classic changes ancient text oldest chinese classics possessing history half commentary interpretation influential text read world providing inspiration worlds religion business literature art originally manual period course period early imperial period transformed text series philosophical commentaries known wings classics 2nd century subject scholarly commentary basis practice centuries far_east eventually took influential role western understanding eastern thought uses type called produces apparently random numbers numbers turned looked book arranged order known king sequence interpretation readings found matter centuries debate commentators book symbolically provide guidance moral decision making informed acquired significance paralleled traditional names processes change yang text core text called changes modern scholars suggest dates ranging 10th 4th centuries assembly text approximately current form based comparison language dated bronze inscriptions dated compilation current form early decades reign king quarter 9th century copy text corpus bamboo wooden slips recovered shows levels chinese society current form contained small variations late period possible systems existed time rites systems origins literally means changes chinese pinyin dynasty changes involved interpreted lines numbers obtained proposed word changes originally meant easy form easier bones little evidence ancient folk etymology sees character changes containing sun moon cycle day modern believe character derived image sun emerging clouds content vessel changed traditionally associated legendary world ruler according canonical great commentary observed patterns world created chinese pinyin order thoroughly bright classify things contain legend says origins rites claims derived initial set han dynasty opinions historical relationship eventually consensus formed 2nd century scholar text joint work king duke traditional longer generally accepted structure basic unit figure composed stacked horizontal lines line broken received text contains possible short statement line statements statements determine results reasons having different methods reading known known statements read line statements vice versa book opens statement words translated traditionally originating penetrating firm repeated statements considered important interpretation 6th century describes statement initial offering beneficial word ancient form divine bones late dynasty preceded carried meanings making upright correct defined eastern han scholar proposed activity names usually words appear respective line statements cases unrelated character unclear purpose appears names chosen line statements possible line statements derived names line statements book cryptic line begins word indicating line number base number broken line number line extra line statement named following line number line statements statements line statements contain poetry references historical events usage archaeological evidence shows dynasty grounded production seemingly random numbers determine divine intent provided guide yarrow plant known yarrow numbers specific lines chosen line readings broken lines numbers solid lines values contains late classic description process operations performed bundle leaving like yarrow stalk dates period modern form reconstruction ancient narratives contain oldest descriptions histories describe successful conducted professional royal families method explained stories employ commentaries patterns interpretations line statements 4th century authority cited purposes relation stated contain records private individuals dynasty records found privately consulted answer questions business health children determining lucky days common form use today reconstruction method described histories later great commentary description neo reconstructed method yarrow stalk far_east modern period attempted reconstruction varies places method employing coins widely dynasty today modern period alternative methods specialized appeared stories individual lines denoted particle followed specific line form later attempts reconstruct ancient methods word interpreted meaning moving apparent indication transformed instances lines line statements quoted original produce classic emperor han named classics dubbing classic changes emperor placement classics informed broad span cultural influences included yang physical theory contain read universe offered complex symbolic official edition text literally set stone standard text thousand years alternate versions related texts discovered 20th century wings bound set commentaries called wings wings later production different society written early old chinese wings written predecessor middle chinese specific origins wings complete mystery academics regardless historical relation text philosophical depth wings perfect fit han period scholarship inclusion wings reflects widespread recognition ancient china found pre han texts rich moral symbolic document useful professional arguably important wings great commentary dates roughly great commentary describes universe symbolic description processes change spiritual experience great commentary states individual understand deeper patterns universe subjects explains proceeded eternal universe wings provide different perspectives essentially viewpoint giving ancient cosmic authority example provides moral interpretation parallels heaven earth attributes symbolic function ability understand self world destiny wings passages increase ambiguity base text pointing recognition multiple layers symbolism associates knowledge ability delight heaven understand fate sage reads patterns despair mere material difficulties japanese word pinyin derived statement found great commentary form called form called tool word borrowed korean borrowed chinese wings traditionally attributed possibly based rested