grand duke august october penultimate grand duke reigned elder son grand duke year long reign longest history marked series ultra laws regulated prostitution banned celebrations reign witnessed deterioration previously unknown economic lows succeeded elder surviving son died married cousin marriage king chapel sunday april marriage eventually abandoned children ruler later life attempted recognised universal holy roman emperor allow florence nominally imperial felt alter laws succession efforts salvage plan younger son death passed early life heir throne born august eldest surviving son grand duke previous children died shortly birth grand duke wished son finest scientific education available pious grand opposed got way theologian appointed tutor character analogous youth sports uncle wrote family member news surprise young prince killed mid air age killed pigs shots ambassador praised young skies successor noticed somewhat different person described melancholy ceased smiling public frequently visited places religious worship surrounded priests concerning sibling fruit parents brief reconciliation born year marriage granddaughter france married april arrived june formal entry florence june wedding gift grand duke presented pearl size small egg marriage unhappy start nights following formal entry demanded crown personal use refused manage extract smuggled efforts agents nearly bankrupt wars mercenaries paid state longer afford pay interest government bonds accordingly interest rate lowered economy trade prevalent rural market places august delivered boy children followed daughter law behaviour sent wanted return france french court left finding solution heir domestic chance got insisted employing french feared poison september abandoned apartments grand palace moved watched soldiers appointed follow year reconciled grand family gave birth future august delicate existed rest family collapsed birth caught smallpox decided blame problems european travels grand duke encouraged european tour distract renewed hostility october arrived entertained aunt austria took barge rhine amsterdam received art community meeting painter amsterdam travelled hamburg awaiting queen sweden reached florence excursion good health better self esteem wife grand duke feared health sent second tour september went spain king received private interview january arrived portugal england met charles_ii described good man welcomed universities oxford cambridge father perceived protection return run visited mother law paris arrived florence november travels described detailed journal travelling companion reign departure died interred time death population grand souls streets lined grass buildings verge collapse virtually abandoned grand power protracted battle grand duke assigned mother day day administration state commenced reign attempting salvage sinking allowing subjects petition arbitration disputes novelty soon wore having lost taste administration empowered admission grand duke deprived political influence went arranging prince education precedence mother midst anniversary death born grand couple illness start send personal physician tend unlike comply plot sent france ostensibly thermal waters illness december went pilgrimage villa returned instead going florence chose live semi retirement grand duke eventually feared allowed leave permission went riding escorted soldiers doors windows villa secured saga continued december attempts failed agreed allow wife depart convent france contract signed day renounced rights princess blood dignity granted pension compensation departed june stripping bare persecution jews succession occupy turned jewish population sexual intercourse jews christians christians law july work establishments owned jews regardless fine crowns incurred person question insufficient funds liable tortured rack deemed unfit torture month prison sentence substituted anti semitic roster supplemented june december banning jews visiting christian prostitutes respectively heir daughter princess delegated right succeed elder son grand duke tried son international recognition heir apparent avail holy roman emperor supported claim wanting revert france treaties concluded franco dutch war rubber stamp ambitions wished question concluded birth son charles ending dream cadet branch dreams revived marriage kept wife conduct france frequently demanded money grand duke behaviour took groom named january asked pay construction reservoir following scandal convent placed pet dog basket close proximity fire basket burst flames instead trying urged fellow flee lives previous occasions explicitly stated burn convent disagreed making view accident intentional unable fear series letters scandal erupted summer nude custom local river exploded anger hearing florence petitions retirement wife france virtually relinquished right interfere conduct following fell ill physician helped reform ways illness strike event finally stopped life appointed brother governor requested participation great turkish war resisted sent munitions offered join defeated turks battle vienna september dismay scandals disorders continued occur matter intercourse jews christian women especially putting children christian nurses grand duke wishing supplement foe persona acquired vienna outlawed practice jews christian wet nurses declared christian father wished half jewish child christian nurse apply government permit writing addition public executions increased day famed visited florence november wrote florence sunk thousand souls states great republic retained liberty marriage grand prince went arranging marriage elder son marriage princes unlikely produce children main bavaria princess portugal apparent portugal daughters negotiations portuguese intense stalled certain clauses live lisbon renounce right throne father king remarried male issue queen portugal died male heirs annexed portugal rejected outright support great uncle eyes fell bavaria choosing strengthen ties france sister bavaria obstacle way father advised father invest worth gold bank soon deposited sum bank collapsed sore feelings reduction accordingly unimpressed wife electrified grand duke wrote known think world produce disposition perfect style spain june grand duke complained vienna duke inferior status grand duke proclaimed increased point kings diminished