mosque arabic mosque mosque egypt din commissioned construction newly established capital city usually thought islamic prophet muhammad daughter revered figure islam given title shining mosque established cairo city gained nickname city thousand dedication hiring mosque authorities scholars mosque slowly developed today second oldest continuously run university world long regarded foremost institution islamic world study theology islamic law university integrated mosque mosque school inception officially designated independent university following egyptian revolution course millennium long history mosque alternately neglected highly regarded founded institution dynasty founded removing status mosque denying students teachers school moves reversed rule numerous expansions renovations took place later rulers egypt showed differing degrees mosque provided widely varying levels financial assistance school mosque today remains deeply influential institution egyptian society highly revered muslim world symbol islamic egypt city cairo established general greek extraction sicily originally named prior seat modern tunisia mosque initially named mosque common practice time renamed city cairo meaning victorious mosque mosque cairo arabic sources mosque acquired current end reign second egypt masculine form meaning splendid epithet applied muhammad daughter wife ibn claimed dynasty theory epithet source theory confirmed arabic source supported denied later western sources alternative theory mosque derived names given palaces near mosque collectively named brilliant palaces royal gardens named derivative word palaces completed named prior mosque changing word derived arabic root word meaning gather word large classical arabic remains pronunciation word changes egyptian arabic history din fourth conquered egypt general dynasty order oversaw construction royal enclosure army built base spread islam located near densely populated city cairo center sect islam seat empire ordered construction mosque new city work commenced april mosque completed friday prayers held june soon center learning islamic world official court sessions issued convened rule previously secretive teachings school law available general public man ibn muhammad appointed judge placed charge teaching classes taught palace separate sessions available women mosque official mosque cairo son turn preach friday sermon official key center instruction islamic law following year scholars hired lessons laying foundation leading university muslim world mosque expanded rule according ordered restoration portions mosque ceiling raised continue mosque providing new wooden door reign saw completion mosque lost status cairo primary mosque mosque sole location prior rotate friday sermon held following reign restored additions renovations carried reign remaining initially lacking library endowed thousands manuscripts formed basis collection efforts establish practice population largely unsuccessful manuscript collection dispersed chaos ensued fall institution shortly dynasty hostile principles learning dynasty mosque suffered neglect prayers banned appointed reason teachings prayers community mosque institution new ruler time larger completed prayers cairo held addition stripping status mosque ordered removal mosque silver band names inscribed similar silver bands removed totaled completely disregard mosque according mosque raised rule teaching center mosque suffered stocked library neglected manuscripts teachings held destroyed dynasty promoted teaching theology schools built cairo student funding withdrawn organized classes longer held mosque professors prospered forced find means earn living remained seat arabic place learning period official classes discontinued private lessons offered mosque reports scholar possibly taught number subjects law medicine reportedly paid salary increased heirs mosque neglected heirs policies dynasty lasting impact educational institutions established rulers way regarded teachings islam colleges ranging size focused teaching doctrine established uniform curriculum included courses outside purely religious topics math science colleges established egypt time conquest later rulers dynasty build colleges egypt eventually adopted educational reforms modeled college system instituted fortunes improved restored student salaries teaching staff prayers teachings followed stipulated mosque mosque community adhered placed restriction lost association doctrines cairo rapid expansion need mosque space allowed disregard history restore mosque prominence saw return students teachers onset work repair mosque neglected nearly years according din built house mosque repaired mosque reports repaired walls roof providing new floor reign took place january sermon delivered new pulpit completed days earlier earthquake caused damage number territory responsibility reconstruction split princes head army tasked repairing damage repairs reign seven years later dedicated school built northwest wall mosque portions wall mosque removed accommodate new building construction school began building completed impact structure mosque built site fountain built buildings separate entrances prayer halls mosque regained standing cairo repairs additional work carried positions lower sultan changed rule sultan dynasty resumption direct patronage highest positions government continued end rule improvements additions oversaw numerous repairs erected common practice build perceived symbols power effective way position cairo wished noticeable association prestigious mosque school leading university islamic world regained royal patronage overtake favored place education cairo elite maintained reputation independent place learning constructed rule fully integrated state educational system continue attract students areas egypt middle_east