history philadelphia written history philadelphia begins october city founded pennsylvania delaware rivers overview king charles_ii gave penn large piece newly acquired american land holdings repay debt king owed admiral sir penn father land included present day pennsylvania delaware claim written create bloody conflict maryland dubbed war land grant owned lord baltimore penn colonial expedition fleet set america middle following summer penn sailing vanguard set foot american soil colony new castle delaware orderly change government ensued normal age privileges aristocracy nationalism colonists pledged allegiance penn new proprietor general assembly soon held colony penn river founded philadelphia core group accompanying seeking religious freedom lands purchased local delaware nation began long period peaceful operation colony delaware contrast tribe swedish dutch colonists new colonists enjoy easy relations rival territorial peoples west number decades english dutch german settlers attracted tolerant colony worked way northwest west south hill country lands lower lord baltimore circa finished decade long declared war dutch trading tools firearms time groups uneasy relations delaware furthermore penn government viewed favorably dutch swedish english settlers delaware historical allegiance pennsylvania immediately began assembly achieved goal southernmost counties pennsylvania permitted split new semi autonomous colony new castle prominent prosperous influential settlement new colony capital brief period empire following victory battle leipzig swedish settlers arrived area early 17th century found nearby colony today southern new_jersey arrival numerous english colonists development port delaware philadelphia quickly grew important colonial city american revolution site revolution city chosen temporary capital united_states beginning 19th century federal state governments left philadelphia city continued years country cultural financial center large free black community aided fugitive slaves founded independent black nation philadelphia industrial centers variety industries largest economic family ties south southern maintaining second homes city having business connections banks sending daughters french finishing schools run refugees selling cotton textile manufacturers turn sold products south instance clothing slaves beginning american civil war southern city residents firmly union war went war american_civil_war city government controlled republican_party established political machine gained power patronage beginning 20th century philadelphia described corrupt reform efforts slowly changed city government new city charter strengthened position mayor weakened beginning great depression voters changed traditional support republican_party increasing support democratic_party president predominant local politics decades population grew dramatically end 19th beginning 20th centuries immigration ireland eastern_europe asia blacks rural south puerto caribbean attracted city expanding industrial jobs expanding hired workers south manufacturing plants navy yard employed tens thousands industrial workers rivers city center finance publishing major universities 1950s philadelphia housing aged post world war era construction area highways middle class families met demand newer housing leaving city suburbs population decline accompanied industrial restructuring loss tens thousands jobs mid 20th century increasing poverty social city gang mafia warfare plagued city mid-20th century early 21st century end 20th century beginning 21st historic neighborhoods attracted increase middle class population people began return city new immigrants southeast_asia contributed energy city promotions incentives 1990s early 21st century improved city image created boom surrounding areas founding philadelphia founded area inhabited delaware indians village place easy located today area villages water flows located european colonization called meaning south river time began dutch expedition led entered river search valley including future location philadelphia new claim dutch dutch explorer cape new_jersey named charted delaware bay dutch built fort west bay swedish dutch german formed trade tobacco north_america command company expedition sailed sweden late ships governor new dismissal brought new project knowledge dutch colony temporarily abandoned efforts focus hudson_river valley north hudson known dutch north river relative south delaware partners knew dutch view colonies held actual occupation necessary secure legal claim ships reached delaware bay march settlers began build fort site present day wilmington delaware named honor year old queen sweden permanent european settlement colony eventually included land west appointed royal governor arriving colony february year rule administrative center moved north immediate today philadelphia built fort new manor house called english settlement occurred families new haven colony connecticut led tried establish mouth new haven colony earlier struck deal buy new_jersey south present day dutch area burned english colonists buildings swedish court swedish governor convicted indians colony received support governor said dissolved owing summer sickness mortality disaster contributed losing control area larger connecticut colony supported victory war maryland led general dutch recognized legitimacy swedish claim late summer director general mustered military expedition subdue rogue colony colonists recognize authority dutch terms tolerant swedish finnish settlers continued enjoy local autonomy having militia religion court lands official status lasted english conquest october continued unofficially area included charter pennsylvania area modern philadelphia inhabited europeans farmers debt charles_ii england granted charter pennsylvania colony shortly receiving charter penn said lay large convenient place health navigation penn wanted city live peacefully area fortress walls bought land legend penn treaty friendship chief tree city penn envisioned city people regardless religion worship freely live penn experienced religious persecution planned city