argument theological argument known argument design intelligent design argument argument existence god generally intelligent creator based perceived evidence deliberate design natural physical world historically closely associated concept earliest recorded versions argument associated ancient greece argued taking older argument student aristotle student developed complex approaches proposal intelligent cause influence developed battery arguments broadly known label argument design philosophy influenced development religions ways argument long association middle ages islamic argument rejected unnecessary islamic philosophers later argument accepted included fifth ways proving existence god early modern england known proponents early 18th century published gave demonstration attributes god works creation later work natural theology published prominent presentation design argument version analogy use phrase argument design beginning numerous criticisms different versions argument responses challenge claims non natural science especially important general logical arguments published explanation biological complexity given origin species published 1960s arguments including words intelligent design influential development creation science movement especially form known intelligent design movement uses argument argue modern understanding evolution makes philosophical claim provide basis scientific proof divine origin biological species starting classical greece approaches argument developed distinguished understanding natural order literally created non approach starts clearly aristotle believed intended approach simple sense agrees cosmic intelligence responsible natural order rejects proposal requires creator physically maintain order find argument convincing followed medieval philosophers later considered argument acceptable necessarily best argument contrast approach philosophers intelligent design movement makes claim intelligence natural order certain changes occur nature history concept intelligence natural order ancient rational argument concludes know natural world designer creating intelligence human like purposes appears begun classical philosophy religious judaism islam christianity developed versions argument later variants argument design produced western philosophy christian classical philosophy argument intelligent design appears begun concept cosmic intelligence older argued developing older idea citing born possible earlier proponent proposal order nature showed evidence having human like intelligence goes origins greek natural philosophy science attention nature special reference revolving heavens person definitely known explained concept word original greek term leads modern english intelligence latin french translations aristotle reports earlier philosopher named taken similar position philosophers philosophers proposed similar intelligent ordering principle causing life rotation heavens example like earlier described cosmic order living things caused cosmic version love attributed reason speak tradition saying philosophers agree mind king heaven earth right later states ensuing discussion confirms declared old mind rules universe report memorabilia earliest clear account argument evidence nature intelligent design word traditionally translated discussed design reported pressed young men look things market consider tell things showed evidence blind chance compare nature consider blind chance dying discovery concept cosmic cause order things important turning point expressed disagreement understanding implications doctrine understanding complained restricted work cosmic beginning events happened causes like air water hand apparently insisted loving particularly concerning humanity desire cosmic active manager apparently preceded aristotle presented description explaining likely story form myth history commentators disagreed elements myth seen position calls manifesto points followers denied intended classical times writers aristotle understood proposing world originated intelligent creative act character explain concept supreme wisdom intelligence creator work perspective built analysis order structure world presented republic story propose creation order chaos imitating eternal forms world eternal forms represented matter divine contrasts sharply 4th century prominent debate persist ancient world mechanism got shot arm adopted divine choice simple structured regular world arise processes intelligence system student friend aristotle continued tradition criticising natural scientists sought modern science explain terms matter chance motion influential future development classical straightforward required creation nature meaning god requirement intervene nature creator administrator instead direct intervention creator scarcely aristotle entire functioning natural world heavens ultimately understood shared myth suggests living things based single species tells story living things humans aristotle presented influential idea type normal living thing based fixed form species aristotle felt biology particularly important example field natural science ignored information needed order understand living things example birds use wings purpose flight complete explanation regard natural artificial fact proposals species changed chance survival similar called natural selection known aristotle rejected logic conceded new forms life come chance disagreed ascribed nature purely chance believed science provide general account normal distinction normal nature accidental nature important aristotle understanding nature pointed aristotle happy physics fear crafts occasional mistakes analogy nature according aristotle changes happen nature caused formal causes example case bird wings final cause purpose flying explicitly compared human technology comes art sake clear come nature clear animals art inquiry reason people completely loss intelligence way spiders ants things work absurd think thing happen sake sets motion clear practices medicine nature like question understand aristotle conception nature having purpose direction like human activity controversial details example argued biology approach practical meant nature analogous human art explanations organ greatly informed knowledge essential function position universally accepted case aristotle understood way followers middle ages saw consistent religion understanding nature consistent medieval interpretation works aristotle clearly argued case highest god prime ultimate cause specifically material cause eternal forms cause natural order including living things clearly refers entity having intellect humans share helps humans true forms things relying purely sense perception physical things including living species understanding nature aristotle arguments nature influential