Is use of force in defense of another legal if the person being defended opposes the use of force?
<p>Bob threatens John with a gun. Alice, who is also carrying a gun (legally), draws her gun and aims at Bob, intending to shoot him in defense of John, who is unarmed. John says to her, &quot;Don't shoot him!&quot; Alice shoots Bob anyway. Is this legal?</p>
<p>Assume that it would have been unquestionably legal had John consented or remained silent.</p>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/england-and-wales" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;england-and-wales&#39;" aria-label="show questions tagged &#39;england-and-wales&#39;" rel="tag" aria-labelledby="tag-england-and-wales-tooltip-container">england-and-wales</a></p>
<p>Alice's defence will be that she had an honest belief, given the circumstances, that force was necessary and the force she  used was reasonable in defence of John (and possibly Alice).</p>
<p>John's consent is irrelevant unless it had some bearing on that.</p>
<p>Why did John oppose the use of force?</p>
<p>Did John tell Alice not to shoot because he  would rather die than cause a death? Irrelevant.</p>
<p>Did John tell Alice not to shoot because he believed Bob was not a real threat due to circumstances X, Y and/or Z that he wanted Alice to heed? Relevant.</p>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/canada" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;canada&#39;" aria-label="show questions tagged &#39;canada&#39;" rel="tag" aria-labelledby="tag-canada-tooltip-container">canada</a></p>
<h3>This is a standard defence-of-another / self-defence analysis</h3>
<p>See</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/90858/46948">Is it legal to use force against a person who is trying to stop you from rescuing another person?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/92336/46948">Is it legal to use force against a person who is illegally trying to disconnect a hospital patient's life support with intent to kill the patient?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/93809/46948">Can a private party shoot down an aircraft in self defense or in defense of others?</a></li>
</ul>
<p>If Alice believes on reasonable grounds that there is a threat of force against John, then the defence called &quot;<a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/87387/46948">defence of another</a>&quot; comes into play. It is codified at s. 34 of the <em>Criminal Code</em>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>34 (1) A person is not guilty of an offence if</p>
<p>(a) they believe on reasonable grounds that force is being used against them or another person or that a threat of force is being made against them or another person;</p>
<p>(b) the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of defending or protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force; and</p>
<p>(c) the act committed is reasonable in the circumstances.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>&quot;Unless the accused subjectively believed that force or a threat thereof was being used against their person or that of another, the defence is unavailable&quot; (<em>R. v. Khill</em>, <a href="https://canlii.ca/t/jjlbr#par52" rel="nofollow noreferrer">2021 SCC 37, para. 52</a>). Such belief must also be based on reasonable grounds. They must also act <em>with the subjective purpose</em> of protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force. There is also the final balance of reasonableness of the response, but I don't take you to be putting that into question.</p>
<p><strong>As long as these are satisfied, then the defence is made out.</strong> And you haven't given enough information to know whether these elements are present.</p>
<h3>Your scenario only presents evidential uncertainty</h3>
<p>The scenario you describe only presents evidential uncertainty to the trier of fact. John's shout to &quot;Don't shoot him&quot; would just be part of the evidence relevant to establishing the reasonableness of Alice's belief that John was under the threat of force.</p>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/germany" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;germany&#39;" aria-label="show questions tagged &#39;germany&#39;" rel="tag" aria-labelledby="tag-germany-tooltip-container">germany</a> has <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__32.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">§32(2) StGB</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Notwehr ist die Verteidigung, die erforderlich ist, um einen gegenwärtigen rechtswidrigen Angriff von sich oder einem anderen abzuwenden.<br />
Self-defense is the defense which is necessary to defeat a present, unlawful attack against oneself <strong>or another</strong>. (my translation, emphasis by me)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The question here becomes if John saying <em>&quot;don't shoot him&quot;</em> should make it clear to Alice that Bob is <strong>not</strong> making an unlawful attack. <em>&quot;Don't shoot him&quot;</em> is not the same as <em>&quot;I consent to being attacked,&quot;</em> and John cannot lawfully consent to being killed that way, anyway. It is possible to consent to being injured (many medical procedures would be assault if there is no consent), but a gun is not a suitable instrument for that.</p>
<p>Any specific case would almost certainly be argued in court. You specified that without John's statement, the self defense would be found legal, and these circumstances are not altered by a shout in a confusing situation.</p>

assault any-jurisdiction defense-of-others