anti hindi series happened indian state madras presidency post independence periods involved mass protests riots student political movements concerned official status hindi state launched opposition introduction compulsory teaching hindi schools madras presidency government led immediately opposed opposition later lasted years involved conferences marches protests government responded crackdown resulting death protesters arrest persons including women children mandatory hindi education later withdrawn british governor madras lord february resignation adoption official language debated issue framing indian constitution india independence united_kingdom divisive debate hindi adopted official language india english continuing associate official language period years hindi sole official language new constitution came effect january efforts hindi sole official language acceptable indian states wanted continued use english descendant led opposition hindi fears prime minister enacted official languages act ensure continuing use english text act satisfy increased skepticism assurances honoured future day january switching hindi sole official language approached movement gained momentum increased support college students january scale riot broke southern city sparked minor altercation students congress party members riots spread continued months marked acts violence arson looting police firing charges called paramilitary forces quell involvement resulted deaths seventy persons official estimates including policemen calm situation indian prime minister gave assurances english continue official language long speaking states wanted riots subsided assurance student led major political changes state won assembly election managed recapture power state official languages act eventually amended headed guarantee indefinite use hindi english official languages effectively ensured current virtual indefinite policy similar smaller varying degrees success background hundreds languages british english official language gained momentum early 20th century efforts undertaken common language unite linguistic groups early established switched english conducting proceedings supporters congress wanted learning speaking provinces india idea making hindi common language acceptable viewed attempt subordinate north indians won elections madras presidency chief minister july supporter hindi south india august month coming power announced intention introduce hindi language teaching secondary schools issuing policy statement april issued government order making teaching hindi compulsory secondary schools presidency opposition led immediately opposed started statewide protests hindi backed support tamil scholars like december scholars announce opposition hindi teaching conference women participated large numbers women arrested participating november convened demonstrate women support movement marked sentiments protesters believed attempting impose hindi sanskrit tamil despite general anti like participated movement tamil speaking muslims madras presidency supported contrast speaking muslims supported propagation hindi marked protest marches schools teaching hindi government offices conferences observing anti hindi day july december black flag demonstrations active tamil speaking districts presidency salem course protesters lost lives police custody ruling divided hindi issue supporters stuck position wanted hindi optional provide conscience clause allowing parents children firm stance police response grew progressively brutal total protesters arrested convicted jailed women children accompanied mothers prison fined sentenced year rigorous imprisonment women law released months citing medical grounds jailed months june arrested participating released explanation organised pro meetings counter october congress government resigned protesting involvement india second world war madras provincial government placed governor rule october suspended asked governor withdraw compulsory hindi order february governor issued press withdrawing compulsory hindi teaching making optional sporadic hindi government introduced hindi compulsory language schools protests happened succeeded stopping largest period occurred india obtained independence centre urged states hindi compulsory schools madras presidency complied hindi compulsory academic year introduced minimum mark qualification hindi promotion students higher classes launched supported congress nationalists like earlier pro hindi policies july convened party conference oppose compulsory hindi teaching characterized strikes black flag demonstrations governor general india visited madras august staged black flag demonstration protesting visit august arrested government change position hindi continued december leaders arrested compromise reached government government stopped legal action turn dropped december eventually government hindi teaching optional academic year students want learn hindi allowed participate school activities hindi classes official languages indian constitution established december drafting constitution india independent witnessed fierce debates language issue adoption national language language constitution written language proceedings assembly conducted main linguistic questions debated constitution members hindi speaking provinces like bombay das central provinces moved large number amendments argued adopting hindi sole december declared people know right stay india people present house fashion constitution india know worthy members assembly better leave block divided camps hindi faction comprising faction represented adoption hindi national language opposed members like belonging madras block favoured retaining english official language views reflected following disliked english language past disliked forced learn shakespeare taste going compelled learn hindi able learn age willing kind makes fear strong centre need strong centre necessary mean people speak language centre sir convey warning behalf people south reason elements want separation honourable friends help way idea hindi maximum extent possible friends india hindi india choice theirs years debate assembly arrived compromise end called formula struck balance demands groups indian constitution drafted according compromise mention