order insects includes butterflies called species described families total described species living organisms widespread widely recognizable insect orders world encompassing butterflies butterflies butterflies term coined derived ancient greek scale wing variations basic body structure evolved gain advantages lifestyle distribution recent estimates suggest order species earlier thought orders species characterized derived features apparent scales covering bodies wings scales modified flattened hairs butterflies extraordinary variety colors patterns species form wings reduced wings like insects butterflies meaning undergo complete mating laying eggs carried adults normally near host plants larvae larvae commonly called completely different adult butterfly forms having cylindrical body developed head mouth parts pairs legs pairs grow larvae change appearance going series stages called fully matured develops referred case butterflies case butterflies species spin silk case prior instead going underground millions years evolved wide range wing patterns coloration ranging akin related order brightly colored complex patterned butterflies accordingly recognized popular insect orders people involved observation study collection commerce insects person collects studies order referred butterflies play important role natural ecosystem food food chain conversely larvae considered problematic vegetation agriculture main source food live plant matter species female produce eggs number approach eggs day hatching eggs cause damage large quantities crops butterfly species economic interest virtue role silk produce pest species etymology word comes latin word wing ancient greek meaning scale meaning wing term group species butterflies derived ancient greek meaning club horn respectively coming shape antennae butterflies origins common names butterfly varied obscure english word butterfly old english variations spelling origin unknown derived pale yellow color species wings suggesting color butter species commonly called origins english word clear old english dialect compare dutch german meaning origins related old english meaning root 16th century indicate usually reference clothes origins word form butterflies early 16th century middle english probably alteration old north french cat latin latin distribution diversity successful groups insects found continents antarctica inhabit terrestrial habitats ranging desert lowland associated higher plants especially flowering plants northern dwelling species butterflies found northeastern altitude meters sea level apollo species recorded occur altitude sea level species exhibit parasitic lifestyles inhabiting bodies organisms environment species called unusual exclusively found inhabiting fur mammals found species recorded feeding tissue bred horns cattle internal parasite species species recorded breeding natural materials refuse owl bat caves fruit roughly species described butterflies estimated comprise making rest vast majority found tropics substantial diversity exists continents north_america species butterflies species species butterflies species reported australia diversity region estimated based partly actual counts literature partly card london washington partly estimates external morphology distinguished orders principally presence scales external parts body especially wings butterflies vary size millimeters long conspicuous animals wingspan greater centimetres monarch butterfly undergo stage egg adult variations basic body structure evolved gain advantages lifestyle distribution head head sensing organs mouth parts found like adult head capsule compound eyes raised spots clusters sensory unique occur taxa lost spots antennae wide variation form species different sexes antennae butterflies usually shaped like clubs hooked segments variously enlarged branched enlarged antennae ones tapered hooked ends modified form elongated consists segments usually kept head small muscles suck flowers basal separate moving jaws like ancestors form family larvae called head capsule lack separate called plant matter larvae eat lower jaw weak carry organ create silk head large lateral having simple eyes fused segments pair legs segment contains pair legs males butterfly family fore legs greatly reduced walking pairs legs covered scales organs feet aid butterfly food form pairs true legs pairs abdominal legs usually called pairs wings found middle segments respectively recent genera wings second segment pronounced primitive forms similarly sized wings segments wings covered scales arranged like form extraordinary variety colors patterns designed powerful muscles propel butterfly air wing segment fore wing having stronger vein structure largest wings modified act hearing organs elongated soft body hair like projections pairs true legs pairs abdominal legs usually called usually pair legs segment lined aquatic species instead form gills abdomen abdomen consists segments membranes allowing articulated movement segment small families completely absent segments form external parts species sex organs highly varied means species male include usually large grasp female mating female include distinct sections females basal sex organ egg laying organ species separate organ mating external carries sperm male abdomen pairs normally located sixth segments abdomen separate pair pair tiny hooks called aid gripping walking especially species lack larvae basal segment body lost completely groups adapted boring living sand respectively scales wings head parts abdomen covered minute scales feature order derives scales blade like attached forms hair like specialized secondary sexual characteristics surface complex structure gives color colored contains structural coloration mechanisms include crystals scales function producing males aiding flight important large diversity vivid indistinct patterns provide help organism protect camouflage act signals animals including rivals potential mates internal morphology reproductive system reproductive system butterflies male complex unclear females types based relating taxa type opening fused segments act type separate places occurring type groups internal carries sperm separate openings egg laying species flanked soft specialized species area inside plant tissue produce run