camouflage camouflage use combination materials coloration illumination making animals objects hard examples include leopard spotted coat modern soldier leaf mimic wings approach motion observer conspicuous pattern making object visible momentarily harder locate majority camouflage methods aim general resemblance background high contrast coloration eliminating shadow open ocean background principal methods camouflage transparency ability produce light things counter illumination cephalopods squid animals capable actively changing skin pattern colours camouflage signalling military camouflage spurred increasing range accuracy firearms 19th century particular replacement inaccurate musket rifle personal battle survival skill 20th century military camouflage developed rapidly especially world war land artists mare designed camouflage schemes observation posts disguised trees sea merchant ships troop carriers painted patterns highly visible designed confuse enemy submarines target speed range heading second world war variety camouflage schemes aircraft ground vehicles different theatres war use radar mid-20th century largely camouflage fixed wing military aircraft obsolete non military use camouflage includes making cell telephone towers helping hunters approach wary game animals patterns derived military camouflage frequently fashion clothing exploiting strong designs symbolism camouflage themes modern art literally science fiction works literature history ancient greece aristotle commented colour changing abilities camouflage signalling cephalopods including octopus octopus seeks prey changing colour render like colour stones adjacent alarmed camouflage topic interest research century according theory natural selection features camouflage evolved providing individual animals reproductive advantage enabling leave offspring average members species origin species darwin wrote leaf eating insects green bark grey alpine white winter red colour heather black earth believe service birds insects preserving danger destroyed period lives increase countless numbers known suffer largely birds prey hawks guided prey parts continent persons warned white liable destruction reason doubt natural selection effective giving proper colour kind keeping colour acquired true constant english zoologist studied animal coloration especially camouflage book colours animals classified different types special protective resemblance animal looks like object general aggressive resemblance predator blends background enabling approach prey experiments showed match backgrounds larvae general protective resemblance time considered main method camouflage wrote tree animals green colour numerous species tree frogs green tree snake examples briefly mention methods including coloration flower possibility different mechanism orange tip butterfly wrote scattered green spots surface wings intended rough sketch small plant close mutual resemblance explained coloration sea fish fish common find upper surface dark coloured lower surface white animal seen artist formulated called law principle case book animal kingdom arguing patterns colors whatsoever animals preyed preyed certain normal circumstances cryptic camouflage mark warning color sexually selected color exists world reason believe best device paintings reinforce argument mocked views critics including english zoologist book animals corrected errors sharply find theory fantastic extreme cover type coloration animal kingdom built discoveries developing comprehensive view camouflage based maximum contrast hundreds examples book explained camouflage worked streaks contrasting colour making objects visible breaking outlines systematic balanced view include experimental evidence effectiveness camouflage page textbook like mainly natural history narrative illustrated theories examples camouflage soft tissue feature rarely preserved fossil record rare skin samples cretaceous period marine reptiles skins dark coloured reveal turtles dark backs light military ship camouflage occasionally ancient times wrote mediterranean pirate ships painted blue gray says venetian blue sea green wars sent reconnaissance boats gather intelligence coast britain ships painted entirely bluish green wax sails ropes crew colour little evidence military use camouflage land unusual men peru culture hunting birds fitted kind shield near mouth conceal hunters hands faces early source 15th century french manuscript hunting book showing horse pulling cart contains hunter armed cover branches serving hide shooting game said plant materials camouflage war 19th century origins development military camouflage driven increasing range accuracy infantry firearms 19th century particular replacement inaccurate musket weapons baker rifle personal battle essential napoleonic war units british_army rifle regiment 60th rifle regiment adopt camouflage form rifle green jacket line regiments continued wear scarlet contemporary study english artist soldier smith provided evidence grey uniforms visible green ones range yards american civil war rifle units 1st united states sharp shooters federal army similarly wore green jackets units wore conspicuous colours british_army unit adopt uniforms sir second command introduced uniform wrote appropriate hot climate help troops invisible land dust later improvised cloth locally regiments india soon adopted uniform drill uniform outside europe second boer war years later british_army world war world war french army formed camouflage corps led employing artists known create schemes tree observation posts covers guns armies soon