louis hungary louis hungarian croatian polish march september king hungary croatia king poland child charles hungary wife elizabeth poland survive infancy treaty father poland louis maternal uncle confirmed louis right inherit uncle died son exchange louis obliged assist uncle lands poland lost previous decades bore title duke administer province louis age succeeded father deeply religious mother exerted powerful influence inherited centralized kingdom rich treasury father years reign louis launched crusade restored royal power croatia troops defeated army expanding authority black_sea brother andrew duke husband naples assassinated louis accused queen murder principal goal foreign policy launched campaigns troops occupied large territories occasions louis adopted styles including title jerusalem holy recognized claim louis arbitrary acts atrocities committed mercenaries rule unpopular withdrew troops like father louis administered hungary absolute power royal grant privileges confirmed liberties hungarian nobility diet emphasizing equal status diet introduced system uniform rent peasants landowners confirmed right free movement peasants waged wars serbia golden restoring authority hungarian monarchs territories lost previous decades forced renounce towns attempts expand rulers bosnia parts bulgaria serbia rulers willing yield hope support internal opponents louis rule regions nominal reign attempts convert pagan orthodox subjects catholicism unpopular balkan states louis established university closed decades arrange sufficient revenues maintain louis inherited poland uncle death fathered daughters wanted subjects acknowledge right daughters succeed hungary poland purpose issued spelling liberties polish rule remained unpopular poland hungary authorized royal free towns delegate high court hearing cases set new high court suffering skin disease louis religious years life beginning western acknowledged pope urban legitimate pope pope naples louis distant cousin king naples louis helped charles occupy kingdom hungarian historiography louis regarded centuries powerful hungarian monarch ruled empire shores washed seas childhood youth born march louis son charles hungary wife elizabeth poland named father uncle born son parents charles died louis born louis father heir death brother liberal education standards age learned french german latin showed special interest history nicholas taught basic principles christian faith louis religious zeal mother influence royal charter louis remembered childhood knight royal court carried shoulders saved lives louis younger brother andrew attempted assassinate royal family april louis stamped treaty alliance father john year later louis accompanied father invading austria march john son heir signed new treaty charles hungary louis according treaty acknowledged right charles sons succeed maternal uncle poland died male issue louis pledged marry year old daughter margaret wife died leading polish chancellor persuaded fathered son sister elizabeth offspring heirs according 15th century held general assembled nobles proclaimed heir reference writes preferred sister family daughters member cadet branch dynasty wanted ensure king hungary support louis father uncle signed treaty july louis heir died son exchange charles pledged louis polish lands lost order polish funds employ poles royal administration poland louis received title duke father administer province according royal charter year louis bride margaret lived hungarian royal court louis separate court mentioned royal charter reign years charles died july days later crowned louis king hungary louis attained age majority mother elizabeth acted sort regent decades exerted powerful influence louis inherited rich treasury father strengthened royal authority ruled holding decades reign louis introduced new system land grants excluding brothers donation contrast customary law estates crown male descendants died hand louis promoted daughter son authorized daughter inherit father estates customary law prescribed landed property deceased nobleman sons inherited louis granted privilege wives favorites louis frequently authorized landowners apply capital punishment estates limiting authority counties influential advisor louis late father died september bequeathed landed property brother nicholas louis confiscated estates late autumn louis dismissed father thomas wife distant cousin queen mother louis especially favored members family held high offices reign commander royal army war louis reign late early invaded serbia restored lost father reign king naples died january testament declared granddaughter sole heir excluding louis younger brother andrew husband ruler louis mother regarded infringement previous agreement late kings naples hungary visited bride father prague persuade intervene andrew behalf charles tutor pope overlord louis sent envoys relatives high officials kingdom urging promote brother interests mother elizabeth left naples summer taking royal treasure including kilograms silver kilograms gold seven month long stay italy able persuade daughter law pope promise andrew crowned husband according nearly contemporaneous chronicle john louis launched campaign group refused pay taxes forced yield summer stay son ruling prince swore loyalty louis father behalf romania hungarian monarchs restored louis joined crusade pagan december including john charles holland laid siege lithuanian invasion lands knights forced lift siege louis returned hungary late february dispatched invade lands golden retaliation earlier raids slovakia army mainly warriors inflicted defeat large army golden control lands black_sea weakened conflict louis uncle father law poland charles led war poland april war louis supported uncle reinforcements accordance agreement louis armies fighting poland louis marched croatia june besieged seat late successfully resisted