development butterflies called system insect operates species produced stored specialized perform certain task producing silk producing produce produces juvenile produce digestive system digestive system anterior region modified form pump need food eat follows leads posterior species forms form crop short straight longer ancestors species stemming lost current butterflies instead digestive initial surface cells larvae long cells found anterior posterior regions respectively insects cells positive potassium absorbed leaves larvae butterflies display usual digestive cycle species different require adaptations meet new demands system system insect blood heat form muscles produces heat transferred rest body conditions unfavorable species circulated veins wings form organ heart intake air respiratory system air taken sides abdomen supplying oxygen goes respiratory system different supply oxygen species bodies dorsal supply oxygen dorsal vessels ventral supply ventral nerve cord supply fat bodies appearance forms differ color number attributes single species seen individuals population sexes sexual geographically separated populations geographical generations flying different seasons year seasonal species limited sex typically female includes phenomenon fly alongside population particular species occurs specific level variation overall morphological design individuals certain specific morphological traits species environmental traits inherited termed commonly seen form seasonal especially butterfly families old world butterfly common grass yellow darker summer adult triggered long day exceeding hours duration shorter period hours paler period occurs example geographical isolation causes divergence species different good example indian white admiral forms geographically separated large mountain ranges dramatic showcase geographical apollo butterfly apollo live small local populations having contact coupled strong nature weak migration ability populations species practically occur form different size spots wings varies greatly sexual occurrence differences males females species widespread completely set genetic determination sexual present families prominent certain taxa apart color variation differ slight completely different color pattern combinations secondary sexual characteristics present different maintained natural selection expressed time females occur case taxa primarily obtain level protection available male species distinct case sexual adult females species wings legs compared adult males strong developed wings antennae reproduction development species undergo complete normally consists egg adult larvae commonly called silk called uncovered butterflies called species year round butterfly enter state allows insect survive unfavorable environmental conditions mating males usually start emergence earlier females peak numbers females sexes sexually mature time butterflies normally associate migrating species staying relatively mating begins adult female male attracting mate normally visual especially species like butterflies females nocturnal species including species use attract males long distances species engage form acoustic courtship attract mates sound vibration dot wasp adaptations include undergoing seasonal generation called respectively temperate climates tropical climates seasonal advantage opportunity mate continuously year seasonal adaptations controlled delays reproduction called species mating laying eggs die shortly having lived days active weeks sexually active weather favorable sperm male recently female likely eggs sperm prior mating prevail eggs usually reproduce sexually egg laying species exhibit live birth process called variety differences egg laying number eggs laid occur species simply drop eggs flight species normally larvae meaning eat variety plants lay eggs near host plant larvae feed number eggs laid vary thousand females butterflies select host plant primarily chemical cues eggs derived materials larvae species received males mating egg mass female lay mass eggs females lay smaller eggs age larger females lay larger eggs egg covered hard protective outer layer shell called lined thin coating wax prevents egg drying egg contains number tiny funnel shaped openings end purpose allow sperm enter egg butterfly eggs vary greatly size species spherical egg stage lasts weeks butterflies eggs laid prior winter especially temperate regions hatching delayed spring butterflies lay eggs spring hatch summer butterflies usually temperate species larvae larvae stage hatching characteristic larvae cylindrical bodies short legs abdominal head capsule formed fusion soft tubular body hair like projections pairs true legs additional pairs body consists thirteen segments abdominal larvae eat ants different species adapted feed plant normally considered host plants species found lay eggs fruit species lay eggs clothing fur common clothes species parasitic species social parasites ants nests species hawaii larvae catch eat flies aquatic larvae develop rapidly generations year species years develop exceptional examples like long seven years stage feeding growing stages occur larvae periodically undergo induced developing undergo final known case butterflies functional fused body species functional larvae butterflies exhibit deter potential predators ability parts heads appear snake like false eye spots enhance effect special structures called family exposed produce chemicals defense host plants toxic substances able substances retain adult stage helps birds predators advertised bright red orange black white warning colors toxic chemicals plants evolved specifically prevent eaten insects insects turn develop use survival arms race led insects host plants wing development form wing externally visible larvae developing wings seen found second segments place apparent abdominal segments wing develop association runs base wing surrounded thin membrane linked outer tiny wing small increase dramatically size invaded branching wing base formation wing veins begin develop patterns associated landmarks wing near wings forced outside pressure initially flexible fragile time breaks free cuticle adhered tightly outer cuticle hours wings form cuticle hard joined body picked handled damage wings seven certain like stimulate production