chief buffalo great buffalo french september major leader born group northern wisconsin usa recognized principal chief nearly half century death led nation treaty relationship signed treaties instrumental resisting efforts united_states remove western areas secured permanent indian reservations people near background political structure lake superior born year region wisconsin key trading center empire new france engaged seven years war great_britain time birth 18th century spread lands conquered people settled village sites bands western mississippi_river regions regarded ancient capital center spirituality center trade government society centers clans animal traditional responsibility tribe buffalo known europeans belonged clan clan said rising prominence middle 18th century efforts grandfather crow meat born region son man described canadian indian marie key eastern end time french contact century men crane held positions hereditary peace chiefs communities marie skilled favorite french officials period leaders cranes concerned internal matters 19th century buffalo clan cranes recognized principal chiefs afforded respect principal peace chiefs status permanent cranes led buffalo time sub chief maintained hereditary chiefs said status recognition cranes chief power society based consensus contingent holding long community elders including women chose respect follow chief lead personal life sources conflict identity buffalo father named appears descendant relative famous war chief buffalo parents moved vicinity buffalo new_york lived family relocated area returning youth admired skilled hunter athlete like people buffalo known buffalo great caused confusion records life carried names names similar prominent contemporaries chief warrior band additionally leading individual son marie area known scholars mistakenly attributed aspects lives individuals buffalo long life buffalo wives numerous children prominent leaders reservation era practiced religion converted death bed views international relations details buffalo early life sparse appears favored british traders decorated british authorities fought american revolution war record buffalo participating war broke buffalo number young warriors area abandoned time follow teachings prophet route join attack americans stopped respected fur trader convinced buffalo fruitless fight americans incident buffalo recorded peaceful tactics relations united_states opposed indian policy drew contrast contemporaries hole day chiefs present day minnesota carried long war people armstrong records buffalo winning large victory battle 20th century historians cast doubt account year buffalo recorded saying took life taken prisoners fed treated overall supported efforts peace buffalo inherited status afforded family skills praised grandfather noted abilities hunting battle speaking abilities buffalo recognized chief people time wisconsin minnesota started treaty negotiations government buffalo recognized primary bands treaties buffalo leaders sign treaty prairie recorded listed recognized head crane marie nation chief treaty government advanced pretext end hostilities neighbors required american indian tribes bands wisconsin iowa territories began ended treaty state goal information acquired negotiate gain indian lands remove nations westward year later treaty fond signed meeting western edge signatories listed band buffalo recorded signed chief treaty mainly dealing mineral rights lands michigan little immediate effect future treaties buffalo speak copper issue praised officials ability young people control asked whiskey accomplish ends younger members band agent presented silver medal symbol explained power stemmed clan reputation received shortly treaties acting capacity indian agent visited buffalo stopping continuing sporadic warfare buffalo replied unable stop young men bands going historians mean regarded head spokesman wisconsin control day day affairs bands highly particularly warfare buffalo said unlike british war help maintain peace tribes treaties decades pressure americans wanted exploit mineral timber resources country government sought acquire control territory treaties treaties covered territories held bands buffalo held considerable influence treaties americans recognized buffalo position principal chief lake superior pine tree treaty treaty government sought pine timber resources lands intended float harvested timber southwest mississippi_river negotiations took place fort near present day minneapolis minnesota area arrived began discussions july assembled chiefs awaited judgment buffalo deciding approve treaty despite territorial governor negotiations delayed days assembled bands waited buffalo arrive chiefs spoke terms mineral rights amounts buffalo discussed treatment mixed blood traders stating indian know value money half breeds reason wish pay share money good judgment act appoint divide half breeds good reasons saying said certain treaty held got rich received terms agreed buffalo marked recorded head delegation buffalo chiefs signed said relatively silent compared mississippi chiefs negotiations says disagreement acceptance terms treaty trader interpreter later complained bands present day minnesota selling lands belonging wisconsin bands buffalo expressed treaty negotiations letter dodge stating indians acted like children tried cheat got cheated comes turn sell land think shall possible future land said father speak people old man fire little smoke sit smoke pipe think past come makes heart shake business comes try act like chiefs thing better straight copper treaty years later buffalo presented treaty covering lands acting superintendent indian affairs promoting development copper industry led negotiations government record