surname spelled august army officer serving chief staff april participated arab israeli war artillery officer army predecessor vocal opposition british influence jordan led virtual exile paris military forged close ties crown prince promoted accession throne powerful british chief staff insistence establishing arab command army influence led dismiss appoint place ardent support pan policies egyptian president contributed jordan increasing isolation major sources foreign aid jordan time existing dissatisfaction leadership palace officials veteran army units culminated violent confrontations large army barracks royalist arab nationalist units principal accounts emerged events royalist version holding incident abortive coup version asserting staged american backed counter coup pan movement jordan case resigned allowed leave jordan syria subsequently sentenced years spent time exile syria egypt organizing opposition monarchy maintaining innocence incident returned jordan pardoned broader reconciliation efforts exiled opposition ambassador france later appointed senate jordan parliament died blood cancer london hospital age year publication memoirs time arab decline memoirs arab politics early life born british control father family prominent arab clan mother descent youth influenced discussions father relatives held effects arab revolt declaration syrian arab defeat battle fate middle_east closing years world war ottomans driven arab territories alliance led arab rebels british forces replaced british french effectively occupied arab territories revolts popular opposition european rule palestine region emerged 1920s 1930s memoirs recalled teachers tell classmates arab nation fragmented shoulders generation responsibility freedom unity military career joined artillery officer reign arab israeli war served lieutenant afterward received training british staff college years returning jordan formed result war israeli gains war caused anti arab nationalist numerous officers arab armies blamed political military leadership israeli victories considered old guard incompetent corrupt colonial powers officers founder affiliated underground organization anti british officers joined group invited following return jordan critic british aid jordan viewing form jordan colonial ruler influential british officer charge derided arab nationalists symbol lingering british jordan assassinated prime minister government discussed preventing son heir apparent checked mental institution switzerland free officers believed british mental illness jordan response sought install throne force end appealed support free officers sent military doctor bring jordan forbidden meeting restrictions dismissed alleged british interests nonetheless subsequently urged dismiss feared efforts posed threat british interests jordan directed government effectively exile country government complied paris serve jordan military september later parliamentary decision basis mental assignment paris met son successor frequently visited city weekend breaks training keen gain favor arab nationalist ideas calling end british influence military attempted return jordan despite reservations august visited london invited like minded officers including free officer meet informed plans arab legion remove force british leadership including afterward informed party celebrating leading member free officers communicated group desire assert arab command aim receptive impressed vocally condemned british presence jordan party earned cheers officers aide camp returned continued press return jordan consistently stalled efforts later sent egypt recently toppled country pro british monarchy briefly brought ultimately bypassed permanently reassigned jordan november arrived amid growing anti british meeting clear displeasure decision threatened life british interests country informed meeting appointed senior aide camp promoted lieutenant colonel major influence year old constantly advising dismiss ties british influenced arab nationalist officers personalities including cousin ibn increasingly anti arab nationalist political atmosphere country sign increasing nationalism means quiet political opposition rule decided dismiss coordinated free officers ensure impending dismissal result revolt supporters february instructed ready troops subsequently posted free officers airport major army base vicinity residence positions confirmed conferred cabinet dismissed march complied order departed jordan following day promoted major colonel appointed position chief staff concurrently renamed chief staff appointed chief staff following retirement dismissal met great enthusiasm jordan inhabitants arab nationalists outside country head army resented veteran units generally regarded competent staff officer experience commander efforts army mandated education advancement act affected officers lacked formal education result measure senior officers retired reassigned non command posts opposition army ranks established consisted believed form integral power base military appointment contributed increasing deterioration ties jordan british government chief staff embraced pan anti ideas president egypt communicated support arab nationalist party active syria jordan meeting president opponent american embassy official jordan remarked discussion regarded cia according historian american diplomatic intelligence views colored negative perceptions israel role dismissal prime minister seen arab nationalist advisers soon dismissal major opponent iraq rulers relatives country pro british prime minister opposition driven suspicions sought military post king mutually regarded suspicion influence likely major reason jordan resisted iraqi attempts merge ruled countries crisis late parliamentary elections jordan resulted major victories arab nationalist left leaning parties subsequently appointed arab nationalist socialist leading prime minister october roughly coinciding appointment british french launched invasion suez_canal egypt mainly response reasons declared state emergency opposition invasion agreed egyptian chief staff request military intervention end instructed immediately execute order launch entailed syrian armored invasion israeli coastal plain seen israel vulnerable region short length coast held viewed operation far risky army advised await syria adherence plan egypt syria jordan formed defense pact days israeli occupation october orders prompting meeting cabinet assess situation according public works minister argued troops quickly lose control regions israel defend jerusalem man drop blood aid egypt tempered assessment relented attempted intervention communicated appreciation genuine support warning risk losing