sanskrit classical hindu text sanskrit language text written form male female dialogue sage text consists chapters contains verses like describes limbs different goals text contains additional material found concept contains comprehensive discussion limbs man woman dialogue structure ancient text notable implying teachings universally applicable encouraged women men text influential development practice traditions india 12th century author text attributed revered sage estimated lived 8th century bce associated major ancient texts sanskrit named mentioned ancient texts references texts addition eponymous different actual author text probably lived centuries sage unknown professor religion writes author ancient confused era revered professor comparative religion suggests author 12th century south indian author works combined practice teachings philosophy chronology composition date unclear sanskrit scholar states text composed second century bce fourth century texts contain verses cites texts tradition texts literature 4th century mention concluding text version text existence 4th century adds text likely composed variously estimated composed bce premises dating proposal observation expands ideas text list includes plus additional ones author teacher states text likely completed 4th century contrast suggests date composition later 10th 12th centuries white states 13th century acknowledges describes teachings practice taught means text established accepted manuscripts non mental mental texts hindu tradition refer teachings text suggesting text originated texts dates version manuscript text 13th 14th century notes version quotes verses texts points mentioned wife manuscript text wife listed wives leading theory manuscript corrupted modern edition original text manuscripts versions manuscripts known earliest published manuscript discovered manuscripts discovered differing numbers verses text published example verses manuscript translated writers teachers books verses structure text structured conversation man woman presence audience organized chapters contains verses text opens discussion virtues lifestyle verses chapter dedicated primarily second dedicated breathing exercises described verses seventh chapters text asserts exercises help master senses achieve awareness body meditation discussions start eighth chapter text verses discuss start develop practices help sounds followed verses ninth chapter advanced meditation reflective mind feelings nature self soul text verses tenth chapter concentration aware equality universal ultimate reality god final sections text discuss need guru teacher duties realizes mistake chapter briefly discusses benefits nature mind consciousness contents text opens reverence introduction gives purpose disclose nature verses remarks called best asks explain agrees attributes knowledge hindu god taught knowledge works knowledge states paths attain knowledge path person driven desire rewards forms uses knowledge act free second path person driven desire rewards uses knowledge works detached way path cause suffering rebirth practiced want end suffering rebirth verses non commentary duties social classes section missing manuscripts contain verses commentary presents theories duties terms theory allows enter study states enter theory recommended according translation adds required pay debts owed men gods practicing offspring performing social classes work rewards according translation open restrictions gender verses state knowledge means liberation essence knowledge components restraints student starts description practice statement self restraints needs adhere list longer listed similar found hindu texts ancient medieval era texts verses list following restraints verses explain virtues mean necessary action word thought stealing fidelity partner kindness compassion sincerity forgiveness diet purity verse asserts body resides peaceful mind mind purity knowledge soul feasible student chapter begins list list positive duties followed explanation rest chapter list longer list found similar found verses book sense positive duties desirable behaviors discipline list persistence purpose acceptance circumstances optimism self faith merit charity sharing worship true self listening texts virtues principles remorse acceptance past faith self duties reflection reconcile conflicting ideas steady reading repetition sacred sounds set poetic meters sound mind vows self promise focus achieve appropriate self set goals teacher contributing editor states chapters provides moral foundations teachings detailed texts indian traditions chapter short opens list followed description types set body said important journey different focus different organ groups text discusses variations verses respectively claims helps body practiced practiced short periods time help body prevent correct internal tone inner organs sitting standing maintain steadily comfortably extended periods time proper posture achieved combine relaxed deep breathing exercises comfortable stable necessary blood vessels stage view shared texts verse lotus position theory human body inner fire chapter nature human body vital airs function begins reply asserting height adult human times width thumb breath vital air body dispersed outside body aim aware control vital air equal lower inner fire body inner fire resides middle body calls center residence vital air alive normally dormant awakens bringing vital air heat verses state human body fourteen blood vessels primary sanskrit important extends spinal cord reaches head sustaining body deity power according verse sides reside vessels connected moon sun drive forces innate character driving goodness driving action driving primary vessels connected numerous channels inside human body body according verses loaded vital airs types vital airs corresponding different stages breathing named affect different ways body functions balance organs body depends food takes able deliver vital airs body parts body nature removes waste holes aim breath control channels inner body