insect hardened cuticle develops depending species covered silk attached different types debris covered stays attached leaf silk spun spins silk features externally recognizable adult head found inside cuticle antennae etc wings wrapped adjacent antennae lower segments fused able small muscles found membrane moving help example escape sun kill mexican jumping larvae cut species use shelter sudden rise temperature inside pulling threads inside help deter laying eggs species able deter predators length time emerges varies greatly monarch butterfly stay weeks species need stay months adult emerges abdominal hooks projections located head found primitive families escape adult species live long needing days find mate lay eggs remain active longer period weeks monarch butterflies waiting environmental stress adult species stage reproductive related activity occurs lasting summer winter followed mating early spring butterflies terrestrial species truly aquatic stages adult occurring water species families aquatic behavior flight flight important aspect lives butterflies predators searching food finding mates timely manner species live long main form species fore wings hind wings coupled flight driven primarily action fore wings species reportedly fly hind wings cut reduces linear flight turning capabilities species warm fly depend body temperature sufficiently high regulate dependent environment butterflies living cooler climates use wings warm bodies sun spreading wings maximum exposure sunlight climates butterflies easily usually active cooler parts day early morning late afternoon early evening heat day rest shade larger thick bodied generate heat limited degree wings heat generated flight muscles temperature abdomen flight avoid rely scales internal air structures separate abdomen abdomen cooler species butterflies reach fast speeds southern fast fastest flying insects capable flying having wingspan species component flight exists flight occurs forward backward motion butterfly species hawk important need maintain certain stability flowers feeding navigation navigation important species especially migrate butterflies species migrate shown navigate time compensated sun light orient cloudy conditions light region close spectrum suggested particularly important migratory butterflies live areas breeding seasons short life histories host plants influence strategies butterflies theories include use landscapes use coastal lines mountains roads orient sea flight direction accurate coast visible studies shown navigate study showed use earth magnetic field navigate study heart suggests study migratory behavior silver showed high altitudes species correct course changing winds prefers flying favourable winds suggesting great sense direction panama loses navigational capacity exposed magnetic field suggesting uses earth magnetic field exhibit tendency circle artificial lights repeatedly suggests use technique navigation called transverse orientation maintaining constant angular relationship bright light moon fly straight line objects far away traveling great distances change angle light source moon upper visual field horizon encounters closer artificial light uses navigation angle changes noticeably short distance addition horizon attempts correct turning light causing airborne come downwards close range results spiral flight path gets closer closer light source explanations suggested idea impaired visual distortion called band stated fly sky pursuit safety inclined circle ambient objects band region migration migration typically seasonal insects moving escape dry seasons conditions migrate butterflies distance travelled varies butterflies migrate include mourning painted lady american lady red admiral common known eastern population monarch butterfly mexico northern united_states southern canada distance known migratory species include painted lady butterflies spectacular large scale associated seen india studied recent times wing stable hydrogen undertake example undergoes population explosions massive surpassed insect costa_rica panama population movements begin july early august depending year massive continuing long months communication commonly involved mating rituals species especially important aspect forms communication usually produced male female detected members opposite sex antennae species eighth ninth segments abdomen female produces communication occur producing sounds parts body known engage acoustic forms communication courtship attracting mates sound vibration like insects pick sounds membranes example dot wasp produces sounds frequency normally humans sounds function communication communication touch substrate like leaves stems lack bright colors species use coloration camouflage butterflies engage visual communication female butterflies example use light communicate scales colored range dorsal wing surface fly stroke wing creates brief flash light males apparently recognize flight signature potential mate flashes wings attract males engage aerial courtship displays ecology butterflies important natural ecosystem integral participants food chain having evolved flowering plants predators species formed network relationships included stages larvae adults larvae links birds parasitic insects adults included food broader range consumers including birds small mammals reptiles etc defense predation species soft bodied fragile immature stages slowly stages exposed predation adult butterflies preyed birds amphibians spiders fall prey birds predators small mammals fungi bacteria parasitic flies lay eggs eventually kill hatch inside body eat tissues insect eating birds probably largest predators especially immature stages important food birds great europe evolutionary arms race seen predator prey species developed number strategies defense protection including evolution morphological characters changes ecological lifestyles behaviors include camouflage development threat patterns displays birds hunt nocturnal main predators bats evolutionary race exists led numerous evolutionary adaptations escape main predators ability hear sounds sounds cases eggs preyed butterfly larvae species poisonous predators monarch butterfly americas species roses etc asia largest butterflies africa asia respectively obtain chemicals plants eat