streets set grid idea city like rural towns england crowded cities homes spread far apart surrounded gardens city granted land homes access delaware bay atlantic ocean important port thirteen colonies named city philadelphia love friendship brother commercial center market state house key buildings penn sent commissioners supervise settlement set aside acres city commissioners bought land settlement began lay city north area went mile modern south penn ship anchored coast new castle delaware october arrived philadelphia days expanded city west bank total acres streets laid system widest streets high market broad streets named prominent landowners owned adjacent lots streets renamed ones running east west named local trees vine cherry chestnut spruce pine cedar north south streets numbered area squares named logan washington franklin set aside parks open penn designed central square intersection broad market street surrounded public buildings settlers lived caves dug river bank city grew construction homes churches new landowners share penn vision non city people bought land instead spreading westward lots bought subdivided smaller streets constructed people lived west fourth street early growth philadelphia grew inhabitants population english welsh irish germans dutch african slaves left philadelphia time october issued charter charter established philadelphia city gave mayor authority issue laws regulate markets known jewish resident philadelphia german moved city mentioned article entitled philadelphia business published april philadelphia important trading center major port initially city main source trade west_indies established sugar cane plantations associated africa british isles queen anne war french trade cut west_indies hurting philadelphia financially end war brought brief prosperity british territories depression philadelphia growth saw immigration germany northern ireland philadelphia surrounding countryside region developed agriculture philadelphia exported grains lumber products seeds europe american colonies pulled city depression philadelphia pledge religious tolerance attracted religions catholics jews moved city soon outnumbered continued powerful economically politically political tensions existed religious groups national connections riots took place high bread prices drunken sailors october bloody election riots sailors attacked germans peace politics strained war ear city plagued petty criminals working city government poor reputation fines imposed citizens refused serve office chosen man fled philadelphia avoid serving mayor half 18th century like american cities philadelphia dirty garbage animals streets roads rainy seasons impassable early attempts improve quality life ineffective laws poorly enforced philadelphia turning major city christ church better known independence hall built streets paved illuminated oil lamps philadelphia newspaper began publishing december city developed culturally scientifically schools libraries theaters founded arrived philadelphia secretary help establish philadelphia place culture learning logan mayor philadelphia early created largest libraries colonies helped guide prominent philadelphia residents included botanist arrived philadelphia october play large city development help protect city fire franklin founded franklin named city post master generals established postal routes philadelphia new_york boston helped raise money build american colonies hospital opened year project franklin received charter incorporation threatened french spanish franklin set volunteer group defense built batteries french indian war began seven years war franklin recruited militias war city attracted refugees western frontier rebellion occurred refugees fled city including group hiding native americans angry white boys tried follow philadelphia attacks prevented city militia franklin convinced leave revolution passage stamp act combined increased political tension anger england colonies philadelphia residents joined british goods tea act threats store tea ships brought tea delaware shipment tea arrived december ship committee told captain depart unloading cargo series acts angered colonies activists called general congress agreed meet philadelphia held september hall american revolutionary war began april following battles lexington concord met met year later write sign declaration independence july philadelphia important war effort said consider philadelphia situation extent commerce number circumstances united_states heart human body circulating blood port city vulnerable attack british sea officials recruited soldiers studied defenses invasion delaware bay built forts installations march british frigates began blockade mouth delaware bay british soldiers moving south new_jersey new_york december fear invasion caused half population flee city including moved baltimore general george_washington pushed british advance battles princeton refugees congress returned september british invaded philadelphia south washington intercepted battle driven thousands fled north pennsylvania east new_jersey congress moved lancaster york british troops marched half philadelphia september cheering loyalist crowds occupation lasted months french entered war british troops pulled philadelphia june help defend new_york_city arrived day city supervised major general appointed city military commander city government returned week later returned early july historian emphasizes role working class distrust northern ports argues working class skilled radical element philadelphia took control city starting promoted radical democratic form government revolution held power control local militia ideology working class stay power businessmen staged conservative philadelphia suffered inflation causing problems especially poor unable buy needed goods led unrest people blaming upper class loyalists riot january sailors striking higher wages ended attacking ships fort wilson riot october men attacked declaration independence accused loyalist soldiers broke riot people died injured temporary capital following united_states congress moved philadelphia settled new_york_city