january july founding father united_states chief staff aide general george_washington influential promoters founder nation financial system founder world voter based political party founder united_states_coast_guard founder new_york_post newspaper secretary treasury hamilton primary author economic policies george_washington administration hamilton took lead funding states debts establishment national bank system friendly trade relations britain led created largely support views opposed democratic republican party led despised britain feared hamilton policies strong central government weaken american commitment born raised west_indies orphaned child hamilton pursued college education help local wealthy men recognized abilities talent sent columbia_university new_york_city hamilton played major role american revolutionary war start war joined militia company early raised provincial artillery company appointed captain soon senior aide american forces commander chief washington sent numerous important missions tell generals washington wanted war hamilton elected new_york resigned practice law founded hamilton dissatisfied weak national government led successfully influenced congress issue order create new constitution active participant philadelphia helped achieve ratification writing installments papers day single important reference constitutional interpretation hamilton leading cabinet member new government president washington hamilton nationalist emphasized strong central government successfully argued implied powers constitution provided legal authority fund national debt assume states debts create government backed programs funded primarily imports later highly controversial tax whiskey facing organized opposition jefferson madison hamilton mobilized nationwide network friends government especially businessmen major issue splitting parties jay treaty largely designed hamilton established friendly economic relations britain france supporters french revolution hamilton played central role dominated national state politics lost election jefferson democratic republicans returned practice law new_york tried control policies president adams hamilton called france commander new army war quasi war hard fought sea officially declared involve army action end adams found diplomatic solution avoided war france hamilton opposition adams election helped cause defeat election jefferson tied presidency electoral college hamilton helped defeat found elect jefferson despite philosophical differences hamilton continued legal business activities new_york_city lost national prominence vice president ran governor new_york state hamilton taking offense hamilton comments challenged duel mortally wounded hamilton died day childhood caribbean born spent childhood capital island leeward_islands hamilton born married woman partial british partial french descent fourth son scottish mother moved young hamilton ruled denmark certain year hamilton birth historical evidence hamilton arrival north_america supports idea born historians accepted birth date hamilton early life caribbean recorded documents published danish evidence caused historians favor birth year hamilton listed birth year arrived thirteen colonies celebrated birthday january later life tended age round figures papers death hamilton mother list years old date support birth year historians reasons different dates birth correct hamilton trying appear younger college classmates wished avoid standing older correct document indicating birth year error hamilton attempting pass order mother death hamilton mother married previously left husband son peter traveling met hamilton moved birthplace inherited property father couple sons alexander parents legally married church_of_england denied membership education church school hamilton received individual classes private school led jewish hamilton supplemented education family library books abandoned sons allegedly charge finding husband intend divorce danish law grounds adultery supported children keeping small store contracted severe fever died february leaving hamilton orphaned severe emotional consequences standards 18th century childhood court husband seized estate obtained owned including household silver items auctioned friend purchased family books returned young hamilton hamilton clerk local import export firm traded new_england left charge firm months owner sea older brother adopted briefly cousin committed suicide brothers separated james local carpenter alexander adopted merchant according writer evidence suggests stevens biological father son close friend hamilton boys described looking alike fluent french shared similar interests hamilton continued remained avid reader later developing interest writing began desire life outside small island lived wrote essay published detailed account hurricane devastated august biographer says hamilton famous letter storm reader reasons year old self educated clerk write clearly hamilton highly considerable fund verbal essay impressed community leaders collected fund send young hamilton north american colonies education education autumn hamilton arrived grammar school new_jersey studied preparation college work came influence leading intellectual revolutionary lived time liberty hall hamilton entered new_york_city columbia_university autumn private student officially credited public appearance july liberty pole hamilton friend spoke hamilton ability clearly explain rights reasons patriots case british hamilton formed unnamed literary society regarded precursor church_of_england clergyman published series pamphlets promoting loyalist cause hamilton responded anonymously political writings measures congress essentially tried provoke fear colonies main objective potential union colonies hamilton published additional pieces attacking quebec act authored anonymous installments monitor hamilton supporter revolutionary cause stage approve mob loyalists hamilton