Vi(E)va LLM! A Conceptual Stack for Evaluating and Interpreting
  Generative AI-based Visualizations
Luca Podo Muhammad Ishmal Marco Angelini
The automatic generation of visualizations is an old task that, through the
years, has shown more and more interest from the research and practitioner
communities. Recently, large language models (LLM) have become an interesting
option for supporting generative tasks related to visualization, demonstrating
initial promising results. At the same time, several pitfalls, like the
multiple ways of instructing an LLM to generate the desired result, the
different perspectives leading the generation (code-based, image-based,
grammar-based), and the presence of hallucinations even for the visualization
generation task, make their usage less affordable than expected. Following
similar initiatives for benchmarking LLMs, this paper copes with the problem of
modeling the evaluation of a generated visualization through an LLM. We propose
a theoretical evaluation stack, EvaLLM, that decomposes the evaluation effort
in its atomic components, characterizes their nature, and provides an overview
of how to implement and interpret them. We also designed and implemented an
evaluation platform that provides a benchmarking resource for the visualization
generation task. The platform supports automatic and manual scoring conducted
by multiple assessors to support a fine-grained and semantic evaluation based
on the EvaLLM stack. Two case studies on GPT3.5-turbo with Code Interpreter and
Llama2-70-b models show the benefits of EvaLLM and illustrate interesting
results on the current state-of-the-art LLM-generated visualizations.