indonesian occupation indonesia occupied december october centuries portuguese colonial rule coup portugal led colonies creating instability leaving future uncertain small scale civil war pro independence declared victory capital city declared independent november claiming assistance requested east leaders indonesian military forces invaded december destroyed armed resistance occupation following controversial said genuine act self determination indonesia declared territory province indonesia years indonesian government subjected people executions routine systematic torture deliberate starvation santa massacre caused outrage world reports killings numerous resistance indonesian rule remained strong nobel peace prize awarded men ongoing efforts peacefully end occupation vote determine future resulted overwhelming majority favour independence independent nation estimated number deaths occupation famine violence including violent deaths population approximately truth commission held indonesian forces responsible violent killings immediately invasion passed resolutions condemning indonesia actions calling immediate withdrawal australia indonesia nations world recognise province indonesia soon began negotiations divide resources found gap governments including japan canada malaysia supported indonesian government invasion suppression independence movement caused great harm indonesia reputation international credibility vote independence paramilitary groups working indonesian military undertook final wave violence country infrastructure destroyed australian led restored order following departure indonesian forces administered territory years establishing investigate prosecute crimes committed limited scope small number sentences delivered indonesian courts caused numerous observers international tribunal background portuguese arrived 16th century came portuguese colonial administration portuguese rule island divided significant pacific war occupied japanese troops fighting helped prevent japanese occupation australia resulted east deaths indonesia secured independence world war leadership claim control aside general anti colonial rhetoric oppose portuguese control territory revolt portuguese endorsed indonesian government united_nations document notes government indonesia declared maintains friendly relations portugal claim portuguese assurances continued took power indonesian official declared december indonesia territorial ambition question indonesia wishing annex coup lisbon caused significant changes portugal relationship colony power shift europe movements independence colonies like new portuguese government began process opening political process east political parties april emerged major players landscape formed group wealthy landowners initially dedicated preserving portugal september announced support independence week later revolutionary independent east appeared initially organised group endorsed universal doctrines socialism right independence political process grew tense group changed declared legitimate representative people end saw creation party advocating integration indonesia originally named indonesia indonesia expressed concerns independent economically weak vulnerable indonesian nationalist military particularly leaders intelligence agency special operations unit saw portuguese coup opportunity integration indonesia central government military feared governed base incursions powers indonesia independent archipelago inspire sentiments indonesian provinces fear national played military leaders close remained indonesia strongest refusing entertain prospect east independence autonomy late 1990s military intelligence organisations initially sought non military annexation strategy intending use integration vehicle january established tentative coalition dedicated achieving independence time australian government reported indonesian military conducted pre invasion exercise months command supporting named broadcasting accusations communism leaders coalition indonesian government fostered instability observers said created pretext invading tensions groups caused withdraw coalition attempt negotiate settlement dispute future convened conference june meeting protest presence representatives complained effort process memoir unfinished saga leader recalls protests party refusal attend meeting writes tactical political errors find intelligent explanation coup civil war independence declaration tension reached boiling point rumours began circulating possible power independence parties august staged coup capital city small scale civil war broke describes fighting bloody details violence committed cites counted people dead war fighting forced portuguese government nearby island defeated forces weeks surprise portugal indonesia leaders fled indonesian controlled signed petition september calling integration indonesia accounts indicate support position forced indonesia gained control faced attacks west indonesian military forces known indonesia small group troops indonesia captured border city october nearby taken days later raid members australian television news crew later dubbed killed indonesian soldiers indonesian military officials deaths accidental east witnesses journalists deliberately killed deaths subsequent campaigns investigations attracted international attention rallied support east independence start november foreign ministers indonesia portugal met rome discuss resolution conflict leaders invited talks sent message expressing desire work portugal meeting ended parties agreeing portugal meet political leaders talks took place mid november indonesian forces began city sea captured end month frustrated portugal leaders believed ward indonesian advances effectively declared independent national political commissioner conducted diplomatic tour africa gathering support governments according effort yielded assurances countries including soviet_union sweden cuba recognise new nation cuba currently shares close relations today november declared independence indonesia announced leaders respond day declaring region