peak district area england southernmost end falls northern includes parts yorkshire area great diversity split northern found geology southern population lives geology mainly limestone national park united_kingdom proximity cities manchester sheffield easy access road rail attracts millions visitors year geography forms southern end area feet high point feet despite landscape generally lacks sharp peaks characterised rounded hills edges area surrounded major including manchester sheffield covers square miles km2 south including majority area commonly referred peak northern limits lie road north east southernmost point road outskirts park boundaries drawn exclude large built areas industrial sites park particular town adjacent located end corridor surrounded sides park town numerous villages included boundaries non industrial west sheffield fifth largest national park england wales designation national park means planning restrictions protect area inappropriate development look imply land owned government owned charity aims conserve historic natural landscapes receive government funding trust estates south peak include significant areas edge hope woodlands directly owns major landowners include water companies geology formed exclusively rocks dating period comprise limestone finally coal measures occur extreme margins area addition rocks including volcanic vent general geological structure broad dome image western margins intensely folded erosion effectively dome reveal concentric pattern rocks eastern western margins core rocks southern edge dome age barely central southern section found near surface known contrast characterised broad earth movements period resulted area particularly west folding rock strata north south axes region raised north south line resulted dome like shape sandstone worn away limestone exposed end period earth crust sank led area covered sea variety new rocks time deposition mineral veins formed limestone veins mined lead roman times covered ice ice ages million years probably years ago evidenced patches glacial till boulder clay found area covered ice glacial period peaked years ago mix ice western margins glacial eroded complex channels margin period glacial contributed formation development caves limestone area wild animal area remains found local caves different types rock lie beneath soil strongly influence landscape determine type vegetation grow ultimately type animal inhabit area limestone water rivers able deep narrow valleys rivers find route underground creating cave systems hand water meets beneath creating springs reaches surface easily attacked frost form areas vulnerable landslides rivers high plateau high ridges sources rivers report engineer wrote miles manchester seven miles existing tract mountain land springs quality physical geological features offer peculiar features collection storage supply water use towns plains surprised overlooked referring upper valley western drained rivers tributaries north east drained tributaries tributary tributaries drain south east prominent rises east flows tributaries rivers south west sources flow trent river flows ecology supports heather blanket environments rough sheep pasture shooting main land uses limestone farmed mainly dairy usage improved sources recognise near type area intermediate characteristics woodland forms natural broad woodland found steep sided narrow deep reservoir margins coniferous plantations lead ancient mines form distinctive habitat white peak supporting range rare plants including known viola climate majority area excess feet sea level situated west country latitude degrees peak district experiences relatively high rainfall year compared rest england wales averaging inches dark peak tends receive rainfall year comparison higher altitude higher rainfall affect area temperature averages england wales 1970s regularly recorded days snowfall year number decreased markedly frost cover seen winter hills periods long continuous snow cover winters example snowfall mid december hills created snow patches lasted cases winter area passes snake pass closed lying snow month set collect data climate change area students investigated interaction people overall effect climate change discover net carbon sink source based fact areas britain significant global carbon store form human interaction terms direct erosion fire effects global warming major considered economy tourism major local employment park residents manufacturing industries important employed agriculture cement works hope largest single employer park tourism estimated provide time jobs time jobs seasonal jobs limestone important mineral mainly roads cement extracted cement hope worked housing lead mining longer economic extracted lead veins small scale blue john mining occurs springs exploited produce mineral water plantations managed timber manufacturing industries area varied include factory brake chapel electronic equipment approximately farms hectares acres area farms believed run time basis farmer second job history early history inhabited earliest periods human activity evidenced occasional finds flint artefacts evidence caves evidence activity including monumental earthworks burial hill bronze age area populated farmed evidence people survives low near ladies stone circle period number significant created roman occupation sparse romans certainly exploited rich mineral veins area lead area routes roman settlements including known recognition spring dedicated local goddess theories peak district include idea came anglo saxon tribe inhabited central northern parts area 6th century fell large kingdom mining medieval early modern times land mainly agricultural today sheep farming main activity holdings 16th century onwards mineral geological wealth peak increasingly significant lead coal copper iron silver mined describing journey peak wrote hills mines kinds black white mines copper mines great silver coal measures