RetMIL: Retentive Multiple Instance Learning for Histopathological Whole
  Slide Image Classification
Hongbo Chu Qiehe Sun Jiawen Li Yuxuan Chen Lizhong Zhang Tian Guan Anjia Han Yonghong He
Histopathological whole slide image (WSI) analysis with deep learning has
become a research focus in computational pathology. The current paradigm is
mainly based on multiple instance learning (MIL), in which approaches with
Transformer as the backbone are well discussed. These methods convert WSI tasks
into sequence tasks by representing patches as tokens in the WSI sequence.
However, the feature complexity brought by high heterogeneity and the
ultra-long sequences brought by gigapixel size makes Transformer-based MIL
suffer from the challenges of high memory consumption, slow inference speed,
and lack of performance. To this end, we propose a retentive MIL method called
RetMIL, which processes WSI sequences through hierarchical feature propagation
structure. At the local level, the WSI sequence is divided into multiple
subsequences. Tokens of each subsequence are updated through a parallel linear
retention mechanism and aggregated utilizing an attention layer. At the global
level, subsequences are fused into a global sequence, then updated through a
serial retention mechanism, and finally the slide-level representation is
obtained through a global attention pooling. We conduct experiments on two
public CAMELYON and BRACS datasets and an public-internal LUNG dataset,
confirming that RetMIL not only achieves state-of-the-art performance but also
significantly reduces computational overhead. Our code will be accessed
shortly.