german november female ruler sovereign austria hungary croatia milan marriage grand holy roman empress started year reign father emperor died october paved way accession spent entire reign securing death father prussia bavaria france recognised lifetime prussia proceeded invade affluent sparking year conflict known war austrian succession subsequently conquered later unsuccessfully try seven years war husband francis holy roman emperor sixteen children including queen france queen naples sicily holy roman emperors sixteen survived adulthood daughters sons expected power francis joseph officially rulers austria absolute sovereign ruled counsel advisers criticised disapproved joseph actions considered inferior joseph understood importance public persona able simultaneously evoke esteem affection subjects financial educational reforms assistance count friedrich promoted commerce development agriculture reorganised austria military strengthened austria international standing refused allow religious contemporaneous travellers thought regime young monarch fought wars believed cause cause subjects later years believe cause birth background second eldest surviving child holy roman emperor born early morning palace vienna shortly death elder brother baptised evening aunt grandmother descriptions baptism stress infant carried ahead cousins daughters elder brother predecessor joseph eyes mother clear grandfather holy roman emperor sons sign mutual pact succession gave precedence daughters elder brother father surviving male member hoped son prevent extinction dynasty succeed birth great disappointment people vienna charles managed overcome feeling replaced realms moment born issued placed daughters line succession charles sought european powers approval harsh terms treaty vienna great_britain demanded austria abolish return recognition total great_britain france spain venice states russia denmark bavaria diet holy roman empire recognised france spain bavaria prussia later early life little year birth joined sister named born portraits imperial family resembled prussian ambassador noted large blue eyes fair hair slight red wide mouth notably strong body unlike members parents grandparents closely related reserved child enjoyed singing barred horse riding father later learn basics sake hungarian coronation ceremony imperial family staged opera productions conducted participating education overseen contemporaries thought latin good educate spelling unconventional lacked formal manner speech characterized predecessors developed close relationship taught educated drawing painting music dancing disciplines prepared role queen consort father allowed attend meetings council age discussed affairs state spent decades life securing inheritance charles expected son prepared daughter future role sovereign marriage question marriage raised early childhood engaged married supposed visit vienna meet news reached vienna died smallpox younger brother invited vienna favourite candidate hand emperor considered possibilities religious differences prevented arranging daughter marriage prince frederick prussia charles spain sister european powers compelled renounce pact queen spain marriage heirs spain austria destroyed european balance power close relieved remained imperial court ascended throne formally promised hand january war polish succession france demanded fiancé surrender ancestral accommodate father law deposed king poland receive grand death childless grand duke couple married february love husband strong letters sent shortly marriage expressed letters hand formal jealous husband infidelity greatest problem marriage princess best known mistress death july ceded grand duke sent young couple formal entry arch erected celebration remains today stay florence brief soon recalled feared die miles away summer austria suffered defeats ongoing russo turkish war turks reversed austrian gains serbia bosnia cost war popularly despised thought french spy war concluded year treaty belgrade accession died october probably mushroom poisoning ignored advice prince eugene urged concentrate filling treasury army acquiring signatures fellow monarchs emperor spent entire reign securing left austria impoverished state recent turkish war war polish succession treasury contained claimed widow army numbered men paid months remarkably loyal devoted new sovereign found difficult situation know matters state unaware weakness father ministers decided rely father advice retain husband considered experienced matters decisions natural later gave cause regret years later recalled political testament circumstances ascended found money credit army experience knowledge finally counsel wanted wait things develop dismissed possibility countries try seize territories immediately started ensuring imperial dignity woman elected holy roman empress wanted secure imperial office husband possess land rank order eligible imperial throne enable vote imperial elections couldn sex ruler austrian bohemian lands november took year accept ruler despite love position ruler allowed husband decide matters state dismissed council meetings disagreed display new queen authority formal act homage lower austrian estates november elaborate public event served formal recognition accession oath taken day war austrian succession immediately accession number european recognised broke promises queen spain bavaria married deprived cousin supported wanted portions inheritance secured recognition king hadn accepted father lifetime november december king prussia invaded requested threatening join enemies refused decided fight mineral rich province frederick offered compromise defend rights agreed inclined consider arrangement queen advisers fearing violation entire document soon assured fight confident retain jewel invasion frederick start lifelong referred evil man austria short experienced military commanders released imprisoned father poor performance turkish war took command austrian troops march austrians suffered crushing defeat battle april france