february december english mathematician philosopher best known defining figure philosophical school known process philosophy today found application wide variety disciplines including ecology theology education physics biology economics psychology areas early career wrote primarily mathematics logic physics notable work fields volume wrote student considered twentieth century important works mathematical logic placed 23rd list english language books twentieth century beginning late 1910s early 1920s gradually turned attention mathematics philosophy science finally developed comprehensive system radically departed western philosophy argued reality consists processes material objects processes best defined relations processes rejecting theory reality fundamentally constructed bits matter exist independently today philosophical works particularly process reality regarded texts process philosophy process philosophy argues urgency coming world web processes integral parts choices actions consequences world reason promising applications thought recent years area ecological civilization environmental ethics pioneered life born father minister successful school boys established grandfather recalled successful grandfather extraordinary man mother apparently particularly close mother mentioned writings evidence wife low opinion educated considered best public schools country childhood described protected school excelled sports mathematics head class began attending cambridge studied mathematics academic advisor earned trinity graduated fourth elected fellow trinity teach write mathematics physics college spending 1890s writing treatise universal 1900s collaborating pupil edition married irish woman raised france daughter sons died action serving world war age resigned senior mathematics trinity moved london lining job unemployed year accepted position mechanics passed year later applied mathematics mechanics position hoped seriously considered accepted position professor applied mathematics newly chartered london old friend recently appointed chief professor mathematics academic responsibilities began seriously expand accepted number high administrative positions system london member time elected dean late post held years member senate chairman senate academic leadership council post held departed america able exert newfound influence successfully lobby new history science department help establish degree previously bachelor_of_arts degrees offered school accessible wealthy students end time england turned attention philosophy advanced training philosophy philosophical work soon highly regarded publishing served president invited year old join faculty harvard_university professor philosophy time harvard produced important philosophical contributions wrote science immediately hailed alternative plagued popular science years later published seminal work process reality compared importance difficulty spent rest lives united_states retired harvard remained cambridge massachusetts death december volume biography definitive presentation life details life remain obscure left family carried instructions papers destroyed death additionally known belief right privacy writing personal letters kind help gain insight life led remarking page biography professional biographer right mind touch currently critical edition writings currently working edition mathematics logic addition numerous articles mathematics wrote major books subject treatise universal written published volumes introduction mathematics books aimed exclusively professional book intended larger audience covering history mathematics philosophical foundations particular regarded important works mathematical logic 20th century addition legacy writer theory extensive considered branch computer science known theory describing spatial relations parts parts parts boundaries parts treatise universal treatise universal term universal essentially meaning today study structures examples models structures credits subject matter term time structures lie drew attention need expand structures class review wrote main idea work unification methods ordinary include comparative study structures separate review wrote possesses unity design remarkable considering variety themes treatise universal sought examine theory extension logic hamilton number system taken volume finished work wrote preface value separate detailed study worthy comparative study sake light thrown general theory symbolic reasoning symbolism particular idea conception space prominent belief properties operations involved form uniform method interpretation results general nature hope form ing uniform method interpretation presumably developed volume completed work subject minimal early 1930s began publishing universal famous mathematical work written student considered twentieth century important works mathematics placed 23rd list english language books twentieth century purpose describe set rules symbolic logic mathematical truths principle proven russell working level mathematics logic took page volume prove proof accompanied comment proposition occasionally useful russell thought originally year complete ended taking years add insult injury came time publication volume work long pages audience narrow professional initially published loss pounds paid apiece russell despite initial loss today likely major academic library world hold copy ultimate substantive legacy mixed generally accepted definitively demonstrated set rules proposed mathematics fact truths mathematics achieve aims come conclusion russell book way legacy described key role possibility achieving stated goals somewhat ironic legacy book popularized modern mathematical logic drew important connections logic introduction mathematics unlike previous books mathematics introduction mathematics aimed exclusively professional intended larger audience book covered nature mathematics unity internal structure nature wrote opening chapter object following chapters teach mathematics enable students beginning course know science necessarily foundation exact thought applied natural phenomena book seen attempt understand growth unity mathematics examination mutual influence mathematics philosophy language physics book little read ways certain points later work philosophy views education showed deep concern educational reform levels addition numerous individually written works subject appointed britain prime minister person committee investigate educational systems practices recommend reform complete work education book aims education essays collected numerous essays addresses subject published essay derived delivered address president london branch cautioned teaching called ideas ideas disconnected information application real life culture opined education ideas useless things harmful teach small parts large number subjects advocated teaching relatively important concepts student link different areas knowledge discovering application actual life education exact opposite value free school model laden values general principles provide students bedrock wisdom help connections areas knowledge usually regarded separate order sort teaching reality pointed need minimize importance radically alter standard examinations school entrance writes school bound pain extinction train boys small set definite examinations free hand develop general education