independent officially indonesia declaration drafted indonesian intelligence signed later described declaration pun indonesian word lie portugal rejected indonesian government approved military action begin annexation invasion december indonesian forces invaded largest military operation carried nation troops military organisation engaged forces streets reported indonesian killed descended city reports dead indonesian troops end year troops occupied deployed massively outnumbered troops fled mountains continued guerrilla combat operations indonesian atrocities start invasion onward forces engaged wholesale massacre civilians start occupation radio sent following broadcast indonesian forces killing women children shot streets going killed appeal international help stop invasion refugee told later rape cold women children chinese shop owners bishop time said later soldiers landed started killing find dead bodies streets soldiers killing killing killing incident group men women children including australian freelance reporter lined cliff outside shot bodies falling sea took place ordered observe count aloud person executed estimated days invasion addition supporters chinese migrants singled execution killed day mass killings continued indonesian forces advanced held mountain regions guide senior indonesian officer told australian consul portuguese early months fighting troops killed encountered february capturing village south driving remaining forces indonesian troops machine town population allegedly shooting age young children spared taken trucks time fell indonesian forces population time indonesian relief workers visited village september remained june troops badly battered attack retribution large refugee camp housing near border setting houses fire indonesian soldiers men women children march australian consul published report detailing charges december indonesian forces killed civilians consistent statement february leader killed previous months civil war suggesting death toll months invasion delegation indonesian relief workers agreed late report catholic_church estimated death toll figures indonesian government interview april sydney morning herald indonesian foreign minister said number dead people indonesian government presented annexation matter unity booklet entitled east paid tribute sacred right self determination recognised true representatives east majority claimed popularity result policy threats blackmail terror later indonesian foreign minister reiterated position memoir shoe diplomatic struggle island original division east west indonesia argued invasion result colonial oppression enforced portuguese dutch imperial powers according indonesian government annexation 27th province merely step unification archipelago begun 1940s response international law day following invasion committee convened debate situation nations allied indonesia including india japan malaysia wrote resolution blaming portugal political parties rejected favour draft prepared algeria cuba adopted december calling indonesia withdraw delay days later unanimously adopted resolution echoes resolution immediate indonesian withdrawal year later expressed sentiment resolution general_assembly passed resolutions year calling self determination governments large countries like china united_states opposed action smaller countries like costa_rica guinea iceland calling strong enforcement resolutions resolution calls secretary general initiate parties directly concerned view exploring avenues achieving comprehensive settlement problem legal expert notes indonesia invasion occupation violated key elements international law right self determination prohibition aggression petition september calling integration later resolution qualify informed democratic processes conducted based universal adult suffrage required establishes guidelines norms self determination existed petitions indonesia use military force cited violation chapter united nations charter states members shall refrain international relations threat use force territorial integrity political independence state observers argued state time invasion protected charter claim mirrors indonesia dutch legal scholar points considered portuguese colony doubt application provision charter chapter context armed conflict colonial power colony hardly doubt applies force sovereign state state colony indonesian december indonesia formed headed dos president sources describe institution creation indonesian military activities formation consisting elected representatives leaders walks life like usually characterised instrument propaganda created indonesian military international journalists invited witness group meeting movement tightly constrained assembly drafted request formal integration indonesia described act self determination indonesia kept shut rest world years late 1980s early 1990s claiming vast majority east supported integration position followed closely indonesian media east acceptance integration indonesia taken granted non issue majority came seen training ground officer corps tactics suppression pivotal ensuring military sector dominance indonesia indonesian campaigns resistance leaders indonesian intelligence influential initially envisaged invasion resistance integration indonesia quick relatively ensuing indonesian campaigns devastating enormous drain indonesian resources severely damaging indonesia internationally ultimately failure wholesale killings near coastal regions opening months invasion driven large portion population remaining central regions proved left indonesian troops fighting enemy equipped access agricultural resources population civilian population came indonesian forces led heightened support resistance protected population fled coastal regions conditions active support rallied communities suggests fact indonesian military power base remained barely mid-1970s intelligence ongoing failures measure military dominance indonesian affairs end stalemate existed indonesian army unable overcome heavy resistance drained resources began indonesian navy ordered missile firing