drew plan partition austria prussia bavaria spain joined frederick vienna panic advisors expected france urged reach prussia great_britain reluctantly agreed negotiations contrary expectations significant support young queen came hungary coronation queen hungary took place cathedral june spent months equestrian skills necessary ceremony negotiating diet considered sex obstacle assumed masculine titles nomenclature king normally styled queen 18th century commentary saw crossing titles inappropriate impossible july attempts completely collapsed ally enemy declared electorate neutral queen need help hungary order obtain granted hungarian conceding demands won support appeared september hoping persuade diet mass conscription recognise ruler achieving goals showed gift theatrical displays holding son heir joseph diet gaining sympathy austrian authorities informed bohemian populace prefer sovereign desperate pregnancy wrote sister don know town remain delivery vowed spare defend kingdom wrote bohemian chancellor mind stake save october bavaria captured prague declared king hungary learning loss unanimously elected holy roman emperor january regarded election caught enemies unprepared insisting winter campaign day elected emperor austrian troops captured munich capital treaty june ended hostilities austria prussia soon recovery priority french troops fled winter year crowned queen cathedral prussia anxious austrian advances rhine frontier frederick sacked prague august french plans fell apart died january french overran elected holy roman emperor september prussia recognised francis emperor recognised loss treaty december war dragged years fighting northern italy treaty concluded year conflict recognised prussia possession ceded philip spain seven years war invasion august began seven years war empress wished exit war possession austria aligned france russia great_britain prussia portugal huge subsidies came france bolster defences new france british easily captured went conquer new france commanded austrian troops following battle replaced brother law frederick eventually grouped attack june followed decisive victory austria frederick lost troops battle left scene later year won spectacular victory austrians secured prussian control rest war openly lamented french losses france having secured anglo neutrality rest conflict september lost january year june suffered crushing defeat french forces withdrew rhine peace negotiations came series losses reversed empress elizabeth russia died successor greatly admired frederick withdrew russia support french coalition prussia began drive expel austrians french partially successful forces exhausted conflict essentially descended costly stalemate longer believing retake peace treaties paris harsh terms france forced relinquish american colonies austria result status quo family life course years gave birth sixteen children thirteen survived infancy child born little year wedding child gender caused great disappointment eldest surviving child fighting preserve inheritance gave birth son named repeatedly prayed male child pregnancy favourite child born 25th birthday days defeat austrian army children born war charles period rest war child bearing carried simultaneously children born peace war austrian succession seven years war ferdinand delivered child seven years war aged asserted pregnant gone battle mother died years later died empress showed gratitude having buried imperial members imperial family shortly giving birth younger children confronted task marrying elder ones led marriage negotiations campaigns wars duties state treated children affection games sacrificed happiness benefit state devoted self conscious mother wrote children week believed entitled exercise authority children regardless age rank following birthday contracted smallpox daughter law bavaria survived new empress forced daughter pray imperial tomb started showing smallpox days visiting soon died replace pre determined bride king ferdinand naples blamed daughter death rest life time concept extended period largely unknown believed caught smallpox body late empress april youngest daughter married louis france vienna education neglected french showed interest mother went best court versailles french kept correspondence called failing conceive child critical disliked reserve blamed cold criticised political activities ferdinand lack organisation poor french child constantly enjoyed mother complete confidence failed mother aspect produce surviving children greatest wishes grandchildren possible dozen time death eldest surviving daughters named exception eldest granddaughter religious views policies like members roman catholic devout believed religious unity necessary peaceful public life explicitly rejected idea religious allowed church interfere considered monarch kept rome arm length controlled selection bishops approach religious differed approach predecessors influenced ideas empress actively supported conversion securing converts tolerated greek catholics emphasised equal status roman catholics devotion christianity widely known lifestyle especially year long relationship complex members order educated served supervised religious education eldest son powerful influential early years reign queen ministers convinced order posed danger authority regret issued decree removed institutions monarchy carried thoroughly forbade publication pope bull favour promptly confiscated property pope suppressed order jews eventually gave trying convert non catholic subjects regarded jews dangerous state actively tried suppress empress probably anti semitic monarch time having inherited traditional ancestors acquired new ones product deep religious devotion kept secret time wrote jews know greater plague race account driving subjects far possible jews kept away avoided imposed extremely harsh taxes jewish subjects december proposed ministers expulsion jews hereditary intention jews january having accepted advice ministers concerned number future deadline slipped june transferred