national language instead defined union hindi script official language years english official purposes article language commission convened years recommend ways promote hindi sole official language phase use english article official communication states states union official language union article legal purposes court proceedings bills laws rules regulations article union duty bound promote spread usage hindi article india independent august constitution adopted january language commission adoption english official language hindi heavily criticized politicians like founder demanded hindi national language soon constitution adopted january efforts hindi official usage launched voluntary hindi teaching scheme use hindi introduced judicial appointments house hindi training started departments central government december government started hindi english specific purposes union provided article appointed june commission delivered report july recommended number steps eventually replace english hindi report notes members chaired constituted september review commission report years submitted recommendations president february recommended hindi primary official language english subsidiary recommendations condemned opposed politicians like opposed switch english hindi convention held staunch supporter hindi organised india language conference attended representatives tamil telugu languages march oppose switch declared hindi foreign speaking people english protagonists hindi opposition hindi grew stronger tried concerns speakers speaking parliamentary debate bill introduced anthony include english eighth schedule gave assurance august believe things said secondly indefinite period know long english associate additional language facilities wish people areas feel certain doors advance closed forced correspond government mean hindi language correspond english alternate language long people require decision leave hindi knowing people non hindi knowing people assurance momentarily fears hindi proponents dismayed remarked achieved years prime minister destroyed minutes policies split inherited policies parent organisation founder earlier participated 1940s july launched changing town claimed town exploitation north july later chief minister members erased hindi railway station board lay tracks altercation police followed protests members lost lives including arrested 1950s continued policies demand january signed resolution passed endorsing continuation english official language september convened protest hindi observed october anti hindi day july open air conference held madras november dropped demand wake sino indian war passage anti 16th amendment indian constitution stance remained hardened passage view hindi qualifications official language status reflected response numerical superiority hindi argument accept principle numerical superiority selecting national bird choice fallen common crow official languages act deadline stipulated constitution switching hindi primary official language approached central government stepped efforts spread hindi official usage compulsory training hindi started year india president acted recommendations issued orders preparation hindi translating procedural literature legal codes hindi hindi education government employees efforts hindi legal status assurance official languages act passed words bill continuation happened past remove restriction placed constitution use english certain date remove restriction placed bill introduced parliament january opposition bill came members objected usage word instead shall section bill section read english language continue addition hindi argued term interpreted future feared minority opinion considered speakers views ignored april assured particular case meaning shall demanded case shall instead leading opposition bill member pleaded indefinite continuation status quo argued continued use english official language distribute advantages evenly hindi speakers bill passed april change wording warned earlier launched statewide protests hindi november arrested members burning constitution anti hindi conference sentenced months prison january member committed suicide self protest hindi claimed language martyr second round struggle died prime minister india senior cabinet members strong supporters hindi sole official language increased assurances kept despite assurances contrary concerns preference hindi central government jobs civil service examinations fear english replaced hindi medium instruction brought students camp large numbers march chief minister session recommended introduction language formula english hindi tamil state language formula increased student support cause january approached grew numbers urgency formed january umbrella student organisation coordinate efforts office council student union leaders including student conferences organised state protest hindi january madras state anti hindi conference convened attended delegates madras called indefinite suspension constitution central government headed respectively issued replacing english hindi january january announced january republic day india observed day mourning chief minister warned state government tolerate republic day threatened students stern action participated politics advanced day mourning day january taken custody members planned day january students colleges marched park government fort george unsuccessfully tried petition chief minister january clash students congress party workers went control riot rioting soon spread parts state police responded charges firing student acts arson looting damage public property common railway cars hindi boards railway stations burned telegraph poles cut railway tracks displaced government considered situation law order problem brought military forces quell police action violent killed police men committed suicide self consuming poison weeks riots people killed official estimates unofficial reports death toll high large number students arrested damage property assessed million january classes university colleges schools state suspended indefinitely congress opinion divided group led wanted government impose hindi like home minister agreed handling rioting continued week february second week students lost control violence continued despite appeal