byzantine ottoman wars byzantine ottoman wars series decisive conflicts ottoman turks byzantines led final destruction byzantine_empire rise ottoman_empire byzantine capital constantinople sacked occupied important moment west byzantine_empire weakened left divided chaos taking advantage situation began seizing territory able remaining territories roman rule eventually constantinople taken position byzantine_empire european continent remained uncertain presence rival kingdoms combined reduced power byzantium chief rival asia led removal troops asia minor maintain byzantium grip weakening means blessing empire nobles known began setting expense byzantine_empire turkish participated conquest byzantine territory territories control named posed greatest threat constantinople felt assured position declare sultan territories known ottoman_empire years establishment ottoman ceased exist lost ottomans mighty byzantine_empire collection islands strip land immediate vicinity capital crusade invasion final crusade allowed ruined constantinople defeat conclusion war ottoman supremacy established eastern mediterranean rise ottomans following michael viii constantinople byzantine_empire left grave position plenty talk latin states greek mainland regions constantinople whilst north main threat came serbian expansion balkans king strong frontier dynasty danube river threatened constantinople solve problems began consolidating rule younger emperor blinded resulted resentment counter byzantine emperor installed new patriarch constantinople iii ordering lift placed patriarch submit authority rome order alleviate latin threat byzantine_empire continued conquest latin territory turks began raids taken respectively unable deal early setbacks need transfer troops west died son took power death old byzantine emperor came relief society large policy latin church rome heavy taxation military expenditure placed severe burden people ottoman turks began taking land empire seen soon converted islam byzantine orthodox power base rule marked incompetence short sighted decisions long run ruin byzantine_empire repair began byzantine resulting reduction value byzantine economy taxes decreased powerful landed aristocracy instead placed knight class rule union orthodox catholic churches decreed increasing hostilities byzantines took deep interest preserving lands byzantium ordered construction forts vigorous training army byzantine emperor ordered court moved oversee campaigns instructed general push turks early successes rendered useless staged unsuccessful coup leading end campaigns allowed ottomans lay siege defeat son byzantine general occurred despite tried strike decisive blow turks time hiring mercenaries guidance leadership strong spring summer drive turks mercenaries expensive services drove philadelphia brought great destruction landscape gains thwarted internal matters assassinated revenge company began countryside finally left attack locals welcomed ottomans began blockading key fortresses ottomans able implement military success numerous divisions opponents peasant classes saw ottomans better master defeats position send troops grandson following death father emperor son heir apparent following year marching constantinople given kept pressing inheritance emperor culminated byzantine civil war serbia backed backed grandson eventually iii emerged triumphant consolidated hold byzantium ottomans succeeded taking byzantines byzantium counter iii reign marked byzantium genuine promising attempt restoring glory rome byzantine troops sent meet ottoman forces blockading effect laying siege byzantine counter attacks coupled scale defenses frustrated ottomans attempts taking cities fate sealed byzantine relief army defeated june surrendered resulting massive blow considering capital empire years prior byzantines military power depleted forced diplomacy grandfather return safety remaining byzantine settlements tribute paid ottomans unfortunately byzantine_empire stop ottomans laying siege city finally fell despite setbacks iii able score successes opponents greece byzantines captured secured nonetheless isolated islands isolated exceptions general trend increasing ottoman conquests furthermore islands ottoman domain capture demonstrates potential byzantines time byzantine military ability weakened serbian expansions recent acquisitions finally devastating civil war byzantine_empire vassal ottomans balkan invasion civil war iii died leaving year old son john rule regency set young emperor mother patriarch rivalries led destructive civil war emerged triumphant constantinople february time plague earthquakes ottoman raiding continued philadelphia remained byzantine hands payment tribute civil war byzantines sides employed turks serbs mercenaries leaving macedonia ruin hands newly created following victory ruled emperor dual rule eventually failed waged new civil war diminishing left byzantium integrity eyes troublesome neighbors emerged triumphant replaced exiled son junior emperor turks son came play capturing fort gallipoli gaining access european mainland arrival seemingly ottoman soldiers surrounding constantinople caused panic constantinople capitalized assistance staged coup ousted november result later monk civil war end obtained troops began bid taking constantinople capture ended dreams emperor came defeat ottomans favored overthrow end civil conflict came small fighting expanding ottomans byzantines fell turks successor concerned positions like turks left taking byzantine territory falling major campaigning ottomans byzantine_empire position launch decent counter attack defence lands ottomans powerful crushed army september battle leading end serbian power ottomans conquer constantinople attempt defeat appealed pope support offering submission rome return military support despite publicly john received help john forced turn reason enemies ottomans john came agreement byzantium provide regular tribute troops money exchange security byzantine civil war ottomans essentially won war byzantium reduced settlements constantinople forced recognize vassal status ottoman sultan continued whilst constantinople surrounding christian powers threat ottomans asia minor complete ottoman control ottomans continued thrust balkans proving great europe captured taken following year smaller states including serbs serbian resistance crushed battle bulgaria taken bulgarian independence wiped fell ottoman advances balkans aided byzantine civil conflict time john eldest son ottoman aid john able blind son john vii september escaped son secured aid promising higher tribute john civil strife continued late september potential conflict continued john eventually son second son heir apparent seized ottoman sultan parts greece ottoman rule death capitulation encouraged seek forgiveness sultan increasingly close relationship john angered john vii saw right heir threatened john vii launched coup john despite ottoman aid reign lasted mere months toppled father whilst civil war raging turks took opportunity seize philadelphia marking end byzantine rule city far imperial rule city long nominal imperial rule fall little strategic consequence byzantines emperor suffer humiliation accompanying