november june leading member movement early 20th century famous political activism writing born russian_empire present day lithuania emigrated united_states lived new_york_city involved movement time lover lifelong friend undertaking act propaganda deed unsuccessful attempt assassinate businessman served years prison experience prison basis book prison memoirs release prison served editor journal later established journal blast sentenced years jail conspiracy newly draft release prison arrested hundreds deported russia initially supportive country revolution soon disillusioned voicing opposition soviet use terror seizing power repression fellow revolutionaries published book experiences myth living france continued work support movement producing classic exposition principles abc communist suffering ill health committed suicide life early years born lithuanian city called russian_empire youngest children born jewish family father successful leather merchant mother née came prosperous family granted right successful businessman jews generally restricted russian_empire family moved saint_petersburg city previously limits jews adopted russian alexander known family friends alexander lived comfortably servants summer house attended gymnasium received classical education youth saint_petersburg elite youth influenced growing spreading workers russian capital wave political culminated bomb blast killed parents worried correctly turned death result repression jews minorities intrigued radical ideas day including upset favorite uncle mother brother sentenced death revolutionary activities soon turned father died business sold family lost right live saint_petersburg moved family brother lived shown great promise student gymnasium studies began spent time reading novels books interested novel fathers sons discussion philosophy truly moved novel felt inspired protagonist willing sacrifice personal pleasure family ties single minded pursuit revolutionary aims soon joined group school reading discussing revolutionary literature prohibited new distributed banned material students wrote radical tracts printed supplies school turned paper titled god resulted year punishment basis dangerous tendencies mother died uncle responsible contempt desire maintain order avoid conflict understand found appealing radical ideas worried bring shame family late year caught stealing copies school exams expelled labelled decided united_states brother left germany early study medicine took opportunity accompany way new_york_city new_york_city soon arrival new_york knew spoke english involvement groups formed campaign free men convicted bombing joined pioneers liberty jewish group group affiliated organization defendants belonged regarded men members worked industry pioneers liberty took strikes helped establish jewish labor unions city long prominent members organization soon came influence best known united_states advocate propaganda deed violence carried encourage masses revolt newspaper met began romance russian immigrant invited lecture fell love despite disagreements share mutual devotion decades united principles love end year moved communal apartment cousin referred prison memoirs friend principles inspired living according example denied smallest pleasures expected comrades hand occasionally brought home flowers grew penny spent taken cause luxury crime weakness time cousins reconciled eventually broke aligned group associated emphasized individual freedom feared dominance movement single individual opposed establishment organizations consequently opposed soon working publications remained committed concept violent action tool inspiring revolutionary change end learned russian admired cancelled american speaking tour basis expensive struggling movement disappointed action elevated stature eyes relocated worcester massachusetts operated successful end june saw newspaper headline brought attention trio opportunity political action homestead strike june workers steel plant homestead pennsylvania locked negotiations failed factory anti union manager hired armed guards break union picket lines guards arrived factory morning july broke union workers seven guards killed hour fight newspapers country defended union workers trio decided assassinate believed assassination working class unite revolt capitalist system assassinate kill explain motives death follow event failed mission russian idols tried bomb failed went pittsburgh plan use arriving pittsburgh july sought followers supported homestead strike met man counted support invited stay introduced local ready carry assassination july wore new suit black derby hat pockets gun dagger fashioned steel file went office asked saying representative new_york hiring agency told busy meet following night checked hotel role model july returned office attendant told new_york employment agent returned burst office took aim head shots tackled ground managed pull dagger stab times carpenter working nearby heard hit head hammer blow stunned struggle heard seen street minutes office attracted sorts people continued resist deputy sheriff aimed gun said don shoot leave law police led jail angry crowd gathered shouted questioned police said arrived pittsburgh july acted dynamite capsule discovered mouth policeman noticed july police officer took portrait lent tie picture following day arrived pittsburgh pockets dynamite finish assassination attempt rumors arrival preceded saw newspaper headline read sic mission murder frightened hid dynamite returned new_york stayed jail months awaiting trial hour day exercise prisoners understand motive attack surely personal dispute business quarrel explanations met fellow prisoner homestead worker stand trial throwing dynamite told workers believe violence connection homestead strike business hurt workers cause action pittsburgh questioned police arrested charged plot took sides supported country spoke defense defending defendants criticized believed struggle peaceful prominent critic hired garner sympathy published article