Cobra Effect in Reference-Free Image Captioning Metrics
Zheng Ma Changxin Wang Yawen Ouyang Fei Zhao Jianbing Zhang Shujian Huang Jiajun Chen
Evaluating the compatibility between textual descriptions and corresponding
images represents a core endeavor within multi-modal research. In recent years,
a proliferation of reference-free methods, leveraging visual-language
pre-trained models (VLMs), has emerged. Empirical evidence has substantiated
that these innovative approaches exhibit a higher correlation with human
judgment, marking a significant advancement in the field. However, does a
higher correlation with human evaluations alone sufficiently denote the
complete of a metric? In response to this question, in this paper, we study if
there are any deficiencies in reference-free metrics. Specifically, inspired by
the Cobra Effect, we utilize metric scores as rewards to direct the captioning
model toward generating descriptions that closely align with the metric's
criteria. If a certain metric has flaws, it will be exploited by the model and
reflected in the generated sentences. Our findings reveal that descriptions
guided by these metrics contain significant flaws, e.g. incoherent statements
and excessive repetition. Subsequently, we propose a novel method termed
Self-Improving to rectify the identified shortcomings within these metrics. We
employ GPT-4V as an evaluative tool to assess generated sentences and the
result reveals that our approach achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance.
In addition, we also introduce a challenging evaluation benchmark called Flaws
Caption to evaluate reference-free image captioning metrics comprehensively.
Our code is available at
https://github.com/aaronma2020/robust_captioning_metric