consciousness consciousness state quality awareness aware external object oneself defined awareness ability experience feel having sense executive control system mind despite difficulty definition philosophers believe broadly shared underlying consciousness wrote companion consciousness aware given moment forms consciousness making conscious experience familiar mysterious aspect lives western philosophers time struggled nature consciousness pin essential properties issues concern philosophy consciousness include concept fundamentally coherent consciousness explained non human consciousness exists recognized consciousness relates language consciousness understood way require distinction mental physical states properties possible computing machines like computers robots conscious topic studied field artificial intelligence thanks recent developments technology consciousness significant topic research psychology past decades primary focus understanding means psychologically information present consciousness determining psychological consciousness majority experimental studies assess consciousness asking human subjects verbal report experiences tell notice issues interest include phenomena perception denial altered states consciousness produced alcohol drugs spiritual techniques medicine consciousness assessed observing patient seen states ranging loss meaningful communication finally loss movement response painful issues practical concern include presence consciousness assessed severely ill people treat conditions consciousness impaired disrupted etymology early history origin modern concept consciousness attributed essay concerning human understanding published defined consciousness perception passes man mind essay influenced 18th century view consciousness definition appeared celebrated dictionary consciousness french conscience defined volume opinion internal feeling earliest english language uses conscious consciousness date english word conscious originally derived latin know latin word meaning word meant knowing words having joint common knowledge occurrences latin writings phrase translates literally knowing oneself words sharing knowledge oneself phrase meaning knowing knows modern english word conscious earliest uses english word conscious retained meaning latin example wrote men know fact said conscious latin phrase meaning closely related current concept consciousness rendered english conscious oneself conscious unto oneself example wrote conscious unto great weakness definition illustrates gradual shift meaning taken place related word primarily means moral conscience literal sense means knowledge shared knowledge word appears latin texts writers knowledge witness deed generally taken philosopher use way fit traditional meaning way modern speakers use conscience search truth says conscience internal testimony dictionary dictionary meaning word consciousness extends centuries associated meanings ranged formal definitions somewhat skeptical definitions formal definition indicating range meanings given new international dictionary stating consciousness awareness perception inward psychological spiritual fact perceived knowledge inner self inward awareness external object state fact concerned awareness interest concern state activity characterized sensation emotion thought mind possible sense nature distinguished physical psychology perceptions ideas attitudes feelings individual group aware given time particular time span compare stream consciousness philosophy mind philosophy mind given rise consciousness encyclopedia philosophy defines consciousness follows consciousness philosophers term consciousness main topics knowledge general knowledge specifically generates phenomenal experience mind conscious case thought deliver primary knowledge mental life experience mental entity conscious case like examples experience sensational experiences pains imaginative experiences actions perceptions streams thought experience thinking words images independent controversial skeptical definition consciousness exemplified difficulties fully meanings entry version consciousness having perceptions thoughts feelings awareness term impossible define terms grasp consciousness means fall trap consciousness self consciousness conscious necessary aware external world consciousness fascinating elusive phenomenon impossible specify evolved worth reading written writers philosophy consciousness concerned defend particular point view organized material accordingly surveys common approach follow historical path philosophers strongly associated example etc alternative organize philosophical according basic issues concept philosophers non philosophers differ consciousness people strong existence refer consciousness argue false concept consciousness based example argued traditional understanding consciousness depends outlook distinguishes mind body mind world proposed speak minds bodies world individuals persons acting world speaking consciousness end misleading thinking sort thing consciousness separated linguistic generally philosophers scientists unhappy difficulty producing definition involve types consciousness philosophers argued consciousness concept understood majority people spite difficulty defining argued level disagreement meaning word indicates means different things different people instance objective versus aspects consciousness umbrella term encompassing variety distinct meanings simple element common proposed distinction types consciousness called phenomenal consciousness access consciousness consciousness according block simply raw experience moving colored forms sounds emotions feelings bodies responses center experiences considered independently impact behavior called consciousness hand phenomenon information minds accessible verbal report reasoning control behavior perceive information perceive access conscious information thoughts access