referred locally pine bush largest inland pine world centrally located new_york albany counties cities albany formed thousands years ago following drainage sole remaining undeveloped portion pine covered square miles km2 best remaining examples inland pine ecosystem world included parcels bush preserve state nature preserve spanning acres properties connect protected parcels surrounding areas preserve acre surrounding areas western sections pine bush separated geographically properties pine bush historical cultural environmental asset regions new_york pioneers moving west passed pine later crossed passenger railroad united_states pine bush home butterfly endangered species identified author type specimen pine bush history european colonization years ago native americans moved pine bush area europeans arrived early 17th century groups lived immediate area nation west east hudson_river dutch traded native groups outpost fort orange present day albany established natives pine bush important source animal trade dutch natives having trouble finding animals pine bush supply growing european demand referred settlement fort orange meaning pine plains referring large area pine bush hudson rivers dutch granted patent settlement bend west pine bush miles settlers fort orange settlement started pine plains spelling associated village site dutch surrendered entire colony including albany english known series foot paths long west valley pine bush trade tribes confluence hudson rivers area later site founding major route settlements century improved foot path war albany residents collected pine bush large army camped fort frederick germans immigrated albany area sent work camps pine bush order harvest pitch construction english naval vessels pay passage immigrants named settled settled west valley west work camps hudson_river french indian wars british military improved road significantly use forces war numerous settlers moving west century occasional began dot pine bush development began pine bush albany edges settlements began grow highway pine bush frontier wilderness extremely dangerous end war starting took turns escorting travelers area protect dangers american revolutionary war bush home loyalists established catering pine bush travelers owned descendant said man king rumors circulated murders carried tavern travel easier following revolution stage coach began carrying passengers cities pine bush cents mile 19th century 19th century saw great improvements modes transportation traveling pine bush better roads soon railroads beginning great western today route new york route built pine bush connected albany west state american midwest replaced order reduce travel time albany chartered railroad state new_york fourth united_states july clinton passenger train united_states traveling mile route heart pine bush time railroad opened parts pine bush settlement farming land speculation earliest residents owned large farm manor hamlet outside albany town claimed sandy soil pine bush best land fruits world west pine bush carved plots known great land sold buyers outside region came inspect land thought useless agriculture tried money selling land outsiders pressures direct settlement roads disturbance pine bush 19th century changes cut disrupted habitat colonial period continued tapped natural resources earlier centuries primary resources wildlife water valued creek roughly streams joined heart pine bush albany northern border form northwestern portion albany west magazine street consisting undeveloped annexed neighboring town town refused annexation said territory portions territory ceded albany current border established law chapter laws new york described pine bush territory lying west present boundary line city large waste land ownership uncertain law authorized albany lay newly annexed territory lots acquire land park system connect lake property old city border 20th century rural south industrial cities early 20th century reverend wife migrated mississippi albany founded christ trips mississippi encouraged friends family albany join church 1930s 1940s reverend felt albany south end originally settled religious life started community pine bush road purchasing acre undeveloped properties rare example chain migration community surviving great migration narrow entity today designated listed state national_register_of_historic_places city albany commissioned study notable architect landscape architect lay city published studies albany lay proposed lake property core new acre natural park leaving grounds natural state fact better city acquired land park portions original property sold developed following century 1950s interstate built pine bush disrupting habitat ecology development took place 1950s 60s construction albany campus 21st century remaining pine bush represents undeveloped land existed prior 1960s longtime mayor 2nd pushed forward lane divided highway extending washington avenue westward fuller road pine bush opened heart pine bush western section city development described knife heart pine bush soon afterward race horse magnate major developer city proposed huge city city acres apartments stores office park schools fire police stations mayor estimated persons live neighborhood groups fought ultimately defeated proposal mayor gave archaeologist donation prevailing historical beliefs concerning structure tavern discovered skeletons tavern floor confirm rumors murders having taken place tavern