won credit saving college president loyalist angry mob speaking crowd long cooper escape revolutionary war early military career engagement american troops british lexington concord hamilton students joined new_york volunteer militia company called later renamed reformed hearts oak company classes graveyard nearby hamilton studied military history tactics soon recommended promotion fire led successful raid british cannons battery capture resulted artillery company connections influential new_york patriots raised men elected captain took campaign new_york_city particularly battle white plains battle stationed high point town meeting present warren pinned barracks george_washington staff hamilton invited aide lord general declined believing best chance improving station life glory battlefield hamilton eventually received invitation felt refuse serve washington aide rank lieutenant colonel washington felt aides camp persons entire confidence placed requires men abilities execute duties dispatch hamilton served years washington chief staff aide handled letters congress state governors powerful generals continental_army drafted washington orders letters direction eventually issued orders washington hamilton signature hamilton involved wide variety high level duties including intelligence diplomacy negotiation senior army officers washington war hamilton close friends fellow officers letters employing sentimental literary conventions late eighteenth century greek history mythology read revealing homosexual relationship historians agree washington staff hamilton long sought command return active combat war drew nearer end knew opportunities military glory diminishing february hamilton mildly washington excuse resign staff position asked washington field command continued early july hamilton submitted letter washington commission enclosed threatening resign didn desired command july washington relented assigned hamilton commander new_york light infantry battalion planning assault hamilton given command battalions fight conjunction allied french troops taking british fortifications hamilton battalions fought took nighttime action planned french fought suffered heavy casualties took actions forced british surrender entire army virginia effectively ending major british military operations north_america battle hamilton resigned commission appointed july new_york representative term beginning november appointment congress hamilton sharing criticisms congress expressed criticisms letter dated september letter wrote fundamental defect want power congress confederation requires altered fit war peace washington staff hamilton frustrated nature wartime particularly dependence states voluntary financial support congress power collect taxes demand money states lack stable source funding difficult continental_army obtain necessary provisions pay soldiers war time congress obtained funds subsidies aid requested states unable unwilling contribute european loans amendment articles proposed february congress power collect duty imports required ratification states securing passage law proved impossible rejected rhode_island november madison joined hamilton congress send delegation persuade rhode_island change mind report recommending delegation argued federal government needed level financial autonomy ability laws superseded individual states hamilton transmitted letter arguing congress power tax power fix sums states virginia ratification ended rhode_island negotiations congress army hamilton congress soldiers began pose danger young united_states army posted new_york army paying supplies paid months furthermore continental officers promised pension half pay discharged early structure government power tax raise revenue pay soldiers months pay group officers organized send delegation lobby congress led officers demands army pay sum payment congress unable afford half salary life congress rejected proposal including hamilton attempted use conspiracy leverage secure support states congress funding national government encouraged continue aggressive approach threatening unknown consequences demands met defeated proposals resolved crisis establishing general federal taxation states assume debt army established dedicated sole purpose paying debt hamilton suggested army claims prevail states proposed national funding system hamilton contacted suggest officers civil authority disbanding army satisfied hamilton wrote washington suggest hamilton direction officers efforts secure secure continental funding army limits washington wrote hamilton declining introduce army crisis ended warned dangers army leverage gain support national funding plan march washington situation giving speech officers congress ordered army officially disbanded april month congress passed new measure year hamilton voted required consent states approved officers years pay rhode_island opposed provisions hamilton robust national previous letter widely held excessive june different group soldiers lancaster pennsylvania sent congress petition demanding pay began march philadelphia congress charged hamilton mob hamilton requested militia pennsylvania turned hamilton instructed assistant secretary war intercept men jackson unsuccessful mob arrived philadelphia soldiers proceeded congress pay president congress feared pennsylvania state militia unreliable refused help hamilton argued congress ought princeton new_jersey congress agreed relocated frustrated weakness central government hamilton princeton drafted revise resolution contained features future including strong federal government ability collect taxes raise army included separation powers judicial branches return new_york hamilton resigned congress july authorized practice law new_york months self directed education practiced law new_york_city partnership specialized defending british subjects defeated claim damages brewery held military occupation new_york pleaded interpret state law