designated temporary capital united_states politics longer centered philadelphia political compromise congress chose permanent capital built philadelphia selected temporary united_states capital years starting congress occupied known supreme_court worked city hall donated home 6th market street residence president washington president yellow fever city economy grew rapidly postwar years yellow fever interrupted development identified outbreak august yellow fever epidemic years lasted months thousand refugees recently arrived city flight revolution represented percent city total population likely carried disease island endemic rapidly transmitted bites residents fear contracting disease caused residents flee city mid september neighboring towns prohibited entry trade virtually stopped baltimore new_york people goods philadelphia people feared entering city interacting residents fever finally end october onset colder weather declared end mid november death toll population yellow fever philadelphia major ports nineteenth century fatalities epidemic philadelphia prompted exodus estimated residents died slavery pennsylvania abolished slavery required slaves brought city freed months residency state law challenged french colonial refugees brought slaves defended slaves gained freedom city violence accompanying revolution island southern ties residents worried free people color encourage slave city years federal capital members congress exempt abolition law executive judicial branches president washington vice president jefferson brought slaves domestic servants evaded law regularly shifting slaves city month deadline washington slaves escaped president gradually replaced slaves german immigrants servants remains president found excavation new leading work memorial site opened commemorate washington slaves african americans philadelphia history mark house site industrial growth pennsylvania state government left philadelphia united_states government left time city busiest ports country largest city people living philadelphia suburbs philadelphia maritime trade interrupted act war war philadelphia shipping industry returned pre status new_york_city succeeded busiest port largest city decrease foreign trade led development local factories produce goods longer available imports manufacturing plants built philadelphia important center paper related industries leather shoe boot industries coal iron mines construction new roads canals railroads helped philadelphia manufacturing power grow city major industrial city major industrial projects included iron water pipes response working conditions philadelphia workers staged general strike north_america workers city won hour increase wages addition industrial power philadelphia financial center country chartered private banks city home second banks united_states cultural institutions developed nineteenth century passed create public school system ethnic rivalries mid late 1840s immigrants ireland germany streamed city swelling population philadelphia suburbs philadelphia rich moved west 7th street poor moved upper class homes converted boarding houses small row houses crowded small streets areas filled garbage smell animal 1840s 1850s hundreds died year philadelphia surrounding districts diseases malaria smallpox tuberculosis cholera related poor diseases brought immigrants poor suffered fatalities small housing constructed south violence problem gangs like killers blood controlled neighborhoods 1840s early 1850s volunteer fire companies gangs responded fire fights fire companies broke fire companies virtually ended city took control operations 1840s 50s violence directed immigrants people feared competition jobs resented newcomers different religions ethnicity held anti catholic anti irish meetings violence immigrants occurred worst riots violence african americans common 1830s 50s immigrants competed jobs deadly race riots resulted burning african american homes churches commented probably city known world dislike amounting hatred coloured population city love anti slavery societies formed free blacks operated safe houses associated working class ethnic whites opposed abolitionist movement difficulty controlling residential development north philadelphia led act consolidation act passed february making philadelphia borders incorporating county american_civil_war began philadelphia southern reduced popular hostility shifted southern threatened newspaper homes suspected turned away police mayor philadelphia supported war soldiers ammunition war ships manufacturers produced army uniforms philadelphia major receiving place wounded soldiers sailors treated city philadelphia began preparing invasion repelled union forces late 19th century years following civil war philadelphia population continued grow population grew city population stood dense population areas growing north south moving westward large portion growth came immigrants irish german seven percent philadelphia population born outside united_states february act consolidation city philadelphia inclusive entire county away municipalities 1880s immigration russia eastern_europe italy started immigration western_europe immigrants russia eastern_europe jewish jews city number increased philadelphia italian population grew majority settling foreign immigration domestic migration african americans south led philadelphia having largest black population city period nearly african americans living philadelphia population near immigrants moved city philadelphia rich left newer housing suburbs easy newly constructed railroads 1880s philadelphia upper class moved growing suburbs west city politically city dominated republican_party developed strong political machine republicans dominated post war elections corrupt officials way government continued control city voter fraud intimidation hub city political machine trust controlled gas company supplying lighting city board complete control republicans awarded contracts government reform occur time police department reorganized volunteer fire companies eliminated replaced paid fire department compulsory school act passed freed city education