non profit organization stated mission defend preserve individual rights liberties guaranteed person country constitution laws united_states works litigation lobbying community empowerment founded members annual budget million local active states puerto_rico provides legal assistance cases considers civil liberties risk legal support form direct legal representation preparation expressing legal arguments law firm providing representation founded focus freedom speech primarily anti war protesters 1920s expanded scope include protecting free speech rights artists striking workers working decrease racism discrimination 1930s started engage work police misconduct native american rights cases came communist party witnesses leadership caught voted exclude communists leadership positions world war defended japanese american citizens unsuccessfully trying prevent relocation camps cold war headquarters dominated anti communists local defended members communist_party membership risen participated efforts expand civil liberties 1960s continued decades long effort enforce separation church state defended anti war activists vietnam war involved case addressed misconduct police new_york_times case established new newspapers reporting government activities 1970s 1980s ventured new legal areas defending students prisoners poor century fought teaching public schools challenged provisions anti terrorism legislation privacy civil liberties addition representing persons organizations lawsuits policies established board directors current positions include opposing death penalty supporting sex marriage right adopt supporting birth control abortion rights eliminating discrimination women minorities lgbt people supporting rights prisoners opposing torture opposing government preference religion non religion particular legally consists separate closely affiliated nonprofit organizations social welfare group public charity organizations engage civil rights litigation advocacy education donations foundation tax group engage unlimited political lobbying organizations share office space employees organization leadership led president executive director respectively president acts chairman board directors leads fundraising policy setting executive director manages day day operations organization board directors consists persons including representatives state affiliate large delegates organization headquarters broad street story skyscraper located new_york_city leadership agree policy decisions differences opinion leadership grown major debates internal debate erupted defend right distribute anti union literature heated debate took place prohibit communists serving leadership roles early 1950s board divided defend communists persecuted formed represent anti war activism internal conflict richard_nixon internal conflict gag rule imposed employees prevent publication internal disputes funding year ending march combined income support revenue million originating grants membership donations donated legal services revenue membership treated donations members choose pay annually averaging approximately member year year ending march combined expenses million spent programs management fundraising changes net assets million sources investment income organization overall decrease net assets million period average accounted roughly combined budget roughly donations charitable foundation charity navigator ranked star rating local funding receive funds national distribution assistance varying state state discretion national organization provides subsidies smaller lack sufficient resources self sustaining example wyoming chapter received subsidies april round national wyoming office closed october rejected million foundations adopted language usa patriot act donation agreements including clause money terrorism unacceptable activities views clause federal law donors agreements threat civil liberties saying overly broad ambiguous nature legal work involved litigation governmental bodies generally protected adverse monetary town state federal agency required change laws behave differently pay monetary damages explicit statutory cases law permits successfully sue government agencies collect money damages monetary relief particular civil rights attorney fees award act leaves government liable civil rights cases fee awards civil rights statute considered relief damages government entities immune relief laws state share monetary government agencies sought prevent monetary particular case violations church state separation received court awarded fees opponents example georgia affiliate awarded fees county demanding removal display courthouse second case state different county led judgment required pay similar cases state organization workload performed local affiliate state washington puerto_rico california operate national organization affiliate staff executive director board directors budget affiliate consists non profit corporations corporation perform lobbying corporation entitled lobby basic unit organization engage litigation lobbying public education example month period beginning january new_jersey chapter involved cases according annual report thirty cases state courts sixteen federal court provided legal representation thirty cases served remaining eighteen listed volunteer attorneys assisted cases positions official position statements january included following policies action supports action birth control abortion supports right abortion established wade decision believes affordable access range options manages efforts related reproductive rights campaign funding believes current system badly flawed supports system based public funding supports transparency identify donors opposes attempts control political spending supported supreme_court decision allowed corporations unions political speech rights child pornography arizona chapter believes production child pornography illegal possessing protected right privacy policy possessing pornographic material children crime way deal issue prosecute makers child pornography exploiting minors criminal law reform seeks end excessively harsh sentences feels stand way equal society focuses issue death penalty opposed death penalty circumstances focuses issue free speech supports free speech including right express unpopular ideas flag gun rights national position second amendment protects collective right guns individual right despite supreme_court decision district_of_columbia second amendment individual right national organization position based phrases regulated militia security free state opposes effort create registry gun owners worked prevent registry created favored protecting right carry guns 4th amendment hiv aids policy create world discrimination based hiv status ended people hiv control medical information care government hiv policy promotes public health respect compassion people living hiv aids effort managed aids project