january november massachusetts lawyer politician served sixth tenth governor massachusetts assisted drafting served state senator massachusetts governor council elected inaugural united_states senate leading member political success delayed decline massachusetts successful lawyer prior strong politically active rebel cause american revolutionary war played influential role development united_states constitution philadelphia convention senator passage 11th amendment played leading role passage judiciary act established federal court system adept harsh political conflict democratic republicans popular massachusetts state direction early years 19th century rest country progressively republican sought retire politics losing governor race advent war brought governor office committed opponent war refused united_states_army requests state militia placed army command sought engage nova scotia governor peace talks state federal government weak defense massachusetts northern frontier strong tenure contributed successful drive maine granted early years born january principal towns parents descendant early massachusetts settlers immigrant massachusetts founders lead elder church years son received early education entered graduating years later high honors shortly afflicted smallpox temporarily blinded prevented engaging study law years studied law admitted bar began practice law political mentor shaping strong views relations colonies great_britain american revolution strong elected american revolutionary war broke strong unable serve military damaged sight active patriot cause served local offices refused service delegate massachusetts constitutional convention elected committee drafted state constitution ratified served governor council state senate strong legal practice tumultuous war years successful judge appointed county attorney following year post held occasion offered seat state supreme court rejected position account inadequate salary strong described contemporary detailed preparation legal advocate speaking jury strong lawyers worcester lawyer future united_states attorney general worked series legal cases surrounding walker slave seeking claim freedom cases firmly established slavery incompatible new state constitution united_states senator strong elected delegate drafted committed strong opposed idea means president instead supporting idea legislature choose initially opposed proposals number senators equal states eventually changed mind enabling passage temper power states introduced language requiring tax legislation originate house_of_representatives illness wife forced return massachusetts work completed sign document vocal supporter adoption state convention constitution came force strong chosen state legislature serve united_states senate known class senator came reelection chosen principal judiciary act established federal courts instrumental development passage congress 11th amendment united_states_constitution measure enacted response georgia supreme_court decision private individual sued state georgia amendment expanded sovereign immunity states limit suits private individuals states strong small group senators convinced president george_washington special envoy sent britain order war convinced accept role jay ended negotiating known jay treaty resolved number issues nations angered leadership widely disliked criticized opposed republicans strong resigned seat returned private life term governor election strong nominated candidate governor principal opponent nominated democratic republicans strong criticized opponents lack military service fact lawyer countered asserting patriotism association popularity western state decisive wide margin won overcame smaller advantage carried east acting governor died days strong took office end strong won annual reelection governor seat tenure state introduced new system reformed judiciary reducing number judges strong time governor marked political debate state principally foreign policy related british interference massachusetts maritime trade interference consequence ongoing napoleonic wars europe years strong tenure republicans gradually gained power nationally massachusetts election republicans secured majority massachusetts assembly gubernatorial election notably close running mainly strong barely received majority votes cast fewer votes balance republican controlled legislature returns partisan manner ballots strong retaining sullivan performing ways favored candidate process concluded finding strong fact lacked majority votes required carry election opposed modern requirement strong allies legislature able partisan nature analysis resulting hostile public backlash proclaimed winner biased analysis corrected count favor election rising tide swept strong office asked run refused noting home base strongly second term war strong convinced leaders come retirement run governor war britain imminent sought strong candidate oppose victorious previous elections originally somewhat moderate increasingly partisan tenure viewed strong earlier success office relatively modest demeanor assets strong victory election saw regain control legislature attributed factors capitalized recent state resulted term strong sentiment state strong reelected wide margins following war years strong took stand war generally refusing assist federal government efforts prosecute war strong chorus massachusetts broadly new_england complained madison war federal government state individual rights adhered view state militia required serve regular army command requests general strong backing refused arguing need militia invasion imminent stance regular army command state denied shipment arms instead diverted frontier areas war theater strong took particular actions prevent widespread smuggling state neighboring british provinces strong opposition regular army control nuanced neighboring connecticut governor ensured militia remained state command strong concerned state militia defense state borders compromised issue command long refusing general request authorized dispatch militia companies state eastern district maine united_states_army command british naval blockade threatening state coastal communities early strong authorized brigadier general command militia forces defenses boston harbor subject reasonable limitations transferred connecticut general commanded regular army forces massachusetts interpreted agreement strong apply statewide began militia companies conform regular army practices ill militia strong refused place additional command defense maine proved problematic strong aide negotiated agreement army command defense portland ironically republican dominated district militia objected idea serving regular army leadership serving relatively low ranked officer lieutenant colonel given command portland agreement signed units local militia refused perform assigned duties consequence dispute militia state remained state control paid state cost ran month strained state economy suffering british blockade following british seizure september strong called legislature session early october respond occupation given federal government unwilling fund militia control legislature authorized strong borrow money fund major expansion militia funds acquired spent improving boston defenses result special session meeting states opposed war known time convention held connecticut beginning december strong secretly wrote nova scotia lieutenant governor sir essentially offering separate peace exchange return seized territory refused authorize temporary massachusetts funding federally led expedition recover leading cries maine republicans treaty ended war nova scotia negotiations went strong policies war credited reasons maine drive came successful conclusion war end strong elected retire politics strong died november buried bridge street cemetery family charity legacy strong married daughter local pastor children survived couple strong active church leading member local missionary bible societies founding member member strong elected member world war united_states liberty ship strong named honor town strong maine incorporated named strong township ohio originally named honor land allocated strong ownership share sold minority partners
Caleb Strong