specialist studies accordance opportunities school created staff environment class boys suggest system external tests aims primarily examining individual scholars result educational waste argued curriculum developed specifically students staff risk total interrupted occasional movements group ideas educational writings emphasized importance imagination free play ideas essay universities function writes imagination imagination divorced facts way facts works general principles apply facts exist intellectual survey alternative possibilities consistent principles enables men construct intellectual vision new world philosophy education adequately summarized statement knowledge better fish words bits disconnected knowledge meaningless knowledge find imaginative application students lives useless students good facts thinking philosophy begin career philosopher fact formal training philosophy undergraduate education early life showed great interest respect philosophy evident considered rank amateur letter friend student discussing science aimed explanatory merely descriptive wrote question lands ocean profound ignorance science enter ironically later life 20th century foremost interest philosophical investigation nature universe existence time began writing earnest 1920s impressive accomplishments science led general consensus development comprehensive systems waste time subject testing unimpressed objection notes students class quoted saying scientific man order preserve reputation means having criticized view scientists philosophers assumptions universe works time assumptions easily seen precisely remain acknowledged philosophers hope finally principles argued people need continually imagine basic assumptions universe works philosophy science real progress progress remains permanently reason regarded investigations essential good science good philosophy foremost considered faulty assumptions idea reality fundamentally constructed bits matter exist totally independently rejected favor event based process events primary fundamentally dependent argued basic elements reality regarded constituted experience term experience broadly processes electron collisions said manifest degree experience went separation different kinds real existence exclusively material exclusively mental referred system philosophy organism known widely process philosophy philosophy highly original soon garnered interest philosophical circles publishing served president quoted saying best philosopher writing english impressive different philosophy invited join faculty harvard_university professor philosophy years age thought widely accepted understood philosophical work generally considered difficult understand western canon professional philosophers struggled follow writings famous story illustrating level difficulty philosophy centers delivery lectures following lectures year previous later publish process reality popular lecturer audience entire course audience turned lecture completely merely world large elect father remarked known suspected making went audience subsequent lectures half dozen inappropriate speculate fair portion respect generally shown philosophical peers time arose sheer theologian remarked book religion making embarrassing read page page relatively familiar words understanding single sentence frustration books negatively affect interest fact numerous philosophers chicago perceived importance fully details implications invited america experts chicago lecture explaining thought lecture brilliant promptly hired faculty taught years thirty years afterward chicago closely associated thought shortly book process reality appeared famously wrote review people read recent book generation read generation influence concentric circles common man think work light knowing light came decades discussion analysis able understand readily words proved process reality called arguably impressive single text twentieth century little read little understood partly demands puts readers accept adventure questions separate consensus questioned western philosophy held assumptions universe works managed number 21st century scientific philosophical problems provide novel solutions conception reality convinced scientific notion matter misleading way describing ultimate nature things book science modern world wrote fixed scientific ultimate fact matter material spread space configurations material following fixed routine imposed external relations spring nature assumption scientific assumption shall challenge entirely scientific situation arrived view number problems notion matter importance change thinking material thing like rock person fundamentally thing time changes secondary nature scientific hides fact stays change fundamental emphasizes things flow view concepts quality matter form problematic classical concepts fail adequately account change active nature basic elements world useful world basic building blocks conceived single person instance described overlapping events people change time aged second experience occasions experience distinct progressively connected calls society events assuming enduring objects real fundamental things universe mistaken abstract concrete calls way thing person seen having defining essence core identity describes thing person way thinking things people seen fundamentally time changes secondary core identity mark hair turned gray gotten older person fundamentally existent things occasions experience overlap time space jointly enduring person thing hand ordinary thinking regards essence thing identity core person abstract regarded person thing important features time identities define people people define identities changes moment moment think having enduring essence misses fact things flow useful way speaking pointed limitations language main maintaining way thinking acknowledged difficult wholly past ideas everyday speech moment person life hardly given different proper easy convenient think people objects remaining fundamentally things constantly keeping mind thing different thing moment ago limitations everyday living everyday speech prevent people realizing material substances convenient description particular concrete processes questions year old person different time turns thirty years old ways person points sound think person second second problem importance relations sees object distinct objects object simply matter externally related things idea matter primary makes people think objects fundamentally separate time space necessarily related view relations primary role important student taking notes fall classes wrote reality applies connections relatively things connected real real absolutely real independent fact describes entity sense sum relations entities synthesis reaction world real thing forces rest universe way conform theoretically thing strictly difference entity related entity said exist relations secondary thing thing emphasized entity merely sum relations reaction creativity absolute principle existence entity human tree electron degree novelty responds entities fully determined laws course entities consciousness human actions predicted said tree roots grow electron rain tomorrow inability predict electron movement instance faulty understanding inadequate technology fundamental creativity freedom entities means remain phenomena unpredictable creativity freedom absolute principle