egyptian mid thirteenth dynasty ruling second half 18th century time referred late middle kingdom early second intermediate period depending scholar best attested rulers 13th dynasty reigned years grandson non royal family military background relation predecessor unclear throne likely contemporaneous kings little known activities decade long reign important document surviving rule fashion image determination instructed gods beginning time end reign shared throne brother lasted months year died shortly appointed brother case succeeded soon reigned egypt decade reigns brothers mark apex 13th dynasty family origins come non royal family military background grandfather held title officer town regiment married woman called known held common title lady house known son called appears sources god father royal wife king mother indicating royal birth directly confirmed number seals said father explicitly recorded father canon king list early era serves primary historical source rulers time period extremely rare occurrence canon normally names non royal people excluded list exception rule father noted instead hiding non royal origins predecessor successor remarkably proclaimed seals odds traditional egyptian system new king rests mainly non royal origins possibly kings immediate predecessors particular monuments reason remains unknown descendants succession inscriptions indicate children named like parents woman called possibly son named spite named brother months reign died time succeeded brother reign marks apex 13th dynasty mentions placed temple born majesty came southern city wanted august god city born saw majesty single feast child conceive similarly born capital egypt 13th dynasty north near modern village reign known relatively high number objects found large area north egyptian fortresses lower south parts egypt especially southern portion single known include seals cylinder seals statue rock inscriptions inscriptions record members family high officials serving royal acquaintance known king dated 4th year construction tombs sacred way housing statues pedestal bearing found region capital egypt located time particular king dedicated display king lists contemporary listed 34th entry king list 7th column 25th row canon king list credits reign years months second longest dynasty years years chronology relative chronological position secured thanks canon contemporary successor predecessor father mother attested known title god father king mother respectively believe non royal birth throne military background family played role opposite absolute chronological position debated baker seeing respectively 26th 27th 13th dynasty contend 22nd ruler similarly absolute reign varies years scholars dating beginning reign extent rule throne expense inherited possibly power fragmented egypt believes 14th dynasty existence time forming independent realm controlling explain single seal analysis accepted scholars rejected including james contend reigned egypt possible found northeast egypt levant particular governor seals indicating retained power maintain trade relations region alternatively recent excavations yielded seals brother proximity seals powerful king 15th dynasty closed archaeological context possibly indicating contemporary contemporary predecessors reigned conclusion strongly debated moment separated years conventional egyptian chronology activities spite numerous left relatively little known activities undertook decade long reign pedestal discovered indicate undertook building works confirmed discovery second housing tall double statue holding hands located beneath foundations northern important monument king surviving day large heavily eroded dating second year found inscription ancient egyptian royal texts record king conceive order making sculpture usual begins majesty founder lands ladies revealing truth falcon gold lasting love king upper lower egypt son born king mother granted life stability dominion like forever describes residing palace beauty likely located desires image order participate yearly festival held god honour end officials instructions making divine images said contained writings officials bring temple library writings located orders messenger royal property sent festival possibly sending messenger statue silver gold copper work carried supervision king finally king goes celebrate festival generally time throne likely prosperous private monuments reign brother especially sculpture remarkably high quality art works produced tomb tomb located proposes buried pyramid close opinion shared remains permitting identification owner pyramid found hypothesis relies indirect evidence presence discovery prince king close northern gateway temple pyramid complex wrapped placed miniature coffin dated 13th dynasty stylistic grounds title king son indicate likely son buried vicinity father pyramid suggested southern south pyramid candidate burial site pyramid middle 13th dynasty provided elaborate chambers destined wealthy brother kings dynasty suggested buried tomb belonging late intermediate period royal located complex iii 12th dynasty foothills called basis suggested anonymous large neighboring tomb belonged known circumstances died reign years successor brother important ruler 13th dynasty brother appears canon successor reigned months independent ruler likely elder brother possible designated younger brother inscriptions showing mean reigned time declared dead lists piece evidence inscription showing par evidence kings including reject interpretation believe inscription honour deceased brother historical bearing great importance archaeologists historians alike enables egyptian near eastern depicts governor governor seated throne significant reasons identifiable known cylinder seal indicating king separated generation second king known archives likely person governor semi autonomous egyptian time king semitic king city ruling archives predominantly date reign king city contemporary ultimately sacked provides alternative identifies daughter adopted moses
Neferhotep I