genus species fungi like fungi spore discharge mechanism associated typical fungi instead enclosed spore bearing structures resembling round orange red gelatinous thick species collected regions deciduous temperate tropical subtropical forests worldwide distribution including eastern north_america asia common given species alludes bright red fruit bodies openings somewhat resemble lips unusual fruit body structure historically led suggest classification schemes based presumed relationships stomach mushrooms phylogenetic analyses performed 2000s genus related mushrooms species forming associations trees families type species oak taxonomy original genus description based type species synonymous published french botanist advent modern genetic analysis considered grouping fungi enclosed spore bearing structures specifically classified order suggested genus merged hard authors placed family 2000s phylogenetic analyses nuclear mitochondrial gene sequences helped clarify phylogeny species representative examples research showed genus related clade separate containing mushrooms non belongs order comprise following genera thought diverged million years ago genus derived greek beauty mouth similarly species referred vernacular korea called red description fruit bodies technically known form spherical spore bearing heads outer tissue layer clearly defined layers tissue layer thick gelatinous shiny cuticle maturity away reveal brightly colored star shaped spores escape layer remains attached outer layers apex star shaped fruit bodies stalk atop stalk stalk thick fused hyphae expand absorbing moisture spore mass head pale initially thick walled skeletal hyphae called clamp connections present fungal hyphae spores spores spherical elliptical shape typically surfaces grooves resembling net pitted variations elaborate pitted spore inspired investigation techniques scanning electron atomic force technique distinguish subtle details scale differences fine structure spores species spore purpose interwoven nurse cells hyphae net effect prevent spores blown away simultaneously development grown humid conditions typically found temperate deciduous forest species develop thicker gelatinous layer stalk expands exposing raised ridge tissue opening suggestive common help protect late fruiting species harmful variations temperature humidity insect predation habitat distribution species collected regions deciduous temperate tropical subtropical forests containing tree species families type species shown form labeling molecular morphological analyses southeast asian described forms species forms species mode nutrition predominant historically assumed saprobic taxonomic presumed saprobic fungi like distribution genus limited australia new_zealand southeast_asia asia species described indonesia borneo java sumatra new_guinea ceylon taiwan china new_zealand north_america latin_america australian species include mentions preference humid forests eastern north_america particularly southern uses edibility general species considered edible typically begin development underground time fruit bodies appear tough consumption study reported community state mexico collected children consumed like tradition abandoned recent years locals called young fruit bodies compounds contains pigment named responsible red color chemical structure acid species list following species list compiled index species published literature missing specifically listed species authority author original description species followed year publication
Calostoma