negotiations materials written missionaries traders agent indicated stuart bullying outright deception force accept terms buffalo signed recorded 1st chief writing describes buffalo voice potent treaty months treaty buffalo dictated letter government saying ashamed way treaty conducted said stuart refused listen objections buffalo wanted add provision ensure permanent reservations wisconsin interpretation treaties remains ambiguous government claimed ceded title lands claiming ceded resource rights government stated lands unsuitable farming white settlement obtain payments paid year reserved right hunt fish gather lands outlined treaties obtained promise nation removed mississippi_river threats removal president signed indian removal act authorized government remove indian nations east mississippi_river western offer land exchange northern wisconsin pressure development white settlers occurred southeast targets act watched closely government territorial claims defined tribes force numerous tribes indiana southern michigan southern wisconsin west kansas iowa minnesota present day oklahoma included tribes closely related allied wisconsin achieved indian nations increased pressure removal corrupt indian agents controlled payments tribes took authority granted bands allowed white settlers lands refused rights reserved treaties complained president broken promises politicians listen western land saw possibilities profit removing minnesota treaties leaders worried removal buffalo kept constant contact bands ensure upheld obligations sent runners bands report conduct grounds removal reported president signed removal order february corrupt circumstances claiming protecting whites wisconsin legislature resisted order aside plans removal territorial governor minnesota indian sub agent plan force minnesota men stood gain personal economic political benefits removal force comply announced pay future sandy lake minnesota instead paid previously change resulted sandy lake tragedy hundreds died exposure minnesota journey home promised supplies late contaminated inadequate later letter buffalo described conditions message sent indian agent come pay lost time arising agents voice reached point destination agent fed bad flour resembled green clay soon sick fellow taken sick soon results manifested death persons tribe laid blame provisions issued buffalo took actions prevent removal leaders petitioned government years avail win considerable sympathy whites learned newspapers region ran editorials condemning removal effort buffalo sent sons state capital obtained portion owed continued work remove sandy lake said considered graveyard tried bands young men wisconsin outraged developments threat violent revolt grew buffalo called services spoken sub chief son law white interpreter married buffalo daughter drew petition year old buffalo personally deliver president washington trip washington spring elderly buffalo armstrong set washington birch bark canoe way stopped towns mining camps michigan shore securing hundreds signatures support cause marie held indian agent told unauthorized washington turn men pleaded urgency case traveled detroit steamship indian agent tried stop allowed proceed sailed buffalo new_york albany new_york_city new_york_city attracted attention gaining publicity money cause washington turned away told come place drew attention whig congressman new_york scheduled meeting president day meeting buffalo rose performed pipe ceremony pipe especially occasion younger chief speak hour broken treaty promises disastrous attempt removal agreed consider issues day announced removal order canceled payments treaty set permanent reservations wisconsin delegation traveled wisconsin rail spreading good news bands went buffalo announced tribal representatives gather payments summer reveal agreement treaty buffalo estate promised treaty commissioners arrived conclude final treaty recalling experiences leaders sought control negotiations ambiguity treaties partially blame ensuing problems buffalo insisted accept interpreter armstrong referred adopted son insisted guarantee right hunt fish gather ceded territory establishment reservations western northern wisconsin northeastern minnesota mid failing health buffalo directed negotiations left speaking chiefs entrusted armstrong taking care details written version reservations wisconsin named indian reservation given reservation band traditional wild grounds reserved land fishing grounds eastern tip minnesota reservations fond grand bands established pending negotiations promised michigan reservations desert bands established bands left negotiations protest excluded agreement small tract land set aside family buffalo bay mainland place called red rocks cliffs catholic mixed members elected settle chief settlement buffalo estate acknowledged extended executive order called death legacy ill participate speeches time payments summer tensions continued accused officials corruption threats violence members erupted bands records conflicts worsened buffalo condition died heart disease september members band blamed death conduct government officials described head chief nation man respected rare integrity wisdom council power warrior final hours requested tobacco pipe carried washington given government funeral conducted military fashion fired intervals honor great chief buffalo regarded hero lake superior remember founding figure community life celebrated treaty sandy lake tragedy missionary identified chief buffalo sons buried indian cemetery near deep cold waters lake superior great freshwater sea descendants going surname buffalo widespread series late 20th century treaty conflicts called beginning frequently invoked refused homeland tribal sovereignty
Kechewaishke