Comparative Evaluation of Recent Universal Adversarial Perturbations in
  Image Classification
Juanjuan Weng Zhiming Luo Dazhen Lin Shaozi Li
The vulnerability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to adversarial
samples has recently garnered significant attention in the machine learning
community. Furthermore, recent studies have unveiled the existence of universal
adversarial perturbations (UAPs) that are image-agnostic and highly
transferable across different CNN models. In this survey, our primary focus
revolves around the recent advancements in UAPs specifically within the image
classification task. We categorize UAPs into two distinct categories, i.e.,
noise-based attacks and generator-based attacks, thereby providing a
comprehensive overview of representative methods within each category. By
presenting the computational details of these methods, we summarize various
loss functions employed for learning UAPs. Furthermore, we conduct a
comprehensive evaluation of different loss functions within consistent training
frameworks, including noise-based and generator-based. The evaluation covers a
wide range of attack settings, including black-box and white-box attacks,
targeted and untargeted attacks, as well as the examination of defense
mechanisms.
  Our quantitative evaluation results yield several important findings
pertaining to the effectiveness of different loss functions, the selection of
surrogate CNN models, the impact of training data and data size, and the
training frameworks involved in crafting universal attackers. Finally, to
further promote future research on universal adversarial attacks, we provide
some visualizations of the perturbations and discuss the potential research
directions.