commonly known crowded species fungus family described given current widespread species found asia europe north_america fruits ground mixed deciduous forests fruit bodies mushrooms robust caps diameter stems long thick mushrooms characterized red black color changes occur flesh bruised relatively thick cap cuticle mushroom sold edible species areas asia mild moderately toxic cause upset consumed compounds isolated identified mushroom taxonomy species described var transferred genus classified section subgenus consists species robust fruit bodies brown black defined forms monograph section spore print color fruiting pattern odor gill intensity color change forms pacific_northwest region north_america form fruit bodies gray brownish gray form odor widely spaced gills form produces light yellow spore print layered cap cuticle form found eastern united_states grows jack pine pine forests database index forms published synonyms include variety variety variety specific epithet derives latin words meaning compact placed close meaning leaf refers closely spaced gills mushroom commonly known dense description cap initially convex young flattened depressed funnel shaped maturity reaches diameter smooth cap surface sticky moist young specimens develops polished look dry initially white turning brownish gray eventually age cap margin curved inward life fruit body cap cuticle half radius cap flesh white slowly reddish grayish black exposed air characteristic reaction slow develop develop especially old fruit bodies underlying tissue flesh distinctive odor hot bitter taste gills fused slightly extending short way length stem interspersed tiers short gills extend fully cap edge stem crowded gills centimeter initially white color stain reddish injured develop dirty reddish age stem measures long thick nearly equal width length solid hollow hard initially white aging brownish black smooth slightly dry surface produces white pale yellow spore print spores oval elliptical roughly spherical hyaline translucent measure rough surface marked ridges low isolated high cystidia hymenium thin walled hyaline shapes ranging club shaped broad tips somewhat fuse shaped short narrow tip cystidia dimensions hymenium differentiated abundant fragile spherical cells common present gill tissue cap tissue clusters cells cap cuticle typically thick embedded gelatinous layer differentiated layers consists interwoven hyphae underlying attempted differentiated forms mushroom differences cap cuticle thickness morphology forms considered taxonomic significance edibility mushroom mild moderately toxic cause upset consumed noted bitter taste removed cooking end product best poisonous worst despite mushroom sold edible species northern thailand traditional chinese medicine purported activity similar species similarly colored distinguished darker cap widely spaced gills dry cap surface mild taste directly black injured taste reminiscent confused gills change color bruised found conifers taste cut flesh changes light pink red ecology habitat distribution mycorrhizal species descriptions published morphology forms european beech norway spruce mushrooms grow ground singly scattered groups mixed deciduous forests tend appear summer autumn spain common pine forests fruit bodies fungus widely distributed known asia including china india japan thailand europe north_america study chronological sequence fungi communities forests eastern china shown reach peak abundance year old stands chinese study species found common species associated year old mexico found oak fungus adapted live cold climates relatively high tolerance low temperatures repeated freezing cycles tend slow growth lethal temperature required die research extracts fruit bodies contain shown laboratory tests highly efficient infection tobacco mosaic virus compounds isolated identified mushroom including acid acid acid acid acid
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