sultan campaign following john death able secure throne establish good relations sultan vassal return ottoman acceptance reign forced fortifications golden gate lightly resumption hostilities relations byzantines ottomans changed worse war resumed ottoman sultan ruled ordered execution emperor attempted reconcile nephew ottoman sultan later changed decision demanded mosque turkish colony established constantinople refused refused pay sultan tribute went far ignore sultan messages leading siege city called crusade came future holy roman emperor crusade crushed defeat convinced escape city travel western_europe aid time reconciled led city successful defence ottomans siege finally broken led army network loyal ottoman sultan battle forces routed forces shocking defeat prepared aftermath ottoman turks began fighting led sons byzantines wasted time exploiting situation signed peace treaty christian neighbours sons signing treaty able recover ottoman civil war ended support byzantine_empire defeated opponents rare established states death rise coupled ascent byzantine throne led deteriorated change relations leader content status quo rebellion ottoman_empire certain released byzantines claimed lost son despite odds sizable force mustered europe banner defeating subordinates furious reply eventually smashed began siege constantinople turned aging father advice result rebellion ottoman ranks time supporting brother claim seemingly promising rebellion origins coming siege failed assault constantinople forced turn army defeat defeats byzantines forced coins silver delivered sultan tribute annual basis ottoman victory ottomans faced numerous opponents tied siege ottomans contend serbs hungarians resistance culminated crusade despite local support deception peace treaty revoked hungarians defeated change byzantine ottoman respectively died succeeded whilst constantine succeeded successful conquests territory alarmed region soldiers sent gains threatened rebel certain conditions met sultan status quo responded threats building fortifications closed constantinople outside naval assistance ottomans controlled land constantinople began assault city april despite union catholic orthodox churches byzantines received official aid pope western_europe exception soldiers venice genoa england france concluding stages years war french wish lose advantage fight sending knights english position spain final stages centralized unite exhausted spared fighting german princes wars seriously reduced willingness perform crusade poland hungary key participants defeat polish wars kept busy unwilling commitments major european powers italian city states genoa venice enemies ottomans considered sending fleet attack fortifications guarding dardanelles relieving city force small arrived late ottomans military assistance provided city large powerful case mercenaries italian arrived assist defence city city entire defence fell mercenaries militia soldiers raised city population seriously eroded heavy taxation plague civil conflict poorly trained defenders armed weapons cannons match ottoman artillery city fall result ottoman artillery naval supremacy italian ships able aid escape city fall came combined weight overwhelming odds stacked city outnumbered defenders overcome sheer attrition skill ottomans continued seemingly unsuccessful costly assaults camp began doubt success siege history shown city invincible ottoman siege memories altered status quo long minds minds hopeful defenders effort raise morale sultan speech reminding troops vast wealth city come assault captured city ottomans sack city naval discipline began collapse escaped vessels city including venetian surgeon present siege wrote siege ottomans went fall came end dynasty continued recognized rightful emperors constantinople crowned heads europe 16th century reformation ottoman threat europe decreased interest forced european powers recognize ottoman_empire masters levant causes byzantine defeat latin intervention latin presence balkans seriously undermined byzantines ability coordinate efforts exemplified attempts drive greece led abandonment borders allowed turks raid settle byzantine lands campaigns obtained military success constantly thwarted events west empire event byzantines forced choose papal latin threat attack unpopular union exploited numerous rival cause coup byzantine emperor nonetheless mid- century byzantines began receive nominal aid west little sympathy fellow christian power fighting muslim power despite byzantines received help rome sultan egypt 13th century determined powers remove christian influence middle_east raiding cyprus change 14th 15th centuries byzantine weakness following fourth crusade byzantines left unstable position capture constantinople subsequent campaigning come good time weakening resulted breaking away autonomous states founded weakening power gave temporary free hand small respite capitalized order implement greek conquests forced levy crushing taxes order pay expensive army modeled army led peasant support turks system resulted fewer taxes initially death byzantines suffered constant civil strife early ottomans suffered civil conflict occurred later 15th century time byzantines weak territory contrast civil strife byzantium occurring time ottomans crossing europe devastated gallipoli surrounding city sealing fate vassal attempts break byzantines found matched mercy latin assistance despite ultimately amounted ottoman strengths ottomans great diplomatic skill ability raise vast numbers troops initially raiding gave great support turks near small domain time turks began settle land poorly defended byzantines able exploit hardships peasant classes recruiting aid assist ottomans raided eventually cities cut outside surrendered ottomans soon mastered art siege warfare ottomans skill dealing opponents powerful quickly opponents destroy exhausted process tribute conquered states form children money effective forcing conquest coupled entire region composed states serbia latin states soon fight ottomans realized late ottoman forces defeated integrating network subordinate states consequences fall constantinople came shock ordered immediate counter attack form crusade philip good duke responded condition powerful monarch assist pope ordered crusade substantial efforts seen europe major leaders time forced pope lead crusade death led disbanding crusade port fall implications europe influx greek science culture europe escaping ottomans crucial factor failed attempts defeating ottomans loss byzantium supply route lack genuine counter attack led including believing turks god punishment sins christians pope long time war turks taken money destroyed christians nonetheless europe began rise threat ottomans changing views wrote god fought great secular leaders initiated ottomans hold constantinople facto recognized europe lack action ottomans went facilitate conquests europe middle_east power finally reached peak mid 17th century success new weakness conservative extremely powerful ottoman reform difficult implement whilst european armies increasingly modernized result russian austrian attempts contain ottoman threat official dissolution empire world war
Byzantine–Ottoman Wars