commonly known brown species fungus family produces fruit bodies dark purple chocolate brown color smooth cap finely stipe reddish brown spore print tiny pores cap underside chocolate violet brown widely distributed having recorded north_america south_america asia grows mycorrhizal relationship coniferous deciduous trees originally described species fungus classified genus stipe color spore print molecular genetic analysis revealed brown separate genera placement new genus created contain closely related australian species brown considered edible caution typically recommended modern field guides considering table reported northeastern north_america symptoms include severe distress generally lasts hours taxonomy species originally described american mycologist specimens collected vermont noted cap chocolate color difficult dry preserve assigned frost illegitimate previously different species published new species transferred species genus longer recognized having largely authorities treated taxon depending morphological characteristics deemed significant initially considered species appropriately placed account reddish brown spore print taxonomic opinion shared wrote concerning species placed color stipe ornamentation merely reflection color stipe generally change color characteristic pattern ages reason exclude agree singer later singer thought somewhat ornamentation stipe justified placement previously placed species transfer invalid specified designated specimen frost original collections early molecular evidence suggested brown genetically distinct genera placed colleagues published molecular evidence indicating species belong share recent common ancestor genera recognizing genetic morphological created genus type species species found australia generic derived latin word referring profession epithet means distinguished excellent size beauty frost reason known certainty speculate violet brown colors attractive formal nineteenth century manner commonly known brown description fruit bodies caps initially convex later broadly convex flat diameter cap surface dry slightly sticky texture ranging smooth somewhat felt like color purple brown grayish brown reddish brown young specimens covered fine whitish bloom delicate coating flesh whitish slowly gray brown cut injured distinctive odor mild slightly bitter taste cap underside surface dark chocolate brown purple brown dark brown bruised nearly circular pores number millimeter tubes deep solid stipe measures long thick color similar cap surface dense coating purple brown brown produces pinkish reddish brown amber brown spore print smooth translucent spores narrowly shaped measure collections costa_rica shorter spores smaller eastern north american material material smaller spores measuring differences attributed variation basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure cystidia edges cheilocystidia narrowly shaped measuring cystidia surface pleurocystidia thin walled swollen dimensions clamp connections hyphae similar species australian produces somewhat smaller darker violet grey found eastern north_america korea species somewhat similar appearance distinguished stipe brownish colors bitter taste asian north american black velvet black grayish brown cap grows deciduous woods found eastern north_america whitish pores smooth stipe somewhat paler cap habitat distribution fruit bodies grow soil singly scattered leaf litter mycorrhizal species recorded growing association plants genera including species recorded north_america costa_rica indonesia costa_rica usually associates endemic oaks brown locally abundant central additional locations collections confirmed dna analysis include japan china reported thailand molecular analysis thai collections suggests represent distinct unnamed species edibility relatively recently typically considered edible mushroom listed north american field guides continued trend initiated earlier authors wrote favorably properties series reported new_england region eastern canada cast doubt edibility fungus according author include warning book despite revised status north_america brown remains common fungi food locals region southwestern china chemistry novel pigment compounds isolated fruit bodies identified reported year later compounds reported occur fruit bodies include acid
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