consistent treaty paris ended revolutionary war founded longest operating banks american history stayed business years merged bank hamilton men restored suspended severely damaged war long dissatisfied weak played major leadership role convention drafted resolution constitutional convention brought longtime desire powerful financially independent federal government step closer reality constitution papers ratification constitution hamilton served chosen delegate father law hamilton leader calling new direct influence convention limited governor faction new_york legislature chosen new_york delegates opposed hamilton goal strong national government members new_york delegation present decided new_york vote ensure major alterations early convention speech proposing president life effect convention proposed elected president elected senators serve life contingent good behavior subject removal corruption abuse idea contributed later hostile view hamilton held according madison notes hamilton said regards executive english model good subject hereditary interest king interwoven nation personal great placed danger corrupted abroad let executive appointed life execute powers hamilton argued let observe executive dangerous liberties people office life seven years said constitutes monarchy making executive subject term monarchy apply convention hamilton constructed draft constitution based convention debates presented draft features actual constitution draft senate elected proportion population size house president senators elected complex elections chosen elect smaller bodies hold office life misconduct president absolute veto supreme_court immediate jurisdiction law suits involving united_states state governors appointed federal government end convention hamilton content final form constitution signed vast improvement urged fellow delegates members new_york delegation withdrawn hamilton new_york united_states_constitution took highly active successful campaign document ratification new_york crucial step national ratification popularity constitution masses sign unsuccessful state convention june pitted hamilton jay faction led hamilton faction ratification impression new_york accepted union clinton faction wanted amend constitution maintaining state right attempts failed state convention new_hampshire virginia ninth tenth states constitution respectively ensured happen compromise reached hamilton arguments largely work papers smith eventually went ratification necessity hamilton rhetoric vote state constitution ratified july hamilton served term proved session term elected place attorney general new_york hamilton blamed result ill appear correspondence men work time time projects including hamilton army papers hamilton recruited write series essays defending proposed constitution known papers largest contribution effort writing essays published madison wrote jay hamilton supervised entire project enlisted participants wrote majority essays oversaw publication project person responsible areas expertise jay covered foreign relations madison covered history anatomy new government hamilton covered branches government executive judicial branches aspects senate covering military matters taxation papers appeared october hamilton wrote paper signed subsequent papers signed jay wrote papers elaborate confederation weakness need unity foreign aggression splitting rival number involved hamilton highlights included discussion disorders past advances science politics fostered principles ensured abuses prevented division powers legislative checks independent judiciary legislators represented numbers hamilton wrote extensive defense constitution discussed senate executive judicial branches numbers hamilton madison worked describe state confederation numbers described entirely different thought time period contrast stark opposition later life subtle differences appeared discussing necessity standing armies reconciliation new_york vermont king ruled favor new_york dispute new_york new_hampshire region later state vermont new_york refused recognize claims property derived grants new_hampshire governor preceding years territory governed facto new_hampshire consequently people disputed territory called resisted enforcement new_york laws grants militia called noted successes war british originally formed purpose resisting colonial government new_york grants declared separate state called vermont early erected state government vermont repeatedly denied representation largely new_york insisted vermont legally new_york vermont took position petitions admission union denied united_states subject congress liberty negotiate separately british negotiations led exchanges prisoners war peace treaty ended war included vermont boundaries united_states government new_york entirely given plans vermont claimed jurisdiction member legislature new_york hamilton argued length favor bill recognize sovereignty numerous objections policy consideration bill deferred later date extensive negotiations carried hamilton lawyer representing vermont topics location border vermont new_york financial compensation new_york land grants vermont refused recognize conflicted earlier grants new_hampshire new constitution united states went effect plan replace new congress consisting senate house_of_representatives hamilton wrote subjects new congress independence kentucky time virginia southern states anxious northern glad find vermont legislature new_york agreed state claim jurisdiction vermont condition congress admit vermont state union secretary treasury president george_washington appointed hamilton united_states secretary treasury september left office day january structure government united_states worked years beginning structure function cabinet biographer argues hamilton saw office like british lord treasury equivalent prime minister hamilton oversee colleagues reign george_washington washington request hamilton advice assistance