sir december february english colonial administrator north_america governor year existence times served governor provinces new_york east virginia maryland service north_america served tenure new_england authoritarian turbulent views decidedly pro anglican negative quality region home actions new_england resulted overthrow boston revolt considered effective governor new_york virginia enemy prominent figures colonies worked remove office despite managed negotiate treaties establishing long lived peace involving colonies tribes interacted confederacy actions governance generally followed instructions given appointment office received monarchs governments appointed recalled england virginia resumed title longer resided entirely appointed lieutenant governor island served position years died early life born london december father staunch supporter mother sister king sister claimed present surrender royalist stronghold surrender english civil war firm evidence support possible fled mother uncle sir captain cavalry company served winter campaigns denmark including relief copenhagen result experiences gained french swedish dutch remained firm supporter exile charles_ii restoration throne specifically commended family support served death married daughter yorkshire son cousin earl queen closest advisors friend served patron years served english army dutch commissioned major regiment sir sent barbados returned england years later carrying despatches letters governor new_york father died named succeed appointed duke york governor province territory included territories ceded england treaty westminster including present day new_jersey dutch holdings hudson_river renamed new_york_city albany long_island martha charles_ii granted james territory land present day maine rivers intervening dutch territory charles issued new patent james arrived new_york harbor late october negotiated dutch territories local representatives dutch governor took place november agreed confirm existing property holdings allow dutch inhabitants territory maintain protestant religion connecticut boundary dispute involved boundary disputes neighboring connecticut colony dutch claims originally extended far east claims ceded treaty reduced boundary line miles east hudson york territorial claim acknowledge announced connecticut authorities intentions reclaim territory included connecticut capital early connecticut leaders pointed later revisions connecticut boundaries pressed claim arguing revisions superseded york grant outbreak king philip war july excuse ship connecticut small military force establish duke claim arrived mouth river july found fort occupied connecticut militia flying english flag came ashore brief conversation fort commander read commission returned new_york_city extent attempt claim territory remembered connecticut later attempts assert new_york authority king philip war following connecticut expedition traveled country establish relations received agreed continue dutch practice supplying firearms action successfully french diplomatic successes led charges new_england provided arms indians allied king philip leader known english fact provided gunpowder rhode_island great swamp fight december specifically outlawed sale munitions tribes known allied philip charges poisoned atmosphere massachusetts leaders conduct met approval london meeting given refer new_york governor way french governor dubbed consequence establishment albany colonial department indian affairs head philip known western massachusetts winter accused suggests philip purpose draw conflict instead draw conflict view attacking albany offer send new_york troops massachusetts attack philip rebuffed based idea covert ploy assert authority instead albany area battle philip driving eastward connecticut authorities later appealed assistance replied strange considering previous behavior refused help july established haven indian war refugees conflict came end southern new_england continued friction northern new_england english settlers prompted send force duke territory maine established fort present day bristol annoyed massachusetts fishermen restricting use duke land drying fish november departed england spend year visit reward performance governor sat meetings agents massachusetts bay defended charter gave detailed accounts state colony southern border disputes southernmost territories duke roughly encompassing northern delaware desired baron baltimore sought extend reach province maryland area time seeking end frontier war north having persuaded intervening maryland territory furthermore dominated delaware bay unhappy lands virginia maryland settlers war groups imminent dutch retook new_york came new_york moved stabilize situation befriended chiefs convincing act english tribes peace appeared imminent bacon rebellion broke maryland resulting attack fort surviving fort night making way east delaware bay june offered exchange moving jurisdiction protect enemies maryland settlers extended offer given settle offers received maryland authorities unable convince indian allies peace offered organized march delaware goal strengthening maryland claim area responded urging retreat new_york maryland reach delivering strongly threat maryland acknowledge sovereignty offered services pointing absence left maryland settlements open direct attack council held village site present day philadelphia february march major parties met final agreements reached ordered remaining disperse parts new_york april maryland sent new_york engage eventually peace talks time sent lay plots land claimed new_york delaware bay instructed offer essence bribe indian peace reached exchange land refused bribe ended compelled negotiate peace agreed negotiations followed albany summer considered foundations set alliances treaties called unable prevent baltimore granting land delaware successfully blunt maryland leader attempt control greater portion land duke eventually lands state delaware control governance created problems james awarded territory west hudson_river berkeley western portion known partnership berkeley transferred rights group exact nature rights james given berkeley disputed james believed second patent granted