possessions reason promoting played times provided financial military assistance empire emperor anxious avoid friction suggested marry compensate years later months marriage went acquiring style family despite fact claim kingdom henceforth royal grand duke angered marriage sworn foe persuaded october france england spain united provinces guaranteed neutrality port empire attempting extract feudal ordering ally austria grand duke replied france send naval fleet toulon occupy state emperor reluctantly accepted excuse feudal ties empire rest italy bound pay emperor higher magnitude merely paid undisputed imperial having instituted moral laws young men allowed enter houses love girls let doors windows great incentive man comply liable receive enormous fines coincided new wave taxes declining economy recounts wool sent pass intermediate customs grand duke oversaw establishment goal regulate prostitution prostitutes thrown jail women profession years food afford fines levied evening permits available willing pay crowns month resurrected law regency father banned students attending college outside strengthening hold education contemporary wrote single man florence read write greek stark contrast old republic letter dated october personal secretary wrote master express command inform allow professor university read teach public private writing voice philosophy save aristotle despite married years produced offspring grand duke responded declaring special days devotion fertility column district florence act attracted popular ridicule attend instead favourite venetian year exercised great deal influence died possessions inherited grandfather duke bestowed younger son marriage question following death mother lacking children high father forward german princess marry lady question nominal extremely wealthy dreamed cadet branch foreign land married july eventually abandoned dawn 18th century 17th century end grand duke grandchildren france spain acknowledge royal status duke declared opposition embarked pilgrimage rome pope created order allow view cloth thought christ delighted warm reception roman people left rome fragment spain died november death heir brought war spanish succession involved european powers remained neutral recognised philip successor administration refused reserved royal family grand duke soon royal altercation accepted nominal spanish philip confirming status spanish vassal consuming money rapid pace debts grand duke alarmed sent prince debts discover count creditors attempt salvage tried return florence refused hoping tales poisoned eleanor succession later years faded youth visited convent saint mark daily basis contemporary recounted grand duke knows monks sight occupy efforts trying florence believed cease additionally claimed god asked pledge grand governance absolute dominion glorious holy roman emperor died successor joseph took government burst following decisive imperial victory emperor sent envoy florence collect feudal amounting sum force recognise charles king spain fearing invasion refused recognise charles title pay fraction ill prematurely recognising anybody came successfully assistance pope sent archbishop prague cited example adding pope bother reconciliation wrote desperate tell case informed money florence added quarters pension fallen arrived wife emperor thinking unlikely male heirs born prepared occupy pretext descent grand prince death rebel government act desperation family cardinal renounce religious vows marry eleanor youngest child incumbent duke years later died taking hope heir heir contemplated restoring presented obstacles florence nominally imperial spanish plan approved powers convened abruptly added sons succeed republic instituted following death proposal sank ultimately hold following emperor joseph death holy roman emperor agreed audience december concluded succession brought added succeed reply realising charles wrote florence agreeing project mentioning clause state bequeathed enemies culmination war spanish succession treaties international assurances succession later grow lament grand prince finally succumbed october deposited succession bill senate nominal legislature november bill ascend states grand greeted standing ovation senators furious grand imperial choose succeed second wife great granddaughter exercised claim emperor assured grand duke obstacle preventing accession austria soon reach agreement royal house succeed incentive accelerate reply emperor hinted territorial june declared wish succeed promises decision declaring union lands unacceptable april england france later austria selected spain eldest child heir acknowledged reduced spectator conferences future died june returned home october bringing vast treasures created elder son widow clearly define precedence stop ladies intention discontinued hunting following accident january accidentally shot killed man distraught wished tried knights order saint stephen state grand reflected decay ruler military review army numbered men aged navy composed crew september died instead willing possessions children prescribed agreement went princess death legacy september grand duke experienced hour long fit condition steadily deteriorated attended papal death bed pronounced prince required little assistance order die studied cared long course life prepare death october days death grand duke final proclamation commanding shall stay independent shall succeed grand duke reserves right choose successor completely ignored days later eve died interred left nations europe treasury people weary religious state reduced gaming chip european affairs enduring establishment wine region repealed jewish persecution laws eased customs inability uphold independence led succession death issue children granddaughter france grand prince married bavaria issue married issue grand duke married issue enjoy relationship elder son disagreed ideology monthly married princess union discontent produced offspring grand duke favourite child married like brother issue eventual successor despised father court arranged marry union produced children titles styles honours arms titles styles august grand prince february grand duke february october royal grand duke official style grand duke honours october grand master martyr ancestors
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany