Adaptive Sparsity Level during Training for Efficient Time Series
  Forecasting with Transformers
Zahra Atashgahi Mykola Pechenizkiy Raymond Veldhuis Decebal Constantin Mocanu
Efficient time series forecasting has become critical for real-world
applications, particularly with deep neural networks (DNNs). Efficiency in DNNs
can be achieved through sparse connectivity and reducing the model size.
However, finding the sparsity level automatically during training remains a
challenging task due to the heterogeneity in the loss-sparsity tradeoffs across
the datasets. In this paper, we propose \enquote{\textbf{P}runing with
\textbf{A}daptive \textbf{S}parsity \textbf{L}evel} (\textbf{PALS}), to
automatically seek an optimal balance between loss and sparsity, all without
the need for a predefined sparsity level. PALS draws inspiration from both
sparse training and during-training methods. It introduces the novel "expand"
mechanism in training sparse neural networks, allowing the model to dynamically
shrink, expand, or remain stable to find a proper sparsity level. In this
paper, we focus on achieving efficiency in transformers known for their
excellent time series forecasting performance but high computational cost.
Nevertheless, PALS can be applied directly to any DNN. In the scope of these
arguments, we demonstrate its effectiveness also on the DLinear model.
Experimental results on six benchmark datasets and five state-of-the-art
transformer variants show that PALS substantially reduces model size while
maintaining comparable performance to the dense model. More interestingly, PALS
even outperforms the dense model, in 12 and 14 cases out of 30 cases in terms
of MSE and MAE loss, respectively, while reducing 65% parameter count and 63%
FLOPs on average. Our code will be publicly available upon acceptance of the
paper.