matters outside secretary hamilton elected fellow hamilton submitted financial reports congress report establishment mint report report plan support public credit great enterprise hamilton project administrative republic establishment stability report public credit house september requested hamilton report suggestions improve public credit january hamilton written early fixing public credit win objective independence sources hamilton ranged british writers writing report sought suggestions contemporaries madison agreed additional taxes duties imported land taxes madison feared government debt fall foreign hands report hamilton felt debt united_states revolutionary war price paid liberty argued liberty property security government honor contracts formed basis public private morality hamilton proper handling government debt allow america borrow affordable interest rates economy hamilton divided debt national state divided national debt foreign domestic debt agreement handle foreign debt especially france regards national debt held domestic creditors revolutionary war affluent citizens invested bonds war veterans paid notes price confederation response war veterans sold little cents dollar hamilton felt money bonds soldiers bought bonds soldiers little faith country future process attempting track original bond holders government showing discrimination classes holders war veterans compensated weighed factors hamilton state debts hamilton suggested consolidate national debt label federal debt sake efficiency national scale portion report dealt eliminating debt utilizing sinking fund retire percent debt annually paid bonds traded face value purchases benefit government rose price report submitted house_of_representatives detractors soon began speak notion programs resembled british practice wicked power balance shifted away representatives executive branch resided house suspected involved government saw congress league new_york congressman spoke new_york allegations attempting heard hamilton report involvement hamilton circle favorable report hamilton personally deal share debt madison eventually spoke february current holders government debt profit wanted original holders madison feel original holders lost faith government sold desperation compromise seen madison vote defeated votes february fight national government assume state debt longer issue lasted months period resources hamilton apply payment state debts requested rejected hamilton able prepare information march postponed supporters spite report day consisted series additional duties meet interest state debts issues involving hamilton bypassing rising issue slavery congress petitioned abolition returned issue following year having resign assistant secretary treasury vote assumption voted votes april temporary location capital new_york_city played role sent speak bargain capital temporarily located philadelphia single vote senate needed house bill pass bill passed senate july house votes july report hamilton report projection report hamilton forming ideas national bank early gathered ideas ways past years included theories extensive studies experience establishing american records assistant treasury secretary hamilton suggested congress charter million fifth handled government government money borrow money bank repay loan annual installments rest available individual investors bank governed member board directors represent large majority private shareholders hamilton considered essential private direction hamilton bank model similarities hamilton wanted exclude government involved public debt provide large firm elastic money supply functioning normal businesses usual economic development differences tax revenue bank previously proposed increases imported spirits liquor whiskey bill passed senate practically problem objections proposal increased time reached house_of_representatives generally held critics hamilton serving interests northeast means bank lifestyle benefit critics georgia attempted report quoting papers madison jefferson opposed bank bill potential capital moved bank firm establishment philadelphia current capital united_states significant reason actions pennsylvania members congress took capital men anxious madison warned pennsylvania congress members attack bill unconstitutional house followed threat madison argued case power bank established constitution failed sway members house authority constitution questioned members bill eventually passed overwhelming fashion february washington sign bill received suggestions attorney general jefferson dismissed necessary proper clause reasoning creation national bank stating powers carried execution bank jefferson objections washington involvement movement capital philadelphia thought reason response objection necessary proper clause hamilton stated necessary means incidental useful bank convenient species medium taxes paid washington eventually sign bill law establishing hamilton submitted report establishment mint house_of_representatives hamilton ideas report european resolutions meetings people spanish coin circulated coin united_states time proposed united_states dollar weighing spanish simplest way introduce national currency hamilton wanted dollar system set like spanish mint spite preferring gold standard issued currency ratio similar european countries different european desire gold grounds united_states receive influx silver west_indies hamilton desired small value coins silver cent copper half cent pieces reducing cost living poor main objectives general public accustomed handling money frequent basis hamilton principles adopted congress resulting act creation dollar coin silver dollar money ranging half cents silver gold issued smuggling american coasts issue revolutionary war revolution problematic smuggling lack shipping control revenue major problems response hamilton proposed congress enact naval police force called revenue order patrol waters assist