legal history united_states legal history united_states relates regulation legal term marijuana use medical recreational industrial purposes united_states increased restrictions labeling poison began states onward outright began 1920s mid-1930s marijuana regulated drug state including states adopted national regulation tax act multiple efforts act failed ruled united_states federal government right regulate medical purposes early history decree king james ordered grow plants specifically export fiber england colony america began grow order meet obligation soon serve growing demand colonies george_washington grew primary crops use rope fabric 18th 19th centuries united_states medicinal preparations available american 1850s following introduction use western medicine decade earlier time efforts regulate sale began laws introduced state state basis created penalties drugs undisclosed improper sale considered poison laws generally required labels packaging indicating harmful effects drugs prohibited sale outside licensed doctor required labeling required word poison drug issued regulations sale minors restrictions laws specifically drugs came effect regulations didn leaving matter medical experts generally included references category preparations preparations bulletin lists states laws mentioning listed sale laws specifically mention north_carolina ohio wisconsin louisiana vermont maine montana district_of_columbia required sale wisconsin louisiana sale poison laws specify restricted drugs including indiana rhode_island hawaii nebraska kentucky mississippi new_york states consider poison required labeled new_york original law passed following string allegedly involving substances later categorized draft bill act regulate sale prohibited sale substances written order physician final bill passed allowed sale long purpose issued address buyer recorded addition packaging substances sold label poison red letters section substances repealed act required labeled states poison laws excluded nonetheless attempts include bill introduced california state legislature titled act regulate sale prohibited sell away preparations prepared drugs doctor licensed store bill withdrawn favor specifically aimed bills including based drugs introduced background later restrictions early recreational listed fashionable 1880s oriental style alongside point found major city east coast estimated establishments new_york_city article attributed describes house new_york frequented large including males females better classes talks boston philadelphia chicago cigarettes reported mexican soldiers early 1900s strengthening poison laws passed united_states congress required certain special drugs including accurately labeled contents previously drugs sold patent secret ingredients misleading labels passage regulations continued criticisms availability wave legislation aimed strengthen requirements sale remove commonly referred poison laws new revisions aimed restrict including limit sale require doctor instance district_of_columbia act regulate practice sale district_of_columbia purposes act updated act remains effect today creating legal federal sentencing act framework non drugs foods set standards enforcing agency goods found violation law subject seizure destruction expense manufacturer combined legal requirement convictions published notices judgment proved important tools enforcement statute effect marijuana remains law defined dangerous drug regulation followed massachusetts new_york maine new_york reform legislation began towns act targeted habit forming drugs restricted sale prohibited order prevent prohibited sale people habit prohibited doctors selling shortly amendments passed including adding list habit forming drugs new_york_times article noted amendment inclusion drugs sold common sense hardly numerous count likely increase harder obtain west state include poison california poison act passed amended act stats possession extracts preparations preparations compounds evidence law intended restrict instead legislative mistake revision placed restriction states followed marijuana laws including wyoming texas iowa nevada oregon washington arkansas nebraska louisiana colorado source tensions western southwestern states influx following mexican revolution smoked marijuana relax working fields seen cheaper alternative alcohol prohibition went effect nationally later 1920s negative tensions grew small farms large farms cheaper mexican labor shortly great depression came increased tensions jobs resources scarce passage initial laws described product racism use near eastern immigrants cited laws legislation passed country mexico passed prohibition following united_states supported regulation indian known convention banned indian preparations derived countries prohibited use required countries issue certificates approving stating shipment required exclusively medical scientific purposes convention ban trade fibers similar products european traditionally grown united_states according edition swedish encyclopedia european grown fibers lacks content characterizes indian act uniform state act tentative draft fifth final version result work argued traffic drugs regulation states committee took consideration fact federal government passed harrison act people assumed harrison act necessary harrison act revenue producing act provided penalties violation states authority exercise police power regard seizure drugs illicit trade regard punishment responsible act recommended states purpose result encouraged state governments adopt act middle 1930s member states regulation use drugs came increasing scrutiny formation headed government broader push outlaw recreational drugs present administration took office countries ratified geneva limitation convention united_states privilege president day treaty effective jurisdiction united_states nations registered ratification limitation treaty states adopted uniform state statute witnessed ratification treaty thirty additional nations witness adoption uniform drug act thirty states placing interstate accord abreast international accord honor legislative bodies states promotion welfare people peoples lands claimed caused people commit violent crimes act overly sexual produced propaganda films promoting views commented press views marijuana geneva trafficking conventions convention suppression illicit traffic dangerous drugs trafficking convention concluded geneva led attempted include activities treaty cultivation production manufacture distribution related use derivatives non medical non scientific purposes countries opposed focus remained illicit trafficking article convention called countries use national criminal law systems severely punish particularly imprisonment penalties liberty acts directly related drug trafficking refused sign final version considered convention weak especially relation