Impact of geolocation data on augmented reality usability: A comparative
  user test
Julien Mercier N. Chabloz G. Dozot C. Audrin O. Ertz E. Bocher D. Rappo
Abstract. While the use of location-based augmented reality (AR) for
education has demonstrated benefits on participants' motivation, engagement,
and on their physical activity, geolocation data inaccuracy causes augmented
objects to jitter or drift, which is a factor in downgrading user experience.
We developed a free and open source web AR application and conducted a
comparative user test (n = 54) in order to assess the impact of geolocation
data on usability, exploration, and focus. A control group explored
biodiversity in nature using the system in combination with embedded GNSS data,
and an experimental group used an external module for RTK data. During the
test, eye tracking data, geolocated traces, and in-app user-triggered events
were recorded. Participants answered usability questionnaires (SUS, UEQ,
HARUS).We found that the geolocation data the RTK group was exposed to was less
accurate in average than that of the control group. The RTK group reported
lower usability scores on all scales, of which 5 out of 9 were significant,
indicating that inaccurate data negatively predicts usability. The GNSS group
walked more than the RTK group, indicating a partial effect on exploration. We
found no significant effect on interaction time with the screen, indicating no
specific relation between data accuracy and focus. While RTK data did not allow
us to better the usability of location-based AR interfaces, results allow us to
assess our system's overall usability as excellent, and to define optimal
operating conditions for future use with pupils.