custom collectors idea proposed assist controlling american economy promote merchant marine thought experience obtained influential decision making concerning details system hamilton wanted different areas united_states new_england georgia hamilton wanted armed muskets pistols broad hamilton wanted fabric sails domestically manufactured hamilton concerned employees food supply boarding ships provisions congress established august viewed birth united_states_coast_guard whiskey tax revenue principal sources revenue hamilton prevailed congress approve tax whiskey bill january hamilton proposed raise million dollars needed pay government operating expenses interest domestic foreign debts means increase duties imported spirits tea coffee domestic spirits failed congress recommendations excluding tax whiskey madison year modification hamilton involved imported duties passed september response revenues revenue gathered commerce great_britain hamilton attempted report public credit presenting implement tax imported domestic spirits taxation rate graduated proportion whiskey proof hamilton intended tax burden imported spirits imported domestic liquor lieu production citizens pay cents capacity exemption small exclusively domestic consumption realized tax receive rural areas thought spirits reasonable land taxes opposition initially came pennsylvania house_of_representatives protesting tax noted legislators able enforce taxes western regions state hamilton aware potential difficulties proposed ability search buildings designated store spirits able search suspected illegal storage facilities warrant allowed search houses warehouses visit twice day file weekly reports extensive detail hamilton cautioned judicial means favored jury trial potential offenders soon locals began threaten felt inspection methods hamilton attempted opposition lowered tax rates strong opposition whiskey tax cottage producers remote rural regions erupted western virginia whiskey basic export product fundamental local economy response rebellion believing compliance laws vital establishment federal authority hamilton accompanied rebellion site president washington general henry light horse harry lee federal troops assembled place revolution overwhelming display force intimidated leaders insurrection ending rebellion virtually manufacturing industry hamilton report report requested congress january report manufacturing expand independence report submitted december report hamilton quoted french example rejecting theory respectively hamilton refuted smith ideas government detrimental trade countries hamilton thought united_states primarily country disadvantage dealing europe response detractors hamilton stated interest advanced agriculture productive manufacturing ways government assist manufacturing hamilton mentioned protective duties imported foreign goods manufactured united_states withdraw duties levied raw materials needed domestic manufacturing boundaries encouraging immigration people better similar employment opportunities congress shelved report debate madison objection hamilton clause hamilton legal basis extensive programs subsequently ideas manufacturing major influence hamilton new_york philadelphia helped form private industrial corporation location great falls new_jersey selected access raw materials densely inhabited having access water power falls factory town named new_jersey governor signed charter profits derive specific benefits conferred nation citizens unlike report hamilton suggested stock offered eventually increase million welcomed state national government alike company successful numerous shareholders stock payments members soon went bankrupt governor program sent prison spite hamilton efforts disaster company emergence parties hamilton tenure treasury secretary political factions began emerge congressional caucus led began opposition group hamilton financial programs joined group returned france hamilton allies began opposition group called democratic republican party political scientists time known republicans hamilton assembled nationwide coalition garner support administration including expansive financial programs hamilton administration policy especially president policy neutrality european war britain france hamilton public relations campaign attacked french minister called tried appeal voters directly denounced foreign interference american affairs hamilton administrative republic succeed americans nation citizens experience administration proved firm demonstrated concepts found united_states_constitution impose internal direct taxes departed implications hamilton administrative republic risky republicans opposed banks cities favored france built national coalition oppose sides gained support local political factions developed partisan newspapers energetic editors fiery republican editors newspapers characterized intense personal attacks major invented claims hamilton established daily newspaper brought editor publishing new_york_post quarrel hamilton jefferson best known historically important american political history hamilton jefferson heightened wish washington principal trusted advisor britain france britain went war early members cabinet consulted washington unanimously agreed remain neutral send home policy britain major point contention parties hamilton wished trade britain new nation largest trading partner republicans saw britain main threat proposed instead trade war avoid war washington sent chief justice negotiate british hamilton largely wrote jay instructions result jay treaty denounced republicans hamilton mobilized support land jay treaty passed senate exactly required thirds majority treaty resolved issues remaining revolution war possible years peaceful trade united_states britain notes remarkable economic diplomatic gains produced treaty european nations formed incursions neutral rights cabinet consulted united_states join decided kept decision secret hamilton