latin punishment sack roman law type death penalty imposed subject found guilty punishment consisted leather sack assortment live animals thrown water punishment varied widely frequency precise form roman period example earliest fully documented case scholars think punishment developed century earlier earlier murderers including handed family punishment punishment enacted roman state officials inclusion live animals sack documented early imperial times beginning snakes mentioned time emperor 2nd century known form punishment documented dog monkey inserted sack time optional form punishment alternate thrown arena 3rd century accession emperor constantine fell use constantine revived added sack years later emperor punishment animals remained statutory penalty byzantine law years replaced punishment burnt alive instead gained revival sorts late medieval early modern germany late cases drowned sack live animals documented half 18th century execution ritual 19th century historian compiled described detail elements time asserted elements execution following based description regarded static ritual observed descriptive elements sources written period centuries example notes monkey hardly ancient element execution ritual person beaten blood colored rods probably head clad covered bag wolf hide feet placed wooden shoes sack leather placed sack assortment live animals arguably famous combination monkey dog sack cart cart driven black running stream sea sack inhabitants thrown water variations occur latin phrases interpreted differently example early work says criminal mouth covered bag wolf hide says person held prison large sack ready modern author believes sack involved large common sacks romans transported wine sack readily available according author wine sack volume gallons point contention concerns precisely means individual beaten essay observes typically commentators translates phrase beaten rods till rods painted red points option rods actually type documented sources kinds thought nature picture gained ritual compiled sources ranging generally agreed dates composition century bce sixth century period seven years different elements mentioned sources actual execution ritual particular time substantially distinct ritual performed times example treatise unknown author bce details execution found guilty murdering mother citing relevant law follows law says convicted murdering parent shall completely wrapped bound leather sack thrown running stream convicted immediately received sentence head wrapped bag wolf hide wooden shoes feet led away prison defenders bring jail write presence witnesses duly attending penalty seen early reference mention live animals inhabitants sack mention initial contained contained sack transported river cart driven black roman historian places execution years earlier composition roughly bce claims furthermore roman history convicted sack thrown water account possible historians connect practice alleged incident king legendary reign bce reign roman state apparently acquired called books prophecy sacred rituals king appointed couple priests called guard books consequence book secrets certain according breach religion sack thrown sea according long event punishment instituted crime says addition suspected secret texts accused having killed father life claims case roman history son killed father happened centuries foundation rome traditional foundation date bce man called murdered father wars second war ended bce specify executed executed roman state additionally notes time centuries onwards regarded roughly synonymous called homicide prior times murder father simply morally according cloud modern professional historians roman history fundamental shift punishment murderers occurred end century bce possibly spurred specific incidents like murder father generally society wake protracted wars previously murderers handed family victim exact vengeance second century bce onwards punishment murderers affair roman state offended family given licence deemed appropriate punishment murderer family member particular context cloud points specifically certain jokes contained plays early 2nd century read refer recent introduction punishment sack particular animals involved incident prior execution relevance years times caused reform program urged man called ally condemned charge shut vessel added killed manner bce legislation laws documented bce principally relevant roman murder legislation general legislation particular 80s bce bce according 19th century commentator relation old laws specified convict sack throwing water particular punishment direct reference shows typical punishment assassin general specific crime makes explicit crime present support possible distinction contents remaining primary source material given century preserved sixth century collection digest laid kills father mother grandfather grandmother brother sister cousin father cousin mother paternal maternal uncle paternal maternal aunt cousin male female mother sister wife husband father law son law mother law daughter law stepfather patron intent brings shall liable penalty murderers mother kills son daughter suffers penalty statute grandfather kills grandson addition person buys poison father unable administer modern experts continue disagreements actual meaning offence called precise relation generally practice form specifically example kyle contemporary relevant controversies following manner cloud suggests law dig probably defined terms murder parents close relatives forms homicide suspended sack replaced changed nature penalty writings marcus marcus renowned lawyer politician century bce provides writings references punishment