followed term camouflage probably comes slang term meaning disguise influenced french term meaning smoke blown face english zoologist artist american artist led attempts introduce scientific principles military camouflage limited success ship camouflage introduced early 20th century range naval guns increased ships painted grey april german boats sinking british ships torpedoes marine artist devised camouflage ships visible harder target words designed low visibility way break form confuse submarine officer course heading second world war second world war zoologist protégé worked persuade british army use effective camouflage techniques including like world war limited success example painted rail mounted coastal guns conventional style aerial photographs gun essentially invisible power aerial observation attack led nation camouflage targets types soviet_union created comprehensive doctrine military deception including use camouflage example general commander soviet remarked enemy suspect tanks waiting later learned prisoners managed tanks forward unnoticed tanks concealed previously prepared defensive turrets ground level air second world war fighters painted ground colours sky colours attempting different camouflage schemes observers bombers night fighters black maritime reconnaissance planes usually white avoid appearing dark shapes sky ships camouflage mainly replaced plain grey second world war experimentation colour schemes continued world war artists pressed service example painter lecturer newly founded writing practical film maker ran war including successful deception chief instructor artist camouflage officers called included australia artists prominent formed professor zoologist sydney smith members group worked airport garden island dockyard camouflage protect military equipment vehicles guns ships aircraft buildings individual soldiers positions vehicle camouflage techniques begin paint offers best limited effectiveness methods stationary land vehicles include covering improvised materials blankets vegetation nets screens soft covers suitably reflect absorb near infrared radar waves military vehicle camouflage reflect infrared help provide night vision devices second world war radar camouflage generally effective coastal boats painted like land vehicles aircraft camouflage came seen important radar aircraft different air forces royal_air_force lightning textile patterns developed suit need match combat clothing different kinds terrain woodland snow desert design pattern effective proved elusive attempted suit environments withdrawn years service terrain specific patterns developed ineffective problem making pattern works different ranges solved shapes designed digitally provide like range patch sizes appear coloured close range distance genuinely digital camouflage pattern canadian issued army soon followed appearance essential effect simpler design print principles camouflage achieved different methods described methods contribute helping hide background motion protect hiding methods applied combination means making animal military equipment hard detect ways sound scent visual achieved different ways living underground active night variety methods camouflage resemblance surroundings animals colours patterns resemble particular natural background important component camouflage environments instance tree dwelling mainly green forest floor brown brown buff case animal coloration matches habitat similarly desert animals desert coloured tones sand buff brownish grey mammals like fox birds desert reptiles like military uniforms generally resemble backgrounds example uniforms muddy dusty colour originally chosen service industrial including coloration blends tree bark coloration insects evolved match changing colour tree rest pale black areas taken evidence camouflage influenced natural selection demonstrating changes necessary resemble local background coloration patterns use strongly contrasting non repeating markings spots stripes break outlines animal military vehicle conceal features especially eyes common frog patterns use method defeat visual systems edge detection predators like leopard use camouflage help approach prey potential prey like egyptian use avoid detection predators common military usage uniforms military vehicles achieve animal military target given away factors like shape shine shadow presence bold skin markings prove animal relies camouflage depends behaviour example high contrast pattern coloration adults extremely conspicuous open authors argued adult cryptic standing trees bushes hard metres distance adult gain best view approaching predator relying size ability defend lions camouflage different explanation implied fact young far vulnerable predation adults half die year mothers hide spend time lying cover mothers away feeding presence mother nearby affect survival argued young extremely supported fact coat markings strongly inherited eliminating shadow animals north_america evolved elaborate measures eliminate shadow bodies flattened sides edge animals press bodies ground sides fringed white scales effectively hide disrupt remaining areas shadow edge body theory body shape live open desert adapted shadow supported species lacks fringe scales lives rocky areas resembles rock species threatened makes look like rock possible curving emphasizing dimensional shape species butterflies wood shadows closing wings backs bodies sun sun shadow thin line broad patch similarly ground nesting birds including european select resting position facing sun elimination shadow identified principle military camouflage