abstract unit identifies correspondence related sounds varieties language language cluster example constitutes english word eye pronounced differently depending dialect scottish english australian english irish english south african english southern american english etc appropriate context variants perceived speakers equivalent constitute single word originally meaning later refer particular variants making relationship analogous studies realization important adequate dialect language historical concerned ancestral language splits modern old english usage term appeared usage like jones interested variation real phenomenon originally refer family sounds realized differently depending dialect speakers consider individual dialect speaker realization called variant confusion related usage jones later coined term refer earlier sense class sounds refer variants inventory specific term popularized contrasts access contrasts included consists shared core inventory accounting contrasts historical contrasts lost innovative ones varieties contrasts needed approach gets away assumption linguistic communities allows multiple varieties described terms important situations people abilities variety helps speakers result similarities differences varieties involved linguistic variable similar concept presented refers features variations identical carry social stylistic meaning include morphological phenomena developed variable rules analysis variable rules members speech community presumably possess vary frequency use concept met resistance scholars number reasons including argument critics knowledge rule far speakers problems use variable rules analysis died end 1980s linguistic variable grouping variants justified tendency set words example presented variants new_york speakers bad dance different values assigned numerical values overall score index primary language imposed sounds second system required occurs sounds second system maintained present primary system inspired advocated use structural suggested system represent higher level unite related single description systems describe speech single variety systems reflect contrasts aren varieties represented way differ shown new_york word american english allow cluster onset final doesn occur reflect pronunciation cover described exactly desire building accommodate english combined prompted american attempt construction overall system english analyzing differences ordering rules presence absence rules went far claim description code switching impossible rules example concept presented difference spanish use ordered rules spanish interpreted having additional marker attempting construct variety represent spanish varieties having seven contrasts final position varieties having closed mid open syllables open closed syllables ordered rules differences underlying form varieties spanish simply subsequent rule end constructing system relatively straightforward process suggests rules needed account differences psychologically real historically accurate nature overall system english controversial analysis popular american time face criticism particularly forth system accommodated southern american english reed modified scheme sound pattern english focusing believing address better approaches pronunciation english combined system recently cambridge grammar english language makes use standard english examples expressed favoring particular accent argued fell short accurately representing involved attempting create establishing relevant component systems argues similar problem occurs study transfer training leads fit features dialect study system studied beginning attempting account differences generally distinguished types restrictions given realized australian english example exact system notably different distinction covers differences range variation occurs given word group words grass wells expanded splitting category differences inventory structural differences addition wells mention overlap phone nearly identical corresponds different depending accent examples canadian english overlaps way speakers artistic impossible general american overlaps impassable notes similar phenomenon occurs ashes tiger speaker merges speaker says overlap occurs system words system example central type sounds words found reversed created major chinese varieties latin chinese character versions called general chinese originally covered expanded cover major min apart irregularities read equally arabic uses writing system indicates pronunciation western dialect written eastern prestige dialect pre islamic poetry example final pronounced like written merged eastern written order accommodate basic letter arabic dropped similarly stop lost arabic positions initially letters retained eastern stop indicated expanded approach study believing represented process identification sounds different languages linked single category happen unrelated varieties possible construct different language contact situations construction depending purpose simplicity depending systems example spanish small village new_mexico local variety southwestern english fairly approach language contact situation relatively straightforward makes use approach discussing english japanese immigrants hawaiian plantations considered use single language inappropriate systems languages similarly argues representations lead confusion dealing interference remarks narrow especially discussing features like morphology systems don account important process interference borrowing similarly term discussions occur different languages borrowing specifically term refer speakers cross similarities shape distribution example having identification spanish include oil spanish horse spanish perception native means speakers language case hear new features language case spanish equivalent features substitute transfers constraints different extreme occur example english phrase merry christmas borrowed hawaiian process identification occurs fashioned patterns shared speakers use systems native language meaning learn recognize speech facilitate mutual working bailey proposes rule differences determine distance particular post forms points varieties features rules reality status subject debate 1970s foremost areas contention regards reflect actual linguistic speakers warm construction grammar argued based speakers linguistic argues formation real implies native speakers illegitimate similarly appropriate result claims speaker capabilities claim psychological validity likely real bilingual speakers speakers dialect language aware differences speech varieties example word house pronounced buffalo toronto washington philadelphia native speakers able differences interpret similar issue occurs chinese general word shared multiple mutually regarded word pronounced differently depending speaker region speaker beijing differently respectively regard differences minor differences speakers aren normally able hear dialect example speaker distinguish pin pen won hear distinction produced speakers speakers hear contrast don produce possess contrast linguistic repertoire discussing cues english note controlling dialect largely placed possibly structure forms items aid identification identifying isolation don carry information matched listener set prototypes contexts chapter makes case contexts form basis varieties process irregular hoc result sort rule governed passive argues child language acquisition process includes developing ability accommodate different varieties exposed including ones actually employ social significance use point critical periods similar language learning multiple varieties arguably primary vehicle linguistic change argues going past common core creates difficulties add greater complexity falsely assume shared underlying form accents making representation remote underlying form linked actual surface representations given accents long chain rules way resolve obvious difficulties taxonomic wells gives example straight late wait rhyme english varieties contrasts words specifically regions north england contrast despite absent speakers making system construct grammar present native speaker mind adherents system attempt achieve hall argues appropriate removed final analysis wells puts weight difference non accents underlying words like derby star arguably happy kit varieties particularly prominent comparative analysis british american regional features makes case systematic features british american english largely agree handful example varieties new_england short variation items poor door sure variations despite argued total pattern term imposed english american ones analyze system dialect separately know systematic features shared groups distinguish systematic features sporadic features dialect dialect elements built system regard features system impose pattern notions rejected description real grammar came set rules speech presumably generate possible output specific population speakers psychologically real speakers native residents normally exhibited sound days accurately consistently distinction called imitate older speakers argues varieties found isn sufficient evidence claim speakers linguistic argues broadly grammar found speakers linguistic argues attempting grammar large number bizarre traditional reconstructed language appropriate stated benefits bailey notable advocating construction says rules sense potentially learned acquisition process speaker expected learn question remains psychological reality shown newton loss rounded greek words like merged words rest distribution varies dialect present additional underlying rules account distribution similarly system goes common core marking contrasts appear varieties argues marriage customs prompt exposure speakers possess represents multiple representation number ways represented literature way types double points vertical bars curved concept formation system instead represented double case example represented formula scheme accent shown contrast shown possess lock pronounced differently group systems don necessarily utilize useful constructing writing system multiple different instead based language case automated book code designed information system related languages uses modified roman script
Diaphoneme