conscious remember information past access conscious philosophers disputed validity distinction broadly accepted argued consciousness principle understood terms understanding consciousness challenging calls hard problem consciousness philosophers believe block types consciousness end story example argued book consciousness experience clearly distinct types consciousness identified organism consciousness control consciousness consciousness state event consciousness introspective consciousness consciousness self consciousness list obscure forms debate consciousness consciousness exist exist separately consciousness consciousness widely accepted hypothetical examples instance suggests case zombie identical person remains somewhat skeptical concluding don know actual cases consciousness consciousness hope illustrated conceptual possibility mind body problem mental processes consciousness physical processes brain events basis connection different kinds processes influential philosopher discuss question specifically answer gave known proposed consciousness resides domain called realm thought contrast domain material things called realm extension suggested interaction domains occurs inside brain small structure called widely accepted explained problem later philosophers happy solution ideas especially ridiculed alternative solution gained general acceptance proposed solutions divided broadly categories solutions maintain rigid distinction realm consciousness realm matter different answers realms relate solutions maintain realm consciousness matter aspects categories contains numerous variants main types substance holds mind formed distinct type substance governed laws physics property holds laws physics universally valid explain mind main types holds mind consists matter organized particular way holds thought experience truly exists matter merely illusion neutral holds mind matter aspects distinct essence identical large number theories assigned schools thought dawn science vision simple mechanical principles governing entire universe philosophers tempted idea consciousness explained purely physical terms influential writer propose idea explicitly book man machine machine arguments abstract influential modern physical theories consciousness based psychology theories proposed philosophers seek explain consciousness terms events occurring brain explored basis consciousness attempting frame encompassing global theories time computer scientists working field artificial intelligence pursued goal creating digital computer programs simulate consciousness theoretical argued classical physics incapable explaining aspects consciousness quantum theory provide missing ingredients proposed quantum mind theories consciousness notable theories falling category include brain theory theory formulated theories offer descriptions phenomenal consciousness interpretations access consciousness quantum mechanical theories confirmed experiment recent publications proposals rely quantum protein present time scientists philosophers consider arguments important role quantum phenomena apart general question hard problem consciousness roughly speaking question mental experience arises physical basis specialized question square notion control decisions small measure customary view subsequent events caused prior events topic free philosophical scientific examination problem minds philosophers consider experience essence consciousness believe experience fully known inside consciousness visible outside vast majority people believe people conscious rocks trees called problem minds particularly acute people believe possibility philosophical zombies people think possible principle entity physically indistinguishable human like human way lacks consciousness related issues studied extensively professor literature research studying artificial intelligence commonly given answer attribute consciousness people resemble appearance behavior reason look like act like like ways including having experiences sort variety problems explanation thing violate principle invisible entity necessary explain observe philosophers essay titled argue people explanation understand saying broadly philosophers accept possibility zombies generally believe consciousness reflected behavior including verbal behavior attribute consciousness basis behavior straightforward way saying attribute experiences people including fact tell experiences animal consciousness topic animal consciousness number difficulties poses problem minds especially severe form non human animals lacking ability express human language tell experiences difficult reason question denial animal conscious taken imply feel life value morally wrong example blamed animals fact believed humans non physical mind people strong animals cats dogs conscious insects sources obvious based personal interactions pets animals observed philosophers consider experience essence consciousness generally believe existence nature animal consciousness known spelled point view influential essay titled like bat said organism conscious like organism like organism argued matter know animal brain behavior mind animal experience world way dismiss argument argued existence animal consciousness describing range behaviors appear animals holding beliefs things directly perceive book reviews substantial portion evidence july eminent scientists different branches gathered university_of_cambridge celebrate francis memorial conference deals consciousness humans pre linguistic consciousness animals conference signed presence cambridge declaration consciousness important findings survey decided reach consensus statement directed public scientific obvious room animals consciousness obvious rest world obvious rest western world far_east obvious society evidence indicates non human animals including mammals birds creatures necessary consciousness capacity exhibit intentional behaviors