christian april january german poet illustrator painter published comic illustrated tales achieving notable works 1870s illustrations wood later drew contemporary city life catholicism strict religious morality comic text colourful entertaining figures speech led work banned authorities influential poetry illustration source future generations comic artists inspired max number produced germany united_states help maintain legacy anniversary celebrated germany remains influential poets artists western_europe family background late 18th century maternal grandfather settled small village bought half house born years later wife grandmother kept shop mother assisted brothers attended high school died widow continued run shop age married surgeon widowed age children dying friedrich illegitimate son farmer settled completing business nearby village took shop completely life childhood born april seven children marriage friedrich siblings followed shortly adolf anna survived childhood parents ambitious hard working devout later despite relatively prosperous afford educate sons biographer suggested invested heavily sons education partly held significant stigma rural areas young tall child delicate graceful physique coarse later protagonists max rare childhood described autobiographical sketches letters sensitive carefully studied reacted fascination compassion distress animals killed autumn described transformation compelling leaving lasting impression pork life autumn birth brother education entrusted year old clergyman maternal uncle probably lack space family home father desire better education small local school provide children taught space nearest convenient school located wife lived lodged unrelated family wife responsible caring exercised substitute parental role provided refuge future unsuccessful times private lessons attended son wealthy miller friends according strongest friendship childhood friendship echoed story max small pencil portrait year old depicted confident boy showed similarities max portrayed later style lessons held contemporary language known certain subjects friend taught learn elementary uncle science lessons comprehensive like published essays textbooks subject demonstrated knowledge bee keeping future stories drawing german english poetry taught little contact natural parents period time journey took days horse father visited times year mother stayed look children year old visited family mother recognize biographers think early separation parents especially mother resulted eccentric autumn moved april confirmed study september began studying mechanical engineering biographers agreement education ended believe father little appreciation son artistic biographer suspects played major role possible causes friendship political debates tavern reluctance believe word bible studied nearly years despite initial difficulties understanding subject matter months graduation confronted parents study according bush nephew mother supported father eventually moved june disappointment admitted advanced class entered preparatory classes parents tuition fees paid year traveled antwerp continue study led parents believe academy opportunity study old masters antwerp saw time paintings pictures aroused interest doubt skills eventually suffering heavily abandoned antwerp studies returned munich ravaged disease months spent time painting collecting folk tales legends songs ballads rhymes fragments regional biographer saw collections useful additions folklore noted narrative background tales tried release collections publisher found time issued death nazi era known ethnic spent months uncle expressed aim continue study munich request caused rift father eventually funded comparison illustrated story expectations met life occasional return visits contact parents broken position prospects contemplated emigration brazil bees contact artist association young munich met notable munich artists wrote provided cartoons newspaper published satirical newspapers munich flying leaves proposed collaboration association provided sufficient funds live existing self caricature suggests time intense relationship woman courtship seventeen year old merchant daughter met brother ended biographer suggests father probably refused daughter unknown artist regular income early munich years attempt write forgotten today unsuccessful worked major works composed und romantic opera acts und opera sorts particularly successful dispute staging leading removal production piece renamed returned times munich took intense life escape provincial life attempt artist took studio munich left munich abruptly disrupted variety subsequently scene effects alcohol episode illustrated tale sheets wind describes humans behave like animals drunk biographer felt story funny harmless study addiction induced state publication max wrote articles felt dependence publisher appointed dresden publisher son saxon painter new publisher press time producing children books religious christian literature choose themes raised concerns suggested illustrated tales proposed published proving failure offered manuscripts max fees rejected manuscript sales prospects poor publisher purchased right max corresponding approximately double annual wage manuscript initially sales max slow sales figures improved second edition overall editions copies sold death despite ignored critics teachers 1870s described max undesirable influence moral development young people frankfurt increasing economic success allowed visit frequently decided leave munich relatives lived artists association temporarily disbanded june met brother time frankfurt working tutor family wealthy banker industrialist friends wife mother seven influential art music patron frankfurt regularly opened villa frequented artists musicians philosophers believed great painter view supported leading painter based group painters humorous drawings appeal supported painting career established apartment studio villa later providing apartment nearby motivated support admiration introduction cultural life frankfurt years productive time discovered philosophical works remain frankfurt end 1860s alternated brother lived association lasted years return communicated letter contact interrupted revived help daughters later life dismiss possibility increasing alcohol dependence hindered self criticism refused parties publisher sent alcohol problem heavy resulting symptoms severe poisoning began illustrate dutch writer corresponded letters exchanged january