class battleship british_royal_navy named honour 1st duke built january june entering service outbreak world war armed main battery inch guns capable speed knots mph served grand_fleet duration war primarily patrolling northern end north_sea enforce blockade germany saw action battle jutland june administered coup badly damaged german cruiser sms engagement hit torpedo eventually forced withdraw damage repaired early august years war uneventful british german fleets adopted cautious strategies threat underwater weapons war assigned mediterranean_fleet took allied intervention russian civil war black_sea involved turkish war london naval treaty mandated iron duke class battleships discarded variety weapons tests results incorporated reconstruction programme queen elizabeth class battleships design feet inches long overall beam average draught displaced long tons designed long tons combat loading propulsion system consisted parsons steam turbines steam provided eighteen boilers engines rated shaft horsepower produced speed mph cruising radius nautical miles economical mph crew officers enlisted men wartime increased ship armed main battery inch naval guns mounted twin gun turrets arranged superfiring pairs forward aft fifth turret located amidships funnels rear superstructure close range defence torpedo boats provided secondary armament inch vii guns fitted pair inch cwt anti aircraft guns pounder guns typical capital ships period equipped torpedo tubes submerged broadside protected main armoured belt thick ship deck thick main battery turret faces thick turrets supported barbettes thick service history laid devonport royal dockyard january launched nearly months later october commissioned june ship completed june month world war broke continent initially joined served flagship sir following british entry war august reorganised grand_fleet commanded admiral assigned flagship 1st battle squadron served duration conflict world war evening november grand_fleet conducted fruitless sweep southern half north_sea support vice admiral 1st fleet port scapa_flow november fleet initially remained port german raid december sent reinforce british forces area receiving information possibility rest german fleet sea gave order fleet sortie try intercept germans time retreated vice admiral cecil replaced aboard december time second command flagship grand_fleet december fleet sortied sweep north_sea concluded december event rest fleet conducted gunnery drills january west evening january bulk grand_fleet sailed support rest fleet engaged ensuing following day march grand_fleet conducted sweep northern north_sea undertook training manoeuvres cruise took place march april grand_fleet conducted patrol central north_sea returned port april patrol area took place april followed gunnery drills april grand_fleet conducted sweep central north_sea encountering german vessels patrol followed uneventful fleet conducted gunnery training mid june september fleet went cruise northern end north_sea conducted gunnery drills rest month grand_fleet conducted numerous training exercises october majority fleet conducted sweep north_sea returning port october november participated fleet training operation west cruise took place december typical routine gunnery drills squadron exercises occurred january fleet departed cruise north_sea february intended use sweep bad weather prevented operations southern north_sea result operation confined northern end sea night march rest fleet sailed scapa_flow support light forces raided german base april grand_fleet conducted demonstration distract germans defensive minefields baltic_sea fleet returned scapa_flow april proceeding south response intelligence reports germans launch raid grand_fleet arrive area germans withdrawn fleet conducted demonstration german attention focused north_sea battle jutland attempt lure destroy portion grand_fleet german high seas fleet dreadnoughts pre dreadnoughts light cruisers torpedo boats commanded vice admiral departed jade early morning fleet sailed concert rear admiral battlecruisers supporting cruisers torpedo boats royal_navy room intercepted german radio traffic containing plans operation admiralty ordered dreadnoughts battlecruisers sortie night cut destroy high_seas_fleet day battle stationed rear british line 6th division 1st battle squadron initial action fought primarily british german battlecruiser formations afternoon grand_fleet approached scene minutes later gave order turn deploy fleet action transition cruising formation caused congestion rear divisions forcing ships reduce speed knots mph avoid british ships initially poor visibility group german kaiser class battleships span minutes fired seven yards yards gunners claimed hits 5th 7th claims unlikely guns masked burning cruiser probably armoured cruiser hms warrior joined group battleships german light cruiser sms fired premature right barrel turret disabled gun engaged ship secondary battery engaged appeared kaiser class ship firing german vessel disappeared engagement german cruiser launched torpedoes struck starboard diesel generator room tore foot hole hull causing significant flooding forced forward boilers ship extinguished reduced ship speed knots mph initially reported ship struck hit torpedo torpedoes time torpedo boat forced rest ships division action engaged firing ranges yards hit german cruiser probably shells finally ship took hours sank shifted fire class battleships leading german line fired thirteen span minutes sms ranges yards scoring hits incorrectly claimed fourth hit phase battle fired torpedoes missed targets second sms kaiser pumps contained flooding boiler rooms took list degrees instead counter flooding list crew attempted correct list coal oil starboard list caused generators supplying power main battery turrets flood gun crews particularly shells transferred magazines turrets blast torpedo powerful watertight compartments damaged torpedo bulkhead damage badly damaged compartments sufficiently torpedoes approached evaded passed ship opposing fleets late day grand fleet steamed south attempt cut retreating germans destroy following morning slowed mph