history history begins founders syracuse met january established new_york university initially funded new_york acre km2 land grant act met new_york senate separate plans dreams draw collaboration founding white believed need great university nation radical new approach education great respect education philanthropy desired use money greatest good abraham_lincoln signing vermont senator land grant act law critical formation universities including post civil war era founders newly elected members state senate chaired white chair dealt educational matters chaired committees jurisdiction bills land grant instruction excluding scientific classical studies including military tactic teach branches learning related agriculture mechanic arts eventual partnership unlikely valued science education come different backgrounds self businessman pragmatic telegraph fortune stock received consolidation led formation poor life suddenly found looking ways greatest good money wrote greatest care spend large income greatest good properly dependent poor self education hard work lead conclusion greatest end philanthropy need colleges teaching practical pursuits agriculture applied sciences medicine engineering finding opportunities poor attain education entered college age white dreamed going elite eastern colleges father sent later known small episcopal college geneva white read great colleges oxford_university university_of_cambridge appears inspiration dreaming university worthy commonwealth new_york nation dream lifelong goal white year geneva white convinced father send yale_university white yale great improvement geneva found country great universities reciting little real intercourse late 1850s white served professor history university_of_michigan continued develop thoughts great american university influenced curriculum liberal eastern universities administration university secular institution conception white duly impressed bill introduced actions state senator incorporation large public library donated white struck breadth mind wrote striking sign mode forming board trustees instead usual effort tie organization forever sect party named best men town political opponents friends added principal churches catholic protestant white soon found opposite sides battle end lead creation legislature granted proceeds land grant havana conditions need met certain time frame act set year limit state identifying land grant college unlikely meet conditions legislature ready select different school initially member wanted half grant school white vigorously opposed bill ground educational resources state dispersed felt grant effective establish strengthen comprehensive university working send grant september rochester new_york announced offer donate soon increased land grant secured trustees moved college white said support similar measure split grant began collaboration establishment february introduced act establish appropriated income sale lands given new_york act university white come agreement faced fierce opposition including havana dozens institutions state share land grant funds religious groups opposed proposed composition university board trustees secular press thought state federal land grant legislators representing white arranged insane located land held bill limited total property hold million bill modified twice attempts attain votes necessary passage change given months meet certain conditions receive land grant law second came methodist faction wanted share grant agreed pro quo donation exchange support insisted bargain written bill bill signed law governor april july lost claim land grant funds building began year university opened worked collaboration build university oversaw construction university buildings starting spent time investing federal land western lands university eventually net millions dollars white unanimously elected president november began making plans administrative educational policies university end traveled france germany england visit model institutions buy books equipment collect professors white returned europe inaugurated president remained leader retirement presidency opening university inauguration day took place october previous day candidates showed given entrance examination successful applicants initial enrollment class time largest entering class american university occasion delivered brief speech said hope laid foundation institution shall combine practical liberal education believe beginning institution prove highly beneficial poor young men poor young women country speech included statement later school motto found institution person find instruction study founded institutions played role rapid opening university public library downtown opened served classroom library students constructed water cure served university dormitory universities united_states admit women alongside men woman admitted university women dormitory february accepted offer build dormitory construction home opening women continued increase significant departures standard curriculum leadership introduced system students free choose course study harvard_university similar change soon inauguration success ideals newly established uniquely american institution help drive changes seen universities decades lead educational historian write president gave turned developers american university agents revolutionary reform university library opened known today library result gift memory left husband brother joseph children library construction student hospital remainder university use saw fit university charter limited property holdings accept gift realized university failed inform restriction launched legal assault acquire money known great case eventually affirmed judgment receive estate justice giving majority opinion sage donated build library instead admitted female students making school came known ivy league admission female students limited construction sage hall serve women dormitory requirement women freshman women live started served female student dropped freshman residency requirement result academic admission standards women college typically higher corresponding standards men general women represented certain schools represented example historically drew number women students attracted fewer women early history university female students separated male students ways example separate entrance separate student government separate page edited women male students required drill precursor women exempt account history claims beginning students unanimously opposed education vigorously protested arrival group women promptly formed women club standard hoc motto 1870s 1880s female students campus generally ignored male students women formal role annual commencement ceremony student government selected woman class poet voted allow women eat 1970s male students resided west campus women housed north campus remaining women dormitory hall restriction gift funded history men currently male residents lower floors converted educational housing late 1970s early pioneer women degree woman united_states early 