human rights project advocates primarily international context children rights immigrants rights gay rights international obligations immigrants rights supports civil liberties immigrants united_states lesbian gay bisexual rights supports equal rights works eliminate discrimination supports equal employment housing civil marriage adoption rights lgbt couples national security opposed civil liberties national security context condemned government use indefinite detention charge trial government sponsored torture effort led prisoners rights believes resort prisons focus rehabilitation works ensure prisons treat prisoners accordance constitution domestic law privacy technology technology promotes responsible uses technology enhance privacy protection opposes uses undermine freedoms closer surveillance society racial issues racial discrimination aspects society including educational system justice system application death penalty opposes state censorship confederate flag religion supports right religious persons practice government interference believes government prefer religion non religion favor particular opposed school led prayer protects students right pray school single sex public education opposes single sex public education options believes single sex education contributes gender compares single sex education racial segregation voting rights believes voting eliminated particularly impact minority poor citizens believes convictions lead loss voting rights leads effort women rights works eliminate discrimination women realms encourages government stopping violence women efforts led project support opposition supported variety persons organizations members annually receives thousands grants hundreds charitable foundations allies legal actions included american jewish congress people american way criticized liberals excluded communists leadership ranks defended declined defend opposed passage conversely criticized conservatives argued official prayer public schools opposed patriot act supported conservative figures supported liberal figures major source criticism legal cases represents individual organization promotes offensive unpopular viewpoints nation islam north american man boy love association responded criticisms stating easy defend freedom speech message people find reasonable defense freedom speech critical message people find early years era developed founded great war crystal attorney activist focus freedom speech primarily anti war speech supporting want serve world war united_states supreme_court decisions upheld convictions laws certain kinds anti war speech court upheld conviction leader publishing anti war literature united_states court upheld conviction court upheld conviction time united_states justice holmes wrote important dissent gradually absorbed american principle urged court treat freedom speech fundamental right rarely restricted crystal resigned organization health issues assuming sole leadership baldwin insisted organization reorganized wanted change focus litigation direct action public education directors concurred january formed organization new handful organizations united_states time focused civil rights represent particular group persons single theme like pursued litigation work civil rights including efforts african americans south taken place turn century decades baldwin continued leader charisma energy attracted supporters board leadership ranks baldwin wearing hand clothes living small salary directed executive committee particularly democratic base new_york resulted dominated people city state funding came free speech era 1920s government censorship commonplace magazines routinely confiscated anti laws permits labor rallies denied virtually anti war anti government literature outlawed right wing conservatives vast amounts power activists promoted socialism government reform denounced american typical instance author arrested trying read amendment rally leadership divided challenge civil rights violations faction including baldwin believed direct militant action best path successful attorneys relinquished private practices work group including felt lawsuits taken supreme_court best way achieve change groups worked tandem equally revered bill rights constitution 1920s primary focus freedom speech general speech labor movement particularly efforts associated labor movement came heavy attack conservative groups addition labor led efforts non labor arenas example promoting free speech public schools banned speaking new_york public schools working supported racial discrimination cases defended free speech regardless opinions espoused example anti catholic anti black frequent target efforts defended right hold meetings civil rights effort defend 1920s including censorship arts government search seizure issues right privacy communist party united_states routinely harassed oppressed government officials leading primary client communists aggressive tactics engaging illegal conduct led frequent conflicts communists communist leaders attacked particularly defended free speech rights conservatives uneasy relationship groups continued decades trial arrived years formed organization virtually success efforts changed persuaded tennessee anti evolution law court test member headed legal team prosecution led contended bible interpreted literally teaching school lost case fined later upheld law overturned conviction trial phenomenal public relations success known america case led endorsement major newspaper continued fight separation church state decade decade including case arkansas case dover area school district baldwin involved important free speech victory 1920s arrested attempting speak rally striking mill workers new_jersey decision limited state new_jersey appeals court judgement declared constitutional guarantees free speech given liberal comprehensive construction marked major turning point civil rights movement signaling shift judicial opinion favor civil rights important case 1920s new_york arrested violating state law anarchy violence distributed literature promoting communism supreme_court conviction adopted stance later termed incorporation doctrine amendment freedom speech applied state laws federal laws victories leaders divided best tactics use promote civil liberties felt legislation best long term solution supreme_court opinion mandate liberal interpretations bill rights leaders felt supreme_court decisions best path guarantee civil liberties series supreme_court decisions 1920s changing national atmosphere anti radical emotions diminishing growing willingness protect freedom speech assembly court decisions free speech censorship commonplace early 20th century state laws city routinely outlawed speech deemed offensive prohibited meetings literature promoted unions labor organization starting began expand free speech activities encompass censorship art literature year deliberately broke boston law