What is the difference between &quot;under ...&quot; and &quot;stipulated by ...&quot; in legal expression?
<p>I have a question about whether I should use “under” or “stipulated by” in the sentence below.</p>
<ol>
<li>Responsible for navigation, cargo handling, fire and life-saving equipment, and other duties related to safe operation of ships <strong>under</strong> international conventions.</li>
<li>Responsible for navigation, cargo handling, fire and life-saving equipment, and other duties related to safe operation of ships <strong>stipulated by</strong> international conventions.</li>
</ol>
<p>Because duties of mariners are mandatary and written into international conventions, I am wondering whether the use of these two words may cause different meanings and understanding to readers. Which word is best to reflect the meaning of &quot;<strong>written into</strong>&quot;?</p>
<p>In addition, can I use “<strong>stipulated under</strong>” to replace stipulated by? Is it correct?</p>

<p>To me, they are synonymous but <a href="/questions/tagged/england-and-wales" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;england-and-wales&#39;" rel="tag">england-and-wales</a> legislation often uses &quot;<em>in accordance with</em>&quot; as well.</p>
<p>By way of an example: a word search of that phrase in the <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/28?timeline=false" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act 1997</a> returns 91 hits, whereas &quot;<em>under an order</em>&quot; and &quot;<em>under regulations</em>&quot; have just three each, and &quot;<em>stipulated</em>&quot; does not appear at all.</p>

legal-terms definition law-of-the-sea