simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin known important school emerged china early fifth century lasted years absorbed currents dynasty synthesis religious ideas based texts rituals buddhist practices borrowed concepts buddhism including concept elements important concept earlier belief attaining remained school similar master important gods form gods existed charge preparing spirits ritual initially individual practice later went transformation emphasis collective rites important scripture known compiled based earlier works longer exists distinct movement left influences subsequent branches masters popular contemporary northern china defined following tradition history began scriptures revealed claimed scriptures came line transmission going great uncle transmitted scriptures disciples scriptures quickly gained immense popularity compiled catalogue texts responsible ritual organization texts ritual provided solid foundation prospered subsequent centuries dynasty influence declined school prominent borrowing practices accepted aristocracy established influence court beliefs early scriptures borrowed buddhist stylistic conceptual elements describes hybrids rebirth beliefs borrowed buddhism names different deities heavens given titles based sanskrit sanskrit terms borrowed given completely different meanings significant concept borrowed buddhism buddhism share idea people earth prisons hungry ghost animal man death body refined palace supreme darkness located north south body consisted steps components person refined palace supreme darkness followed yang components concept rebirth chinese adaptation buddhism mixing traditional chinese concepts newly arrived buddhist ideas heavily buddhism unlike previous systems divided regions supposed regions idea borrowed buddhism addition regions heavens divided sectors heavens placed horizontally periphery disc sectors ruled emperor populated earlier cosmic age like buddhism heavens divided worlds desire form buddhist beliefs proposing heavens rotated huge mountain known residence version deity certain traditional ideas retained idea world originated type known divided heaven earth furthermore subdivided types correspond deities lords treasure sacred treasure divine treasure deities later introduced teachings perfect teachings form basis later classification texts apocalyptic notions appeared developed fully supposed time divided cosmic cycles phases end cosmic era god colour associated era descend earth reveal teaching save fixed number people death types cosmic eras short ones characterized excess energy long ones characterized excess yang energy end short cosmic era moon produce flood mountains renew universe change rankings members bureaucracy end long cosmic era evil creatures heaven earth turned upside metals stones melted people followed correct teaching revealed god colour gathered queen mother west transported land bliss affected apocalypse addition borrowing deities developed gods supreme god known played similar role according scriptures god went series cycles given names similar names emerging beginning period important god form chief disciple main gods hierarchy deities associated spirits went death prepare rebirth head group gods known perfected southern beneath director charge life records spirits lord han controlled city dead principal gods hierarchy deities dragon kings demon kings deities present heavens human body responsible maintaining body guarding registers life regulating souls internal deities particularly important great unity lived head white prime descend liver lungs director lived heart sexual organs finally peach child lived lower normally deities resided heavens activated descend body practices techniques despite belief maintained traditional idea certain techniques allow achieve technique essence sun moon practitioners expose bodies certain times month closing eyes enter bodies body sun essence matched heart red moon matched seen black interior meditation practices achieved rituals early ritual individual basis meditation chamber courtyard house early practitioners professional priests students later movement developed religious institutions established clergy ritual practice communal rite ritual shares great deal ritual traditions like traditions rituals theatrical quality involved accompanying music dances chants shared aspect ritual meaning carried different levels simultaneously example ritual performed priest repeat ritual interior meditation categories ritual known heavenly carried prevent natural disasters dynasty ritual carried honour imperial family later performed ritual performed ensure dead rest final type ritual survived human performed ensure salvation mankind rituals survived assumed role jade register ensuring salvation preventing bad weather canon scriptures arose direct result success earlier texts scriptures based text known text compiled borrowed work great uncle ancient text provided framework remainder canon based directions texts descended believed revealed presumably original owner purported transmitted texts disciple transmitted known innovations claim texts derive likely way antiquity reality likely assembled years texts extremely popular canon mix previous traditions combining features ancient texts buddhist ideas important texts canon scripture upper chapters according edited total texts canon lost legacy school survive distinct entity ritual apparatus forms basis present day ritual practice addition innovations introduced survived present including division sections corresponding different teachings corresponding teaching integration buddhism practices beliefs ensured buddhist elements remain important aspect later aided integrating buddhism levels society china
Lingbao School