revealed private british minister united_states telling jay act remained unknown hammond dispatches read 1920s amazing revelation limited effect negotiations jay threaten join league point british reasons view league threat second report public credit leaving post hamilton submitted report plan support public credit congress curb debt problem hamilton grew dissatisfied viewed lack comprehensive plan fix public debt wished new taxes passed older ones permanent stated surplus tax liquor pledged lower public debt proposals included bill congress slightly month departure treasury secretary post secretary years affair hamilton involved affair month period revealed public years afterward appeared hamilton woman abandoned husband james new_york wished return hamilton money person retrieved address order deliver funds person brief dialogue bedroom frequent meetings hamilton received letters december letter maria warning husband knowledge james attempting blackmail hamilton point hamilton contemplated ending relationship briefly ceased visit apparently involved scheme sent letters point requested requested hamilton longer wife receiving dollars blackmail hamilton possibly aware involved incident suspicion illegal actions secretary treasury alleged evidence agent hamilton accompanying letters gathered hamilton information relayed consulted actions suggested evidence hamilton arrested released monroe soon confronted hamilton december hamilton discussed affair trio documents privately confidence journalist published history united_states year contained accusations agent hamilton documents confrontation december july hamilton wrote men confirm damage perception integrity secretary treasury complied monroe rounds argument resorted duel hamilton obtain explicit response monroe published pamphlet order preserve public reputation discussed affair exquisite detail wife monroe faced ridicule democratic republican faction maintained availability public service presidential election hamilton resignation secretary treasury remove public life resumption law practice remained close washington advisor friend hamilton influenced washington composition farewell address writing drafts washington compare draft washington contemplated retirement consulted draft similar manner hamilton election constitution stood presidential votes cast different men received votes president second vice president system designed operation parties mind thought planned deal having vote vice president thomas south_carolina adams resented hamilton influence washington considered private life hamilton compared adams washington thought emotionally unstable president hamilton took election opportunity urged northern vote adams jefferson south_carolina vote jefferson worked votes adams president adams remain vice president work found french minister united_states knew northern voted adams sufficient numbers came jefferson vice president adams resented intrigue felt service nation extensive quasi war quasi war washington strong endorsement adams reluctantly appointed hamilton major general army washington insistence hamilton senior major general prompting decline appointment serve hamilton junior major general continental_army thought serve beneath hamilton served inspector general united_states_army july june washington unwilling leave command army field hamilton facto head army adams considerable displeasure scale war broke france hamilton argued army conquer north american colonies france ally spain bordering united_states fund army hamilton wrote regularly successor treasury senator massachusetts directed pass direct tax fund war smith resigned july hamilton told tax houses instead land eventual program included stamp act like british revolution taxes land houses slaves calculated different rates different states requiring difficult intricate assessment houses provoked resistance southeastern pennsylvania led primarily men marched washington hamilton aided areas army development washington death default senior officer united_states_army december june army guard invasion france adams plans war opening negotiations france adams held proper retain members washington cabinet cause found washington death hamilton fired presidential election election hamilton worked defeat rival democratic republican candidates party nominee november alien acts left democratic republican newspaper functioning new_york_city reprinted article saying hamilton attempted purchase close hamilton publisher prosecuted libel prosecution compelled owner close paper won new_york jefferson hamilton proposed election different rules carefully drawn districts choosing split electoral vote new_york given supreme_court governor new_york wrote letter words proposing measure party purposes adopt declined reply running time south_carolina elder brother candidate election hamilton toured new_england urging northern hold firm renewed hope making president intrigued south_carolina hamilton ideas involved middle state assert non support adams support writing modest supports adams concerning supposed misconduct president hamilton expected southern states carolinas cast votes jefferson result ahead adams jefferson accordance second aforementioned plans recent personal rift wrote pamphlet called letter concerning public conduct character president united_states highly critical closed endorsement leading copy fell democratic republicans hands printed hurt adams reelection campaign split virtually assuring victory led jefferson election destroyed hamilton position jefferson beaten adams running mate received votes adams finished place fourth jay received vote jefferson tied united_states house_of_representatives choose men opposed jefferson supported ballots jefferson denied majority 36th ballot hamilton threw weight jefferson supporting arrangement reached delaware maryland vermont voting allowing states jefferson ending jefferson president hamilton like jefferson disagreed