artifact consciousness idea artifact conscious ancient theme mythology appearing example greek myth carved statue brought life medieval jewish stories animated built clay possibility actually constructing conscious machine probably discussed set notes written invented precursor built modern electronic computers essentially dismissive idea machine think way wrote desirable guard possibility exaggerated ideas arise powers originate know order perform follow analysis power anticipating relations truths province assist making available acquainted influential contributions question essay written pioneering computer scientist titled intelligence interest terminology saying machines think loaded meaningful proposed replace questions specific operational test known test pass test computer able imitate human fool essay discussed variety possible objections presented test commonly cited discussions artificial intelligence proposed criterion machine consciousness provoked great deal philosophical debate example argue capable passing test necessarily conscious argues philosophical zombie pass test fail conscious group scholars argued technological growth machines begin display substantial signs human like behavior human consciousness compared human like consciousness issues machine autonomy begin prevail observed nascent form contemporary industry technology lively exchange come referred chinese room argument sought claim proponents calls strong artificial intelligence computer program conscious agree advocates weak computer programs simulate conscious states view consciousness person powers essentially intentional simply way human brains function conscious persons perform consciousness inherently way computer programs machine speaks chinese room english speaker fact book combination chinese symbols output paired chinese symbol input boxes filled chinese symbols case english speaker acting computer program argues machine able process perfectly having understanding chinese having idea questions answers possibly mean experiment english knows english able questions answers english questions effectively aware said purposes serve pass test answering questions languages conscious speaks english way putting argument computer programs pass test processing language lead meaning way strong advocates hoped literature concerning artificial intelligence essay second volume debate generated vague extra ingredients machine conscious proposed needed powers sort brain computers lack sympathetic basic argument suggested necessary sufficient extra conditions include ability pass verbal version test robotic version requires grounding robot words robot capacity interact things world words real person scale branch research embodied situated scientific study decades consciousness research topic avoided majority mainstream scientists general feeling phenomenon defined terms properly studied objective experimental methods published influential psychological study distinguished slow serial limited conscious processes fast parallel extensive unconscious ones starting 1980s expanding community associated field called giving rise stream experimental work published books journals regular conferences organized groups modern medical psychological investigations consciousness based psychological experiments including example investigation effects case studies alterations consciousness produced trauma illness drugs broadly viewed scientific approaches based core concepts identifies content consciousness experiences reported human subjects second makes use concept consciousness developed medical professionals deal patients behavior impaired case ultimate goals develop techniques assessing consciousness humans animals understand psychological mechanisms measurement experimental research consciousness presents special difficulties lack universally accepted operational definition majority experiments specifically consciousness subjects human criterion verbal report words subjects asked describe experiences descriptions treated observations contents consciousness example subjects continuously cube usually report experience configurations remains objective understand relationship conscious awareness indicated verbal report effects brain activity behavior technique response behavior subjects clearly influenced report awareness verbal report widely considered reliable indicator consciousness raises number issues thing verbal reports treated observations akin observations branches science possibility arises contain errors difficult sense idea subjects wrong experiences difficult error detected argued approach calls means treating verbal reports stories true ideas widely adopted issue verbal report criterion field study humans language approach study consciousness species pre linguistic children people types brain damage language issue philosophers dispute validity test feel possible principle verbal report consciousness entirely philosophical zombie detailed verbal reports awareness absence genuine awareness verbal report practice gold standard consciousness possible criterion medicine consciousness assessed combination verbal behavior brain activity movement consciousness verbal behavior absent scientific literature bases movement extensive reliability consciousness disputed numerous studies showing alert human subjects induced behave variety ways spite reporting complete lack awareness studies free shown experiences people report behave correspond actual behaviors patterns electrical activity recorded brains approach applies specifically study self awareness ability distinguish oneself 1970s developed operational test self awareness known mirror test test examines animals able differentiate seeing mirror versus seeing animals classic example involves placing spot coloring skin fur near individual forehead seeing attempt remove touch spot indicating recognize individual seeing mirror humans older