cardinal protector england cardinal protector england appointed crown cardinal england cardinal protector representative roman catholic nation organisation appointed pope role terminated result role national college developed fifteenth century developments emergence national renaissance diplomacy cardinal roman catholic religious orders date farther thirteenth century according king henry viii cardinal protector person defence touching cardinal protector represented monarch especially cases right divided pope monarch led english diplomatic corps rome earlier cardinals filled similar roles existence national openly regularly recognized pope terms cardinal protector cardinal loosely fifteenth century earliest reference cardinal protector england dates according results confusion office cardinal unlike national cardinal cardinal england scotland ireland generally chosen exclusively pope cardinal imposed chosen direct relationship governments countries english cardinal protector played large role english ecclesiastical appointments substantial role similar appointments scotland ireland history future pope cardinal protector england elevated initiative king henry vii officially approved cardinal protector nation viewed good relations rome protection domestic foreign enemies sent trusted councillor rome receiving bull marry elizabeth york sought cardinal protector feared english bishops support opponents owed appointments variety disagreements existed papal income tax refusal pope create archbishop canterbury cardinal innocent vii passed despite creating french cardinals english ambassador rome created cardinal despite request king creation cardinal protector requested letter newly elected pope confirmed response probably written protector close german princes german protector official sense england official cardinal firmly established object german connections viewing asset french appointment cardinal eclipsed england cardinal protector appointments english sees referred instead elected pope iii september die month later october vote chosen perceived neutrality english connections according account iii acknowledged facto successor protector favourite pope liability reign pope reign requesting mentioning office protector england certainly presented cardinal responsible english affairs attempt secure status donated residence present named official members embassy headed including sir master papal ceremonies referred protector notes meeting embassy pope letter henry vii dated july remarks king chosen pope cardinal nephew cardinal protector letter mention selection likely arranged compensated promoted bath wells lost favour king fled rome death died september leaving england cardinal protector england scott dead england man loyalty king truly rely single amateur compared seasoned diplomats surrounded died april cardinal nephew received vice half brother explicitly named protector wrote henry vii stating intent maintain brother friendships henry_viii replied considered friendship especially valuable asserting close father evidence offered cardinal cardinal protector appointment exactly established surviving letters england mention explicitly mentioned protector letter english cardinal death point brink disgrace disclosed contents discussions king french agent confessed employed threat torture point longer protector according april letter venetian ambassador king dismissed protector gave post direct evidence received official title died march death filled vacuum real effect england returned rome death february papal voted second ballot inevitably came conflict rival representatives england lack records list cardinals referred nominations bishops missing period making impossible assess extent role agent henry_viii arranged cardinal nephew future pope vii cardinal protector england letter appointment makes reference february letter pope henry_viii england king having elevated pope cardinal nephew cousin protector pope brother knight protector short appointment continued play role death july accused having played role death charged examining facts concluding innocent period role protector defined importance office increased significantly appointment small friendship according importance stemmed special relationship england reliable supporter papal independence accepted france meeting francis france personally england elected vii november close served cardinal protector germany time election received variety appointments vii henry_viii chose protector february pope acceptance life found loyalty divided appointed judge issue requested henry_viii england catherine aunt holy roman emperor came favour legitimacy marriage considerable delay travelling reviewing canonical evidence final sentence case handed rome year passed act supremacy henry_viii particularly displeased constant company emperor years prior verdict rapidly growing income having granted january dismissed cardinal protector public knowledge unclear henry_viii intended appoint successor emerging active candidate march king favoured future pope instructed ambassadors march offer future pope iii event declined approved knowing henry_viii secretly married pregnant vii decided reach monarch appointing outspoken proponent henry_viii archbishop canterbury threatened handed pronounced henry_viii marriage void henry_viii responded telling vicar general salisbury stop revenues notice henry_viii claimed authority act behalf making ecclesiastical appointments fifth session deprived english sees swore loyalty king unaware statute days later march entered final ruling according years cooperation cardinal taught henry_viii expect way church england vii died september learning denial papal authority march papal cardinal oppose proposal non secret voting cardinal kiss feet newly elected attempts reconciliation rome thought reconciliation england possible elevated english cardinals time imprisoned sentenced death henry_viii execution fisher prompted henry_viii lived attempt rome fill thirteen episcopal england queen mary england briefly reconciled rome appointed archbishop canterbury papal restoration england doomed accomplished mary married spain pope named new cardinal protector queen confirm nomination remained cardinal protector chosen crown loyalty pope defining feature movement irish nationalism bishops appointed pope garnered larger following hierarchy church ireland appointed crown according cardinal assisted loss england ireland remained loyal spite future pope cardinal protector england february facto protector germany facto protector england official protector germany september future pope vii died confirmed crown circa cardinal circa november circa acting similar prior offices thomas england employed rome england
Cardinal protector of England