Counterfactual reasoning: Testing language models' understanding of
  hypothetical scenarios
Jiaxuan Li Lang Yu Allyson Ettinger
Current pre-trained language models have enabled remarkable improvements in
downstream tasks, but it remains difficult to distinguish effects of
statistical correlation from more systematic logical reasoning grounded on the
understanding of real world. We tease these factors apart by leveraging
counterfactual conditionals, which force language models to predict unusual
consequences based on hypothetical propositions. We introduce a set of tests
from psycholinguistic experiments, as well as larger-scale controlled datasets,
to probe counterfactual predictions from five pre-trained language models. We
find that models are consistently able to override real-world knowledge in
counterfactual scenarios, and that this effect is more robust in case of
stronger baseline world knowledge -- however, we also find that for most models
this effect appears largely to be driven by simple lexical cues. When we
mitigate effects of both world knowledge and lexical cues to test knowledge of
linguistic nuances of counterfactuals, we find that only GPT-3 shows
sensitivity to these nuances, though this sensitivity is also non-trivially
impacted by lexical associative factors.