botanical garden botanical garden garden garden dedicated collection cultivation display wide range plants labelled botanical names contain specialist plant collections plants gardens plants particular parts world special collections tropical plants alpine plants exotic plants visitor services botanical garden include tours educational displays art exhibitions book rooms open air theatrical musical performances entertainment botanical gardens run universities scientific research organizations associated research programmes plant taxonomy aspect botanical science principle role maintain documented collections living plants purposes scientific research conservation display education depend resources available special interests pursued particular garden origin modern botanical gardens traced european medieval medicinal gardens known gardens founded 16th century early concern medicinal plants changed 17th century interest new plant imports outside europe gradually established independence medicine 18th century systems nomenclature classification devised working universities associated gardens systems displayed gardens educational order beds rapid rise european late 18th century gardens established tropics economic focus hub near london years botanical gardens cultural scientific organisations responded interests botanical gardens display mix themes mentioned having strong connection general public opportunity provide visitors information relating environmental issues faced start 21st century especially relating plant conservation definitions role major botanical gardens worldwide considered broadly similar fall textbook definitions following definition produced staff liberty bailey covers detail functions activities generally associated botanical gardens botanical garden controlled staffed institution maintenance living collection plants scientific management purposes education research libraries laboratories museums essential particular botanical garden naturally develops special fields interests depending personnel location extent available funds terms charter include test grounds departments maintains scientific plant growing staff publication major modes expression broad outline expanded garden independent institution governmental operation affiliated college university department educational institution related teaching program case exists scientific ends restricted diverted demands merely ornamental garden artistic experiment station park labels plants essential element intention enterprise acquisition botanical knowledge contemporary garden strictly protected natural urban green area managing organization creates gardens holds documented collections living plants preserved plant containing functional units actual potential value purposes scientific research education public display conservation sustainable use tourism recreational activities production plant based products services improvement human new royal society dictionary points kinds organisations known botanical gardens public gardens little scientific activity cites abbreviated definition published iucn launching gardens conservation strategy garden garden containing scientifically ordered maintained collections plants usually documented labelled open public purposes recreation education research reduced following definition encompasses spirit true garden garden institution holding documented collections living plants purposes scientific research conservation display education botanical gardens network worldwide botanical gardens countries temperate regions europe russia north_america increasing number gardens attract million visitors year hardly surprising people gained exciting introduction wonders plant world botanical garden historically botanical gardens exchanged plants publication seed lists called latin 18th century means transferring plants information botanical gardens system continues today possibility genetic piracy transmission invasive species received greater attention recent times formed worldwide organisation affiliated recently coordination provided mission gardens engage partners securing plant diversity people planet members gardens countries strongly supports producing range resources publications organizing international conferences conservation programs communication happens united_states new_zealand historical development history botanical gardens closely linked history botanical gardens 16th 17th centuries medicinal gardens idea botanical garden changed encompass displays beautiful strange new economically important plant trophies returned european colonies distant lands later 18th century educational function demonstrating latest plant classification systems devised working associated tried order new treasures 19th 20th centuries trend combination specialist eclectic collections demonstrating aspects idea scientific gardens specifically study plants dates antiquity grand gardens ancient history near eastern royal gardens set aside economic use display containing plants gained special collecting trips military campaigns abroad known second millennium bce ancient egypt crete mexico china bce chinese emperor sent collectors distant regions searching plants economic medicinal value suggested spanish conquest influenced history botanical garden gardens established king gardens greatly impressed spanish invaders appearance indigenous employed medicinal plants classical world europe early medieval gardens resembled gardens future example 11th century garden physician author later taken garden chronicler christian conquest founded garden plants collected botanical expedition included morocco persia sicily egypt medical school founded spanish arab physicians included garden site given garden status gardens botanical gardens modern sense developed gardens main purpose herbs medical use research experimentation gardens long history europe example aristotle bce bce said garden athens educational purposes study inherited possibly set pupil father debate science historians garden ordered scientific considered botanical suggest appropriate attribute