schwake alleged that &quot;male repondents in the student disciplinary proceedings involving alleged sexual harassment and misconduct cases at Arizona Univ are invariably found guilty regardless of the evidence or lack thereof.&quot;</p>
<p>I am not a law student so I am assuming that, as the allegation is &quot;plausible&quot; (see the last page of the document), the statistics cited in those allegations must be objectively correct or well-supported?</p>

<h2>Not in this case</h2>
<p>First, we are having an <strong>appeals court</strong> case that is filed against the dismissal of the real case - there had been no trial. It's a research into if there was a clear error of the court, <strong>not</strong> who would have won. The Appeals court decided to send it back to the district court with pretty much a direct order to have a trial and <em>solve the issiue</em>, as the very last paragraph of the file shows:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>We conclude that Schwake stated a Title IX claim
against the University because he plausibly alleged gender
bias. Accordingly, we reverse and <strong>vacate the district court’s
order and judgment dismissing the claim with prejudice</strong>, and
<strong>remand for further proceedings.</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Now, back to your quote. As this is an appeal case, the standard is different than in the district court. In this case, it tries to see if there might have been a case, which was dismissed erroneously. Page 15 and 16, where you cite, states (emphasis mine):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Schwake’s allegations of a pattern of gender-based
decisionmaking against male respondents in sexual
misconduct disciplinary proceedings <em>make that inference
<strong>plausible</strong></em>. He alleged that “[m]ale respondents in student
disciplinary proceedings involving alleged sexual
harassment and misconduct cases at [the University]” “are
invariably found guilty, regardless of the evidence or lack
thereof.” Schwake further alleged that he was “aware of
recent [University] disciplinary cases against male
respondents in alleged sexual misconduct cases who were all
found guilty regardless of the evidence or lack thereof.” <strong>The
district court was not free to ignore this non-conclusory and
relevant factual allegation.</strong></p>
<p>[your quote]</p>
<p><strong>The absence of this level of detail from Schwake’s
complaint does not render Schwake’s allegation conclusory
or insufficient. There is no heightened pleading standard for
Title IX claims.</strong> See Austin, 925 F.3d at 1137 n.4. That point
is particularly apt here. It may be difficult for a plaintiff to
know the full extent of alleged discrimination in
decisionmaking <strong>before discovery</strong> allows a plaintiff to
unearth information controlled by the defendant.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This sheds much more light upon the situation of the case: Schwacke sued and alleged something. The University alleges the contrary in their reply brief and asks the court to dismiss the claim. <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/arizona/azdce/2:2015cv00696/919807/54/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The court dismissed in March 2018.</a> This was before any discovery has taken place: nobody was subpoenaed, nobody had to testify in court, nobody had to turn over any documents. We have only statements from either side. As the next step, Schwacke appealed the dismissal, and the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals <a href="https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2020/07/29/18-15725.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">reversed and remanded</a>, as it found clear error in the handling in dismissal, as one can see in the last paragraphs from each claim's section:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Here, we are satisfied that
Schwake’s allegations of contemporaneous pressure and
gender-based decisionmaking establish background indicia
of sex discrimination relevant to his Title IX claim.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Considering the combination of Schwake’s allegations
of background indicia of sex discrimination along with the
allegations concerning his particular disciplinary case, we
conclude that sex discrimination is a plausible explanation
for the University’s handling of the sexual misconduct
disciplinary case against Schwake. This is sufficient for
Schwake’s Title IX claim to proceed beyond the motion to
dismiss stage.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Now it is up to Schwacke to get into discovery, subpoena the information from the university and go into the courtroom trial... Unless the parties settles.</p>
<h2>Sidenote</h2>
<p>By the way, the quote of the university refers to a different case from the 6th Circuit (where Ohio is), which they try to pull up as a model standard. This case is not <em>binding</em> for the 9th Circuit (where Arizona is) but could have been used as a model. <a href="https://www.thefire.org/doe-v-miami-university-882-f-3d-579-6th-cir-2018/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Doe v. Miami University, 882 F.3d 579 (6th Cir. 2018)</a> is somewhat similar to Schwacke, as it had been previously dismissed. However, the Title IX was restored by the Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit and it was sent back to the lower court to have a trial. Here too, the standard was <em>reasonable expectation</em> or <em>plausibility</em>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Plaintiff “allege[d] facts showing a potential pattern of gender-based decision-making that ‘raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal’ circumstantial evidence of gender discrimination.”</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>You are right.</strong> If this was what you call a &quot;concluded court case,&quot; the court would have to say whether Schwake's allegations were &quot;objectively correct or well-supported.&quot; <strong>But: <em>this is not a &quot;concluded court case.</em>&quot;</strong> This is <strong><em>only</em> a &quot;<em>preliminary court case</em>.&quot;</strong> In this case, the court is <strong>not deciding</strong> whether Schwake is right. It is <strong>only deciding</strong> whether Schwake's allegations are <em>plausible</em> enough to justify giving him a chance to prove they are true.</p>
<p>To decide whether Schwake gets a trial, the judge does not ask: <strong>Did ASU violate Title IX by discriminating against male students?</strong> Instead, the judge asks: <strong>Are Schwake's allegation &quot;plausible&quot;?</strong> Because the court decided <strong>his allegation are plausible</strong>, Schwake's case &quot;<em>will go to trial</em>&quot; It is only at that trial that Scwake will get a chance to argue that ASU violated Title IX. At the end of the trial, there will be the sort of &quot;concluded court case,&quot; you are thinking about.</p>
<p>Bottom Line: <strong>Judicial decisions are tricky things.</strong> In order to understand what the judge is saying, you need to know the question they are answering. In this case, because you misunderstood the question, you've misunderstood the answer.</p>

