An Investigation of Evaluation Metrics for Automated Medical Note
  Generation
Asma Ben Abacha Wen-wai Yim George Michalopoulos Thomas Lin
Recent studies on automatic note generation have shown that doctors can save
significant amounts of time when using automatic clinical note generation
(Knoll et al., 2022). Summarization models have been used for this task to
generate clinical notes as summaries of doctor-patient conversations (Krishna
et al., 2021; Cai et al., 2022). However, assessing which model would best
serve clinicians in their daily practice is still a challenging task due to the
large set of possible correct summaries, and the potential limitations of
automatic evaluation metrics. In this paper, we study evaluation methods and
metrics for the automatic generation of clinical notes from medical
conversations. In particular, we propose new task-specific metrics and we
compare them to SOTA evaluation metrics in text summarization and generation,
including: (i) knowledge-graph embedding-based metrics, (ii) customized
model-based metrics, (iii) domain-adapted/fine-tuned metrics, and (iv) ensemble
metrics. To study the correlation between the automatic metrics and manual
judgments, we evaluate automatic notes/summaries by comparing the system and
reference facts and computing the factual correctness, and the hallucination
and omission rates for critical medical facts. This study relied on seven
datasets manually annotated by domain experts. Our experiments show that
automatic evaluation metrics can have substantially different behaviors on
different types of clinical notes datasets. However, the results highlight one
stable subset of metrics as the most correlated with human judgments with a
relevant aggregation of different evaluation criteria.