middle ages europe idea fixed species remained dominant biology darwin focus biology common today criticisms modern science roman era developed battery arguments broadly known label argument design reported argument nature gods book includes early version analogy later developed water clock tells time design chance imagine universe devoid purpose intelligence including artifacts important classical supporter argument works major sources medical knowledge modern times europe lands like looked constantly engaged arguing unlike aristotle major influence unlike believed evidence literally like found worked physical nature works especially explained evidence complexity animal construction work shows early signs contact contrast pagan christian tradition creation criticizing account found bible moses suggests saying god ordered grow contrast tradition technician surprisingly aristotle considered best writer subject shared value books speculative philosophy inquiries world superior power wisdom man saw having everyday importance living asserted author reported real position including types speculative science philosophy connection argument discussions complexity living things insistence possible practical scientist aspects modern uses argument medieval philosophy theology late classical christian writers appeal general revelation paul argues romans plain created world obvious god marcus late 2nd 3rd century early christian writer argued existence god based analogy ordered house orders went house found neat orderly kept surely assume master better good things belongings house universe heaven earth marks order law assume lord author universe stars portions entire world mentioned idea world ordered changes movements fair appearance visible things evidence world created created save god islamic philosophy early islamic philosophy played important role developing philosophical god jewish christian middle ages concerning argument lasting effects tradition came discussions difficulties type proof forms argument design islamic philosophers time early 9th century rejected schools mention god ran sufficient evidence argument design seen early islamic philosopher instead took approach nature ordered god like literally manages world later convinced proposed instead argument existence god argument later accepted philosopher great anti philosophy opponent term argument translated argument providence accepted argument believed explicitly mentioned despite like aristotle proposed order continual motion world caused god intellect like predecessors subject disagreement uncertainty generally agreed adapted traditions agreed fact god create way fact treated argument religious arguments existence god principal proof according aristotle proof motion universe causes position valid proof physical proving conscious opposition position later jewish christian philosophers aware debate generally took position closer jewish philosophy example argument jewish philosophy appears medieval philosopher cites passage holy says lift eyes high created things host number calls crude form argument design possible way reading text asserts generally biblical texts existence god taken granted recalled explanatory text recognized existence deity fact world exhibits order design makes analogy building owner world looked god says world guide examples 19th century philosopher called argument design cardinal principle jewish faith american orthodox legend 2nd century told philosopher believe world created god produced beautiful poem claimed come cat accidentally knocked pot ink ink document poem result philosopher impossible author concludes universe come author creator writings widely accepted catholic western europe heavily influenced aristotle islamic jewish philosophers presented argument work presented ways attempted prove existence god arguments feature arguments literal reading holy texts sums argument follows fifth way taken governance world things lack knowledge natural bodies act end evident acting nearly way obtain best result plain achieve end lacks knowledge end directed endowed knowledge intelligence arrow directed archer intelligent exists natural things directed end god notes existence final causes cause directed effect explained appeal intelligence natural bodies aside humans possess intelligence reasons exist directs final causes moment god newton affirmed belief truth argument wrote words appendix second edition elegant system sun planets arisen design dominion intelligent powerful view god known works supported popularized newton friends lectures newton supervised newton wrote delivered lecture wrote treatise eye principles work considering men sic deity find useful purpose german philosopher disagreed newton view design argument clarke correspondence argued newton case god constantly world design adjusted thought universe created way god need intervene quoted wrote according newton doctrine god wants needs wind watch time time cease sufficient perpetual motion considered argument design moral certainty supported idea pre established harmony wrote proof pre established harmony particular form called theological proof known argument design according universe completely individual substances known programmed act way russell wrote form argument states harmony arisen common cause exactly explained creator pre determined british 17th century dutch writers argued intricate structure world like house unlikely arisen chance writing late 17th century developed idea excluding geometry science attain knowledge sensual experience response advanced form things continue exist perceived humans perceive objects continue exist god order objects remain existence god exist century referred argument treatise human nature appears support argument design notes claims thrust analysis treatise supports design argument according obliged infinitely perfect architect later critical argument presented dialogue friend loves friend gives version argument saying proponents paint magnificent colours order beauty wise arrangement universe ask glorious display intelligence come random coming chance produce greatest genius sufficiently admire presented arguments argument character argument universe man machine concludes principle similar effects similar causes designing intelligence look round world find great machine subdivided infinite number lesser machines admit subdivisions degree human senses trace explain machines minute parts adjusted accuracy admiration men contemplated curious adapting means ends nature resembles exactly exceeds productions human human design thought wisdom intelligence effects resemble led rules analogy causes resemble author nature somewhat similar mind man possessed larger work executed argument argument prove existence deity similarity human mind intelligence