study mechanisms human brain control production acquisition language field draws methods theories fields science communication disorders computer science researchers drawn field variety backgrounds bringing variety experimental techniques widely varying theoretical perspectives work informed models theoretical focused investigating brain implement processes theoretical propose necessary producing language study mechanisms brain processes information related language evaluate linguistic theories brain imaging computer modeling history historically rooted development 19th century study linguistic occurring result brain damage attempts structure function analyzing effect brain injuries language processing people draw connection particular brain area language processing french surgeon conducted numerous individuals speaking deficiencies found brain damage left frontal lobe area known area claim early 19th century different brain regions carried different functions language controlled frontal regions brain research possibly offer evidence relationship described making pivotal fields science later area named proposed different areas brain specialized different linguistic tasks area handling motor production speech area handling speech work established field idea language studied examining physical characteristics brain early work benefited early twentieth century work mapped surface brain dividing numbered areas based area cell structure function areas known areas widely today term attributed late 1940s 1950s book problems likely book title popularized united_states 1970s founding journal brain language historical core recent years field considerably thanks emergence new brain imaging technologies pet time sensitive techniques highlight patterns brain activation people engage language tasks techniques particular emerged viable method study language discovery brain response shown sensitive issues language language relevant brain response identified discovery increasingly widely conducting language research discipline interaction fields closely related field seeks mechanisms language employing traditional techniques experimental psychology today theories inform collaboration fields work involves testing evaluating theories forth theoretical general theoretical propose models explain structure language language information organized propose models explain language information processed mind analyze brain activity biological structures populations networks carry processing example experiments sentence processing brain responses examine brain responses reflect different predictions sentence processing models forth serial model unification model new predictions structure organization language based insights physiology brain knowledge structures language structure research carried major areas main linguistic addresses given table topics considered research investigates topics including language information processed language processing time brain structures related language acquisition learning contribute speech language language processes work like early studies investigated locations specific language brain research questions include course language information follows brain processed particular areas processing particular sorts information different brain regions interact language processing locations brain activation differs subject producing language language time course language processes area literature involves use techniques analyze rapid processing language time temporal ordering specific patterns brain activity reflect processes brain undergoes language processing example theory sentence proposes brain responses products different steps processing language acquisition topic relationship brain structures language acquisition research language acquisition established linguistic environments similar predictable stages research attempts find stages language development stages brain development research investigates physical changes known brain undergoes second language acquisition adults learn new language observed second language acquisition experience induced result language exposure concludes increase gray white matter found children young adults elderly function second language learning changes human brain journal devoted study nervous system behavior language techniques study disorders language relate physical characteristics brain technology focuses field testing linguistic models technology experiments highly relevant study modern brain imaging techniques contributed greatly growing understanding organization linguistic functions brain imaging methods classified methods methods methods stimulate directly techniques advantage fact area brain works task blood sent supply area oxygen known bold response techniques include pet techniques provide high spatial resolution allowing researchers location activity brain temporal resolution information timing brain activity hand poor bold response happens slowly language processing addition demonstrating parts brain specific language tasks methods demonstrate structure brain language architecture distribution language related activation change time function linguistic exposure addition pet areas brain activated certain tasks researchers use imaging shows pathways connect different brain areas providing insight different areas interact functional near infrared method language tasks techniques advantage fact group brain fire create electric current technique measures electric current sensors measures magnetic fields generated currents addition non invasive methods study language processing techniques able measure brain activity providing excellent temporal resolution important studying processes place quickly language production hand location brain activity difficult identify consequently technique primarily language processes carried research generally focuses event related distinct brain responses generally realized negative positive peaks activity response particular studies focus long begins peaks high low peak topography response picked sensors important common components include occurring early left anterior occurring early left topography readiness potential experimental design experimental techniques employ variety experimental techniques order use brain imaging draw conclusions language represented processed brain techniques include design violation based studies forms direct brain language studies particularly use brain activation task thought involve aspect language processing compared activation task thought involve similar non linguistic processes involve linguistic process example participants read words compared participants read strings random letters attempt activation related processing processing real words participants read complex sentences compared participants read simpler sentences documented component frequently experiments response occurs brain subject hears set identical standards sequence response rare set perceived test speakers perceive sounds organize example landmark study colleagues evidence subjects presented series speech sounds acoustic parameters perceived sounds spite acoustic suggesting human brain representations abstract words subjects hearing specific acoustic features abstract addition study processing recognition word category violation based studies advantage violations rules experimental analyzing brain responses subject encounters violations example sentences beginning phrases garden worked english phrase structure rule brain response called early left anterior violation techniques use reported evidence violations effect similar methods reported response violation designs studies pet colleagues example spelling violations investigate location processing brain common use violation designs combine kinds violations sentence predictions different language processes interact type crossing violation study extensively investigate processes interact people read hear sentences refers phenomenon subject recognize word quickly recently presented word similar meaning morphological makeup composed similar parts subject presented prime word doctor target word nurse subject faster usual response time nurse assume word nurse brain accessed word doctor accessed investigate wide variety questions words stored retrieved brain structurally complex sentences processed magnetic new technique studying brain activity uses powerful magnetic fields applied brain outside head method exciting brain activity specific controlled location able imitate symptoms giving researcher control exactly parts brain examined invasive alternative direct similar types research requires subject removed individuals undergoing major brain operation individuals undergoing surgery logic direct similar logic particular language function impaired specific region brain knocked region implicated language function studies date direct recording recording brain activity placed directly brain predictions behavior human brains subject tasks experiments subjects simply sit listen watch instructed perform sort task response subjects perform tasks recordings taken usually order ensure paying attention study suggested task subject effect brain responses results experiment decision decision task involves subjects seeing hearing isolated word answering real word frequently studies subjects known decision quickly word related word doctor nurse judgment judgment studies especially violation based studies subjects decision usually task ensure subjects reading sentences distinguish acceptable unacceptable sentences way expect experimental evidence shown instructions given subjects judgment task influence subjects brain responses experiment showed subjects instructed judge sentences brain response response commonly associated processing response instructed ignore judge sentences sense probe studies use probe task overt judgment experimental sentence followed probe word subjects answer probe word appeared sentence task like judgment task ensures subjects reading listening avoid additional processing demands matter type violation presented study truth value judgment subjects instructed judge sentence acceptable logical proposition expressed sentence true false task commonly studies child language active distraction double task experiments subjects task ensure subjects consciously paying attention experimental test certain brain carried automatically regardless subject resources example study subjects listen non linguistic tones long ear speech ear instructed subjects press button perceived change tone supposedly caused subjects pay explicit attention violations speech subjects showed response suggesting processing errors happening automatically regardless attention subjects unable consciously separate attention speech related form experiment double task experiment subject perform extra task finger tapping nonsense syllables responding linguistic kind experiment investigate use working memory language processing
Neurolinguistics