ToXCL: A Unified Framework for Toxic Speech Detection and Explanation
Nhat M. Hoang Xuan Long Do Duc Anh Do Duc Anh Vu Luu Anh Tuan
The proliferation of online toxic speech is a pertinent problem posing
threats to demographic groups. While explicit toxic speech contains offensive
lexical signals, implicit one consists of coded or indirect language.
Therefore, it is crucial for models not only to detect implicit toxic speech
but also to explain its toxicity. This draws a unique need for unified
frameworks that can effectively detect and explain implicit toxic speech. Prior
works mainly formulated the task of toxic speech detection and explanation as a
text generation problem. Nonetheless, models trained using this strategy can be
prone to suffer from the consequent error propagation problem. Moreover, our
experiments reveal that the detection results of such models are much lower
than those that focus only on the detection task. To bridge these gaps, we
introduce ToXCL, a unified framework for the detection and explanation of
implicit toxic speech. Our model consists of three modules: a (i) Target Group
Generator to generate the targeted demographic group(s) of a given post; an
(ii) Encoder-Decoder Model in which the encoder focuses on detecting implicit
toxic speech and is boosted by a (iii) Teacher Classifier via knowledge
distillation, and the decoder generates the necessary explanation. ToXCL
achieves new state-of-the-art effectiveness, and outperforms baselines
significantly.