czech language czech czech pronunciation known bohemian latin language strongly influenced latin german spoken million people official language czech_republic czech closest relative mutually closely related languages polish czech vocabulary based shared roots slavic romance languages associated high culture adopted recent years language began present linguistic branch old czech slowly importance dominated german czech lands mid eighteenth century experienced revival czech academics stressed past accomplishments people advocated return czech major language changed little time minor morphological shifts elements inventory moderate size comprising short long divided hard neutral soft categories words contain uncommon complicated clusters including represented lack altogether czech simple model member slavic sub family european languages czech highly language undergo complex system case number gender type ending hard neutral soft aspect somewhat simply tense number gender czech word order flexible words change emphasis form questions classification czech classified member sub branch slavic branch european language family branch includes polish upper lower far closest genetic neighbor czech languages closer pair languages including share association ethnic group west slavic languages spoken area classified polish differ east south slavic languages initial stress czech distinguished languages restricted distinction hard soft mutual czech considered mutually speakers language communicate greater ease pair languages dissolution czechoslovakia mutual declined younger speakers probably czech speakers experience exposure vice versa languages undergone deliberate highlighting minor linguistic differences nationalism occurred serbian croatian standards slavic languages including czech distanced way russian influences widespread public resentment soviet_union occupied czechoslovakia czech form dialect great similarity neighboring czech differences czech characterized stop initial frequent use long czech long forms function differences languages generally consistent typical language czech unlike case languages share common study showed czech differed percent high percentage found stem primarily differing slight inconsistencies morphological formation morphology regular changing case czech generally considered similar differences found vocabulary scientific terminology slightly borrowed words czech similarities czech led languages considered single language group 19th century scholars called believing peoples connected way excluded german lesser extent hungarians republic designated republic official language czech written standards standard written partially modeled literary czech czech preferred official functions half republic czech influence protested scholars slovakia broke czechoslovakia state aligned nazi_germany world war literary deliberately distanced czech axis powers lost war czechoslovakia reformed developed somewhat czech influence prague spring gained independence equality czech refers improvised languages arisen decrease mutual history origins czech old czech sixth century tribe arrived portion according legend led hero named word czech derives ninth century brought state ruler invited byzantine ruler send missionaries attempt reduce influence religious political life country missionaries constantine helped convert traditional slavic christianity established church system brought alphabet language previously language later known beginning separate fellow west slavic polish features czech marked use voiced consistent stress language separated slavic later called old czech thirteenth century classification extending sixteenth century use cases differed modern language old czech case distinction cases rapidly complicated partially differentiate patterns resembled lithuanian cousin old czech basic alphabet general set drawn standard contained number sound clusters longer exist allowing soft shifted allowing complex clusters pronounced phenomenon law began slavic took forms slavic languages appeared old czech counting backwards end clause odd numbered disappeared czech civilization known increased power centuries language regional importance growth fourteenth century holy roman emperor founded prague early czech literature biblical translation hymns flourished old czech texts including poetry produced outside university later century contributed significantly czech advocated widespread literacy czech particularly religion early efforts model written czech spoken language czech continued evolve gain regional importance hundreds years literary language lands early fifteenth century biblical translation published late sixteenth century time king james versions conservative publication spawned widespread nationalism government ruled czech speaking residents allowed citizens inherit goods land conversion czech upper classes catholicism angered helped trigger thirty years war defeated battle white mountain printing industry linguistic political rights removing official regulation support language german quickly dominant language revival modern czech consensus modern standard czech originated eighteenth century language developed literary tradition changed little journals period substantial differences modern standard czech contemporary understand little difficulty changes include morphological shift survives uses merging eighteenth century czech language abandoned distinction survives czech people gained widespread national pride mid eighteenth century inspired age enlightenment half century earlier czech historians began emphasize people accomplishments fifteenth seventeenth centuries czech non latin languages czech studied sixteenth century texts advocating return language high culture period known revival historian released german language grammar old czech entitled der intended book descriptive think czech realistic chance returning major language book advocate czech linguistic revival changes time included spelling reform notably place place use end non late borrowing german changes differentiated czech modern scholars disagree conservative motivated nationalism considered contemporary spoken czech unsuitable formal widespread use adherence historical patterns later relaxed standard czech adopted number features widespread informal register leaving proper resulted relatively high level varieties language geographic distribution czech spoken million residents czech_republic survey conducted january march found language percent czech citizens czech highest european_union greece hungary czech official language czech_republic member european_union official languages survey found czech foreign language slovakia economist collected data language knowledge europe european day languages countries greatest use czech czech_republic percent slovakia percent portugal percent poland percent germany percent czech speakers slovakia primarily live cities recognised minority language slovakia citizens speak czech communicate government language extent speakers czech_republic united_states immigration europe united_states occurred primarily czech commonly taught language schools taught czech heritage centers large communities czech americans live states texas nebraska wisconsin czech reported common language spoken home english valley butler nebraska kansas exception spanish non english language commonly spoken home nationwide czech common home language dozen additional counties nebraska kansas texas minnesota americans spoke czech language 49th place nationwide turkish ahead swedish addition spoken standard closely related written standard czech regional primarily rural areas speakers proficient standard czech second half twentieth century czech dialect use began weaken early 1990s dialect use associated lower class literature media comedic effect increased travel media availability dialect speaking