cultivated plant taxonomy cultivated plant taxonomy study theory practice science identifies describes names plants origin selection primarily intentional human activity cultivated plant work kinds plants cultivation cultivated plant taxonomy study carried botanical gardens large universities government departments areas special interest cultivated plant include searching recording new plants suitable cultivation plant hunting communicating advising general public matters concerning classification nomenclature cultivated plants carrying original research topics describing cultivated plants particular regions maintaining information cultivated plants work cultivated plant concerned naming plants prescribed plant codes provisions international code nomenclature algae fungi plants botanical code serve primarily scientific ends objectives scientific community international code nomenclature cultivated plants cultivated plant code designed serve scientific ends making provision names plants commerce arisen agriculture forestry names called variety names latin added scientific latin names assist communication community farmers history cultivated plant taxonomy traced plant selections occurred revolution recorded naming human plant selections romans naming classification followed similar path plants establishment cultivated plant code formally established classification category time classification naming followed path distinctive characteristics cultivated plant taxonomy distinguished taxonomy plants ways firstly distinction according plants growing wild cultivated alluded title dealing cultivated plants secondly distinction according plants originated indicated principle defines scope code plants origin selection primarily intentional actions mankind plants evolved natural selection human assistance cultivated plant taxonomy concerned plant variation requires use special classification categories conform hierarchy ranks implicit botanical code categories group loosely equivalent ranks botanical code feature referred states purpose giving taxon indicate characters history supply means referring indicate category assigned cultivated plant taxonomy serves particular community people botanical code focuses needs plant attempt maintain order stability scientific names plants needs people requiring names plants commercial world agriculture forestry finally difference cultivated plant taxonomy taxonomy plants attributed purpose taxonomy devised plant centred botanical code human centred scientific classification key activities cultivated plant taxonomy relate classification taxonomy naming nomenclature rules associated naming plants separate methods principles purposes classification units classification taxa placed hierarchy ranks like species genera genera families classification categories group loosely equivalent ranks botanical code time ancient world plants classified ways hand detached academic philosophical scientific interest plants groups plants relationship according similarities differences structure function practical interest groups plants according human use cultivated plant taxonomy concerned special classification categories needed plants agriculture forestry regulated code serves scientific interests formal nomenclature special needs people dealing plants commerce given names governed fulfill criteria special features considered sufficient importance warrant special features result deliberate human breeding selection found wild populations rare cases special features represent desirable natural variation found wild populations covered scientific possible desirable features propagation cultivation terms confused general purpose term plants deliberately altered specially selected humans formal classification category include plants names names classification categories group points deliberately selected plants arisen intentional accidental cultivation selection existing cultivated stocks variants wild populations maintained recognizable entities solely continued propagation included group plants known genetically modified plants plants latin names result ancient human selection plants altered humans given formal names practice following account historical development cultivated plant taxonomy traces way arisen incorporated botanical science demonstrates approaches plant nomenclature classification led present day international code nomenclature algae fungi plants international code nomenclature cultivated plants historical development history nomenclature discussed examined botanical perspective origin early development taxonomy follows plant taxonomy general early listing documentation plants little distinction natural wild kinds formal botanical nomenclature classification evolved simple system folk taxonomy mid-19th century path began mainstream plant taxonomy bce plant taxonomic botanist classical scholar author book botanical latin commented cultivated plants mankind vital precious heritage remote antiquity common economic plants probably date settled communities revolution years ago exact time place true origin probably remain mystery western world selections wheat arose early settlements fertile river valleys food plant selections centres settlement occurred world time crops local areas gave rise selections highly adapted local conditions largely replaced modern extremely effective way desirable characters especially woody plants like surprising known plant selections cultivation west migrating people plant seeds evidence early transferred surrounding lands bce ancient world influence middle ages early 5th century bce greek philosopher expressed opinion produced wild plants result care bestowed man revolutionary view time regarded special creation gift gods ways classifying organisms philosopher aristotle bce established important idea principle groups progressively subdivided assumed biological classification relatively recent idea evolution descent modification biological classification follows principle groups groups known hierarchy form classification necessarily evolution earliest scientific approach plants attributed aristotle student bce known father plants described kinds plant dividing plant kingdom trees shrubs herbs subdivision wild cultivated flowering non flowering deciduous approach classifying plants according medicinal properties exemplified work roman nobleman scientist historian elder author listed named people places special plant characteristics notable work greek doctor worked roman army volume forerunner led modern work later including printed listed different kinds plants including rose uncertain origin known rose grown romans record named occurs written bce roman statesman bce list includes kinds names presented way implies familiar fellow romans names word denoted geographical origin place plant selections writers 15th century added little early work middle ages book hours early illuminated manuscripts economic records indicate plants grown romans found way monastery gardens example following herbs mentioned poem growing monastery garden switzerland sage german iris madonna lily poppy mint rose bottle likely herbs widespread similar lists plants occur records plants grown villa gardens time renaissance imperial expansion revival learning renaissance study plants classification european expansion established latin common language scholars adopted biological nomenclature publication books illustrated describing appearance medicinal properties characteristics plants medicine extended formal documentation plants late 16th century number different plant kinds described europe risen published theatre attempt