patrol boats united_states australia netherlands south_korea taiwan submarines west_germany february indonesia received thirteen aircraft aid official government foreign military aid sales credit ideal invasion specifically designed counter operations difficult terrain beginning february operating helped indonesian military positions dealt heavy blow aircraft attacked forces conventional weapons soviet supplied known new weaponry additional troops sent begin new campaigns known final solution implemented strategy attrition beginning september accomplished rendering central regions unable sustain human life attacks chemical warfare destruction crops order force population surrender custody indonesian forces food population catholic officials called strategy campaign troops surrounded areas support killed men women children air naval followed ground troops destroyed villages agricultural infrastructure thousands people killed period early entire civilian population near indonesian border killed supporting bombarded success campaign led final campaign children men forced hold hands march indonesian units searching members members found members forced surrender fire people period allegations indonesian use chemical weapons arose villagers reported appearing crops bombing attacks radio claimed indonesian planes dropped chemical agents observers including reported seeing dropped countryside commission reception truth reconciliation based interviews witnesses indonesian military papers intelligence international sources confirmed chemical weapons poison food water supplies controlled areas campaign brutal indonesian campaign effective broke main militia capable president military commander shot killed helicopter borne indonesian troops december enforced starvation result destruction food crops civilians forced leave hills surrender surviving villagers came lower lying regions surrender military execute killed outright troops sent receiving centers prepared advance camps located close proximity local military bases indonesian forces screened population order single members resistance aid collaborators transit camps surrendered civilians registered interrogated suspected members resistance detained killed centers constructed toilets additionally indonesian military barred red_cross distributing humanitarian aid medical care provided result weakened starvation surviving small rations given captors died cholera tuberculosis late passed camps period months strategic imprisoned subjected enforced starvation camps prevented traveling farmland subjected truth commission report confirmed indonesian military use enforced starvation weapon east civilian population large numbers people positively denied access food sources report cited testimony individuals denied food detailed destruction crops livestock indonesian soldiers concluded policy deliberate starvation resulted deaths church worker reported east dying starvation month district world vision indonesia visited october claimed east risk starvation envoy reported percent camp population situation bad warned tens thousands risk starvation indonesia announced working government run alleviate crisis charged organisation selling donated aid supplies indonesian military launched operation security named fence legs program operation indonesian forces men boys march mountains ahead advancing troops human shields counterattack objective sweep central region fence legs died starvation exhaustion shot indonesian forces allowing slip fence villages indonesian forces unknown number civilians villagers september eyewitness testified australian senate stated soldiers deliberately killed small children smashing heads rock operation failed crush resistance popular resentment occupation grew stronger troops mountains continued sporadic attacks indonesian forces carried numerous operations destroy years cities villages non violent resistance movement began shape operation clean sweep failure successive indonesian campaigns led indonesian military elite commander based colonel initiate peace talks commander controlled area march sought portugal negotiations commander broke announcing new offensive called operational clean sweep august time time going hit mercy breakdown agreement followed renewed wave summary executions hands indonesian forces august people burned alive village killed nearby river august december documented arrests people capital city relatives told indonesian forces disappeared sent suspected opposing integration arrested tortured published indonesian manual received instructing military personnel inflict physical mental troops avoid taking photographs showing torture given electric stripped naked memoir inside resistance describes tortured indonesian soldiers question punches face punches hard feels face broken people hit sides hands kicked location psychologically tortured didn hit strong threats kill gun table book personal woman named describes watching torture place prison people sit chair chair toes mad yes soldiers food mix person eat use electric shock use electric machine violence women indonesian military abuses women numerous documented addition suffering arbitrary torture execution women faced rape sexual abuse crime related independence activist scope problem difficult owing intense military control imposed occupation compounded shame felt victims report violence women indonesia wrote women reluctant pass information non governmental organizations rape sexual abuse let report violations military police authorities forms violence women took form harassment intimidation enforced marriage amnesty report cites case woman forced live commander harassed daily troops release marriages took place regularly occupation women encouraged accept procedures pressured knowledge effects researcher released book voice east women chronicles personal stories violence abuse dating earliest days occupation woman tells interrogated stripped half naked tortured threatened death describes hands feet raped repeatedly interrogated weeks woman prepared food arrested burned cigarettes tortured electricity