distributing copies banned magazine defended won went win additional victories including landmark case united_states reversed ban book achieved mixed results early years supreme_court finally clarified laws united_states memoirs massachusetts cases laws banned distribution sex education information based premise led behavior fined distributing pamphlet containing sex education material led appealed conviction won reversal judge ruled pamphlet main purpose promote understanding success prompted freedom speech efforts labor political speech encompass movies press radio literature formed coordinate effort early 1930s censorship united_states diminishing major victories 1930s cemented campaign promote free speech california decided supreme_court sided affirmed right communist party member salute communist flag result time supreme_court process clause 14th amendment subject states requirements amendment near minnesota decided supreme_court ruled states exercise prior restraint prevent newspaper publishing simply newspaper reputation 1930s late 1930s saw emergence new era tolerance united_states national leaders hailed bill rights particularly protected minorities essence democracy supreme_court decision affirmed right communists promote cause conservative elements began campaign civil liberties long considered domain left leaning organizations achieved goals set 1920s policies law land expansion victories baldwin perceived vast support civil liberties united_states baldwin proposed expansion program focusing police brutality native american rights african american rights censorship arts international civil liberties board directors approved baldwin expansion plan international efforts played major role passing act federal law prohibited employers preventing employees joining unions stopped practice strikes unions labor organizing activities use played key role initiating nationwide effort reduce misconduct false confessions police departments publishing report auspices lobbied passage indian reorganization act restored autonomy native american tribes established penalties kidnapping native american children deferred litigation promoting civil liberties african americans engage educational efforts published report documented institutional racism south including lack voting rights segregation discrimination justice system funded participated producing influential outlined strategy fight civil rights blacks plan demonstrate separate equal policies governing southern discrimination illegal blacks fact treated equally depression era new deal years founded achieved significant success supreme_court embraced free speech principles espoused general public supportive civil rights general great depression brought new assaults civil liberties year saw large increase number free speech doubling number meetings unemployed persons banned philadelphia franklin roosevelt administration proposed new deal combat depression leaders mixed opinions new deal felt represented increase government intervention personal affairs suspended anti trust legislation roosevelt personally interested civil rights appoint civil key positions including interior secretary member economic policies new deal leaders aligned goals social goals particular movies subject barrage local banning screenings deemed immoral public health films portraying pregnancy birth banned life magazine april issue included photos birth process fought prevail catholic_church attained increasing political influence 1930s influence promote censorship movies discourage publication birth control information conflict catholic_church led resignation catholic priest leadership catholic priest represented 1970s took official position president court packing plan threatened increase number supreme_court justices supreme_court reversed course began approving new deal legislation supreme_court responded making major shift policy longer applied strict constitutional limits government programs began active role protecting civil liberties decision marked court new direction oregon communist labor organizer arrested calling meeting discuss attorney working defended won major victory supreme_court ruled assembly discussion crime case marked start era lasting dozen years roosevelt led established body civil liberties law justice wrote famous united_states suggested state laws civil liberties henceforth require compelling justification senator proposed empowered workers ironically years fighting workers rights initially opposed act later took stand legislation leaders feared increased power bill gave government newly formed posed dilemma issued order prohibiting ford anti union literature leadership took labor faction supported action supported ford right free speech leader proposed compromise supporting auto workers union endorsing ford right express personal opinions highlighted deeper divide prominent years come support major development marked time accepted government agency responsible civil liberties felt civil rights best upheld citizens private organizations factions proposed new directions organization late 1930s local proposed shifting emphasis civil liberties actions legal aid society centered store offices low income neighborhoods directors rejected proposal members wanted shift focus political arena willing compromise ideals order strike deals politicians initiative rejected leadership witnesses support defendants unpopular extreme viewpoints produced landmark court cases established new civil liberties defendant witnesses involved large number supreme_court cases cases supported included city griffin struck city ordinance required permit person distribute literature kind martin struck ordinance prohibiting door door connecticut reversed conviction witness reciting offensive speech street corner important cases involved statutes requiring flag witnesses felt flag contrary religious beliefs children convicted flag supported appeal supreme_court court affirmed conviction years later supreme court reversed wrote fixed star constitutional official high petty shall orthodox politics nationalism religion matters opinion force citizens confess word act faith decision supreme_court announced flag day communism rise germany russia italy world war tremendous impact civil liberties movement hand oppression states sharp relief virtue freedom speech association united_states hand prompted anti communist america eroded civil liberties leadership divided defend pro nazi speech united_states pro labor elements hostile objected defended nazis states passed laws hate speech directed ethnic groups person arrested new_jersey hate speech law witness charged anti catholic literature defended witnesses charges dropped proceeded defend numerous pro nazi groups defending rights free speech free association late 1930s allied popular coalition liberal organizations coordinated benefited popular fight local civil rights battles