insects order includes species associated human habitats species known ancient group dating far period million years ago early ancestors lacked internal modern somewhat insects special adaptations like likely primitive living insects common hardy insects tolerate wide range environments arctic cold tropical heat tropical bigger temperate species contrary popular belief extinct relatives large biggest modern species species german elaborate social structure involving common shelter social dependence information transfer recognition appeared human culture classical antiquity popularly depicted dirty great majority species live wide range habitats world taxonomy evolution members order includes group insects thought separate currently species genera described worldwide comes spanish word transformed english folk etymology scientific derives latin insect light classical latin applied historically largely whilst refer true exclusively includes current catalogue world species uses group earliest like fossils period million years ago fossil 19th century scientists believed ancient group insects origin according hypothesis fossil lived time differ modern having long external ancestors modern body hind wings preserved fossils frequently relationship modern remains disputed fossils modern internal appeared early cretaceous recent phylogenetic analysis suggests originated evolutionary relationships shown based families shown placed families previously known previously regarded separate order recent genetic evidence strongly suggests evolved directly true authors place evidence supported hypothesis suggested closely related wood eating genus hypothesis originally based similarity gut regarded living fossils wood eating additional evidence emerged noted similar morphological characteristics similarities led scientists single family order scientists taken conservative approach proposing retain order measure preserves classification family level description species size species bigger world heaviest australian giant reach length weigh comparable size central american giant grows similar length longest species reach length species largest wingspan insects special adaptations primitive living insects relatively small head broad flattened body species reddish brown dark brown large compound eyes long flexible antennae underside head include touch taste body divided segments abdomen external surface tough contains calcium protects inner organs provides attachment muscles coated wax repel water wings attached second segments pair wings tough protective lying shield hind wings flight wings branching longitudinal veins multiple cross veins pairs legs large claws attached segments legs shortest hind legs longest providing main power insect runs spines legs earlier considered sensory observations insect sand wire demonstrated help difficult terrain structures inspiration robotic legs abdomen segments pair segment bears pair pair anal styles external males sperm females storing sperm laid distribution habitat abundant world live wide range environments especially tropics withstand extremely cold temperatures allowing live arctic species capable surviving temperatures manufacturing north_america species separated families found continent species found australia widespread species commonly regarded occupy wide range habitats live leaf litter stems vegetation rotting wood holes stumps bark log piles debris live arid regions developed mechanisms survive access water sources aquatic living near surface water bodies including diving forage food piercing water surface tip abdomen acts carry bubble air shield live forest canopy main types present hide day dead leaves bird insect nests emerging night feed behavior social insects large number species inclined aggregate slightly smaller number exhibit parental care thought reacting environmental cues believed involved behaviors species gut involved use located produced cuticle enable distinguish different populations odor behaviors involved studied species german leave trails odor gradient follow trails discover sources food water hiding behavior group behavior emerges simple set individual interactions daily rhythms regulated complex set controls small understood role proteins pigment factor isolated found key rhythms pest species adapt readily variety environments prefer warm conditions found buildings tropical species prefer warmer environments mainly nocturnal run away exposed light exception asian flies night attracted brightly lit surfaces pale colors collective decision making display collective decision making choosing food sources sufficient number individuals exploits food source signals newcomer stay longer leave mathematical models developed explain dynamics recognition group based decision making responsible complex behaviors resource allocation study placed dish shelters capacity insects insects arranged shelters insects leaving shelter capacity shelters increased insects shelter arranged shelter cooperation competition balanced group decision making behavior appear use pieces information decide dark study specially sized robots appear real demonstrate insects place form critical mass accepted collective decision hide unusually light place social behavior german different behavior isolation group study isolated likely leave shelters explore spent time eating interacted exposed took longer recognize receptive females changes occurred contexts authors suggested syndrome effects reduced developmental rates isolated individuals fact isolated individuals hadn training period learn like antennae individual american appear consistently different personalities seek shelter addition group personality simply sum individual choices reflects collective decision making german american elaborate social structure chemical signalling social herd characteristics fellow researchers stated sounds species noise noise madagascar produces sound