february july senators oklahoma served senate born affluent circumstances virginia son railroad company president owen suffered reversal fortune family ruined financially teens owen mother responded heading west built new life turn working lawyer administrator journalist federal indian agent founder president community bank achievements brought wider public notice helped way election oklahoma incorporating achieved success lawyer winning major court case behalf seeking compensation eastern lands lost time indian democrat active progressive causes including efforts strengthen public control government fight child labor owen especially remembered senate sponsor glass owen federal reserve act created discussions time resisted campaign formally control banking industry act emerged broadly line owen compromise proposal creating central nominated government alongside regional dominated larger banks owen subsequently highly critical saw bias policies early 1920s early 1930s attributed excessive influence largest banks fed identified largely responsible causing great depression minority view time recent decades gained wide acceptance conservative having popularized 1960s owen unsuccessfully sought democratic_party nomination presidency owen mother foster son career published set memoirs life lived mainstream societies recently attracted scholarly attention republished critical edition early life career owen born virginia february younger sons col civil engineer surveyor president virginia tennessee railroad family welsh origin record public service doctors teachers owen grandfather owen uncle practised medicine served surgeon chief charge thirty hospitals major wartime hospital center civil war owen family lived best known mansion point honor owen attended private schools baltimore maryland relates long civil war husband resigned position president virginia tennessee railway opposition proposed railway consolidation ran evidently successfully election virginia state senator june owen father died financially ruined man family fell hard times owen writing connected struck nation railroads especially hard value father property completely destroyed mother life abundance suddenly compelled earn living teaching music support scholarships initially obtained mother contacts subsequently including president scholarship awarded merit owen able graduate washington received university gold medal debating prowess older brother attended went medical career army eventually retiring rank colonel owen mother conflicting indications extent ancestry owen listing rolls dating records 16th blood mother according account memoirs appear 16th correct imply son 32nd editor memoirs raised possibility missed generation possibly account family tree adjusting possibility blood grown largely capable making use heritage describing father leader moved west trail tears hereditary war chief gave sons parallel indian names derived famous chiefs named noted chief late eighteenth century according memoirs great great uncle advice col family friend confederate colonel leader owen moved indian territory oklahoma accepted member nation served principal teacher orphan asylum mother joined taught music years owen studied law admitted bar served secretary nation worked school system parallel served president oklahoma billed time indian capital world fair held time owner editor indian newspaper based present day oklahoma democrat white house owen launched successful lobbying campaign saw appointed federal indian agent called tribes described student career important position held indian territory absence court system promoted use compulsory arbitration settle thousands civil cases assisted establishment mother served marriage new year eve daughter born white_house changed hands owen left government service organized serving president years later wrote bank narrow survival influence thinking need fundamental reform banking system bank like banks lost percent deposits days panic frightened people caused withdraw funds united_states led creditors press settlement panic demonstrated complete instability financial system america hazards businessmen meet banking system lawyer owen handled number significant cases dealing indian land issues notably took celebrated case behalf government seeking compensation claimed treaty eastern lands lost time indian years owen won case obtained compensation close million successful handling important cases obvious drive ambition legal political career hampered owen physical presence tall man erect bearing kept head hair end life contemporary newspaper profile described looking like leading man society drama new_york_times spoke arrival senate square black eyed young man west continued senator voice impressive asset liquid soft quality talking harsh file aroused time launched political career combination owen lucrative legal lobbying practice controversial land deals business activities including investments mining oil wealthy man political career owen served member helped promote passage act citizenship residents subsequently played leading role group organized pursuit admission union despite receiving overwhelming support referendum campaign ran entirely opposition president congress combined admitted union state oklahoma owen active number efforts increase popular control government consistent supporter prohibition common late 19th early 20th century america supporters prohibition supporters popular control government vice versa campaigned women suffrage oklahoma original constitution worked successfully place direct primary initiative referendum recall combination measures described oklahoma state constitution outspoken critic corruption politics organizers served president time elections accompanied local democrats managed harness