comprehensive compilation plants known time included kinds combined works german physician botanist published included named including presumably local german selections english sole lists apple increasing trade economic medicinal plants need comprehensive classification system increased plants grouped according folk taxonomy medicinal uses trees shrubs herbs scientific natural classification based characters plants dawn scientific classification french botanist broad trees herbs flowering plants began use flower characteristics distinguishing features importantly provided clear definition genus basic unit classification listed different plants called species organised genera illustrations establishment precursor scientific classification vastly improved organisation plant variation approximately equivalent groups ranks genera later taken time common agreement way present plant names ranged length word lengthy descriptive sentences number recorded plants increased naming system england tradition documenting garden plants established long starting prominent early chronicler master charge london new plants coming western_europe southern europe overseas colonies dutch british french new plants came largely gardens amsterdam paris needed recording miller produced volume garden plants called dictionary complete system edition subsequently revised enlarged 8th edition time adopted publication taken starting point nomenclature equivalent species taken starting point botanical nomenclature general miller dictionary english history traced nomenclature early 18th century colonial expansion exploration created demand description thousands new organisms highlighted difficulties communication plants descriptions importance agreed way presenting publishing applying names swedish botanist finally order situation attempted known organisms day included animals tenth edition starting point nomenclature followed comprehensive work plants publication genus single epithet form species words making secure biological system nomenclature works variety species varieties included wild variants varieties written latin persisted day definite views inferior plants amusement people called flower lovers plants attention views revealed prejudice stance special creation recognition difficulties entailed cultivated plant taxonomy global plant trade natural distribution plants world determined produced botanical collection economically important plants including based europe economic herbs long history trade good records distribution romans european botanical exploration rapidly increased 19th century colonial expansion taking place time new plants brought europe time valuable economic plants including tropics distributed colonies plant trade provided common global heritage economic ornamental use today formed stock modern plant selection breeding genetic engineering plant exchange occurred result european trade divided phases europe plants turkey canada virginia plants cape south africa north american trees shrubs australia tasmania plants hardy japanese plants west china intensive breeding selection programs botanical code nomenclature community people dealing commerce grew divergence taxonomy serving scientific purposes taxonomy meeting human needs emerged german botanist general secretary expressed resentment continued use latin names proposals deal prominent nomenclature submitted fourth botanical congress swiss botanist article stated half breeds unknown origin sports receive fancy names common language distinct possible latin names species varieties article making provision nomenclature remain botanical code minor amendment suggesting use letter formal recognition separation code precursor international code nomenclature cultivated plants cultivated plant code international botanical congress second congress vienna agreed set rules established vienna rules known international code botanical nomenclature international code nomenclature algae fungi plants world war responsibility botanical code taken meetings discuss revisions held yearly intervals latest time existed problems confronted 19th century names length written published languages period uneasy time american groups europe specialist community attempts order chaos particular group interest rules naming plants commerce latin variety names study beans distinguished taxonomic categories subspecies latin names probably laying ground later establishment classification categories group conjunction having nomenclature component result general dissatisfaction submission nomenclature established use simple descriptive latin names variants accepted names local language translated consist word maximum code consisted articles world war 9th congress london rules agreed added appendix botanical code rules established accepted needed extended include agriculture forestry result discussions international botanical congress stockholm 18th international congress london international code nomenclature cultivated plants published american botanist responsible word word coming general circulation new code use terms multitude classification terms categories suggested designations international code nomenclature cultivated plants cultivated plant code published followed subsequent editions update edinburgh seattle edinburgh toronto following structure botanical code cultivated plant code set form initial set principles followed rules recommendations subdivided articles amendments prompted international cultivated plant taxonomy allow new cultivated plant code includes summary changes previous version summarised period recent concerns focused international communication cultivated plant taxonomy organisation international general communication topics interest formed parallel organisation nomenclature netherlands development promoting discussion newsletter superseded february issue journal produced london dedicated taxonomy filled gap left american journal ceased publication early 1990s development launch sixth publishes guide students presenting names names consisting latin governed international code nomenclature algae fungi plants added epithet enclosed single quotes formation use classification categories ranks group regulated examples acceptable ways present names given group flowering cherry contemporary issues current challenges cultivated plant include use large plant ways dealing use non scientific names commerce known trade designations especially plant labels intellectual property plants adapting modern technology particular molecular techniques creation identification maintaining collections including recording registration ways plant variation resulting human activity named classified remains contentious replacement expression cultivated plant word universally accepted debate continues concerning notions ranks taxa applied appropriate highly modified products human artificial selection taxa way products natural selection wild overcome difficulty term suggested replace word taxon speaking wild plants fit hierarchy ranks classification species genera genera families etc descent modification choosing classification categories clear cut included simple selections taken plants wild cultivation artificial hybrids produced accident intention plants produced genetic engineering material reproduced etc selections wild ancient selections crops date thousands years selections growth results deliberate single crosses pure lines produce plants particular general appearance desirable genetically identical question remains classification categories group appropriate efficient way deal broad range plant variation
Cultivated plant taxonomy