coloration coloration known camouflage form camouflage works breaking outlines animal soldier military vehicle strongly contrasting pattern combined methods including background colour matching appears way seen disruption outlines depends high contrast patches colour conspicuous importance high contrast patterns successful disruption predicted general terms artist explicitly zoologist later experimental research started confirm predictions patterns work best components match background background matching works best single background coloration effective strategy animal military vehicle variety backgrounds conversely poisonous animals advertise presence warning coloration use patterns emphasize disrupt outlines example monarch butterflies high contrast patterns display outlines early research artist book animal kingdom argued animals concealed combination marks self shape explained markings sort tend cancel separate conflicting pattern visibility details boundaries form bird butterfly costume consists sharply contrasted bold patterns light dark equal proportions broken light dark light failing light dark dark apparently basal predominant use patterns animals costumes book animals introduced ideas maximum contrast uses streaks contrasting colour animals military vehicles visible breaking outlines explains ideal conditions background colour matching render animal absolutely invisible plain background adds conditions hardly ideal constantly changing light argues camouflage break perceived continuous surfaces object outlines words effective essential tell tale appearance form destroyed draws analogy carefully attention arguing function pattern prevent delay long possible recognition object sight irregular patches contrasted colours tones tend catch eye observer draw attention away shape bears attempts camouflage early second world war understanding principles involved recent attempts camouflage tanks armoured cars roofs buildings paint reveal complete failure responsible grasp essential factor disguise surface continuity work carried courage confidence close range objects properly treated appear conspicuous painted deception close range ranges bombing raids likely distances differences blend effect render work practically useless pioneering work endorsed review coloration colleagues notes proposed different form camouflage traditional strategy background matching proposed authors wallace colours animals animal coloration stevens observes background matching fail boundary animal background animals patterns use strongly contrasting markings spots stripes break outlines animal military vehicle predators like leopard potential prey like egyptian use patterns patterns defined colleagues characterized high contrast light dark patches configuration provide camouflage disrupting recognizable shape orientation animal strategy appears counter intuitive method camouflage disrupting outlines depends patches colour contrast strongly patches conspicuous background matching works best single background coloration effective strategy animal military vehicle variety backgrounds colleagues believed experimental test coloration effective colour patches match background high contrast background adjacent pattern elements contrast like targets matching background oak tree bark dead removed assumed bird predator taken distinguished visits predators found coloration provided best protection bird predators pattern matched background elements pattern match patterns better reducing predation non patterns plain control targets patterns conceal specific features animals fish birds frogs snakes readily detected eyes necessarily round dark species conceal eye stripe runs eye contrasting stripe eye making dark area background called pattern opposite case poisonous animals advertise presence warning coloration use patterns emphasize disrupt outlines example monarch butterflies high contrast patterns display outlines advertising patterns exploit opposite principle coloration effect exactly opposite effect animal conspicuous possible disputed case presence bold markings prove animal relies camouflage according mitchell adult conspicuous making conclusion patterns camouflage appear standing trees bushes camouflage effective metres distance young vulnerable predation adults die year mothers hide spend time lying cover presence mother affect survival mitchell suggests young extremely supported fact coat markings strongly inherited conversely far hiding adult gain best view approaching predator relying size ability defend lions ways hiding outlines outlines animal body hard methods highly irregular outline example butterfly album highly cryptic wings closed cryptic colours pattern irregular outer margins wings military usage coloration common military usage military vehicles firing positions installations individual soldiers uniforms equipment helmets face paint break outlines features coloration achieve animal military target given away factors including shape shine shadow military camouflage patterns 1940s coloured issue woodland pattern united_states armed forces pattern dominant feature military uniforms pattern material began replace plain material uniforms later armies challenges major challenges face design patterned uniforms firstly units frequently terrain background colours contrasts differ greatly uniform designed woodland strongly contrasting desert use green urban use single camouflage pattern effective attempted suit environments withdrawn years service terrain specific patterns like berlin camouflage applied british vehicles operating berlin cold war developed ineffective secondly effectiveness pattern disrupting soldier outlines varies lighting depending weather height sun sky given patch printed colour varies apparent size distance enemy observing pattern pattern printed small patches colour blends single perceived mass certain range defeating effect conversely pattern printed large patches colour appears conspicuous shorter ranges problem solved shapes designed digitally provide like range patch sizes enabling effectively close range distance genuinely digital camouflage pattern canadian soon followed appearance essential effect simpler design print examples
Disruptive coloration