mountain rising ocean reach water surface sea level island typically formed extinct rise abruptly usually found rising metres height defined independent features rise metres conical form peaks found hundreds thousands meters surface considered deep sea evolution time largest reach sea surface wave action summit form flat surface subsided sunk sea surface flat called total covering total km2 mapped studied detail scientists abundant follow distinctive evolutionary pattern eruption build erosion recent years active observed example abundance common oceanic ecosystems world interactions underwater currents elevated position water attract fish marine mammals alike effect noted commercial fishing industry support extensive fisheries ongoing concerns negative impact fishing ecosystems documented cases stock decline example orange ecological damage ecosystems large numbers remain properly studied mapped satellite technologies working close gap instances naval vessels collided example named ship struck greatest danger flank collapses older pressure sides causing landslides potential generate massive geography found ocean basin world distributed extremely widely space age technically defined isolated rise elevation surrounding limited summit area conical form small ridges hills height included world ocean volcanic origin tend found oceanic crust near mid ocean ridges mantle island arcs overall coverage greatest proportion area equal ocean region mediterranean black seas mapped cover area km2 average area km2 smallest found mediterranean whilst largest mean size occurs indian_ocean km2 largest area km2 occurs cover total area km2 average area km2 twice average size nearly area number occur covering km2 largest estimated km2 estimated km2 estimated km2 grouping chain broader coverage related topic mountain range found submerged classic example emperor extension formed millions years ago subsided far sea level long chain islands extends thousands kilometers northwest island hawaii pacific_ocean atlantic distribution described comprising chains superimposed random background distribution chains occur major ocean basins pacific having number extensive chains include hawaiian emperor gilbert island groups north pacific louisville ridges southern pacific_ocean new england chain extends eastern coast united_states mid ocean ridge noted clusters larger atlantic tend associated evidence activity ridge mid atlantic ridge spreading ridges indian_ocean associated abundant tend form distinctive chains indian southern oceans distribution appears random isolated clear volcanic origins common examples include ridge known collected area size europe overall abundance makes common understood marine structures earth sort frontier geology evolution built volcanic processes christmas island province near australia enigmatic near plate boundaries mid ocean ridges built melting rock upper mantle lower density rises crust surface formed near zones created plate adds plate melting point process involved formation profound effect materials lava flows mid ocean ridge plate boundary flows ridge compared mid ocean ridge zone generally volatile resulting explosive volcanic follow particular pattern growth activity eventual extinction stage evolution early activity building flanks core sea floor followed period intense new volcano total volume grow sea level oceanic island example eruption period explosive activity near ocean surface slowly die away losing ability maintain volcano starts finally extinct possibly brief period ground waves built far dynamic oceanic setting land counterparts resulting horizontal moves plate zone plate margin ultimately destroyed leave evidence passage carving opposing wall trench majority completed cycle access early flows researchers limited late volcanic activity ocean ridge particular observed follow certain pattern terms activity observed hawaiian shown process followed ocean ridge type stage volcano types caused degrees mantle melting second active stage life ocean ridge mildly result larger area melting mantle finally capped flows late history link source cut movement experience brief period hiatus million years flows highly produce recent years confirmed number active examples lava types apparent lava flows flows cover flanks forms important growth common type flow lava named unusual shape common sheet flows marginal indicative larger scale flows rocks dominate shallow water products explosive activity near water surface form mechanical wear existing volcanic rock structure form wide variety settings resulting diverse structural bank come wide variety structural shapes conical flat topped shaped built large low built sediment cap signs activity likely lead inflation volcanic slopes ultimately flank collapse sub classes flat tops surface sea flat isolated elevation spikes measuring meters lastly small pillar like ecology ecological role exceptionally important role environment poorly understood project surrounding sea floor standard water flow causing associated phenomena ultimately result water movement ocean currents measured knots centimeters second carry average populations centers fish feed aggregate turn falling prey predation making important biological provide habitats spawning grounds larger animals including numerous fish species including black shown occur ocean floor marine mammals sharks cephalopods feed species features particularly shallow project upwards shallower zones sea life providing habitats marine species found surrounding deeper ocean isolated form islands creating interest formed volcanic rock substrate harder surrounding deep sea floor causes different type fauna exist leads theoretically higher degree recent research especially centered suggests especially endemic discussions ongoing effect shown provide habitat species difficulty surviving volcanic rocks slopes heavily populated suspension particularly capitalize strong currents supply food sharp contrast typical deep sea habitat deposit feeding animals rely food ground tropical zones extensive coral growth results formation coral late life addition soft sediments tend accumulate typically populated marine worms worms sea found tend gather small form beds sediment deposition creates habitat smaller animals vent communities example helped exchange ocean water vital stopping points migratory animals specifically recent research indicates use features navigational aids migration long time animals visit gather food proof effect lacking demonstration published fishing effect fish populations gone unnoticed commercial fishing industry extensively second half 20th century poor management practices increased fishing pressure seriously stock numbers typical fishing ground continental shelf site targeted fishing time nearly species fish commercially harvested including red king crab red orange perch conservation ecological conservation hurt simple lack information available poorly studied estimated world having received sampling fewer depth lack information attributed lack technology task reaching underwater structures technology fully explore decades consistent conservation efforts begin world mapped task progress threat ecological welfare documented cases fishery exploitation example orange coasts australia new_zealand near japan russia reason fishes targeted typically long lived slow growing slow problem dangers damages surface communities fact located international waters making proper monitoring difficult particular extremely devastating ecology responsible ecological damage vulnerable highly valued making jewellery decorative objects significant produced leaving coral beds depleted individual nations beginning note effect fishing agreed fund oasis project detailed study effects fishing communities north_atlantic project working conservation census marine life project formed intended provide framework needed integrate expand facilitate research efforts order significantly reduce unknown build global understanding ecosystems roles biodiversity productivity evolution marine organisms possibly best studied world major expeditions recording species observations contrast surrounding area marked primary ecological deep sea coral garden specimens noted century old following expansion knowledge extensive support marine sanctuary motion granted known based observations declared marine protected area canada ecological exploration study long time lack technology sampled far 19th century depth position meant technology explore sample sufficient detail exist decades right technology available total number explored sampling information remains biased new species observed collected valuable information obtained dive impact fully understood mapped task sheer number detailed provided publicly held cruises sea floor mapped remains satellite broader alternative albeit detailed fraction total reason technology limit recognition features larger future technological advances allow larger detailed catalogue observations combined data satellites shown thousands previously come data interpreted deep sea mining possible future source economically important metals ocean makes earth surface area technological challenges deep sea mining severely limited extent constantly decreasing supply land oceanic mining destined future stand candidates abundant metal resource potential processes life example gold located south basal diameter rises water depth grab samples summit contain highest gold concentrations reported modern max iron iron especially parts mineral resources deposited potential targeted mining decades dangers mapped pose navigational danger instance named ship hit recently submarine uss san_francisco ran speed knots mph sustaining damage killing major risk late stages life begin activity leads inflation extension volcano flanks ultimately flank collapse leading submarine landslides potential start major largest natural disasters world illustration potent power flank collapses summit collapse northern edge resulted pronounced field debris away catastrophic collapse flattened structure extensively lastly scientists found marine fossils flank mountain hawaii island analysis found time deposition flank volcano far high normal wave reach date corresponded massive flank collapse nearby massive generated landslide deposited fossils
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