april july american fire prevention engineer widely known advocate idea linguistic differences grammar usage speakers different languages experience world differently principle frequently called hypothesis mentor called principle linguistic saw idea having implications similar principle physical life chemical engineer profession young man took interest interest drew study quickly went study indigenous languages professional scholars impressed work received grant study language mexico return home presented influential papers language conferences led begin studying yale_university maintaining day job time yale worked description language historical languages publishing influential papers professional journals chosen substitute medical leave taught problems american indian addition known work linguistic wrote grammar sketch studies proposed maya writing published attempt reconstruction death cancer manuscripts friends worked spread influence ideas relation language culture works published posthumously decades death 1960s views fell favor subject harsh criticisms scholars considered language structure primarily reflect cultural differences critics argued ideas poorly formulated based badly analyzed misunderstood data late 20th century interest ideas experienced resurgence new generation scholars began reading works arguing previous critiques engaged actual ideas attributed ideas expressed field linguistic studies remains active focus research linguistic continues generate debate controversy proponents proponents comparison work development concepts law historical met broad acceptance biography early life son born april massachusetts artist intellectual designer working commercial artist later benjamin younger brothers john richard went notable artists john internationally renowned painter illustrator richard actor films later emmy nominated television director shows benjamin intellectual young age conducted chemical experiments father photographic equipment avid reader interested middle american read conquest mexico times age began diary recorded thoughts dreams career fire prevention graduated degree chemical engineering academic performance average quality married mother children time began work fire prevention engineer inspector particularly good job highly commended employers job required travel production facilities new_england inspected describes arriving chemical plant denied access director allow production procedure trade secret having told plant produced wrote chemical formula piece paper saying director think surprised director asked knew secret procedure simply answered couldn way helped attract new customers favored thorough recommendations famous job argue language use affects behavior described workplace gasoline drums stored room ones said drums dangerous workers handled carefully point smoked room drums room ones argued speaking filled drums extension workers oblivious risk posed smoking near drums early interest religion language spiritual man lifetime religion followed subject debate young man produced manuscript titled discarded evolution causing scholars describe devout impressed supportive life main religious interest organization based buddhist hindu teachings promotes view world unity brotherhood distinction race creed sex color scholars argued conflict spiritual scientific driving force intellectual development particularly attraction ideas linguistic unpublished manuscripts spirituality suggest influenced ideas founder wrote cosmic evolution belief regards source evolution human races continuously higher forms said groups people come contact people capable excited ideas new ideas interested originally analyzed biblical texts seeking uncover hidden layers meaning inspired work began analysis early manuscripts hebrew maya described exhibiting considerable degree sought uncover meanings letters early studies studied biblical mainly library library extensive collection materials native american folklore originally collected library friends young boy later went study psychology edited published selection essays language thought reality collection interest antiquity began studying language later beginning studied collections maya texts quickly materials began scholarly dialog maya archaeologist harvard_university presented paper presented translation document held harvard began study comparative language family recently demonstrated linguistic family addition studied languages close correspondence field studies mexico promise shown work advised apply grant support research considered money travel mexico manuscripts library suggested spend time mexico documenting modern application proposed establish nature language leaving presented paper stem series maya conference argued languages syllables carry symbolic content awarded grant traveled mexico_city professor contact speakers serve outcome trip mexico sketch published death article series found monument noted similarities form meaning maya day signs yale return mexico entirely linguistic theory field middle american met leading day professional conferences came yale university_of_chicago position professor sent copy paper tones replied stating means published prepared publication took course yale american indian enrolled program graduate studies nominally working phd actually attempted obtain degree satisfying participating intellectual community yale joined circle students included took central role students respected profound influence thinking earliest writings espoused views relation thought language stemming tradition acquired regarded language historical embodiment ethnic world view influenced current logical early particularly richards meaning meaning adopted view natural language potentially mind perceive describe world view proper perception accomplished formal stay yale acquired current thought partly partly readings influenced science distanced approaches language meaning saw lacking insight polish philosopher general espoused chase admired work frequently sought reluctant considered chase utterly incompetent training background handle subject ironically chase later write foreword collection writings work descriptive encouraged