TinyProp -- Adaptive Sparse Backpropagation for Efficient TinyML
  On-device Learning
Marcus Rüb Daniel Maier Daniel Mueller-Gritschneder Axel Sikora
Training deep neural networks using backpropagation is very memory and
computationally intensive. This makes it difficult to run on-device learning or
fine-tune neural networks on tiny, embedded devices such as low-power
micro-controller units (MCUs). Sparse backpropagation algorithms try to reduce
the computational load of on-device learning by training only a subset of the
weights and biases. Existing approaches use a static number of weights to
train. A poor choice of this so-called backpropagation ratio limits either the
computational gain or can lead to severe accuracy losses. In this paper we
present TinyProp, the first sparse backpropagation method that dynamically
adapts the back-propagation ratio during on-device training for each training
step. TinyProp induces a small calculation overhead to sort the elements of the
gradient, which does not significantly impact the computational gains. TinyProp
works particularly well on fine-tuning trained networks on MCUs, which is a
typical use case for embedded applications. For typical datasets from three
datasets MNIST, DCASE2020 and CIFAR10, we are 5 times faster compared to
non-sparse training with an accuracy loss of on average 1%. On average,
TinyProp is 2.9 times faster than existing, static sparse backpropagation
algorithms and the accuracy loss is reduced on average by 6 % compared to a
typical static setting of the back-propagation ratio.