located department eastern missions secular municipalities collectively designated distinguished unique fusion european cultural influences missions founded reductions 17th 18th centuries convert local tribes christianity interior region bordering spanish portuguese territories south_america largely end 17th century dispatched spanish crown explored founded settlements years remote known frontier built churches unique distinct style combined elements native european architecture indigenous inhabitants missions taught european music means conversion missions self sufficient thriving economies virtually autonomous spanish crown expulsion jesuit order spanish territories jesuit reductions south_america abandoned fell ruins jesuit missions unique settlements associated culture survived largely intact large restoration project missionary churches began arrival architect jesuit missions experienced measure popularity tourist destination popular international musical festival nonprofit organization cultural activities mission towns contribute popularity settlements location world heritage site settlements located hot eastern lie area near east northeast rivers westernmost missions known located province rivers san located east province near brazilian border located province kilometres south jesuit missions ruins named heritage sites lie east far town capital founded jesuit mission current church reconstruction restoration 16th century spanish founder introduced little ones referred small doors straw houses indigenous population lived incorrectly denote people largest ethnic group area correctly known collectively denote ethnic groups different languages cultures living region known properly refers modern day department region encompassed parts current provincial division department follow concept missionary area lies modern provinces province history 16th century priests different religious orders set americas bringing christianity indigenous communities missionary orders eventually arrived frontier town missionaries employed strategy gathering nomadic indigenous populations larger communities called reductions order effectively policy sprang colonial legal view indian minor protected guided european missionaries sin reductions generally instruments enable natives adopt european lifestyles values case jesuit reductions allowed inhabitants retain pre colonial cultural practices arrival permission king philip spain group travelled years arrival established moving east reached modern day allowed establish settlements frontier built chapter houses churches schools pre existing settlements present day arrived located south future mission established settlement moved kilometres west conflicts natives remains original town exist archaeological site start missions valleys northeast 17th century central areas activities situated department simply department founded jesuit reductions located mission towns flourished proved difficult encouragement governor focused efforts christian doctrine readily accepted missions founded area fires floods attacks hostile tribes slave traders caused missions established rebuilt missions spared large scale unlike mainly remote locations lack transportation infrastructure jesuit reduction mission founded jesuit priest september intended meet seven establish connection beginning rainy season brought bad weather companion got far native village local tribe suffering plague stay promised build house church finished end year mission later moved number times established present location missions founded periods missions established ruins stone tower survive near present village war spanish succession caused shortage missionaries instability reductions new missions built period largest missions inhabitants sustain growing population established split mission mission south founded abandoned today remains mission period mission foundations began establishment declared church nonetheless largely faithful 20th century reconstruction opposed renovation key criterion inclusion world heritage site group second jesuit built founded mission church reconstruction dating early 20th century likewise group mission founded authentic world heritage site missions dating colonial period mission established founded santo original settlement remains modern village secondary objective secure direct route road link jesuit missions missionaries founded settlements increasingly east south moved closer establishing missions increasingly farther north avoiding impassable region attempted route expedition early subsequent jesuit unsuccessful stopped hostile tribes swamps founder mission set flemish priest warriors killed journey struggled reach return trip killed missions sufficiently hostile region expelled new world manage travel easternmost mission expulsion recent development result seven missions present day rio state brazil transferred spanish portuguese control native tribes unhappy lands turned portugal enemy century rebelled decision leading war europe attack accused supporting rebellion perceived defending native peoples accused conspiracy kill king portugal known affair members evicted portuguese territories french territories accused causing madrid consequently february spain signed royal decree expulsion orders members spanish territories spiritual secular administration strictly separated time expulsion served population missions mission properties included cattle horses libraries settlements held volumes september left went following april spanish considered essential maintain settlements portuguese expansion archbishop francisco established new system government similar set stipulated mission run secular parish priests care spiritual needs charge political economic affairs mission administration change indians allowed trade practice shortage clergy low quality appointed bishop speak language local peoples cases ordained led rapid general decline missions priests broke ethical religious codes appropriated major missions