entity constrained social structure existence relations actual entity conform settled conditions world freedom exists limits entity arise self determination account world limits set summary rejects idea separate bits matter basic building blocks reality favor idea reality events process reality composed processes dynamic static emphasizing physical things change evolve matter mere events final real things world theory perception described universe entities experience needed new way describing perception limited living self conscious beings term coined comes latin meaning seize term meant indicate kind perception conscious unconscious applying people intended clear rejection theory representative perception mind private ideas entities term indicates actually incorporates aspects perceived thing way entities constituted perceptions relations independent regards perception occurring modes physical conceptual describes experience dominating primitive living organisms sense fate emerged fate words sense relations entities feeling influenced affected surrounding environment senses hand usually referred pure sense perception symbolic interpretation unconscious interpretation words pure appearance image mirror real thing higher organisms like people modes perception combine terms symbolic reference links appearance process automatic people animals difficulty way illustration uses example person encounter chair ordinary person looks sees colored shape immediately chair artist jumped notion chair instead stopped mere beautiful color beautiful shape normal human reaction people place objects categories habit instinct thinking animals thing example points dog acted immediately hypothesis chair jumped way way symbolic reference fusion pure sense perceptions hand relations fact relationships dominate basic mentality dog illustrates sense perceptions indicate higher grade mentality artist illustrates evolution value believed asking questions basic facts existence questions value purpose fully escaped borne thoughts hypothetical natural process life arises simple organic compounds makes startling observation life comparatively survival value humans exist years rocks million forced ask complex organisms evolved place notes certainly appear better game rocks observes mark higher forms life actively engaged modifying environment activity directed fold goal living living living better words sees life directed purpose increasing satisfaction goal sees rise life totally thing wholly matter instead things measure freedom creativity small allows partly self directed process philosopher coined term idea entities experience describe view distinguish idea matter consciousness god idea god differs traditional notions famous pointed criticism christian conception god church gave unto god attributes belonged exclusively criticizing christianity defining god primarily divine king world important attribute power opposed widely accepted forms christianity emphasized idea god called brief vision emphasize ruling ruthless tender elements world slowly operates love finds purpose present kingdom world love rules little oblivious morals look future finds reward immediate present emphasized god necessarily tied religion primarily religious faith saw god necessary system system required order exist possibilities order allowed novelty world provided aim entities ordered exist called nature god interested religious experience led reflect saw second nature god consequent nature conception god entity called fresh theological thinking nature described unlimited conceptual realization absolute wealth unlimited possibility universe nature eternal providing entities universe possibilities realization calls aspect lure feeling eternal urge desire pulling entities universe possibilities god consequent nature hand god reception world activity puts god saves world passes life judgment loses saved words god saves experiences forever experiences change way god world way god changed happens world wider universe lending actions finite creatures eternal significance sees god world fulfilling sees entities world fluent changing things god provide taking god self changing god affecting rest universe time hand sees god permanent change god merely possibilities requires world god gives creatures creatures god change worthwhile quote length way god completed individual fluent finite fact temporal occasions completed union transformed eternal order final absolute wisdom final summary expressed terms group apparent self contradictions depend neglect diverse categories existence shift meaning converts opposition contrast true god permanent world fluent world permanent god fluent true god world world god true comparison world god actual comparison god world actual true world god god world true god world world god true god creates world world creates god world transformed reality heaven reality heaven passes world sense god great companion fellow understands evocative writing god powerful inspire movement known process theology vibrant theological school thought continues thrive today religion core religion individual acknowledged individuals fully separated society argued life internal fact sake external fact relating famous remark religion religion individual solitary religious saw religion system general truths transformed person character took special care note religion good influence necessarily good idea called dangerous religion encourage violent rival religion adherents saw religion beginning saw religion necessarily expanding individual keeping process relations primary wrote religion realization value objective world community derivative component individuals words universe community makes individual entity meaning value exist individual context universal community writes entity find value till merged individual claim objective universe religion world loyalty spirit universal claim way individual universal social aspects religion mutually dependent described religion technically ultimate emotion non temporal primarily belongs conceptual thought words religion takes deeply felt emotions system general truths world helping people identify wider meaning significance religion served kind bridge philosophy emotions purposes particular society task religion philosophy applicable everyday lives ordinary people influence legacy wrote recruited philosophers palette enriched practitioners diverse ecology feminism practices unite political struggle spirituality sciences education recent decades attention work widespread interest extending intellectuals europe china coming diverse fields ecology physics biology education economics psychology attempt interact thought future archbishop_of_canterbury temple lectures subsequently published nature man god number philosophers evolution approach temple 1970s 1980s thought drew attention outside small group philosophers primarily americans today considered especially influential outside relatively specialized circles early followers found primarily initiated interest work thirty years professors philosophy arguably important intellectual thread running taught generations scholars notable interest faded chicago effectively grabbed torch planted firmly california began teaching founded largely influence today remains strongly identified process thought remains concentrated hub activity place thought currently