georgian scripts georgian scripts writing systems write georgian language systems differ appearance letters share names order written horizontally following standard left right direction georgian writing systems literally meaning cavalry military script civilian royal script georgian kingdom charters historical documents manuscripts inscriptions standard script modern georgian related languages ceremonial religious texts georgian scripts unique appearance exact origin established strictly structural terms order largely corresponds greek alphabet exception letters denoting uniquely georgian sounds grouped end originally consisting letters georgian presently written letter alphabet letters currently obsolete language number georgian letters languages varies language uses current georgian letters obsolete georgian letter additional letters specific obsolete letter plus letter borrowed greek making letters total writing language fourth language commonly written uses georgian letters utilized additional obsolete georgian letter supplemented georgian scripts hold national status cultural heritage georgia currently nominated inclusion list preview origins origins georgian script date poorly known agreement exists georgian foreign scholars date creation designed script main influences process version script attested dates 5th century scripts formed following centuries scholars link creation georgian alphabet process core georgian speaking kingdom classical sources alphabet probably created conversion king iii inscriptions armenian alphabet translation bible christian literature georgian monks georgia palestine professor dating fragmented inscriptions discovered ruined town georgia easternmost province 1980s 1st 2nd century universally accepted georgian tradition attested medieval chronicle lives kings assigns earlier pre christian origin georgian alphabet names king 3rd century inventor account considered legendary rejected scholarly consensus archaeological confirmation found considers tradition attempt earlier tradition alphabet invented georgian application iranian model kings credited creation basic social institutions georgian offers alternate interpretation tradition pre christian use foreign scripts alphabet write georgian texts point contention scholars role played armenian process according number scholars medieval armenian sources generally acknowledged creator armenian alphabet created georgian tradition originates works fifth century historian biographer quoted criticized scholars georgian western judge passage unreliable later scholars quote claims taking stance validity agree armenian played role creation georgian script controversy regards main influences play georgian alphabet scholars debated inspired greek alphabet semitic recent historiography focuses greater similarities greek alphabet writing systems notably order value letters scholars suggested possible inspiration particular letters certain pre christian georgian cultural symbols clan markers georgian oldest georgian script means capital letters letter principal head known georgian rounded round named round letter shapes despite capital script like modern georgian script oldest inscriptions found far date 5th century inscriptions 9th century script starting dominant role reduced monuments 10th 18th centuries continued written script later period decorative majority 9th century georgian manuscripts written script titles letters chapters manuscripts written completely found 11th century form letters early letters equal height georgian historian believes direction like greek initially direction earliest surviving texts left right letters straight lines horizontal vertical meet right angles letter acute angles attempts explain exception georgian art historian believes derives christ composed according georgian scholar cross like shape letter indicates end alphabet function similarly shaped letter greek latin letters function greek latin coins queen georgia king george georgia script 7th century forms letters began change equal height letters abandoned letters acquiring note capitalized tall variants letters illumination manuscripts titles illuminated capitals beginnings started new sections text early stages development texts letters elaborate distinguished principally size written ink later 10th century letters illuminated style capitals identify era text example georgian manuscripts byzantine era styles byzantine_empire influenced kingdom georgia capitals illuminated images birds animals decorative capital letters 13th century 11th century limb limb limb decorative forms developed found 12th century monuments 18th century importance attached colour ink letter written decoration effects fish birds decorative form letters smaller letters written inside letters headlines manuscripts books compete inscriptions written form title decorative form following table shows stroke order direction letter georgian second georgian script comes meaning inventory schedule soon augmented illuminated capitals religious manuscripts combination called georgian clerical principally appeared 9th century graphic variant oldest inscription found church dates oldest surviving manuscripts date dominant 10th century form letters letters vary height right letters angular shape noticeable tendency shapes enabled faster writing manuscripts letters letters produced new letter note proper font support question marks boxes symbols instead letters following table shows stroke order direction letter use today murals exterior design especially stone georgian attempt 1950s introduce script capital letters