river known informally canadian river south eastern new_brunswick river length kilometres miles located albert kings counties draining watershed area square kilometres watershed features valleys ridges rolling hills home diverse population terrestrial aquatic species named tributaries join river course mouth construction causeway river world largest tidal ranged metres height moved kilometres hour mph opening causeway gates april river ocean bore returning glory settle near river route village winter camp port royal nova scotia region expelled seven years war resistance fighters village des fought command french leader battle fend british troops suffered destruction settlement british troops revisited river years later conducted 1840s area saw boom halted following arrival steam train forced town changes eventually controversial rock earth fill causeway built prevent agricultural flooding carry crossing communities causeway caused problems river surrounding ecosystem estimated million cubic metres million cubic yards deposited river downstream causeway years following construction causeway restricted movement fish reduced region salmon catches percent water quality dropped thanks industrial expansion area designated endangered river canada problems april causeway gates opened permanently million phase project designed restore river completed etymology popular belief suggests derives french term meaning little elbow fact derives indigenous word probably possibly according reserve refers wall water rushing means sound thunder rush water coming like thunderstorm term origin derived word meaning river bends like bow reference right angle bend near transformed modified british settlers river heavy led nickname chocolate river resulting brown built additional million cubic metres million cubic yards sediment began accumulate river downstream geography course river measures source near mouth source derives confluence north rivers western arises tributaries drains km2 south east drains km2 north confluence river passes bridge route road follows river left river route crosses river kilometres downstream join community river right tributary watershed km2 runs past salisbury final major right tributary known joins watershed km2 river passes joined widening approaches causeway built formed wall blocking water river flowed downstream bridge causeway construction river area expand attaining width mile series banks sides degree turn south feature gave original elbow river passes eastern western approaches mouth watershed area km2 joins near mouth widens drains km2 wetland past merges runs south west bay drains flows proceeds south east atlantic_ocean watershed watershed km2 average yearly precipitation watershed millimetres average temperatures summer winter watershed located kings albert counties south east new_brunswick crossing south east borders designated province lower north west bay north east south watershed geographically distinct nearby groups merge purposes area occupied europeans late 17th century population grown rapidly 19th century rising fewer people people people spite growth area remains relatively percent watershed covered forest tenth agriculture percent occupied wetlands percent area commercial residential private usage noted growth main factors ongoing environmental degradation river water quality listed endangered river canada listed second quebec causeway cited major factors river degraded health index gave study sites excellent rating sites good rating sites fair rating sites marginal rating known time collected water samples october study bacteria nutrient dissolved oxygen sediment levels sampling sites upstream causeway downstream study river average temperature august upstream location contrast average site total period study levels high upstream safe levels downstream june july august failed meet safe quality threshold occasion publication showed watershed meet quality guidelines percent samples dissolved oxygen percent samples percent samples contrast river safe levels study noted effects agriculture river water quality recommended work local farmers install cattle fencing streams run properties eventually phase usage holds stronger position issue organisation notes find way surface ground water soil runoff request measures taken provincial government regulate usage province usage altogether require chemical manufacturers disclose health warnings ingredients labels warned erosion caused removal river zones common land use practice mining area essentially stopped closure mines mining surfaced potential problem river province subject controversy gave known right turtle creek greater water reservoir maintained warned dangers related fearing pushed surrounding water noted mining effects health ecosystems wildlife agriculture recreation public health joined environmental groups asking provincial government establish ban act province later restrict mining residential areas ban protected drinking water areas controversy involved exploration oil gas deposits area access blocked municipal government shortly building causeway acre built near river materials disposed area including petroleum waste oil pipe foam sewage medical waste shut samples showed levels exceeded canadian quality guidelines times contained heavy metals petroleum mortality rate percent found test trout exposed water samples company responsible planning closing city charged march offences relating fisheries act city pleaded guilty september paid fine ordered help reduce flow years later fined total ordered contribute total federal discharge river aids drainage significant bodies water report showed handles average discharge mouth yearly recorded high low report estimated mean values minimum maximum year year year flood events minimum year year year drought events tidal bore tidal waves moving upstream downstream waves occur twice day come world highest tides european mention bore british lieutenant colonel november downstream voyage near admiralty referred tidal bore chart published observing passage rise tide rapid high water attained lowest tides bore appears broken usually inches high ranged height speeds mph noted noise bore heard great distance animals immediately highland manifest visible signs terror near causeway values compared tidal amazon rivers causeway built reached heights wildlife construction causeway home aquatic species fish originally included hundreds thousands atlantic rainbow tens thousands american thousands american