later william august austrian later american chess master player undisputed world chess champion highly influential writer chess discussing chess history 1850s onwards commentators debated effectively considered champion earlier time early lost title lost rematch statistical rating systems low ranking world champions mainly took long breaks competitive play analysis based rating systems shows dominant players history game unbeaten match play years world number winning attacking style common 1860s unveiled new style play demonstrated superior previous style new style controversial branded games showed set attacks ferocious old school prolific writer chess defended new ideas vigorously debate bitter abusive known ink war target anti semitic abuse moved united_states escape early 1890s approach widely accepted generation players acknowledged debt notably successor world champion result ink war traditional accounts character depict ill tempered aggressive recent research shows long friendly relationships players chess organizations notably operated project define rules governing conduct future world championships managing money lived poverty life early stages chess career born jewish prague capital czech_republic hardware retailer thirteen sons learned play chess age began playing chess twenties leaving prague study mathematics vienna spent years university improved rapidly chess late 1850s progressing place championship score period nicknamed austrian achievement meant strongest player austria international debut sent represent austria london chess tournament placed sixth win awarded tournament prize immediately challenged fifth placed contestant strong veteran italian master match won wins draw losses encouraged turn professional took residence london scored crushing win match went world years started playing chess years earlier beat leading players matches charge rankings price march apologized letter loan beating taken clients provided main source income match successes established world players able arrange match london regarded world strongest active player won london international tournaments superior retired competitive chess won wins losses draws hard fight games scores level won games result match victory generally regarded world best player prize money match winner loser winner prize large sum standards times equivalent money continued match play success won match played inclusive wide margins years following victory beat seven wins losses draws comfortably beat seven wins draws loss proved elite beating large margin gradually improves tournament results took longer reach tournament play years took place paris second place won chess tournament ahead strong players victory strong tournament london ahead tournament finished ahead vienna years old changes style introduces school successes inclusive achieved attack costs romantic style exemplified vienna chess tournament unveiled new style play basis modern chess tied place ahead won play start won games main tournament including results plus play games start game winning streak competition hiatus competitive chess played tournaments match win games period simultaneous exhibitions contributed important professional chess player income days example paid simultaneous exhibitions exhibition hosted equivalent values chess journalist instead concentrated work chess journalist notably field britain leading sports magazine commentaries aroused heated debates notably founded ink war escalated sharply criticized games berlin congress won ahead eager settle debates second match play provoked comments consistently strong player challenged match accused insisted issue settled responded inviting mason sufficiently high stake match player equivalent money mason unwilling stake mason later agreed play match stake player soon postponed match circumstances having arisen highly proceed rivalry long lay caused commentators suggest scored notable tournament victories regarded world chess champion comeback success returned competitive chess vienna chess tournament described strongest chess tournament time point despite start took equal place ahead drew play match victim anti semitic attacks playing vienna sending weekly reports tournament field plot england end tournament field published anti semitic article praised efforts english players english origin vienna victory jews stopped working field replaced close friend bitter enemy sources differ exactly faction took chess columns field london tournament gap tenure visited usa mainly philadelphia area december given enthusiastic reception played exhibitions casual games match stakes wealthy amateur won matches professionals won cuban champion match abandoned leading wins draw loss hosts arranged visit new_orleans lived return london later took second place extremely strong london chess tournament brilliant start faded end finished points ahead finished points ahead placed competitor victory led commentators suggest regarded world chess champion said issue resolved match usa shortly london tournament decided leave england moved new_york lived rest life end ink war enemies persuaded american press publish anti articles founded edited magazine chronicled lengthy negotiations match managed find supporters sections american press including turf field farm reported offer fees expenses share stake match benefit performance solely profit match eventually agreed play match new_york new_orleans victor player won games insistence contract said championship world games played new_york led end won decisively wins draws losses collapse won games described reversal fortune history world championship play officially american citizen wanted united_states flag placed match citizen november having resided years new_york changed william started work drawing regulations future conduct world championship contests actively supported endeavor thought old remain world champion wrote magazine know fit champion likely bear title offered sponsor match select worthy opponent nominated russian condition invitation presented challenge doubt intended match world championship letters publicity material match avoided phrase proposed match maximum games said fixed length matches unsuitable world championship contests player lead play draws time supporting world championship project status match played havana january february won wins draw losses tournament final proposal winner tournament held new_york regarded world champion time prepared face challenge second placed competitor month wrote play tournament challenge winner second placed competitors failed tournament duly played outcome planned tied place play resulted draws wanted work conceding title prize winner prepared play title match played havana ended tie match considered world championship encounter experiment repeated matches private arrangements players wins rematch saint chess society offered organize match world championship played havana won narrowly wins draws losses german turned opportunity challenge world championship match demands medical practice loses title time publicly spoke retiring changed mind years younger comparatively level challenged earlier year refused non title challenge fellow german time world dominant tournament player initially wanted play match agreed stakes agreed series reductions found difficult raise money final figure earlier matches final combined stake worth values publicly praised act desperately needed money match played venues new_york philadelphia montreal year age difference combatants largest history world championship play remains today previously declared win doubt came shock won game responded winning second able maintain balance sixth won games seventh 11th asked week rest match resumed looked better shape won 13th 14th games struck 15th 16th unable compensate losses middle match