minority treaties minority treaties refer treaties countries applying membership united_nations treaties entered force result treaties conferred basic rights inhabitants country distinction birth language race religion protected rights nationals country differed race religion language majority inhabitants country country concerned acknowledge clauses treaty fundamental laws state obligations international concern placed guarantee united_nations background protection religious minority rights matter international concern subject days peace concept granting title territory basis minority rights treaties started 1870s serbia montenegro romania versailles peace conference supreme council established committee new states new successor states compelled sign minority rights treaties diplomatic recognition agreed new states recognized created signatures final peace treaties noted aide attached polish treaty minority consistent diplomatic precedent treaty constitute fresh departure long established procedure public law europe state created large territory established state joint formal recognition great powers accompanied requirement states form binding international convention undertake comply certain principles government regard recall consideration fact endeavors sacrifices powers addressing polish nation owes recovery independence decision polish sovereignty restored territories question inhabitants territories incorporated polish nation rests powers obligation evade secure permanent form guarantees certain essential rights afford inhabitants necessary protection changes place internal constitution polish state new treaties gave minorities right appeal directly league case partition plan palestine clauses provide jurisdiction victorious powers attempted ensure stable development region defeated germany soviet russia region characterized existence ethnic groups emergence new nations idea countries scrutiny threat intervention newly created international body rights minorities adopted league minorities treaties approach international relations league minority treaties increasingly ignored respective governments entire system collapsing late 1930s despite political failure remained basis international law world war legal principles incorporated charter host international human rights treaties international law norms customary practices developed inter war years use today procedures managing inter ethnic issues include international supervision regional economic unions minority protection territorial partition palestine partition plans european_union practice modern examples conditioning recognition human rights democracy minority protection guarantees treaties minority treaties signed countries question league treaties signed league newly established nations poland yugoslavia known czechoslovakia similar treaties imposed greece allied romania exchange territorial nations defeated world war hungary austria bulgaria turkey time albania lithuania estonia outside europe iraq persuaded accept minority obligations terms admission polish treaty signed june minority treaties serving template subsequent ones referred little treaty versailles polish minority treaty austrian treaties referred treaty romanian treaty treaty paris greek treaty hungarian treaty bulgarian treaty sur turkish treaty cases minority treaties articles aforementioned treaties list declaration government albania issued october declaration government issued july heard september declaration government lithuania issued declaration government bulgaria issued september declaration government greece issued september list treaties austrian treaty concluded june exchanged vienna march registered league nations treaty series march supplemented additional protocol relating august list treaties treaty principal allied poland june treaty principal allied czechoslovakia september treaty principal allied september treaty principal allied greece august treaty principal allied signed paris december went effect july ratified british government january japanese government january italian government march registered league nations treaty series july system minority treaties basis league system minorities aim protect minorities majority countries population procedure centered encompassing assembly right obligation raise complaints treaty violations members unique privilege placing complaints agenda petitions sent source majority cases handled council reaching council petition passed minority section selected petitions according criteria prohibition violent language integrity state complaints specific violations tried asked information special committee appointed council faculty dismissing petition trying second stage submitting question council opportunity seek final agreement parties accused government league reach satisfactory compromise final decision referred cases solved negotiations affected governments intervention importance minority treaties recognized history minority treaties important step protection minorities recognition human rights bringing subject international forum time states international communities recognized people living outside normal legal protection required additional guarantee elementary rights external body protection individual states sufficient issues successfully resolved crisis nonetheless treaties subject past present criticism countries subject treaties saw limiting sovereignty right self determination league allowed influence national religious educational policy countries suggesting competent deal internal matters criticism centered treaties established countries like france germany united_kingdom russia western countries dictated treaties aftermath world war saw minority unnecessary trusted fulfill standard civilization new central eastern european countries trusted respect rights course russian revolution separate case inequality offended smaller countries finally inequality meant minority rights seen universal right exclusively foreign policy issue populations state claims relatively compared ones backed powerful state group interests decline 1930s treaties increasingly considered useless charged enforcing minority treaties failed act complaints minorities rule state policies aimed cultural minorities ignored minor evil regard rights minority treaties policies seen internal stability state concerned council review cases reviews commonly dominated countries ethnic groups affected tried resolve problem minorities score political goals international scene sacrificing minority question german hungarian governments recognized having abused system course league lacking army state adhere recommendations adolf_hitler seized control germany problems minority treaties evident european governments continued abuse minorities loudly protested complaints exploited interested parties motives league interfered little possible system suffered apparent death blow poland rejection treaty renewed interest judge sir explained legal effectiveness operation system minority protection treaties pointed court determination discourage international obligations repeated self evident principle international law state municipal law reason non international obligations united_nations established formal minority rights protection system integral plan future government palestine status treaties questioned modern day chairman minorities subsequently advised competent organ decision obligations instruments added doubtful united_nations provision discrimination kind shall inhabitants ground race religion language sex multitude international human rights conventions charter professor international human rights law noted international law norms customary practices developed inter war years use today specifically addressed procedures managing inter ethnic issues international supervision integration minority protection cited palestine partition plans 1990s european practice examples conditioning recognition human rights democracy minority protection guarantees performed legal analysis status territory palestine order determine applicable law seeking establish law breached court said addition general guarantees freedom movement article international civil political rights account taken specific guarantees access christian jewish islamic holy places noted minority religious rights placed international guarantee article treaty berlin july observed existing rights preserved accordance provisions article league nations mandate chapter general_assembly resolution future government palestine recognized urgent need respect promote rights indigenous peoples affirmed treaties agreements arrangements states noted rights affirmed treaties agreements arrangements states indigenous peoples situations matters international concern interest responsibility character instances minority rights treaties provided arbitration granted jurisdiction resolve disputes
Minority Treaties