louis father forcing widow son surrender counts croatian yielded stay croatia citizens rebelled accepted louis returned dispatched ban bosnia assist ban fight gallery campaigns louis brother andrew murdered september louis mother accused andrew widow robert prince taranto charles duke members branches plotting andrew letter january pope louis demanded pope husband killer queen grant naples andrew posthumous son duke louis laid claim regency kingdom minority nephew referring descent born son robert wise father charles_ii naples promised increase yearly tribute kings naples pay holy pope failed fully investigate andrew murder louis decided invade southern italy preparation invasion sent envoys italian towns summer envoys negotiated italy louis marched relieve commanders citizens broke attacked july royal army failed intervene overcame defenders outside walls town louis withdrew refused renounce offered pay golden compensation lacking military support louis surrendered december louis sent small expeditions italy beginning war want harass italians suffered famine previous year troops departed command slovakia april louis hired german mercenaries departed november marching entered december near yielded remarried wedding distant cousin fled january relatives charles visited louis yield louis received convinced persuade brothers join arrival louis smile replaced expression unveiled terrible words true feelings princes kept hidden according contemporaneous repeated accusations blamed brother murder captured january day husband sister mary beheaded louis orders princes kept captive sent hungary louis infant nephew louis marched naples february citizens offered entry refused threatening let soldiers sack town raise taxes adopted traditional titles kings naples king sicily jerusalem duke prince administered kingdom mercenaries important forts unusually brutal methods investigation capture death brother according local noble families including refused cooperate pope refused confirm louis rule naples united powerful kingdoms louis rule pope cardinals declared innocent husband murder formal meeting arrival forced louis leave italy governor naples mercenaries hinder husband returning september louis signed truce years venice august sent new troops naples command late forts lost mutiny german mercenaries forced return hungary reached hungary wave epidemic ended june returned september killing louis wife margaret louis fell ill survived plague devastating sparsely populated hungary parts europe regions demand work force increased subsequent years louis proposed renounce pope pope refused louis departed second campaign april suppressed mutiny occurred mercenaries troops waiting arrival troops marching naples faced resistance towns command notorious cruelty campaign louis personally led assaults climbed city walls soldiers life besieging louis fell moat ladder defender fort hit stone dove river save young soldier swept away exploring ford order arrow pierced louis left leg siege fall hungarian troops august husband fled naples louis decided return hungary according contemporaneous historian louis attempted leave kingdom losing face run money experienced resistance local population celebrate jubilee louis visited rome journey hungary arrived october holy envoys louis queen husband signed truce months pope promised louis queen role husband murder investigated ordered pay gold ransom imprisoned princes expansion poland urged louis intervene war occupied brest important towns previous years monarchs agreed integrated death authorized louis realms fathered son louis led army june fell ill louis sole commander united polish hungarian army invaded lands lithuanian prince july seemingly accepted louis august agreed baptised brothers fulfill promises polish hungarian troops withdrawn attempt capture louis returned defeat killed allies battle louis returned september papal visited louis persuade wage war emperor serbs forced roman catholic subjects baptised join serbian orthodox church deal grievances hungarian louis held diet late confirmed provisions golden bull declaring enjoyed liberties realms rejected provision authorized died son freely estates instead introduced system estates nobleman male descendants passed male relatives crown death diet louis ordered landowners collect ninth tenth specified agricultural products peasants held plots estates hand confirmed right peasants freely landowner estates general accord louis royal couple naples accepted sides according contemporaneous husband returned louis troops withdrawn louis renounced ransom promised pay liberation imprisoned princes stating gone war greed avenge death brother louis continued use titles grandfather son charles_ii naples prince lord laid siege louis joined uncle march siege ended surrender fort louis heavily injured head grand duke lithuania hired mercenaries stormed louis returned hungary feared invasion pope proclaimed crusade authorizing louis collect church revenues years pope stated granted tenth duration emphasizing link release imprisoned princes pope authorized louis seize lands bordering kingdom louis signed alliance october intervene venetian war truce venice force louis married elizabeth bosnia daughter vassal says marriage showed louis renewed interest affairs hunting slovakia late november brown bear attacked inflicting wounds legs louis life saved knight court killed beast sword according louis launched expedition golden head army horsemen april young ruler historian identified want wage war hungary agreed sign peace treaty primary source mentioned campaign treaty raids suggests report reliable year forcing withdraw region river initiated negotiations holy following year louis sent reinforcements fight hungarian troops supported duke austria venetian delegates offered golden compensation louis refused plan province signed alliance austria patriarch venice