popular resentment large corporate earlier republican political dominance words history oklahoma politics november elections oklahoma democratic state half century come owen ran non binding primary senator democrats recommended voters statesman lawyer businessman significantly indian owen took place primary subsequently officially elected legislature democrat united_states senate senators elected simultaneously owen men entered lottery determine serve longer shorter term needing run election owen won draw went member senate class serve term years ending march owen elected defeating primary challenge governor challenge served told december march owen reportedly maintained list names newly elected senator owen campaigned actively behalf presidential election men remain political allies years arrival senate owen second senator time acknowledged native american ancestry alongside republican senator future vice president united_states kansas maternal quarters native american ethnic ancestry curtis original author curtis act dissolved tribal governments tribes including promoted communal tribal lands individuals view encouraging indians mainstream society market economy bill heavily amended committee point curtis reservations legislation final form issues shortly owen elected senate mother published memoirs references son united_states senator exploration cultural identity woman navigating mainstream society recently attracted scholarly attention memoirs published critical edition words editor new edition owen identity fluid process self representation noble savage dominant culture constantly demanded confederate christian friend family member teacher community organizer tribal translator mother indian queen wife social activist painter widow banking issues formation federal reserve act history entered senate time heightened concern financial system exemplified absence central bank felt obliged intervene personally lead rescue financial banking system owen taken close personal interest financial sector issues days inter traveled europe summer study operation major european central banks including meeting senior officials germany banking issues subject maiden speech senate unusually interrupted extensively senators appreciate attack power larger banks early years senate owen proposed range financial reforms including unsuccessful efforts institute national level system insurance bank deposits parallel operated states including onward oklahoma event federal deposit insurance adopted elections saw democrats control white_house senate held house owen lobbied successfully creation new chairman position retain capacity working administration president owen senate sponsor known glass created series financial convinced united_states needed effective resort comparable central banks found european countries advanced economies saw need described elastic currency concept multiple dimensions including money supply respond time development real economy given economy heavily dependent agricultural production monetary arrangements able handle seasonal demand credit yearly harvest worked way distribution system draining money industrial commercial sectors economy said americans retained fear concept central bank informed debate time focused significant degree issues governance control common congressional owen opposed proposal senator system explicitly controlled large banks owen countered words early biographer remedy presented form plan satisfactory provided private control great public utility banking system months following election subsequent assumption office president wilson held meetings authors competing proposals proposed private sector dominated system board primarily private regional reserve banks currency private bank liability glass southern democrat marked centralized power intended proposal differentiated similarly private sector dominated largely absence central institution glass horror wilson told add central agency wilson word model secretary soon wilson son law proposed centralized model featuring government central bank regional reserve system currency government liability owen proposal drafted assistance republican economist assistant secretary treasury represented middle way proposals included national currency board appointed government regional reserve banks currency government liability owen proposal received support progressive ally secretary state bill wilson sent congress closest owen model ensuing months debate owen failed maintain effective control committee tended glass committee house stage august owen publicly support regional structure brought line wilson personally owen committee eventually split middle owen version bill centralized alternative promoted senator nebraska democrat political rival state level owen ally break committee agreed report bills senate recommendation wilson maintaining close watch legislation progress intervening considered necessary ordered senate democrats meet caucus line party owen bill making vote matter party loyalty december senate defeated bill narrow margin republicans joined democrats endorse owen bill comfortable vote signed law december signed act remained closer owen plan alternatives discussed publicly provided greater government involvement proposals particular appointment members central putting region charge regional compromise left important issues settled actually began operations including exact nature relationship coordination achieved different leading student history described compromise follows began operations peculiar hybrid partly public partly private institution intended independent political influence principal officers government board endowed central banking functions central bank reserve banks set rates subject approval washington policy decisions