begin sentences latin script didn catch officially alongside patriarch georgia called people use georgian scripts georgian current georgian script literally meaning cavalry military derives meaning knight warrior like scripts purely appears 10th century oldest inscription found dating second oldest written text found 11th century royal charters georgia royal charters historical documents manuscripts inscriptions non religious purposes represented civil royal secular script dominant scripts 19th century 19th century establishment development printed georgian universal writing georgian outside church form letters inscriptions 10th 11th centuries characterized rounding angular shapes letters making complete outlines letters letters written linear system similar round free writing breaks strict frame previous letters begin coupled free develops example oldest written texts found royal charter georgia 11th century king kings great grandfather coin queen georgia modern georgian alphabet modern georgian alphabet consists letters letters removed georgian alphabet society spreading literacy founded discarded letters georgian alphabet redundant called eighth equivalent christ called appeared instead came pronunciation replaced christ written came pronounced replaced sequence came pronounced replaced sovereign spelled continue alphabet sound short time written script letters added adapted languages georgian retained letters obsolete georgian required additional letters derives greek letter called sound stop reversed turned evangelical literature languages ain occasionally bats derives arabic letter ain following table shows stroke order direction letter written small end form uses vertical line taller diagonal cross bar written diagonal cross bar generally shorter print letters height thirteen like english equal number like english letters like old english print variation individual stylistic variation letters example circle stroke direction shown chart counter clockwise starting clock upwards external link section videos people writing common variants written like closed loop frequently written simple loop generally written straight vertical lines example resembles right frequently written single arc written generally size print riding wide arc like rarely written right angle frequently written arc like latin small circle tail hanging bowl small circles print straight vertical line intersecting rotated bit clockwise small circles right close generally written round bowl variation features triangular bowl written hook completely straight vertical line written loop like written looks like hooked version latin similar letters letters similar confused especially critical difference arc vertical line open curve closed loop true tops look similarly crucial difference letter written height written written vertical highly stylized writers readily formed letters placed letters letters initials king letters like highly stylized writers readily formed including called resemble writing materials scarce precious practical measure widespread manuscripts 11th century jesus christ 11th 17th centuries came employ point requiring complex system type faces georgian scripts come single type face word apply automatic fake oblique bold georgian text traditionally chapter section titles latin script use bold type combinations dots word separate phrases clauses monumental inscriptions manuscripts 5th 10th centuries written like 10th century clusters dots later small circles introduced indicate increasing breaks text dot indicated minor stop presumably simple word break dots marked separated special words dots bigger stop title sovereign alexander title gospel matthew dots indicate end sentence starting 11th century marks resembling came use mark word appeared end sentence 12th century replaced greek question mark 18th century patriarch georgia reformed system single dots double dots mark complete incomplete final sentences respectively georgian today uses international usage latin script signature king alexander sovereign alexander summary table lists scripts parallel columns including letters obsolete shown blue background obsolete georgian green background additional letters languages georgian pink background national system georgian government alphabet turkey table shows traditional values letters use non languages language 1940s language 1940s language historically later replaced 17th century arabic script modern times language historically later replaced 17th century arabic script modern times language historically later replaced 17th century arabic script modern times turkish language language turkish gospel dictionary poems medical book dating 18th century persian language 18th century persian translation kept armenian language armenian community georgian script occasionally writing armenian 18th 19th centuries samples kind texts kept russian language collections short poems russian language written georgian script dating late 18th early 19th centuries northeast languages georgian script writing north languages connection georgian missionary activities areas starting 18th century old crosses inscriptions script computing georgian script added october release version creating block important roles played german studies american irish script created systems significant contributions prime minister georgia script received official status georgia domain script blocks block georgian modern georgian occupies range occupies range block keyboard standard georgian language keyboard layout traditional layout manual gallery gallery scripts gallery gallery
Georgian scripts