political machine higher education changed moved reorganized modern form founded city major project organizing staging world fair united_states celebrated nation centennial held exhibits included telephone beginning end exposition november million people visited fair city undertook construction new city hall designed match ambitions project ridden took years complete completion city hall tallest building philadelphia position maintained nearly years philadelphia major industries era sons ship westward expansion helped philadelphia nearby new_york_city domestic commerce cities fought dominance transporting iron coal resources pennsylvania philadelphia local railroad series taken new occurred new_york_city branch philadelphia bank company failed panic 1890s hampered philadelphia economic growth depressions hurt city diverse array industries helped weather difficult times numerous iron steel related manufacturers including owned iron steel works outside city notably city largest industry philadelphia philadelphia produced city textile industry employed percent city workers cigar sugar oil industries strong city time major department stores lit brothers developed market street end century city provided municipal swimming pools making leader nation early 20th century beginning 20th century philadelphia taken poor reputation people inside outside city commented philadelphia citizens dull lack change commented thing philadelphia new different image philadelphia known political corruption republican controlled political machine run parts city government official estimated million wasted year city infrastructure programs majority residents republican voter fraud common city enacted election reforms personal voter registration establishing city offices residents city political bosses continued control retired successor controlled outside brothers george william created organization central authority senator took charge contributed reform candidate elected mayor administration numerous cost cutting measures improvements city services served term machine gained control policies administration reunited city republican_party world war temporarily halted reform movement murder police officer defending city_council primary candidate ignited passed legislation reduce city_council houses provided council members annual salary deaths city political boss 1920s public prohibition laws mob violence police involvement illegal activities led mayor appoint brigadier general marine_corps director public safety butler cracked bars tried stop corruption police force demand liquor political pressure job difficult little success years butler left january police reforms repealed august suffered stroke weeks later grand jury investigation city mob violence crimes began numerous police officers dismissed arrested result investigation permanent change resulted strong support residents democratic presidential candidate catholic marked city turning away 20th century republican_party philadelphia continued grow immigrants coming eastern_europe italy african american migrants south foreign immigration briefly interrupted world war demand labor city factories including new naval yard constructed ships trains items needed war effort helped attract blacks great migration african american september cases reported naval yard began spread mortality days people time began october people died rising popularity automobiles led widening roads creation northeast roosevelt boulevard changing existing streets way streets early 1920s construction bridge new_jersey philadelphia began steel concrete constructed old buildings wired electricity city commercial radio station founded city constructed subway hosted south philadelphia opened great depression world war years stock market crashed philadelphia banks closed large savings loan associations faced trouble properties savings loan associations shut regional manufacturing fell percent factory fell percent retail sales fell percent worst hit construction dropped percent unemployment peaked percent whites percent african americans percent foreign born whites work mayor blamed people economic worldwide great depression claimed starvation city soon fired city workers instituted pay cuts forced unpaid vacation reduced number contracts city awarded saved philadelphia millions dollars efforts kept city debts unpopular unemployed city relied state money fund relief efforts moore successor instituted numerous programs financed new deal despite condemning program mayoral campaign peak financed jobs employed program encouragement state government labor founding philadelphia union city trade unions african americans years closed labor advances workers dissatisfaction conditions led numerous strikes textile unions organized labor industries strikes taking place 1930s democratic_party began grow philadelphia influenced leadership roosevelt administration depression newly organized reached residents held philadelphia majority voters city reelected democrat president voted democratic state representatives city government continued dominated republicans politicians elected small margins beginning world war europe threat involved generated new jobs defense related industries involved war city mobilized philadelphia consistently met war bond war ended residents armed forces men serving military labor shortage businesses industries hired women workers outside city promoted african americans positions previously excluded public transportation vehicles workers protested began strike nearly city president roosevelt sent troops replace striking workers federal ultimatum workers returned days reform decline world war ended philadelphia housing shortage half city housing built 19th century units lacked proper facilities poor condition competition housing african americans come city great migration south puerto moved new neighborhoods resulted racial tension middle class residents white continued suburbs called white flight population peaked million residents afterward city population declined neighboring suburban counties grew residents moved region altogether restructuring industry loss