governor september june businessman historian prominent loyalist politician years american revolution successful merchant politician active high levels massachusetts government years serving lieutenant governor governor politically figure despite initial opposition parliamentary tax laws directed colonies came identified proponent hated british taxes blamed lord north british prime minister time significant contributor tensions led outbreak american revolutionary war boston mansion protests stamp act damaging collection materials early massachusetts history acting governor exposed mob attack aftermath boston massacre ordered removal troops boston letters calling colonial rights published intensifying dislike colony replaced governor general went exile england advised government deal americans deep interest colonial history collecting large number historical documents wrote volume history province massachusetts bay volume published posthumously covered period office wrote person america actions altered outcome protests disputes preceding american revolutionary war scholars use career represent tragic fate loyalists attachment imperial structure time modern nation state emerging ideology dual america britain loyalist loser sacrificed love massachusetts loyalty great_britain spent years unhappy exile early life born september fourth children thomas descended early new_england settlers including son parents merchant families father involved family trade active political military charitable circles served provincial council young thomas entered graduating father introduced business world early displayed remarkable business according autobiographical sketch childhood turned modest gift fish father time received exposure politics accompanied governor voyage negotiations maine massachusetts voyage vessel owner married granddaughter rhode_island governor families long history business personal connections margaret fact distant relative descended rhode_island governor marriage secured political alliance andrew lasted long margaret death sister mary second wife likewise daughter married son oliver brothers related massachusetts governor new_hampshire harvard class couple children survived adulthood margaret died complications legislator councillor entered politics elected boston later year seat provincial assembly spoke province practice issuing bills credit form paper currency drop value wrought havoc economy position unpopular populist party province voted election sent england agent behalf property owners affected king decision concerning boundary line massachusetts new_hampshire significantly favored new_hampshire embassy unsuccessful returned harvard construction new chapel built funds stands today elected served body speaker continued advocacy currency reforms annoyed populist faction need guard properties boston possible mob action discussed british government convinced province expense mounting expedition seized idea massive payment gold silver retire province paper currency despite significant opposition successfully bill implementing idea assembly general court received agreement signature governor bill opponents surprised exchange paper cause financial popularity despite success voted assembly immediately appointed headed commission arrange treaty indians massachusetts served boundary commissions settle disputes connecticut rhode_island appointed judge justice following outbreak french indian war delegate meeting took leading discussions working draft plan colonial union agreed franklin present endangered british colonies decisive action taken competing colonies coherent important report drafted concluded colonies encouraged establish union majesty governments continent councils treasure strength employed proportion common enemy wife died suddenly threw work work entirely political nature humanitarian streak supported refugees expelled nova scotia support roman catholics gain friends sensitive needs military men involved war giving aid families veterans lieutenant governor massachusetts governor political opponents engineered recall sought received endorsement british military leader lord effort succeed governor time leading politician province age lieutenant governor application unsuccessful receive appointment lieutenant governor serving relationship awkward center political activities governor patronage risen power influence cultivated relations populist factions state sought remove influence supporters asking turn people earlier supported refused saw actions province stability taking place governor requested leave return england late political opposition supporters death leading populist supporters contributed decision departed province june leaving acting governor months later replacement arrived power assistance bernard early acts appointment instead chief justice action turned province vocal leaders included son bernard long term consequences reputation legal training sought post emerging legal notably rising young lawyer named outraged brought storm protest criticism issuing assistance documents authorised essentially arbitrary searches customs officials issued ironically objections earlier years authorised cases existing necessitated accession king george iii throne adams seized issue rail power lieutenant governor sat council lack legal qualifications post chief justice taxes stamp act sugar act discussed parliament proposals forward send represent colony opposition proposal governor bernard objected sending sitting lieutenant governor bill enacted colonial protest followed agreement vocal opponents like time began phrase taxation representation law harmed massachusetts economy ensuing debates differences emerged parliament supremacy feasibility having formal colonial representation exacerbated personal animosity developed led anti parliament faction seized minor dispute rail faction power dismissive ongoing political attacks believing opponents biographer observes stage seriously impact attacks building coherent opposition crown control damage reputation debates leading passage stamp act bernard quietly warned london proceed particular wrote good tax americans lose gain assembly met draft petition london matter october opposed inclusion language eventually pushed moderate statement opposition massachusetts petition seen weak comparison prepared colonies claimed secretly seeking promote stamp act accused country news act passage propelled vocal opponents parliamentary supremacy larger role provincial politics privately supported calls repeal publicly oppose act merely provided additional fuel opponents mob violence brother law colonial secretary given job stamp master responsibility implementing act province apparently hand assignment opponents quick accuse attempts explain position opposition recounted early unpopular acts questioned motives deeds august descended oliver home office night mansion surrounded crowd demanded formally deny arguing favour stamp act correspondence london refused intervention moderate leader prevented action night days later evening august mob formed outside mansion time denied described architectural historian developed example provincial new_england house broken family narrowly escaping systematically house decorative effectively destroyed building taken violence lasted entire night family silver furniture items stolen destroyed items eventually returned collection historically important manuscripts scattered working final volume volume history colony pages work lost night recreated detailed inventory reprinted biographer valued damage eventually received province troubles family temporarily took refuge castle william took primary residence estate governor massachusetts controversy stamp act radical faction came control assembly governor council denied seat governor council amid increased passage acts governor bernard requested received british_army troops protect crown officials letters written bernard describing conditions province acquired radical opposition published leading recall bernard left england august leaving acting governor