modified fourth abdominal segment different produced including disturbance sounds produced adults larger aggressive courtship sounds produced adult males organ abdomen purpose sound produced unclear australian species practice acoustic vibration behavior aspect courtship observed producing air forced furthermore presence potential mate tap substrate rhythmic repetitive manner acoustic signals greater prevalence species particularly live low vegetation australia tropics biology digestive tract generally american example feeds great variety including bread fruit leather book paper skin hair dead insects clothing species harbor bacteria gut able digest species essential insect utilize species wood eating able survive indefinitely diet free micro organisms similarity genus suggested closely related current research strongly supports hypothesis relationships species studied far carry exception australian cave dwelling species eyes pigment wings recent genetic studies indicate primitive previously thought families descended common ancestor infected subsequently lost alternatively hypothesis need examined breathing like insects breathe system tubes called attached openings called body segments carbon dioxide level insect rises high open carbon dioxide oxygen system branches repeatedly finest bringing air directly cell allowing exchange place lungs continue heads removed large species body contract forcibly air considered form breathing reproduction use attract mates males practice courtship rituals like insects mate facing away contact prolonged species known need males female seen carrying egg cases end german holds long thin eggs case called drops capsule prior hatching live occur rare instances egg capsule hours lay initially bright white color eggs hatched combined pressure air initially bright white continue air harder darker hours white stage hatching later led claims development eggs adults takes months live year female produce egg cases lifetime favorable conditions produce offspring species produce far eggs cases female needs able lay eggs rest life female usually egg case substrate suitably protective carries eggs hatch species keeping eggs inside body egg case hatch genus fully viviparous incomplete meaning generally similar adults undeveloped wings development generally slow months year adults long lived survived years laboratory insects species capable remaining active month food able survive limited resources postage stamps air minutes japanese cold winters survived hours laboratory experiments experiments specimens species found variety functionality remained including shock avoidance escape behavior insects able survive popular claims longevity appear based published research severed head able survive wave antennae hours longer given nutrients popularly suggested inherit earth humanity destroys nuclear war higher radiation resistance lethal dose times humans exceptionally radiation resistant compared insects fruit fly ability withstand radiation better human beings explained cell cycle cells vulnerable effects radiation dividing cells divide time weekly juvenile time unaffected acute burst radiation lingering radioactive fallout harmful relationship humans research education ease insect models laboratory particularly fields reproductive physiology social behavior convenient insect study large simple raise laboratory environment makes suitable research school undergraduate biology studies experiments topics learning sexual spatial orientation aggression activity rhythms biological clock ecology include thirty species associated humans species thousands species order feed human pet food leave offensive odor transport body surfaces particularly environments hospitals linked reactions humans proteins reactions linked control tried search control major pest species fast breeding household chemicals like suggested evidence effectiveness garden herbs including bay mint proposed poisoned bait containing acid powder effective adults egg killers effective reducing population alternatively containing effective singapore malaysia taxi drivers use leaves repel vehicles parasites predators effective biological control sting nerve temporarily victim allowing wasp deliver second sting brain wasp clips antennae drinks dragging prey egg laid wasp feeds subdued living trapped deep smooth walled food inside placed reach opening example ramp card twigs outside inch water beer insects captured method works american german conservation small minority associated human habitats viewed people species conservation concern lord wood feeding listed endangered extinct lord howe island introduction rats spread rhodes grass fires possible reasons species currently listed endangered critically endangered restricted distribution threatened habitat loss rising sea levels adults known exist threatened hotel development action taken save species protecting natural habitats prevent extinction soviet_union populations declining rate exaggerated phenomenon temporary culture known considered useful classical times insect named greek identified mentioned aristotle saying sheds skin described foul play peace called pest book collections page eating destructive black bodied named avoids light elder recorded use describes insect seeking dark corners avoid light recorded use ground oil remedy asserted tea given know cup find faith remedy strong american population new_orleans boiled placed wound adds eaten fried species raised food pets species raised pets commonly giant madagascar space tests given sent space russian scientists test terrestrial animal birth space long association humans frequently referred popular culture western culture depicted dirty journal noted frequently seen found way sailing ship ran aground destroyed rocks satirical novel stay community mythical town insects named human counterparts madonna famously quoted survivor like rid urban legend maintains immortal
Cockroach