occur western eastern fringes evidence past workings found mining started medieval times productive 18th early 19th centuries cases continuing early 20th century earliest mining took place close miners eventually followed deeper underground beds beneath moss axe edge deep worked steam engines raised coal mines coal eastern mines lead coal western mines lime burning lead mining peaked 17th 18th centuries high concentrations lead found area dating period discovering suggesting lead occurred lead mining began decline mid-19th century major closing lead remains product mining mines deep underground bell pits cheap easy way getting ore lay close surface flat land shaft sunk ore enlarged extraction pit enlarged unsafe worked pit sunk adjacent existing called allegedly coming french describes colour scarce kilograms mined year ornamental use blue cave mining takes place nearby cliff industrial limestone manufacture ash started area early operation large scale limestone flourished lead mining declined remain important contentious industry peak large limestone operate peak near largest europe total limestone output substantial peak million tonnes introduction exported peak hundreds years early 14th century area traded wool number skilled hand area richard developed machinery produce quickly higher standard early mills narrow low height light construction powered water wheels containing small machines interior lighting daylight ceiling height type mills feet wide ideal location rivers humid atmosphere local pool labour quickly exhausted new mills brought children young london advance technology narrow valleys larger steam driven mill mills remained continued trade finishing niche products market town textile industry town economy linked closely spinning weaving tradition evolved developments textile manufacture industrial revolution world war headquarters largest textile world 1920s firm refloated easily available share capital victim product lines vulnerable new economic conditions resulted industry decline waterways streams provide numerous water driven mills built rivers purpose canals national park boundary tunnels narrow canal run underneath extreme north park waters dark peak fed waters white peak fed canal outside general area built bring lime dove holes construction industry canal terminated journey completed southeast disused ran served lead mines cotton mills sir richard large valley known designed 1840s completed february provided compensation water ensure continuous flow river essential local industry provided pure water manchester upper valley built mid 20th century onward supply drinking water development tourism area tourist destination centuries early tourist description area peak published poured seven wonders subsequent visitors including journalist described waste wilderness particularly near known visitor numbers increase significantly victorian era railway construction providing ease access growing cultural appreciation guides gem peak generated interest area unique geology long history spa town spring rises constant temperature initially developed romans settlement known spa goddess grove known husband earl took waters brought mary queen scots town largely grew importance late 18th century developed 5th duke style spa bath second resurgence century later attracted eminent drawn reputed healing properties waters railway reached notable buildings crescent modelled bath natural pump room opened designed highest opera house country theatrical architect designed london london great tradition public access outdoor recreation area formed natural rural escape populations industrial manchester sheffield remains valuable leisure resource largely post industrial economy survey visitors respondents mentioned scenery landscape reason visiting modern history landmark campaign national parks open access britain time open closed strongly identified game keeping interests landed gentry days year united_kingdom national park april long distance united_kingdom way opened starts head inn northern gained notoriety 1960s burial site children murdered transport history roads peak constructed romans followed existing tracks roman network thought linked settlements forts extended manchester near derby parts modern roads south believed run roman roads routes crossed peak medieval era paved believed date period highways marked map published bridge building improved transport network surviving early example arched bridge dates adjacent toll shelter introduction roads toll roads reduced journey times journey sheffield manchester took hours prompting remark onwards roads increased length improved quality example snake pass forms built direction refers crest duke opened carrying coal lead iron ore canal years improved roads saw competition new railways work railway peak commencing high peak railway canal high peak junction bridge industrial railway passenger services soon followed including sheffield manchester manchester junction railway regarded railways improvement railroad valley rocks away thousands tons lovely stream valley gone gods fool half hour fool second half 20th century swung road transport largely abandoned rail lines passing peak closed 1960s axe line closed parts trans trail stretch known specifically trail manchester closed forms trail high peak railway completely shut open public disused rail line forms trail road network main roads snake pass sheffield manchester pass manchester derby manchester cat road extreme north park running manchester manchester leeds forms northernmost border national park major roads minor roads lanes area attractive drivers peak popularity makes road congestion availability parking spaces significant problem especially summer led proposal congestion charge later rejected public transport readily accessible public transport reaches central areas train services area sheffield manchester derby manchester linking towns manchester coach long