months great killer european elephants observed pass test major scientific literature consciousness consists studies examine relationship experiences reported subjects activity simultaneously takes place brains studies consciousness hope find activity particular brain particular pattern global brain activity strongly conscious awareness brain imaging techniques physical measures brain activity studies idea drawn attention decades consciousness associated high frequency gamma band brain activity idea arose proposals 1980s der gamma solve called binding problem linking information represented different parts brain unified experience example proposed consciousness results resonance specific systems content non specific systems context interact gamma band frequency number studies shown activity primary sensory areas brain sufficient produce consciousness possible subjects report lack awareness areas primary visual clear electrical responses higher brain areas seen promising especially involved range higher functions collectively known executive functions substantial evidence flow activity activity frontal sensory areas conscious awareness flow activity candidate area studies colleagues shown example visually responsive parts temporal lobe reflect visual perception situation conflicting visual images presented different eyes rivalry responses phenomenal experiences contrast raw electrical responses consciousness responses surprisingly important aspect consciousness phenomenal experience intensity contrast research group shown changes perceived firing rates investigation suggested findings strictly limited primary visual areas indicates primary visual areas changes firing rates considered type proposed attention theory awareness theory specific areas notably superior temporal junction build construct awareness attribute people machinery attribute awareness oneself damage regions lead consciousness neglect attention theory value explaining feature awareness person gain useful model person processing attention style information processing brain focuses resources limited set signals awareness theory useful simplified represents states aware explained constructing model focus complexity index proposed measure complexity response magnetic measure shown higher individuals awake sleep locked state deep sleep state making potentially useful assessment consciousness states assuming humans non species conscious number evolutionary approaches problem consciousness open example assuming birds conscious common assumption extensive repertoire birds comparative ways principal currently competing consciousness brain theories rationale comparative study brain structurally brain similar identified general conclusion study butler major theories brain appear valid brain structures assumed critical consciousness brains counterparts brains main portions theories compatible assumption birds conscious calls primary consciousness trait shared humans non human animals higher order consciousness appears humans human language capacity certain aspects theories easy apply hypothesis consciousness instance suggestion layer brain special role difficult apply brain different morphology likewise theory incompatible structural found brains assumption consciousness brings brain focus reason structural continuity brains meaning phylogenetic origin consciousness earlier suggested leading ucla advocated position importance humans areas particular importance development human language capacities necessary emergence higher order consciousness humans biological function evolution opinions divided biological evolution consciousness emerged consciousness survival value argued consciousness emerged exclusively humans exclusively mammals iii independently mammals birds reptiles authors date origins consciousness animals nervous systems early million years ago suggests book gradual evolution consciousness scenarios raises question possible survival value consciousness defends essay titled hypothesis animals history theory consciousness according consciousness effect activity steam whistle accompanies work locomotive engine influence machinery objects essay stating evolutionary argument mind brain interaction implying preservation development consciousness biological evolution result natural selection plausible consciousness influenced processes survival value develops book self brain similar evolutionary argument primary function conscious processing recurring idea recent theories phenomenal states integrate activities information processing independent called integration consensus example proposed called dynamic core hypothesis puts emphasis connections link areas brain massively parallel manner stresses importance evolutionary emergence higher order consciousness humans historically older trait primary consciousness humans share non human animals section theories function present solutions classic problems associated consciousness unity conscious experience virtually unlimited number different possible scenes details details sensory systems nature consciousness view easily explains experience unified despite individual parts remains unspecified kinds information integrated conscious manner kinds integrated consciousness explained specific role conscious integration plays functionality achieved consciousness obviously kinds information capable consciously activity related functions unconscious motor programs low level analyses etc kinds information combined kinds consciousness interactions effect remains unclear conscious review differences conscious unconscious article noted earlier writers consider consciousness defined thing widespread dispute animals humans said possess described distinction humans possessing higher order consciousness sharing trait primary consciousness non human animals previous examination evolution consciousness faced great difficulties writers argued consciousness