issues viewed jefferson lesser hamilton spoke jefferson far dangerous man enemy principle measure past administration strong evidence hamilton feared appeal members loss control viewed moderate willing dialogue reason fact voted hamilton wrote exceeding number letters friends congress convince members rejected hamilton reasons vote vice president united_states clear jefferson developed concerns support return vice presidency sought new_york governorship support defeated forces including hamilton duel death soon gubernatorial election new_york greatly assisted hamilton defeated published letters citing hamilton opposition alleging hamilton expressed opinion vice president upstate new_york dinner party cooper claimed letter intercepted information stated unusually cautious information dinner sensing attack honor recovering defeat demanded apology letter form hamilton wrote letter response ultimately refused recall instance insulting hamilton accused cooper letter series attempts reconcile avail duel accepted june night duel hamilton wrote defense decision duel hamilton viewed roles father husband putting creditors risk placing family welfare jeopardy moral religious reasons duel felt impossible avoid having attacks unable behavior prior duel attempted reconcile moral religious reasons codes honor politics intended accept duel throw fire order satisfy morals political codes respectively desire available future political matters played factor duel began dawn july west bank hudson_river rocky new_jersey seconds measured hamilton according raised pistol try light wear prevent vision obscured hamilton refused set pistols pulling trigger lighter offered vice president shot hamilton delivering proved fatal wound hamilton shot broke tree branch directly head seconds van determine fired claimed man fired soon measured shooting determine angle hamilton fired shot hit hamilton lower abdomen right hip bullet hamilton second false rib causing considerable damage internal organs particularly liver lodged second biographer considered circumstances indicate taking deliberate aim fired second biographer suggested took careful aim shot hamilton fired falling struck bullet paralyzed hamilton knew mortally wounded ferried home friend waiting dock final visits family friends considerable suffering hamilton died following afternoon july home jane street gave eulogy funeral secretly established fund support widow children hamilton buried trinity churchyard cemetery manhattan personal life family hamilton stationed new_jersey winter met daughter married december mansion albany new_york elizabeth children including named philip elder philip hamilton child born january killed duel publicly insulted manhattan theater second philip hamilton child born june philip killed children born september alexander born april september august july august october born november hamilton close elizabeth older sister englishman fortune north_america revolution returned church london war later joint friend hamilton religion hamilton youth west_indies orthodox conventional presbyterian new light evangelical type opposed old light taught student moderate wrote hymns published local newspaper college roommate noted hamilton habit praying knees night morning says hamilton dropped youthful revolution conventional liberal irregular best returned religion years says nominally clearly affiliated attend church regularly communion like adams franklin jefferson hamilton probably fallen sway sought substitute reason revelation dropped notion active god intervene human affairs time doubted god existence embracing christianity system morality cosmic justice hamilton jokes god constitutional convention french revolution displayed christianity political ends insisting christianity jefferson democracy incompatible hamilton asserted truth christianity proposed hold strong feeling mind elect fit men office wrote christian welfare societies poor member shot hamilton spoke belief god mercy desire renounce administered communion hamilton hamilton respect jews birthplace large jewish population hamilton came contact regular basis boy learned hebrew original language believed jewish achievement result divine providence warned discredit jews destroy christian religion legacy hamilton interpretations constitution set forth papers remain highly influential seen scholarly studies court decisions constitution ambiguous exact balance power national state governments hamilton consistently took greater federal power expense states secretary treasury established intense opposition secretary state jefferson country national bank hamilton justified creation bank increased federal powers congress constitutional powers issue currency regulate interstate commerce necessary proper enact provisions constitution jefferson hand took view constitution text carefully found specific authorization national bank controversy eventually settled supreme_court united_states maryland essence adopted hamilton view granting federal government broad freedom select best means execute powers specifically doctrine implied powers american_civil_war demonstrated sorts crises politics hamilton administrative republic sought avoid hamilton policies secretary treasury greatly affected united_states government continue influence constitutional interpretation specifically set federal authority courts considered authority constitutional interpretation prominent french diplomat spent united_states wrote consider napoleon fox hamilton greatest men forced decide place hamilton adding hamilton problems european conservatives opinions hamilton run viewed dangerously aristocratic hamilton reputation negative eras democracy democracy progressive era praised leadership strong government twentieth century republicans entered politics writing biographies hamilton historians generally taken main views hamilton says recent years hamilton reputation decidedly gained initiative scholars portray visionary