effectively new_york based association communist_party led accusations communist particularly chairman chairman communist organization created uncover treason united_states witnesses testified hearings mentioned times leading mention prominently report damaged reputation severely report said definitely state communist organization rushed defend image allegations communist worked protect witnesses harassed organizations protest unsuccessfully passage smith act later persons supported communism defended persons prosecuted smith act including labor leader leadership split purge leadership communists anti communists wanted distance communism opposing rejected political test leadership bitter struggle ensued anti communists prevailed february board voted prohibit supported leadership roles chairman immediately resigned following contentious hour debate voted board resolution disaster considered betrayal fundamental principles resolution rescinded posthumously reinstated mid century world war world war united_states bill rights document numerous organizations defended civil liberties chicago new_york proclaimed civil rights weeks president announced national bill rights day speaker convention spite newfound respect civil rights americans anti communist believed excluding communists american society essential step preserve democracy contrasted world war relatively little violation civil liberties world war president roosevelt strong supporter civil liberties importantly anti war activists world war significant exception japanese americans months japanese attack pearl harbor roosevelt authorized creation military exclusion zones executive order paving way detention west_coast japanese americans inland camps addition non citizen prohibited members race thirds swept american born citizens immediately protested roosevelt comparing evacuations nazi concentration camps major organization object plan position unpopular organization leaders wanted defend japanese americans roosevelt loyalists wanted support roosevelt war effort baldwin felt japanese americans needed access process imprisoned march letter roosevelt baldwin called administration allow japanese americans prove loyalty individual hearings describing planned removal open grave question suggestions went opinions organization increasingly divided army began evacuation west_coast factions pushing fight exclusion orders issued advocating support president policy removing citizens presence national security brought opposing resolutions vote board national leaders decided challenge japanese american citizens june instructions sent west_coast branches support cases argued government constitutional right offices west_coast directly involved addressing tide anti japanese prejudice start geographically closer issue working cases challenging exclusion time seattle office assisting lawsuit created committee continue work started los_angeles attorney continued represent addressing case constitutional questions lose private clients defense japanese americans san_francisco branch led refused support case taken prior june directive attorney support centered defense exclusion west_coast offices wanted test case court difficult time finding japanese american willing violate orders able meet desired criteria sympathetic japanese americans affected order cases eventually supreme_court united_states came court justices upheld government right exclude japanese americans west_coast earlier forced local office stop aiding donated case legal team total budget submitted brief dissatisfied defense filed additional brief directly addressed constitutional rights meantime served attorneys united_states decided day case results kept arguments established national office case receive favorable ruling aided conservative united_states proved controversial cases collins refused bow national pressure pursue case challenging government right remove citizens homes board threatened san_francisco branch national affiliation baldwin tried unsuccessfully convince collins step replace lead attorney case eventually collins agreed present case alongside arguments supreme_court remained based exclusion order case decided december court upheld government right relocate japanese americans convictions later overturned proceedings 1980s somewhat defended japanese americans reluctant defend anti war protesters majority board passed resolution declared unwilling defend interfered war effort included group thousands renounced citizenship war later regretted decision tried applications significant number slated japan actually country fact deported repatriated visited lake segregation center majority concentrated subsequently enlisted help file lawsuit behalf arguing given national organization prohibited local branches representing forcing collins pursue case office provided support war ended years old accumulated impressive set legal victories president sent telegram occasion 25th anniversary american attitudes changed world war dissent minorities tolerated willingness bill rights respected minority rights commonly championed annual conference leaders composed list important civil rights issues focus future list included racial discrimination separation church state supported african american defendants tried occupy house purchased neighborhood racially restrictive housing african american won case cold war era anti communist sentiment united_states cold war beginning federal investigations caused persons communist left leaning lose jobs jailed cold war united_states collectively ignored civil rights communists civil liberties process law separation church state continued reinforced expanded internally divided communists leadership continued decided defend alleged communists late 1940s leaders anti communist felt defend victims leaders felt communists entitled free speech defend leaders uncertain threat posed communists tried establish compromise extremes ambivalent state affairs civil liberties faction prevailed leading resignation anti communist leaders president issued executive order created program authorized attorney general create list organizations deemed subversive association programs ground barring person employment listed organizations notified considered list opportunity present government factual basis inclusion list leadership divided challenge challenges successfully house american activities committee hollywood directors writers hollywood intending ask identify communists witnesses refused testify imprisoned contempt congress supported appeals artists lost appeal hollywood establishment panicked hearings created prohibited leftist associations working supported legal challenges challenges failed successful education effort report judges judged prepared direction response actress described unfair actions process helped gradually turn public opinion federal government took direct aim communist party indicted leaders square trial