second world war self decoration animals actively seek hide materials twigs sand pieces shell environment break outlines conceal features bodies match backgrounds example fly builds decorated case lives entirely inside crab covers stones predatory masked bug uses hind legs fan body sand dust layers body spreads inner layer fine particles outer layer particles camouflage conceal bug predators prey similar principles applied military purposes instance sniper wears suit designed decoration materials grass sniper immediate environment suits early british army having adopted coats stripes paint takes example screen fragments leaves specially hooked argue military camouflage uses method pointing device essentially widely practised great war gun battery positions observation posts forth cryptic behaviour movement catches eye prey animals predators predators hunting prey methods require suitable cryptic behaviour lying keeping avoid detected case stalking predators tiger moving extreme stealth slowly quietly watching prey sign aware presence example combination methods involved young seek cover lie hours mothers return skin pattern blends pattern vegetation chosen cover lying position hide animals shadows flat tail similarly relies combination methods adapted lie flat open desert relying cryptic coloration shadow avoid noticed predators ocean sea dragon like rests wind water currents motion camouflage forms camouflage ineffective animal object moves motion easily seen observing predator prey enemy insects use motion camouflage approach possible mates approach rivals defending territories motion camouflage achieved moving stay straight line target fixed point landscape appears larger target field vision technique military purposes example missiles risk detection enemy missile engineers animals bats use technique primarily efficiency camouflage skin pattern colour animals frog squid octopus actively change skin patterns colours special cells resemble current background signalling contains pigment colour fish frogs colour change type known contain dark pigment star shaped contains small dispersed cell near centre dispersed cell makes patch animal skin appear dark cell animal skin appears light frogs change controlled relatively slowly mainly fish change controlled brain sends signals directly producing skins cephalopods octopus contain complex units consisting surrounding muscle nerve cells pigment grains small elastic sac stretched allowed relax control brain vary controlling different colours cephalopods rapidly change skin patterns colours longer animals like arctic hare arctic fox rock change coat colour growing new fur feathers brown grey summer white winter arctic fox species dog family arctic live far north canada summer short remain white year round principle varying coloration rapidly changing seasons military applications active camouflage theory use dynamic colour change simple techniques changing uniforms vehicles winter use second world war announced infrared camouflage technology uses panels cover sides tank panels heated cooled match vehicle surroundings object car viewed infrared uses graded colour counteract effect self creating illusion self makes animal appear darker grading light dark tones making animal nearly invisible suitable background observed animals painted nature parts tend sky light vice versa accordingly principle called law widely terrestrial animals marine animals sharks birds military camouflage despite second world war experiments showed effectiveness english zoologist encouraged use techniques including despite authority subject failed persuade british authorities soldiers viewed camouflage kind taught look camouflage practically enemy observer point view time australia zoologist advised soldiers copy animals methods instincts wartime camouflage term second meaning unrelated law upper animals sharks military aircraft different colours match different backgrounds seen camouflage consists surfaces simple function providing specific background bright water surface sky body shark fuselage aircraft light dark appear flat seen camouflage techniques matching background colour pattern disruption outlines counter illumination counter illumination means producing light match background brighter animal body military vehicle form active camouflage notably species squid squid squid light producing organs scattered underside create sparkling glow prevents animal appearing dark shape seen camouflage likely function marine organisms light produced attract detect prey signalling rarely military purposes lighting camouflage canada second world war involved projecting light sides ships match faint glow night sky requiring awkward external platforms support lamps canadian concept refined american lights project aircraft including naval planes fitted forward pointing lamps automatically adjusted match night sky enabled approach closer target yards metres seen obsolete radar lighting camouflage lights entered active service transparency marine animals float near surface highly transparent giving perfect camouflage transparency difficult bodies materials different marine animals gelatinous bodies composed mainly water thick highly transparent makes makes large muscle mass swim fast making form camouflage costly trade mobility gelatinous animals percent transparent transparency percent animal invisible predator depth metres better transparency required shallower water light brighter predators better example prey percent transparent optimal lighting shallow water sufficient transparency camouflage easily achieved deeper waters