hand satisfied argument design attempts number including arguably darwin theory makes point god resembles human designer assuming divine characteristics justified goes joke far perfect creation perfect designer universe rude essay infant deity object superiors natural theology starting published stream books best known example explicitly subtitled demonstration attributes god works creation natural theologian listed scientific observations variations nature proposed proved infidelity end section gravity instance writes concluded manifest design structure work intelligent artist power skill equivalent work sense sound writes intelligent infinitely wise god fine body medium susceptible impression sense hearing occasion animals express sense meaning concludes sign man glorious work creation thing mere chance god writes directly influenced later work power limitations kind reasoning illustrated history appeared france light hearted peasant finally convinced wisdom creation arguably approach beginning conversion story taken succession moral writers presenting valid argument proposition wisdom god displayed creation analogy analogy framing argument reference dates reported argument think highly achievement making model revolutions nature creating perfection original shows times great remarked universe troubles think clock exists presented version analogy start natural theology found watch ground watch happened place hardly think knew watch answer serve watch stone happened lying ground reason different parts differently shaped different size placed manner order placed motion carried machine answered use served according argued complexity utility evident design functioning watch natural world feature biological organism like watch showed evidence designed way adapt organism survival environment complexity utility observed conclusion designed constructed god holds natural correct natural theology strongly influenced british science expectation expressed truths revealed science conflict moral truths religion natural philosophers saw god cause sought secondary causes explain design nature leading figure sir wrote analogy intermediate causes fresh species come found natural process theology student found arguments compelling later developed theory evolution book origin species offers alternate explanation biological order autobiography darwin wrote old argument design nature given conclusive fails law natural selection discovered darwin struggled problem evil suffering nature remained inclined believe nature depended designed laws commended gray statement darwin great service natural science bringing instead morphology versus shall morphology darwin owned subject inclined look resulting designed laws details good bad left working chance wish evidence design sides misery world persuade god created express intention feeding living bodies cat play mice believing necessity belief eye designed recent proponents arguments published bold combine scientific theological thinking proposed version argument based accumulation individual biological adaptation accounts evolutionary theory explain individual adaptations cites insists case exceeds sum parts explain adaptation encyclopedia philosophy notes critics insisted focusing piece evidence reminding end hold water critics objected particular use probability theory challenged relevance kind reasoning belief contributions philosophical theology sought apply sophisticated versions probability theory question god existence improvement work spirit uses probability taking account order functioning nature fit human intelligence universe understand workings human aesthetic moral religious experience writes existence order world confirms existence god existence order world probable god probability order right kind greater god existence order adds greatly probability god acknowledges argument reason believe existence god combination arguments arguments evidence mystical experience thinks discussing arguments offered probability version argument book god minds contingent object know product intelligent design product intelligent design universe contingent object probably universe designed following produced slightly different version book world shows amazing order exhibiting order products intelligent design probably world result intelligent design probably god exists created world following criticism arguments course said form universe enormously virtual infinity possible forms actual form sense fact humans makes special requiring explanation fine tuned universe modern variation argument built concept fine tuned universe according website fine tuning refers surprising precision nature physical beginning state universe explain present state universe best scientific theories require physical nature beginning state universe extremely precise values fine tuning universe apparent delicate balance conditions necessary human life view speculation vast range possible conditions life exist explore probability conditions life exist example argued force big bang explosion different strong interaction force different life impossible terms argument relation fine tuned universe god responsible achieving perfect conditions regard fine tuning writes mere fact enormously event occurred gives reason think occurred design attributes argument fine tuning understand argument consider reaction different events john wins lottery game immediately tempted think john acting behalf cheated john won consecutive immediately tempted think john acting behalf cheated believes intuitive reaction scenarios justified structure event belief intelligent design cause despite fact probability winning consecutive games exactly probability winning game event intelligent design considers argument subject noted versions design argument undoubtedly correct thinking justified design case winning consecutive know related facts events know exist intelligent agents right motivations abilities deliberately bring events second know past experience events usually explained deliberate agency agents pieces information obviously justified seeing design cases problem fine tuning argument lack pieces needed justify design point argument establish fact exists intelligent agency right abilities motivations bring existence universe capable sustaining life second obviously past experience genesis worlds position know existence fine tuned usually explained deliberate agency intelligent agency lack essential background information justified exists intelligent deity deliberately created universe capable sustaining life spent life converted late life intelligent involved way design conditions allow life arise evolve concluded fine tuning universe precise result chance accepted existence god said commitment evidence leads meant ended accepting existence god flew