battle battle fought july english civil war combined forces english lord earl manchester earl defeated commanded rhine newcastle summer besieging york defended gathered army marched northwest england gathering reinforcements fresh recruits way relieve city convergence forces ensuing battle largest civil wars july relieve city day sought battle outnumbered attacking immediately day sides gathered strength wild meadow west york evening launched surprise attack confused fight lasting hours cavalry routed royalist cavalry field infantry annihilated remaining royalist infantry defeat effectively abandoned losing manpower northern counties england strongly royalist sympathy losing access european continent ports north_sea coast partially retrieved fortunes victories later year loss north prove fatal handicap year tried unsuccessfully link scottish background civil war north advantage numbers local support parts lancashire yorkshire support clothing manufacturing towns naturally gentry june commanded defeated army lord battle near son sir fled remaining forces port hull held parliament newcastle sent army south lincolnshire planned advance london forced hull forces siege failed navy supply reinforce port garrison flooded wide areas city royalist detachments sent lincolnshire defeated battle battle late english civil war widened king charles negotiated cessation ireland allowed reinforce armies english regiments horse foot sent ireland following parliament took greater step signing sealing alliance early army earl entered north england behalf forced divide army leaving detachment sir watch lord hull led main body north confront siege york march early april newcastle fought delaying actions tried prevent scots crossing surrounding city newcastle cavalry force sir campaigning winter crossed entered yorkshire prevent sir thomas rejoining lord hull occupied town lay april sir force reinforced infantry sir stormed capturing force hearing news newcastle realised city york danger york principal city royalist power north england loss blow royalist cause hastily retreated left detachment mask royalist garrison newcastle followed newcastle army main body april joined forces miles west york began initially siege loose blockade concentrated capturing smaller royalist garrisons threatened communications hull june reinforced army earl manchester york completely encircled siege operations began earnest accepted commander chief combined allied armies york referred parliament scottish pre eminent north largest single contingent army respected veteran thirty years war relief moves news siege soon reached oxford wartime capital april held council war attended nephew renowned field commander settled charles attempted play time oxford relieve york set small force moves intended gather reinforcements way bolster army secure lancashire troops heading ireland royalist cause assumed direction small royalist army based chester commanded lord raising force horse foot having forced crossing stormed allegedly killing defenders citizens resting bury nearby joined cavalry lord broken york early siege small contingent regiments raised lancashire bypassing stronghold manchester approached liverpool june control city parliament day siege unsure proceed relief york remain consolidate royalist hold lancashire securing reinforcements process members charles council war wary far king june received dispatch king contained news king advisors council war overturned defensive policies sending garrisons reading offensive left oxford exposed sudden threat armies commanded sir forced king leave city head worcester danger letter contained ambiguous orders northern offensive future plans true state affairs condition commands willingly ill york lost shall esteem crown little supported sudden march conquest south effects northern power found york relieved beat rebels army kingdoms possibly shift defensive spin time come assist command duty affection know bear new enterprises laid aside immediately march according intention force relief york lost freed want powder undertake work immediately march strength directly worcester assist army having relieved york beating scots successes useless understood letter order relieve york defeat allied army heading south aid king time army numbered nearly set liverpool preston surrendered fight proceeded crossed days june june fix arms await final reinforcements cumberland arrived royalist garrison castle miles northwest york june relief york allies aware approach hoping reinforcements sir earl ward threat learned forces intervene time allied armies york separated rivers attacked siege lines destroy army come aid abandoned siege night june concentrated forces near village taking position blocked expected direct march york old roman road named street modern easily left prevent making south early july royalist cavalry advanced appeared allies prepared battle mile flank march northeast main body crossing bridge rivers merge form successfully allied armies later day forces defeated earl manchester left guard bridge boats village miles north york crossing available allies bridge boats miles south york capture prevented allies crossing engage cavalry arrived york gain touch garrison york definitely relieved newcastle sent letter welcome replied person demand newcastle march forces assistance following morning battle prelude learning allied commanders debated options decided march south protect supply lines hull block south foot infantry ordnance baggage set early july leaving cavalry commanded sir rearguard allied generals learned army crossed captured bridge boats advancing foot reached hastily recalled newcastle lieutenant general lord opposed pitched battle possibly offended high handed attitude join immediately claiming time clear earth rubble block city gates york siege newcastle soldiers york refused fight given delayed payment dispute number absent abandoned allied siege works outside city return midday joined newcastle accompanied mounted troop gentleman volunteers greeted saying lord wish come sooner forces hope shall glorious day newcastle allied armies