earlier grants berkeley resulted conflict attempted extend government territory governed behalf cousin philip possibly based orders given visit england began assert new_york authority death despite friendly personal relationship governor issue governance eventually prompted arrested dispute collection customs duties ports jersey hudson sent company soldiers home according account incident beaten troops jailed new_york trial presided acquitted jury charges returned new_jersey injuries sustained arrest affected health died aftermath incident duke york surrendered claims contentious occurred settlers sent sought establish new_jersey insisted right settle duke permission agreed allow settlement agreed receive commissions falling authority new_york gubernatorial administration situation permanently resolved york renounced favor penn remaining claims recall analysis political opponents colony brought number charges duke york accusations dutch businessmen engaging business private gain duke statements duke claimed revenues lower addition complaints led duke order england explain situation left province january charging administration new_york government expecting short visit england wife remained new_york time new_york thought demonstrated good administrative abilities manner considered opponents colonists numerous enemies tenure governor appointed governor arrived boston december immediately assumed power commission called governance council initial composition council included representatives colonies dominion absorbed travel fact travel costs council dominated representatives massachusetts plymouth insisted govern assembly expressed concern commission drafted brief work sir historian attested fact certain policies assembly legislators proven inefficient dominion initially consisted territories including present day maine rhode_island connecticut new_hampshire extended include new_york east wife joined boston died long arrival church_of_england shortly arrival asked churches boston services church_of_england rebuffed demanded given keys church services held auspices king chapel built actions highlighted pro anglican eyes local later accuse involvement plot revenue laws council engaged lengthy process dominion english laws work consumed great time march issued proclamation stating pre existing laws remain effect revised massachusetts pre existing tax laws scheme taxation created apply entire dominion developed committee landowners proposal derived revenues import duties principally alcohol debate different proposal abruptly proposed adopted essentially reviving previous massachusetts tax laws laws unpopular farmers felt taxes livestock high bring immediate revenue received approval increase import duties alcohol attempts enforce revenue laws met stiff resistance number massachusetts communities towns refused choose commissioners assess town population estates officials number consequently arrested brought boston fined released imprisoned promised perform duties leaders vocal opposition law tried convicted offenses provinces resist new law rhode_island rates higher previous colonial administration plymouth relatively poor landowners hard hit high rates livestock funds derived sources profit individual towns directed dominion government town meeting laws consequence tax protest sought restrict town meetings protest begun introduced law limited meetings single annual meeting solely purpose officials explicitly banning meetings times reason loss local power widely hated protests town meeting tax laws violations guaranteed taxation representatives people noted complaints colonial charter excluded large numbers voters requirement church membership land title reform instructed bring colonial land title practices line england introduce quit means raising colonial revenues titles previously issued massachusetts new_hampshire maine colonial administration suffered defects form example lacking imprint colonial seal include quit rent payment land grants colonial connecticut rhode_island colony charter conflicting claims number areas manner approached issue necessarily divisive threatened landowner title way dubious landowners went confirmation process refused want face possibility losing land viewed process land grab plymouth massachusetts extensive existing land titles massachusetts granted vacated colonial charter essentially declared void required landowners ownership paying fees dominion subject charging quit rent attempted certification ownership issuing intrusion large landowners owned parcels contested individually lands connecticut charter commission included connecticut asked connecticut governor surrender colonial charter long arrival boston unlike rhode_island officials readily dominion connecticut officials formally acknowledged authority little assist continued run government according charter holding quarterly meetings legislature colony wide officials treat negotiated surrender charter october finally decided travel connecticut personally matter accompanied honour guard arrived october met evening colonial leadership according legend meeting charter laid table lights room unexpectedly went charter disappeared charter said hidden nearby oak tree referred afterward charter oak search nearby buildings locate document truth account connecticut records government formally surrendered seals ceased operation day traveled colony making judicial appointments returning boston december dominion council formally extended laws connecticut completing new_england colonies provinces new_york added dominion remote boston seat new_york run lieutenant governor new_york_city army captain protégé colonial secretary came boston early honor guard promoted council summer traveled new_york establish commission dominion governance complicated fact charters revoked retained property petitioned traditional rights dominion period relatively uneventful distance power centers unexpected end dominion indian diplomacy governor new france launched attack villages western new_york objective disrupt trade english albany confederation belonged break peace negotiated governor new_york new_york governor appealed help king james ordered render assistance james