species mushroom commonly known short stemmed widespread north_america reported pakistan fungus grows mycorrhizal association trees genera including fir spruce fruit bodies white large convex funnel shaped caps measuring wide set atop thick stipe long gills cap underside closely spaced faint bluish spores roughly spherical network like surface mushrooms develop masses leaves trees fruit summer autumn forms mushroom develop bluish band stipe referred variety edible mushrooms bland bitter flavor fungus bright orange mold covers fruit body transforms mushrooms taxonomy initially described american mycologist specimens collected new_york classified grouping similar species characterized having whitish pale yellow fruit bodies compact hard flesh abundant short gills absence clamp connections related species similar range spore ornamentation heights include considerable confusion literature naming early 20th century american referred fungus described europe description accurately matching north american counterparts concept included white fruit body change color smooth shiny cap thin widely spaced gills add confusion later described species named summarized taxonomic species everybody knows speak evidence indicates singer turn best use north american collections authors attached type collection reasonably explicit original description provides stable point species concept formed defined varieties specimens characterized greenish blue band forms stipe variety large spores database index consider varieties independent significance publication mycologist colleagues suggest western north american comprise complex distinct species according european species synonymous index sources consider distinct species specific epithet derived latin words short foot short common names refer mushroom include short stemmed short white description fully grown cap range diameter whitish dull yellow funnel shaped central depression gills narrow thin attachment nearly white young pale yellow buff age near stipe stipe long thick initially white develops yellowish brownish age mushroom develops pale green band stipe spore print white light cream spores egg shaped spherical measure partially network like surface measuring high cap cuticle arranged form characterized hyphae run parallel cap surface comprising interwoven hyphae rounded tips cystidia cap variant var subtle green stipe apex gills var spores measuring similar species cap somewhat similar appearance lacks flesh sticky cap pacific_northwest species resembles taste smaller fruit bodies gills fork near stipe attachment similar narrower spores measuring pale greenish band develops species european look alike widely distributed northern regions continent similar overall morphology somewhat larger spores surface ornamentation featuring prominent like patterns ridges milk cap mushroom distinguished production latex mushroom tissue cut injured distribution habitat common fungus associated hosts temperate forest ecosystems typical hosts include trees genera fungus reported pakistan moist temperate forests associated fruit bodies grow singly groups fruiting season occurs summer autumn western north_america mushroom common encountered frequently late autumn mushrooms usually found low partially emerged forest floor partially consumed mammals deer studies demonstrated geographically separated populations globally develop significant genetic suggesting gene flow populations small contrast little genetic observed populations sampled smaller area approximately meters species associates edibility non edible species tends assume cooked species harvested wild mexico sold local markets nearby mushrooms suitable crisp texture fruit bodies commonly transforming edible known mushroom form surface fruit body develops hard thin crust minute gills reduced blunt ridges flesh mushroom normally compounds diverse group active compounds investigated activities compounds isolated characterized
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