architect modern liberal capitalist economy dynamic federal government headed energetic executive jefferson allies contrast come older view attacks point advocating monarchy monuments memorials beginning american civil war hamilton depicted denominations currency appeared likeness began appear postage portrait continued appear postage currency notably appears modern bill june announced portrait replaced woman reflect changing nature american democracy society later decided portrait remain portrait woman moved bill hamilton appears series savings bond source face bill portrait hamilton portrait collection postage stamp honor hamilton issued portrayals issues engraved die modeled bust hamilton italian sculptor hamilton issue postage stamp honor secretary treasury cent red commemorative issue released anniversary hamilton birth includes rendition building located new_york_city march issued liberty issue postage stamp honoring hamilton home hamilton owned federal style mansion designed built acre country estate upper manhattan named house completed grandfather alexander estate scotland house remained family widow sold british born real estate developer proceeds purchase new davis son alexander moved original location moved spot land hamilton estate neighborhood upper manhattan historic structure restored original appearance maintained service served trustees new_york state later academy received college charter school formally renamed columbia_university hamilton alma mater official memorials hamilton campus new_york_city college main classroom building large statue hamilton stands university press published complete works edition columbia_university student group cadets marine officer candidates named main administration building connecticut named commemorate hamilton creation predecessor services united_states_coast_guard fort hamilton brooklyn named hamilton new_york_city renamed hamilton son commissioned granite statue located new_york_city statue honoring chicago controversy concerning surrounding architecture buckingham fountain family commissioned monument impetus treasury secretary hamilton secured nation financial future possible family fortune grain elevators banking consequently hired model sculpture finnish architect create architectural setting proposed foot tall shelter poorly received buckingham death sculpture setting location design uncertain conspiracy allegations surfaced matter litigation courts ordered construction completed trustees hired architect structure completed structural problems eventually demolished statue display statue dedicated south terrace treasury building washington new_york florida illinois indiana kansas nebraska ohio tennessee named honor slavery recently prevailing scholarly view hamilton like founders generally lacked deep concern slavery traced historians hamilton writing 1920s praise jefferson enlightenment denounced hamilton evil contends consensus changed sharply hamilton favor recent years example argues treasury secretary committed ending slavery calls abolitionist states lifelong opponent slavery says leading anti slavery advocate says hamilton vigorously opposed slave trade slavery expansion hamilton king george ministers contains speaks slavery british bring americans mcdonald sees attack institution slavery believes term symbolic way time revolutionary war hamilton took lead proposals arm slaves free compensate masters hamilton worked closely friend south_carolina propose unit formed command hamilton proposed create battalions slaves combat duty free congress recommended south_carolina georgia acquire thousand slaves service saw fit south_carolina governor congressional delegation supported plan philadelphia implement hamilton believed natural blacks probably good free whites warned british arm slaves patriots 21st century biography cites incident evidence hamilton saw revolution struggle slavery hamilton attacked political opponents demanding freedom refusing allow blacks january hamilton attended second meeting president hamilton secretary later president notes membership soon included hamilton friends associates hamilton member committee society petitioned legislature end slave trade succeeded passing legislation banning export slaves new_york period hamilton felt bound rule law time law practice facilitated return fugitive slave south_carolina opposed compromise constitutional convention federal government abolish slave trade years disappointed lost argument hamilton supported forced emigration freed slaves argued comfortable society distinguished contemporaries international affairs supported black government haiti revolt french control supported aid measures hurt france evidence interpreted indicate hamilton owned household slaves wealthy new evidence indirect mcdonald interprets referring paid employees economics hamilton portrayed patron saint economic philosophy according historian dominated economic policy firmly supported government intervention favor business manner early fall hamilton opposed british ideas free trade believed benefits colonial imperial powers favor believed help develop fledgling nation emerging economy inspired writings hamilton influenced ideas work hamilton view strong executive linked support people administrative republic dominance executive leadership carrying policy essential resist deterioration republican government explored similarities recommendations development popular culture apart bill obscure film hamilton attract attention american popular culture advent hit broadway musical hamilton musical features music lyrics book based biography new_yorker called achievement historical cultural telling rise self immigrant story america broadway production hamilton won outstanding musical seven hamilton received pulitzer prize drama record tony nominations winning including hamilton appeared significant figure popular 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Alexander Hamilton