A Mathematical Framework for the Problem of Security for Cognition in
  Neurotechnology
Bryce Allen Bagley
The rapid advancement in neurotechnology in recent years has created an
emerging critical intersection between neurotechnology and security.
Implantable devices, non-invasive monitoring, and non-invasive therapies all
carry with them the prospect of violating the privacy and autonomy of
individuals' cognition. A growing number of scientists and physicians have made
calls to address this issue -- which we term Cognitive Security -- but applied
efforts have been limited. A major barrier hampering scientific and engineering
efforts to address Cognitive Security is the lack of a clear means of
describing and analyzing relevant problems. In this paper we develop Cognitive
Security, a mathematical framework which enables such description and analysis
by drawing on methods and results from multiple fields. We demonstrate certain
statistical properties which have significant implications for Cognitive
Security, and then present descriptions of the algorithmic problems faced by
attackers attempting to violate privacy and autonomy, and defenders attempting
to obstruct such attempts.