Learn When (not) to Trust Language Models: A Privacy-Centric Adaptive
  Model-Aware Approach
Chengkai Huang Rui Wang Kaige Xie Tong Yu Lina Yao
Retrieval-augmented large language models (LLMs) have been remarkably
competent in various NLP tasks. Despite their great success, the knowledge
provided by the retrieval process is not always useful for improving the model
prediction, since in some samples LLMs may already be quite knowledgeable and
thus be able to answer the question correctly without retrieval. Aiming to save
the cost of retrieval, previous work has proposed to determine when to do/skip
the retrieval in a data-aware manner by analyzing the LLMs' pretraining data.
However, these data-aware methods pose privacy risks and memory limitations,
especially when requiring access to sensitive or extensive pretraining data.
Moreover, these methods offer limited adaptability under fine-tuning or
continual learning settings. We hypothesize that token embeddings are able to
capture the model's intrinsic knowledge, which offers a safer and more
straightforward way to judge the need for retrieval without the privacy risks
associated with accessing pre-training data. Moreover, it alleviates the need
to retain all the data utilized during model pre-training, necessitating only
the upkeep of the token embeddings. Extensive experiments and in-depth analyses
demonstrate the superiority of our model-aware approach.