1980s limited number women entering class regardless female applicants qualifications implementation title mid-1970s significantly expanded athletic offerings women athletics moved having women activities housed having men women programs facilities religion campus time founding prominent american colleges ties religious denominations founded non school compete church sponsored institutions gaining new_york land grant status white noted inaugural address labor christian institution institution university provision voluntary religious campus currently university charter provides persons religious religious shall equally eligible offices appointments 20th century university charter required majority trustees single sage chapel non house worship opened umbrella organization campus sponsored different denominations assistant director national leader protesting vietnam war social activism aspects spun separate reorganized late 1950s leased house street university established jewish living center dining hall israel chapter new foundation established university dining department operate kitchen center serving food 1870s system grew play large role student life chapters national organizations national restrictions based race religion national origin national requirements mixed response undergraduate passed resolution condemning discrimination 1960s trustees established commission examine membership restrictions national organizations adopted policy required affiliated nationals based religion race amend national charters quit national organizations result number national greek organizations dropped racial religious barriers membership cornerstone laid new hall house establish status wrote letter dated sealed cornerstone copies letter kept contents secret hinted theme letter speech dedication sage hall stating letter deposited cornerstone addressed future man woman kept copy relate future generations cause failure experiment fail trust god historians largely assumed experiment referred given sage hall women dormitory controversial issue time letter finally unearthed focus revealed university status principle invited equal controversy 19th century given universities time specific religious wrote infrastructure innovations university campuses use electricity light grounds water powered hydroelectric plant built fall creek gorge plant takes water tunnel gorge power electricity plant continued serve campus electric needs local utility rates placed heavy economic penalty independently generating electricity abandoned plant renovated placed service facility added central heating plant generate electricity plant waste heat completed december shifted central heating plant coal natural gas enable plant generate campus non peak electric requirements 1880s suspension bridge built provide pedestrian access campus north professors designed new suspension bridge water downstream original second bridge declared unsafe closed august rebuilt replacement design observatory radio radar construction 1960s managed began operating closed loop central water system air conditioning laboratory cooling centralized mechanical inefficient building specific air began operation lake source cooling system uses cold water temperature air condition campus system wide scale use lake source cooling north_america giving alumni involvement endowed chair donated new_york_city nominate following wishes appointed years professor quietly let demanded inquiry trustees established guiding principles governing gifts future accepted power select persons shall fill september president prevailed extend offer situation deteriorated unorthodox theology generated discomfort college arrival professor library maintained support acquisition materials taking president decided needed chair hebrew language persuaded finance professor knew university secure bargain unorthodox theological views stay gained respect community noted personal scholarly integrity soon shielded sympathetic administrators served thirty years carrying high teaching load addition extensive research taught elementary course hebrew year advanced hebrew covered leading writers parts literature years general students advised begin study semitic languages arabic offered year egyptian alternated given term year dedicated studies second sage professor ethics philosophy given named established honorary university endowed scholarship established original university charter adopted legislature required scholarships students legislative district attend university tuition free white believed meant scholarship legislature later argued meant new freshman student district year district allowed students diverse financial resources attend university start left estate establish scholarships engineering students trustees decided invest funds eventually sold company resulting fund largest single scholarship fund provided substantial assistance engineering students received number unusual non cash kind gifts years including farm copy lincoln trees university opened amended charter april specify alumni elected trustees provision operative alumni universities elect trustees direct election harvard probably shift direct election alumni female trustee thomas class alumni elected serving president october quickly aware lack adequate pension plans concern led formation called october wife donated million fund center gift currently largest single gift ignoring inflation largest given university research faculty support alumni classes elected maintain correspondence classmates class organized form called meets annually develop alumni class programs assist organizing independent alumni owned publication founded owned controlled separate nonprofit corporation known support act states fund maintenance land grant college facilities fund operations subsequent laws required states match federal funds agricultural research stations cooperative extension inaugural address president november announced intention enlist financial support state point relationship state net economic loss offering scholarships students new_york assembly district year spending funds serve state land grant university determined convince state university instead state legislature voted financial support establishment annual college set privately controlled state supported statutory colleges cooperation state annual state later extended agriculture home economics following world war industrial labor relations opened geneva new_york sixth oldest institution kind united_states significant advances scientific agriculture years played active role agriculture law enforcement home economics curriculum added college expanded separate state supported school turn began develop classes hotel administration spun separate endowed college opened forestry college north_america college undertook establish acre km2 demonstration forest funded plans school director land drew criticism neighbors living governor vetoed appropriation school response closed school reports gained annual state funding exchange closing forestry college subsequently established remains