weak interaction particle physics weak interaction weak force weak nuclear force known fundamental interactions nature alongside strong interaction weak interaction responsible radioactive decay plays essential role nuclear theory weak interaction called quantum analogy terms term rarely weak force best understood terms electro weak theory standard model particle physics weak interaction caused absorption force carriers known interact weak interaction particles half spin spin fundamental properties particles elementary particle electron composite particle masses far greater interacting consistent short range weak force force termed weak field strength given distance typically orders magnitude strong nuclear force electromagnetic force early universe force separated electromagnetic weak forces important examples weak interaction include beta decay fusion hydrogen powers sun process decay weak interaction time decay makes dating possible weak interaction create commonly illumination related field composite particles like come strange charm composite particles properties weak interaction unique allows swap flavour properties force carrier example beta minus decay changed converting resulting electron electron weak interaction fundamental interaction breaks symmetry similarly break charge symmetry history proposed theory weak interaction known interaction suggested beta decay explained interaction involving contact force range better described non contact force field having finite range albeit short unified electromagnetic force weak interaction showing aspects single force termed electro weak force existence directly confirmed properties weak interaction unique number respects interaction capable changing flavor changing type interaction symmetry symmetry propagated force carrier particles significant masses unusual feature explained standard model mechanism large mass approximately carrier particles termed short lived lifetime seconds weak interaction constant indicator interaction strength compared strong interaction constant electromagnetic constant consequently weak interaction weak terms strength weak interaction short range distances meters weak interaction strength similar magnitude electromagnetic force starts decrease increasing distance distances weak interaction times weaker electromagnetic weak interaction affects standard model interact gravity weak interaction original reason weak force weak interaction produce bound states involve binding energy gravity astronomical scale electromagnetic force atomic level strong nuclear force inside noticeable effect unique feature flavor changing example heavier sister decay changing flavor type strong interaction permit flavour changing proceeds weak decay weak decay properties charm associated interactions unstable weak decay process known beta decay change virtual converted electron electron example electron capture common variant radioactive decay electron interact changed changed electron emitted large mass weak decay occurs slowly weak decay likely occur strong electromagnetic decay proceed rapidly example neutral life seconds charged weak interaction lives seconds million times longer contrast free weak interaction lives minutes weak weak particles property called weak serves quantum number particle weak interaction weak plays role weak interaction electric charge color charge strong interaction weak value example weak interaction decay vice versa given interaction weak sum weak numbers particles entering interaction equals sum weak numbers particles exiting interaction example left handed weak normally right handed following development theory property weak developed dependent particle electrical charge weak defined formula weak given type particle electrical charge elementary charge units weak particles weak zero particles non zero weak weak generator component gauge group interaction types types weak interaction called type called charged current interaction particles carry electric charge responsible beta decay phenomenon second type called neutral current interaction neutral particle charged current interaction type charged current interaction charged electron having charge absorb particle charge converted corresponding charge type flavour electron type interaction example formula similarly type charge converted type charge absorbing precisely type quantum type possibility type given matrix tables conversely type absorb converted type example formula unstable rapidly decay short lifetime example formula decay products happen varying called beta decay picture virtual converted converting energy involved process mass difference converted electron electron level process represented formula neutral current interaction neutral current interactions electron neutral example formula like rapidly example formula theory standard model particle physics describes electromagnetic interaction weak interaction different aspects single interaction theory developed awarded nobel prize physics work mechanism provides explanation presence massive gauge carriers weak interaction electromagnetic interaction according theory high energies universe gauge fields similar complex field low energies gauge symmetry spontaneously broken symmetry fields vacuum expectation value symmetry breaking produce integrated like fields mechanism giving mass fields weak interaction fourth gauge field remains theory number predictions including prediction masses discovery july experimental teams large independently announced confirmed formal discovery previously unknown mass behaviour far consistent adding cautious note data analysis needed positively identifying new type march tentatively confirmed exist violation symmetry laws nature long thought remain mirror reflection results experiment viewed mirror expected identical results mirror reflected copy experimental apparatus called law conservation known respected classical strong interaction assumed universal law mid-1950s lee suggested weak interaction violate law collaborators discovered weak interaction earning yang lee nobel prize physics weak interaction described theory discovery violation theory suggested new approach needed somewhat later proposed minus left handed weak interactions theory weak interaction acts left handed particles right handed mirror reflection left handed particle right handed explains violation theory developed discovery include right handed fields enter neutral current interaction theory allowed compound symmetry combines switching left right charge switching particles surprised provided clear evidence symmetry broken winning nobel prize physics showed violation weak interaction required generations particles effectively predicting existence unknown generation discovery earned half nobel prize physics unlike violation violation occurs small number instances remains widely held answer difference matter universe forms conditions general readers isbn deep things breathtaking beauty particle physics isbn texts gauge theory weak interactions isbn ideas particle physics introduction scientists 3rd isbn introduction nuclear physics 2nd isbn introduction elementary particles isbn books isbn introduction high energy physics isbn
Weak interaction