order croatian lords besieged captured fortress sister inherited husband summer louis invaded venetian territories formal declaration war laid siege july local nobleman noticed louis sat writing letters banks morning proposed assassinate exchange golden refused offer share details plans louis returned autumn troops continued siege pope urged peace hungary pope louis standard bearer church granted year fight rebellious lords louis sent army command support pope troops italy louis marched july split soon got rid venetian governors yielded louis short siege louis army captured assistance townspeople succeeded louis father law surrendered western louis claimed territory wife treaty signed february renounced towns islands favor louis accepted louis towns remained self governing communities owing yearly tribute naval service louis abolished commercial restrictions introduced rule merchants explicitly entitled freely trade serbia war hungary serbia wars balkans serbia started death according unidentified serbian lord sought hungarian assistance powerful unnamed enemy late historians write serbian lord member family identify royal charters hungarian troops fought serbia october summer louis marched serbia serbia avoided battle louis royal army stayed november january implying planned military expedition neighboring territory charter said romanian restored louis rebellion local according chronicles identified departed hungarian country head crossed chasing settled valley chronicles presented decisive step development romanian rebelled louis plundered estates romanian landowners loyal king departed hungary invaded early expelled descendants louis vassal according louis launched expeditions dates determined ruled independent prince pope request louis sent hungarian troops relieve besieged troops lifted siege louis mercenaries region refused cooperate papal louis commander army imprisoned conflict emerged emperor duke austria rumors spread conspiracy emperor favor louis met slovakia emperor duke mutually surrendered claims party realms louis persuaded emperor renounce poland louis decided convert jews hungary catholicism experiencing resistance expelled realms property confiscated allowed personal property recover loans took place unusual 14th century according historian emperor austria signed treaty alliance patriarch louis ally august fearing formation coalition western borders hungary louis asked enemy husband send brothers reconciliation patriarch meeting louis envoys prague emperor charles insulting remark louis mother stating according chronicle louis demanded apology emperor answer preparation war ordered royal army marched slovakia supposed allies austria poland failed join emperor initiated negotiations lasted months louis finally reconciled meeting louis invaded bosnia directions spring army command laid siege fortress surrender royal seal stolen siege new seal louis charters confirmed new seal army louis personal command besieged july capture hungarian troops returned hungary month pope urban proclaimed crusade muslim powers peter cyprus request march urban urged louis join crusade emphasizing powerful monarch devout christian placed help month pope levied year church revenues hungary asked louis support papal officials collect tax louis effort hinder activities papal tax collectors stating needed resources cover costs future wars pope enemies italy louis signed treaty emperor charles austria early end conflicts september louis visited attend large congress attempted persuade dozen european monarchs join crusade louis monarch promise assistance later failed fulfill promise congress poland confirmed louis right succeed poland died male issue louis fathered son invited distant relative hungary young prince official heir louis allowed jews return hungary year legal proceedings jews seized houses lasted years louis assembled armies romania february according royal charter year planning invade new refused obey ended heading campaign ruler suggests meantime yielded louis seized imprisoned june months troops occupied realm organized separate border province command hungarian lords visited early seeking assistance set foot europe occasion byzantine emperor left empire foreign monarch assistance according louis physician meeting louis emperor refused hat offended louis john pledged promote union louis promised send help emperor louis fulfilled promises pope urban encouraged louis send help constantinople emperor guaranteed church union louis stayed june september implying waged war issued decree authorizing pass belonging nation especially decreed testimony romanian received royal charter grant weighed nobleman year louis granted district accepted accepted louis hungarian troops assisted regaining throne early louis attempts convert pagan subjects catholicism force conversion pagan settled hungary century completed reign according conquest sent new convert local orthodox population caused widespread discontent ordered serbian priests converted decreed roman catholic allowed hold landed property district louis supported religious orders especially mother set dozens new monasteries louis request pope urban sanctioned establishment university exception faculty theology louis arrange sufficient revenues university closed alliance half brother ruler united armies imposed blockade louis marched ordered invade autumn army marched valley ambushed killed hungarian soldiers including louis campaign west successful yield summer initiative louis restored swore loyalty louis sent daughters hostages hungary late louis suffered skin disease symptoms similar dedicated time praying religious meeting louis papal stated god witness seen monarch majestic powerful desires peace calm changed priorities foreign policy began balkan states poland louis signed treaty emperor february meeting slovakia september joined coalition emperor emperor persuaded