calm efforts sides find compromise february union ministers madras state resigned protesting government language policy president refused accept prime minister recommendation accepted backed broadcast february expressing shock riots promised honour assurances assured english continue centre state communications examination continue conducted english impact assurances volatile situation february students council postponed indefinitely february withdrew sporadic acts protests violence continued happen february early march march administration withdrew cases filed student leaders march anti hindi dropped angered activists members jan went streets english signs tar slowly changed general anti congress organisation election student leader contested constituency large number students state campaigned ensured victory congress party defeated came power time anti hindi considerable impact neighbouring states evoked strong response city gathered protest hindi police launch charge grew violent trains damaged colleges shut amendment act amendment efforts efforts amend official languages act according assurances given february faced stiff resistance lobby february mps different states publicly expressed disapproval change language policy february mps voiced opposition change february congress mps met prime minister request amend act congress mps madras debate issue parliament floor met prime minister march congress opposition parties debate issue parliament wish bitter divisions public february meeting pressed amendment official languages act received instant opposition congress working committee finally agreed resolution amounted slowing hindi strong implementation language formula hindi speaking states conduct public services exam regional languages decisions agreed chief ministers meeting held february language formula strictly enforced south hindi speaking areas changes public services exams impractical received government officials real concession south assurance official languages act modified effort follow pledge received stiff resistance april meeting cabinet sub committee comprising southern members debated issue come agreement sub committee recommended continuation english hindi joint link languages favour system use regional languages public services exams drafted amendment official languages act incorporating assurances explicitly bill use english inter state state union communications long desired states approved discussion speaker august withdrawn bitter debate citing time ongoing movement crisis time amendment died january prime minister election saw congress retaining power reduced majority centre congress defeated came power thanks support entire student community taken challenge thrown defeat elections door door campaign urging people vote congress teach lesson atrocities committed students etc defeated november new attempt amend bill november bill parliament passed december votes received presidential january came effect amendment modified section act guarantee virtual indefinite policy english hindi official transactions students struggle activists satisfied amendment address concerns language formula power restart council split factions moderate factions favored letting government deal situation factions restarted demanded scrapping language formula end teaching hindi use hindi commands banning hindi films songs closure hindi december restarted turned violent december acts arson looting reported state situation accepting demands january resolution passed accomplished following language policy scrapped hindi eliminated curriculum english tamil taught use hindi commands banned tamil introduced medium instruction colleges language administration years urged end special status accorded hindi constitution treat languages equally urged provide financial assistance development languages mentioned eighth schedule constitution measures satisfied returned february indian prime minister introduced national education policy education policy provided setting claimed teaching hindi compulsory anna led split power main opposition party announced opening schools program supported fully established identify gifted talented students economically historically neglected communities state india provide education par elite residential schools traditionally available india children wealthy children political class november unanimously passed resolution demanding repeal constitution making english sole official language union november members protested new education policy burning constitution members including arrested persons committed suicide self sentenced weeks rigorous imprisonment including expelled speaker assured members parliament hindi imposed compromise schools started currently state india schools ordered government employees officials departments corporations banks official accounts social networking sites use hindi hindi english priority hindi immediately opposed political parties use hindi letter spirit official languages act tamil chief minister cautioned direction cause people proud passionate linguistic heritage asked prime minister india suitably modify instructions ensure english language communication social media major opposition party advised expressing fear directions result backlash states especially said government advised proceed caution protests ensured continuous official usage english impact led change guard madras presidency main opposition party state came leadership december renamed political careers later leaders started participation stopped compulsory teaching hindi state 1960s played crucial role defeat party elections continuing dominance parties politics political leaders like owe entry advancement politics student leaders political base shifted earlier pro tamil anti stance inclusive pro english finally current language education policy followed direct result words professor history diverse incompatible social political interests common cause hindi thrown religious like like men supported indian cause like wanted india like university professors like street poets populist college students ensured passage official languages act amendment ensuring continued use english official language india effectively brought virtual indefinite policy
Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu