poetry chinese variously translated poetic exposition form chinese prose dominant literary form han dynasty pieces poetry prose place object feeling subject described detail angles possible classical composers attempted use wide vocabulary included great numbers rare archaic terms compositions poems employ alternating rhyme prose varying line length close loose extensive topics unlike songs verses meant recited aloud sung genre came 3rd 2nd centuries continued regularly song dynasty grand praises imperial courts palaces cities write things place object feeling detail largest collections historical book han han new songs official histories counterpart similar form genre western literature large twentieth century poetry harshly criticized chinese scholars excessively ornate lacking real emotion ambiguous moral messages historical associations scholarship poetry china ceased entirely end cultural revolution study gradually returned previous level history origins term applied chinese literature appears dynasty meant present poetic literary devices traditionally assigned songs course late 1st millennium poetic author composer created comprehensive exposition performed han dynasty historian monograph arts letters defined singing poetry viewed descendant verses songs combined states golden age 2nd century greatest composers southwestern area modern province chapter containing series earliest known earliest preserved definitely owl composed surviving writings mention earlier wrote exile modeled encountering sorrow survived present han dynasty surviving han poetry survives dynasty sources quotations embedded works western han achieved greatest prominence early han dynasty owl written composed following year exile uses style songs verses owl earliest known unusual author extended use philosophical reflection situation life emperor han ascended throne year reign considered golden age grand chinese pinyin emperor summoned famous writers imperial court composed presented entire court earliest grand emperor reign seven seven acts states style travelling tries cure prince illness caused sensual pleasures pushing senses limits descriptions authors golden age grand composition generally considered greatest native traditionally said summoned imperial court emperor happened personally read sir certainly story added later arriving capital expanded sir imperial park generally considered famous work original title probably excursion hunt son heaven grand celebration emperor personal hunting park east famed rich number rare difficult words characters survival chinese scholar early 4th century imperial park ancient terminology grand western han dynasty read recited celebrations pure poetic delight pieces chinese literature fuse entertainment moral single works reign emperor court culture began criticized having placed emphasis language having missed opportunities encourage moral restraint prominent critic grand great writer han dynasty youth yang admirer later came grand yang believed original purpose indirectly extended arguments complex vocabulary grand caused readers marvel aesthetic beauty missing moral messages yang early han dynasty like saying poetry provided moral standards han poets led excess known masters han dynasty yang generally known focus readers listeners uphold moral values eastern han famous writers eastern han period large corpus writings significant number poems written shorter style typical post han earliest known hot springs describes hot springs modern famously later favorite dynasty considered masterpiece spent years gathering material response earlier poetic comparison capitals han dynasty highly satirical aspects period including emperor piece contains long passages describing life capitals great detail including entertainment areas like prolific writer addition mathematical astronomical musical interests summoned perform chinese imperial court ill shortly arriving returned home composed poetic record journey journey known journey cites examples rulers officials chinese history criticizes capital similar crimes number writers late 2nd early 3rd centuries considered great poets noted descriptions chaos destruction following collapse han dynasty lived refugee following assassination wrote famous entitled climbing tower describes climbing tower near direction home poets subjects descriptive poems symbolize uses scholar talents inability control tongue results captivity kingdoms period court sons famous literary salon number poems court survived modern times period remained major contemporary poetry poetry gradually increasing popularity generally shorter extravagant han dynasty likely tradition composing works entirely parallel arose period lyrical things different forms han dynasty 2nd century distinction disappeared extravagant style han disappeared things continued widely written best known poets entire period second contrast older contemporary known difficult language dense allusions frequent poetry greatest dwelling mountains han style grand describing personal estate style famous imperial park like classical han poem uses large number obscure rare characters dwelling mountains unique included poem poem nearly dynasty continued popular form literature began merge popular seven poetry forms completely eclipsed dynasty pieces dwelling suburbs homage dwelling mountains followed traditional forms subjects classical increasing number lotus picking later emperor short lyrical mixes freely popular lyric poetry portrayed southern china romantic land pleasure lotus picking activity traditionally associated peasant women early 5th century popular topic poetry generally considered great poet chinese history like born south forced relocate northern china south defeat spent rest career writing loss south loss entire culture way life famous piece south describes life experiences context larger context destruction south culture song genre changed rapidly dynasty early new form called regulated supplanted original form regulated strict rules form expression required use consistent rhymes piece additionally rules created govern arrangement tones poem introduction buddhist texts written sanskrit stimulated chinese study language identification tones middle chinese beginning dynasty regulated required composition sections imperial examinations writers added new topics traditional subjects purely moral topics scenes chinese antiquity parallel variant developed compositions poet poem palace laid foundation new form called prose prose freely form dominant form late song dynasty 9th 10th centuries traditional mainly historical pursuits largely read copied inclusion imperial examinations topics things emperor greatly expanded china territory northern vietnam series military campaigns invasions expansion progressed large number foreign plants animals goods brought imperial capital han dynasty court officials poets composed special called things new unusual things described extensively things major genre poetry cover vast number instruments objects phenomena famous female poets chinese history wrote known reign emperor han entitled great bird believed description brought han court scholar wrote known ancient board games chinese believed actually invented departed west china chess earliest known descriptions game han dynasty librarian best known received version verses wrote object description early 2nd century earliest known poetic description fruit literary salon court produced number notable things group poets known period composed version period presented large unusual quality men composed occasion object description court bowl bowl shell like substance near india known western regions poet known history chinese cuisine description wide variety based foods including steamed traditional chinese foods modern times western poet paper known early description writing paper invented years earlier protest legacy associated use form protest theme loyal minister exiled ruler power court receiving promotion respect truly deserves verses works attributed earliest known works tradition ancestral incorporation political criticism theme poetry theme exile related development poetry poetry thematically based exile poet directly use persona friend historical figure safer course case poet official punished blatant criticism current emperor han dynasty development idea incorporate political criticism developed historian author book han refers literary example use theme loyal minister exiled receiving promotion respect truly deserves puts han easily classified limited number types types feature common exception interpreted voicing criticism ruler ruler behavior certain political acts plans ruler court officials ruler favorites generally lack discrimination employment officials examples positive tone recommend authors peers employment contain specific political suggestions short political addition deal relationship ruler officials seen context discussion style point actual evolutionary path point main purpose political social criticism poetic fantastic descriptions rhetoric reduced restraint criticism key constrained subtle indirect occasional mode collections pieces comprise main category selections refined literature early chinese literary anthology extant selections collects known pieces early han dynasty compilation 6th century dynasty traditional source studying classical late 17th early 18th centuries reign scholar compiled collection known extant day publishing collection collection ages collection total contains
Fu (poetry)