far surpassing numbers attending student body organized national lines branches islamic law studied average degree required years study 14th century achieved place center studies law theology arabic students islamic world islamic scholars egypt reported attended taught account reports viewed citadel end province ottoman_empire ottoman annexation despite fight control city turks showed great mosque college direct royal patronage ceased ottoman ruler egypt attended friday prayer week egypt donate mosque later ottoman likewise regularly attended friday prayers rarely provided subsidies maintenance mosque occasion provide students teachers contrast expansions additions undertaken ottoman governors restored early ottoman period despite defeat ottomans remained influential egyptian society nominally control ottoman governors instead head empire governor egypt defected ottomans launched multiple revolts including ottomans completely destroying hold power structure egypt suffer losses economic military immediate aftermath ottoman victory reflected lack financial assistance provided years ottoman rule 18th century elite regained influence began sponsor numerous renovations cairo specifically powerful sponsored additions renovations early 18th century direction blind students added sponsored rebuilding turkish syrian originally built marked beginning largest set renovations undertaken expansions conducted appointed head embarked projects cairo direction new gates built gate named students heads shaved outside gate eventually main entrance mosque gate named people years later soup gate food rice soup served students prayer hall added south original doubling size available prayer space refurbished rebuilt surrounded mosque buried built person interred mosque female mystic died ottoman period regained status favored institution learning egypt overtaking originally instituted greatly expanded end 18th century linked egypt able influence government official capacity appointed advisory councils reported honorary governor turn appointed year period saw introduction secular courses taught science logic joining philosophy curriculum period saw non rector follower appointed rector follower serve rector appointed post served focal point protests ottoman occupation egypt general public student protests common shops vicinity mosque close solidarity students occasion able government instance ottoman harassed residents living near pursuing gates closed protest ottoman governor fearing larger uprising ordered refrain going near disturbance occurred harassed people near mosque went demonstrate subsequently dismissed post french occupation napoleon invaded egypt july arriving alexandria july moving cairo july bid egyptian population ottoman_empire napoleon gave speech alexandria proclaimed respect islam sultan people egypt told come destroy religion believe answer come restore rights punish respect god prophet centuries friends sultan july napoleon set tasked governing cairo body hold official powers beginning ottoman occupation practice forming councils city instituted alexandria place french occupied egypt napoleon unsuccessfully sought islamic law declare allegiance napoleon napoleon efforts win ottomans proved unsuccessful ottoman_empire declared war september revolt french troops launched october armed stones spears knives looted following morning met napoleon attempt bring peaceful conclusion hostilities napoleon initially agreed attempt peaceful resolution asked organize talks rebels rebels believing indicated weakness french refused napoleon ordered city fired aiming directly revolt french soldiers killed egyptian casualties killed following summary laid condemned egyptian caught french troops imprisoned caught bearing weapons beheaded french troops intentionally mosque walking shoes guns displayed troops tied horses student quarters libraries throwing copies floor leaders revolt attempted negotiate settlement napoleon rebuffed napoleon respected egypt earned nickname great sultan people cairo lost admiration longer addressed march french general assassinated student following assassination napoleon ordered closing mosque doors remained ottoman british assistance arrived august conservative tradition mosque lack attention science shaken napoleon invasion seminal innovation occurred introduction printing presses egypt finally enabling curriculum shift oral lectures instruction text mosque acquired printing press withdrawal french encouraged establishment secular learning history math modern science adopted curriculum direction european philosophy added study program british occupation following french withdrawal ali governor self declared egypt sought consolidate newfound control country achieve goal took number steps limit eventually eliminate ability influence government imposed taxes lands tax free property owned drew major portion income june ordered deeds lands state provoked outrage result prestigious islamic post led revolt july revolt failed influential ally exiled ali sought limit influence positions government educated outside sent select students france educated western system created educational system based model parallel bypassed system rule grandson major public works projects initiated aim transforming cairo european styled city projects funded boom cotton industry eventually massive debt held british providing excuse british occupy egypt having pushed reign saw return royal patronage restored built son father deposed result british pressure continued restore mosque renovated prayer hall added southeastern facade hall street areas mosque succeeded father egypt continued renovations started grandfather main facade mosque built new rule initially formed french occupation restored original renovations needed helped metropolis major set reforms began rule continued