separate garrisons recruiting areas lines communication protect eventually separate suggested waiting force colonel collected garrisons amounting join royalist army adamant king letter showed newcastle command engage defeat enemy immediately furthermore wished compensate numerical catching enemy reinforcements increase superiority numbers newcastle infantry infantry exhausted long march previous day unable attack odds lengthened day wore scots infantry artillery returned aborted south took position allied artillery consisting thirty pieces ordnance commanded general began firing ceased royalist contingent york arrived led knew disliked fought battle captured held prisoner years blamed caution defeat occasion blamed criticised drawn close enemy main concern fold ground referred ridge allied forces drawn track concealed line allied infantry view artillery fire allowing attack suddenly comparatively close distance proposed attack army suggested late day royalist army prepared settle night close allied armies deployment occupied low feature actually terminal feet surrounding countryside prominent flat villages advantage higher ground stretching villages hampered deployment point day attempted seize rabbit warren west position driven left wing horse occupied ground wing command manchester lieutenant general lines consisted cavalry including double strength regiment deployed divisions troops cavalry commanded deployed use disrupt attacking cavalry common practice thirty years war adopted regiments horse numbering mounted lighter formed line rear sir scottish colonel deployed extreme left centre direction earl nominated commander chief consisted foot pieces artillery recorded disposition troops role drawing order battle forces strengthened great party army main battle earl manchester forces left wing right wing battle winged horse according direction great experience challenge prime power ordering sergeant major general foot noted note map allied army heir formal ought manchester infantry general left line brigade lord foot centre brigades regiments vanguard main commanded lieutenant general right line second line consisted brigades main battle commanded confusion disposition line infantry deployment right wing map badly damaged usual interpretation based reconstruction line contained brigades earl manchester regiment foot young placed main body foot left line recent interpretations accounts right line cavalry right wing regiment formed incomplete fourth line total nineteen regiments foot incomplete present battle right wing commanded sir second command horse yorkshire lancashire deployed divisions posted manner left wing regiment horse commanded deployed line composed commanded son deployed second line second lines right wing included units foot identity uncertain occupied low lying drainage ditch noted effective obstacle cavalry charge dispute course ditch time battle contemporary accounts support contention later historians non existent right wing hand near contemporary plan royalist chief engineer shows ditch present day alignment generally accepted ditch obstacle royalist right royalist left wing commanded lord consisted cavalry newcastle cavalry northern horse cavalry line commanded second sir centre commanded brigade numbering consisting regiments foot colonel regiment deployed ditch junction right wing centre possibly protect artillery occupied slight near point left hope lined ditch line left wing second line composed remaining infantry units army numbering sergeant major general infantry newcastle army general formed right wing second line incomplete line right centre arrived taken assigned positions battle began leaving right royalist centre brigade northern horse sir deployed left centre total field guns deployed centre right wing commanded horse second line included comparatively inexperienced regiments commanded lord experienced sir hurry sergeant major general horse second command unlike retained reserve cavalry including elite horse personal command reserve situated centre main action delayed late arrival york garrison late evening fully deployed rain showers newcastle persuaded delay attack day ranks allied army hear singing royalist troops broke ranks supper noted lack preparation opponents ordered men attack shortly thunderstorm broke allied left infantry drove brigade horse quickly defeated wing ordered stand ground rely ditch musket fire slow enemy attack instead ordered hasty counter charge troops prevented field guns attached brigade firing fear hitting cavalry clashes followed line regiments flight slightly wounded neck pistol ball accounts briefly left field wound dressed noting setback flank led reserve right rallying fleeing regiment horse leading counter attack officer wrote division hard pull charged men flank stood sword point pretty pleased god brake scattering like little dust regiments eventually swung balance defeating royalist cavalry right wing reserve routed narrowly avoided capture hiding nearby field centre main foot initially succeeded crossing ditch capturing pieces artillery allied right sir wing fared worse later wrote right wing good success reason ditches pass enemy great disorder notwithstanding drew body horse intervals horse wing lined hurt shot necessitated charge long time engaged routed wing returned presently men left enemy stood disorder charged routed wrote second command charged place lane present day crossed ditch flank accounts suggest units easy targets royalist advanced lane abreast small embankment alongside ditch point removed 1960s musket balls recovered launched counter charge routed cavalry regiments sir wing especially earl regiment resisted time eyewitness observed sir new levied regiments van right wing wheeled pursued enemy came foot reserve scottish foot broke wholly foot victorious wing scattered pursuit fell allied baggage train lucas wheeled attack right flank allied infantry newcastle foot counter attacked brigade foot centre allied line threw confusion following advantage brigade horse probably reinforced troop gentleman volunteers newcastle charged allied centre