earliest known botanical garden europe botanist mentioned elder 1st century ancient gardens shared characteristics present day botanical gardens modern botanical gardens generally regarded medieval monastic gardens originated decline time contained garden vegetables section set aside specially labelled medicinal plants called generally known garden orchard gardens probably given impetus issued listed herbs gardens found british gardens occurred naturally continental europe demonstrating earlier plant introduction pope set aside vatican grounds garden medicinal plants promote teaching forerunner university gardens established certainly founding early gardens instigated members medical profession 17th century european gardens 17th century botanical gardens began contribution deeper scientific curiosity plants botanical garden defined scientific academic connection true botanical gardens established revival learning occurred secular gardens attached universities medical schools resources teaching research gardens professors international factor probably contributed creation independent discipline descriptive medicine origins botanical gardens associated university medicine founded physicians referred english delivered lectures mediterranean cultivated grounds student education doubt stimulated relatively recent advent printing publication botanical gardens exist original locations tradition italian gardens passed spain botanical garden similar gardens established netherlands amsterdam germany leipzig botanical garden der kiel botanical garden berlin switzerland old botanical garden scotland france des faculty medicine garden paris paris sweden beginnings botanical science 16th 17th centuries plants imported major western european gardens eastern_europe nearby asia provided found place new gardens studied plant experts day example asian introductions described director turn botanical garden university vienna plants collected especially plants turkey laid foundations dutch breeding industry helped create earliest formal botanical gardens europe detailed planting lists possible recreate garden near original site perfect square divided quarters continents system beds struggling contain rushing better known important survey exotic plants animals consulted today inclusion new plant introductions gardens meant scientific role widening gradually asserted independence medicine mid late 17th century centre interest greatest number new introductions attract public england founded garden society garden heated appointed head wide influence plants poured world garden golden age came 18th century world richly stocked botanical garden seed exchange programme established continues today 18th century increase maritime trade plants brought europe trophies distant lands displayed private estates wealthy commercial public botanical gardens heated called feature botanical gardens industrial expansion europe north_america resulted new building skills plants sensitive cold kept winter progressively elaborate expensive heated cape dutch east indies 18th century marked introductions including plants dutch trade dutch_east_indies resulted golden era amsterdam botanical gardens boom construction founded initially royal garden set aside garden curator taught garden chronicler son charles curator original garden planted claimed garden far richest europe gardens spanish real madrid set new species returned expeditions tropics helped found new tropical botanical gardens following example french spanish amateur collectors supplemented official botanical plant hunters great era european especially british means ideas knowledge styles economy politics goods given international reach justified spreading development improvement time england woody plants north_america popularity increased enormously encouraged botanical collecting expeditions overseas fostered sir keen interest economic end 18th century sir enjoyed golden age plant hunting sending collectors southern african cape australia chile china ceylon sri_lanka brazil acting great botanical exchange house british_empire earliest days present ways exemplified garden ideals respected worldwide published work scientists education students public programmes scientific plant classification large number plants needing description listed garden time established system nomenclature greatly facilitated listing process names plants dried plant specimens mounted card garden dried plants stored buildings called taxonomic research institutions frequently associated botanical gardens order beds display classification systems developed gardens museums botanical gardens scientific collections published descriptions new exotic plants recorded detail superb botanical illustrations century botanical gardens effectively dropped medicinal function favour scientific aesthetic priorities term garden came closely associated library later laboratories housed living collections little research undertaken 19th century late 18th early 19th centuries marked establishment tropical botanical gardens tool colonial expansion trade commerce science mainly british dutch india asia caribbean time sir botanical collections captain planet oceania formed phase plant introduction grand scale tropical botanical gardens currently tropical botanical gardens concentration southern south eastern asia botanical garden founded tropics botanical garden mauritius established provide food ships port later distributing plants economic importance followed west_indies calcutta india founded period prosperity city trading centre gardens constructed brazil sri_lanka botanical garden site dating indonesia botanical gardens singapore profound effect economy countries especially relation foods introduced rubber trees initiated important rubber industry time teak tea introduced india pepper caribbean included charter gardens investigation local flora economic potential colonists local people crop plants introduced gardens association european botanical gardens amsterdam included tea coffee sugar cotton palm oil chocolate times rubber plant introduced singapore especially