trafficking profits tax act opposed act tax imposed physicians retail selling medical cultivation manufacturing instead tax act proposed added harrison tax act approach legislators feared adding new substance harrison act subject act new legal scrutiny federal government authority 10th amendment regulate power reserved individual states tax viable way marijuana philippines fell japanese forces urged farmers grow fiber tax stamps cultivation issued farmers change tax act acres cultivated commercial fields planted wisconsin new_york mayor strong opponent tax act started contradicted earlier reports addiction madness overt sexuality decision united_states congress pass tax act based poorly attended hearings reports based questionable studies noticed increase reports people smoking marijuana increased bureau drafted legislative plan congress seeking new law head ran campaign marijuana newspaper empire newspapers yellow journalism pioneered plant spread public perception connections violent crime scholars argue goal destroy industry largely effort family argue invention cheap substitute wood pulp newspaper industry newspapers owed large debts canadian suppliers paper wood raw material alternative raw material paper emerged lowered price paper needed print newspapers positive thing secretary treasury wealthiest man america invested heavily new synthetic fiber considered success depend replacing traditional resource company industrial historians dispute link argue reason developing produce fiber compete silk example thin women silk expensive imported largely japan money substitute silk focused early thin women commercial product revolution strong water resistant possible thin fibers cheap raw materials sales new_york created line middle class women years come demand greater produce big success chief scientists created paper bulletin stated paper woody inner portion stem broken pieces called favorable comparison pulp wood findings repeated later book confirmed paper production experts consistency long fibers low commercial numerous machines devised breaking fibers found fully satisfactory actual commercial work produce fiber labor intensive process include harvest transport processing technological developments decreased labor sufficient eliminate disadvantage effects active substance strains normally minimal compared recreational strains 1930s fully identified methods predicting effect different samples gave confusing results mandatory sentencing mandatory sentencing increased punishment enacted united_states congress passed act acts time possession offense minimum years fine united states congress repealed mandatory penalties offenses controlled substances act united_states decision supreme_court held marijuana tax act unconstitutional violated fifth amendment privilege self response congress passed controlled substances act title comprehensive drug abuse prevention control act repealed marijuana tax act reorganization treasury subsidiary welfare subsidiary merged create dangerous drugs subsidiary president richard_nixon reorganization plan number proposed creation single federal agency enforce federal drug laws congress accepted proposal concern growing availability drugs result july dangerous drugs merged create december supreme_court ruled cruel unusual ohio sentence years having selling drug abuse january california study economic impact law use went effect law reduced penalty personal possession marijuana maximum fine possession making maximum fine months jail law went effect state annual spending marijuana laws went prior law state spending million million mandatory sentencing strikes reagan administration sentencing reform act provisions created established mandatory sentencing guidelines reinstated mandatory prison sentences including large scale distribution later amendment created strikes law created mandatory years imprisonment repeated crimes including certain drug allowed death penalty drug united_states california voters passed proposition medical created provide seriously ill patients safe reliable source medical information patient support accordance proposition january sued violating federal laws created result controlled substances act ruled united_states federal anti drug laws permit exception medical rejected common law medical necessity defense crimes enacted controlled substances act congress concluded currently accepted medical use act passed decision ruled individuals businesses accordance state approved medical programs possessing distributing medical persons businesses violating federal marijuana laws federal law prosecuted united states constitution grants federal government jurisdiction prosecute marijuana offenses defendants violation respondents criminal defendants argued question grown transported consumed entirely state california compliance california medical laws defendants activity interstate commerce defendants argued activity regulated eventually prosecuted federal government disagreed finding grown california medical purposes indistinguishable illicit marijuana medical market contributes interstate illicit marijuana market commerce clause applies california citizens medical compliance state law individuals businesses prosecuted federal authorities violating federal law combat state approved medical legislation routinely targets arrests medical patients seizing medical business assets medical obama administration indicated practice potentially curtailed efforts 1970s medical use sued federal government arresting treat judge ruled needed medical purposes required set program grow farm distribute cigarettes month discontinued program tried hiv aids patients eligible program thirteen people enrolled allowed continue receiving cigarettes today government ships cigarettes people eligible receive program treat rare bone urged administration reopen program unsuccessful alaska colorado washington oregon district_of_columbia states possession legal citing dangers marijuana lack clinical research supporting medicinal value march issued white paper recommending halt marijuana medicine states declared legal advocacy advocate groups seek modify drug policy united_states groups include drug policy alliance americans safe access june economist including nobel prize winner called open letter president united_states congress governors united_states open letter contained budgetary implications marijuana prohibition united_states report view report recommended connecticut reduce possession adults aged years civil fine driving privileges maybe suspended days new_mexico state commissioned stated result greater availability resources respond crimes increased risks public safety november oakland california passed makes adult recreational marijuana use cultivation sales lowest city law enforcement priority texas congressman presidential candidate stated rally response question