river river significant river reasons city adelaide capital south_australia flows kilometres source near past city centre south upper stretches river watershed supply significant city water supply river long linear parks constructed lake lower stretch iconic city discovery inland bend chosen site adelaide city centre river named colonel chairman colonial commissioners significant figure city founding river known native river tributaries highly variable flow drain area square kilometres range raging damaging bridges flooding city areas completely dry summer winter spring flooding prompted construction flood reduction works constructed sea outlet linear parks holding contain peak flow river flora fauna deliberately accidentally impacted settlement 19th century native forests cleared gravel removed construction foreign species introduced construction linear parks species native river introduced species controlled european settlement river frequently touted tourist attraction early years settlement river acted city primary water source main sewer leading cholera river runs largely westward centre adelaide gulf vincent originates close eastern fault near approximately metres sea level runs predominantly north south ground structures formed million years ago era cretaceous earliest metre fault affects rivers flow formed million years era origin river follows rolling relatively level country entering hilly section continues river follows rock strata entering gorge flows gorge passing face associated flows rocks varying resistance erosion led interspersed narrows broad basins base adelaide central business district runs shallow valley floor slope fan structure fan shows river entered gulf vincent time deposited sediment outflow locked coastal sand dunes forming areas tributaries fed numerous seasonal creeks dry year main creeks join south crosses adelaide path plains tributaries known fifth creeks closest adelaide city centre rest numbered eastward originally named respectively flow vigorously winter spring dry small flows limited areas upstream word meaning flowing official fourth creek adapted electoral district school creek flows second creeks particularly heavily modified sections converted concrete channels run private gardens run underground pipes original vegetation disappeared creeks particularly closest city introduced species including bamboo displaced native flora largest sixth creek joins gorge road water flow time european settlement river chain bounded large trees flowing area city adelaide sited river invisible beneath gravel stream bed frequently flooded winter reach sea instead ending coastal dunes waters created vast shallow freshwater wetlands wetlands known dominant vegetation occupied large area western adelaide plains fed waterways river flowed sea following heavy rain river area approximately km2 largest adelaide region upper reaches create water supply metropolitan adelaide river supplying adelaide upper average annual rainfall millimetres eastern end millimetres near variable flow leaving early settlers use trial error determining bridge heights bridges consequently washed away adelaide climate flow rates change flood conditions quickly june prior major flooding flow rate entered suburbs cubic metres second rising days later river capable performing week rainy season sweeping swamp summer adelaide guess times river merely chain fresh water pools present moment running water spanned hand sounded settlement repeatedly flooded disastrous consequences adelaide western suburbs especially prone flooding location river fan development adelaide progressed rainfall required flooding decreased consequent damage increased increased runoff modification river banks changes served problem work groups flooding counter productive creation moving widening channels works simply shifting flooding early floods september resulted people drowning trying cross river september largest recorded settlement began brewery washed away river undermined foundations flood particularly widespread extensive flooding river tributaries year millimetres rain compared adelaide average millimetres river flooded market gardens farms hills course causing extensive damage inundated parade adelaide areas west city left shallow lake river ran feet deep near feet foot bridge destroyed bridge damaged fourth creek washed away discovery naming european sighting river november exploration party comprising lieutenant river named party later renamed colonel colonel chairman south australian commissioners december light announced location new city adelaide miles inland river banks europeans explore gorge sources river january recent years river known indigenous people meaning river red forest referring dense forest lined banks prior clearing early settlers alternatively referred lake section river adelaide north adelaide known near reed beds flood translated water running river survived naming places adelaide changes early years surrounding trees cut river gravel road making construction buildings natural environment removed banks eroded gradually filled river noted black sewer stream 1830s guise river ugly impossible describe river area consists cleared farmland run captured private dams sustain farming adelaide dry summer combined river use water greatly reduced overall flow especially lower river flood flood bill passed combat damage caused floods public health risk lack western suburbs popular opinion favoured flood waters natural outlets port rivers chief engineer department works favoured cutting sand dunes near allowing river outlet floods preventing advocated construction reservoir floods provide summer irrigation water market gardens unfortunately bill action government local councils unwilling fund works opened summer water source flood required bill passed enact earlier plan cutting dunes adding upstream regulating bill lack commitment parties payment major flood led latest series government parliamentary standing committee public works recommended outlet river created accommodate flows cubic metres second covering year flood work partly financed grant arranging balance western eastern local councils shared interest costs scheme enacted largely completed creation channel scheme involved diversion river near adelaide airport original channel blocked new channel created sea swamps subsequently drained area site suburb based recommendations report flood work began 1960s building opened capacity remains reservoir river fed river committee formed advise minister works preserving enhancing river natural beauty developing recreational uses river acquisition act passed purchase land cases metres river banks development removal reduced outlet capacity year flood study showed year flood properties dam level raised modified breakout creek channel capacity increased bridges reinforced development plan approved purchase land length river create flood linear park modify