tens thousands jobs city philadelphia lost percent population 1950s percent 1960s thirteen percent 1970s manufacturing major philadelphia businesses supported middle class lives working class moving area shutting industrial restructuring including major declines railroads city encouraged development projects area north philadelphia removed chinese wall elevated railway developed market street east transportation hub occurred restoration properties historic neighborhoods society hill area airport expanded expressway interstate built formed residential industrial development took place preparations began early 1970s million spent plans set planning group reorganized numerous city wide events planned restored development completed half expected visitors came city event helped revive identity city inspiring annual neighborhood events selected democratic candidate lost incumbent mayor campaign numerous specific charges corruption city government city_council set committee investigate findings followed grand jury investigation year investigation findings garnered national attention million city spending found president judge pleas court cases fire marshal went prison official tax collection office water department employee inspector head police vice squad committed suicide criminal public press demanded reform end new city charter drafted new charter strengthened position mayor weakened city_council council elected district seven large city administration streamlined new boards commissions created elected democratic mayor years clark filled administration positions based merit worked corruption despite reforms clark administration powerful democratic patronage organization eventually replaced old republican clark succeeded continued policies predecessor resigned run governor city council president elected city irish catholic mayor elected mayor reelected despite opposition opposed organization insider major cities 1960s turbulent decade city numerous civil rights anti war protests took place including large protests led students took sit race riots broke riot killed people injured caused million damages crime problem primarily drug related gang warfare plagued city crime rated city number problem survey court system tactics police department police commissioner controversial credited preventing level violence seen cities time elected mayor outspoken reelected divisive figure loyal supporters passionate opponents police fire departments cultural institutions supported city departments like experienced large cuts radical group called formed tension soon developed city officials major clash occurred group headquarters resulting death police officer members convicted trial sentenced prison stand occurred group new headquarters residents believed armed police dropped bomb house helicopter set fire killed members including children destroyed neighboring houses survivors sued city civil court won damages crime continued problem 1980s deadly mafia warfare plagued drug gangs crack houses invaded city murder rate mayor philadelphia african american mayor development continued areas south street large modern glass granite designed nationally known architects constructed city employee labor contracts signed administration helped set city financial crisis green unable prevent city near bankruptcy end 1980s group refugees settled philadelphia end 1970s civil war associated vietnam war attacked acts city held hearings incidents author spirit catches fall said lower class residents resented receiving federal grant employment assistance work believed american citizens getting assistance quarters people settled philadelphia left cities united_states join relatives vietnamese immigrants asia settled city near italian market area addition numerous hispanic immigrants entered city settling 21st century elected city jewish mayor time city numerous unpaid bills lowest bond rating largest cities budget deficit million attracted investment city stabilized city finances produced small budget parts philadelphia continued 1990s new convention center opened creating hotel boom seventeen hotels opening city hosted city began promoting heritage tourism producing festivals entertainment attract tourists named citing recent general compact city council president elected mayor city continued 21st century street administration targeted city worst neighborhoods considerable progress tax breaks created helped create boom increasing population helping slow city year population decline population rose number households grew percent city struggles series scandals 1990s plagued police department including crime street administration plagued scandal administration people accused awarding contracts based campaign donations street reelection campaign 2000s rise violent crime decline 1990s philadelphia murder rate inhabitants versus rate background business elected city african american mayor july oversaw decrease crime rate july tourism city main industries philadelphia 10th visited city atlanta ahead miami dallas boston instrumental philadelphia prevention program program copied cities country stabilize housing retain residents owned units pope francis visit united_states directly visit cuba francis visit new_york_city washington philadelphia philadelphia francis attended world meeting families coordinated philadelphia ended papal visit saying mass crowd million people benjamin franklin parkway philadelphia francis attended events including speech crowd people independence hall visit blessing saint joseph university city old sources philadelphia brief account institutions public objects metropolis complete guide strangers philadelphia usa city watson annals philadelphia pennsylvania collection memoirs anecdotes incidents city inhabitants earliest settlements inland pennsylvania days founders philadelphia usa daniel history philadelphia philadelphia usa philadelphia traveller pocket companion course main road philadelphia new_york philadelphia washington actual survey 2nd philadelphia printed narratives early pennsylvania delaware editor original narratives early american history new_york sons
History of Philadelphia