pleistocene depression formed collapse volcano province argentina considered southernmost volcanic centre pleistocene activity systems active plate beneath south_america plate responsible activity western belt volcanic arc ceased million years ago started region forming high later number lava formed source medium sized deposit comparable volume cubic kilometres erupted million years ago dimensions kilometres formed eruption later generated lava debris flow lake area ongoing activity geography structure located argentina province means crown highest stemming explosive activity world known extends countries chile argentina includes systems smaller centres world highest volcano zone includes volcanic complex farther south southernmost volcano pleistocene activity volcano south southern latitude diameter kilometres elevation metres adjacent volcanic centres metres metres metres considered volcanic complex highest earth centres surround lava walls metres high uniform called rich forms bulk walls lie lava extend northwest southeast eastern group western overall heights metres basal apron kilometre width material water filled metres northern signs alteration probably pre complex modified processes formation considered remnants older reddish colours satellite images total volume cubic kilometres heavily altered lava dome centre lies metres deep metres high lake measures kilometre lake probably generated deposits lie floor water temperatures obtained satellite measurements suggest activity lake fed geology plate beneath south_america plate speed centimetres year area results kilometres east trench formed different chile argentina different volcanic arcs kilometres west lies started involved phases activity including volcano activity ceased eruption south flat slab region associated lack volcanic activity farther south suggested book subdivided systems peru chile basis orientation northwest southeast versus north south paper suggested instead subdivision different groups local found crust kilometres thick volcanic regions earth studies indicate trends crust increased contribution thereof latitude northern borders attached south_america different latitude plate beneath south_america plate abruptly south forms limit active inactive flat slab region farther south inactivity occurs flat slab removes wedge volcanic system active includes volcanic centre formed region subsequently slab prevented east south volcanic trend considers northeast southwest trend trend related lower crust centres located domains different domain low higher basement formation older lava influenced buried faults supply systems older composition data suggest forms relatively constrained depths kilometres shallow slab focus seismic activity found composition formed potassium rich poor forming individual centimetres typical contains crystals minor amounts iron lava uniform compositions richer lava dome rocks lie older higher lower content younger post strongly altered rocks rich high high high rare earth element patterns similar late belt rocks contrast early rocks changes occurred time arc migrated eastward terminating activity element arc like signatures rocks contain considerably volcanic rocks composition lava suggests formed left forming eruption pre lava generated directly common chamber indirectly secondary chambers lead consistent volcano having formed edge area granite age probably formed high pressure derived crust directly indirectly dragged fragments modified contamination slab containing contributed basis rocks dragged slab increasingly important component erupted eventually chamber disconnected mantle lower crust contains sizes centimetres formed crystals enclosed crystals contain secondary crystals dominant component climate vegetation high altitude location alpine climate low temperatures low oxygen high winds predominantly summer precipitation weather stations climate data available farther south average precipitation millimetres temperatures river originates vegetation varies depending water supply altitude site upper altitude limit metres beneath vegetation takes form grasses metres include areas genera like like occasionally form dense patches history activity commenced shortly end belt occurred later occurred south region appear associated volcanic complex rocks form pulse specific ages flows region include later formed lava youngest pre dome old lava formed non explosive covers surface area square kilometres extending distance kilometres appears eastward heading river valley southern possibly range metres ash rich surge deposit thickness centimetres displays banding features away football sized mixed fine ash rocks farther away source indicate probably formed mixing total volume cubic kilometres ages found ago high crystal low content dense rock equivalent volume cubic kilometres volume comparable probably formed low height eruption high eruption column forming base surge flows later change lava dome forming triggered injection chamber likely changes context eruption like collapse formed later debris flow named known occurred valley south rich derived debris flow ranges metres thickness kilometres south metres farther south total volume cubic kilometres debris flow different composition main contains red brown massive composition likely debris flow deposit probably influenced glacial crater lake water wind driven effects generated ridges dates available post lava probably arose ascending forming seeing found inside elevated temperatures lake suggest activity occurs beneath
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