army far stronger israeli military later life stated ready rough time king intervention told attacking israel withdrawn suicide crisis requested syria saudi_arabia iraq send troops jordan measure prevent potential invasion country allies prime minister iraqi troops command suggested dismissed deployment troops jordan occur nonetheless sent troops jordan deployment opposed grounds iraq member baghdad pact alliance middle eastern countries condemned arab nationalists british led attempt pan arab unity instead egyptian syrian alliance known pact despite head government succeeded forcing withdrawal end november support pan arab unity january jordan signed saudi_arabia egypt syria entailed countries financial assistance replace annual british aid jordan ended november treaty officially mutually march implementation hindered egypt syria inability army budget armies furthermore steadily losing confidence dissatisfaction army brass negative effects anti western hostility having relations jordan principal western allies viewed needed alternatives financial support jordan lieu disappointment divisions emerged state reactions ostensibly aimed stem soviet expansion middle_east viewed arab nationalists neo ploy control region foreign minister led camp opposing doctrine threat arab sovereignty means control region oil assets support israel publicly embraced doctrine measure growing communist influence country prior disagreements communist literature influence press communists generally opposed arab nationalists whilst attempting establish diplomatic relations soviet_union ussr knowledge end dispatched moscow february serve initial contact soviets later publicly declared intention establish relations ussr pursue political union egypt syria requested confirmation dismissal royalist officials responded forcing resign april alleged coup attempt resignation amid political chaos jordan days resignation army unit commanded captain engaged maneuver named operation honor royal family major intersections raised suspicions prompted order withdraw unit believed impending coup sought concerns told routine exercise executed numerous times preceding years monitor traffic city later claimed broader plan troops event israeli invasion according pearson maneuver meant historian speculated officers testing waters achieve militarily actual reason maneuver heightened suspicions coup arab nationalists prompted warnings veteran royalist officials coup impending april rioting broke army barracks contained largest concentration troops country units loyal dominated units loyal main accounts emerged incident known uprising names account having advanced western political arab press pearson said incident mystery persistent controversy anderson likewise written questions coup attempt originated military led king americans wanted excuse remove arab nationalist movement jordan political scene according account events planned dominated participate training exercise desert ammunition render unavailable use planned anti government demonstration scheduled held april wary alleged intercept message resist dismissal informed free officers alleged plot officers evening april incident coincided delivery ultimatum prime minister successor warning appoint government reflecting elected parliament face army revolt apparently broke emotionally presence prompting ultimatum professed surprise brought inspect scene told loyalist officers rumors death provoked heavy clashes loyalists physical presence end fighting told distant cousin ordered royal palace arrest accounts agree fighting numerous free officers rounded arrested loyalist officers accounts agree way loyalist soldiers intervened middle clashes risk emotionally embraced supporters death remained car fearful life loyalist troops apparently protect allow return agreed nightfall persuaded allow leave country morning march officially resigned departed damascus syria family major general chief rival army appointed replacement april defected syria claimed prior incident shortly forced resignation cabinet palace officials army general staff officers opinions change direction new government away pan policies egypt syria accordingly free officers voiced refusal use army popular country palace officials laid plans royalist officers including false flag operation account widely reported jordan arab world despite dismissal account palace officials led public skepticism official version events alleged coup plot consistently denied betrayal claimed fall man victim political intrigue kingdom rivals sought discredit press conference damascus stated entire incident sensational false reports coup plot incident likely coup old guard supported engineered intelligence main proponents pan arab unity jordan likewise strongly denied kind coup plot end according pearson accounts free officers lent lack evidence military trials alleged conspirators arrested light sentences given eventual rehabilitation alleged conspirators including later reassigned high ranking posts state military later career april issued radio statement cairo based radio station denouncing coordination following day patriotic congress composed opposition held demanding major palace officials dismissed expulsion american ambassador military rejection federal unity egypt syria dismissed army officers including result congress jerusalem military dissolved political parties imposed press censorship dismissed municipal councils favor military governors disbanded palestinian dominated army units arrested foreign minister dismissed cabinet prime minister eventually relaxed measures military severe press censorship moves significantly curtailed constitutional democracy existed jordan mid-1950s september sentenced years imprisonment exile jordan initially resided damascus including moved egypt following country union syria forming presidency syria lived remainder exile cairo assistance head syrian intelligence exile formed consisted left leaning politicians army officers including friend exiled group attempted recruit university students jordan form vanguard nationalist movement country funded smuggling weapons palestinian refugee camps financially assisted officers politicians dismissed organized assassination attempts leading royalist politicians including disputes leadership group april declared government exile propaganda radio station following year returned jordan pardoned broader reconciliation exiled bid opt opposition rule february appointed jordan ambassador france parliamentary election appointed senate upper house memoirs time arab decline memoirs arab politics published london suffered blood cancer later years died london hospital august age office died
Ali Abu Nuwar