P2AT: Pyramid Pooling Axial Transformer for Real-time Semantic
  Segmentation
Mohammed A. M. Elhassan Changjun Zhou Amina Benabid Abuzar B. M. Adam
Recently, Transformer-based models have achieved promising results in various
vision tasks, due to their ability to model long-range dependencies. However,
transformers are computationally expensive, which limits their applications in
real-time tasks such as autonomous driving. In addition, an efficient local and
global feature selection and fusion are vital for accurate dense prediction,
especially driving scene understanding tasks. In this paper, we propose a
real-time semantic segmentation architecture named Pyramid Pooling Axial
Transformer (P2AT). The proposed P2AT takes a coarse feature from the CNN
encoder to produce scale-aware contextual features, which are then combined
with the multi-level feature aggregation scheme to produce enhanced contextual
features. Specifically, we introduce a pyramid pooling axial transformer to
capture intricate spatial and channel dependencies, leading to improved
performance on semantic segmentation. Then, we design a Bidirectional Fusion
module (BiF) to combine semantic information at different levels. Meanwhile, a
Global Context Enhancer is introduced to compensate for the inadequacy of
concatenating different semantic levels. Finally, a decoder block is proposed
to help maintain a larger receptive field. We evaluate P2AT variants on three
challenging scene-understanding datasets. In particular, our P2AT variants
achieve state-of-art results on the Camvid dataset 80.5%, 81.0%, 81.1% for
P2AT-S, P2ATM, and P2AT-L, respectively. Furthermore, our experiment on
Cityscapes and Pascal VOC 2012 have demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed
architecture, with results showing that P2AT-M, achieves 78.7% on Cityscapes.
The source code will be available at