august king resistance leader german colony educated europe succeeded father september european rulers generally supporting colonial german authorities wealthy educated father left substantial debt german developed plan moved inland allow wholly european riverside settlements leader pan resistance policy chiefs pressured administration letters petitions legal arguments ignored turned european governments aid sent representatives leaders peoples suggest overthrow german regime people reported actions authorities leader arrested summary trial hanged high treason august actions martyr eyes writers view actions early example nationalism early life reign born german colony eldest son king bell lineage people raised appreciate african european ways life uncle great impact youth attended school germany 1890s attended gymnasium germany direct record time survives indicating held certificate education primary level earned completion secondary studies prince returned highly educated men colony western standards periodic visits europe travelled berlin germany england father manchester met mayor town hall mentioned october edition editor doubted father actual royalty married emily daughter english trader woman father died september succeeded king lineage traditionally installed paramount chief inherited mark pension timber interests valley property real estate lucrative position head appeals court jurisdiction father grandfather left strong political position bell dominant father left substantial debt marks forced rent buildings european interests offices inland neighbourhood owned hectares plantations large standards debt reduced marks july reign european character relations germans largely positive viewed good citizen collaborator times ran colonial administrators example german authorities arrested accused proof large bank robbery land problem real problems regime began later germans outlined plan relocate people inland allow european settlement area affected public opinion strongly time history clans presented united position leader dominant bell clan coupled character education finances natural leader opposition rulers sent letter november protest land germans surprised involvement ignored complaint chiefs sent letter march germans moved forward plan january chiefs warned writing february violation prompt natives consider circumstances enter treaty power argued plan ignored treaty promise land cultivated places towns built shall property present owners successors contradicted statements governor leave bell lands constructed railroad colony germans countered german treaty gave authority manage lands saw fit august removed office civil service stripped annual pension marks place brother debated half enlisted aid german journalist managed secure suspension order march order overturned colonial secretary convinced elements press businessmen colony politicians groups finally rally requested permission send envoys germany case authorities denied secret sent adolf din germany hire lawyer pursue matter court desperate turned european governments leaders african ethnic groups support contents correspondence european powers unknown simply sought spread word cause envoys african leaders reached leader peoples kept plan secret urged leader reconsider lands hand agreed contact french military support petitioned british evidence sultan people rejected plan informed april planning pan rebellion missionaries alerted germans historians split nature actions early nationalist says actions begun organize resistance movement embracing cutting tribal differences argue unlikely radical action european regime intended wrote envoy held confronted direct danger kind violent action main value statements envoy lies fact contain material proceeding chiefs guilty actual deliberate refusal resistance reaches way germany june wrote administration based calculations annual income timber exports accounting debts european interests merchants likely interests oppose urging germans arrested charged high treason trial held august world war begun attack imminent accordingly trial rushed direct record proceedings survives evidence claimed raising funds inland outspoken opposition causing unrest inland peoples regime claimed admitted contacting foreign countries aid germany official defense attorney racist statements claims maintained innocence requests accused men lives spared came mission governor rejected pleas august adolf din hanged allies captured seven weeks later september legacy execution martyr people painted heroic people story legend came represent myth extreme colonial oppression based catastrophic climax german rule popular 1920s hymn composed remained popular body house erected august 20th anniversary execution germans later colonial powers wary allowed powerful hold french colonial power french world war brother continued fight regain lost lands son took office french father reputation martyr lent great standing faced long civil war outlawed nationalist political party 1950s 60s waged french forces result overt nationalist sentiment figures largely forgotten briefly treated history books signs coming past example march military named graduating class cadet officers
Rudolf Duala Manga Bell