populations encouraged shift add dialect standard czech czech received considerable scholarly interest slavic language interest focused primarily modern standard czech ancient texts standard czech norm politicians formal situations gaining ground journalism mass media detailed estimate counts following central bohemian southwestern bohemian bohemian central eastern northeastern bohemian main czech dialect spoken primarily near prague country known academic distinction unaware term associate vernacular incorrect czech compared standard czech characterized simpler patterns differences sound distribution czech spoken known austro hungarian empire bohemian language citizens register speaking german polish czech distinguished nationwide surveys czech citizens spoke language speaking standard czech languages beginning sixteenth century varieties czech resembled southeastern particular considered czech form czech languages patterns textbook czech following sentence highlight differences czech contains basic found long counterparts long exclusive reduced sounds word usually primary stress minor syllables words syllables odd numbered receives secondary stress stress unrelated length possibility stressed short long confusing students native language combines features english voiced counterparts end word followed czech categorized hard neutral soft hard neutral soft distinction describes patterns based category ending hard followed writing soft ones kilogram neutral character hard known strong soft ones weak represented letter capital considered unique czech represents raised non sound czech example river present acting place difficult non native speakers stick finger throat czech tongue vocabulary czech vocabulary derives primarily slavic baltic european roots origins wider european roots folk etymology resemble native czech words graveyard list czech originated time periods earlier primarily german greek latin arrived recent derive primarily english french hebrew arabic persian russian principally animal names naval terms exist czech older german recent languages associated high culture nineteenth century words greek latin roots rejected favor based older czech words common slavic roots music polish russian czech czech words borrowed english languages example robot labor polish woman half grammar typical european languages czech grammar processes modify meanings functions easily characteristic languages limited slavic language complex case gender number tense aspect mood person subject number gender parts speech include numbers words primarily formed taking final replacing negative statements formed adding clause exception sentence clause structure czech uses case convey word function sentence instead relying word order english word order flexible pro drop language czech sentence consist information subject primarily auxiliary appear second slot sentence stressed unit slot contain subject object main form conjunction light czech subject object sentence structure practice word order flexible focus czech passive construction like english word order changes frequently produce passive voice example change peter killed paul paul killed peter order subject object inverted peter killed paul paul peter killed case object case victim word end clause typically emphasized upward indicates sentence question dog eats eating dog eats dog eats dog eat emphasis ambiguous portions including prague questions word slow rise low high quickly dropping low word phrase czech relative clauses introduced analogous english relative declined appropriate case match associated person number relative clauses follow modify following example english want visit university john attends czech declined seven cases indicate use sentence language czech marks subject case object case case marks types movement remaining cases instrumental indicate relationships secondary objects movement position case accompaniment instrumental case case agrees describes czech children learn language patterns cases referred number czech texts order cases differently grouping patterns identical order experience languages latin russian order instrumental require modify particular case cases assigned based physical direction location conveyed example away assign case cases meaning dependent case means case examples patterns follow example given patterns similar example sentence cases english carried box house friend gender czech distinguishes masculine feminine masculine gender subdivided exceptions feminine case end masculine agree gender masculine singular modify main effect gender czech difference effects include past tense endings example number number distinguishing singular typical slavic language czech cardinal numbers allow modify case numbers place case entire expression case czech example feature shown subject hypothetical sentence declined numbers numerical words decline case numbers gender numbers shown examples exceptions czech numbers number patterns identical czech main numbers singular dual number remains paired body parts dual form hand leg eye ear singular forms dual considered feminine czech standard pattern dual gender relevant associated czech complex codes fewer categories agree subjects person second number singular tense past present future example speak present tense person distinguished ending aspect typical slavic languages czech marks aspects aspect pairs example meaning similar action completed ongoing distinct past present tense czech aspect aspect describes state action time specified tense aspect pairs differ ways prefix prefix pairs added prefix example write writing compared write finish writing common pairs different ending added stem example buy sell forms undergo morphology forms denoting repeated regular action form repeatedly form regularly aspect describing continual states want able lie lying form conversely describing immediate states change example pregnant enthusiastic aspect tense mood czech use present future tense largely similar english language uses past tense represent english present perfect past perfect mean ran run run contexts czech present differs english present perfect implies future action action result language proper future tense minimize ambiguity future tense involve describing action undertaken future instead future form shown table left placed example eat followed future oriented expressions involving happy translated form ends form found form follows auxiliary example hear czech moods indicative mood adds specific endings person number categories second person singular second person person mood formed particle past tense mood indicates possible events expressed english wish classes czech fall classes determine patterns future tense classified class endings examples present tense class common irregular follow tables czech european languages thirty represent thirty sounds sound contains follows alphabet result characters denote corresponding sounds languages characters appear foreign words certain letters form new characters uncommon outside czech letters written abbreviated height character exists unlike european languages czech distinguishes length long indicated acute accent occasionally ring long usually written beginning word long considered separate letters czech features associated generally resemble latin european languages including english proper letters quotations capitalized typical latin european languages writing similar european languages czech language uses instead point writing long number spaces numbers hundreds thousands better orientation texts places like english number written numbers 1st use point german proper phrases personal names word capitalized prague castle sample text according article united nations universal declaration human rights czech english human beings born free equal dignity rights endowed reason conscience act spirit brotherhood
Czech language