income encouraged trade portuguese years expulsion population missions dropped despite general decline settlements church buildings maintained cases extended towns inhabitants construction church falls period studied suggests reasons preserved heritage expulsion memory prosperity desire appear christians white people preserve ethnicity originated mix culturally distinct groups blended enforced common language customs learned january ended diocese temporal affairs delegated civil administrators hope making missions economically successful years expulsion churches remained active centers worship french naturalist reported mission south_america diminished economically politically culture established evident according music sunday mass better heard richest cities population missions reached low inhabitants visited area referring church proclaimed beautiful building surrounded gardens presents impressive views reduction system missions disappeared moved area quest land began original indigenous population starting creation province split administrative divisions rubber boom turn century settlers came areas established large moving economic activities native peoples towns spiritual administration missions given german speaking missionaries ecclesiastical control moved area creation year churches serve inhabitants villages present spiritual centers remaining indigenous peoples living periphery swiss architect jesuit priest began extensive restoration project missionary churches colonial buildings ruins churches exist present form result effort worked restoration colleagues local people death restoration works continued sporadically beginning 21st century local leadership reductions listed churches reconstructed scratch ruins remain listed site criteria acknowledging adaption christian religious architecture local environment unique architecture expressed wooden columns recently warned traditional architectural ensemble makes site vulnerable following reforms threatened fragile infrastructure region time nomination protected committee local mayoral offices mission towns initially established mission missions listed brazil east mission relocated relocated closer moved away protect indians original inhabitants tribe church built architect school church characteristics residential architecture visible today village restored mission second mission built inscribed founded moved times mission moved region mission moved fire built church survived restored restoration project san founded mission san mission built mission inhabited tribe church built unknown architect built stone unlike mission churches area built local wood mission remain original location chapel church bell tower house priests workshops exist renovated restoration project restoration efforts continue fourth mission mission initially founded jesuit priests nearby mission incorporated mission moved times mission inhabited largest tribe region mission church constructed mission reconstructed restoration project fifth mission established mission population grown large mission church built probably collaborator student church restored mission final world heritage site inscribed mission established founded jesuit priest original native inhabitants missions tribes mission church designed expulsion unknown architect built entirely indigenous population complex consisting church bell tower grassy plaza lined houses considered fidelity original plan jesuit reductions starting lasting mission underwent partial restoration efforts team architecture design reductions inspired ideal cities outlined works written respectively 16th century english philosophers thomas specific criteria building sites locations plenty wood construction sufficient water population good soil agriculture safety flooding rainy season missions relocated time towns remained original sites wood main materials construction settlements mission layout architecture internal layout missions followed scheme repeated later variations rest missionary reductions oldest mission formed basis organizational style consisted structure center formed wide rectangular square church complex houses inhabitants remaining sides centralized organization dictated certain measures sizes despite based basic model towns nonetheless remarkable variations example orientation settlements cardinal points differed determined individual circumstances plaza plaza square area varying size metres older towns metres religious civil purposes open spaces free vegetation palm trees surrounding cross center plaza palm trees eternal love deliberately facing central cross placed corners square remains exist mission sites subsequently redesigned reflect republican lifestyle prevalent period undergone recent expansion trees shrubs planted cases monuments erected original missions plaza major changes consisting colonial times open grassy space houses houses natives elongated layout arranged parallel lines extending main square directions facing plaza originally occupied chiefs indigenous tribes larger architecture houses simple consisting large rooms meters walls centimetres thick roof reed wood reached height center double doors open galleries provided protection elements social function meeting places present day years layout replaced usual spanish colonial architecture large square blocks internal remnants initial design seen places exposed modernization settlements church complex fourth plaza lay religious cultural commercial centers towns addition church dominated complex chapel tower school connected wall plaza wall away plaza living quarters priests visitors rooms town council matters music storage workshops arranged second buildings vegetable garden surrounded wall cemetery likely found workshops disappeared completely mission settlements elements church complex survive varying degrees stone towers traced time recent construction result conservation restoration work spearheaded end 20th century tall wooden constructions open sides jesuit schools