On the Scalability of Diffusion-based Text-to-Image Generation
Hao Li Yang Zou Ying Wang Orchid Majumder Yusheng Xie R. Manmatha Ashwin Swaminathan Zhuowen Tu Stefano Ermon Stefano Soatto
Scaling up model and data size has been quite successful for the evolution of
LLMs. However, the scaling law for the diffusion based text-to-image (T2I)
models is not fully explored. It is also unclear how to efficiently scale the
model for better performance at reduced cost. The different training settings
and expensive training cost make a fair model comparison extremely difficult.
In this work, we empirically study the scaling properties of diffusion based
T2I models by performing extensive and rigours ablations on scaling both
denoising backbones and training set, including training scaled UNet and
Transformer variants ranging from 0.4B to 4B parameters on datasets upto 600M
images. For model scaling, we find the location and amount of cross attention
distinguishes the performance of existing UNet designs. And increasing the
transformer blocks is more parameter-efficient for improving text-image
alignment than increasing channel numbers. We then identify an efficient UNet
variant, which is 45% smaller and 28% faster than SDXL's UNet. On the data
scaling side, we show the quality and diversity of the training set matters
more than simply dataset size. Increasing caption density and diversity
improves text-image alignment performance and the learning efficiency. Finally,
we provide scaling functions to predict the text-image alignment performance as
functions of the scale of model size, compute and dataset size.