set standards eligible differences view mandate began increasingly open aftermath world war words detailed study owen role shaping fed owen viewed price stability moderate interest rates key objectives early fed leaders preferred focus maintaining international gold standard strength banking system owen critical viewed early 1920s early 1930s follow monetary policies writing stated attempted senate version mandate pursue stable price level avoiding significant inflation provision struck house version bill managed glass described secret hostilities implied originated largest banks recalled opposition time policies pursued referring period continued president credit took place scale force dollar index purchasing power consequence universal bankruptcy bank united_states forced suspend operations close services owen argument stance largely responsible causing great depression considered unorthodox time recent decades view come widely accepted large influence study monetary history united_states work owen helped pass provided credit small farmers owen role creation commemorated grounds washington photograph committee owen discussed section prominent far comparison relatively mundane obscure nature second congress committee narrow focus overseeing claims indian act allowed citizen claims federal government crimes committed native americans committees considered obsolete committee wound major evidence suggests owen assumed leadership committee briefly following death original chairman november second congress committee appointed following investigation finances heavily established select committee standing committee committee terminated committee banking currency fifth banking issues formation committee tribes indians sixth congress tribes term historically applied creek significant presence oklahoma owen chairman committee wound owen paid consistent attention time senate issues affected indian groups tribes actively involved debates indian land rights issues indian mineral rights cases disputes membership different indian nations clear special use promote significant new initiatives owen committee assignments included service inter banking currency end congress iii 62nd congress issues remembered primarily role establishment owen worked wide range issues time senate reflected policy agenda direct bearing interests constituents helped pass removal restrictions act lifted prevailing restrictions sale individual indian land oklahoma issue run extended earlier process converting indian lands communal individual ownership policies long controversial critics converting indian land collective individual tenure removing restrictions argued traditional tribal structures undermined indians induced land rights unfavorable terms owen countered restrictions spirit applied ineffective stated goal protecting indians exploitation obstacle economic development common owen supporter lowering exception oil industry argued protection needed small independent producers state ability import large volumes cheap mexican oil owen opposed course public career sought unsuccessfully strengthen anti trust act attacked described said members illinois legislature elect senate election overturned evidence corrupt methods including vote buying owen said subsequently owen role exposing scandal funding efforts defeat election owen unsuccessful efforts mandate effective disclosure corporate campaign contributions interests open government supporter sixteenth amendment passed congress allowed congress levy income tax states basing census results federal income tax required inter revenues lost federal government reductions rates senate owen continued work support greater popular control government repeated attempts starting propose constitutional amendment providing direct public election senators place election state senate passed seventeenth amendment effect continued strong support extending franchise women opposing amendment restricted franchise whites successful passage nineteenth amendment unsuccessful attempts initiative referendum adopted federal level campaigned unsuccessfully election recall federal judges prevent federal courts declaring acts congress unconstitutional power argued assumed illegally likewise unsuccessful efforts easier amend constitution republicans blocking admission arizona planning admit new_mexico declared grounds opposing arizona arizona constitution included initiative referendum right recall enhanced public sovereignty owen long supported generally expected arizona return democrats senate new_mexico expected favor republicans owen senate hours forced senate vote joint admission states course message brought come president sincere effort reach accommodation arizona owen responded present president advise present engaged addressing presidents united_states onwards encouragement brother william medical doctor served years army owen campaigned unsuccessfully establishment cabinet level promoted information achievements demonstrate potential systematically organized programs field public health efforts create cabinet level initiated similarly failed achieve success lifetime combined eventually added cabinet president april owen actively involved efforts outlaw child labor served sponsor owen act aimed prohibiting sale interstate commerce goods manufactured child labor united_states act struck unconstitutional decision supreme_court hammer noted dissent justice holmes following court decision owen initially unsuccessful attempt pass legislation limited modification event congress responded court decision child labor tax law products child labor turn declared unconstitutional vote bailey congress sought amend constitution power regulate child labor finally owen retirement active political life unanimous supreme_court united_states