queen anne war queen anne war north american theater war spanish succession known british colonies second series french indian wars fought france england later great_britain north_america control continent war spanish succession primarily fought europe addition main combatants war involved numerous native american tribes allied nation spain allied france known indian war french second intercontinental war war fought fronts spanish florida subjected attacks english engaged french based mobile essentially war involving primarily allied native americans sides southern war result significant territorial changes effect nearly native population spanish florida including parts present day southern georgia destroying spain network missions area english colonies new_england fought french native american forces based canada repeatedly targeted successfully reached british expeditions capital port royal taken french confederacy sought new_england expansion border defined southern maine end executed raids targets massachusetts including present day maine famously raiding newfoundland english colonists based disputed control island french based conflict consisted economically destructive raids settlements french successfully captured british quickly french abandoned following preliminary peace treaty ended war resulted french claims territories newfoundland britain retaining islands terms ambiguous concerns native american tribes included treaty setting stage future conflicts background following death late king charles_ii war broke succeed spanish throne war restricted powers europe widened england declared war spain france hostilities north_america encouraged existing frontier areas separating colonies powers harmony pronounced northern southwestern english colonies stretched south north additional colonial settlements trading outposts newfoundland total population english colonies time estimated virginia new_england dominating population centers colonies concentrated coast small settlements inland reaching far european colonists knew little interior continent west south great lakes area dominated native tribes french english traders penetrated area spanish missionaries florida established network missions convert indigenous inhabitants spanish population relatively small native population estimated number french explorers located mouth mississippi_river near established small colonial presence fort near present day mississippi began establish trade routes interior establishing friendly relations large tribe natural enemies included british allied populations suffered degree introduction infectious diseases like smallpox early explorers traders arrival french south threatened existing trade links colonists established interior spanish territorial claims creating tension powers france spain allies conflict opposite sides recently ended years war conflicting territorial claims florida south animosity religious divisions roman catholic spanish protestant english coast north conflict held strong economic component addition territorial disputes newfoundland site british colony based french colonial base sides holding number smaller permanent settlements island seasonal settlements fishermen europe colonists numbering fewer english french permanent settlers seasonal visitors competed fisheries fishermen encompassing present day nova scotia new_brunswick massachusetts border area new_england remained uncertain despite battles border king william war new france defined border southern maine catholic missions french settlement near site modern maine bases attacks new_england settlers migrating king william war frontier areas primarily coastal settlements massachusetts new_york dominated natives primarily hudson_river corridor raiding expeditions directions earlier conflicts threat natives somewhat reductions population result disease war seen pose potent threat outlying settlements territories known english significantly fought war scene dispute competing french english companies starting treaty left france control outpost bay incident note french attack outpost unhappy returned territories successfully lobbied return territories negotiations ended war technology organization military technology north_america developed europe colonial settlements stone fortifications boston quebec start war port royal fortifications completed early war frontier villages protected wooden little fortified wooden houses gun ports defenders fire second floors fire attackers trying break europeans typically armed smooth bore muskets maximum range yards inaccurate ranges half distance colonists carried tribal warriors supplied european arms armed primitive weapons like bows arrows small number colonists training operation cannon types artillery effective weapons attacking significant stone wooden defenses english colonists generally organized militia companies colonies regular military presence small number communities newfoundland french colonists organized militias standing defense force called marine force consisted experienced officers manned recruits sent france numbering spread territories new france concentrations major population centers spanish florida defended regular troops spanish policy natives territory provide weapons policy devastating consequences war florida held estimated natives reduced english raids early war course war florida prominent french english colonists understood turn 18th century control mississippi_river significant role future development trade developed visionary plans activities french canadian explorer aftermath war developed project sur caroline called establishing relationships natives mississippi watershed relationships push english continent limit coastal areas pursuit grand strategy rediscovered mouth mississippi found established base founded began establish relationships local tribes english traders explorers founding established substantial trading network southeastern continent extended way mississippi leaders little respect spanish florida understood threat posed french arrival coast governor death succeeded blake articulated visions expansion south west expense french spanish interests january war broke europe approached spanish recommendation warriors armed sent english allies spanish organized expedition left pensacola august trading centers english advance warning expedition organized defense head routed spanish led force upwards spanish led natives killed captured formal hostilities arrived governor moore organized led force spanish florida english soldiers militia indians captured burned town english unable main fortress withdrew spanish fleet arrived havana successfully repulsed attack charles town combined spanish french amphibious force sent havana spanish florida virtually wiped raiding expedition moore known survivors raids relocated confined reservations raids consisting large native forces including small number white men continued following years including major expeditions directed pensacola mobile creek armed led dominated conflicts expense somewhat pacific nature creek new_england war new france confederacy able new_england expansion border defined southern maine commanded french canadians natives confederacy led attacks new_england settlements present day portland maine killed took prisoner settlers february led french canadians raid destroyed settlement killing capturing colonists captives taken overland journey hundreds miles north mission village near montreal children survived adopted people adults later released negotiated prisoner exchanges including minister tried years success ransom daughter fully marrying man active market colonists years communities raised funds ransom citizens native american captivity unable effectively combat raids new_england colonists launching expedition led famous native american fighter expedition raided settlements french