medical patient use federal government force law anybody marijuana based collective perspective new_york_times commenced series examining july titled high time editorial series introductory article concludes statement recognize congress unlikely action marijuana big issues long past time repeal version prohibition non medical use united states congress repealed mandatory penalties offenses comprehensive drug abuse prevention control act separated illicit removed mandatory sentences possession small amounts president richard_nixon commissioned comprehensive study commission found prohibition suspect executive legislative branches responsibility obey constitution absence court ruling richard_nixon administration implement study recommendations oregon laws changed reduced penalties possession legally defined violation crime considered lesser offence fine months jail time jurisdictions paid means community service possession multiple containers weight possession add additional crime intent sell cases people marijuana caught scene drug bust charged exist sale cultivation proximity schools colorado alaska ohio california followed suit mississippi north_carolina new_york nebraska form nevada reduced possession offense adults age older restrictions starting 1970s multiple states counties cities non medical purposes states counties cities partially november oakland passed place fully allow licensing regulation sales california law amended allow massachusetts passed voter initiative simple possession marijuana instead making civil fine criminal penalties cultivation distribution remain place june connecticut possession small amounts marijuana november passed initiative recreational use colorado governor signed bills colorado world fully regulated recreational market adults explained media certainly industry create jobs good brand state air voters passed amendment clear majority going implement effectively possibly independent analysis found state expect million total combined savings additional revenue colorado budget potential number double september adopted final regulations recreational marijuana establishments implementing colorado retail september adopted ordinance retail marijuana establishments stores officially opened january state prepared influx tourists extra police officers posted denver safety fears led officials seeking limit use drug popular ski resorts state level state decision held alaska constitution right privacy protects adult ability use possess small marijuana home personal use state federal court announce constitutional privacy right protects level marijuana use possession efforts recreational marijuana attempted ballot measure including november colorado washington states sale possession recreational use marijuana tax act passed regulated marijuana way similar alcohol allowing possession adults ages older provisions similar drunk driving unlike initiative amendment allows personal cultivation plants provide commercial cultivation sales subject regulation taxes remains seen conflicts laws federal law resolved city portland maine possession marijuana november making city east coast citizens voted law favor law allow sale marijuana city police intend enforce state law possession civil offense medical marijuana legal supporters marijuana believe said political director think national implications keeping momentum washington colorado started november ending marijuana prohibition hopes vote push statewide years day voters cities michigan voted approved similar measures possession transfer marijuana votes favor respectively similar portland state law medical marijuana legal likely enforced indicated governor statement city charter provision shall conflict provisions general law state november states alaska oregon initiative recreational usage marijuana laws similar colorado washington rider bill prevented making additional changes marijuana laws fiscal year allowing home use cultivation commercial sales november states enacted medical marijuana laws removed jail time possession small amounts marijuana possession distribution sale marijuana outright factors led change include increased support medical community viable regulatory systems modeled alcohol regulation potential state financial gains decreased criminal justice costs increased tax revenues outright use marijuana occurred states union view movements states possible states long territorial level november guam territory medical use december passed bill possession puerto_rico medical executive order governor indian reservation level december allowed recognized regulate laws reservation laws reservations allowed different state federal laws state territories federal government intervene long reservations regulate strict control marijuana domestic nations nation rejected approval allow marijuana reservation voted recreational territory federal reform efforts february colorado representative introduced ending federal marijuana prohibition act congress bill marijuana federal level instead treating substance regulated similar manner alcohol act approved congress marijuana laws act april introduced respect state marijuana laws representing major political parties joined approach drug policy reformation passed house_of_representatives approval senate welfare act bill prevent use welfare credit cards purchase marijuana states bill approved house september regulate marijuana like february national level acts proposed congress colorado act march senators proposed new medical marijuana bill patients veterans access medical marijuana act marijuana schedule schedule drug recognize accepted medical use amend federal law allow states set medical marijuana policies bill permit doctors veterans medical marijuana treat injuries chronic conditions legislation medical marijuana states respect states set medical marijuana programs prevents federal law enforcement patients doctors states november introduced bill senate read twice referred intentions bill limit application federal laws distribution consumption marijuana purposes drug courts drug courts started spread drug courts operation planned developed offer offenders charged crimes influence possession controlled substance drug offenders charged non drug related crime option entering drug court system instead conventional criminal court possibility serving jail sentence advantage program offenders guilty charge agree treatment regular drug screenings regular reporting drug court judge minimum year pay heavy fines monthly drug court fees drug court systems areas utilize color code system assigned designated color selected daily drug court drug screening offenders color code office morning color selected screening fail comply requirements removed drug court incarcerated judge discretion complete drug court program charges brought dropped reduced
Legal history of cannabis in the United States