case mere membership political party sufficient conclude members advocated overthrow united_states government chose represent defendants found guilty sentenced years prison defense attorneys cited contempt went prison government indicted additional party members defendants find attorneys represent communists protested outside courthouse bill outlaw introduced congress supported anti law change heart supported party leaders appeal process supreme_court upheld convictions dennis united_states decision free speech requirements clear present danger test grave probable test issued public condemnation dennis decision resolved fight reason supreme_court support cold war legislation deaths supreme_court justices leaving remaining civil court dennis decision paved way prosecution hundreds communist party members supported communists appeals initiative originated local national headquarters convictions upheld california particular felt national headquarters supporting civil liberties strongly initiated cold war cases national headquarters challenged loyalty oath requirements country courts upheld loyalty oath laws california successfully challenged california state loyalty oath supreme_court upheld nearly law restricted liberties communists scaled defense communists cold war came heavy criticism communism critics included senator fbi leaders sympathetic fbi consequence rarely investigated complaints alleging abuse power fbi cold war organizational change board directors asked executive director baldwin resign feeling lacked organizational skills lead growing member organization baldwin objected majority board elected remove position replaced guidance membership start year period continual growth leading members presided expansion local controlled elite dozen new democratic 1950s amended permit local participate directly voting policy decisions annual conference open entire membership instituted year later decades pulpit activist members suggested new directions including abortion rights death penalty rights poor era early 1950s continued steer moderate course cold war leftist singer denied passport communist accused illegal acts chose defend later reversed stance supported passport cases resulted legal victories late 1950s response communist witch hunts witnesses employees chose use fifth amendment protection self avoid information political beliefs government agencies private organizations response established communist party membership invoked fifth amendment national divided defend employees fired merely pleading fifth amendment new_york affiliate successfully assisted teacher supreme_court case reversed termination fifth amendment issue catalyst watershed event finally resolved anti communists leadership anti communists led proposed set resolutions guilt persons invoked fifth amendment resolutions fell new organizational rules permitting local participate vote national headquarters rejected anti communist resolutions anti communists leaders refused accept results vote brought issue discussion annual convention member president attacked anti communists counter proposal stated stand guilt association judgment accusation invasion privacy personal opinions beliefs confusion dissent anti communists continued battle graham proposal outnumbered anti communists finally gave departed board directors late ending year reign leadership ranks proceeded resolve cold war anti communist legislation period resolution purge resignation anti communist leaders considered era abandoned core principles declined late television journalist publicly mccarthy controversies bill rights generated cold war new era liberties brown supreme_court unanimously overturned state sanctioned school segregation flood civil rights victories dominated legal landscape supreme_court handed key victories united_states united_states undermined smith act marked beginning end communist party membership inquiries supreme_court produced decisions including board member upheld fifth amendment brought end restrictions political activity 1960s decade successful period history membership rose seventeen states annual conference colorado supreme_court issued cases involved prevailed seven played role supreme_court decisions reducing censorship literature arts protecting freedom association prohibiting racial segregation excluding religion public schools providing process protection criminal suspects success arose changing public attitudes american populace educated tolerant willing accept unorthodox behavior separation church state legal battles concerning separation church state originated laws dating required religious instruction school provided state funding religious schools catholic church leading proponent laws primary opponents american jewish congress led challenge case justice hugo black wrote amendment erected wall church state wall kept high clear bill rights state governments supporting religious education strong legal arguments religious proponents arguing supreme_court act national school board constitution govern social issues advocates church state separation persuaded court declare activities unconstitutional writes greatest impact american life role supreme_court public controversies prevailed case challenged public school religious classes taught clergy paid private funds won cases challenging schools new_mexico taught clergy hanging classrooms 1960s response member insistence turned attention class promotion religion percent american schools included bible reading published policy statement condemning school prayers observation religious holidays bible reading supreme_court concurred position prohibited new_york school prayers decision religious factions country rebelled anti prayer decisions leading propose declared school prayer legal participated lobbying effort amendment congressional vote amendment failed obtain required thirds majority cases victories lost cases challenged state laws requiring commercial businesses close sunday supreme_court overturned laws states subsequently revoked laws pressure commercial interests freedom expression 1940s 1950s continued battle censorship art literature new_york affiliate received mixed results supreme_court winning appeal convicted speaking police permit losing appeal arrested prevent breach peace based denouncing president lost case arrested group libel distributed literature character african americans cities america routinely banned movies deemed harmful offensive immoral censorship mutual decision held movies mere commerce amendment protection film miracle banned new_york behest catholic_church supported film distributor appeal ban won major victory decision wilson catholic_church led efforts 1950s attempting persuade local prosecutors ban books movies leading conflict published statement condemning church tactics legal actions successfully defended films leading eventual movie censorship hollywood continued employing self