dam sea outlet enlarged capacity covered year flood opened bridges designed cope scale flood bridges likely lake created construction landscaping modification river bank surrounds english formal park lake forms adelaide events scenes elder park iron opened november largely glasgow built metre high iron funded sir park named prison labour build wooden dam near site current dam poorly constructed immediately washed away construction permanent concrete begun november completed cost gates closed begin filling acre july lake official opening july estimated entire population adelaide attended flood overwhelmed gates jammed trying free designer crippled rebuilt relocated centre section replaced gates fully raised river allowed flow boats privately owned recreational ferries operate lake elder park boat launched foot boat built banks hold passengers named purchased cruise boat placed service years new boats built port adelaide carrying passengers numbered trips zoo family outing boats hosted weddings events march owner riverside took introduced recreational boats river brush royalty march queen elizabeth_ii prince philip followed choir prime minister officially launched new models named iii wooden boats replacements water use early days adelaide bathing stock rubbish disposal water supply facto sewer drainage led range health issues finally outbreak killed children day governor bathing clothes washing disposal animal mile town quality river water helped water supply methods drive water prevent built facility steam powered pumps water storage filled act passed enable upstream water supply purposes resulting water commission arranged following year foundations laid water supply miles adelaide near unsuitable geology work contractors led washed away july site abandoned replaced government created started construction miles city reservoir completed june reservoir began supplying water december found contractors forced resign water captured storage water tower kent town water kent town storage distributed manually controlled water system years years citizens adelaide port adelaide connected water foothills completed storage reservoir supplied tunnel public built north current supplied water progressively upgraded change including olympic size swimming pool diving tower demolished way adelaide festival centre reservoir constructed high town earth bank dam fed mile long tunnel river elevation allows gravity supply water adelaide eastern suburbs bridges river path centre adelaide transport necessitated construction bridges prior bridges crossings proved dangerous practice winter spring bridge timber built approximately metres west current city bridge destroyed floods september allocated bridge years wooden bridges built subsequently destroyed floods june english manufactured iron city bridge opened extending king widened converted lane bridge new wider concrete bridge proposed width relieve congestion particularly match days adelaide oval bridge duly replaced concrete arch structure proposed distinctive lamp fittings designed south australian artist victoria bridge extends street crosses rail lines adelaide railway station river bridge opened june time bridges built site current bridge concrete box bridge opened march premier south australia adelaide lord mayor bridge constructed bridges joined appear continuous spans rail lines second river bridge designed central pillar river allowing lanes rowers compete interference albert bridge adjacent carries road river timber bridge constructed west current bridge named old bridge current bridge named prince albert royal consort queen_victoria wrought iron structure parallel manufactured england feet long span feet bridge feet wide originally timber deck replaced concrete coats arms inside bridge contains city motto translates united common good bridge listed city adelaide heritage register complete restoration finished bridge appearing opening east zoo opened late known built built wheat farmers northern access flour mill stood later built current bridge site crossing built timber beam bridge saw replaced span timber bridge december foot long foot wide arch bridge connects victoria drive rear university oval war memorial drive bridge conceived engineering undergraduate university funded grant designed university staff supervision chief engineer south australian railways construction delayed economic effects great depression bridge arch spanning river bridge south_australia murder occurred vicinity bridge resulted calls reform south_australia laws homosexuality law lecturer thrown river plaque bridge commemorates death subsequent homosexuality south_australia bridges spanned including railway bridge built carry port railway lines bridge constructed adelaide railway station built road reconstructed bridge narrow hay laden damaged posts past built replacing ford site built connect avenue lower road crossing built replace ford flora fauna river food source small fish reduction water quality changing river habitat introduction european fish species led reduction fauna quantity diversity exotic pest species european perch trout greatly reduced native fish populations like big headed native common river pacific black ducks australian wood ducks black species seen number exotic species reduced recent years places steep banks river ideal habitat long river tributaries population water rats australian swamp rats water rats remain reduced numbers introduced black rat brown rat largely supplanted natives house mouse common widely found native rushes upper river club rush spike rush common reed sea rush pale rush river red blue trees found forest seen european present original vegetation species like native cherry native pine australia floral emblem golden today river source river flows westwards continues gorge entering suburban adelaide path paralleled passes city centre forming opposite river continues remaining kilometres sea constructed outlet creek provide water storage adelaide capture river flow form supplies adelaide water needs average year uses water lower river city surrounding rubbish accumulation lower river controlled numerous collection racks sediments filtered constructed wetlands earliest linear river park australia bounds suburban end river park long numerous bicycle tracks south bank lake adjacent adelaide festival centre annual festival mass singing christmas annual public events year tourist boats small boats black lake icons area frequently featured photographs city limited natural river flow born organic material lower river particularly lake significant levels bacteria spring summer numerous formed improve river water quality including created minister environment conservation river recreation filled rowers use lake training year round clubs boat houses secondary schools participate annual head river located banks rowing held lake course summer months year contested club school crews
River Torrens