program contracted logs forest people state new_york members people brooklyn company sued stop destructive practices closing school lost case appeal eventually established research forest south later funded construction forestry building named began fund cooperative extension services land grant college state expanded impact sending agents spread knowledge county syracuse started awarding forestry degrees point extension agents covered home economics agriculture including forestry founded response requests organized labor democratic leaders school quickly gained national stature secretary female cabinet member served longer secretary labor years joined faculty agricultural interests affiliated republicans enjoyed partisan support following world war legislature placed state funded higher education new statutory colleges agriculture human ecology labor relations medicine affiliated inception state affiliation prior time statutory college employees legally employees employees state education law gives authority approve appointment unit heads statutory colleges control level state funding statutory colleges today state support significant received total million state operations billion capital spending million come state new_york medical education starting campus offered pre medical school curriculum medical students enrolled medical school directly high school new_york_city institutions united goal unfortunately imposed number surprising new policies including limiting faculty earned private practice faculty revolted sought return property institutions resulting lawsuit march april ordered return property dean breached oral promises form merger having won separation medical sought new university affiliation april voted create medical school elected professors dean faculty school opened october facilities new campus avenue upper east manhattan opened donated began program fall allow students years medical school constructed house program building opened degree program open men women women required study years early medical schools require undergraduate degree admission program medical school affiliated teaching hospital unlike new_york branch medical school endowed branch university trustees reduced scope year students eventually phased million donation led building large psychiatric effort year college affiliated institutions moved current joint campus hospital affiliated university operating closed affiliate hospital merged affiliate hospital combined institution operates today despite clinical alliance faculty functions columbia units remain distinct independent multiple clinical programs merged institutions continuing efforts bring departments enhance academic efforts reduce costs increase public recognition hospitals affiliated colleges medical college renamed receiving substantial chairman built lab facility located suburbs buffalo new_york world war effort tax planning wake war effort donated facility operate public trust received charitable tax seven east coast aircraft companies donated provide working capital lab lab operated time formed new new_york campus invented crash test dummy automotive seat belt mobile field unit weather radar weather tracking accurate airborne simulation aircraft successful demonstration automatic terrain following radar system use laser beam successfully measure gas density independent test facility evaluate automotive restraint systems instrument research behavior disorders prototype reading system served honest broker making objective comparisons competing plans build military hardware conducted classified counter research thailand time employees conducted wind tunnel test models number skyscraper buildings including notably john tower boston massachusetts story seattle washington late 1960s early 1970s universities came criticism conducting war related research particularly vietnam war unpopular tried ties accepted offer purchase lab group lab employees competing offer organized lawsuit block sale new_york highest court ruled right sell lab conclusion suit raise money reorganized lab profit sold stock public race relations enrolled african american students december greek letter fraternity african americans founded low black enrollment 1960s formed recruit mentor minority students established black studies programs ivy league april period heightened racial tension building housed center burned special interest program dormitory located low rise provides housing minority students ordered status remained controversial years april parents weekend members took student union building takeover precipitated increasing racial tension university students frustration administration lack support black studies program specific takeover black students incident previous december cross burning black women cooperative cases racism following day deal students university officials april takeover ended administration demands students emerged making black power salute guns hand guns brought initial takeover president events resign soon crisis elements deal required faculty approval faculty voted uphold students april faculty asked reconsider group gathered hall debate matter faculty formed representative undertook comprehensive review university changes stemming crisis founding overhaul campus judicial system addition students crisis prompted new_york enact henderson law requiring college state adopt rules maintenance public order yale professor liberal democrat changed views original statement principles think tank according cited fall house bush turn away occurred pressured starting black studies program gun wielding students seizing campus watching administrators demonstrate courage great impact conservative eve presidential elections son published increase defense spending studies historically colleges operated great autonomy separate policy separate faculty separate fundraising staff cases separate tuition structure university taken steps encourage collaboration related academic fields university outside organizations 1960s university created unify related programs colleges success structure ultimately dropped difficulty funding faculty computing information science established unify computer science efforts university structure need separate school college computer science years served dean use 1970s tuition ivy league schools grown faster inflation trend coincided creation federally guaranteed student loan programs time schools continue grow gifts successful investments critics called universities tuition affordable levels earnings result ivy schools decided increase spending earnings order tuition low middle income families reducing debt students placed priority endowed scholarships fall receiving federal students roughly totals combined recipients studying harvard princeton yale portrayal fiction students faculty chronicled works fiction notable widening stain appeared anonymously revealed written wrote fictional account campus vietnam war protests called war captured fool hill wrote novel based real protest led policies long looks like
History of Cornell University