commonly known northern northern purple species fungus family northerly distribution found temperate regions north_america europe associated spruce trees distinguishing features fruit body include large orange yellow cap wide cream pale yellow gills yellow pitted stem long thick cut fruit bodies white latex stain mushroom tissue purple chemicals isolated identified fruit bodies modify growth plants mushroom activity poisonous consumption causes stomach taxonomy described german mycologist based material collected bavaria variety var proposed considered synonym defined subspecies include fruit bodies fibers felt arranged concentric rings cap comparison nominate subspecies young specimens felt evenly distributed cap surface cap margins maturity according classification proposed monograph north american species belongs section subgenus genus species include cap edge singer classification divide instead grouping mushroom commonly known northern northern purple specific epithet latin represented description cap wide convex broadly funnel shaped margin edge cap young specimens cap surface thin layer fibers age dry somewhat sticky light yellow orange yellow older attachment gills stem slightly running slightly length stem gills moderately broad close crowded near stem normally cream pale color stain dull purple bruised stem long thick nearly equal width enlarged downward hollow maturity sticky dry pitted pale yellow orange yellow dull purple flesh firm white stain dull purple cut odor distinctive mushroom dry intensely soap taste mild slightly somewhat bitter flavor compared sweet flag abundant latex produced mushroom white cream tissues dull purple tastes mild slightly somewhat bitter spore print yellowish fruit bodies poisonous consumption cause stomach nature toxic agents identified new form described department southeastern france differs reaction injured flesh spores broadly ellipsoid ellipsoid ridges form high hyaline cap cuticle hyphae embedded layer similar species similar appearance latex turns yellow exposed air different smell flesh different reaction milk milk turns reddish orange change color violet reaction different color margin cap yellowish cap margin habitat distribution like species thought form mycorrhizal relationships trees mutually beneficial relationship hyphae fungus grow roots trees forming tissue enables fungus receive moisture protection tree tree greater access soil nutrients fruit bodies found scattered groups ground spruce august september fungus distributed higher elevations northern usa southern canada spruce present reported alaska california rocky_mountains frequency appearance described occasional fairly common europe fairly rare found mainly underneath forests foot mountains non soil collected czechoslovakia sweden switzerland french alps england overall widely distributed temperate zone northern hemisphere fungus collected birch greenland compounds reported activity substance responsible activity determined heat sensitive identified number chemicals isolated identified regulate growth plants chemicals class called named related compounds shown promote respectively compounds reported showed strongest growth promotion activity compounds
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