growing quickly china order address challenges modernization china begun blend traditions buddhism post modern philosophy order create ecological civilization date chinese government encouraged building university based centers study philosophy books process philosophers required reading chinese graduate students attributed china interest process philosophy partly stress mutual humanity nature emphasis educational system includes teaching values simply bare facts overall influence difficult characterize english speaking countries primary works little studied outside select number liberal graduate level theology philosophy programs outside circles influence relatively small tended come chiefly work students instance teacher long time friend collaborator taught supervised important figures philosophy dominant strain philosophy english speaking countries 20th century high profile continental tradition french post philosopher remarked stands great anglo american philosopher disciples spread confusion terror french went far greatest philosopher 20th century opinions minority ones recognized particularly influential dominant philosophical schools impossible exactly influence widespread partly ideas somewhat counter intuitive assertion matter inclusion elements philosophy perception simply sheer difficulty density prose process philosophy theology work influential field american progressive theology important early proponent thought theological context spent semester harvard teaching assistant widely credited developing process philosophy blown process theology notable process include process theology typically stresses god nature seeing god process view god fellow understands affected temporal events points people praise human ruler unaffected followers praise worthy quality god instead affected world god appropriately respond world process theology formulated wide variety ways instance advocates process process theology god fact process theology difficult define process diverse views interests process theologian written books biology economics integrate feminist theory theologian writes theology political theory creating god internet age repeatedly credit process theology rising culture expected dominate digital era process philosophy difficult pin process theology practice fields separated volume series thought edited process philosopher theologian displays range areas different process philosophers work including physics ecology medicine public policy politics psychology philosophical school historically close relationship process philosophy american thought highly acknowledged preface process reality edited collected papers founders noted turn student today example philosopher advocates process philosophy addition properly called process philosophers influential philosophy science recent years thought influence scientific research physics aim offer approaches physics mechanism recent examples approaches biology physics thought influence articulated view regarded dual general theory severely criticized suggests constant experimental findings proposes work actually view rendered obsolete discovery waves observed locally largely violate kind local space assumes consequently regarded local assumption uniform temporal geometry particular locally adequate exact replacement need admit geometry gave secondary consideration quantum theory processes proved attractive field work influenced scientists work influential include physical chemist biologist ecology economy promising applications thought recent years area ecological civilization environmental ethics value readily ecological point view work promising alternative traditional providing detailed picture world constituted web relations work pioneered book late theology ecology single authored book environmental ethics authored book leading ecological economist steady state theorist entitled common good economy community environment sustainable future applied thought economics received award ideas improving world order followed second book sustaining common good christian perspective global economy aimed challenge faith great god growth education widely known influence education theory philosophy inspired formation published volumes journal titled process papers process philosophy education theories education led formation new modes learning new models teaching model model developed sought address lack understanding nature people current education systems jordan defined nature man education position having devote energies development coherent ideas nature creature intended model feels model developed deployed successfully china feels stands things curriculum education flexible goals engaged embodied knowledge learning interactions supportive teacher understanding evaluating educational curriculum assumption purpose education help person work product cooperation chinese government organizations philosophy education found institutional support canada created sponsored conferences process philosophy education remains strong proponent education recent books develop philosophy education include modes learning stages education adventure education process philosophers learning teaching research business administration influence philosophy business administration organizational theory led focus identifying investigating effect temporal events opposed static things organizations organization studies discourse variety weak strong process perspectives number philosophers leading figures having explicitly stance management works calls applied process thought articulate philosophy management business administration wider examination social sciences lens process allows comprehensive exploration life active experiencing opposed occasional thoroughly passive happening published books applied process thought applied process thought initial theory research applied process thought following trail papers vein fields philosophy management business ethics written recently mutual influence pioneer fields organizational theory organizational behavior stout sharing understands process difference related unique purpose difference connection analyzed stout process thinking primary works books written listed date publication treatise universal cambridge isbn available online cambridge available online volume cambridge available online cgi vol available cup paperback introduction mathematics cambridge available online vol great books western world series volume cambridge available online cgi volume iii cambridge available online cgi london available online details concerning principles natural knowledge cambridge available online details cambridge based november delivered available online details cambridge available online details science new_york vol great books western world series religion making new_york based lectures symbolism meaning effect new_york based page lectures delivered process reality essay new_york based lectures delivered corrected edition edited errors british american editions provides comprehensive index essays new_york princeton based march delivered princeton_university adventures ideas new_york published cambridge nature life chicago modes thought new_york mathematics good philosophy alfred north edited chicago philosophy alfred north edited chicago essays science philosophy london philosophical library wit wisdom boston
Alfred North Whitehead