continue work historical descriptive published articles topic period close friend took special interest language started working speaker village living manhattan new_york credited source information language took short field trip village second reservation arizona appointed honorary research fellow yale invited serve committee later yale awarded lecturer replacing ill gave graduate level lectures problems american indian assistance elaborated report progress linguistic research department yale report includes influential contributions linguistic theory concept covert categories lee argued report linguistic theories exist condensed form mainly report exerted influence discipline descriptive final years late health declined operation cancer fell period deeply influenced death early writings years laid research program linguistic memorial article relation thought behavior language particular taken definitive statement issue frequently quoted piece year published articles mit technology review titled science exact science language logic invited contribute article journal published madras india wrote language mind reality final pieces offered critique western science suggested non european languages referred physical phenomena ways directly reflected aspects reality european languages science ought pay attention effects linguistic efforts describe physical world particularly criticized european languages promoting mistaken world view advances sciences suggested languages dedicated attention processes dynamics stable argued paying attention physical phenomena described study valuable contributions science pointing ways certain assumptions reality implicit structure language language guides attention speakers certain phenomena world risk leaving phenomena risk overlooked posthumous reception legacy death friend appointed curator unpublished manuscripts published years death friends decade following particularly ideas linguistic coined term hypothesis conference published article titled hypothesis contributed idea proposed hypothesis basis program research published studies indigenous languages cultures found cultural patterns linguistic ones term technically went widely known label ideas according work recognized superb professional quality anti work began fall favor decade death subjected severe criticism scholars language culture psychology criticized reliance evidence hypothesis scientifically test ideas limited examination relation structure perception advocate straight language thought instead wrote language culture grown mutually shaped argued aim hypothesis test simple outset failed test ideas focusing color terminology easily differences perception vocabulary brown published study color terms slightly support weak effect color terms color perception began line studies investigated principle linguistic testing hypothesis declined 1960s 1980s began psychology formal terms studies period refuted hypothesis demonstrating linguistic diversity surface masks underlying universal principles studies highly critical language analyses examples lack academic degree 1980s mentions continued led widespread view ideas proven wrong treated severely scholarship decades described prime boys introductory texts late 1980s advent sought reputation scholarship began question earlier critiques justified 1960s philosophers aware hypothesis philosophers published scathing critiques strong viewpoints black characterized ideas demonstrating according black viewpoint concept linguistic meant translation languages different conceptual schemes impossible recent assessments lee consider black interpretation based inaccurate characterization viewpoint absurd given time spent trying translate different conceptual schemes view critiques based lack familiarity writings according recent scholars accurate description viewpoint thought translation possible careful attention subtle differences conceptual schemes criticized failing sufficiently clear language influences thought failing provide real evidence support assumptions arguments took form examples speculative functioned attempts exotic traits connected considered equally exotic worlds thought defenders admitted writing style convoluted attributed awareness language use reluctance use terminology pre existing argues indigenous languages exaggerated according tendency data judged historical context wrote time racism predominant qualities languages comparable complexity europe argues considered pioneer pioneer human today followers schools thought continue oppose idea linguistic seeing ridiculous example argues book language instinct thought exists prior language independently view espoused philosophers language interpretation language human thought humans think natural language language communication think language natural language following calls attacks calls radical position declaring examine arguments sense scholars bent criticized views arguing resurgence linguistic studies experienced resurgence 1990s series favorable experimental results brought favor especially cultural psychology linguistic study directing positive attention position women fire dangerous things argued right track focus differences categories source differences psychologist published books topic analyzing intellectual hypothesis arguing previous studies failed appreciate thinking unable research agenda actually test claims proposed new research design hypothesis linguistic tested avoid earlier studies claimed tended categories studying second book study relation categories language mexico writings published capable lee argued previous hypothesis largely ignored actual writings consequently asked questions unlike asked year volume linguistic edited gathered range researchers working linguistic bring renewed attention issue theories updated subsequent review new direction linguistic cemented development considerable research linguistic carried especially scholarship edited volumes linguistic studies scholars turn scholars frequently dismiss dull boring positive findings influence linguistic categories thought behavior subtle spectacular suggesting excitement linguistic promised spectacular findings able provide