forced walk naked past row soldiers tank filled abuses indonesian government reported mass graves containing scores people killed found near confirmed reports expressed concern killings claimed responsibility human rights watch condemned series attacks carried led deaths civilians economy portuguese language banned indonesian language government education public commerce indonesian school curriculum implemented official indonesian national ideology applied government jobs restricted holding certification training east belief systems fit indonesia constitutional resulting mass conversions christianity portuguese clergy replaced indonesian priests latin portuguese mass replaced indonesian mass invasion percent east roman catholics 1980s percent registered catholics percent catholic population currently densely catholic countries world particular focus indonesian government program aimed densely populated regions media censorship new order meant state conflict unknown predominantly poor wet rice farmers arrival found ongoing threat attack east resistance fighters object local resentment large tracts land belonging east appropriated indonesian government settlement gave returned island origin migrants stayed contributed integration families people settled estimated free indonesian settlers lived mid-1990s including offered jobs education administration migration increased resentment overtaken business immigrants following invasion portuguese commercial interests taken border opened resulting influx west farmers january territory open private investment economic life towns subsequently brought control immigrants south products exported partnerships army officials indonesian businessmen military controlled firm lucrative commercial activities including wood export hotels import consumer products group profitable business monopoly export coffee territory valuable cash crop indonesian came dominate military enterprises local portuguese period way indonesian imports indonesian government primary response criticism policies highlight funding development health education communications transportation agriculture remained poor following centuries portuguese colonial neglect indonesian critic points conflict early years occupation lead sharp drops rice coffee production livestock populations critics argue infrastructure development road construction designed facilitate indonesian military corporate interests military controlled key businesses private investors indonesian international avoided territory despite improvements indonesian government report estimated quarters districts half lived poverty 1990s changing resistance integration campaigns major investment indonesian government improve infrastructure health education facilities end east resistance indonesian rule 1980s forces dropped armed men increased contacts young especially armed civil resistance seeking self determination took shape protest movements young children time invasion educated indonesian system resented repression cultural political life expense indonesian ambivalent indonesian economic development spoke portuguese stressing portuguese heritage seeking help portugal self determination considered indonesia occupying force abroad members notably journalist later prime minister president pushed cause diplomatic forums reduced armed resistance prompted indonesian government open improve commercial prospects including lifting travel ban journalists new policy came foreign minister advice military leadership feared lead loss control diplomats policy response international concerns late military commander replaced brigadier general promised approach anti restrictions travel territory reduced groups political prisoners released use torture interrogation common attempted increase military discipline february indonesian soldier prosecuted unlawful conduct action invasion reduced fear persecution encouraged resistance movements anti integration protests accompanied high profile visits including pope end cold war removed justification western support indonesia occupation resulting increase international attention self determination human rights pressure indonesia subsequent events 1990s helped dramatically raise international profile turn significantly boosted momentum resistance groups massacre memorial mass november pro independence youth shot indonesian troops strong crowd flag banners pro independence peacefully following brief confrontation indonesian troops protesters indonesian soldiers opened fire crowd killing foreigners cemetery quickly reported international news organisations video footage massacre widely broadcast internationally causing outrage response massacre activists world organised solidarity new urgency brought calls self determination british organisation formed advocate democracy indonesia increased work united_states founded soon chapters cities country solidarity groups appeared portugal australia japan germany malaysia ireland brazil coverage massacre vivid example growth new media indonesia making increasingly difficult new order control information flow indonesia post cold war 1990s government coming increasing international scrutiny number pro democracy student groups magazines began openly critically discuss new order broader history future indonesia sharp condemnation military came international community parts indonesian elite massacre ended governments opening territory new period repression began removed position approach resistance superiors arrested human rights abuses rose ban foreign journalists hatred intensified indonesian military presence trained militias gangs dressed black crush remaining resistance arrest november leader arrested indonesian troops sentenced life imprisonment rebellion sentence later years arrest universally acknowledged leader resistance major frustration anti integration movement continued serve symbol hope inside prison resistance east continued president bill_clinton visited east students occupied embassy protest support indonesia time human rights observers called attention continued violations indonesian