pronunciation female 12th 13th centuries active approximately word 13th century romance comes word literal meaning find technical meaning compose word rarely medieval occur lyrical poetry biographies composed wrote verses performed noble courts exceptional musical history known female composers western secular music earlier known female composers wrote sacred music society opposed lower class counterparts came humble origins son castle baker born important position medieval society 13th century women court expected able sing play instruments write debate dialogue form poem cultivation skills led writings arisen power women held southern france 12th 13th centuries women far control land ownership society far accepting women societies time men away left women administrative responsibility power society feminist fin women time aspects lives behavior difficulty labeling professionals distinction roles complicated medieval era professionals generally lower class time professionals devote craft lower class professional composers far respected wrote fin love women generally subject writings group poets women definition tightly context female suppression tension suppression women present poetry similar themes poetry major source discussion modern commentators poetry pertaining love tended offer conception subject poetry male counterparts flourished style writing intended closely emulate grounded vision relationships wrote song debate poem genres wrote political poems lament love letter form dawn songs dance songs judging survives today wrote songs unlike counterparts furthermore keeping tradition closely linked action singing action loving demonstrates poem fin don stating fin plus translated happiness brings pure joy makes sing number works attributed estimated thirty songs ranges number reasons exact number known love tradition common poems written exchange letters debate originally written poet originally actual exchange later gathered manuscript men man woman modern editors attribute solely man originated exchange attribute man woman involved long history solely men evidence points contrary poetry highly stylized difficult determine poet speaking woman actually woman man speaking woman adds difficulty especially anonymous writers debate poems represent genuine feminine voices worked highly conventions suggests spoke voice voices manipulating strict lyric able create female voice notable instance clear given woman given subject poem woman maria poem maria expresses love maria traditional fin style terms physical longing admiration poem clearly marked woman assumed man controversy surrounds works romans scholars suggested expresses lesbian desire typically speak woman fact lyrical dialogue takes place exclusively woman extreme rarity list works anonymous attributed romans maria extant maria
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