atlantic salmon brook trout striped bass hundreds atlantic fish include herring brown chain bass white perch white marine mammals uncommon normally consisted pilot atlantic white sided harbour harbour seals freshwater species included brook dwarf eastern eastern eastern triangle aquatic organisms thought entered watershed low water species disappeared river mid-1980s known canadian habitat dwarf later isolated american elimination atlantic salmon longer present watershed listed endangered species canada american favourite fishermen represented thirds entire canadian landings catches peaked million kilograms million pounds year species eliminated river striped bass atlantic atlantic project funded noted removal causeway result good chance bringing eliminated species excellent chance increasing numbers species deemed reduced numbers data released atlantic salmon striped bass insects reside subfamily non native species black spider beech scale white marked mountain ash home watershed southern watershed percent world feed mud shrimp stop migrating south_america number accounts percent total population percent north american population short billed red knot known migrating diverse number plant species reside watershed red white black spruce red maple white birch common jack pine commonly found regions fires repeatedly cedar found areas limestone present higher altitude slopes house sugar maple beech yellow birch trees note high frequency disturbed sites dominated stands reveals degree historical recent human disturbance river zone houses number trees including white spruce white pine trees white pine found watershed plants tend grow near areas found small pure stands alien plant species include mother japanese yellow flag canada year old skeleton discovered workers near near perfect condition transported displayed geology watershed covers area north east low elevation average region rolling hills valleys ridges fact region sea level beneath seas period non younger grey compose majority bedrock northern shore including north rivers primarily volcanic rocks mixed rocks southern shore including little rivers composed lower volcanic rocks limestone shores include red grey sandstone red beds red rocks higher occurrence port significant era rock patches appear areas watershed located near north western border watershed near second ranges east west watershed features topography limestone rocks circulating creates depressions caves examples rare occurrences appear west village large alternate small ridges form shaped patterns home longest cave networks eastern canada key habitat bats majority watershed composed sand clay normally lies layer fairly rich soils tidal deposits found rivers exploited agricultural purposes publication notes soils salisbury sandstone fine properly drained fertile glacial watershed contrast note soils local coarse sandy fertile type asphalt found canadian physicist inventor tonnes mineral shipped boston years large deposits found kilometres miles mining site shipped globe primary means transporting minerals time history region settled river upstream current route winter camp confluence north rivers europeans arrived early french expedition nova scotia new_brunswick led explorer accompanied samuel future governor sailed hoping find ideal site settlement passed chose settle island present day maine explore region returned coasts eastern nova scotia founded port royal settlement settled area population grown families living permanently region port royal founded new_brunswick near time inhabitants referred area rivers confused quebec history french indian war erupted amid tensions british french control initially inhabitants conflict french ceded land britain treaty asked oath declaring complete fidelity british monarch occasions refused punished declaration neutrality signed accepted nova_scotia governor earned nickname neutral french outbreak war british demanded possible threat spite resistance led representatives eventually agreed sign reluctance persuaded governor order population expelled british territory living affected decision british troops led major sent destroy settlements rivers beginning village des french resistance commander hoping evacuate possible unable march distance settlement time fought second threatened village august troops composed inhabitants area counter attacked suffering loss british casualties defeat thought reason british abandonment campaign rivers commander evacuated estimated total suffered massive famine largely caused scarce resources following battle known locals led raids british vessels sailing provoked british initiating raids took place february lieutenant colonel tried find returning ambushed killing scott gunmen second raid took place settlement march british shocked find begun rebuilding homes june scott learned reports cattle stolen outside fort british issued order captain send men arrived following night began firing vessel held offensive position british killed taking prisoner troops continued sail river day sent men burn settlement west historians area deserted continued survive region overcoming results raids scott sailed region search weaken winter arrived near midnight november tide prevented sending men came morning prisoners scott told area virtually sent parties bore park scott recorded deaths prisoners buildings sight burned cattle brought vessel additional raids scott november captured dozen prisoners burned settlements uncovered schooner crew sent prisoner 17th request surrender remaining residents returned reported begun flee settlements prompted scott return migrating probably died trip winter survived joined refugees present persuaded seek refuge inadequate housing supplies reasons led deterioration reputation french commander remained late raiding rapidly took toll residents stayed rivers food supplies scarce reconstruction impossible fall september eliminated possibility assistance area november region sent delegate fort renamed announce surrender newly promoted colonel settlements surrendered day delegate sent fort represent refugees requested received permission governor lawrence winter refugees offered land early requested original lands rivers governor granted modern history present treaty paris exiled began return area numbers rivers remained settlers philadelphia began migrate area jones families moved present day family later moved south east families bought land west bend river ranging acres grant population reached composed