cleaning cleaning mutually beneficial association species cleaner removes eats parasites materials surface client cleaning known marine fish small species cleaner fish notably species genera specialised feed exclusively cleaning larger fish marine animals cleaning exist birds mammals groups cleaning behaviour described greek historian example birds serving appears occur rarely role cleaning debated thirty years believe cleaning represents operation essentially pure hold illustrates mutual believe cleaning behaviour simply sided exploitation form cheating cleaner client predatory species cleaner occurs predatory cheating analogous harmless wasp tables turned genuine cleaner fish colours patterns example evolution mutual resemblance cleaner fish analogous bees mimic history histories book ancient greek historian wrote lives chiefly river inside mouth constantly covered happens birds avoid lives peace owes bird leaves water comes land habit lying mouth wide open facing western breeze times goes mouth benefits pleased takes care hurt claimed circa called cleaning bird called possibly right existence cleaning little evidence quoted son travel agent reporting egypt seen spur winged approach opened jaws celebrated tourist agency egypt watched birds saw deliberately apparently asleep opened jaws bird closed jaws appeared short time probably minute opened jaws saw bird water edge birds cook shot identified spur winged question bird enters mouth set rest reviewing evidence found extensive observations regular occasional association species potential water resulted reports removing mouth snapping insects body disputed relationship cleaning relationship pair animals different species involving removal subsequent injured tissue unwanted food items surface host organism client cleaning organism cleaner status debated viewpoints ranging pure form cleaner marine biologist explains cleaning associations involve cleaner organisms remove material scales skin body surfaces apparently operating animals referred hosts customers clients cleaning behaviour highly developed inter specific communication systems known clients striking elaborate generally assumed accessible operation colleague reviewing thirty years debate cleaning argue cleaning associations sided exploitation quote example writing standpoint philosopher biology extent cleaning behavior ocean emphasizes role operation nature opposed tooth struggle existence mutual mathematical biologist wrote carefully cleaner organisms hosts meet evolution behavior host explained advantage able quickly repeatedly return cleaner mutual sided exploitation wrote clever parasites taken advantage rewarding aspects found nearly remark decades opinion scientists cleaning changed cooperation mutually beneficial interaction finally sided exploitation biological range cleaning known groups animals sea land table include fish birds clients include wider range fish marine reptiles including turtles octopus terrestrial mammals cleaning clients include fish cleaning teeth american eating giant scarlet crabs species removing marine best known cleaning marine fishes species small fish notably specialised colour pattern behaviour providing cleaning removal service larger predatory fish cleaner species shown table vary widely degree dependence clients essentially pure like cleaner like orange cleaner like combine little eating parasites beneficial client taking blood harmful client favoured food cleaner fish mutual cleaner fish cleaner fish different families caribbean neon cleaner share distinctive combination long narrow body longitudinal stripe blue colour small size signalling size stripes colour facilitate recognition fish clients analogous genuinely species mimic warning colours aggressive cleaner fish sabre toothed predatory aggressive mimic accurately resembles cleaner colour pattern dance cleaner makes potential client fish swim nearby instead providing cleaning service signals bites pieces healthy skin scales host rapidly away safety effect aggressive cleaning analogous harmless edible species copies warning signal model species gaining protection predators rate successful attacks cleaning clients like sabre toothed mimic cleaner frequency dependent meaning effective cheating rare compared cleaner difference aggressive mimic operative relationship cleaner client insert antagonistic predator prey interaction models prey
Cleaning symbiosis