swedish sun dog painting oil panel painting depicting halo display atmospheric optical phenomenon observed stockholm april named sun dogs swedish weather sun appearing upper right painting chiefly noted oldest depiction stockholm colour arguably oldest swedish landscape painting oldest depiction sun dogs original painting produced shortly event traditionally attributed urban urban painter lost virtually known copy held stockholm believed accurate copy recently erroneously thought restored original previously covered layers brownish image hardly carefully restored thoroughly documented painting produced important time swedish history establishment modern sweden coincided introduction break denmark painting commissioned swedish reformer resulting controversies king historical context remained kept secret centuries 20th century painting icon history stockholm frequently displayed history city commemorated painting painting divided upper depicting halo phenomenon viewed vertically lower depicting city appeared viewed late middle ages medieval urban today old town stan rendered bird eye view stone brick buildings densely packed church castle rendered descriptive perspective size relates social status actual dimensions scattered wooden structures appear surrounding rural ridges today central stockholm phenomenon said occurred morning city depicted evening shadows facing east wooden panel measures centimetres inches composed vertical deals reinforced horizontal rough effectively reduced minimum artwork preserved insignificant attacks insects examination panel doctor institute hamburg determined pine deals annual rings date periods ranging painting date consistent year given frame mentioned parish accounts covering semi transparent red brownish layer paint containing oil painting apparently painted detail detail painting preparatory sketches discovered marks centres biggest circles indicating result horizon right ray analysis shown painter tried compensate tilt altering elements painting including mountains added horizon gently leaning church castle narrow border left image possible prototypes prototypes painting known sweden painting occasionally associated danube school stylistic history remains investigated possible stylistic prototype illustrated bible brother famous begun inspired works renewed genre combining commonplace details approaching disaster particular apocalyptic illustrations revelation john deliver message similar historical documents commissioned painting combined biblical quotations related apocalypse painting hanging church copies apocalyptic available stockholm german merchant lived square friend battle alexander famous paintings produced composition similar renders battle scene detailed landscape sky crowded symbols messages view depicted appear composite factual elements known artist battle alexander eastern mediterranean_sea africa represented known contemporary maps knights soldiers dressed 16th century battle depicted sources antiquity frame suspended scene device appears battle scenes mirrored 17th century inscription paintings apocalyptic symbols sky given contemporary political significance rendered sky light clouds paintings 17th century copy modern lost original painting attributed urban tradition historical sources works art early rare apparently doubtful furthermore extant painting proven 17th century copy previously believed restored original credible unlikely produced parish accounts painting mentioned time jacob recorded having renewed painting hanging northern wall modern scholarship convincingly identified guild master court painter artist responsible based brief note referencing painting renewal long assumed extant painting fact original work performed 17th century little restoration kind painting taken mid october allow group experts fields restore document notion completely investigation showed wood panel came trees cut early 17th century painting question copy restored original notwithstanding excellent state wooden panel prior restoration painting covered layers dust particularly pronounced area sky fine details altering area layers removed discovered original grey blue sky broad strokes deep blue mixed fixing agent analysis blue painting showed original blue colour bright line horizon composed blue pigment superficial layers true layer identified prussian blue pigment favoured early 18th century onwards additional alteration painting attested parish accounts painting somewhat restored painter second time restoration probably limited addition thick layer painting copied 17th century 16th century original painting furnished baroque frame carrying heart shaped displayed message latin repeated swedish german frame brown modernized swedish german texts added signature lower right restoration frame original colour years later time original text uncovered history background newly elected unify kingdom unlike modern nation state composed separate provinces necessarily happy reign prepare potential danish attack resist influence german states merchants interest baltic lands facing challenges king saw correctly started thoroughly capital potential enemies shortly coronation heard delivered called stockholm appointed councillor announced marriage following year celebration infuriated catholic extent king contrast gave support king reformer collaborated initially started pull different directions years king carried reformation catholic churches monasteries demolished purposes strongly opposed king methods church assets began criticize king actions king devoted establishing swedish state new religious doctrine involved domestic struggle power situation enemies events primary historical source describing events following phenomenon minutes proceedings king legal process process originally described chronicle written clerk historian early 17th century sun dogs apparently known middle ages mentioned states phenomenon forecasts strong winds rain sun dogs pale red according passage chronicle master mint troubled appearance sun dogs interpreted signs stockholm