newspaper titled reflections wrote propaganda deed doomed misunderstood wrote action proven demonstrated certain heroism respects attempt total failure deeply interested debate concerning action preached propaganda deed life country encouraged words wrote spread idea masses read papers writings publish shown men capable revolted crimes capitalism point giving life end crimes open way end trial declined services lawyer trial warden cautioned choice replied don believe laws don acknowledge authority courts innocent morally visited lawyers offered represent charge refused trial approached drafted speech read court written german english poor pages long took hours read tried learn date trial kept secret district attorney fear attack comrades unaware trial morning began brought courtroom september jury district attorney selected jury allowing examine prospective judge objection unusual procedure charged counts assault intent kill assault intent kill office time attack entering offices occasions carrying concealed weapons pleaded guilty charges told jury attempt life clothes wore day bloody holes shown jury physician testified weapons gun dagger caused death testified fired pistol asked intend kill think replied said true didn intend witnesses told jury visited offices times dagger gun placed evidence prosecution rested asked witnesses instead asked read statement jury german translator brought court refused sworn began reading prepared statement translator began speak behalf jury discovered man incompetent thought man voice cracked spoke jury broken english effect statement thought lost hour judge told time finish leaving jury box found guilty charges judge gave maximum sentence count total years prison year served argued sentenced attempt life charges elements main crime assault intent kill judge overruled objection hours tried convicted sentenced brought serve sentence pennsylvania western prison weeks arrival prison began planning suicide tried blade attempt discovered guard spent night dungeon thought beating head bars cell worried efforts leave alive wrote letter asking secure dynamite capsule letter smuggled prison arrangements visit november posing sister knew soon saw brought dynamite capsule years assassination attempt men produced issues hand written newsletter transferring work cell cell managed send completed called prison friends outside prison participating initially written german later english helped improve english developed friendship prison chaplain strong advocate behalf prison library encouraged read books library process knowledge english frequently clashed prison management fellow prisoners solitary confinement stay lasting months smuggled reports corruption brutality outside prison resulting investigation taken dungeon letters friends like arrival letter wrote brings glow prisoner heart feel remembered regular friends wrote frequently finished fifth year sentence applied having served attorney failed object trial judge legal basis appeal pardon hope early release denied application october second application rejected early escape like option plan rent house street prison dig underground tunnel house prison given access large portion prison grown familiar layout april house leased tunnel dug cellar house stable inside prison yard digging complete sneak stable tear open wooden crawl tunnel house digging tunnel turned difficult expected soil rocky forced men dig deeper planned discovered leaking gas main required installation special pumps bring fresh air men hide noise digging crew played piano sang house worked july visited prison stable planning escape horrified discover entrance blocked large load stones bricks recently dumped construction project weeks later children playing street yard vacant house fell cellar discovered tunnel prison unable identify involved escape attempt warden punished sending solitary confinement nearly year days released solitary tried hang strip blanket soon things began looking received word sentence reduced half years thanks new law received visitor years month later able visit assumed warden retired successor improved prison prisoners early questioned men love aware later wrote incidents rape attempted rape took place week taken court charges friendships prison physical intimate prisoner johnny confined dungeon discussed homosexuality prisoner george married physician told homosexual prison affair transported spent final months sentence found conditions nightmare cruelty infinitely worse aspects guards beat inmates particularly guard prisoners stairs felt mixed emotions concerned friends prison excited prospect freedom worried life free man like freedom released serving years sentence met gates newspaper reporters police recommended leave area took train detroit met found seized terror pity appearance later friend house felt overwhelmed presence agreed joint lecture tour new_york tour tried intimate relationship lost passion instead attracted younger women movement including teenager named continued suffer depression increasingly spoke committing suicide began new lecture tour failed appear cleveland concerned friends sent telegram new_york worried killed country searched police stations hospitals newspapers wondered kidnapped pittsburgh detectives secret service agents agents opposed message days later appeared new_york contacted said lecture tour feel miserable purchased cleveland intention killing city knew unable complete act resting months began recover remained anxious lack employment considered returning old job printer skills obsolete light innovations machines encouragement began write account prison years prison memoirs invited editor journal served editor took journal provocative practical direction contrast theoretical approach favored previous editor circulation mother earth rose high leading publication center helped establish center new_york served teachers center named honor spanish included free school encouraged independent thinking students center served community center adults massacre lexington avenue