education labor education labor simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin abbreviated simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin system administrative place generally persons minor crimes petty theft prostitution trafficking illegal drugs religious political adherents separate larger system prison labour camps sentences education labor typically years possibility additional year extension issued form administrative punishment police judicial system incarcerated subject form political education estimates number given year range million estimated total education centers china time december abolished education labor system released human rights groups observed forms detention taken place camps renamed drug rehabilitation centers education labor chinese system employs forms people arrested education labor education labor sub component umbrella reform labor criminal justice system generally refers prisons prison farms labor camps convicted criminals education labor hand refers persons considered criminals committed minor offenses persons detained education labor detained facilities separate general prison system furthermore education facilities receive small salary theory shorter work hours system larger education labor system identifying camps compared education centers systems involve labor allow trials judicial hearings term reform labor officially replaced prison term education center replaced center components prison system include detention centers individuals awaiting sentence execution juvenile detention camps individuals minimum age varied years currently system included components custody individuals residence permit forced job placement widely practiced 1990s shelter investigation system individuals legal investigation abolished psychiatric facilities form detention political officially recognized system history institutions similar education labor facilities called new life schools camps existed early 1950s official anti campaigns report human rights china states education labor punish counter revolutionaries officially adopted law implemented law allowed police sentence minor offenders counter revolutionaries anti socialist elements labor camps right judicial hearing trial allow judicial review place punishment enforced beginning limits length sentenced maximum sentence years years sentence plus year extension set management implementation education labor system passed banned mainland china education labor common punishment practitioners human rights groups claim members detained detained recent estimates suggest hundreds thousands adherents imprisoned china sources estimating half official labor camp population practitioners labor camps practitioners majority population past decade numerous calls system reformed replaced early arbitrary detention called china allow judicial control recommended forms administrative detention including education labor abolished called establishment rights process counsel individuals detained special torture called outright abolition education labor prominent deaths inmates spring prompted calls china reform system reform happen immediately reported general consensus reform needed march chinese government announce abolish education labor system replace set laws according proposal maximum sentence lowered years months education centers renamed correction centers fences gates removed month later municipality passed law allowing lawyers offer legal counsel education labor cases human rights groups doubted proposed reforms saying new laws help minor criminals help political prisoners reforms actually abolish education labor system stated lowering maximum length detention changing names detention facilities constitute fundamental change months declaration laws rewritten education labor system abolished december group academics drafted open letter government calling end system summer olympics beijing reports individuals applying permits protest detained trial sentenced education labor september universal periodic review people republic china education labor listed urgent human rights concern february remains large number active facilities statistics reports education labor found difficult estimate number people education centers nationwide statistics unavailable past data available vary widely percent estimated political prisoners percent drug offenders nearly known education camps meant specifically holding drug offenders estimated total education centers china edition report listed exactly confirmed education centers china unconfirmed ones estimated actual number higher provinces centers february meeting chinese government stated centers provinces education centers include end labour camps held prisoners conviction detention sentencing education labor generally carried police judicial system individuals rarely charged tried detained public security police offices able carry administrative minor considered criminal acts analyst suggested local public security abuse authority individuals things personal individuals sentenced education labor courts proportion individuals receive trials going directly administrative detention determined capacity province education provinces large education labor apparatus generally allow fewer trials allowed trial lawyers faced intimidation abuse according reports individuals trial convicted basis confessions torture severe psychological pressure instance convicted individuals sent education labor found guilty trial education labor facilities reported drug users petty criminals prostitutes political prisoners claimed individuals sentenced education labor urban areas individuals attempt leave country illegally sentenced education labor return periods leading visits foreign dignitaries politically sensitive anniversary square protests local authorities supposedly detained homeless mentally physically disabled individuals workers china specialist claimed police faced lack modern rehabilitation treatment programs use education labor convictions warehouse individuals increasing number social problems instances individuals sent education labor found guilty court law seek detention repealed administrative review decision filing administrative litigation education detained according advocacy group options ineffective groups overseeing reviews interests management committee originally ordered detention conditions facilities called conditions prisons harsh frequently said conditions education labor facilities similar citing living spaces low quality food poor absent medical care camps required work little pay chinese law requires prison laborers limited hours day speculated education labor forced work longer estimated generally worked days week total silence labor education labor geared agriculture producing goods sold internationally education labor counted official prisoners subject international treaties perform work ranging tending vegetables pits cutting stone blocks construction work drug ostensibly placed education labor treated evidence suggested little meaningful treatment takes place centers drug addiction release detention facilities widely criticized physical abuse said corporal punishment commonly torture physical abuse thought widespread facilities april education facility beaten death reportedly inmates labor supervisor death march death custody prison sparked calls china reform system reforms immediately reports describe conditions education camps brutal claims prisoners treated example released year education sentence said treated mildly allowed spend time reading conditions pretty good forced labor include breaking rocks assembling car seat covers gold farming world life release released education labor camps unable travel people freely individuals remain education labor years allowed return homes closely monitored permitted leave certain areas example july priest released detention kept house arrest men attempted visit detained according official news agency slightly released prison education labor received government aid form funds assistance finding jobs criticism human rights watch stated education labor system international law specifically article provides deprived liberty arrest detention shall entitled proceedings court order court decide delay detention admitted system violated items chinese constitution vice director affiliated said current education labor practice items constitution criminal procedure law united_nations human rights treaty china signed education labor criticized numerous human rights groups offering procedural guarantees accused political teachers chinese house church leaders practitioners furthermore law specified maximum length years source mentions retention camp employment system allowed authorities camps longer official sentences education labor focus discussion foreign human rights groups legal scholars china involved drafting laws meant replace system addition legal scholars criticized system light widespread disapproval system called system abolished entirely criticisms cited fact wording education labor laws loose allowing authorities manipulate fact punishment given education centers severe crimes committed abusive conditions education centers variation education labor laws province human rights groups legal scholars china called reform total abolition education labor groups defended system report china hailed education labor means maintain social peace prevent reduce crime stated education labor helped maintain rule law mainly new laws drafted favor continuing practice allowing judicial review punishment enforced profit opportunities system employs tens thousands people profits sale products forced labor collection bribes received reduce sentences ensure relatives receive adequate food abolition 18th party congress beijing november chinese officials announced planned abolish education labour system announcement came series stories garnered international domestic attention highly publicised letter portland oregon woman found hidden box halloween decorations letter listed abuses camp pleaded help secondly small magazine china called lens published page report detailing abuses women online version report quickly read news item china stories continued pressure international china precipitated announcement end system planned abolition system criticised human rights groups issuing report titled changing soup medicine amnesty report concludes camp positive step forward human rights fundamental problems arbitrary detention remain china policies practices resulted individuals punished peacefully exercising human rights sending fundamentally changed contrary ample evidence policies practices continuing force latest campaign launched earlier year intended operate years shows determination rid china spiritual group practitioners continue punished criminal prosecution sent centres forms arbitrary detention likewise continue subjected harassment forcibly committed mental institutions sent black forms arbitrary detention human rights defenders democracy advocates whistle political activists increasingly targeted criminal detention black short term administrative detention enforced december abolished education labor system released finishing sentences
Re-education through labor