distance bus services provide access derby nottingham manchester regular buses nearby towns sheffield nearest airport manchester rural area smaller villages peak relatively served internal transport links operating main towns small villages hope valley trains serve local stations including hope announced october investing million spent build improve cycle routes use leisure hoped investment help reduce traffic congestion environmental pollution giving visitors viable alternative travelling national park car activities provides opportunities types outdoor activity extensive network public numerous long distance trails miles total large open access areas available hiking way traverses dark peak park northern boundary south commonly mountain horse riders long distance trails trail high peak trail use railway lines horse riders local authorities run cycle hire centres upper valley wheelchair access possible places railway trails cycle hire centres offer vehicles adapted wheelchair users programme accessible replacing climbing gates recognised finest rock climbing sites world rock climbing climbed limestone discovered unstable provides testing climbs example cave explored early 1950s limestone routes listed ranging grade severe claimed publication routes beneath ground enjoys natural caves old workings found limestone peak largest important cave system linked system significant pot old workings extensions natural cave systems systems found area large example centres water sports including sailing fishing activities include air sports hang fell running visitor attractions towns villages small towns fringes park offer range tourist amenities north village sits foot highest summit area largest settlement arched bridge dates 13th century spa town developed health resort 18th century outside national park boundary popular attraction area opera house theatre museum art gallery spa town victorian era picturesque village overshadowed caves peak cliff centre production unique semi precious mineral caves mines include heights reached cable car small village known self imposed historic buildings historic buildings include seat britain finest homes medieval seat built powerful manor house transformed peak villages towns fine parish churches particularly magnificent example 14th century church john baptist dubbed cathedral peak grave seen churchyard historic castles include associated museums attractions includes tours insight peak industrial heritage preserved steam railway canal chart area transport history life lens museum photography old times presents history photography attractions fringes national park include theme parks kingdom local customs events dressing ceremonies held villages spring summer months tradition said date pagan times local customs include annual played annually 12th century hosts opera festivals festival festival fringe peak literary festival held locations twice year local cuisine food include different nationally available famous cheese local produced village conservation issues proximity peak major estimated million people live hour drive poses unique challenges managing area landowners attempt balance keeping landscape accessible visitors recreation whilst protecting intensive farming erosion pressure visitors inevitable tension exists needs residents millions people visit annually conservation requirements area uneven distribution visitors creates stresses receives estimated million visitors annually highly visited areas include upper valley visits concentrated period september sunday busiest day erosion number users popular walking areas contributed erosion problems particularly fragile recent use paths mountain believed exacerbated existing problem measures taken contain damage included permanent diversion official route way goes jacob ladder following expensive natural stone paving large scale limestone particular area contention mineral extraction issued national government years 1950s remain legally binding policy considering new licence renewal applications area national park terms local national need mineral source conjunction effects traffic local residents environment renewed example quarry hill forced close landscaping ongoing proposals dating open dormant seen test case contested ecological protesters local residents grounds development threaten nearby remains particular ladies stone circle natural landscape locally negotiations ongoing shift development nearby view quarry sensitive area literature arts landscapes peak formed inspiration writers centuries places identified locations 14th century poem sir church example thought key scenes novel pride prejudice set peak sir historical novel set castle reign charles_ii frequent visitor peak inspired poems including village novel based stayed hall inspired nearby novel believed based uncle managed mill featured author visit uncle cloth patterns pattern sample book dress characters tale based pattern number children author born known novel traveller time set recounts free mary queen scots imprisonment set books specific locations peak example set recently novel year wonders blends fact fiction tell story plague village inspired children novelist set works peak including based drowning villages inspired blue john works crime horror set peak sir recounts terrible events mines investigates kidnapping child region adventure school horror stories local author feature peak settings recently written series crime novels set real imagined peak locations inspector mystery set fictional writers poets lived visited peak include lord landscapes historic houses peak popular settings film television classic film dam filmed upper valley practice flights bombing raids dams second world war recent adaptations featured stood doubled hall different adaptations appeared films including elizabeth princess bride girl long running television medical drama set fictional village peak district filmed peak locations
Peak District