preserved entirely like houses indigenous residents buildings church complex single level ones church settlement established missionaries working native population began erect church served educational cultural economic center town initial church mission temporary essentially chapel built quickly possible local wood save simple altar jesuit seen today general erected decades settlements existence swiss priest composer architect missionary churches combined elements christian architecture traditional local design create unique baroque style placed quotation genesis main entrance churches quotation spanish del latin churches meaning house god gate heaven construction restored churches seen today falls period characterized use locally available natural materials like wood carved columns sets artistic added expulsion covered gold walls mission churches material houses natives walls giving effect construction church exception inspired unknown baroque model stone façade example stone grand scale construction ruins tower remain churches consist wooden skeleton columns fixed ground provided stability building supported tile covered roof walls placed directly ground virtually independent wooden construction supporting role large porch roof provided protection heavy tropical rains floor covered tiles like roof produced local tile works churches barn like appearance albeit monumental size width metres length metres height metres capacity people wide structure distinctive low hanging style evident building method native community houses construction church required major effort community employed hundreds indigenous described process buildings different way europe roof built walls large tree buried soil worked place beams locks roof foundations stone placed spans surface soil upwards place walls wooden pillars called remain central walls carrying complete weight roof weight walls central place wall placed feet deep holes architectural machines introduce carved form columns meters feet stay inside soil carved trees roots greater strength parts burned resist humidity walls decorated times blind arcades walls entirely mix mud sand lime straw inside outside paint earth tones applied lime ornaments drawn featuring elements flora fauna angels saints patterns noted cases walls columns large oval windows surrounded relief main doors characteristic feature churches divided wooden columns columns carved twisted resembling rome modern times congregation sit floor variety fine pieces art inside churches notably covered gold silver especially remarkable brightly painted wood supported carved pulpit church features motifs derived local vegetation elements specific missions exist decorations churches include depictions notable indigenous peoples remain handful original sculptures depicting saints carved wood painted sculptures exhibit style unique region differing reductions highlands tradition figure carving preserved present day workshops columns windows new restored churches area addition produce decorative angels figures tourist market restoration missionary churches true architectural highlights area initiated important restoration project missionary churches san churches undergone meticulous restoration 1960s church replaced modern construction 1990s workers brought restoration close possible original addition churches constructed new buildings including schools houses founded museums archives researched recovered original techniques construct churches prior installed new building infrastructure including saw mills shops repair shops trained local people traditional crafts european volunteers non profit organizations catholic_church helped project convinced local inhabitants importance restoration works required large labor force typically workers towns populations required church restoration effort indicates strength commitment unique shared heritage present towns restoration resulted revival local traditions qualified workforce life mission towns reductions self sufficient indigenous communities inhabitants usually headed jesuit priests town council tribal leader retained functions played role native peoples degree controlled indigenous population responsibility degree allowed indigenous culture function matter debate social organization reductions variously described jungle hand regimes terror description closer mark quickly learned languages subjects eased missionary work contributed success missions initially mission conceived home specific tribe numerous tribal families lived gathered mission according report people living missions spoke understood time inhabitants missions spoke second language ethnic diversity unique jesuit missions america reflecting view colonial powers jesuit records distinguished christian non christian formal language spoken tribe mission settlements numerous tribes culturally united ethnic group years expulsion spanish authorities instituted new policy forced language causing number speakers native languages decline indians joined missions looking protection portuguese slave traders system spanish reductions natives free men land missions common property marriage individual plots assigned newly founded families goal create cities harmony paradise encountered indigenous peoples settlements officially diocese church affairs effectively autonomous self sufficient early las initiated law indian people white black man authorities allowed live missions merchants allowed stay days economy traditionally tribes practiced agriculture growing small scale contact spanish rice cultivated hunting fishing provided additional nutrition dry season introduced cattle breeding settlement responsible church matters dealt commercial affairs general community swiss priest musician architect wrote letter missionary priests parish priests preach hear confessions govern souls responsible life health provide things needed towns soul saved body dies missionaries town judges doctors painters carriage makers brick makers wax makers required