Improving Zero-Shot Detection of Low Prevalence Chest Pathologies using
  Domain Pre-trained Language Models
Aakash Mishra Rajat Mittal Christy Jestin Kostas Tingos Pranav Rajpurkar
Recent advances in zero-shot learning have enabled the use of paired
image-text data to replace structured labels, replacing the need for expert
annotated datasets. Models such as CLIP-based CheXzero utilize these
advancements in the domain of chest X-ray interpretation. We hypothesize that
domain pre-trained models such as CXR-BERT, BlueBERT, and ClinicalBERT offer
the potential to improve the performance of CLIP-like models with specific
domain knowledge by replacing BERT weights at the cost of breaking the original
model's alignment. We evaluate the performance of zero-shot classification
models with domain-specific pre-training for detecting low-prevalence
pathologies. Even though replacing the weights of the original CLIP-BERT
degrades model performance on commonly found pathologies, we show that
pre-trained text towers perform exceptionally better on low-prevalence
diseases. This motivates future ensemble models with a combination of
differently trained language models for maximal performance.