What is the legal distinction between watching a YouTube video in a browser and downloading it for personal use?
<p>If the act of watching a YouTube video creates a temporary download in my internet cache, why is it illegal to use an app that intercepts the YouTube API to download music videos to listen to later when I don't have internet?</p>
<p>When people buy a CD or mp3, they are allowed to listen to it as much as they want, because the royalties have already been paid. YouTube pays royalties via ads, so by this logic, the stream I listen to is legal because the royalties have already been paid by YouTube.</p>
<p>But, what constitutes a stream? I can have a YouTube music video open in my browser, disconnect from the internet once it loads, and listen to it over and over provided I don't refresh the page. In that case, why is it illegal for me to download it to my computer to listen to later?</p>
<p>If anyone can provide case law or something to that effect, I'd really appreciate it. I'm in the USA, so I'm looking for USA-specific copyright law. And, to clarify, I'm not asking about YouTube's TOS, but the overall legality of downloading music from YouTube in general.</p>

<p>Although you aren't interested in the TOS, you should be. You are not allowed to make any copy of other people's stuff without permission. The TOS is how you get permission. First, the author uploads his material to You Tube, because he has an account and the TOS associated with the account specifies the license that he grants to You Tube and the world – same thing with Stack Exchange. The TOS says (roughly) &quot;when you upload stuff, you give permission for others to access your stuff using the You Tube interface&quot;. Content-consumers likewise are allowed to stream content using their interface, but not generally download. (The license terms changes over time – previously there were more license types). Specifically,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>You are not allowed to:</p>
<p>access, reproduce, download, distribute, transmit, broadcast, display,
sell, license, alter, modify or otherwise use any part of the Service
or any Content except: (a) as expressly authorized by the Service; or
(b) with prior written permission from YouTube and, if applicable, the
respective rights holders;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>and they don't expressly authorize ordinary download, you have to use their interface.</p>
<p>You might also directly contact the author of the work in question and negotiate a deal where you can directly acquire a license from the rights-owner. But if you want to access the material via You Tube, you have to do it in a way that is permitted, and You Tube says that you're not permitted to download. Any &quot;copying without permission&quot; is infringement.</p>

<p>Copying is a necessary and pervasive part of typical internet usage. Visiting any website requires, not only that it is temporarily copied and saved onto your hard drive, but also that every intermediate server through which the content is transmitted to you has a copy, and also that a copy can be displayed on the physical screen you use to view the media. This was the source of a lot of controversy in the early internet era, I recommend reading Chapter 3 of Lawrence Lessig's <em>Free Culture</em> if you're interested in the history.</p>
<p>Since the default is &quot;any copying is illegal&quot;, I will answer the contrapositive &quot;why <em>isn't</em> using my browser to visit YouTube illegal?&quot;. <strong>I claim that the Terms of Service of YouTube are irrelevant for the purposes of this question.</strong> I think there are essentially two defenses for using the website/app in its usual fashion, which do not apply to tools for downloading permanent copies.</p>
<p>Both rest on the distinction that the implied copying is (1) temporary, (2) non-commercial, (3) transient, (4) the minimum necessary to carry out the relevant technical aim (i.e. transmitting video content through the internet).</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>In the US</strong> I claim that implicit copying would definitely be considered a fair use, while making a personal copy for private use <em>could</em> but probably wouldn't, and making a personal copy to distribute would <em>definitely</em> not. See <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/3589/36772">https://law.stackexchange.com/a/3589/36772</a> for details.</li>
<li><strong>In the EU</strong> There are explicit exemptions in the Copyright Directive which permit copying under these circumstances. See <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/4858/36772">https://law.stackexchange.com/a/4858/36772</a> for details.</li>
</ul>
<p>One commenter mentions anti-circumvention law as in the DMCA. This <em>might</em> be relevant, but personally I doubt it, as YouTube does not use any kind of &quot;digital lock&quot; (i.e. DRM) that I'm aware of. Access to the raw blob is obfuscated, but not directly locked.</p>
<p>A final note is that in some jurisdictions you are allowed to make &quot;Home copies&quot; for personal use, or for other specific demarcated purposes. You can find some references to specific jurisdictions on the Wikipedia article for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_copying_levy" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Private copying levy</a> (which is a common form of tax used to remunerate copyright holders for private copying).</p>
<h2>youtube-dl and Invidious</h2>
<p>There are two relevant software projects that touch on this area.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://invidious.io/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Invidious</a> is an open-source front-end for YouTube. A certain amount of copying is incidental in the provision of such a service, but as far as I know it is considered likely to be legal. <a href="https://docs.invidious.io/takedown/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The developers certainly think so</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://youtube-dl.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">youtube-dl</a> is an open-source software project enabling users to download any youtube video they like. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that they are using youtube-dl under proper license of the downloaded material.</li>
</ul>
<p>There have been many similar projects: Vanced, HookTube, Youtube2Peertube, ... which were intimidated into shutting down, either due to real or bogus legal threats. You may want to look into them if you want to know the details.</p>

<p><strong>It is not illegal</strong></p>
<p>There no law against downloading any video from YouTube. YouTube does, however has a policy and mechanisms against that because law allows them to do so. It is their website, after all.</p>
<p><strong>The saved track is pirated</strong></p>
<p>The license YouTube allows you to listen to the track only  from their website or apps, even if it cached on your hard drive. Same goes on Spotify, Netflix... If you save the track outside their allowed use, then you are breaking the contract and you have an unlicensed copy of the track.</p>
<p><strong>Make your own streaming service to get around this</strong></p>
<p>If you are not interested in following YouTube terms of service, you don't have to follow them by never accessing the website or apps. You can get around the issue by creating an app that does what you want and set your own content policies. If the app and its policies are so good, people will rather posting their content to your platform, rather than theirs.</p>

copyright intellectual-property music youtube