group representation constituency group representation constituency type electoral division constituency singapore teams candidates instead individual candidates compete elected parliament mps constituency government stated scheme primarily implemented minority representation parliament mps member indian minority community singapore addition economical town councils manage public housing estates handle larger scheme came effect june prior date single member parliamentary elections act cap states number mps returned quarter total number mps parameters total number singapore boundaries fixed decided cabinet taking consideration recommendations according constitution mps precise number mps declared president cabinet direction prior general election purposes general election mps critics disagree government introducing scheme noting proportion minority mps decreased advent member member having teams candidates standing election helmed senior politicians ruling means bringing time candidates parliament scheme said disadvantage opposition parties difficult find candidates contest furthermore said scheme means unequal voting power relationship mps singapore politics introduction scheme types electoral division constituency singapore single member constituency number candidates comes stand elections parliament group voter casts ballot team candidates individual candidates scheme brought existence june constitution republic singapore amendment act original stated purpose guarantee minimum representation minorities parliament ensure parliament instead single race speaking parliament debate introduced deputy prime minister minister defence said discussed necessity ensuring nature parliament prime minister july lee expressed concern voting patterns younger appeared need having racially balanced slate candidates worried voting racial lines lead lack minority representation parliament proposed twin members parliament mps contest pair minority community mps upset implied merits feeling lead mps losing confidence self respect government dropped proposal government felt best way ensure minority representation parliament introduce scheme addition took view scheme complement introduction town councils manage public housing estates economical town council manage group subsequently government said need boundaries grown big mps serving said provide critical mass residents needed effective proposals minority representation parliament considered chaired chief justice committee representatives minorities elect persons members represent minorities parliament rejected commission felt inappropriate members allowed elected chamber second proposal proportional representation rejected grounds intensify party politics racial lines eventually racial differences increasingly difficult impossible achieve single community races form population republic proposal upper house parliament composed members elected nominated represent racial linguistic religious minorities singapore rejected backward looking politicians attain seat parliament taking elections operation number boundaries electoral divisions apart requirement total number singapore boundaries fixed number electoral divisions names boundaries specified prime minister time time government gazette year ahead general election appointed advise executive number geographical division electoral divisions constitution law requires prime minister continued singapore independence generally general election review boundaries electoral divisions recommend changes recent decades committee chaired cabinet secretary members senior public servants appointed general election head chief executive officer deputy ceo acting chief committee convened shortly general elections preparatory work boundary division prime minister office terms reference issued prime minister embodied legislation giving recommendations boundary changes years committee considered factors including hill ridges rivers roads boundaries drawn lines need electoral divisions approximately equal numbers voters votes carry weight regardless cast ballots adopted rule allowing numbers voters divisions differ permitted increased cabinet decide accept committee recommendations requirements candidates members political party independent candidates standing group candidates person belonging indian minority community person regarded belonging community regardless race considers member community generally accepted community similarly person belong indian community minority community considers member community accepts minority status candidates determined committees appointed president indian decisions committees final conclusive appealed called question court president cabinet direction declares electoral divisions number candidates stand parliament minority candidates indian minority communities number community total number number mps returned quarter total number mps returned general election general election electoral division returns number mps designated constituency president serve parliament group individuals standing voted team individual candidates words successful voter single vote sends parliament sends group mps depending designated elected mps selected simple voting past post basis election need held fill vacancy triggered death resignation reason election required mps vacate parliamentary seats assuming situation arise prime minister obliged election reasonable time intends general election near future modifications grouped member making total elected seats parliament constitution parliamentary elections act changed increase maximum number mps general election member replaced member member member making elected seats parliament arrangement remained unchanged elections government announced size number achieved constitution parliamentary elections act instead appointed terms reference committee plan fewer member present reduce average size average size time mps member member new average exceed mps addition ensure number kept pace increase voters number mps terms reference state rationale given changes scheme work better link voters mps strengthened general election returned parliament mps total mps assessment advantages article constitution states scheme presence minority mps parliament ensuring interests minority communities represented parliament article constitution allows maximum number mps provide flexibility ensuring rapidly expanding population properly managed population constituency grows increasingly difficult represent constituents views team mps arguably greater access constituents fact different mps team suggests effectively provide representation parliament wide range constituents views criticisms scheme diversion original purpose official justification scheme minority representation parliament opposition parties questioned fulfilling purpose especially singapore faced issue minorities represented parliament fact statistics minority candidates won regularly mps lose seats chinese beaten minority candidate addition won election largely chinese constituency elected chief minister singapore jewish technically size increased minority representation overall proportion minority mps reduced minority mps numerical minority parliament political reduced furthermore scheme recruiting tool stated assurance good chance winning election able successful young risk careers join politics team helmed major figure minister allows new candidates ride coat tails experienced members generally fielded time candidates hand built weaknesses fault team high value mps voted said occurred minister foreign affairs lost parliamentary seat workers team general election said serve administrative tools ensure minority representation size increased advantage economies scale managing required purpose stated mps group elections enjoy economies scale opposition parties scheme criticized raising bar opposition elections opposition parties find harder find competent candidates including minority candidates form teams contest acknowledged scheme benefits stronger teams system threshold votes opposition increased opposition parties commit huge proportions resources contest candidate required deposit sum equal total calendar year preceding election rounded nearest general election deposit unsuccessful candidates deposits receive eighth total number votes polled critics noted number generally increased introduction date opposition party won general election creation unequal voting power criticized creating unequal voting powers present vote ward returns candidates parliament compared vote ward returns candidate scheme voting power instance ward voters compared voters member power vote lower voter finds harder vote like situation compounded fact equality electoral divisions tolerated commentator pointed current voter guide ratio voters implies number voters electoral division vary member voters difference weakening voter relationship critics noted credibility candidates reduced members team popular protect popular members voted said relationship electorate representatives weakened relationship individual team individual particular improving link voters mps reason changes proposed introduce reduce size scheme intended ensure minority representation parliament said scheme emphasizes racial consciousness widens gap races undermine esteem minority candidates sure elected merit scheme merits rest team mps result minority candidates dependent majority enter parliament majority candidates believing minority candidates insufficient ability claimed scheme majority assumes able value merit minority candidates vote candidates share common race culture language law large numbers proposed law large numbers system according theory large number voters generally necessarily reflects popular vote evident elections garnered average votes contested average ward national average elections similar trends seen previous elections fact percentage difference votes grew remained stable elections size gave greater effect law large numbers legislation constitution republic singapore reprint parliamentary elections act cap works politics governance singapore introduction singapore isbn deputy prime minister minister defence speech second reading parliamentary elections amendment bill singapore parliamentary debates official report january vol september making sense electoral boundaries report chairman singapore government printer articles websites principles practices voting singapore electoral system tan november engineered limits electoral spatial integration singapore published elections london new_york isbn tan eugene april legislature archived original december retrieved december tan lee constitutional implications tan singapore need reform commentary hang december singapore government people legal studies right political participation singapore tailor making westminster modelled constitution fit asian democracy comparative law books parliament law making singapore isbn democracy singapore london isbn parties politics study opposition parties singapore singapore isbn isbn report parliamentary elections amendment bill bill constitution republic singapore amendment bill bill singapore printed government singapore social political economic directions 1990s new_york martin press isbn tan making law parliament introduction singapore constitution singapore isbn tan legislature constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn legislature treatise singapore constitutional law singapore isbn
Group Representation Constituency