DeepCover: Advancing RNN Test Coverage and Online Error Prediction using
  State Machine Extraction
Pouria Golshanrad Fathiyeh Faghih
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have emerged as powerful tools for
processing sequential data in various fields, including natural language
processing and speech recognition. However, the lack of explainability in RNN
models has limited their interpretability, posing challenges in understanding
their internal workings. To address this issue, this paper proposes a
methodology for extracting a state machine (SM) from an RNN-based model to
provide insights into its internal function. The proposed SM extraction
algorithm was assessed using four newly proposed metrics: Purity, Richness,
Goodness, and Scale. The proposed methodology along with its assessment metrics
contribute to increasing explainability in RNN models by providing a clear
representation of their internal decision making process through the extracted
SM. In addition to improving the explainability of RNNs, the extracted SM can
be used to advance testing and and monitoring of the primary RNN-based model.
To enhance RNN testing, we introduce six model coverage criteria based on the
extracted SM, serving as metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of test
suites designed to analyze the primary model. We also propose a tree-based
model to predict the error probability of the primary model for each input
based on the extracted SM. We evaluated our proposed online error prediction
approach using the MNIST dataset and Mini Speech Commands dataset, achieving an
area under the curve (AUC) exceeding 80\% for the receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) chart.