october discussed philosophy religion ethics anderson letter survives letters manuscripts met october returned horrible mood according people time failure find wife responsible conspicuous behaviour evidence close relationship woman anderson lived sister family husband death nephew remembers wanted family renovated house looked rich man father young preferred live urban area education sons sons replace life years emotionally exhausting reliant alcohol invite visitors lost contact friends village questioned wishes furious friends invited meet stopped painting signed publication rights gold marks aged felt old needed writing painting hands slightly aging sister accepted suggestion large read biographies novels stories german english french organized works wrote letters poems poems collections und written following years developed sore throat early january doctor detected weak heart night january slept taking drops died following morning physician called came assist work period published self contained illustrated anti clerical themes proved popular typically address political questions exaggerated double standards works historically erroneous illustrated satire father described greater historical context max german max series seven illustrated stories concerning antics boys eventually ground fed ducks helen couldn help der von challenges catholic belief released publisher time pope proclaimed papal harshly criticized publisher works heavily censored state attorney charged religion public writings decision affected scenes accompanied pig admitted heaven devil shown half naked ballet dancer deemed controversial district court subsequently banned acquitted march austria satire distribution prohibited refused publish avoid future accusations following work help die published friend met munich help soon translated european languages religious dubious morality details helen couldn help criticizes way life married older man entrusted children played active role social life frankfurt character based insult shows similarities husband art culture second help attacks catholic childless helen goes pilgrimage accompanied cousin catholic priest pilgrimage successful later helen gives birth twins resemble helen later killed jealous jean interest female kitchen staff widowed helen left prayer book alcohol drunk falls burning oil lamp finally coins moral phrase echoing philosophy father illustrated satire period suggested publisher aimed anti catholic taste buyers criticizes felt weakest anti clerical works refer contemporary events paris siege paris der biographer declares story work drawing anti french emotions mocking misery french people paris occupied prussian troops depicts increasingly desperate french citizen eats mouse german siege dog tail cook finally explosion kills dog fellow citizens believes wrote irony emma fictional family story takes place era criticizes holy roman empire calls german empire place birthday die anti prussian sentiments critique heart write illustrated tales focused literary des critique heart wanting appear readers contemporary reception collection poems mainly poor criticized focus marriage sexuality long time friend called heartfelt charming poems dutch writer people enjoyed des planned publish dutch newspaper notwithstanding hiatus moving frankfurt 1870s productive decades produced short illustrated tale following life adventures bachelor und antagonists trilogy pairs max der makes aware mortality trilogy depressed look wife visits old friends wives finds relationships convinced life bachelor returns home proposes following marriage proposal according biographer shortest history german literature according skeptical marriage writing story wrote marry good hands sister works works stories dove der focus artistic failure indirectly failure stories begin preface biographer pieces german comic poetry dove amateur poet circle munich die prominent members adolf painter criticizes art believes worth art price prose play edwards dream released composed small grouped episodes linear storyline work received mixed reception felt peak life work called world literature publisher critical collective edition spoke narrative style found contemporary literature saw play attempt prove genre believing angered insulted accompanying emotional depths apparent story story butterfly der parodies themes motifs religious optimism german contradicted realistic influenced prose stringent narrative style compared popular readers unfamiliar style painting felt painting skills compete dutch masters regarded paintings finished damp corners studio stuck pile paintings high burnt garden remaining pictures dated difficult doubts skills expressed choice materials ground usually chosen uneven cardboard poorly prepared spruce wood boards exception portrait canvas support measuring centimetres centimetres largest paintings works landscapes small poor grounds colours heavily effect pictures depict countryside include cottages autumn landscapes meadows streams particular feature use red jackets found paintings drawings muted bright red coats worn usually small figure depicted paintings generally represent typical villages portraits series portraits depicting exceptions painting year old girl jewish family portrays having dark oriental features influence dutch painters clearly visible work shortened wrote visiting memorial exhibition strong influence themes farming inn life dances card players dismissed techniques strong effect light new colours photographs aid landscapes broad seen paintings young refused exhibit work befriended artists allowed near end life presented paintings public themes technique style biographer divided work periods points classification works nature later earlier period periods obsession german middle class life peasants devoid sensitivity village life marked vivid lack sentiment chiefly worked period characterized major illustrated stories help stories different theme works earlier period life characters start sensitive concern children animals great significant ridiculous early stories follow pattern children books orthodox education aim teach devastating consequences bad behaviour assign value work explained look things toys worthless useless things value found artistic content public demand death work dominated prose poems prose text contains autobiographical accounts peter witch regards slave possibly reference peter like returns birthplace similar style romantic travel story established plays traditional forms motifs