viewed standpoint evolutionary biology adaptation sense trait increases fitness article evolution consciousness argued special physical properties cerebral gave rise consciousness linked quantum physics proposed place provided basis subsequent development functions consciousness higher organisms forth potential advantage gained conscious creatures suggesting consciousness allows individual appearance reality ability enable creature recognize likelihood perceptions water distance behave accordingly facilitate manipulation recognizing things appear cooperative ends philosophers suggested consciousness necessary functional advantage evolutionary processes given explanation argue possible equivalent non conscious organism philosophical zombie achieve survival advantages conscious organism evolutionary processes blind difference function performed conscious organism non conscious organism unclear advantage consciousness provide result explanation consciousness gained favor consciousness evolve adaptation arising consequence developments increases brain size consciousness sense compared blind spot adaption instead product way wired scholars including indicated importance emergence human language important mechanism learning memory context development higher order consciousness section states consciousness brain states consciousness absent including sleep coma death variety circumstances change relationship mind world drastic ways producing known altered states consciousness altered states occur naturally produced drugs brain damage altered states accompanied changes thinking disturbances sense time feelings loss control changes emotional expression body image changes meaning significance widely accepted altered states sleep dreaming dream sleep non dream sleep appear similar outside observer associated distinct pattern brain activity activity eye movement associated distinct pattern experience ordinary non dream sleep people awakened report vague thoughts experiences continuous narrative dream sleep contrast people awakened report rich detailed experiences events form continuous progression interrupted bizarre fantastic thought processes dream state frequently high level dream non dream states associated severe disruption memory usually disappears seconds non dream state minutes awakening dream actively research conducted effects partial consciousness found patients suffer partial experience altered states consciousness partial consciousness impaired lost aspects consciousness automated behaviors remain intact studies found measuring features partial patients exhibited increase absorbed experience seizure followed difficulty focusing shifting attention variety drugs alcohol notable effects consciousness range simple awareness produced increases intensity sensory qualities produced notably class drugs known group produce major perception including users describe drug induced experiences mystical spiritual quality brain mechanisms underlying effects understood induced use alcohol substantial evidence alterations brain system uses chemical play essential role research changes people techniques meditation research brain waves meditation reported differences corresponding ordinary corresponding meditation disputed evidence count distinct states consciousness extensive study characteristics altered states consciousness psychologist 1960s 1970s analyzed state consciousness number component processes including sensing external world sensing body input processing seeing meaning emotions memory time sense sense identity evaluation processing motor output interaction environment view altered multiple ways drugs components identified studies research area reached firm conclusions recent based study identified significant factors contributing drug induced states consciousness experience unity spiritual experience state impaired control anxiety complex imagery elementary imagery audio visual changed meaning method inquiry attempts examine structure consciousness right putting aside problems relationship consciousness physical world approach proposed philosopher later elaborated philosophers scientists original concept gave rise distinct lines inquiry philosophy psychology philosophy largely devoted fundamental questions nature psychology largely meant attempting investigate consciousness method means looking mind reporting observes method fell early twentieth century grave doubts reliability degree especially combination techniques examining brain activity world conscious experience considerable structure asserted world perceive organized according set fundamental include object perceive world set distinct things shape quality color warmth etc space distance direction location time space time correspond way world structured laws physics correspondence clear understanding physical basis qualities pain particularly challenging called hard problem consciousness philosophers argued qualities raw feels incapable analyzed component processes reject arguments example research shows organised like network clear relationship physical entity light quality color complex indirect demonstrated variety optical neon color spreading great deal effort gone investigating perceived world conscious awareness constructed inside brain process generally thought involve primary mechanisms processing sensory memory signals arising sensory organs transmitted brain processed series stages extract multiple types information raw input visual system example sensory signals eyes transmitted primary visual inside cerebral sent areas extract features dimensional structure shape color motion memory comes play ways allows sensory information evaluated context previous experience second importantly working memory allows information integrated time generate stable representation world expressed point books consciousness remembered present approaches brain function understand evaluation sensory