ottawa dialect ottawa dialect language spoken ottawa people southern ontario canada northern michigan united_states descendants ottawa speakers live kansas oklahoma recorded meeting ottawa speakers europeans occurred party encountered explorer north shore ottawa written system latin letters known speakers speaking native language speaking ottawa ottawa undergone language change shares features distinctive change pattern short words resulting significant changes pronunciation innovations pronunciation addition changes word structure vocabulary differentiate ottawa like ottawa grammar includes gender dependent gender combinations connected particular complex patterns word formation ottawa distinguishes types person sentences indicating phrase emphasized discourse indicating phrase prominent ottawa relatively flexible word order compared languages english ottawa speakers concerned language endangered use english increases number fluent speakers declines language efforts include second language learning primary secondary schools history scholarship explorer samuel european record encounter ottawa speakers met party north shore french missionaries particularly members order documented 17th 18th centuries including unpublished manuscript ottawa notes word lists dictionary 19th century ottawa speaker wrote history ottawa people included description ottawa features accurate work description ottawa spoken ontario led conducted field work ottawa communities late 1960s early 1970s resulting series reports ottawa prepared comprehensive description ottawa rhodes produced study ottawa dictionary series articles ottawa grammar valentine published comprehensive descriptive grammar volume texts including detailed analysis survey includes extensive description analysis ottawa dialect features classification ottawa known speakers speaking native language native person speak language regular short term applied eastern dialect corresponding term ottawa speak language regular short speaking ottawa reported sources canadian capital ottawa comes french self designation ottawa people earliest recorded form french source ottawa dialect language member language family varieties form dialect series adjacent spoken primarily area surrounding great lakes canadian provinces quebec smaller outlying groups montana alberta british_columbia mutual linguistic criterion distinguish languages straightforward cases varieties language mutually classified varieties speech mutually classified separate languages linguistic social factors result inconsistencies terms language dialect languages spoken series occupying adjacent territory form dialect language complex mutually adjacent typically relatively high degrees mutual degree mutual varies considerably cases speakers understand speech survey conducted 1980s 1990s found differences ottawa dialect spoken northwestern ontario northern dialect spoken western quebec result low levels mutual distinct features suggest periods relative isolation varieties partly mutually conventionally considered single language series adjacent taking account low mutual strongly differentiated alternative view said consist languages forming language complex geographic distribution ottawa communities detailed linguistic information collected ontario extensive research conducted speakers southwestern ontario near detroit south information available dialect affiliation communities east remains uncertain dialect spoken eastern shore described studies clearly boundary ottawa canadian communities ottawa speaking area extend marie ontario north shore lake garden river river reserve river addition ottawa communities west east ottawa communities southwestern ontario addition thames near london ontario communities michigan ottawa linguistic data collected include descendants live kansas oklahoma available information indicates elderly speakers oklahoma reliable data total number ottawa speakers available canadian census data identify ottawa separate group report suggests total approximately speakers ottawa northern united_states southern ontario estimated total population field study conducted 1990s ottawa communities indicates ottawa decline noting today children learning language communities language traditionally spoken number speakers small formal second language classes attempt reduce impact declining language acquisition ottawa population movements time contact europeans early 17th century ottawa speakers resided probably north east shores northern area lower_peninsula michigan central area ottawa speakers arrival europeans population movements ottawa speakers arrival europeans complex extensive contact groups ottawa speakers southern ontario descended speakers southwestern dialect known moved ottawa speaking areas mid-19th century ottawa today referred speakers areas series population period estimated thousand speakers wisconsin michigan indiana moved ottawa communities southwestern ontario moved areas shifted speaking ottawa migrants result ottawa came include ottawa arise population movements subsequent language shift associated ancestry significant populations particular communities differences way language named locations population predominantly ottawa origin language called ottawa features set communities significant populations descent communities language called clearly ottawa dialect features found ottawa ottawa distinguish include sounds changes quality adjacent distinctive ottawa seventeen seven oral long nasal status unclear article ottawa words written modern described international alphabet needed prominent feature ottawa short deleted certain circumstances reduced appear defined weak syllables notable effects differences pronunciation ottawa resulting lower degree mutual creation new clusters occur short adjustments pronunciation sequences new forms person occur pronunciation words contain subject speakers frequently way table uses symbols modern corresponding symbol international alphabet following vary draw attention particular property sound question sounds occur english divided sets referred strong typically distinguished weak features greater duration length typically voiced ottawa matched corresponding place manner ottawa long positions following weakly articulated typically voiced word initially word final position subject processes adjacent stop consisting noticeable lip rounding occur speech speakers normally indicated writing dot utilized widely dictionary ottawa mark afraid sick ottawa seven oral long short long nasal status predictable variants unclear long paired short written double symbols correspond single symbols short long corresponding short written single distinction long short plays significant role ottawa short weak undergo long strong undergo table gives symbol primary values long nasal commonly occur final words person long followed word final indicate nasal common indicator languages french use convention correspond independent sound analysis treats long nasal treats derived sequences long followed underlying sound converted deleted study southwestern dialect spoken minnesota describes status analogous unclear noting distribution long nasal restricted minimal pair distinguished goes home story goes discussions ottawa silent issue grammar ottawa shares general characteristics word classes include particles ottawa gender gender object gender subject creating set distinction affects agreement patterns number gender similarly agree gender refer morphology ottawa complex systems