vital airs benefits preventing diseases preparing mind meditation breath control meditation self chapters discuss means body mind verses chapter need practicing self restraints avoiding anger following learning guru teacher pursuing proper goals life rewards action location solitary places best venues forest ideal private place free high winds intense sunshine good location pad grass solid ground deer skin mat desirable learned help teacher months practiced times day frequent practice possible mastered period years mastering breath text largest number verses discussion breath breath exercises significant text explain art mastering stage breathing stage discussed terms nature speed duration depth relative stage breathing regulating meant body mind order time stage distraction recommends reciting time measured sound beats help measure stage establish progress internal time measurement mentioned include text levels breath regulation satisfying prominent exercise shortest counts moments music beats medium stretches moments highest lasting thirty moments text describes combinations purposes body asserting mastered vital airs help gain endurance measured speed ascension inner healing text says exercises powers describes chapter asserting best exercises feel body mind meditation chapter discusses fifth limb says forms stage focus mind shifts external received sensory organs levels internal awareness theory joints presented vital points inside body listed focal points help initial stages exercises verses chapter elaborate practice meditation train mind consciousness self elements universe correspond body functional systems systems gods residing human body level meditation fix attention simultaneously performing breath exercises mastered previous step deities addressed chanting letters syllables sounds god verses state practice respective body systems deities help leads dissolution realization mastery achieved aid deities body text mentions faults chapter ends reminding student forget daily duties works self restraints gains mastery level chapter discusses limb lead freedom depending freedom comes realizing individual self universal self non qualified attribute form meditation best suited mastered vital airs inner awareness vital points blood vessels abstract feel self embracing bliss meditation qualified attributes need concrete symbol aid think identity lotus heart having highest self meditation concentrate identity image highest self path state qualified text suggests variations meditation union golden disc faced golden imagining inner self inside oneself variations verses state inner self concentration chapter states meditation practice ability concentrate object attachment feels identity verses suggest concentrate self supreme self process attachment individual self supreme self leads liberation verses advise seek liberation life death reach stage mind supreme self recommended advanced years inner liberation peace suggests self attain chapter asks state needs perform duties replies state need duties state goal leaves state perform duties living survive performing actions duties performed end life self supreme self asks limbs theory verses chapter aim exercises according verses reach internal fire life force breath energy performed times daily days vital air control realizes signs progress relaxed state body manifested divine sound inside verses state fire situated breathing exercises awakening warmth entire body stage draw breath explains warm air passes helps diseases hot air retained heart stage makes entry thousand lotus emerges inverted form vital air held heart according verses fire located region exercises heart vital air fire lead perception light internally externally stage mind eye fire like glowing moon forehead inner self mind verses state subtle body visible central region body heart forehead shining force energy power translates realised concentrated vision perceived mind located space free activities state aware self dissolution mind space eye occur absolute bliss alternatively moon inside mouth helps mind dissolve away activity helping reside sky brings closer liberation stage feeling liberation bliss begins emerge goal practice origin exists dissolve teach resides heart person translates subtle greater great perceived mind intellect breathing exercises sacred sound exercises epilogue following complete exposition principles leaves place continue world forest seeks refuge practice translations english translations complete text known published condensed summary chapters according translation 1960s sanskrit versions valuable text available editions incomplete inaccurate took pains writing manuscript states introduction verses chapter text missing versions corrected manuscripts incomplete heart indicates critical edition written sic edition according english translation comparative reading shows edition faithful reproduction publication edits fill number missing words words obvious contexts significant existing verses publication easily complete error free containing comparing different versions text sixteen manuscripts printed editions including publication publication offered misses verses appear publication significance according significant practice 12th century texts meditation dominated indian scene texts chapters embedded inside hindu epic literature related traditions historically influential indian spiritual traditions secondary sanskrit language texts 9th 12th centuries incorporate ideas traditions include commentary manuscripts schools discuss incorporate philosophy practices essential traditions presence significant historical sense encouraging women according text includes related verses exclusively addressed women verses text influential later texts like frequent references versus philosophical premises different according accepts premise defines cessation mental activity associated sensory interaction nature leading self state self awareness accepts premise non essential self nature defines path intense union self supreme self realized
Yoga Yajnavalkya