Decoding the Secrets of Machine Learning in Malware Classification: A
  Deep Dive into Datasets, Feature Extraction, and Model Performance
Savino Dambra Yufei Han Simone Aonzo Platon Kotzias Antonino Vitale Juan Caballero Davide Balzarotti Leyla Bilge
Many studies have proposed machine-learning (ML) models for malware detection
and classification, reporting an almost-perfect performance. However, they
assemble ground-truth in different ways, use diverse static- and
dynamic-analysis techniques for feature extraction, and even differ on what
they consider a malware family. As a consequence, our community still lacks an
understanding of malware classification results: whether they are tied to the
nature and distribution of the collected dataset, to what extent the number of
families and samples in the training dataset influence performance, and how
well static and dynamic features complement each other.
  This work sheds light on those open questions. by investigating the key
factors influencing ML-based malware detection and classification. For this, we
collect the largest balanced malware dataset so far with 67K samples from 670
families (100 samples each), and train state-of-the-art models for malware
detection and family classification using our dataset. Our results reveal that
static features perform better than dynamic features, and that combining both
only provides marginal improvement over static features. We discover no
correlation between packing and classification accuracy, and that missing
behaviors in dynamically-extracted features highly penalize their performance.
We also demonstrate how a larger number of families to classify make the
classification harder, while a higher number of samples per family increases
accuracy. Finally, we find that models trained on a uniform distribution of
samples per family better generalize on unseen data.