austria reduced number religious holidays monastic orders abandoned idea joseph opposed intentions threatened emperor ruler finally forced grant allowing worship privately joseph regarded mother religious policies impossible harmful ridiculous decade reign influenced jewish issued offered state protection jewish subjects forbade conversion jewish children christianity forbade catholic clergy fees jewish subjects ordered release jews jailed blood libel village notwithstanding strong dislike jews supported jewish commercial industrial activity reforms conservative manners state religion implemented significant reforms strengthen austria military bureaucratic efficiency employed count friedrich empire creating standing army men paid million extracted crown land central government responsible army instituted taxation nobility pay taxes oversaw unification austrian bohemian doubled state revenue attempt tax clergy nobility partially successful financial reforms greatly improved economy created council state composed state chancellor members high nobility knights served committee experienced people advised council state lacked executive legislative authority showed difference form government employed prussia unlike acted minister prussia adopt form government medicine recruited following death sister founded revamped austria educational system served empress personal physician calling van asked study problem infant mortality austria following recommendation decree mandatory hospital deaths city austria second largest city law effect today combined relatively stable population resulted important complete autopsy records world banned creation new burial grounds prior government permission burial customs decision children smallpox epidemic responsible changing austrian physicians negative view empress inaugurated austria hosting dinner children palace waiting children civil rights reforms begun finished defined civil rights austria outlawed witch torture later reintroduced progressive nature reforms remains noted unlike joseph support religious authorities opposed abolition torture born raised baroque eras found hard fit intellectual sphere enlightenment slowly followed humanitarian reforms continent church main reforms concerning roman_catholic_church initiated carried reforms son concerned non catholic subjects ecclesiastical policies like devout predecessors based anti religious principles ensuring state control relations education aware bureaucracy austria wishing improve reformed education new school system based prussian children ages attend school education reform met hostility villages crushed dissent ordering arrest opposed idea merit reforms successful expected funding offered state parts austria half population 19th century empress permitted non catholics attend university allowed introduction secular subjects law influenced decline theology main foundation university education late reign emperor francis died august court celebrating wedding second son devastated eldest son joseph holy roman emperor abandoned ornamentation hair cut short painted rooms black dressed mourning rest life completely withdrew court life public events theater spent august eighteenth month chamber negatively affected mental health described state mind shortly francis death hardly know like animal true life reasoning power accession imperial throne joseph ruled land father believing emperor possess land maintain empire integrity assisted administration vast realms declared joseph new ruler september mother son frequent ideological disagreements million joseph inherited father injected treasury loss february died gave son absolute control military following death count according monarch average qualifications inferior joseph asserts possessed qualities appreciated monarch warm heart practical mind firm determination sound perception importantly ready recognise mental superiority advisers way superior mind enjoying support ministers ideas differed joseph able establish advisers philosophy government closer joseph relationship joseph warmth complicated personalities clashed despite intellect force personality joseph openly admired talents achievements criticised wrote dinner temper gets worse day burn letter try avoid public scandal letter addressed joseph companion complained avoids person way burden remedy matters chose joseph threatened resign regent emperor induced threats rarely taken seriously believed recovery smallpox sign god wished reign death joseph interest remained sovereign blamed failures avoided taking responsibilities monarch joseph arranged partition poland despite sense justice pushed reject idea partition hurt polish people duo argued late agreed partition realised prussia russia austrian participation claimed eventually took province claimed hungarian monarchs 13th century words frederick cried took death legacy unlikely completely recovered smallpox attack 18th century writers asserted suffered breath fatigue distress later developed empress fell ill november ostensibly physician thought condition november asked rites day clock evening died surrounded remaining children died replaced house joseph sovereign succeeded longtime rival hearing death said honored throne sex fought wars considered enemy diplomatic failures military defeats austria declining verge collapse years reign left empire influenced rest europe 19th century gave efficient administrative system allowed remain great power right support descendants followed example continued reforming empire acquisition gave empire multinational character ultimately lead destruction introduction compulsory schooling means eventually triggered revival czech culture empress buried imperial vienna husband coffin inscribed lifetime title title death husband empress romans queen hungary croatia etc austria grand princess upper lower milan princess flanders upper lower lady mark bar grand ancestry popular culture appears leader austria computer strategy game civilization gods kings appears voiced japanese english
Maria Theresa