known jew ear wood ear ear number common names species edible fungus found worldwide fruiting body distinguished noticeably ear like shape brown grows wood especially elder specific epithet derived belief hanged elder tree common ear eventually jew ear today ear names fungus found year temperate regions worldwide grows dead living wood west folk medicine recently 19th century complaints including sore sore eyes widely consumed west long popular china extent australia exported large volumes china early twentieth century today fungus popular ingredient chinese dishes hot sour soup chinese medicine blood modern research possible medical applications variously concluded lowering properties taxonomy naming species mentioned scientific literature later described genus reserved fungal species live parasites fungi considered transferred species genus transferred species sanctioned described species member genus described considered synonymous species given specific comprises latin word meaning ear meaning nomenclature species comprise words responsible naming specific bend rules letter law criticised mycologist curtis said addition jews critical marcus saying probably known jew ear liver followed turn article entire genus despite currently recognised species sources occasionally synonyms berkeley numerous synonymous names mycologist writing noted species known appeared valid noted given names extremely erratic mycologist attributes names wide distribution ear ability grow different kinds decaying wood great variation size colour shape fungus associated belief hanged elder tree betrayal jesus christ folklore suggests ears returned spirit left remind suicide common fungus originally ear later shortened ear late 19th century shortened jew ear common names fungus refer traced end 16th century instance 17th century wrote species jews ears conceived extraordinary fungus roots elder nation jews hanged tree famous medicine sore term jew meat term fungi middle ages term unrelated jew ear change ear recommended list recommended names fungi idea rejected mycologist considered result political necessary continue species jew ear explaining anti commonplace britain jew ear reference jew adopted recent field guides unrelated common names include ear fungus common ear fungus chinese fungus pig ear wood ear black wood ear tree ear species known fungus reference generic elder description fruit body normally centimetres centimetres shaped typically reminiscent ear fruit bodies cup shaped normally attached substrate short stalk species tough gelatinous elastic texture fresh hard outer surface bright reddish tan brown hint covered tiny hairs grey colour smooth typical younger specimens colour darker age inner surface lighter grey brown colour smooth veins making appear ear like microscopic features spores long shaped ranging size long thick spores white cream yellowish hyaline spores seen whitish mass underside fruit body species elongated cylindrical basidia transverse internal cross walls dividing hyphae basidia lateral developed long spores smooth hyaline hairs fruit body length diameter hyaline lack central strand rounded tips grow dense similar species similar colour texture confused external features considered spore basidia sizes species slightly different reliable way tell apart similar species genus distinct internal differences normally covered soft hair tends fruit larger numbers habitat ecology distribution grows wood deciduous trees shrubs favouring elder cases mushroom found elder incorrectly assumed grow exclusively elder recorded known united_kingdom beech ash particular case draining board old sink recently recorded semi wet forests india species occurs scattered clusters dead dying branches trees main trunk decaying logs etc species occurs monsoon period large clusters high humid conditions produces exceptionally large sized growing wet forests shows remarkable variation size shape colour australia found woodland grow large colonies fallen logs older branches feeds dead wood weak parasite living wood causes white commonly growing group spores ejected underside fruit bodies thousand hour high rate continues bodies significantly dried lost weight bodies continue release small number spores found year common autumn widespread temperate sub tropical zones worldwide found europe north_america asia australia south_america africa debate appearance species tropics frequently reported article said specimens examined assigned uses food soft like texture edible held high regard west years likened eating indian rubber bones 19th century britain said regarded edible fungus mild flavour useful mixed mushroom recipes considered bland west dried swelling large size young specimens best species edible raw needing cooked thoroughly fruit body eaten thoroughly washed cooking cooking comparatively long time content dried fungus includes protein fat ash fresh mushrooms contain moisture dried specimens ground powder absorb excess liquid tiny fragments similar popular china medicinal use food common soup containing species dealing reducing heat body evidence species cultivated china early dynasty pen quotes period saying steamed logs cover straw grow early 20th century large volumes exported australia china today sold asian food shops use popular vietnam climate suited report small scale fungi cultivation concluded suitable cultivation cooler climates according publication annual production species worldwide fourth highest cultivated medicinal mushrooms china estimated output roughly million tonnes based data large replaced international trade cultivation world instance regions grown referred plastic bag method packed bags steam hours cooled grain spawn added bags kept moderately dark conditions exposed humid environment fruit bodies begin grow world study use mushrooms people inhabiting remote village southern nigeria found local inhabitants collected ate mushrooms collection mushroom use documented consider choice mushroom eating grades given edible mushrooms given worst unlike mushrooms medicinal use reported mushroom non species exported use places recorded commonly consumed include poland indonesia recorded commonly eating folk medicine medicinal mushroom treat eye throat problems 16th century writing recommended specific use fungi generally recommends preparation liquid extract boiling fruit bodies milk leaving beer slowly order cure sore throat resultant probably chinese use writing said species cure sore throat writing reported boiling milk use unto know writing described saying grows dried good year milk good mouth throat mouth throat proper water good diseases eyes species saw use ability absorb water recorded medicinal scotland sore ireland attempt cure boiled milk medicinal use continued sold garden time considered edible united_kingdom medicinal use indonesia recorded 1930s recently reported modern day report commonwealth forestry conference examining possible effects southern medicinal edible fungi found use blood subject research possible medicinal applications experiments 1980s concluded isolated species showed potent properties mice artificially despite conclusion earlier research indicating extracts fungal species effects extracts research genetically mice showed extracted effect mice fed food including showed reduced food intake chemical extracted species acidic acid showed properties article concluded mushrooms constitute new source compounds action study reported species effective stopping binding possible uses research shown lower levels generally particular fungi shown reduce level bad cultural depictions species referred play jew malta hat wears left elder hanged later species probably partially inspiration emily poem beginning mushroom depicts mushroom ultimate religious background likely knew common folklore surrounding suicide
Auricularia auricula-judae