censorship production code called hollywood abolish code defended beat generation artists including prosecuted poem unorthodox case helped coffee house regain restaurant license revoked beat customers allegedly disturbing peace quiet neighborhood lost important press censorship case supreme_court upheld conviction publisher distributing adult magazines late books cancer banned public standards rapidly liberal 1960s difficult define halted racial discrimination major aspect civil liberties progress world war centuries racism federal state local governments effort generally known civil liberties organizations worked progress including american jewish congress took primary responsibility supreme_court cases led lead attorney focusing police misconduct supporting achieved key victory henderson united_states decision ended segregation interstate bus rail transportation filed brief case brown led ban racial segregation public schools southern states instituted style witch hunt attempting disclose membership lists fight racism limited segregation provided key support primarily lower income urban residents required states establish voting districts accordance person vote principle police misconduct regularly tackled police misconduct issues starting case alabama right attorney including right attorney california stomach pumping late 1940s local established permanent committees address issues 1950s 1960s responsible substantially advancing legal police misconduct philadelphia affiliate responsible causing create nation civilian police review board illinois affiliate published report nation documented unlawful detention police known successes came 1960s prevailed string cases limiting power police gather evidence ohio supreme court required states obtain warrant searching person home decision provided legal representation persuaded court illinois permit suspects attorney present questioning arizona decision required police suspects constitutional rights law enforcement officials criticized expanding rights suspects police officers took advantage example represented new_york policemen lawsuit objected searches workplace late 1960s civilian review boards new_york philadelphia abolished objection civil liberties revolution 1960s 1960s tumultuous era united_states public interest civil liberties underwent explosive growth civil liberties actions 1960s led young people employed tactics sit ins marches protests peaceful employed militant tactics played central role major civil liberties debates 1960s including new fields gay rights prisoner rights abortion rights poor death penalty membership increased beginning decade seven states states 1960s underwent major transformation tactics shifted emphasis legal appeals generally involving submitted supreme_court direct representation defendants initially arrested time transformed style emotionally engaged published breakthrough document titled americans protest borne frustration slow progress battling racism endorsed aggressive militant protest techniques african american protests south accelerated early 1960s assisted step african american college students staged sit segregated north_carolina department store sit movement gained momentum united_states defended black students arrested demonstrating north_carolina florida louisiana provided legal help freedom rides integration protests birmingham alabama freedom summer responsible managing sit related cases supreme_court winning nearly decision fell legal volunteer efforts provide legal representation hundreds white black arrested protesting south joined civil liberties groups form subsequently provided legal representation protesters provided majority funding opened major office atlanta georgia dedicated serving southern issues progress south charismatic leader atlanta office responsible georgia prisons lee washington reforming election laws southern office defended african american congressman bond floyd georgia congress refused formally bond legislature widely publicized case defended morgan army doctor convicted refusing train despite raising defense green committing war crimes vietnam levy lost appeal parker levy won major victory free speech defended arrested peacefully protesting mayor chicago court ruled gregory chicago speaker arrested disturbing peace hostility initiated audience veto vietnam war center legal aspects vietnam war defending draft challenging war potential richard_nixon use national security concerns censor newspapers person prosecuted burning draft card new_york affiliate appealed conviction united_states_of_america supreme_court refused hear appeal years later massachusetts affiliate took card burning case supreme_court arguing act burning form symbolic speech supreme_court upheld conviction united_states brien thirteen year old junior high student wore black school object war suspended school appealed case supreme_court won victory critical case established government establish schools prisons rights defended sydney street arrested burning american flag protest reported assassination civil rights leader street new_york decision court agreed encouraging country abandon national symbols protected form expression successfully defended arrested wearing jacket words fuck draft walked los_angeles courthouse supreme_court california held wording essential convey intensity message non war related free speech rights advanced vietnam war era defended member advocated long term violence government supreme_court concurred argument landmark decision ohio held speech advocated imminent violence outlawed major crisis debate erupted defend boston federal charges encouraged avoid draft board deeply split defend activists half board anti war sentiments felt lend resources cause boston half board believed civil liberties stake taking political stance debate longstanding tradition politically provided legal advice regard political views defendants board finally agreed compromise solution permitted defend anti war activists endorsing activist political views critics suggest partisan political organization following case kent state leaders took step politics passing resolution condemning vietnam war resolution based variety legal arguments including civil liberties violations claim war illegal held internal discuss dual roles providing direct legal support defense accused initial trial individual defendant support providing appeal process establish widespread legal precedent historically known work led landmark supreme_court decisions legal activities involved direct representation concluded roles valid 1970s 1980s era supported new_york_times suit government requesting permission publish pentagon papers court upheld times united_states ruling held government prohibit publication classified information wait published action saga national organization nixon following resolution opposing vietnam war second major decision caused critics particularly conservatives