british occupation instituted set reforms intended provide structure hiring practices university examinations taken students efforts educational system rule british occupation mosque manuscripts gathered centralized library students improved regular system exams instituted colleges egypt placed directly administration term minister education went lead egyptian revolution efforts modify educational policy regards mosque opposed islamic especially espoused founded school attracted students world including students southeast_asia particularly indonesia providing influence saudi_arabia reign king laws passed reorganized educational structure split school departments arabic language theology department located buildings outside mosque cairo additionally formal examinations required earn degree fields study years later second law passed moved main office school newly constructed building street mosque additional structures later added supplement buildings ideas advocated influential early 1900s began hold appointment rector follower majority opposed appointment successors began series reforms mosque school expanding programs outside traditional subjects disliked replaced year return post rector serving death leadership curriculum expanded include non arabic languages modern sciences opposed early 1900s continued efforts reform following second term rector student appointed rector post revolution following egyptian revolution led egyptian monarchy overthrown university began separated mosque number properties surrounded mosque acquired demolished provide space modern campus mosque longer serve school college officially designated university law separated dual roles educational institution religious institution muslim world law created secular departments colleges medicine engineering economics efforts modernization seen following french occupation reforms curriculum led massive growth number egyptian students attending run schools specifically youths attending primary secondary schools system number students reported attend primary secondary schools increased early 1980s nearly million early 1990s exceeding million students tenure prime minister later president continued efforts limit power use influence advantage placed authority newly created cutting ability mosque control financial affairs abolished courts merging religious courts state judicial system severely limiting independence reform law earlier law passed guaranteed independence gave president egypt authority appoint position created ottoman rule chosen inception remained symbol islamic character nation state continued influence population unable exert state increasingly opted state bureaucracy revolution independence curriculum function mosque ceased authority weakened creation government agencies responsible providing interpretations religious laws reforms dramatically curtailed independence effect influence integrating state apparatus reform law provided resources state purse strings outside control sought beneath state allow extreme proposals limit influence proposal sought primary secondary educational system transform university faculty theology included modern secular collegiate educational system opposed plan choice maintaining status personal political considerations use grant legitimacy regime opposition fully integrated arm government justify actions government past issued socialism islam following revolution land reforms new supplied giving religious justification termed islamic socialism serve saudi_arabia influence assassination attempt blamed brotherhood organization outlawed needing support initiated mass arrests brotherhood members relaxed restrictions placed turn consistently supported attempts brotherhood continued subsequent regimes despite efforts discredit brotherhood organization continued function provided legitimacy war israel declaring conflict israel holy struggle following death president egypt wished restore symbol egyptian leadership arab world saying arab world function egypt recognizing growing influence relaxed restrictions brotherhood abrupt face september crackdown launched journalists organizations felt attacking positions effort silence criticism policies instituted sanctions criticized contradicted official state policies continued tool government sparking criticism groups including moderate groups influential figure accused providing religious sole purpose government convenience needed support making peace israel vast majority egyptian population regarded enemy provided decree stating time come peace succeeded president egypt following assassination continue government granting religious legitimacy mosque clergy given autonomy regime death asserted independence state times criticizing policies state argued government wished effectively combat groups permitted greater independence state allowed religious interference number powers state ceded 1990s modifications existing censorship laws gave ability censor print electronic media law involved following complaint practice role example television scripts routinely sent approval prior airing continues hold status religious authorities world form large majority total muslim population considerable influence islamic world addition default authority egypt looked outside egypt religious prior gulf war saudi_arabia king asked authorizing foreign troops kingdom despite islam sites located saudi_arabia asked head instead saudi_arabia time french minister interior requested judgment allowing muslim girls wear french public schools despite existence islam provided ruling saying wearing islamic duty muslim women france respect follow french laws ruling drew criticism egypt islamic principles convenience french government turn egyptian government post revolution unaffected egyptian revolution saw removal president egypt student