lucas assaults confusion gathering darkness infantry regiments infantry fled field scottish sergeant major general right allied second line stated ran away commanding head regiment carried wished fled came charge fear ran example following gave opportunity charge intended isolated brigade stood ground right line consisted regiments earl lucas launched cavalry charges charge lucas horse killed taken prisoner reformed reserve allied centre pushing regiments earl lord forward breach allied line turn earl manchester regiment repulsed scattered brigade nearly fully dark moon rising countryside miles covered sides messenger ireland riding search prince wrote horrible distraction coast country meeting scots crying mourning day doom overtaken knew fly met ragged troop reduced little foot officer hat band sword feet tongue serve way garrisons truth filled sides hours lay distant place fight miles disciplined horsemen rallied right original royalist position sir finding midst men removed field sign slip white paper identified hat way wing relate state affairs allied right flank troops cavalry regiment horse split bodies way join led cavalry sir support general foot right flank battlefield attack cavalry time troops tired senior officers prisoners marched hill baggage occupy roughly position cavalry held start battle contemporary accounts stated position attacked outnumbered troops driven retired fold ground beneath refused battle despite efforts officers sir sir rally eventually orders retreat york late night triumphant allies turned remains royalist centre successive units cutting finally newcastle foot gathered stand enclosure usually stated white close rear original position newcastle infantry retreated found right flank air following defeat cavalry certainly mass later took place enclosure instead mile north natural line retreat york refused quarter repulsed constant cavalry charges infantry colonel brought break formation musket fire survivors finally surrendered casualties approximately royalist soldiers killed stand captured including lucas lost guns hundreds weapons standards falling hands allied forces allied generals dispatch accounts stated soldiers killed mortally wounded sir brother charles nephew struck early day present died wrote famous letter soldier father brother law named briefly described battle informed father son words death outcome late night royalist generals reached york routed troops governor york sir allowed garrison effect officers participated battle volunteers city case cavalry entered city heels fleeing including wounded crowded streets western gate city newcastle having seen forces broken having spent entire fortune royalist cause resolved endure laughter court departed day battle july went exile hamburg senior officers days battle rallied cavalry infantry mounted spare horses considered attempt restore royalist fortunes north required return south rejoin king leaving york way monk bar north east marched making richmond escape interception decisively beaten time war deeply affected defeat kept king ambiguous dispatch close remainder life suffered additional blow death battle dog constant companion campaigns propaganda treating devil familiar departure newcastle effectively abandoned north isolated garrisons reduced months remnants troops driven lancashire august involved royalist disaster wales september royalist cavalry northern counties northern horse continued fight charles sir relieved royalist garrison castle south yorkshire february conduct turned away royalist cause involved defeats charles battles final attempt reach scotland routed october allies victorious allies slowly intercept left york allied army reformed joined forces resumed siege york hope relief agreement scottish soldiers city garrison surrendered honourable terms july york surrendered allied army soon dispersed took troops north newcastle sent dispatches scotland ordering regiments broke returned tenth hanged according article articles war reunited army kingdoms remnants broken regiments base service duties corpses got chance storm newcastle manchester army returned lincolnshire eventually moved south england second battle demonstrated importance disciplined infantry newly levied allied regiments routed ensured veterans reserve replace early gains opponents reputation cavalry commander firmly established battle despite attempts political rivals military critics played acknowledged discipline troops leadership battlefield crucial victory later declare absolute victory obtained god blessing moment exert increasing influence house_of_commons armies field accounts published battle exacerbated growing hand noted scottish theologian wrote westminster days later independent angry sent major harrison trumpet city praises prejudice making believe regiments service fled stayed fought reports pleased till letters came captain stewart sent abroad printed relations lift face days relation printed gives good words gives informed right left wing ascribed word places day leader conduct allied generals resulting sided dispute prompted accounts soon battle allied generals chief fled field earl manchester left field subsequently rallied infantry returned able exercise little control events accounts lord fled battlefield routed troops recently challenged certainly case detailed account flight written biographer lieutenant colonel present battle volunteer second hand account published challenged previously unused eye witness accounts infantry cavalry units remained fighting end battle seven different attested direction example earl manchester chaplain noted earl manchester new levied forces began pursued men fell gained ordnance fell sir horse hot fight sides forces retreated men coming foot fell killed sides enemy beginning retreat men followed pursuing totally routed enigmatic english reporter agreed commanded centre initial rout lord hosts strike hearts noble generals god took courage unto gathering left body assist english stood set david small army numerous company evening fiction media british band released song titled battle july 2nd
Battle of Marston Moor