proposed view held earlier universe young life developed purely chance intelligent exist involved designing conditions required life evolve super calculating intellect designed properties carbon chance finding blind forces nature utterly course common sense interpretation facts suggests physics chemistry biology blind forces worth speaking nature numbers facts overwhelming conclusion question creation science intelligent design version argument design central creation science intelligent design unlike design god given laws proponents seek scientific confirmation repeated history life argue science taught science classrooms teaching evolution effectively barred united_states public school outcome 1960s led teaching evolution response resurgence presented creation science based biblical bible quotes optional explicit references bible optional morris book scientific came versions bible quotes survey found virtually literature promoting creation science presented design argument saying living thing gives strong evidence design intelligent designer ignorance data peter lead assign chance publications introduced concepts central intelligent design including complexity variant analogy specified complexity closely resembling fine tuning argument ruling edwards barred teaching creation science public schools breached separation church state group intelligent design presented scientific theory religious argument scientists disagreed assertion intelligent design scientific introduction science curriculum pennsylvania school district led dover area school district trial ruled intelligent design arguments essentially religious nature science court took evidence theologian ruled new scientific argument old religious argument existence god traced argument 13th century framed argument complex design exists designer nature complex nature intelligent designer argument existence god advanced early 19th century reverend apparent difference argument argument expressed defense expert witnesses official position acknowledge designer god proponents intelligent design movement asserted science based religious nature commonly refer scientific use assertion support claim modern science contrast preferred approach revived natural philosophy supernatural explanations natural phenomena supports science ignores distinction science religion established science use supernatural explanations intelligent design advocate proposed development watch analogy argued favour intelligent design unlike attempts prove existence intelligent designer god classical uses analogy propose complexity argues loses parts longer function argues complexity object guarantees presence intelligent design claims instances complexity natural world parts world designed negative argument step step evolution ignores longstanding evidence evolution proceeds changes function preceding systems specific examples proposes shown simpler act different functions arguments general specific cases numerous scientific papers response ironically given absence detail explanation complain explanations lack sufficient detail tested way proposal university_of_chicago writing states molecular biology growing realization cells molecular computing networks process information internal operations external environment decisions controlling growth movement implications argument states natural genetic engineering systems produce radical genetic apparatus single cell generation suggests calls way non non type evolution significance emerging interface biology information science hold thinking evolution opens possibility addressing scientifically central issue contested sides debate guiding intelligence work origin species displaying exquisite adaptations book evolution view 21st century refers concept natural genetic engineering says proved troublesome scientists feel supports intelligent design argument suggests function oriented capacities attributed cells kind thinking scientists taught avoid costs criticism classical original development argument design reaction explicitly non nature reported reacting natural philosophers survived debates roman eras clear sources debate continued generations striking metaphors today unseen infinite monkey roots period known proponents argument design counter arguments refined famously hand criticized evidence evidence intelligent design nature logic defensive faced challenge explaining directed chance cause appears rational order defence revolved arguments infinite monkey metaphor apparently arguments time saying infinite planets having order like planet know refined argument proposing actual number types nature small infinite making long period time certain orderly outcomes result positions held classical times complex position continued held schools like aristotle insisted nature rational order concerned describe way rational order caused according example metaphor seen metaphor understood agreeing aristotle rational order nature works form unlike everyday fact according proposal thing nature fitting rational order thing need directed higher better writes insists justify belief extended objects quotes writing species objects found constantly experience observation analogy guides reasonably follow nature effect cause bear similarity resemblance effects causes found instances proponents argument suppose universe effect singular proof deity cause singular notes observe god conjunction involving observed conjunction ground extended objects god causes presented criticism argument character religious voices criticisms argument argues design argument built faulty analogy unlike man objects witnessed design universe know universe result design size universe makes analogy problematic experience universe order chaos parts universe argues small great system short time discovered decisively concerning origin proposes order nature nature nature contains principle order need designer removed argues universe designed justify conclusion designer god god classical impossible argues perfect nature creator nature creation argues designer imperfect suggesting universe poor attempt design pointed argument necessarily lead existence god deities combine framing world developed insights arguing things universe exhibit order knowledge created material imperfect finite beings forces argued known instances perfect infinite creating probability salmon concludes universe created type intelligent argue accuses salmon begging question piece evidence uses argument molecules caused design equivalent conclusion draws universe probably caused design molecules universe origins issue evidence conclusion referring theological proof discussed argument critique pure reason referred oldest appropriate human reason rejected heading section words theological proof accepting criticisms wrote argument proves