MalPurifier: Enhancing Android Malware Detection with Adversarial
  Purification against Evasion Attacks
Yuyang Zhou Guang Cheng Zongyao Chen Shui Yu
Machine learning (ML) has gained significant adoption in Android malware
detection to address the escalating threats posed by the rapid proliferation of
malware attacks. However, recent studies have revealed the inherent
vulnerabilities of ML-based detection systems to evasion attacks. While efforts
have been made to address this critical issue, many of the existing defensive
methods encounter challenges such as lower effectiveness or reduced
generalization capabilities. In this paper, we introduce a novel Android
malware detection method, MalPurifier, which exploits adversarial purification
to eliminate perturbations independently, resulting in attack mitigation in a
light and flexible way. Specifically, MalPurifier employs a Denoising
AutoEncoder (DAE)-based purification model to preprocess input samples,
removing potential perturbations from them and then leading to correct
classification. To enhance defense effectiveness, we propose a diversified
adversarial perturbation mechanism that strengthens the purification model
against different manipulations from various evasion attacks. We also
incorporate randomized "protective noises" onto benign samples to prevent
excessive purification. Furthermore, we customize a loss function for improving
the DAE model, combining reconstruction loss and prediction loss, to enhance
feature representation learning, resulting in accurate reconstruction and
classification. Experimental results on two Android malware datasets
demonstrate that MalPurifier outperforms the state-of-the-art defenses, and it
significantly strengthens the vulnerable malware detector against 37 evasion
attacks, achieving accuracies over 90.91%. Notably, MalPurifier demonstrates
easy scalability to other detectors, offering flexibility and robustness in its
implementation.