information light previous experience integration information time models brain models brain takes advantage prior knowledge interpret uncertain sensory order conscious models successfully predicted phenomena vision senses despite large information available important aspects perception remain mysterious great deal known low level signal processing sensory systems ways sensory systems interact executive systems frontal language system understood deeper level basic conceptual issues remain unresolved scientists found difficult reconcile fact information distributed multiple brain areas apparent unity consciousness aspect called binding problem scientists expressed grave reservations idea brain forms representations outside world influential members group include psychologist argued favor intelligence representation medical aspects medical approach consciousness practically oriented derives need treat people brain function impaired result disease brain damage drugs medicine conceptual considered useful degree help guide treatments philosophical approach consciousness focuses fundamental nature contents medical approach focuses consciousness person medicine consciousness assessed level ranging coma brain death low end high end consciousness concern patients physicians especially patients suffer disorders consciousness need surgical procedure physicians perform consciousness related instructing patient sleep general inducing medical coma concerned ethical implications consciousness medical cases patients study patients impaired consciousness hopes gaining information brain works assessment medicine consciousness examined set procedures known assessment commonly methods assessing level consciousness patient simple procedure requires minimal training complex procedure requires substantial expertise simple procedure begins asking patient able react physical question patient respond meaningful way questions commands patient asked current location current day time patient answer questions said alert oriented times denoted medical chart usually considered fully conscious complex procedure known examination usually carried hospital setting formal examination runs precisely series tests beginning tests basic culminating tests sophisticated use language outcome summarized glasgow coma scale yields number range score indicating brain death lowest defined level consciousness indicating consciousness glasgow coma scale measuring best motor response ranging motor response commands best eye response ranging eye opening eyes opening spontaneously best verbal response ranging verbal response fully oriented simpler version scale children young able use language experimental procedure developed measure degrees consciousness procedure involving brain magnetic pulse measuring resulting waves electrical activity developing consciousness score based complexity brain activity disorders consciousness medical conditions consciousness considered disorders consciousness category generally includes conscious state persistent state includes severe locked syndrome severe chronic coma differential diagnosis disorders active area research finally brain death results disruption consciousness conditions cause moderate deterioration grand consciousness included category striking disorders consciousness goes greek derived term meaning disease condition patients disabled way commonly result stroke nature problem deny wrong frequently occurring form seen people experienced stroke damaging lobe right hemisphere brain giving rise syndrome known neglect characterized inability direct action attention objects located right respect bodies patients neglect paralyzed right body deny unable questioned obvious problem patient avoid giving direct answer explanation doesn sense patients neglect fail recognize paralyzed parts bodies frequently mentioned case man repeatedly tried throw paralyzed right leg bed lying asked complained somebody dead leg bed striking type syndrome rarely occurring condition patients blind claim able normally persist claim spite evidence contrary stream consciousness usually credited idea human consciousness flows like stream principles psychology according james stream thought governed characteristics thought tends personal consciousness personal consciousness thought changing personal consciousness thought continuous appears deal objects independent interested parts objects exclusion similar concept appears buddhist philosophy expressed sanskrit term usually translated mental buddhist view viewed primarily source noise attention underlying reality narrative form west primary impact idea literature science stream consciousness narrative mode means writing way attempts portray moment moment thoughts experiences character technique beginnings shakespeare plays reached development novels noted writers example passage thoughts bloom yes thing like ask breakfast bed couple eggs hotel pretending laid sick voice interesting old thought great leg left masses soul greatest actually afraid lay spirit telling old chat politics earthquakes end world let bit fun god help world women sort course wanted wear suppose pious man look twice hope ill like wonder want cover faces woman certainly talk suppose glad shut spiritual approaches philosophers word consciousness relationship mind world writers spiritual religious topics frequently relationship mind god relationship mind deeper truths thought fundamental physical world krishna consciousness example term mean intimate mind god krishna mystical psychiatrist distinguished types consciousness awareness body possessed animals awareness aware possessed humans awareness life order universe possessed humans examples given thorough account spiritual approach book spectrum consciousness comparison western eastern ways thinking mind described consciousness spectrum ordinary awareness end profound types awareness higher levels
Consciousness