<p>It is best to include all relevant information in your question, rather than referring readers to an outside link. Looking at the link, the following paragraph is what I infer happened (note the word &quot;infer&quot;; I'm not saying this is definitely what happened, just that this is what it looks to me what happened):</p>
<p>Schwake filed a lawsuit against Arizona State University alleging sex discrimination. ASU filed for summary judgment, and their motion succeeded. Schwake then appealed the summary judgment to a district court, which dismissed the summary judgment. ASU then appealed that decision to a panel, and the panel reversed the dismissal of the summary judgment. Schwake then appealed that to the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals then was deciding whether to reverse the reversal of the dismissal of a summary judgment dismissing Schwake lawsuit. When you get through all the double negatives, this means the Appeals Court was being asked to rule on whether summary judgment was appropriate.</p>
<p>The standard for the moving party (in this case, ASU) in a summary judgment motion is extremely high. ASU must show that Schwake has not presented a claim that has any reasonable chance of succeeding. Schwake, on the other hand, needs only show that his allegations <em>might</em> be true, and he that <em>might</em> be able to prove that at trial. In this context, saying that Schwake's allegations are &quot;plausible&quot; means &quot;If all evidence is evaluated in the light most favorable to the respondent [in this case, Schwake], a reasonable finder of fact could conclude that the allegations are true&quot;. The Appeals Court is not being asked to decided whether his allegations <em>are</em> true, or even whether he has strong evidence to support his allegations.</p>

<h2>A court decides the legal controversy</h2>
<p>For example, if a court convicts me of murdering Joe then, legally, I murdered Joe and all the required elements have been proved:</p>
<ul>
<li>Joe is dead</li>
<li>I killed him</li>
<li>Intentionally</li>
<li>Without legal excuse</li>
</ul>
<p>For the second element only, let’s say the evidence of the prosecution has my DNA at the scene, the bullet that killed Joe was fired from my gun, 7 people saw me go into and out of the room where it happened at the time etc. It was certainly me.</p>
<p>Now, the evidence from the defence has me in a bar in Moscow 4,000km away at the time, my credit card has charges from that bar, I was drinking with 4 people who all testified to that etc. It couldn’t have been me.</p>
<p>Now the finder of fact (jury or judge) has to decide if the prosecution has proved the element “I killed Joe” beyond reasonable doubt. In doing that they have to weigh the conflicting evidence and decide how much weight to give it. Based on that they make a decision - guilty or not guilty. If they are a jury that’s all we get. If they are a judge they have to explain their reasons why they accepted or rejected some evidence and why they preferred this evidence over that.</p>
<p><strong>No one decides that the evidence is factual: they just decide if they believe it and if they are persuaded by it</strong></p>

discrimination appeal sexual-assault sex-discrimination