albert break coalition september union poland reforms poland died november louis arrived uncle funeral ordered erection splendid gothic marble monument deceased king crowned king poland november including grandson duke polish lords opposed poland testament declared void polish mother elizabeth regent returning hungary december uncle surviving daughters anna accompanied polish transferred raised discontent louis new subjects louis wife gave birth daughter catherine seventeen years marriage second daughter mary born louis attempts safeguard daughters right succeed war emperor duke bavaria louis intervened duke behalf hungarian army invaded duke emperor signed peace treaty louis emperor agreed children early year ottomans annihilated serbian armies september serbian lords swore loyalty louis pope urged louis resist ottomans pleaded send reinforcements italy fight war broke lord ally louis summer louis sent reinforcements italy assist defeated hungarian troops captured commander forcing louis sign peace treaty september louis representatives polish nobility started negotiations louis succession poland autumn year negotiations issued called privilege september reducing tax polish paid king promising participated foreign military campaigns exchange polish lords confirmed right louis daughters inherit poland louis invaded new prince formed alliance bulgarian ruler ottoman sultan hungarian army routed united forces allies louis occupied yield summer troops ottomans middle influence diminished new favorites emerged royal court appointed judge royal organization central government modified create centralized power structure louis secret seal taken wars journeys declared authentic louis entrusted secret chancellor accompany new high official lord chancellor authorized use great seal king bishop humble origin hold new office lord chancellor head new central court justice called court king special presence time royal free towns delegated assist master treasury headed court appeal towns new official treasurer took financial duties master treasury raids poland reaching november riot broke unpopular queen mother elizabeth december slaughtered servants queen mother forcing flee hungary taking advantage situation white duke male member royal dynasty announced claim polish crown louis partisans defeated louis abbot hungary governor poland summer louis invaded territories held lithuanian prince george polish troops soon captured seat besieging seven weeks incorporated occupied territories lithuanian princes prince princes alexander accepted louis years crowned king adopting title king serbia bosnia louis approved coronation decided new war broke venice genoa louis supported regular base fleet transformed important theater war louis sent reinforcements fight cardinals turned pope urban elected new pope vii september gave rise western legitimate pope offered support fight opponents italy naples decided join camp pope urban june pope acknowledged lived louis court king naples promised claim hungary louis daughters louis dispatched invade head large army year occupied forced surrender august envoys louis venice started negotiations new peace treaty signed august according treaty venice renounced promised pay golden annual tribute hungary louis stipulated venice transfer relics newly established monastery royal charters referred military actions half information wars preserved louis health quickly deteriorating invited representatives polish lord meeting demand poles swore loyalty daughter mary bride july louis died night september buried chapel built orders family louis wife margaret oldest child wife margaret born exact date marriage louis margaret unknown occurred margaret died childless september according chronicle princes louis imprisoned campaign proposed marry queen younger sister heir mary widow executed louis orders siege summer louis met envoy nearby terms marriage accepted mary forced marry louis married second wife elizabeth june elizabeth daughter ban bosnia stephen wife elizabeth louis new wife prohibited degree louis mother wife grandmother cousins applied papal months marriage says suggests elizabeth living court louis mother pregnant time marriage theory valid louis wife child child catherine born died daughter mary succeed louis hungary born louis youngest daughter born queen poland legacy louis hungarian monarch receive epithet great mentioned hungarian chronicles 14th 15th centuries 17th century personality successful military campaigns contributed development fame great king louis waged wars year reign louis desired peace home war abroad according late 15th century chronicle writes louis military actions continued accomplished father policy recovering croatia wars lithuania hand says louis expeditions lacked realistic goal reasonable pretext war gave pleasure age romantic nationalism hungary louis reign described empire shores washed seas reference adriatic baltic instance poet referred louis reign period falling stars north east south extinguished hungarian seas actually poland remained independent country louis reign borders extend baltic_sea louis northwestern shores black_sea uncertain polish historiography contrasting evaluation louis reign poland tradition traced views late 14th century jan banished poland louis reign emphasized stability royal officials continually property poor people louis reign according optimistic tradition louis continued great policy preserving unity poland assistance lords emphasized louis ruled passion guardian described louis king wandering subjects disguise protect royal officials arbitrary acts jan louis rule absolute manner contrary foundations poles freedom laid new palaces castles built louis favorite hunting places highest european standards age according historian louis initiated preserved text earlier chronicles testify mastery hungarian workshops louis reign
Louis I of Hungary