tissues manufacture predators eat poisonous butterflies sick violently learning eat species predator previously eaten poisonous avoid species similar markings future saving species toxic butterflies larvae tend develop bright colors striking patterns indicator predators phenomenon known especially members contain shaped found segment larvae threatened unpleasant organ ward predators camouflage important defense strategy involves use coloration shape blend surrounding environment species blend surroundings making difficult spot predators exhibit shades green match host plant look like objects twigs leaves instance mourning fades backdrop trees wings larvae species common western tiger look like bird example adult species known general appearance sufficiently similar wasp likely gain reduction predation type butterflies butterflies spots composed concentric rings scales different colors proposed role attention predators resemblance eyes predator instinct attack wing patterns complexes commonly found genetic natural selection rise edible species mimic gaining survival advantage resembling species model complex referred commonly known example butterfly relation monarch fact toxic monarch resemblance considered case species usually taxonomic order find resemble reduce sampling rate predators need learn insects taxa toxic genus form known complexes adults species resemble species distinguished close morphological observation cases genetic analysis evidently able hear range emitted bat effect causes flying maneuvers bats main predator frequencies trigger action cause drop inches flight evade attack tiger defense range bats interfere bats foil attempts species engage form specifically butterflies respectively flowers adult butterflies feed inside flowers reach hidden base process adults brush flowers reproductive stored transferred adults fly flower feed deposit stigma flower seeds flowers butterflies tend large flamboyant pink color frequently having landing area usually butterflies typically day flying butterflies digest species offered flowers simple guides usually hidden narrow tubes spurs reached long tongue butterflies butterflies observed engage flower means likely transfer plants beneficial plants flower prevents loss different flights flower species important groups hawk family behavior similar rapid wing beats flowers hawk nocturnal flowers tend white night opening large tubular strong sweet scent produced evening night early morning lot produced fuel high rates needed power flight fly slowly settle flower require fast flying hawk flowers tend small heads form biological interaction individual involved benefits way example relationship shared host flowers female enter host flowers collect ball specialized apex deposited stigma lay eggs base seeds develop larvae develop fruit pod feed portion seeds insect plant benefit forming highly relationship form occurs larvae butterflies certain species ants larvae communicate ants vibrations transmitted substrate wood tree stems chemical signals ants provide degree protection larvae turn gather species known larvae greater lesser wax feed inside bee nests found wasp nests albeit lesser extent northern europe wax regarded found nests areas southern england nests destroyed parasitic larvae known prey leaf reverse butterflies subject parasitic flies lay eggs hatch feed inside body resulting death form called adult host kill live long possible parasitic larvae benefit form species live hosts inside parasites live inside host affect later adult orders include flies majority species subject variety parasites gypsy attacked series species different taxa response egg body simply host cells form capsule eventually causes process called means defense biological interactions species secondary consumers predators species typically prey eggs insects scale insects larvae prey species hawaiian species mirror known species butterflies ambush predators species known eat example hawaiian uses silk traps manner similar spiders capture certain species typically larvae species family families respectively feed dead organic material fallen leaves fruit fungi animal products turn known species include cloth feed containing including hair feathers bird nests particularly domestic fruits vegetables species important ecosystems remove substances long time reported wasp dna present monarch butterflies described newspaper articles examples naturally occurring genetically engineered insects evolution history study recognized divisions seven persist today works classification followed including described genera genera series volumes fauna europe published volumes based classifications primarily wing sir worked period published study fossil insects evolution worked butterflies published study deposits colorado including exceptionally preserved recognized close relationship studies phylogeny major contributions 20th century included creation based female structure developed applied insect phylogeny davis studied relationships families worked generally insect phylogeny higher found dna based differ based morphology case dna correspond large extent morphology based attempts group natural groups fail groups fossil record fossil record lacking comparison winged species tending common insects habitats lakes ponds juvenile stage head capsule hard preserved location abundance common species indicative mass occurred north_sea lack fossils fossils preserved amber fine sediments leaf mines seen fossil leaves interpretation tricky fossil stem group representatives clade comprising known earliest known fossil million years ago fossil belongs small primitive like species wings showing scales parallel grooves scanning electron microscope characteristic wing pattern shared sets fossils found sets cretaceous belong primitive like families fossils found particularly amber oldest genuine butterflies found best preserved fossil fossil beds phylogeny closely related insect order sharing similarities lacking example females orders meaning different sex species males females identical sex adults orders display particular wing pattern larvae orders mouth structures manipulate silk grouped sister orders group probably evolved having split extinct order descend like common ancestor fed dead living plants oldest basal adults families