Sequential Multi-Dimensional Self-Supervised Learning for Clinical Time
  Series
Aniruddh Raghu Payal Chandak Ridwan Alam John Guttag Collin M. Stultz
Self-supervised learning (SSL) for clinical time series data has received
significant attention in recent literature, since these data are highly rich
and provide important information about a patient's physiological state.
However, most existing SSL methods for clinical time series are limited in that
they are designed for unimodal time series, such as a sequence of structured
features (e.g., lab values and vitals signs) or an individual high-dimensional
physiological signal (e.g., an electrocardiogram). These existing methods
cannot be readily extended to model time series that exhibit multimodality,
with structured features and high-dimensional data being recorded at each
timestep in the sequence. In this work, we address this gap and propose a new
SSL method -- Sequential Multi-Dimensional SSL -- where a SSL loss is applied
both at the level of the entire sequence and at the level of the individual
high-dimensional data points in the sequence in order to better capture
information at both scales. Our strategy is agnostic to the specific form of
loss function used at each level -- it can be contrastive, as in SimCLR, or
non-contrastive, as in VICReg. We evaluate our method on two real-world
clinical datasets, where the time series contains sequences of (1)
high-frequency electrocardiograms and (2) structured data from lab values and
vitals signs. Our experimental results indicate that pre-training with our
method and then fine-tuning on downstream tasks improves performance over
baselines on both datasets, and in several settings, can lead to improvements
across different self-supervised loss functions.