won wins losses draws commentators thought habit playing experimental moves competition major factor downfall increased tournament activity losing title played tournaments frequently previously won new_york fifth hastings winning prize game saint super strong player multi round robin event took second place later results began decline 6th 5th cologne 10th london early defeated russian match winning games drawing losing rematch november january played return match moscow won games drawing losing world chess championship match years shortly match mental breakdown confined days moscow played chess inmates questions beginning reign long running debate chess writers reign began beat beat based april described holding chess championship world years evidence claimed title 1880s claimed champion win suggested claim alive defeated far wider margin retired chess competition soon returned usa died match explicitly described world championship unofficially described world chess champion middle 19th century fact organizers london international tournament said contest world chess champion wrote letter von und der suggesting organize world championship tournament germany commentators described champion years following match victory late 1870s early 1880s regarded champion supported match regarded creating title resolving conflicting claims title hand hailed world champion win berlin tournament having won chess championship world champions world following win place regarded personal life lived lady named born 1860s daughter flora born flora died age caroline died married second wife years later children dedicated pamphlet memory wife daughter february new_york_times prematurely reported death new_york mental asylum authors claim contracted cause mental suffered years months prior death spent time institutions result failing mental health chess activities yielded great financial rewards died heart attack august buried cemetery brooklyn new_york second wife young children alive death writings main chess correspondent field london present ideas chess strategy founded new_york edited addition game commentaries blow blow accounts negotiations leading match world championship project wrote long series articles died wrote book new_york tournament commented games published textbook modern chess instructor allegedly wrote pamphlet entitled charity confined river crest new_york final months life assessment book hastings chess tournament written collectively players described follows stands high writer powerful pen chooses use expressive english evidently fair friends foes alike appears fail like respect possessed fine intellect extremely fond game lose sight considerations people business alike chess life soul thing lives influence game play including similar contemporaries sharp aggressive play style world number beating confirmed position beating winning london international tournament claimed rank number beating play suddenly changed giving priority called elements chess structure space outposts knights advantage bishops etc accepted difficult defensive positions order demonstrate superiority theories showed methods provide platform crushing attacks successor world champion summed new style beginning game ignore search combinations violent moves aim small advantages accumulate having attained ends search combination power intellect combination exist deeply hidden play changed abruptly said thinking lines years games saw play london congress gave stronger start modification opinions developed began recognize chess genius confined deep brilliant finishing strokes original balance power position overthrown requires exercise extraordinary powers different kind maintain balance respectively proper time favor year tournament play later career chess writings present theories wrote field moving new_york founded chief editor edited book great tournament won compete tournament designed produce successor writers found new approach boring example said points pistol breast pick pocket steals wins game contested world championship match evident playing level equal spectacular attacking play fairly simply use principles time match commentators showed understanding appreciation theories shortly match new_york_times earlier published attacks play character paid tribute playing record importance theories agreeing difficult match career despite previous intention retiring end career highly player comments book hastings chess tournament focus theories writings explicit worthy seat halls university player world believed temperament impossible conquered player result play writings considered chess commentators founder modern chess took championship wrote great achievement theories find justice avenge suffered emphasizes importance pioneer field chess theory realise chess despite complicated game common principles happens time try founder chess theory pointed chess laws considered playing strength style statistical rating systems warriors mind gives ranking 47th obscure soviet places 15th time list players play opportunities competitive chess best years long competitive play author wrote article examined ways comparing strength world number players data provided found ahead contemporaries 1870s peak period highest total number years world player placed 7th comparison long players ranked world victory loss won normal matches wide margins worst tournament performance year period place paris lost handicap matches match telegraph allowed choose openings games won initially played attacking style contemporaries like changed style dominated competitive chess 1870s 1880s wrote aimed positions clear cut features theory best applicable retained capacity brilliant attacks right end career example hastings tournament spectacular game closing stages deliberately exposed pieces attack simultaneously king course significant weaknesses habits playing experimental moves getting difficult defensive positions class competitive games personality traditional accounts describe having sharp tongue violent temper partly short stature barely feet admitted like duke hold sword hand olive branch severe abusive published articles aware tendencies said early career induce charge chess column fair blame praise sure offence enemies embarked chess journalism brutally frank review proved right counts personal correspondence articles party articles long friendly relationships people groups chess world including earliest sponsors cuban russian chess communities operated project regulate future contests world title earned objective writings chess competitions games example attributed sheer bad luck poor tournament score considered friend generous praise great play bitter enemies fun rhetoric example remarked die america live england added lose match america win england having carefully considered subject come conclusion mean die lose match joint simultaneous display russia time saint_petersburg tournament formed impromptu comedy double act strong sense honour debts poor managing finances let competitor clients offered play world title match free died poverty leaving widow survive running small shop notable games london awarded prize london international tournament 13th match game london regarded prepared attack precursor approach later advocated 9th game match queen declined vienna quiet variation exchanges powerful centre create weak hanging white creates strong pressure eventually tries way trouble wins sharp counter attack 2nd game match gains superior mobility forces promotion aid little combination 4th game match spanish game general preparation creates opportunity swift attack leading mate 29th hastings italian game classical variation great attacking combination old 1860s style white 22nd white pieces black lost game won prize tournament tournament results sources match results sources
Wilhelm Steinitz