tongue found members order instead adapted special diet larvae feed leaves fungi like adult spores larvae live inside feed seeds larvae feed leaves southern beech tree families stage help emerge seed short adult stage retain escaped non functional non families primarily leaf miners stage addition change scales basal later showing complex scales evolution mid cretaceous major reproductive change comprise separate openings reproduction females opening mating laying eggs linked internally seminal basal later openings external sperm canal early leaf miners recent feed externally species feed plant animal fungi build shelters stage group significant numbers species larvae feed plants opposed woody plants evolved time flowering plants underwent expansive radiation mid cretaceous evolved time great diversity processes involved evolution diversity increased called constitutes species general increase size better flying ability changes wing shape reduction adult change arrangement hooks improve grip host plant organs allow hear organs evolved times occur different body parts structural differences main group comprising butterflies butterflies recently evolved good fossil record group oldest dating million years ago taxonomy taxonomy classification species selected taxa process naming called nomenclature families historically classified primitive lost morphological features ancestors rest butterflies ninety percent taxa making recently findings new taxa larvae aided detailing relationships primitive taxa phylogenetic analysis showing primitive compared rest recently abandoned like orders clade containing single family species practically living fossils primitive groups retaining adults unlike butterflies species known worldwide half species genus region known north_america found asia southwest pacific particularly new_zealand species contains majority species obvious difference non functioning elongated basal retaining ancestral features wings similarly shaped relatively complete contains division contains described species second primitive lineage described families contains species genus found north eastern coast queensland australia fiji respectively described nielsen species day flying metallic confined southern south_america adults eat larvae leaves relationship people culture artistic depictions butterflies cultures including early years ago egyptian today butterflies widely objects art jewelry mounted frames embedded displayed bottles paper mixed media artworks butterflies inspired butterfly fairy art fictional character cultures soul dead person associated butterfly example word butterfly means soul breath latin word butterfly associated soul dead skull like marking death head helped particularly earn negative reputation associations supernatural evil prominently featured art movies silence artwork japanese metal band album according stories butterfly seen japan person soul living dying dead japanese says butterfly enters bamboo screen person love coming large numbers butterflies viewed bad secretly preparing famous revolt appeared vast butterflies people frightened thinking coming evil ancient city brilliantly colored image butterfly carved temples buildings jewelry particular butterfly depicted jaguar species considered souls dead warriors close association butterflies fire warfare persisted civilization evidence similar jaguar butterfly images found maya larvae species major agriculture major include larvae genus corn cause extensive damage certain crops larvae cotton meaning eat variety crops including tomatoes cotton butterflies largest taxa solely feed dependent living plants terms number species ecosystems making largest species female produce eggs high eggs day create problems agriculture affect acres vegetation reports estimate different taxa feeding single oak tree cases larvae lead destruction entire trees relatively short periods time ecological ways removing pest species economically viable research shown ways like introducing parasitic wasp flies example fly deposited larvae feed affect species species targeted eliminate damaging natural ecosystem good biological pest control method use traps trap type insect trap uses lure insects sex common types lure conventional trap delta trap water pan trap funnel trap species naturally eat containing hairs feathers known species cloth feeding people find economically important cotton silk wool furthermore found shed feathers hair flour possibly preferring wheat flour insect specimens museums beneficial insects butterflies affect economy negatively species valuable economic resource prominent example larvae silk spun cloth silk important economic resource history species point completely dependent mankind survival number wild species provide commercially important preference larvae species feed single species limited range plants mechanism biological control place introduced argentina australia successfully suppressed millions acres pear species called stem control aquatic plant known conjunction beetle case insects work rarely recovers breeding butterflies butterfly viable process introducing species ecosystem benefit butterfly permits nationals country farm economically valuable insect species collectors market sustainable manner food feature prominently food items continent cases adults larvae eaten staples indigenous people eaten korean cuisine worm considered mexico region italy children catch eat toxic early summer despite having low content serve convenient source sugar children include resource seasonal minimum risk health larvae butterflies form hair known cause human health problems hairs species approximately families butterflies worldwide inflict human injuries consumption failure skin common fatalities frequent cause humans brazil cases reported ranging death caused hairs known cause sharp end hairs lodged soft tissues membranes eyes enter tissues difficult extract problem migrate membrane particular problem indoor setting hairs easily enter buildings ventilation systems accumulate indoor environments small size makes difficult accumulation increases risk human contact indoor environments lists list butterflies butterflies butterflies great britain list butterflies butterflies butterflies butterflies taiwan list butterflies butterflies list
Lepidoptera