views compared philosophers late considered language important bearing thought reasoning compared views social considers development children social use language shared interest psychology read works seen similarities work ideas literary theorist read approach meaning similarly ideas interpreted radical critique science work linguistic best known main proponent called principle linguistic known hypothesis named stated principle form hypothesis idea linguistic categories influence perception shared scholars articles gave specific examples saw categories specific languages related conceptual patterns pointed research program taken subsequent scholars called studies degree influence language thought read statements lend interpretation supported linguistic example quoted passage writes nature lines laid native language categories types world phenomena find observer face contrary world presented impressions organized minds means largely linguistic systems minds cut nature organize concepts largely parties agreement organize way agreement holds speech community codified patterns language agreement course implicit terms absolutely talk organization classification data agreement introduced new principle holds observers led physical evidence picture universe linguistic backgrounds similar way statements nature terms language taken suggest meant language completely determined scope possible neo argue writing terms speak world terms think noted communicate thoughts experiences members speech community speakers use linguistic categories shared language requires experiences shape language speak process called thinking speaking interpretation supported subsequent statement individual free describe nature absolute constrained certain modes interpretation thinks free similarly statement observers led different pictures universe understood argument different making translation different conceptual linguistic systems impossible argue work main points systems aware differences conceptual schemes linguistic analysis time study time widely discussed criticized example linguistic analysis argues relation people time speak temporal relations grammar language elaborate argument existence linguistic based saw fundamental difference understanding time conceptual category argued language contrast english languages treat flow time sequence distinct instances like days years single process difference language lacks refer units time proposed view time fundamental aspects culture furthermore explained certain patterns behavior memorial essay wrote language seen contain words forms construction expressions refer directly time past present future challenged analyses temporal expressions concepts numerous examples language refers time argues language system consists future non future single difference tense system european languages system combines past present form single category critique widely cited final piece evidence ideas concept linguistic scholars defended analysis arguing claim lacked words categories describe concept time altogether different english speakers described categories tense noting time divided past present future common european languages single tense refers present past refers events happened happen future described large array stems called describes aspects referring units time english european languages contributions linguistic theory distinction overt covert categories widely influential british wrote notion conception grammar models reality eventually turn major contributions twentieth century furthermore introduced concept word describes variants single placed cornerstone consolidating early theory term popularized paper english went standard usage american tradition considered example linguistic principle describes different sounds treated reflections single language makes different sound appear similar native speakers language point unable distinguish special training wrote extremely unlike determining observer picture linguistic pattern makes like like makes unlike unlike central inquiries approach later described published essays articles interested ways speakers come aware language use able describe analyze language language saw ability arrive progressively accurate descriptions world partly ability construct describe language affects experience ability different conceptual schemes endeavors taken development study awareness published radical influential subsequently field linguistic studies languages conducted important work languages demonstrated valid language family working established familiarity language group met time yale published articles notes language published comparative review survey work served cement foundations comparative studies native american language studied language studied colonial documents later subject field work experience based studies argued language category invented mexico working native speakers studied grammar sketch dialect published lifetime published posthumously influential basic description modern scholars description dialect condensed places difficult understand unique terminology concepts work generally considered technically advanced produced analysis related history stop length languages work prepared publication considered valuable description endangered kind include detailed analysis phenomena achievements determine reason language found languages family existence previous caused reconstruct based evidence paper published journal argued resulted languages having undergone sound change original position sound law known law considered valid detailed understanding precise conditions took place developed friend published paper elaborated language family proposed originally family comprising languages languages maya series published unpublished studies 1930s argued writing extent work maya script gained support harvard main authority culture strongly rejected ideas saying writing lacked component impossible based linguistic analysis argued exactly reluctance apply linguistic analysis maya languages held sought cues values elements specific signs realized system logo approach understanding maya script known central claim script writing 1950s
Benjamin Lee Whorf