august november american nuclear physicist leaders manhattan_project born ohio obtained undergraduate degree doctorate university_of_michigan writing doctoral thesis supervision effect structure atomic levels graduate work mit accepted job columbia_university accepted offer work new_york university town similar wife jean raised worked book stationary states books known bible december joined mit immediately cease research cross section organized sections incoming radar signals outgoing radar signals appointed handle incoming signals section gained valuable experience administration coordinating efforts scientists general_electric approached join manhattan_project new laboratory new_mexico insistence civilian military laboratory headed project later worked closely men discussed project progress daily basis war director served civilian agency replaced wartime manhattan_project inaugural commissioners left head mathematics astronomy appointed member president vice president stepped post professor emeritus died age early life career born ohio august child harry family moved michigan harry worked banker voice teacher attended later ann high school met professor head physics department university_of_michigan encouraged study physics entered university_of_michigan joined fraternity lived house house manager sophomore year moved home junior year concentrate physics suggestion applied entered study doctorate fees paid family father heart attack longer afford moved lived home attended university_of_michigan received general_electric build theoretical physics department university_of_michigan recruited distinguished young work university_of_michigan longer theoretical physics immediately signed course atomic structure investigated effect structure atomic levels subject phd thesis married mother gave ford model use family holiday house entertained guests including spent year taught attended lectures spent time better library decided create work listing energy constant electron configurations known working result book derived analysis optical dedicated second year moved country work taught harvard asked conduct recent discovery reading paper realized current theory resolved spin subject letter submitted visiting scholar year later suggest magnetic moment equal minus nuclear based unusually small magnetic moment nitrogen determined structure returned university_of_michigan alfred lloyd fellowship jobs hard find time great depression accepted job columbia_university worked difficult living new_york salary jean gave birth child martha december second child andrew born accepted offer work new_york university town similar jean raised worked book stationary states books known bible world war december joined mit immediately cease research reached arrangement director return days weeks completed researching cross section topic interest attempting build nuclear figures agree carefully checked results convinced urged publish submitted paper instructions publication war paper published organized sections incoming radar signals outgoing radar signals appointed handle incoming signals section gained valuable experience administration coordinating efforts scientists general_electric later recalled quickly concluded ultimate discrimination signals reflected target opposed noise finally ray tube develop tubes contract work producing supervised contracts visiting week following week hold joint meeting lab cambridge getting contract management manhattan_project assistant director approached join manhattan_project new laboratory new_mexico convinced plan military laboratory work scientific effort need civilian affair plan modified new laboratory civilian run contract felt contribution success project met april convinced needed wrote know extremely eager help work think fully realized appreciate administrative experience obvious administrative wisdom aware need present project evaluate highly fact worked physics informed year developments mit qualifications opinion nearly unique addition want express writing confidence stability judgement qualities stormy enterprise puts high premium accepted job moving head seven group leaders worked closely men discussed project progress daily basis july reorganized laboratory focus problem building type nuclear weapon necessary gun type design work broken head division larger division contained groups headed leaders included developed explosive lenses designed rest weapon numerous difficulties overcome means lenses required speed solid core design chosen likely design succeed coordinate efforts laboratory created committee called ride herd effort coordinate efforts laboratory included days day bomb test detonated new_mexico desert pit assembly team assembled nuclear capsule cylindrical section containing core old farmhouse near testing site capsule driven shot tower inserted spherical inside explosive assembly stuck recognized expansion capsule heat given core causing jam leaving parts contact temperatures allow capsule inserted fully watching test reaction merely works packaging core shipment august ice house received word japanese initiated surrender negotiations set task designing building new types assemblies authored report urging development super bomb served committee chaired looked documents produced manhattan_project chaired investigated technical feasibility international control nuclear energy services awarded medal merit january war returned head agreed needed major player high energy nuclear physics new needed find appointed new fellow united_states representatives divide time new_york_city october asked inaugural commissioners civilian agency formed replace wartime manhattan_project republican easily confirmed senate members united_states congress joint committee atomic energy vote commissioners scientist important factor decision accept post played leading role selection influential general advisory committee scientists appointed fellow commissioner began inspection conducted inventory material succeeded director found atomic bombs built primarily production problems problems way resolution observed nuclear tests representative original year term expired january president convinced stay resigned time president unable dissuade wished return head felt awkward working group leaders accepted offer chair mathematics astronomy work easily left senator charged commission specifically cost awarding scholarship communist loss grams felt return washington testify behalf crisis broke september air_force picked signs soviet_union nuclear test joined general british delegation discuss recent british pound triggered financial crisis concern markets react news saw evidence nuclear test conclusive particular came strongly making public announcement number people knew leak inevitable announcement days later division chair occupied vacant retired nominally primarily administrative post professors department remaining world class research laboratories funded founded directed directed facilities high energy physics created scratch moving high energy physics support anderson hired begin designing new found large building house originally grinding observatory inch mirror arranged grants worth million build required facilities year run facilities needed start hiring hired experimental physicist decided wanted offered large salary agreed pay brazil win nobel prize physics hired win nobel prize relatively new field radio astronomy sparked interest hired grant allowed build important center study spell end service washington served terms member president president november june december december term testified behalf old friend security hearing second worked examine partial nuclear test ban treaty monitored remained chair division physics mathematics astronomy appointed vice president stepped post age professor emeritus research visited time time master ceremonies events commemorating 40th anniversary founding laboratory died november retirement home california survived daughter son nuclear physicist working wife jean having died papers
Robert Bacher