claim evolved liberal political organization new civil liberties decade saw expansion field civil liberties responded appointing executive director embarked ambitious program expand created raise funds created new programs focus legal efforts membership reached years led way expanding legal rights directions new rights persons government run new rights victim groups privacy rights mainstream citizens time organization grew substantially helped develop field constitutional law groups persons live conditions government control include mental hospital patients members military prisoners students school term originated supreme_court justice use phrase schools decision initiated legal field student rights case expanded cases required schools provide students opportunity appeal early taken stand protect rights mentally ill drafted model statute governing mental commitments 1960s opposed commitments demonstrated person danger community landmark connor decision represented non violent mental health patient confined years persuaded supreme_court rule illegal defended rights mentally ill individuals dangerous create disturbances new_york chapter defended mentally ill woman exposed public prior prisoners virtually court system courts considered prisoners civil rights changed late 1950s began representing prisoners subject police brutality deprived religious reading material successfully sued alabama prison system new_york affiliate adopted project represent prisoners new_york prisons private attorney discovered conditions virginia prisons following virginia state strike won important victory prohibited virginia treating prisoners ways consolidated prison rights efforts nation created efforts led landmark cases requiring reform texas prison system congress enacted codified prisoners rights victim groups 1960s 1970s expanded scope include referred victim groups women poor female members endorsed created dominated legal field handling twice cases including breakthrough cases reed reed richardson taylor louisiana leader raised issue rights years later formally endorsed gay rights attorneys oregon filed federal civil rights case involving claim unconstitutional discrimination gay lesbian public school teacher held state statute authorized school districts fire teachers vague awarded monetary damages teacher court refused teacher affirmed refusal vote burton created later discrimination support continues today senator arrested sex public bathroom wrote brief saying sex adults public places protected privacy rights rights poor area expanded activists encouraged organization adopt policy welfare system low income families income board approve proposals played key role king smith decision supreme_court ruled welfare benefits children denied state simply mother boyfriend privacy right privacy explicitly identified constitution led charge establish rights case addressed state statute issue arose connecticut time supreme_court adopted position formally declared right privacy new_york affiliate pushed eliminate anti abortion laws starting year decided formally adopted right abortion policy led defense united_states expanded right physicians determine necessary efforts culminated controversial supreme_court decisions time wade abortion months pregnancy successfully argued state marriage case loving virginia related privacy engaged battles ensure government records individuals kept private individuals right review records supported measures including fair credit reporting act required credit agencies credit information individuals family educational rights privacy act provided students right access records privacy act prevented federal government personal information good cause allegations bias early 1970s conservatives began criticize political liberal legal scholar wrote trend started defense anti war protests critics blamed encouraging supreme_court embrace judicial activism critics claimed support controversial decisions like wade connecticut violated intention authors bill rights issue presidential campaign republican candidate accused democratic candidate member card carrying member case policy support civil liberties defendants regardless ideological stance takes pride defending individuals unpopular viewpoints members defended american nazis times actions brought protests particularly american jews small group american nazis led applied town illinois permission hold demonstration town park time majority population jews totaling citizens survivors nazi concentration camps refused grant permission illinois judge supported prohibited demonstration immediately passed aimed preventing group meeting assisted appealed federal court appeal dragged year eventually prevailed smith case heavily publicized america partially jewish groups objected demonstration leading members cancel illinois affiliate lost membership nearly budget financial strain controversy led local chapters membership crisis died sent fund raising appeal explained rationale case raised dollars reagan era inauguration ronald_reagan president year period conservative leadership government leadership government pushed conservative social agenda including abortion prayer schools banning pornography resisting gay rights years trial found fighting classroom case arkansas statute required schools teach biblical account creation scientific alternative evolution won case arkansas decision involved case involving distribution child pornography new_york brief argued child pornography test outlawed law question overly restrictive outlawed artistic displays non material court adopt position presidential election vice president noted opponent massachusetts governor described card carrying member evidence strong passionate liberal mainstream phrase subsequently organization advertising campaign defended lieutenant colonel conviction testimony violation fifth amendment rights iran affair involved illegal weapons sales iran order illegally fund modern era ruling unanimously case supreme_court voted anti provisions finding violated freedom speech provisions amendment decision supreme_court held use terms offensive provoke uncertainty speakers standards relate mean position considered controversial broad cross section political points view legislative counsel stated proposed anti legislation free speech denying forcing labeled standardized labeling compelled speech stated relatively simple click debate found joining criticizing bill house_of_representatives early taken strong position nearly legislation improper supported opt requirements cases opposed act suggesting chilling effect speech november african american residents texas indicted drug charges arrested series drug sweeps filed class action lawsuit kelly behalf alleging arrests unlawful contended percent male african american population aged arrested based word single unreliable confidential informant police cases announced confidential settlement lawsuit