tropics larger gardens frequently associated museum economy botanical garden considerable influence development agriculture ceylon rubber tree introduced imported plant south_america examples include cotton tea india transfer temperate tropical botanical gardens undoubtedly responsible range agricultural crops currently regions tropics australia botanical gardens australia founded early 19th century sydney melbourne established essentially colonial gardens economic auburn botanical gardens located sydney western suburbs popular diverse botanical gardens area new_zealand major botanical gardens new_zealand include hong_kong renamed sri_lanka sri_lanka major botanical gardens include formally established egypt garden famous botanical gardens egypt located cairo dates south_africa oldest botanical garden south_africa located site established site dating oldest university botanical garden south_africa established united_states botanical garden united_states garden founded near philadelphia year philadelphia president george_washington experienced farmers shared dream national garden collection preservation study plants world contribute welfare american people paving way establishing garden right outside nation capitol founded world leading gardens specializing tropical plants popular american gardens including brooklyn garden international peace garden russia russia botanical gardens country major garden republic satellite gardens better known gardens saint_petersburg botanical garden moscow botanical garden academy sciences gardens notable structures include sculptures memorials tea houses smaller gardens russia increasingly gaining prominence botanical garden northernmost botanical garden exhibition plants kind upper ukraine ukraine respected collection botanical garden founded national botanical garden botanical garden founded located capital ukraine 20th century civic municipal botanical gardens large number civic municipal botanical gardens founded 19th 20th centuries develop scientific facilities programmes aspects strong plants labelled botanical gardens sense building collections plants exchanging seeds gardens world collection policies determined day day charge tended little beautifully maintained parks general parks community engagement second half 20th century saw increasingly sophisticated educational visitor service interpretation services botanical gardens started cater interests displays reflected including botanical exhibits themes evolution ecology taxonomy displays attractive borders plants different parts world special collections plant groups roses specialist collections tropical plants alpine plants traditional gardens medicinal plants specialised gardens like frankfurt germany world leading plant collections popular renewed interest gardens indigenous plants areas dedicated natural vegetation decreasing financial support governments revenue raising public entertainment increased including music art exhibitions special botanical exhibitions theatre film supplemented advent friends organisations use volunteer guides plant conservation plant conservation heritage value exceptional historic landscapes treated growing sense urgency specialist gardens given separate adjoining site display native indigenous plants 1970s gardens focused plant conservation established iucn aim coordinating plant conservation efforts botanical gardens world maintains database rare endangered species botanical gardens living collections gardens hold conservation collections preserve genetic variation held seeds dried stored low temperature tissue culture millennium living plants including special historical scientific interest held united_kingdom managing preserving areas natural vegetation collections held cultivated intention original habitats missouri coordinates conservation native north american species role functions functions botanical gardens discussed sections emphasise scientific botanical gardens focus research education conservation organisations sites special interests remarkable paper role botanical gardens director melbourne stated cases objects botanical garden mainly scientific predominantly detailed objectives pursued world botanical gardens middle 19th century european gardens height listed sense scope botanical gardens activities time ways differed parks called public pleasure gardens botanical gardens find compromise need peace time satisfying public need information visitor services include restaurants information centres sales areas bring rubbish noise attractive landscaping planting design compete scientific interests science taking second place gardens heritage landscapes subject constant demand new exhibits environmental management gardens plant shops selling flowers herbs vegetable suitable like botanical garden centre plant research plant breeding programs introduce new plants trade future botanical gardens built botanical garden largest gardens world completed house large scale cloud forest huge development botanical gardens china recent years remarkable including botanical garden tropical economic plants south china botanical garden botanical garden tropical plants developed countries closed lack financial support especially true botanical gardens attached universities botanical gardens responded interests values day single function chosen early literature botanical gardens scientific flowing value formative years botanical gardens gardens physicians progressively associated ornamental needs general public scientific reputation botanical garden judged publications coming similar facilities living collections interest economic plants relevance concern plant classification systems disappeared fascination curious beautiful new unlikely diminish recent times focus creating awareness threat earth ecosystems human consequent need biological physical resources botanical gardens provide excellent medium communication world botanical science general public education programs help public develop greater environmental awareness understanding meaning importance ideas like conservation photo gallery
Botanical garden