government elections months following revolution resulted overwhelming victory banned protests demanding military ruling egypt restore mosque independence state broke mosque commissioned writing draft law grant greater independence government debate future rightful role state replaced single voice support policies regime views future role egypt come parties including leading organizations liberal voices wish stand ultra conservative known hope wholly independent state complete control finances leadership placed charge religious state architecture architecture closely tied history cairo materials taken multiple periods egyptian history ancient greek roman rule era early mosque structure drew structures later additions different rulers egypt likewise influences outside egypt sections mosque influences blended single inspiration ottoman period built initially built prayer hall modest central courtyard mosque expanded multiple times additional installations completely surrounding original structure egypt rulers shaped art architecture added gates added ottoman rule recent renovations installation new original survived current having rebuilt times structural evolution completely surrounded added mosque time original structure feet length feet wide comprised arcades situated courtyard southeast courtyard original prayer hall built hall deep measuring feet feet wall slightly correct angle marble columns supporting arcades prayer hall reused sites extant different times egyptian history times roman rule dominance different heights columns level bases varying thickness exterior shows influences byzantine architecture ultimately total built common trait early north african survived renovations historian recorded original dome inscribed following according command building servant governor sons hand servant secretary year included commander faithful title included nickname secretary earned serving secretary prior general original uncovered semi dome marble column intricate decorations prominent feature mosque walls decorated sets verses inscribed intact set verses open successful believers humble prayers avoid vain talk inscription verses surely prayer sacrifice life death lord worlds associate commanded submit inscriptions surviving piece decoration definitively traced marble paved central courtyard added arcades surround courtyard keel shaped arches inscriptions arches built reign din ornaments date rule redone types ornaments appears center arch consists sunken circular band motifs added second appearing arch consists shallow hood hood rests engaged columns surrounded band writing script script added rule period walls topped star shaped band triangular southeastern arcade courtyard contains main entrance prayer hall persian framing gate central arch arcade higher rectangular pattern opens prayer hall new wooden door installed reign installed new wooden additional dome constructed reign din additionally ordered creation fourth arcade courtyard porch built western end additions dynasty succeeded rule dynasty initially appointed incorrectly thought easily manipulated consolidated power egypt country baghdad history mosque lost prestige rule succeeding dynasty additions mosque overseeing rapid expansion educational programs modification installation marble facing dome cover contains tomb built intended founder stand mosque school integrated rest mosque entrance wall glass mosaic original dome dating ottoman period built contains tomb treasurer sultan floor marble walls lined ivory tomb chamber covered small dome contains tomb built originally intended function mosque integrated rest mosque studied hold manuscripts library surviving piece original wall reported studying historian reported reserved teachings teachings completely rebuilt leaving southeastern wall untouched described finest cairo niche meters wide centimeters deep niche stands meters high column columns blocks decorated colored designs semi dome set outer arch surrounding arch forms rectangular outer frame egypt type frame built octagonal cylindrical shafts supported form provide smooth transition flat surface curved recorded egypt shaft octagonal decorated keel arched panels cluster columns separating panel shaft second octagonal shaft separated balcony decorated second balcony separates shaft final cylindrical shaft decorated arches balcony crowned believed built area earlier era brick rebuilt times contemporary accounts suggest defects construction needed rebuilt times including direction chief justice rule sultan recorded rebuilt began lean dangerous angle rebuilt cairo built place reconstruction entrance mosque directly courtyard entrance gate built gate leads court prayer hall double built sitting square base shaft octagonal sides decorative keel arch separated adjacent sides columns second shaft separated supported octagonal decorated blue balcony separates level second shaft level rectangular shafts arches shafts atop shafts rests balcony separating shafts ottoman renovations additions additions ottoman reign egypt completed direction nearly doubled size mosque gates added main entrance mosque added including blind students refurbished ottoman period added additional prayer hall south original additional doubling total prayer area built credited gate doors surrounded arches semi circular arches decorated stand doors arches panels trees common trait ottoman work free standing built originally stood outside gate demolished prior opening street modernization efforts took place cairo current layout structure present main entrance mosque opens white marble paved courtyard opposite end main prayer hall northeast courtyard flanked façade southwestern end courtyard leads directly courtyard entrance gate built stands gate lies courtyard prayer hall recently changed plain marble facing gold patterns
Al-Azhar Mosque