historically grounds association gave weight text taken article faith han included burning classics evidence strongly suggests consider classic ancient commentary found portrays endorsing source wisdom imperfect text second canonical arranged order dubbed king sequence king founded dynasty supposedly reformed method interpretation sequence generally pair upside cases paired order found arranges groups sharing upper oldest known manuscript found held certainly arranged king sequence proposed pottery period contains king sequence arrangements older evident order interest original authors assignment numbers specific modern invention following table numbers order interpretation influence describes best known chinese book world text philosophical traditions west attracted attention enlightenment intellectuals prominent literary cultural figures eastern han eastern han interpretation divided schools originating dispute minor differences different editions received text school known criticism eclectic sought find symbolic parallels natural world commentaries provided basis numbers school old text criticism scholarly focused moral content text providing basis principles new text scholars distributed alternate versions text freely integrated non canonical commentaries work alternate systems early commentary image number work longer extant short fragments survive dynasty text called fall han scholarship longer organized systematic schools influential writer period discarded han commentators integrated philosophy wings directly central text creating narrative han commentators longer considered significant century later han added commentaries wings book creating text called principal rival interpretation practical text song beginning dynasty emperor ordered create canonical edition choosing 3rd century official commentary added drawing levels explanations resulting work standard edition song dynasty 11th century read work intricate philosophy jumping point examining great questions ethical issues patriarch neo school read guide moral perfection described text way ministers form honest political factions root corruption solve problems government contemporary scholar rearranged format resembles modern numbers intend arrangement 12th century school rejected han dynasty lines commentary proposing text work philosophy considered useful understanding moral practices called mind great learning reconstruction yarrow stalk based great commentary account standard form use today china entered early modern period took renewed relevance study especially fond ordered new interpretations dynasty scholars focused understanding pre classical grammar assisting development new approaches modern period korean japanese korean neo produced influential studies early modern era claiming spirit principle material force accused school having critique proved influential korea japan contribution central development 19th century studies integrated reform movement medieval japan secret teachings publicized master studies japan took new importance period books published subject authors majority books works ancient commentaries practical purposes sizable minority focused symbolism time editions earlier chinese commentaries reprinted japan including texts lost china early period writers ranked greatest classics writers attempted use explain western science japanese framework writer attempted employ mechanics principle line argument later taken china scholar official early european corresponding china wrote european commentary arguing proved numbers broken lines solid lines intervention god criticized proclaimed system chinese characters forms articulate spoken words clarity western alphabet discussion chinese characters single foreign idea sparking dialogue western philosophical questions nature communication 20th century identified argument accepted question premise chinese language express philosophical ideas modern revolution longer mainstream chinese political philosophy maintained cultural influence china ancient text borrowing chinese writers offered parallels subjects linear logic computer science aiming demonstrate ancient chinese anticipated western discoveries took opposite stance arguing actually scientific development incorporating physical knowledge psychologist took interest possible universal nature imagery introduced influential german translation discussing theories wrote biased eye obvious book represents long careful scrutiny character attitude motives book notable impact 1960s 20th century cultural figures modern period brought new level skepticism scholarship spent decades producing new interpretation text published posthumously expert pre china use dynasty proposed new dating strata text new archaeological discoveries enabled deeper level insight text centuries dynasty proponents newly reconstructed readings differ greatly traditional readings text called modernist school translations translated western languages dozens times influential edition german translation earliest complete published translation western language latin translation jesuit missionary published germany 1830s translated text 19th century text gained significant traction 1960s translations attracting particular interest translation incorporated new archaeological discoveries 20th century translation attempts reconstruct period readings arguably easier read commonly english translations james sacred books east vol 2nd edition oxford reprinted numerous times richard book changes trans series introduction new_york 3rd edition princeton reprinted numerous times notable english translations include translation king shanghai john book changes new translation ancient chinese new_york classic changes new_york isbn richard book changes bronze age document richmond isbn classic changes new_york isbn
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