explosion september called strike coal mining companies colorado largest mining company family owned april attacked tent colony striking miners families day long fight people killed strike organized demonstrations new_york support miners june led protests protests eventually moved new_york_city home new_york resulted arrests number strong police response protests led bomb plot center july associates began collecting dynamite storing apartment sources including surviving conspirators chief oldest experienced member group denied involvement knowledge plan july left apartment mother earth offices minutes later deadly explosion took place bomb exploded prematurely shaking sixth story building upper floors killing woman apparently involved conspiracy arranged dead men blast day bombing late left new_york went california san_francisco following year started journal blast published months blast considered second mother earth influence july bomb exploded san francisco day parade killing people wounding police suspected evidence ultimately investigation focused local labor activists came aid raising defense fund hiring lawyers beginning national campaign behalf convicted sentenced death life imprisonment arranged russian protest outside american embassy russian revolution led president ask california governor death sentence governor reluctantly said propaganda behalf following plan outlined effective world wide pardoned world war entered world war congress enacted required men ages register military conscription moved new_york organized proclaimed oppose conscription anti opposed wars waged governments organization forefront anti draft activism chapters established cities changed focus public meetings pamphlets police started disrupting group public events search young men registered draft arrested raid offices june police seized new_york_times described wagon load records propaganda material pair charged espionage act conspiracy induce persons register held bail defended trial invoked amendment asking government claim fight liberty democracy europe suppressing free speech home world carry liberty democracy europe liberty fighting democracy germany suppress democracy right new_york united_states going suppress free speech liberty country pretend love liberty fight thousand miles away jury found guilty judge imposed maximum sentence years imprisonment fine possibility release prison served sentence atlanta federal seven months solitary confinement protesting beating inmates released october looked pale according months served atlanta took greater toll year pennsylvania russia released height combined anxiety war produced climate anti radical anti foreign sentiment headed direction attorney general initiated series raids arrest prison wrote doubt dangerous country permitted return community result harm exclusion act government deported applied citizenship russia aboard farewell banquet chicago told news death tried kill years earlier asked comment reporter said deported god initial reaction revolution enthusiastic heard coup moment life wrote expression fundamental longing human soul arrival russia stirred great emotions described sublime day life surpassing release years prison spent traveling russia collecting material proposed pair traveled country found repression corruption instead equality worker empowerment dreamed questioned government counter revolutionaries workers severe conditions met assured government suppression press liberties justified revolution danger told free speech strikes broke march workers demonstrated better food rations autonomy unions supported writing remain silent impossible criminal unrest spread port ordered military response battle ensued sailors killed arrested soviet troops died wake events decided future country wrote diary gray passing days hope died terror crushed life born october dictatorship masses foot revolution dead spirit cries wilderness decided leave russia left country december moved berlin immediately began write series pamphlets russian revolution russian tragedy russian revolution communist_party rebellion published summer planned write book experience russia postponed assisted wrote similar book sources material collected work book years russia completed december book published parts titles choosing russia russia worked book myth published january moved france organized fund aging including continued fight behalf prisoners soviet_union arranged publication letters detailed persecution asked write introduction intended general public presenting principles plain language new_york hoped readers support movement minimum book improve image public eyes produced abc communist published reprinted times title communist wrote best introductions ideas english language historian described exposition communist english language final years death spent years living editor translator companion relocated frequently nice search smaller expensive quarters changed attained success artist sending monthly sum help expenses 1930s health began deteriorate underwent unsuccessful operations condition early second surgery bed ridden months constant pain forced rely financial help friends dependent care decided commit suicide early hours june unable endure physical pain tried shoot heart failed clean job bullet lung stomach lodged spinal column rushed nice recognized unable speak sank coma afternoon died clock night funeral arrangements desire cremated ashes buried chicago near graves defendants inspired afford expense instead buried common grave nice died weeks start spanish revolution modern history example revolution july wrote seeing principles practice spain given new strength new hope lived little longer books prison memoirs new_york myth diary new_york abc communist new_york edited collections alexander blast complete collection san francisco monthly newspaper introduction oakland isbn alexander tragic procession aid isbn alexander henry american past cambridge mass isbn gene life alexander reader new_york walls windows isbn
Alexander Berkman