Decomposed Prompting: Unveiling Multilingual Linguistic Structure
  Knowledge in English-Centric Large Language Models
Ercong Nie Shuzhou Yuan Bolei Ma Helmut Schmid Michael Färber Frauke Kreuter Hinrich Schütze
Despite the predominance of English in their training data, English-centric
Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-3 and LLaMA display a remarkable ability
to perform multilingual tasks, raising questions about the depth and nature of
their cross-lingual capabilities. This paper introduces the decomposed
prompting approach to probe the linguistic structure understanding of these
LLMs in sequence labeling tasks. Diverging from the single text-to-text prompt,
our method generates for each token of the input sentence an individual prompt
which asks for its linguistic label. We assess our method on the Universal
Dependencies part-of-speech tagging dataset for 38 languages, utilizing both
English-centric and multilingual LLMs. Our findings show that decomposed
prompting surpasses the iterative prompting baseline in efficacy and efficiency
under zero- and few-shot settings. Further analysis reveals the influence of
evaluation methods and the use of instructions in prompts. Our multilingual
investigation shows that English-centric language models perform better on
average than multilingual models. Our study offers insights into the
multilingual transferability of English-centric LLMs, contributing to the
understanding of their multilingual linguistic knowledge.