root roots reconstructed language pie basic parts words carry meaning called pie roots usually verbal meaning like eat run roots occur language complete words like formed adding root word formation typically root plus forms stem adding ending forms word formula example carries split root carry aspect ending present tense person singular missing interpreted zero words zero termed root root basic structure nasal present tense marker sort prefix number functions finite verbal including zero convey information tense aspect categories clearly distinguished present universally recognised aspects remain controversial moods formed results forms consecutive carry present tense marker second marker mark present perfect verbal endings convey information person number voice mood set endings usually derive roots stems means morphology examples hold roots translated example mean foot depending grade ending like lamb star derive verbal roots case meaning given stem composed root plus leaves ending conveys case number derived usually verbal roots example produced root produce endings verbal like formed clear reconstructed daughter languages actually express pie verbal formed active perfect shape root base form pie root consists single preceded followed cases root fully characterized alternate accordance word root appear long different contexts process called linguistic works stand grades appear include roots existence distinct disputed european grade flanked sides preceding onset following ones coda onset coda contain root begin end consequently simplest roots onset coda consisting simple roots common examples carry run eat sharp sit roots complex onset coda consisting cluster multiple include breathe red straight freeze flow sleep maximum number early pie scholars reconstructed number roots beginning ending type long grow restriction hold initial roots eat drive smell theory explain behaviour following resulting long preceding resulting short obey mentioned rules hierarchy onset coda root contains cluster cluster ordered according constitutes peak progressively rise onset progressively fall coda pie roots distinguish main classes arranged high low non denoted collectively denoted collectively denoted collectively include voiced denoted collectively denoted collectively following rules apply closer main higher away onset follow order reverse coda giving root shape roots different order like allowed member class appear onset coda roots like allowed strangely occur coda small clusters slot onset coda consist multiple member appear cluster cluster contain multiple rules ordering cluster somewhat different fit general hierarchy appear observe stand spread valid roots automatically preceded onset appear examples grab fly roots unusual phenomenon called mobile occurs descendants include forms lack appear particular pattern forms occur language restrictions pie general cross linguistic occurrence similar word root particular examples known roots containing plain voiced examples roots etc reconstructed rare exception voiced relatively commonly occurred fly burn particular roots voiced twice common expected occur chance additional prohibited roots containing voiced occurs word initial cluster taken abundance roots proposed distribution results limited process voice pre pie stop voiced followed preceded root exceptions roots reconstructed example grow roots seen zero grades forms like follow rules roots like duck appear follow rules incomplete understanding pie wrong example existed pie european words usually traced clusters sequences dental plus etc role pie unknown roots like apparently violate rules common meaning meaning reconstructed root conventionally terms root verbal root synonymous pie grammar apart limited number called root pie roots overwhelmingly participate verbal established morphological mechanisms meanings directly shifts led meanings attested daughter languages derived verbal roots roots exist primary verbal apart aforementioned root important called roots meaning roots generally formed thematic stems included red white deep heavy verbal roots inherently present form root aspect endings attached directly root thematic aspect needed called characterised stem detailed characterised stems different different descendants suggests exist pie proper creation new roots roots occasionally created pie early descendants variety methods observed root extensions root extensions additions sounds end root extensions change meaning root lead variant root forms different descendants source function extensions known push hit thrust reconstruct ancient greek hammer english goes pie beats root contains zero grade ambiguous placed speakers occasionally analysed roots wrong way led roots created existing ones position example pair roots meaning increase gothic gothic latin lithuanian example concerns root sky ancient greek latin sanskrit latin old prussian sanskrit
Proto-Indo-European root