point june nmi rest fleet time bulkheads starboard forward boiler room started way strain forcing reduce speed knots mph damage control teams believed main battery fire supporting damaged bulkheads way greatly increasing risk ship detached ship proceed independently ordered scout cruiser fearless come alongside transfer battleship revenge proceeded northward speed knots mph fearless rejoined ships briefly fired german commodore force ordered reinforce grand fleet particularly relieve ships low fuel departed late reach fleet morning ordered destroyers escort port way fearless encountered british submarines submarines prepared attack ships fortunately recognised launched torpedoes destroyers joined pump lowered flooded boiler room pump moved clean roll ship threw pump damaged bulkhead knocking shores loose water flooded ship captain ordered fearless destroyers prepare come alongside rescue crew flooding worsened june sent boiler room time able pump clean slowly reduced water level ship ordered proceed temporary repairs forward main battery inch magazines emptied ship pumps brought aboard supporting damaged bulkhead reinforced morning june ship left receive permanent repairs escorted destroyers course battle fired shells main battery rounds secondary guns torpedoes torpedo hit killed men wounded repaired armstrong shipyard work lasting august departed arriving august repair work extra long tons short tons armour plating added ship primarily magazines alterations result british experience jutland battlecruisers destroyed magazine explosions later operations august germans sortied time bombard hoped draw battlecruisers destroy british signals intelligence german wireless allowing time deploy grand_fleet attempt engage decisive battle sides withdrew following day opponents submarines inflicted losses action august british cruisers nottingham torpedoed sunk german boats german battleship sms damaged british submarine returning port issued order prohibited fleet southern half north_sea overwhelming risk mines boats february revenge replaced 1st battle squadron flagship served second command flagship briefly replaced role emperor india temporarily private ship end year germans began destroyers light cruisers raid british convoys norway forced british deploy capital ships protect convoys april german fleet sortied attempt catch isolated british squadrons convoy passed safely grand_fleet sortied late following day catch retreating germans battlecruiser sms torpedoed badly damaged submarine sisters received flying platforms turrets handle reconnaissance aircraft following capitulation germany november allies interned high_seas_fleet scapa_flow fleet british light cruiser cardiff led ships allied fleet escort germans scapa_flow massive fleet consisted british american french warships fleet remained captivity negotiations ultimately produced treaty versailles believed british intended seize german ships june deadline germany signed peace treaty morning grand_fleet left scapa_flow conduct training manoeuvres away issued order high_seas_fleet postwar career march recommissioned devonport assigned mediterranean_fleet 4th battle squadron sisters class battleships period served black_sea allied intervention russian civil war support whites april arrived proceeding following day ship took empress maria members including grand duke nicholas prince aboard evening 7th empress refused leave british evacuated wounded sick soldiers civilians wanted escape advancing russian entourage aboard numbered people including members nobility number nurses plus cases officer vacated additional installed empress taking captain cabin morning april ship anchored miles constantinople uncertainty final destination russian royal family april grand duke wife grand grand duke wife princess marina prince roman count baron respective servants left ship boarded hms lord nelson destined genoa replaced count madame morning april good friday ship sailed malta ship departed april bound malta deposit russians returning constantinople conducted tests new high explosive inch shells peninsula proved unreliable period operated balloon aid spotting fall shot later month shell broke left barrel turret caused minor damage stationed peninsula ship provided artillery support white troops including positions villages british attention turned june arrived constantinople mediterranean_fleet concentrated support occupation city july british forces landed provided artillery support october battleship king george arrived replace mediterranean_fleet returned devonport paid major refit took place february january refit range installed range rear superstructure aircraft platform removed turret long base range installed turret completing refit january recommissioned assigned mediterranean replaced emperor india served second command flagship october following treaty allied countries withdrew occupation forces turkey involved escorting troop convoys constantinople briefly served flagship deputy commander 4th battle squadron king george damaged striking rock november 4th battle squadron renamed 3rd battle squadron march including transferred battleships served training ships ship inch anti aircraft guns replaced powerful inch guns january served squadron flagship relieving remained position months decommissioned june according terms london naval treaty ships iron duke class scrapped scheduled removed service broken scrap ship target test effect weapons capital ships emperor india tests included firing destroyer armament upper works close range test effectiveness simulated night engagement direct hits inch shells bomb tests experiments flash magazines tests conducted july magazine explosions system worked designed explosions caused internal damage destroyed battlecruisers jutland tests conducted dummy pound pound bombs test deck strength pound armour piercing bombs pound high explosive bombs detonated inside ship test effectiveness royal_navy determined bombs useless thick deck armour required defeat bombs led decision reinforce deck armour existing battleships 1930s placed disposal list quickly sold june arrived broken scrap
HMS Marlborough (1912)