ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing to Improve
  Health Literacy and Communication in Pediatric Populations and Beyond
Kanhai S. Amin Linda Mayes Pavan Khosla Rushabh Doshi
Purpose: Enhanced health literacy has been linked to better health outcomes;
however, few interventions have been studied. We investigate whether large
language models (LLMs) can serve as a medium to improve health literacy in
children and other populations.
  Methods: We ran 288 conditions using 26 different prompts through
ChatGPT-3.5, Microsoft Bing, and Google Bard. Given constraints imposed by rate
limits, we tested a subset of 150 conditions through ChatGPT-4. The primary
outcome measurements were the reading grade level (RGL) and word counts of
output.
  Results: Across all models, output for basic prompts such as "Explain" and
"What is (are)" were at, or exceeded, a 10th-grade RGL. When prompts were
specified to explain conditions from the 1st to 12th RGL, we found that LLMs
had varying abilities to tailor responses based on RGL. ChatGPT-3.5 provided
responses that ranged from the 7th-grade to college freshmen RGL while
ChatGPT-4 outputted responses from the 6th-grade to the college-senior RGL.
Microsoft Bing provided responses from the 9th to 11th RGL while Google Bard
provided responses from the 7th to 10th RGL.
  Discussion: ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 did better in achieving lower-grade
level outputs. Meanwhile Bard and Bing tended to consistently produce an RGL
that is at the high school level regardless of prompt. Additionally, Bard's
hesitancy in providing certain outputs indicates a cautious approach towards
health information. LLMs demonstrate promise in enhancing health communication,
but future research should verify the accuracy and effectiveness of such tools
in this context.
  Implications: LLMs face challenges in crafting outputs below a sixth-grade
reading level. However, their capability to modify outputs above this threshold
provides a potential mechanism to improve health literacy and communication in
a pediatric population and beyond.