warning god painting produced hung congregation notwithstanding devotion far certain interpret signs sermon delivered late summer explained kinds produced devil mankind away god produced god attract mankind away devil difficult tell saw duty warn congregation composed german united conspiracy king king return stockholm king prominent germans imprisoned accused replacing law act faith response warned followers lords princes interpreted rebellious complained ease punishment carried restoring true harder sermon published criticized god commonly established message clearly addressed king explained congregation devil ruled world obviously god punish authorities world wicked doomed king interpretation phenomenon significant change sun dogs circle true sun apparently disappeared true natural sun remained concluded different treason party brought long unveiled king referred called gun powder conspiracy uncovered aimed murdering blasting charge hidden chair church resulted death sentences including mint master accused excited royal disapproval writing chronicle describing contemporary events neutral point view eventually sentenced death result trial later end king achieved aim appointment bishops representatives church placed jurisdiction censorship published section describing king legal process death sentences regarded unfavourable dynasty subsequently left original manuscript finally published account events oldest report dating manuscript simply confirming event publication meteorological phenomena published described halo surrounding right rings depicted painting hanging knowledge events faded danish diplomat asked meaning signs painting replies city translated swedish text accompanying painting latin hoc sex concluded real sun represented successors assumption thought confirmed contemporary swedish history confused report soon forgotten halo display painting described german beautiful ball hanging sky swedish capital day night weeks furthermore interpreted prophecy announcing forthcoming liberation lion north king publishing swedish ecclesiastical history interpretation painting historical details surrounding found new path follow relying publication sun dogs said appeared king deathbed painting subsequently produced friendly king order save souls protestant kingdom second time king shortly death battle date remained established 19th century 1870s publications corrected dating decades generally accepted date painting correct historical context finally laid bare publication censored manuscript historic icon time painting history stockholm appears frequently contexts published shows portrait king based painting details arcs roughly translates let holy scripture language quote letter written king ordered translation bible swedish language stamps engraved published march anniversary stockholm printed colours inland postage depicts entire old town stamp focuses castle church restoration stan metro station artist furnished walls floors motifs medieval manuscripts including 14th century prominently featured eastern wall south platform wall depicts sun dog arcs interwoven enlarged fragments painting variety merchandise puzzles posters museum shops cultural institutions stockholm like replica proven accurate copy lost original proven surprisingly reliable historical document offering rare detailed glimpse medieval stockholm landscape great number notable buildings correctly rendered great detail historical censorship later prevented modern research repeatedly painting accuracy painting medieval city viewed looking east dark waters foreground interior background event depicted said occurred morning city painted evening light church castle painting centred church mentioned historical records gradually enlarged following centuries reign size doubled transformed rounded windows taller roof allowed light building building painting depicts church appeared king buttresses added present painting confirm 17th century copy faithful original church exists present exterior later baroque design immediately church castle destroyed fire subsequently replaced stockholm palace named central citadel large gun tower crowns symbol known building stockholm symbol swedish crown known symbol added citadel national coat arms late 14th century 16th century painting strictly accurate tower present image castle eastern wing king personal residence destroyed fire letters years later king debts war expressed fact reconstruction completed painting right church eastern wing accurately depicted construction exposed roof confirming experienced monarch western towers left church display unusual detail painting uniformly large square windows depicted associated introduced sweden reconstruction construction works poorly documented presence windows stockholm unlikely credible painting damaged forcing rely source square towers painting depicted appear stockholm produced painting probably renders castle appeared reconstruction way completion left foreground today known knights medieval era known monastery located painting represented building stepped tall turret far similar institutions monastery closed king following reformation building hospital mid 16th century turret monastery replaced cast iron 19th century remains monastery exist inside church surrounding buildings defensive towers appearing near shoreline present structures remain intact considerably altered torn located north western corner erroneously named tradition attributed founder stockholm called tower today forming southern tower palace construction towers defensive structures king bricks monastery located north city absent painting monastery known demolished immediately following introduction painting credible source rendering city appeared turret northern city gate defensive wall located today occupied named charitable institution holy spirit located painting building stepped facing open space indicating location demolished monastery king charitable institutions city merged single housed monastery monasteries painting possession crown painting produced painting