language spelled near extinct indigenous australian language spoken fewer people pine creek northern territory language notable complex system verbal morphology remains investigated possession cross rare speech called complex ability expected extinct half century youngest generation people speak understand little language speakers language assumed member adjacent family stretches south considerable debate status family ancestral language people australians traditional land extended hundreds square kilometres land highly fertile contains number cattle stations members ethnic group work stations include douglas language region borders north east south west lands surrounding extending north creek traditionally associated language group extinct believed current situation dominant language region dialect gun traditionally associated region surrounding strong language hundreds speakers high rate child acquisition members ethnic group gradually ceased teaching language children result people speak handful elders possibly speak adults community considered semi speakers passive understanding generally know basic words children grandchildren elders understand little speak apart language based vocabulary english area members ethnic group ethnic groups represented area native speakers moderate grade small number speakers partial speakers number languages including speakers conscious distinction refer light language jan heavy language differences minor speakers difficulty understanding grammar information wilson noted parts speech important parts speech apart multitude verbal nominal particles class like australian languages distinguish form word class called case denote role sentence cases cases include instrumental having lacking temporal time resembling case depending requirements similarly considered case depending roles function sentence root case like nominal examples fire wood tree stick man head tail tongue alignment 3rd person singular forms labeled rare gradually disused speakers prefer use non personal person number subject contained prefix free dropped alignment nominal case system distinguishes case free distinguish shown case resulting case system following hit hit root instance takes case denote fact agent clause conversely case acting argument clause good good hand depending requirements traditional terminology direct indirect objects saw water gave water reasons labeled base oblique table end separated normally divides form separate word formed removing fact forms regular endings entire historical accident nominal like listed attach warren child hand furthermore case example house house prohibited restriction case case class word contains fewer members closed class possible roots final person number core arguments tense aspect clause small set non finite person tense non finite occur auxiliary examples listed past tense marker second pronunciation given appropriate hit come throw fall far recorded discovered continuing research compared far numerous far rich express simple broad meanings come convey specific narrow meanings play wade shallow water feet search person head finite clauses act head clause combine forming verbal compound commonly called complex examples listed signals swim fish jump whistle inventory typical northern australian language places stop nasal number stop represented inventory standard north australia system stops strong differentiated weak basis length closure opposed voice onset time period release stop commencement vocal fold activity voice normally stops english languages stops sound like english voiced stops written roman alphabet letters stops sound like stops english slightly longer stops written letters occur length closure defined terms time closure vocal tract preceding release following stops beginning end word contrast word initial stops written voiced roman letters end word letters instead languages end standard system system harmony indicates sets closely associated closely similarly merges respect possible inventory historically system common languages south influence typically northern system contains onset nucleus optional coda template coda consist single stop stop word level minimum meaning word consists single long coda examples words include yes eat permitted word initially instead lateral affects roots speech takes possible speech word initial word environmental effects observed throw instance surfaces person singular subjects realised invisible person singular subject preceded coda similarly moves threw short realised occurs lateral clusters clusters boundaries place languages means nasal coda position following onset ease english european languages movement occurs regularly prefix example changes possible impossible balance material nasal coda retains position regardless following tongue fish hit constrained clusters place english words surface harmony high height following mid boundaries following contains mid imp imp stay lot stay harmony aspects require investigation known instance harmony equally affects syllables language context australian languages refer classification properties languages person number subject object respect displays characteristics head marking language dependent marking language case marked roles subject clause object clause subject clause morphology rich language speech set associated bound optional verbal prefix contains information person number subject person number object information tense clause furthermore verbal conveys information tense aspect small number tense aspect exist verbal prefix generate highly specified temporal clauses marked number subject dual listener included described event inclusive excluded event exclusive morphology highly irregular small inventory unique tense tense common rudimentary classes identified stance past tense instance tense learned individual hand regular complete highly complex person number tense prefix separated parts example second person singular agent person singular patient past tense hit hit nominal morphology significantly complex number case denoting temporal instrumental apart cases necessary construct meaningful sentences entire range cases occur high frequency meaning expressed case following examples case far common money don money money money bound particles appear function manner cases considered case theoretical reasons nominal particles bone left bones marked number directly root inside case example attach nominal root case dog bite dogs bit cases stacked number called case nominal discussed distribution occur place analysed cases set aspect case listed instance case convey intention purpose swim swimming differentiated nominal takes aspect example referred literature denotes absence signifies aspect producing denote continuous aspect exhibits regular place manner preceding nasal preceding lateral remains following following follows instance manner place sit inclusion stop certain words ineffective surface change remain unchanged according segment stop cross related language roots occur aspect markers marks continuous aspect bears striking resemblance sum continuous aspect occur tandem perform function precisely relationship holds language borrowed language inherited earlier languages clear undergo entirety root repeated convey multitude meanings resulting derived involve added meaning components duration smoke lots lots smoke time derived added meaning usually dual nominal exist respectively nominal rare complex complex combination element individual word convey information involved single event instance event swim conveyed combination swimming conveys event swimming verbal compounds peculiar language particular fact common occur language albeit varying frequency english number complex include breakfast bath event described unable described single like event like bath described single arguably slightly different meaning bath case far common differentiated australian languages regular productive process act independent head clause despite fully productive meaning undergo practice handful commonly process appears unique australian languages involves entire including serves merely indicate unmarked aspect root apply usual verbal person number tense serves process conversion
Wagiman language