overruled decision process endorsing going principles set forth holmes dissent ruled commerce clause gave congress right regulate conditions employment owen close ally president wilson american involvement world war withheld support campaign fellow democratic senator oklahoma gore repeated criticisms wilson positions war peace gore defeated democratic primary went lose general election republican gore eventually returned senate following election owen worked unsuccessfully war salvage wilson hopes participation january time ailing wilson refused reservations influential republican senator refused accept membership reservations owen issued compromise small group parties including lodge substantial progress agreement wilson intense opposition anti league senator learnt discussions pressured lodge pulling owen concerned prospects international economic recovery war november wrote wilson warning gold standard temporarily broken urging president address problem emphasized importance post war period united_states helping european countries obtain credit marketing owen unsuccessful attempts early post war years promote establishment help expand credit international trade campaign presidency final years politics owen launched run presidency oklahoma undertook tour states seeking support spring published number books period involvement passage views variety economic foreign policy issues works owen received indications support fellow progressive long time ally party time standard bearer joined campaign visits western states support owen lukewarm influence party past peak placed focus promoting cause prohibition main theme eventual speech convention declined run nomination multiple reasons health problematic described journalist end life expected democrats defeat privately left open possibility accepting nomination exceptional circumstances owen gained significant endorsements time democratic national convention san_francisco owen ambitions candidacy favorite son appearance received votes ballot increased twentieth ballot support came primarily state votes nebraska adopted state ballot received votes putting fourth place oklahoma delegates remained loyal fourth ballot owen released ensure unanimous vote party nominee governor ohio chronicler owen career relates efforts secure owen consent accept nomination vice president failed efforts appear originated party nominee decisive preference running mate slate went defeat landslide owen later views international affairs escape controversy initially firm supporter treaty versailles including assertion german responsibility outbreak world war views changed radically influence studies including publication extensive incomplete materials diplomatic archives pre war russian foreign office major speech senate december primary responsibility war france especially russia germany owen hoped public issue war guilt encourage reversal clauses imposed germany versailles settlement way reconciliation germany france attempts promote senate investigation war guilt question narrowly defeated largely party lines fellow democrats concerned undermine reputation expert report prepared library congress broadly supportive owen arguments event published considered unlikely obtain support following retirement senate owen publish book advancing thesis title gigantic intrigue time owen wrote convictions underlying efforts war guilt issue germans war forced russian german russian french belgian allied peoples alike victims happiness future peace world require reconciliation german french people said seen owen war guilt question degree growing detachment current political issues following democrats loss elections domestic administration return offered little scope advances owen progressive agenda international affairs turn policy ran counter long held principles february owen announced run election march age retired senate owen campaign presidency year reached ballot delegates cast votes leading student owen political career sums overall assessment follows owen failed live expectations ambition case productive united_states senator order later life death owen retirement democratic_party failed retain seat senate reflected split party candidacy oklahoma governor removed office governor november accusations inter acted corpus face race riots won nomination largely platform local democratic leaders including owen declined support candidacy seat won landslide republican candidate seat reverted democratic control elected senate retirement senate owen initially practiced law undertook lobbying formally adopted took presidential election owen felt unable support party nominee smith strong anti prohibition position connections subsequent deep regret prominent democrat endorse candidacy republican returned democratic fold strong endorsement retirement owen worked personal proposal develop promote universal alphabet based principles inducted later years owen blind wife died washington complications surgery july buried spring hill cemetery virginia near beloved mother family members fellow sponsor glass owen federal reserve act owen experienced frequently strained relationship lies nearby works list focuses owen book length works shorter pieces prolific journalism individual speeches code peoples rule compilation statutes etc relating people rule system government league nations proposes propose new_york new_york foreword dated october money creators chicago gigantic intrigue time edition privately printed second edition published albert new_york god european war new_york results work united_states_army recording owen delivering speech dating heard library congress website cgi field range archive owen papers library congress smaller collections largely covering period retirement senate link albert center
Robert Latham Owen