shows bridge stretching north left northern city gate open space site oldest river crossing stockholm today replaced bridges present painting 19th century bridge located site medieval structure connects passing parliament building square extends south left open space north medieval city steep southern slopes geological feature remains stretch north city missing painting small island little insignificant cliff time southern city gate defensive towers southern city gate appearing left foreground known older painting history remains poorly documented outer tower built artificial island rebuilt expected attack king christian denmark late painting image years older appears cone shaped roof seriously damaged danish assault inner tower similar exterior tower structures narrow bridge match historical sources additions younger reinforcements ordered missing painting present confirms credible contemporary document southern city gates today area locks rebuilt regularly appearance city southern approach changed constantly early 1930s multi story concrete roundabout replaced area foundations outer defensive tower discovered known remains southern defensive structures found present squares area defensive structures western shoreline defensive structures ages wooden defence structure built shore absent painting double row piles protecting western harbour present served defensive structure duty imposed incoming ships important source income city western defence structures neglected resulted settlements constructed western city wall shoreline constantly pushed westward painting renders old city wall painting towers sitting city gates left right tower cone shaped roof right monastery called dragon tower served prison right tower stepped large gate leading island excavations showed gate metres feet wide second tower stepped gate lion tower foundations rediscovered archaeological excavation interior restaurant southern city gate flanked boats wooden structure roughly triangular plan defensive tower called built piles water lastly southern city gate open space believed precursor present day square ships region deliver corn iron buildings surrounding ridges turret right church palace monastery inaugurated demolished built location southern defensive tower traces found basement monastery seen school middle ages west east city southern square painting suggested presence mast city western shore grain harbour today grain iron goods area delivered goods weighed scales building weigh house important source income crown city transported eastern harbour harbour today southern large ships delivered goods baltic_sea painting building stepped iron bars right monastery facing iron square located southern national bank building today stepped building goods stored building stepped church monastery soul homestead built 15th century accommodate poor aged priests serving church reign transformed royal printing house city horizon rural islands today form central stockholm church castle centuries served base seen monastery left small today merged peninsula islands right left horizon passes arguably interior islands like islands ridges surrounding city including cliffs foreground look south right city island cluster buildings image southern city gate lined shore called burn train oil seal round building eastern end hill depicted painting exclusively men women beheaded remained late 17th century moved present day south historical city centre halo display painting arguably oldest realistic depiction halo phenomenon century older famous observation halo display rome phenomenon apparently entirely understood image contains obvious notably like early depictions painting depicts series events occurring hours consistent preference perfect circles work art produced spirit possible prototypes features realistic depictions clouds sky properly rendered going bright blue near horizon dark blue near shadows lower half painting suggest sun located west leaving southern shadow incorrect historical sources claim event lasted contrast city halo phenomenon depicted vertically perspective major circle centred like ray tracing solution painting actual sun yellow ball upper right corner surrounded second circle large circle taking sky circle parallel horizon located altitude sun painting renders actually common halo circle depicted rare circles caused horizontally oriented plate ice crystals reflecting sun rays order circle appear sun rays reflected internally externally circle surrounding sun halo implies located sun painting depict pretty normally appears centred sun painting pair arcs flanking halo crossing likely halo sun low starts shaped upper arc gradually develops looking like wings sun rare cases finally joins lower arc form closes halo sun dogs painting erroneously pinned arcs halo frequent optical phenomena appear sunlight ice crystals forming clouds sun low located halo way commonly observed sun away halo rare occasions actually reach halo depicted painting sun dogs located midway halo halo assuming correctly rendered sun located horizon simulation arc lower right arc missing mirrored twin phenomena rare form sun shape change quickly sun rises painting likely isn depicting specific moment impossible draw conclusions mysterious shape painting crescent moon shape middle sky looks like arc parallel horizon centred located near form sun located lower sun located consistent depicted painting furthermore striking features arcs rainbow colours shape painting perfectly devoid colours complete circle arc facing sun correct properties phenomenon white spot lower left circle opposite sun bright halo located point scientists convinced caused convergence halo arcs traces painting regarded independent halo researchers believe column shaped crystals generate phenomenon explain painting finally minor slightly bluish dots flanking perfectly depicted produced horizontally oriented ice crystals produce sun dogs circle result multiple interior reflections sun rays entering face leaving face
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