southward expansion han dynasty southward expansion han dynasty comprises series military campaigns expeditions modern military expansion south began previous dynasty continued han campaigns dispatched tribes leading annexation han bce bce bce bce chinese culture influenced newly conquered territories merged native traditions han influences apparent artifacts excavated tombs southern china influence extended kingdoms southeast asian contact led trade diplomacy demand chinese silk established trade routes europe middle_east china background military campaigns began dynasty preceded han emperor desired resources ordered military expeditions region sent large campaign comprising merchants soldiers military garrisons installed canals constructed area placed rule collapse caused dissolution administration southern china kingdoms emerged territories including kingdom vietnam supported han established fall dynasty chinese commander established death emperor emperor emperor han dynasty approved new title king born city ruling class new kingdom composed chinese officials dynasty offered submit vassal state han accepted decision partly based family northern chinese ancestry military campaigns campaigns military campaigns launched reign han emperor requested han military assistance invaded kingdom supreme commander opposed han intervention told emperor tribes trusted battles tribes occurred frequently believed protecting responsibility han court han official convinced emperor intervene war argument based emperor role son heaven concept chinese political philosophy records grand historian reported said thing worry strength rescue virtue command loyalty small country come report distress son heaven save turn aid son heaven claim rulers states like sons ignores surrendered han naval force led dispatched northern withdrew tribes transferred north second intervention launched ruled invaded ruled han vassal asked han support emperor responded sending army led han assassinated spear younger brother plotted ruler royal family prime minister beheaded corpse gave head messenger delivered sign surrender assassination succeeded state divided dual monarchy composed kingdom controlled han ruler kingdom ruled general returned north soldiers han war requested emperor permission annex emperor refused considered morale troops promised supply army assist han war army arrived blamed weather conditions secretly maintaining diplomatic relationship began rebellion han learning yang plot han military campaign dispatched led general general military commander ancestry revolt han annexed months conquering remaining territory records entire population exiled claim campaign empress wife deceased chinese native unification proposal met resistance nobility nominally tributary han paid tribute years queen executed leader opposed summer han dynasty took diplomats killed saw event act rebellion emperor sent military campaign consisting soldiers led general han quell revolt general died battle han forces lost second campaign led generals dispatched sea soldiers fall reached city located modern defeated rebels brought chinese control chinese created administer island northern vietnam han located abandoned despite han government interest area rare resources early years eastern han following establishment han tribal remained loyal han revolts han rule led sisters near rebellion defeated general participant battles followed han control sisters executed killed fighting popular accounts vanished sky fell sick took lives jumping river drowning violence region continued seven periods unrest new strategy adopted orchestrated official sought appoint honest officials exile hostile tribes pit tribal leaders strategy partially successful campaign led earliest han expedition establishing southwestern china involved trade livestock horses fruit slaves attractive han resources trade routes rest han empire opened han soldiers han continued expansion northward annexed territory near han war north rising cost administration distant state led han abandoning group chinese explorers captured years expedition traveling southwards establish alternative trade route goods reported central asian markets bce conquered military campaign launched bce established kingdom archaeologists discovered king imperial seal inscribed han confirming surrender status subject han led series unsuccessful rebellions han rule beginning revolts bce bce governor crushed rebellion bce reign han throne hostilities southwestern china persisted sent military campaigns end unrest seventy percent soldiers campaign died illness campaign comprising men double supplies rebellions continued han expanded emperor reign new established modern tribes west modern southern submitted han rule emperor encouraged cultural tribes reign teaching chinese ethics culture promoted despite periodic unrest han presence remained remainder dynasty historical significance chinese migration cultural northern china populated northern vietnam political turmoil followed led wave chinese migration han settlers soldiers north affected diseases common tropical regions malaria military campaigns chinese created culture merged chinese traditions indigenous elements archaeological area reveal extent chinese influence han dynasty tombs native tools gradually replaced modeled chinese styles excavations period uncovered bronze mirrors wells manufactured style han cultural happened late western han occurred later number han style mirrors coins bronze iron discovered region tombs southwestern china establishment chinese cultural tribes teaching chinese ethics supported reign growing influence chinese culture apparent excavated artifacts coins mirrors discovered manufactured han stylistic elements art adopted aesthetics han imports indigenous culture largely disappeared northern chinese culture largely south expansion china south process began dynasty reached height han trade foreign contact southward expansion han dynasty brought empire contact southeast_asia chinese cultural technological influence spread nearby southeast asian kingdoms remnants chinese pottery han dynasty excavated sumatra borneo java date 1st century archaeologists discovered bronze axes based design chinese axes trade relationships formed china foreign conquered territories trade connected china india persia eastern roman dancers sent gift china kingdom kingdom referred book han delivered tribute indian embassy arrived china roman merchants province syria visited vietnam foreign products found archaeological sites tombs southern china originating overseas demand chinese silk trade routes responsible transmission goods ideas europe middle_east china reading han period archived original retrieved july generals south asian studies new series canberra faculty asian studies
Southward expansion of the Han dynasty