morphology morphology central role ottawa grammar particularly indicate information use added word stems notable characteristics marked include distinction person marked extensive marking information concerning person number singular tense mark person including person second person person use combinations indicate possession mark gender location categories significant agreement patterns involve gender singular number ottawa morphology forms basic word stems combinations word roots called initials referred finals create words added word stems combined word stems create compound words innovations ottawa morphology contribute ottawa differences include person word stems loss final certain distinctive form verbal indicating doubt distinctive form verbal indicating subjects significant morphological innovations characterize ottawa restructuring person occur carry information person second pronunciation short prefix person prefix occurs completely eliminated ottawa result marker indicate person forms example canoe person prefix canoe prefix ottawa meaning canoe canoe prefix apart simple ottawa created new variants prefix restructuring person discussed detail ottawa morphology refers patterns combining words phrases clauses sentences verbal nominal morphology central ottawa mark information greater extent english relies mainly word order preferred word orders simple sentence initial object subject final orders avoided possible orders attested ottawa word order displays considerably freedom found languages english word order frequently reflects discourse based topic focus marked information distinct sets called orders order corresponds generally main sentence types independent order main clauses order subordinate clauses order commands ottawa distinguishes yes questions use form independent order content questions formed ottawa require order ottawa distinguishes types person sentences marked form indicates phrase indicates prominent phrase selection use forms distinctive aspect ottawa indicates relative discourse prominence phrases containing persons direct english grammar vocabulary vocabulary items considered unique ottawa influx speakers ottawa area resulted mixing historically distinct given vocabulary spreads readily dialect presence particular vocabulary item given dialect guarantee original source item groups function words ottawa sets distinctive relative vocabulary items set found taken group uniquely ottawa ottawa uses set contains terms unique ottawa words set shared taken group ottawa set distinctive following chart shows ottawa community community cape ottawa community uses mixed set terms unique ottawa ottawa frequently dash fused form single word table written immediately following main word vocabulary small number vocabulary items ottawa items attested ottawa reported communities writing system written representation including ottawa introduced european explorers missionaries traders speakers english french wrote ottawa words sentences letters conventions languages adapting unfamiliar new language indigenous writing ottawa based english french occurred sporadically 19th 20th centuries modern focus literacy use written forms language increased context second language learning mastery written language viewed component language learning process generally accepted standard written form ottawa interest increased publication widely dictionary reference grammar provide models spelling conventions conference held brought speakers review existing writing systems proposals early practices 19th century missionary authors wrote ottawa include catholic missionary illustration section ottawa speaker wrote history people english description ottawa southwestern dialect contains vocabulary lists short phrases translations lord prayer accurate ottawa date research ottawa speakers late 1930s early 1940s tradition indigenous literacy ottawa arose 19th century speakers ottawa language catholic learned write french catholic missionaries french influenced methodist anglican converts english based documents written ottawa ottawa speakers include official letters petitions personal documents official indian band regulations official proclamation census statements prepared individuals ottawa speakers contributed articles praying indian newspaper started missionaries published michigan suggested ottawa speakers groups great lakes writing system derived european based supporting evidence weak modern standard official writing system ottawa widely accepted system recent dictionary ottawa collection texts descriptive grammar system taught programs language teachers goals promote ottawa writing language able read write consistent way comparison folk spelling approaches writing ottawa based systematic adaptations written english french variable consistent use letters modern number prominent publications acceptance universal prominent ottawa author explicitly rejected preferring use form folk spelling sounds letters systematic similarly representing ottawa spoken michigan based ottawa oklahoma use english based folk distinct employed johnson ottawa writing system minor adaptation similar ontario united_states widely employed reference materials text collections referred double system uses doubled symbols represent ottawa long paired corresponding short adaptation attributed oriented system found publications letters english alphabet substitute specialized symbols conjunction conventions unique ottawa system embodies basic principles letters english alphabet write ottawa ottawa sound values system nature letter letter combination indicates basic sound value reflect detail occurs accurate pronunciation learned consulting fluent speaker ottawa variant system uses following letters letters found loan words loan words recently borrowed english typically written standard english letter stop represented broader version ottawa reserved separate function noted primarily expressive words value represented follows long short convention long correspond short written double single long written corresponding short written doubled distinguish primary underlying clusters secondary clusters arise rule example distinguished value arising place following deleted word final position island value san black history general model linguistic change single ancestor language language develops time accumulation changes distinct languages continued changes descendant languages result development time develop distinct languages language historical descendant reconstructed ancestor language languages subsequently developed series including ottawa historical development sample text stories fall general categories legend sacred story narrative story stories category involve mythical beings character stories category include traditional stories necessarily involve mythical characters term generally refer story category published ottawa texts include range genres including historical narratives stories conflict indigenous groups humorous stories ottawa speaker dictated following text working linguistic field methods class linguistic society america summer institute grew near michigan spent life texts dictated originally published oriented symbols republished revised edition uses modern includes detailed linguistic analyses text love heard old man tell young woman asked love medicine love young man dash asked old man love medicine paid dash young woman medicine bought dash young man accordingly loved young woman married soon children loved fared
Ottawa dialect