intelligence arrangement matter universe existence supreme architect argument try prove existence god required concealed appeal argument prove existence god observed argument design prove existence powerful intelligent designer prove designer god sole argument conclude probable intelligent superior prepared fashioned matter conclude matter infinite sense questioned existence god rejecting rational arguments god existence including argument grounds reason inevitably accompanied doubt proposed argument design consideration future events serve undermine proof god existence argument finish proving god existence writes works god god perform works god works existence directly immediately given wisdom nature goodness wisdom governance world manifest face things confronted terrible doubt impossible finally dispose doubts order things surely attempt prove god existence began finish addition live constantly suspense terrible suddenly happen bit proof demolished argument harshly critical theology intelligent design book god book contends appeal intelligent design provide explanation biology begs question designer origin raises additional questions intelligent designer far complex difficult explain capable designing believes chances life arising planet like earth orders magnitude probable people think principle effectively skepticism regard example suggested potential life earth probable boeing assembled hurricane argues time event subject way natural selection like random chance furthermore refers counter argument argument argument big traditional guise argument design easily today popular argument offered favour existence god seen large number completely utterly convincing strong suspect argument precisely opposite direction intention argument properly deployed comes close proving god exist statistical demonstration god certainly exist ultimate boeing argument takes general form doesn difference called intelligent design observed phenomenon living creature complex organs universe correctly language information theory challenged explain source information living matter technical sense information content measure surprise value entity seek explain designer designer got god ultimate boeing argument turns familiar question god designer god explain organized complexity god capable designing complex demand kind explanation right god presents infinite help escape argument demonstrates god technically considered argument powerful argument argument design implies terms argument follows things world especially living things look designed know looks designed designed designer god accused misunderstanding argument particularly version flawed argument book case god points considers flaw argument design consider idea nature product design demonstrated nature provides basis comparison distinguish designed objects natural objects able presence design extent characteristics object differ natural characteristics claim nature designed destroy basis differentiate artifacts natural objects perception purpose biology philosopher biology argued darwin treated structure organisms purpose organism designed god picture absolutely central darwin thinking refers metaphor design organisms appearance designed thanks discovery natural selection know true review ruse book writes routinely refer design organisms traits properly speaking apparent design refer design refers illusion purpose design progress adds purpose fundamentally manner evolution processes selection adaptation illusion purpose utter functionality designed nature biological world suggests biology ordered closer inspection true function questionable rejects claim biology serves designed function claiming biology purpose book blind states animals complex things known universe biology study complicated things appearance having designed purpose argues natural selection explanation biological complexity divine theologian pointed fine tuning carbon responsible nature ability tune degree entire biological evolutionary process depends unusual chemistry carbon allows bond elements creating highly complex molecules stable prevailing terrestrial temperatures capable conveying genetic information especially dna argued nature creates fine tuning constituents universe evolutionary process initiated unique chemistry carbon ultimate foundation capacity nature tune proponents intelligent design question philosophical assumptions critics regard designer claims arguments merely science overtly theological failing provide analysis hypothetical objective relative merit critics suggest purported cosmic designer produce optimal designs numerous biological criticisms demonstrate ideal ideas characterizes argument straw man suggests principle constrained describes best designer hope achieve knowing objectives designer position designer proposed faulty compromise objectives criticizing design tend place premium individual organisms design optimal degree individual higher order designs entire ecosystems require lower order designs individual organisms fall short function criticisms argument assumes existence intelligent design merely examination life reminiscent human design designed considering crystals certain case find intelligence ways order design come purely physical forces design claim challenged argument analogy supporters design suggest natural objects man objects similar properties man objects designer probable natural objects designed proponents demonstrate available evidence taken account argues speaking familiar objects watches basis object designer universe unique isolated case compare basis making individual objects basis applying universe hold constituent elements universe professional support modern evolutionary synthesis merely alternative explanation complexity life better explanation supporting evidence living organisms obey physical laws objects long periods time self structures arose later formed dna similar discussions hindu school logic version argument design writes view complexity world existence creator fact world parts context created world argument parts world constructed intelligent agent account effect effect constructed intelligent agent like pot world effect constructed intelligent agent hindu schools deny existence god proved creator perceived dialogues speaker saying existence god established proof proved exhibit analogous instance buddhist criticism logic buddhism denies existence creator god rejects argument flawed argue creation world shown analogous creation human artifact pot 18th century german philosopher thought man ancient chinese natural religion know creator world later changed mind extent reading religious perspective weak writings 6th century philosopher known similarities modern naturalist science notes processes nature guided consciousness consciously
Teleological argument