live animals documented writings later periods defence speech bce accused having murdered father symbolic importance punishment follows example believed devised designed previous roman generations stipulated sack alive thrown river remarkable wisdom showed gentlemen cut separated realm nature stroke sky sun water water ensuring killed man gave life denied elements said life derives want body exposed wild animals case animals turn savage coming contact want throw naked river fear body carried sea element thought short cheap commonly available allowed share free air living earth dead sea tossed waves land cast shores men live able draw breath open air die earth touching bones tossed waves end cast ashore granted rocks resting place death practice murderers parents sacks throwing water active type punishment time provincial level clear preserved letter marcus wrote brother governor 50s bce fact precise punishment locals marcus observes form frequency punishment sack actually practiced late republican rome early historian biography emperor bce notes following reluctance emperor actively authorize effect penalty furthermore administered justice care compassion illustrated case defendant clearly guilty sack confessed suffered punishment reportedly asked surely kill father opposite mentality case emperor example emperor mentor younger times follows emperor men years history says previous centuries saw writer like mentioned context punishment younger father elder lived reigns indicates comment snakes punishment unpleasant waiting worse suffering kept imagining snake deep later born probably 50s provides evidence monkey monkey point innocent emperor play suggests merely sack good example reference death mother widely believed murdered orders murdered thought sack standard appropriate punishment measured statues according roman historian statue sack given said deserve sack emperor later law collection digest famous retained mid century translation reads according custom ancestors punishment instituted follows blood colored rods sack dog monkey sack thrown depths sea procedure sea close hand thrown according constitution seen time emperor punishment basically optional convict thrown arena instead furthermore preserved fourth century contains information cart sack live contents driven black time late century said fallen use burnt alive thrown instead regards punishment obsolete day church father palestine notes case christian man tyre placed raw hide dog cast sea incident said taken place revival constantine great account comment scholars think punishment fell use century punishment revived broader including fathers killed children liable punishment emperor constantine retained 6th century reads follows emperor constantine vicar africa secretly openly shall death parent son near relative murder accounted suffer penalty punished sword fire ordinary form execution sack dismal prison companions depending nature locality shall thrown neighboring sea river living deprived enjoyment elements air denied living earth dead given november corpus massive body law onwards consists historical collections laws interpretation digest opinions pre eminent lawyers past collection earlier emperors introduction text students law plus novels later earlier collections meant sources actual current practice law historical interest seen example inclusion modification famous description digest law text novel penalty devised crime statute called provides person secret open act shall death parent child relation murder amounts law shall accomplice crime stranger shall suffer penalty execution sword fire ordinary form punishment criminal sack dog dismal prison thrown sea river according nature locality order death begin deprived enjoyment elements air denied alive earth dead kill persons related affinity murder suffer penalties assassination seen regards novel enactment old law includes symbolic interpretations punishment found example constantine extension penalty fathers murders children relative constantine inclusion sack dog monkey constantine modern historians suspects precise wording text suggests claimed reference digest actually sixth century law text faithful citation eliminated punishment byzantine_empire law code years times notes essay insanity necessarily denote attitude according synopsis edition cast flames german revival middle ages penalty sack animals included experienced revival parts late medieval early modern germany particularly 14th century commentator 13th century compilation laws customs example states appropriate punishment differences evolved german ritual relative original roman ritual apparently included replaced painting piece paper monkey replaced cat furthermore cat dog physically separated person sack leather difference leather easily inhabitants watertight leather sack effect death lack air death drawn drowning process relative comparatively quick death drowning case dresden intention culprit killed mother leather sack cat dog sack coating pitch sack chosen small sack hit waters thrown bridge ripped open cat dog managed swim away survive criminal presumably bound got punishment earlier intention death drowning instead case punishment alleged tradition evidenced city case alleged happened case non snake ritual victims black sack water hours mean time choir boys town duty sing composed deep cry punishment sack abolished dated june modern fiction novel renders fictionalized informed rendition roman punishment occur reference punishment connection historically correct successful charge having murdered father short story collected moments explosion stories modern horror story incorporates punishment
Poena cullei