entered negotiations france resulted tensions northwestern frontier new_england northeastern frontier grievances english settlers began offensive early expedition maine early year raided number indian settlements raided trading outpost home careful preservation chapel source later accusations took administration new_york august met albany renew meeting annoyed referring children implying english implying equality returned boston amid attacks new_england frontier parties admitted french encouragement presence new_york situation maine deteriorated english colonists raiding indian villages taking prisoners actions taken accordance directive issued dominion remaining boston ordered frontier militia commanders custody suspected participating raids directive sparked problem maine including women children taken custody colonial militia local authorities faced dilemma housing captives shipping boston natives area seized english hostages ensure safe return captives acts ordered indians released returned maine brief skirmish process exchanging captives resulted deaths english hostages sparked discontent maine faced returned maine significant force began construction additional fortifications protect settlers spent winter maine returned boston march hearing rumors revolution england discontent boston revolt april soon news reached boston overthrow colonists boston rose rule organized mob descended city arresting dominion officials quarters garrison house south city number officials took refuge old massachusetts colonial leadership restored rebellion headed governor summoned governor surrender safety mob claimed wholly ignorant refused instead tried escape rose sole element royal_navy present near boston time revolt boat sent rose intercepted militia forced negotiations ensued agreed leave fort meet rebel council promised safe conduct marched guard council assembled told government hands arrest taken home dominion treasurer held close watch fell rebel hands 19th moved usher house confined dominion officials june transferred period captivity said attempted escape dressed women clothing story circulated widely disputed anglican minister claimed story foundation truth lies propagated render people successful escape august servant drink managed flee rhode_island quickly recaptured kept virtual solitary confinement held months sent england trial massachusetts agents london refused sign charges court dismissed freed questioned accusations pointed actions taken bring colonial laws english law specifically taken pursuit commission instructions captivity new_york government lieutenant governor simultaneously deposed military faction led event came known rebellion govern new_york captured executed force led newly appointed provincial governor eventually allowed depart england point effectively ceased exist colonies dominion having reverted previous forms governance massachusetts surrounding territories reorganized governor virginia received court return england king particular recalled visited court netherlands expressed approval service search employment offered services spy offering idea going paris ostensibly meet exiled james actually attempt acquire french military plans plan rejected england married second time july widow connected marriage wife family opportunity employment came resignation february lord governor dominion lieutenant governor serving lieutenant governor virginia sought superior position william awarded governorship awarded lieutenant governorship time maryland destined tenure difficult relationship deteriorated reasons exact reasons unclear contemporary wrote especially resented sir particular account earlier dealings arrived virginia september began duties week later received long sailed england settled future site live worked organize provincial records maintenance suffered bacon rebellion promoted enforcement laws designed prevent slave rebellions encouraged virginia economy entirely dependent tobacco export oriented economy badly hurt ongoing years war merchant ships required travel convoys years virginia receive military escorts products going market europe encouraged introduction new crops like cotton manufacture fabric virginia colonial posting work local assembly relationship generally encountered resistance especially measures related war colonial defenses hired armed vessels patrol colony waters contributed financially new_york colonial defenses formed possibility french indian incursions virginia ordered king send troops new_york reluctantly appropriated management colonial defense indian relations successful virginia unlike new_york new_england attacked war tenure enemy prominent anglican minister blair working establish new college anglican ministers believed supportive idea blair worked closely idea coming maryland meetings subject men united dislike activities helped cause resignation mary founded despite blair claims donated cost bricks construct college chapel funds convinced approve funding year college blair complaints vague inaccurate way london proceedings conduct began ecclesiastical courts church_of_england lost support whig faction came power advocates unable sway board favor anglican bishops supported blair march complaining fatigue illness asked recalled later years recall announced london replaced returned england resumed post divided time london house second wife died married time queen anne named lieutenant governor post held died london february buried anne church wife died buried nearby church destroyed second world war longer trace graves issue wives legacy remains notorious figure new_england especially connecticut connecticut officially list colonial governors portrait hangs state capitol disliked colonies recognized england effective administrator implementing policies ordered carry advancing crown agenda biographer notes accomplished statesman brave soldier polished devoted servant style arbitrary lacked difficulty reaching similarly featured antagonist novel captain nelson described romance colonial days appears episodes witch pond conflict connecticut colonists forms background protagonist personal problems believed bahamas named early bahamas included members wife family
Edmund Andros