species native europe asia northern africa adults vary length invasive species parts world including australia new_zealand north_america south_america south_africa significant economic pest pine trees wasp attack wide variety pine species species susceptible stressed trees attacked female wasp lays eggs substance fungus larvae feed hatch substance toxic trees aids tree decline fungus characteristics adult cylindrical body waist pointed abdomen female body male long sexes long black shaped antennae close body male black orange middle abdomen wings yellowish translucent antennae black pair legs yellowish orange colour pair heavily coloured black posterior orange females iron blue orange legs black antennae notable distinction red antennae females yellowish wings tapering tip abdomen sting connected special organs abdomen female stores fungus spores broken segments hyphae spores deposited eggs host tree wood larvae adults strong drill lead plates larvae shaped pairs cut host wood powerful pointed dark tip rear end presses drilling dust walls closely resemble larvae genus native introduced range native habitat temperate ranging europe siberia peninsula live deep pine rich forests species reached continents australia south_africa north_america export timber invasion prevented north_america long time established new_zealand contributed massive pine declines half 19th century spreading tasmania 1950s australian mainland reached pine plantations later argentina brazil chile found south_africa population increased area species reached vermont new_york pennsylvania ohio michigan spread far southeast usa current spreading rate subsequently forestry authorities intensified pest control methods additionally started education campaigns warning transport large distances store long wood export wasp spread parts africa remote locations spared providing area controlled iucn graded wasp heavily invasive ecology flight time adults begins late summer early autumn date depends region climate males hatch earlier females create gather females seek couple males shoots females search suitable host trees possible choosing weak dry wood orient compounds weakened trees produce tree stressed exterior injuries compounds barriers escape bark female drills holes bark place egg time spores holes branch tubes lead away eggs white shaped size small females lay eggs largest lay eggs placed tube tube female fungal spores females die days egg laying development larvae larvae develop male larvae develop eggs females ones usually males produced female ratio varies larvae hatch days earliest exterior conditions remain egg months optimal temperature hatch days larvae hatch days earlier likely die extreme temperatures result slower development larvae die sufficient wood crucial hatching fungus prevents wood drying hatching possible tree ward floods fungus producing wall stages occur stages larvae live surrounding fungal tissue reach inner wood fourth stage eat final summer wood finally seventh stage usually reach maximum size penetrating normally turn turn meet foreign encounter bubbles dry larvae live fungal digest centimeters bark female larvae containing fungal adult females incorporate adults eat bark depending weather remain hatch hole weeks leave wood warm sunny weather period hatching lasts days years exceptionally years climate major factor development slower colder regions relationship eastern asia fungus instance benefits function additionally wasp creates optimal conditions fungus drilling underlying wood layers weakening host tree fungus adapted process course years created fruit bodies rarely crop conversely fully dependent enables larvae unlock wood producing white family support close relationship fungi process host tree weakening infested tree development larvae arrested tree recover consequences wasp blocks killing larvae host spectrum attacks conifers especially usual habitat mainly north_america wasp attacks exotic domestic pine species generally plantations examples include united_states unlike species damage relatively healthy trees heavily die wasp mainly weakened trees population high insect attack intact healthy trees wasp larvae fungus need healthy wood dry dead timber hatch processed wood infested spring found michigan pennsylvania new_york vermont north_america attacked confirmed hosts scots slash jack symptoms damage divided categories phases depending caused fungus larvae secondary parasites reaction host tree traced adult wasp occurs days wasp shoots causing loss water balance result brown coloration leaf drop wood fine drops wasp found central trunk attacked tend develop tip begins changing green yellowish red finally turning completely brown month period wasp inch diameter holes tree trees attacked uniformly main stem trees low pressure attacked clusters process fungal spores reaction caused tree creating appropriate environment entry air fungus breaks causing white moves vertically aligned vertical profile shows reddish white streaks run direction growth stage begins bore wood eats path proceeds trunk center turning running bark paths visible cross section heavily blocked wood flour wood processing lengths paths vary depending wood diameter depends size larvae exit holes circular small diameter stressing host tree visible appear fourth stage reinforced insects fungi turn cause symptoms fungus larvae cause tree death period ranging weeks months natural enemies parasites birds primary natural enemies adults frequently hunted prefer males black great spotted major consume larvae parasites larger impact populations include lay eggs egg hatching period similar host mentioned lay eggs larvae adult hatch later parasites locate host larvae hidden wood antennae detect cues including smell leaking drill dust fungus weak vibrations differences temperature majority insect feed affect sensitivity parasite suggested new world 1970s possible biological control causes female fertility males inside host tree primarily feed fungal near wasp larvae females couple males finally wasp larvae eventually exit tree carrying competition food wasp larvae occurs resulting slower growth possible starvation larvae population prone rates recorded combat combining partner related species similar effect lives genus pest control management options biological control agents employed try limit populations shown delivery issue delivering organism tree introductions parasitic successful reduce wasp populations local population success slowing population growth wasp observed measures stopping spread wasp consequence forest damage australia new_zealand wood imports countries required certified free living larvae treatment attempted heat removing bark
Sirex woodwasp