outcome sides stated satisfied district attorney dismissed charges suit film depicts case massachusetts affiliate represented amendment grounds death civil suit based solely fact man raped murdered child visited website lost case asked supreme_court require drop policy prohibiting boy scout leaders century march sued state california behalf sex couples denied marriage licenses case eventually consolidated marriage cases case led sex marriage available state june proposition passed november trial allegations drug abuse argued privacy compromised allowing law enforcement examination medical records june school district dover pennsylvania required high school biology students listen statement asserted theory evolution fact mentioning intelligent design alternative theory parents called complain believed school promoting religious idea classroom violating establishment clause amendment joined represented parents lawsuit school district lengthy trial judge ruled favor parents dover area school district decision finding intelligent design science permanently forbidding dover school system teaching intelligent design science classes april sued behalf homeless people city violation 8th 14th amendments article sections california constitution supporting process equal protection prohibiting cruel unusual punishment court ruled favor stating arrest people sitting lying sleeping public row enforcement section hours day persons sit lie sleep public streets breaking amendments court said anti camping ordinance restrictive municipal laws regulating public spaces united_states jones wanted compromise barred enforcing section arrest seizure imprisonment row hours compromise plan permits homeless sleep provided feet business residential entrance hours motivations compromise shortage space prison system downtown development business interests compromise police chief said case slowed police effort fight crime clean allowed clean real estate september voted reject compromise october police arrested sleeping streets time months joined pro gun rights organization prevailed lawsuit library district washington policy refusing disable restrictions adult patron request library patrons attempting access pro gun web sites blocked library refused remove blocks sued library system refusing temporarily request adult patron disable internet filters blocked access google images challenged missouri law prohibited outside veterans suit filed support threatened arrest known picket signs contain messages god hates thank god dead soldiers thank god issued statement calling legislation law rights religious liberty free speech prevailed lawsuit consortium legal advocates including challenged california proposition declared sex marriages illegal allies prevailed light supreme_court decision recognizing constitution protects individual right bear arms nevada took position supporting individual right bear arms subject regulations pledged defend right defends constitutional rights increasingly assisted gun owners recover firearms seized illegally law enforcement filed brief arguing violated amendment right free speech political speech stance landmark case caused considerable disagreement organization resulting discussion future stance quarterly board meeting march reaffirmed stance support supreme_court ruling time voicing support expanded public financing election campaigns stating organization firmly oppose future constitutional amendment limiting free speech illinois inducted friend community started don filter project lgbt related internet censorship public schools united_states january reached settlement federal government collins united_states provided payment separation pay discharged don ask don tell november previously granted half expected receive anti terrorism issues september attacks federal government instituted broad range new measures combat terrorism including passage patriot act challenged measures claiming violated rights process privacy illegal searches cruel unusual punishment policy statement states way forward lies decisively turning backs policies practices violate greatest strength constitution commitment embodies rule law liberty security compete zero sum game freedoms foundation strength security advocates national security policies consistent constitution rule law fundamental human rights project cases relating detention torture discrimination surveillance censorship secrecy ensuing debate proper balance civil liberties security membership increased bringing group total enrollment growth continued august membership greater remained level vocal opponent usa patriot act patriot act associated legislation response threat domestic terrorism response requirement usa patriot act withdrew charity drive campaign imposed requirement employees checked federal anti terrorism watch list stated reject contributions private individuals submit government policy sued federal government behalf owner internet service provider provisions patriot act government issued national security letters provide private internet access information customers addition government placed gag order forbidding discussing matter january filed lawsuit federal district court michigan challenging government surveillance controversy august court ruled program unconstitutional ordered ended immediately order stayed pending appeal bush administration suspend program appeal heard february turned appeal let pursue lawsuit program began shortly september terror attacks organizations filed separate lawsuits country telecommunications companies filed lawsuit illinois dismissed state secrets privilege california requesting august lawsuits telecommunications companies transferred federal judge san_francisco represents muslim american detained accused crime civil suit attorney general january american military released names held afghanistan modifying long held position information list prompted freedom information act lawsuit filed september lawyers requested detailed information conditions rules regulations criticized targeted killings american citizens fight united_states criticized killing radical muslim basis violation fifth amendment right deprived life liberty property process law archives washington cubic feet including plus rolled posters washington michigan collection documents early years branch collection contains documents related academic freedom censorship church state civil liberties police brutality legal assistance prisoners detroit michigan michigan collection illustrates branch formed address issues jail conditions lie use senior housing rights attempts death penalty detroit michigan selected works sponsored published annual report american civil liberties union americans protest secret detention chicago police report report law enforcement report written published auspices miller judges judged organization records manuscript library dangers domestic
American Civil Liberties Union