pictures literary topics form narration technique publisher commissioned illustrations established workshop germany use wood printing technique developed english graphic artist near end 18th century widely reproduction system illustrations years insisted making drawings writing verse surviving preparatory drawings line notes ideas movement studies draft transferred pencil white panels hardwood end grain hard work quality printing block crucial left white block drawn lines cut plate skilled wood allows finer potential values quality printing copper result satisfactory leading reproduce plates wood technique allow fine lines drawing especially illustrated tales drawn giving work particular characteristic illustrations printed technique longer danger wood change character drawings originals photographed transferred plate process allowed application clear free pen drawn ink line faster printing method use began language effect illustrations enhanced verse ironic twists ambiguity startling rhymes language influence humorous poetry contrast later work comic illustration seemingly accompanying text demonstrated earlier max shown widow dignity loss chickens contemporary common usage impression wisdom hands apparent truths use characteristic work max steal fried chickens fishing rod chimney bank bank hear grind cat ceiling helen couldn help uses names gives characters describe personality little mental ability cheerful disposition hardly picture stories use verses structure stressed syllables humour lines uses followed syllables und words teacher pupils create tension chapter format content poems monkey uses epic speech wisdom illustrations poems uses familiar occasionally morality stories spinning illustrate different comic truth bringing bear view world human condition traditional follow typical philosophy good evil behaviour combines unusual works sharp pierced models fall kitchen knives thieves cut ground corn mills burn cats dogs frequently called tails burnt pulled trapped stretched eaten seen aggression animals allusion undeveloped sexual life graphic text imagery cartoon form unusual time publishers public found particularly noteworthy topics motifs early work derived 19th century popular literature endings common aspect 19th century teaching prevalent works example shown sexual pleasure applying punishment humiliation found later work biographer described life motif estate note die beaten childhood years evidence referring couldn recall beating father uncle beat conventional stick symbolically dried cow hairs village idiot pipe observes probably saw village school went years possibly received punishment illustrates form progressive education fails scene following scene ensued indicate picture life roots protestant ethic 19th century believed man inherently evil master aim education mask man instincts leads continuation man punishment required retains character trained puppet extreme cases dies panic led growing criticism high finance spread radical 1880s broad criticisms saw separation capital speculative capital constituted creative production capital good native german manufacturer praised opposed saw blood jewish financial capitalism form thought embraced stereotypes passages helen couldn help defended stating jews passages oldest illustration text author published stated jewish figures merely stereotypical number stereotypes limited farmer prussian tourist shares view uses sheets profit seeking people felt jews alien jewish conductor befriended suggesting slight bias jews biographies biography und importance released publisher artist writer echoed anti catholic bias putting equal quoting friends embarrassed literary scholar attacked biography called reading biography posted essay contained biographical response wrote articles newspaper published october december autobiographical essay includes basic facts description troubles analysts essay deep identity crisis revised autobiography following years essay published title von includes fewer biographical details reflection bitterness amusement legacy celebrated anniversary nephew house messages sent world praised poet artist exquisite works genuine humour german people austrian repealed ban der owned rights max gave donated hospitals dates birth death celebrated frequently anniversary numerous publications works issued stamps depicting character inspiration nickname built german jet fighter design euro silver coin faced portrait declared year images featuring works erected city centre prize awarded annually satirical humorous poetry active aims collect scientifically revise promote works public supports development caricature satirical artwork recognized branch visual arts advocate memorials located places lived including influence comics described illustrated stories second half 20th century considered comics early illustrations differ colleagues increasing focus protagonists detailed drawing atmosphere develop dramatic understanding story illustrated tales plot firstly describes resulting conflict solution plots developed consecutive scenes similar film conveys impression movement action times strengthened change perspective according depiction movement unique notable stories describes life pianist plays privately excited listener self artist attitude varies stories scene contain prose defined music terminology scenes increase tempo body run penultimate scene depicts pianist movements score sheets floating grand piano musical notes dancing years graphic artists fascinated august letter gallery owner described stating captured time movement similar pioneering scenes job fails answer easy questions set clergy shake heads scene movement study photography began work released influence greatest success germany internationally max time death translated english danish hebrew japanese latin polish portuguese russian hungarian swedish countries banned story school board prohibited sales max teens eighteen dialect language translations produced early comic strips heavily influenced plot narrative style borrowed content max described pirate edition true recreation kids german artist published published suggestion pair siblings following pattern max created regarded oldest continuous comic strips german stories include lies und die und und und des max und mac und shaped observations second world wars original moral story max characters campaign year east german satirical magazine caricature black labour max participated late 1960s student activism partial list works
Wilhelm Busch