unsuccessful attempts distance unpopular bernard administration continued attacked assembly local press despite continued lobby formal appointment governor refused serve lieutenant governor governor preferring instead posting resign lieutenant governorship acting governor protests taxes erupted march british soldiers fired crowd killing people went scene aftermath shooting promised justice applied fairly british soldiers involved incident arrested day ongoing unrest city compelled request withdrawal british troops city able postpone trial months allow anger settle adams prepare solid case soldiers eventually tried convicted sentences reduced episode shook confidence ability manage affairs province penned resignation letter governor bernard mean time taken cause london march commission governor arrived boston having approved king resignation letter going way colonial secretary lord rejected resignation instructions sent commission fairly strict left relatively little room manoeuvre politically instructions particularly included restricting meetings governor council limiting appointment colonial agents individuals having governor approval instructions relocate provincial assembly boston cambridge influence radical boston politics modest demand accomplished executive order resulted complaint gubernatorial assembly exchange arguments assembly ran thousands pages lasted nature affair radical cause proponents painted action bold attempt executive outraged announced salary previously subject appropriation assembly paid crown instead seen power belonged province written debates assembly extended role parliament governing policies deepened divide raised flags colonies england observers noted arguments effectively driven province join political letters affair massachusetts debate reached pitch speech assembly argued colony wholly subject parliament effectively independent assembly response authored countered colonial charter granted autonomy england colonial secretary lord insisted colonial agent massachusetts assembly response franklin acquired letters written late colonial officials concluded situation colonies parliament believing wider knowledge letters focus colonial anger away parliament written misleading letters franklin sent letters speaker massachusetts assembly december insisted published widely circulated liberty letters public letters came hands serving clerk assembly engineered publication june franklin belief partially publication letters opposition parliamentary policy instead opposition saw letters confirmation conspiracy rights letters reprinted colonies burned places far away philadelphia letters written retired leading member british government included observation impossible colonists rights home country essentially requiring called english liberties specific proposals colonial government reformed writing letter published think produce great evil remove uncertain event letters contrast specifically proposed governor council members elected assembly governor consent changed members appointed crown wrote letters particularly new manipulated contents implications statements suggest officials london colonists rights defended print provincial attorney general claimed actually expressing desired changes state affairs instead possible consequences present conditions massachusetts assembly drafted petition demanding removal office concerned effect letter publication assembly petition london requested permission come england defend letter authorizing return reach boston november late depart year request assembly petition heard early meantime parliament repealed taxes keeping tea passed tea act authorised ship tea directly colonies eliminating colonial merchants supply chain price smuggled dutch tea caused colonial merchants north american colonies organise opposition deliveries company tea massachusetts arrival ships carrying tea november brought crisis duties paid cargo days ship arrival sons businessmen company tea official role choice cargo ships armed patrolled docks ensure tea landed took hard line refusing allow tea ships leave harbour despite city wide protests tea sent england insisting duty paid tea landed day deadline arrived december indian disguise boarded ships night dumped tea harbour justified stance contributed crisis claiming duty governor uphold revenue laws american opponents observed easily refused accept tea clear popular sentiment impossible land tea british critics complained asked british troops boston intervene known tea ships sent north_america turned continued justify actions letters england anticipating hearings matter arrived met consider assembly petition recall discussed tea party franklin colonial agent forced listen barrage criticism dismissed colonial general assembly petition dismissed request leave granted general arrived boston governor implement acts parliament passed punishment tea party believing away massachusetts temporarily sailed england june exile arrival london granted audience king questioned affairs north_america received lord north prime minister interview north expressed dismay terms massachusetts government act sought establish basis eventual repeal enactment governor effect province economy government act appointment crown governor council long opposed formal hearings matter colonial authorities sympathetic view believed events gone far british political establishment support alternatives outbreak american revolutionary war april mansion seized use army barracks trunk containing copies correspondence fell rebel hands war progressed criticised answered unpublished manuscript continued treated favourably king compelled refuse offer fortune lost exile power prosecution war took center stage july awarded honorary doctorate law oxford_university enemies massachusetts continued attack reputation exile impossible effectively dispute charges properties like exiled loyalists seized sold state home eventually purchased james mercy warren sister long time enemy bitter disillusioned forced exile loss daughter continued work history colony fruit decades research volumes published lifetime volume history massachusetts appeared volume volume published posthumously included tenure lieutenant governor governor time worked complete history family details political affairs found suffered stroke died london june aged buried legacy memory central role main focal point opposition royal rule reputation america generally poor seen traitor native massachusetts cause freedom harsh assessment calling describing manipulated higher levels power achieve aims criticized british political figures continued disagree exile despite working behalf disapproved actions lord north believed publication letters responsible outbreak war biographers 20th century reputation seeking explain came way recent decades historians typically portrayed tragic figure torn rulers london people massachusetts example portrays ill fated tragic figure british scholar says tragedy emerged victim clash archaic static opponents contemporary dynamic prominent american historian wrote pleased new_england shown emancipation good king america general boston particular proud father beloved child fails credit high places changed interpretation years 1970s saw portrayed locked old mindset time enlightenment ideas taking hold thanks remnants country estate preserved main piece parcel land known governor field owned trustees reservations listed national_register_of_historic_places open public nearby property features constructed listed national_register_of_historic_places properties hill historic district boston landmarks named family took pains departure publications history colony bay settlement thereof incorporation colony province main etc charter king william queen mary boston thomas volume history charter king william queen mary year boston thomas second volume john history bay comprising detailed narrative origin early stages american revolution london volume published posthumously declaration london self published commentary united_states declaration independence
Thomas Hutchinson (governor)