tissues muscles transparent provided thin organised regular layers small compared visible light familiar example transparency lens eye protein protein structures transparent notably equivalent light absorbing structures eyes absorb light able function camera type eye cephalopods completely finally structures visible reason lure prey example cells transparent resemble small examples transparent marine animals include wide variety larvae including floating worms crustaceans fish adults resembling shores live adult obey rule mainly transparent suggests follows general rule animals resemble background transparent medium like means actually transparent small amazon river fish associates transparent invisible species appear select transparent conventionally patterned according local background environment transparency achieved imitated effectively animal body highly reflective medium depths sea light comes mirror oriented vertically makes animals fish invisible fish upper ocean herring marine extremely flattened leaving body millimetres thick body resemble aluminium foil mirrors consist microscopic structures similar provide structural coloration crystals spaced apart interfere achieve nearly cent reflection deep waters lives blue light needs reflected mirrors apart provide good camouflage fish herring live shallower water mirrors reflect mixture fish accordingly crystal range different fish bodies rounded cross section mirrors ineffective laid flat skin fail reflect horizontally overall mirror effect achieved small oriented vertically found marine animals fish cephalopods including squid octopus multi layer mirrors protein called object looks like special interest observer common prey animals example dry leaf found nest structures build nest envelope patterns mimic leaves surrounding nest employed predators parasites lure prey example flower particular kind flower tactic occasionally warfare example heavily armed ships disguised merchant ships common brood parasite provides examples adult egg female lays eggs nests smaller species bird nest female resemblance sufficient small birds action avoid apparent predator female time lay egg nest seen egg eggs host species reducing chance rejected motion forms camouflage ineffective movement deer highly cryptic instantly seen moves method motion requires rapidly moving bold patterns contrasting stripes motion predators ability estimate prey speed direction accurately giving prey improved chance escape motion speed perception effective high speeds stripes perception size perceived range target motion proposed military vehicles applied motion patterns animals difficult locate accurately moving easier stationary evolutionary trade motion animal commonly thought patterned bold stripes claimed camouflage background blending years purpose coloration disputed experimental study suggested pattern reduces stationary models biting flies flies simulation study martin suggests moving stripes confuse observers predators biting insects visual wagon wheel effect perceived motion inverted illusion perceived motion wrong direction civil applications camouflage occasionally buildings conspicuous example south_africa towers carrying cell telephone antennae tall trees plastic branches response resistance community method costly figure times normal cost mentioned alternative forms camouflage include neutral colours familiar shapes cylinders reduced masts near actually structures hunters game long use camouflage form materials animal skins mud foliage green brown clothing enable approach wary game animals field sports driven shooting conceal hunters hides called shooting modern hunting clothing makes use provide camouflage pattern example hunter created cryptic clothing hunters printed images specific kinds vegetation grass branches automotive manufacturers use patterns disguise upcoming products camouflage designed vehicle visual lines covers patterns purpose prevent visual observation lesser degree photography subsequently enable reproduction vehicle form factors fashion art society military camouflage patterns influenced fashion art time world war onwards recalled artist reaction remember beginning war boulevard truck passed night heard camouflage seen amazed looked cried yes ball hosted wore patterned black white clothing ball influenced fashion art magazine articles announced scheme decoration great fancy dress ball given albert hall day based principles method camouflage war painting ships total effect brilliant fantastic recently fashion designers camouflage fabric striking designs patterned disorder symbolism camouflage clothing worn largely symbolic significance fashion late 1960s early 1970s united_states anti war ironically wore military clothing demonstrations american involvement vietnam war modern artists camouflage reflect war tank leaf pattern described drawing ironic parallel idea natural paradise camouflage patterns tank title refers poetry art latin phrase ego work science fiction camouflage novel alien beings word works literature collection stories love loss brief history camouflage camouflage nature animal coloration account principal facts theories relating colours markings animals hugh animals darwin charles reprinted classics colours animals meaning use especially considered case insects trench coloration animal kingdom general reading camouflage australia art nature science war isbn forbes peter camouflage isbn herring peter biology deep ocean isbn david survival beautiful art science evolution isbn military camouflage ships ancient world isbn newark tim camouflage thames hudson isbn
Camouflage