republic administered labor introduction new technologies disposition goods designated family receive necessary live rely donations right priests received fixed income usually insufficient needs community support work thriving economy reductions enabled export surplus goods parts ironically region wanted reach income pay royal tributes purchase goods locally available books paper wine far away europe missions money laid foundation belief guarding immense acquired local labor reality communities economically successful hardly constituted important source income jesuit order inhabitants including young elderly subject schedule alternating work religious practice rest according inhabitants missions enjoyed considerably freedom missions time spent practicing religion instructed arts learned quickly soon proficient painters settlement set result addition new social class emerged group rest population worked primarily agriculture cattle raising represented initially main commercial products included honey salt cotton shoes leather later exported musical instruments items music music played special aspects life natives realizing musical capacities indians sent important composers choir directors manufacturers musical instruments south_america famous probably italian baroque composer worked reductions jesuit missionaries musical talent went particular responsible skill developed high degree perform play baroque operas instruments directed production violins organs wrote copied masses operas built organ stops transported distance kilometres difficult road remote mission assembled hand use musical lessons step acted composer wrote letter towns sound organs heard pile kind musical instruments taught indians play single day passes sound songs churches sing play organ flute trumpet high mode low mode musical art forms ignored partially able practice teach children natives reverence able observe children torn away jungle year ago parents able today sing absolutely firm beat play organ dance precise movements rhythm compete europeans teach people mundane things rid rude customs resemble persons accept christianity today jesuit institutions exist example towns san functioning town councils retain capacities majority population catholic understood mythology inhabitants populations especially doubled region fastest growing municipality mission towns population increased albeit smaller scale san inhabitants largest town boasts campus national university hand currently people settlements small according sources number ethnic mainly elderly people speak original language language economically area depends agriculture rice cotton heart palm produced exported cattle industrial processing milk cheese developed extensively recent years crafts carved wood techniques colonial times provide additional income launch marketing label promote regional tourism tourism closely related musical festivals concerts held regularly towns testify living heritage art form original instruments sculptures survive small museums mission towns notably houses music archive original time preserved church houses original organ transported accompanied dozen brought dot area nonprofit institution organized starting restoration work church cathedral unearthed musical scores 17th 18th centuries later scores found thousand additionally works interpreted festivals statistics festivals years follows festival carried designated places usually housed churches main plaza event countries compete local people native missions use instruments build according plans left jesuit missionaries tourism shortly start restoration effort potential tourism missions assessed report published promote missions tourist destination travel agencies chambers commerce industry towns native communities institutions organized del day tourist event lasting march journalists international tour operators shown important tourist attractions introduced culture visits museums local workshops concerts native dances high masses crafts festivals local cuisine organisers goal initially raise number tourists million year year period represented million income subsequently face lack support government national local economies modest goal attracting people established tourism important source income region amounting annual gross production additional comes crafts according report published people visited largest town region tourists came outside main attraction tourists nearby missions tourism san generated income tourism income ostensibly translated improvements infrastructure criticism funds reach intended destinations cultural tourism missionary circuit musical festivals region offers natural attractions like rivers hot springs caves infrastructure support tourism regard cultural references elements early days jesuit missions shown movie mission movie attempts depict life missions missions considerably culturally expressive events expulsion depicted play das experiment strong lonely set suggested das experiment sparked interest 20th century scholars forgotten jesuit missions historic accounts primary sources composed years extensively researched thoroughly examined useful monumental general del del los vol edited madrid superior importance archive correspondence years collectively known los del manuscripts housed buenos_aires contain annals company jesus covering years german edition der rome company jesus account los las condensed version las los buenos_aires las del las los madrid del del las las los cargo los del madrid valuable primary sources majority archived buenos_aires argentina madrid rome francis les parties rio french physique des des french paris physique des des french paris las los spanish madrid las los spanish der von german references found extensive offered las modern books spanish spain isbn spanish 2nd offset color brief history springfield accurate understanding legacy long silence las spanish look history trans trans isbn las spanish isbn
Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos