pronounced fictional language devised began language grammar times reached final state vocabulary remained relatively stable creation process language repeatedly changed eventual finnish language major source inspiration familiar latin greek ancient languages began constructing notable feature languages development complex internal history characters speak fictional universe felt languages changed developed time historical languages studied professionally vacuum result interactions peoples spoke languages spoken immortal called speakers translates simply language contrast met later long history language divided originated speech clans high left middle earth live land immortal god like groups returned middle earth met speaking grey eventually adopted primarily ritual poetic language stayed retained use way language symbolic high status races close connection decreasing use symbolic slowly declining culture second age middle earth chronology learnt tongue age time setting lord rings learnt second language origin continued spoken written form mother tongue grey remained middle earth dialect gradually diverged dialect spoken undergoing sound changes changes language featured prominently lord rings trilogy posthumously published history middle earth longest text published lifetime poem published texts generally longer sentences death left number unpublished writings later scholars prepared notes unpublished manuscripts publication journals publishing scholarly linguistic analyses language created vocabulary possible fans writing poetry prose 1970s required need new words effect developing kind neo language external history began construct tongue king edward school birmingham later called later changed spelling familiar latin greek spanish ancient languages gothic old english invented codes constructed languages took interest finnish mythology acquainted finnish language found provide aesthetically pleasing inspiration high language years later wrote like discovering complete wine cellar filled bottles amazing wine kind flavour inspiration wrote ingredients worked self consistent character precisely like language know finnish came begun construct mythology dominant influence reduced late survives features absence combinations initially absence voiced stops favoured fondness ending points grammar endings rest movement movement personal expressed gender intended constructed languages everyday life international auxiliary language favour idea auxiliary language europe pursued double aesthetic goal classical urge fact motivation creation mythology language developed felt needed speakers including history mythology thought language individual flavour wrote primarily linguistic inspiration begun order provide necessary background history process language creating background setting fictional speakers described unique scholar argues invention started quest ideal language match moral aesthetic objectives project creating mythology england argues deliberately sound symbolism unify sound meaning language appear ideal language fit spoken realm considered language designed play normal taste onset comparative tree model major tools constructed languages usually started system language proceeded daughter language necessary sequence sound changes find construction languages aesthetic pleasure apart lord rings fact independent development lifetime ceased experiment constructed languages subjected revisions substantial differences different stages development conceptual stage early language called english proper development continuous process underwent number major revisions grammar system vocabulary subject sudden extreme change changed meaning word discarded invented kept meaning forged new synonyms etymology constant delighted new vocabulary publication lord rings finished published grammar rules went changes version defined late spelling distinguish early later versions differs late having different internal history vocabulary grammar rules described examples include different abolition final clusters later suggests appears supposed mystic language contains number words clear christian religious gospel words late early 1930s decided language tongue gods called language derived beginning changed learning modified enriched constantly times invention comparative tables mechanisms sound change described following daughter languages dialect especially east language appears borrowed system ancestor latin greek sanskrit plain table provides characteristic reminiscent ancient natural languages like old english sanskrit dual number addition singular suggested dual archaic feel role ancient language years later changed mind origin language instead learning created original language language language family new language kept roots invented 1930s roots family languages comprises evolution initial groups described outline groups normally simplified initially country pronounced wears away contrast early grammar influenced finnish language latin synthetic language greek probably took idea highly codified variety certain situations literature inspired certain aspects finnish easily recognized borrowed words directly real languages major exception found old english poem finnish influence extended vocabulary words come clearly finnish origin forms appear borrowed actually finnish book ship invented root sprang word latin dawn moment special meaning special day festival day unrelated instead comes root influence seen grammar ending reminiscent scandinavian languages words region happened resemble earth actually comes root according influenced language closely related finnish mentioned argued understood example particular kind artificial language helps create fictional world languages include old tongue language star trek series invented observed form context group individual identities created publication linguistic papers journals issue july issue today exclusively devoted editing publishing mass unpublished linguistic papers important texts alluded history middle earth series described published journals early grammar written successfully edited published editors published comprehensive catalogue linguistic papers working published history middle earth new linguistic material continues emerge pace publication irregular use attempts fans write began 1970s total corpus published comprised words use flourished poems texts phrases names languages complete conversation result newly invented texts require new words use expanded years new words created forming language based original incorporates new elements internal history late languages language family related languages following brief overview fictional internal history late conceived imagined society vernacular language day use educated language use ceremonies lore observed degree proximity light affects development languages terms morphology division light dark took place reflected respective languages shared common language called undertook great march primitive developed remained language developed continued founded great city developed older form recorded called old ancient spoke slightly different mutually later followed leader exile middle earth immortal gods derived language called numerous dialect probably close relationship incorporated words found dialect yellow blue presumably root meaning water red original given according usual given language groups remained distinct eventually explained word cited mistake properly directly derived appears case word clan reached later spoke different closely related tongue usually called seen dialect case tongue distinct left city grew closer rebellious followed leader middle earth spoke king forbade use realm learned chapter restricted possibility enhance language influences accelerated spiritual culture time fully mastered slow learn known eventually adopted language native speech ruling differed vocabulary having differed pronunciation representing recognition sound changes begun exile caused change old latest belonging early changes small features old language carefully taught second age descendants official names kings queens practice resumed took crown age status latin language medieval europe called latin registers variety language registers book language literary style scriptures classical works written high language vernacular speech low spoken style exiled pronunciation languages described variety sources documentation late contained appendix lord rings text written published based pronunciation latin finnish lacks harmony present finnish accent word typical finnish elements like lacking similarities include absence stops development syllables languages combination latin basis finnish rules resulted product resembles italian respects favorite modern romance language tables list late spoken exiled written international alphabet noted system major places involving lips dental involving tongue teeth involving tongue ridge jaw involving tongue middle roof mouth involving tongue roof mouth involving vocal dental voiced occur varieties gradually replaced respectively notably voiced occur simple clusters occur true given word lament death trees composed following table presents inventory classic grouping occurs central parts word combinations latin script follows uses alternative writes followed early occur written represents addition cluster represents number realized differently occur clusters certain particularly concerns clusters involve clusters second realized clusters second realized clusters initial realized clusters pronunciation cluster strong similar initial sound english huge pronounced according cluster pronounced explosive hungarian followed partly stated cluster pronounced english new presumably british english opposed american english dialect realised respectively wrote cluster sounded later hungarian steal clusters cluster realized tense closer lip friction english according pronounced lip rounded followed partly clusters clusters realized like derived primitive clusters came suggested intermediate stage versions common soon merged voiced complex history describes voiced exile use cases normal spoken spelling usually maintained later familiar speech restored sound according traditional spelling learned course times retained reading reciting clusters late ancient period lost long compound words clusters created final rule changed reduced stops combination combination distinction length short long ones written acute accent precise quality known pronunciation likely closer pure italian spanish english ones according short long forms quality similar german short pronounced slightly lower closer respectively long ones pronounced high mid interpretation based statement saying correctly pronounced little closer short counterparts tense close open interpretation results system different qualities length distinction high low system depicted table late falling rising old falling wrote probable exile common shifted rising reported rising similar beginning english hand remained falling reported syllables stress stressing predictable non meaning word changes depending stress partly determined weight words syllables stressed words syllables stress penultimate heavy heavy syllables syllables contain long cluster etc certain combinations regarded heavy long colloquially held constitute long secondary accent placement stress distinction heavy light syllables important verse devised rules late governing way sounds combined form words following forms elongated occur wrote common final frequent nasal frequent addition combination usually element permitted possibly groups tolerated included naturally took forms elements evolved common explains page remained change final final list finals remained constant speech feeling following initial following initial groups following groups especially common occurs initially tolerate longer combinations followed followed permits following groups polish cases groups tolerate combination different occurred opened combination avoided grammar grammar different word particles joined basic word classes case number tense aspect agreement subject object early agree modify case number later agreement disappears basic word order noted samples section refer late conceived numbers singular general particular dual numbers having singular variant referring single object goods things sale things especially ones use judged aesthetic late formed form depending type long precise rules published declined case cases include primary cases instrumental cases shortened form shortened form case replaced late late singular endings rare form seen shortened form corresponding forms possibly version attested freely case like new news similarities form case determines relation object like uses complement instead later endings case markings combine primarily combine phrases different categories case waves related case ending parts grammar system subject revisions life available corpus systematic list endings published late separate independent forms forms separate short long form normal respectively examples form include 1st 3rd person present early differed later versions love expressed love forms reconstructed subject sentence tied separate word directly form singular dual added long objectives 3rd person literally found found outcry finds found found debated certain attested special male female exclusively description persons applicable late found lord rings analogous english etc indicate determine mark person number agree attached number case english language distinguishes masculine feminine singular late generally describing parts body persons number proper individual parts existing pairs hands eyes ears feet seldom required hand raised hands raised hands occur raised hands raised hands hands usual ending heirs makes way distinction entities speaker referring away fourth possibly reference past time period past year word preferred reference future year word poem expressing maiden possibly means particular spatial reference according pretty regular personal form form usually true subject represent action occurrence state specific person place thing intended use form attached personal form short explained negative proper tense form noted separately save number making right making making making making making late dual agreement stars shine mood expressed agreement stays singular means let referring persons present rate addressed directly late stated joining statements wishes asserting thing certain quality meaning clear left provide ambiguous context translated english good good allows flexible word order language like latin word order rules usual structure subject object placed vocabulary writings languages remain unpublished difficult know large vocabulary devised words published proper rich proper rest bride arises youth sublime fell fire bright lady man spirit fire music home jaws ice father snow white peak rock song master doom land foam flower fruits land waves tower people tale place time forth complement case static far far far far away han addition addition touching beneath place beneath ahead relation time time expressed voice hand involve combination prior conversation lord rings appears elaborate ritual word form address male female tar king queen form address superior especially king queen prince address father king tar reduced form literally formula farewell usual formula stay happiness lord rings address welcome corrected second edition traditional formula elevated style people companies people going path crosses star shines hour meeting ways usual formula happily happiness according systems tens counting base system coined word system counting known numbers presented early early grammar bold attested number words include dissatisfied definition marked means high appears compound title bore king word meaning hand fingers presented special words eighteen counting means specifically group objects like english word similarly refers group word thirteen literally means words numbers come describe large numbers known late early word early counter like million form appears meaning early grammar stands expression finally century related unpublished late word writing systems times wrote invented languages latin script devised number original writing systems match internal histories languages writing systems imagined writing systems known created called decided prior exile record middle earth appears rarely written named latin script spelling latin letters largely letter corresponding specific language save exceptions particular varied pronunciation depending length specific rules provided appendix lord rings letter pronounced stands standard uses letters latin script acute marks letters appear early occasionally wrote finnish style standard latin romance version replaced long written double acute accent marks long indicates example final marked remind english speakers silent use frequently omitted corpus poem longest piece found lord rings sentence examples include words spoken reaching repeated coronation great sea middle earth come place heirs unto ending world spoken beautiful ones parents beautiful children fragment sam cry uses stars phrase day come people day come cried poems spoken public published lifetime contained lecture secret vice published time monsters critics faulty fragment poem written early november march published biography entire poem published april
Quenya