accounts claim church attempted attack capital port royal church account expedition describes war council expedition decided making attack father widely suspected tribe massachusetts governor price head winter british soldiers command colonel dispatched seize sack village warned time priest escaped woods papers militia burned village church french confederacy raiding activity continued northern massachusetts english colonists unable mount effective defense raids happened quickly defensive forces organize raids usually found tribal camps settlements raiding french english leaders negotiated limited success exchange prisoners raids indians french participation persisted end war governor organized expedition port royal led men failed fort siege follow expedition august repulsed response french developed ambitious plan raid new_hampshire settlements river native american support needed massachusetts town raided instead governor new france reported thirds fields north boston french native american raids french native american war parties returning prisoners new_england colonists stayed forts come september british colonial forces led finally captured port royal siege week ended official french control portion present day mainland nova_scotia resistance continued end war resistance continued battle bloody creek raids maine frontier remainder present day eastern maine new_brunswick remained disputed territory new_england new france expeditions new france french new france canada opposed attacking province new_york reluctant feared british great peace montreal new_york merchants opposed attacking new france lucrative native american fur trade came new france despite efforts albany commissioner indians interest war maintained neutrality conflict financial logistical support queen organized ambitious assault plan involved overland assault montreal sea based assault naval forces quebec land expedition reached southern end called promised naval support attack quebec forces diverted support portugal vague promises support effort successfully delayed sending support clear expedition going fail failure traveled london accompanied interest north american frontier war indian delegation caused sensation london granted audience successful queen gave support successful capture port royal success belt returned england gained support renewed attempt quebec plan called land sea based attacks execution disaster fleet ships line transports carrying troops led admiral arrived boston june doubling town population greatly colony ability provide necessary provisions sailing quebec end july expedition entered number ships rocky shores near mouth saint lawrence fog troops lost walker called expedition meantime departed montreal overland reached word walker disaster reached turned expedition provided warriors fight english sent warnings expedition french newfoundland newfoundland coast small french english communities fishing stations occupied fishermen europe sides fortified principal towns french western peninsula english conception bay king william war destroyed english communities island august year english fleet command commodore descended outlying french communities attempts winter daniel french governor leading combined french expedition destroyed english settlements unsuccessfully besieged french native american allies continued harry english summer damages claimed english establishments english sent fleet destroyed french fishing outposts island northern coasts december combined force french canadian volunteers captured destroyed fortifications lacking resources hold prize abandoned english french expedition tried successfully resisted english fleet commanders contemplated attacks admiral walker aftermath disaster mouth peace britain france declared armistice final peace agreement signed following year terms treaty britain gained renamed nova_scotia sovereignty newfoundland region caribbean island france recognized british agreed commerce native americans inland open nations retained islands including retained fishing rights area including rights dry fish northern shore newfoundland later years war tired conflict despite french pressures continue raids new_england targets peace ignored native american interests expressed willingness negotiate peace governor organized major peace conference portsmouth new_hampshire governor negotiations bay objected british french ceded territory present day eastern maine new_brunswick britain agreed confirmation boundaries establishment government run trading posts territory treaty portsmouth ratified july representatives tribes confederacy included language asserting british sovereignty territory year tribal leaders signed treaty signed treaty consequences southern colonies spanish florida recovered economy population effects war ceded britain following seven years war treaty paris native americans atlantic coast british rule allied british war discontent war posed major threat south_carolina viability loss population spanish territories contributed founding like granted territory spain originally claimed following military action north_carolina war begun fled north refugees join linguistic cousins economic costs war high southern english colonies including saw little military activity virginia maryland pennsylvania lesser extent hit hard cost shipping export products primarily tobacco european markets suffered particularly bad south_carolina accumulated significant debt burden finance military operations new_england massachusetts new_hampshire line war new_england colonies suffered economic damage areas importance boston center trade combined financial caused crown military spending quebec expedition offset costs war newfoundland loss newfoundland restricted french presence atlantic french settlers newfoundland creating colony france constructed following years presence combined rights use newfoundland shore resulted continued friction french british fishing interests fully resolved late 18th century economic effects war severe newfoundland fishing fleets waters significantly reduced british fishing fleet began recover immediately peace finalized british attempted prevent spanish ships fishing newfoundland waters previously spanish ships simply english straw owners evade british controls british capture long term consequences living britain hold nova scotia initially situation french resistance leaders capitalized british relations war developed context british expansion nova scotia maine coast began moving lands violation previous treaties recognized treaty portsmouth treaty interpreted differently new_england signatories resisted incursions lands conflict french like developed father war british relations nominally conquered difficult repeated british demands swear british crown resisted eventually sparked exodus present day french leaders like father orchestrated guerrilla war allies british attempts expand protestant settlements nova scotia friction persisted france britain borders boundaries laid treaty unclear french formally described france insisted peninsula modern nova_scotia included treaty retained rights modern new_brunswick disputes open conflict king george war resolved british conquest french north american territories area seven years war trade french fully comply commerce provisions treaty attempted prevent english trade remote native american tribes erected fort territory french settlements gulf_coast continued grow settlement new_orleans attempts ultimately unsuccessful expand spanish controlled texas florida french trading networks penetrated continent waterways feeding gulf_of_mexico conflicts british spanish trading networks established mississippi_river watershed including valley brought french contact british trading networks colonial settlements crossed conflicting claims territory eventually led war french indian war broke
Queen Anne's War