mainly descendants settlers era began arrival russell built sailed trade ports new_england ship crew sank storm december trip boston christmas ferry service launched thanks license obtained built important vessel largest sail river arrival boom began shipyard founded produced vessels employed inhabitants mayor april year town incorporated european north american railway extended link eventual goal reaching according caused town station stop railway line coincided failure industry population drop peak town declared bankruptcy unincorporated later regained status railway headquarters shops continued aid shipping goods 20th century essentially ended 1890s final vessel built final ship sail france arrived july ironically stranded november river tidal fluctuations proposed tidal power project called dam built fort point company sold shares raise funds project series site airborne studies conducted federal government project fell rail transport common displaced river transportation great depression addition offered service montreal december factors crosses link built damaged rebuilt different occasions following gale forced town rebuild bridge went extensive repairs ice build continued pose threat wooden structure leading construction new steel version fourth bridge suffer collisions including september caused ship men years demolished final time making way metre long lane bridge crossing covered bridges built final extant hasty built causeway controversy present provincial federal governments completed construction causeway communities provide crossing river water levels agricultural production benefit federal government time constantly maintained area benefited provincial government federal government willing fund million project bridge causeway equipped problems arose fish unable cross freely build percent salmon prevented travelling upstream structure sediment accumulated river downstream causeway million cubic metres million cubic yards deposited years following construction reports described impact aquatic ecosystem proposals amendments causeway gates released action taken reports pointed problems related gates function erosion winter ice jams unsatisfactory operation new_brunswick commissioned study problems final report recommended alternatives action continue operation continue operation gates eliminate gate amend operation protocol alternative chosen years later substantially improve fish migration expected provincial government decided open gates april july allow fish migrate stream repeated september october spring low tides new_brunswick fisheries recommended opening gates april december year provincial government committee report recommended additional seven options modification causeway government act options low cost benefit factor reports documented problems related passage fish river agreed open gate april december suggested years earlier project organized december begin trial systematic opening gates year conditions physically met terminated june february report proposed additional modifications causeway project replace open gates peak fish migration open gates permanently replace entire causeway bridge environmental impact assessment study commissioned develop options completion announced recognition option option possible solutions option ruled following evaluation fish passage models deemed river second suggesting systematic gate opening periods ruled inability cater marine species migration periods option split sub options mainly list possible bridge lengths metres yards provincial government later accepted proposal december selected option august called bridge place causeway project divided phases expected cost total million phase consisted prevention erosion improvements nearby drainage system construction work carried july april phase consists opening gates monitor river flow upstream downstream years phase commenced consisted bridge development removal causeway anticipated completed confusion arose project funded federal government refused spite earlier comment oceans hinted possible negotiation unwilling wait provincial government came forward initial million july begin phase approach met complaints biology professor noted worth required population city doubling gates open flood warnings issued provincial town warning high river tides lead flooding hectares acres sport fields structures built low lying areas added causeway flood gates able descend required eliminating chances repercussions possible residents near west causeway criticized project citing decrease property values homes approximately percent according report million price tag unstable ice conditions lower water quality spite legal threats residents causeway opened gates april coinciding beginning studies opening river improved significantly surpassing original expectations project engineer participating firm studies said banks river begun widening noticeable pace tidal bore growing closer levels actually anticipating fairly modest increase height exceeding expected noted estimated returned river called studies determine impact causeway opening recreation residents river recreational purposes trips annually river feast saint anne celebrations locals owned sons offered cruises early 1930s cents approximately values service popular capsized embarking passengers causing lose interest environmental impact assessment september cited recreational fishing major pre causeway activities fishery atlantic salmon existed downstream causeway years publishes guide covering sites mary point activities downstream causeway include boating seal harbour viewing tour boating july north american record single river wave set california rode tidal bore opening causeway gates april west causeway colloquially known lake promoted recreational haven residents area according association estimated hours boating took place lake addition motor boating water skiing jet skiing sailing swimming fishing tournaments dragon boat dog popular time study showed levels june july september exceeded parts times recommended recreational purposes located area known popular tourist location watching tidal bore river twice day area features information wave clock indicating time appearance bore park park section tourists walk bike trail continues west east nova scotia offer trails run streams lists following lists ordered mouth river source crossings river runs bridges excluding causeway tributaries features named tributaries drain total additional streams
Petitcodiac River