result project appointed albany municipal archaeologist possibly position nation mayor supported largest purchases pine bush land city preserve approved placing albany pine bush construction authorizing development occurred years office mayor adverse effects bush portion albany pine bush property town sold developers built mall years later city moved dump pine bush dunes single family housing development middle built mid-1970s response developments concerned citizens worried future habitat formed organization filed lawsuits decades stop developments activist group opposed construction town proposed finished expanded double original size largest mall new_york million square feet widespread regional opposition rose plans late 1990s increase size mall million additional square feet retail space plus story hotel activities bowling ice skating miniature golf soccer project finally dropped bill establish state controlled preserve protect pine bush lands committee bill proposed following year local politicians opposed bill albany mayor series letters stated mayor allows final destruction pine bush city albany ancient archaeological ruin pine barren replaced district included portions proposed preserve opposed grounds bill creating state agency like park agency control local communities development legislature established members consist representatives nature towns city albany private citizens appointed governor bank branch new road taken eminent domain state adapted use bush discovery center located pine bush albany expanded times latest acres expected seven years operating life remaining fees paid jurisdictions businesses enable generate million annually albany budget city residents provided free trash collection city committed spending million restore pine bush habitat exchange gaining approval expansion albany opened city set aside patch designating acre forever wild preserve numerous developers approached city proposals development acted protect acres neighboring town borders county property town action complemented larger plans connect complex larger pine bush preserve albany pine bush discovery center nature center albany new_york exhibits activities bush preserve natural history cultural significance center offers public programs programs school groups guided lectures school programs occupies credit union bank branch new road geography pine bush section state new_york occupies parts city albany towns pine bush includes pine prairie grasses northern southern forests numerous wetlands pine bush ranges elevation feet feet sea level geology underlying bedrock consisting laid million years ago bedrock covered deposits sandy glaciers wisconsin began area glacial lake known today extended mid upper large delta formed west albany predecessor flowed lake shoreline lake sands deposited present day cities hudson relieved weight land began rebound lake draining hudson_river deposits sand delta area gradually sculpted wind sand dunes plants later land stabilized dunes pine bush originally occupied square miles km2 acres point largest inland pine north_america ecology flora half protected areas acres currently pitch pine oak additional acres disturbed areas invasive plant growth area protection restored status pine especially use controlled burning remaining pine dominated pitch pine tall layer consisting bear oak dwarf chestnut oak low layer composed black sweet areas pitch pine oak small patches grassland dominated prairie grasses including big little small trees like characteristic flowering plants include bush goat wild prolonged periods natural fire suppression pine bush evolved northern southern hardwood forests forests dominated invasive species occupy roughly acres bush preserve southern hardwood forests dominated black exotic black cherry lesser numbers native oaks exotic invasive tree heaven layer dominated black contrast northern hardwood forests dominated black cherry red maple white pine gray birch green ash oaks pine bush contain mixed forests pine northern oak pine pine hardwood forests dominated species white pine yellow birch mixed scattered red maple layer dominated witch layer composed variety herbs oak pine forest tree canopy oak species primarily black oak white oak red oak mixed pitch pine white pine layer dominated heath shrubs typically black marshes wetlands occur northern boundary pine bush bottoms roughly acres pools mapped ground water fed ponds dominated grasses herbs low shrubs pine bush home federal species concern rare red rooted umbrella occurs pine bush place new york bight watershed plant appears rare occurs pine bush fauna home hundreds species including considered pine specialists known species area discovered 1940s named author butterfly found large numbers grassy openings pine today extremely rare found handful sites attempts butterfly focus food host plant larvae wild blue needs frequent forest fires maintain habitat rare butterflies include edward inland state listed special concern animal rare include broad lined martha bird dropping dagger seen pine bush presumed locally extinct pine bush home species amphibians reptiles indigenous seven species generally seen far north state new_york species jefferson blue spotted spotted state listed special concern animals species turtle spotted turtle wood turtle special concern animals species birds breed according breeding bird fairly common species area species common small mammals found adjacent pine bush
Albany Pine Bush