troops police report noted abuses territory continue mount including torture limitations basic rights series riots september october criticised indonesian authorities wave arbitrary arrests torture report indicates beaten iron bars kicked threatened death nobel peace prize suddenly brought world attention nobel peace prize awarded work peaceful solution conflict indicated press release hoped award spur efforts find diplomatic solution conflict based people right self determination nobel scholar notes indonesia prize great embarrassment public statements government tried distance recognising prize thought exercise control accusing responsibility atrocities civil strife declaring political award ceremony chairman answered charges pointing civil conflict country return tried reconcile parties diplomats indonesia portugal continued required general_assembly resolution series meetings intended resolve problem foreign minister called indonesian shoe end indonesian control renewed united_nations efforts indonesia portugal began early transition indonesia independence limited regional autonomy going allowed new order notwithstanding indonesian public opinion 1990s occasionally showing appreciation position widely feared independent indonesian unity asian financial crisis caused tremendous indonesia led resignation ending thirty year presidency command powerful indonesian strategic reserve went exile jordan military operations costing bankrupt indonesian government million dollars day subsequent period relative political transition included unprecedented debate indonesia relationship remainder discussion forums took place working referendum foreign minister described plans phased autonomy leading possible independence pain gain indonesia june weeks taking office successor announced indonesia soon offer special plan autonomy late drafted letter indonesia advising change australian policy advocating staging referendum independence decade president saw arrangement implying colonial rule indonesia decided snap referendum issue indonesia portugal announced agreed hold vote allowing people choose autonomy plan independence vote administered originally scheduled august later postponed august indonesia took responsibility security arrangement caused worry observers believe indonesia refused allow foreign vote referendum groups supporting autonomy independence began campaigning series pro integration paramilitary groups east began threatening violence committing violence country alleging pro independence bias groups seen working receiving training indonesian soldiers agreement announced april paramilitary attack left dozens east dead gang accompanied indonesian troops attacked suspected independence activists village june group attacked office indonesian authorities claimed helpless stop violence rival factions joined notions february said indonesia wants major havoc promised consistently heard years indonesian military militia leaders warned indonesian ambassador declared people reject autonomy possibility blood flow paramilitary announced vote independence result sea fire expression referring indonesia war independence dutch date vote drew near reports anti independence violence continued accumulate day vote august generally calm orderly percent registered voters cast ballots september secretary general announced percent votes cast independence brought new order insistence supported integration shocked east voted indonesia accepted media stories blaming supervising united_nations australia pressured resolution hours results paramilitary groups begun attacking people setting fires capital foreign journalists election observers fled tens thousands east took mountains islamic gangs attacked catholic diocese building killing dozen people day headquarters attacked burned ground people killed later reports similar poured withdrew personnel compound flooded refugees workers refused evacuate refugees withdrawn insisting die hands paramilitary groups time indonesian troops paramilitary gangs forced people camps described conditions delegation arrived september told indonesian president reports fantasies lies general indonesian military insisted soldiers situation control later expressed emotion singing hit song feelings event military wives indonesian withdrawal force violence met widespread public anger australia portugal activists portugal australia united_states nations pressured governments action australian prime minister consulted united_nations secretary general lobbied president bill_clinton support australian led international peace keeper force enter end violence united_states offered crucial logistical intelligence resources horizon presence commit forces operation finally september bill_clinton announced indonesia dire economic straits relented president announced september indonesia withdraw indonesian soldiers allow australian led international force enter september expressed concern deteriorating situation issued resolution calling multinational force restore peace security protect support united_nations mission facilitate humanitarian assistance operations time united_nations force approved deployed area command australian major general entered september october indonesian troops left arrival thousands international troops caused militia flee border indonesia sporadic cross border raids militia forces conducted established end october administered region years control nation turned government independence declared september year joined united_nations member state bulk military forces australian troops peak including infantry brigade armoured aviation support eventually nations contributed force height numbered troops united_states provided crucial diplomatic support crisis cruiser uss mobile bay protected naval fleet marine infantry battalion men plus organic armour artillery stationed coast aboard uss wood provide strategic reserve event significant armed opposition international response indonesia fear communism garner varying degrees support western countries including united_states australia invasion occupation invasion suppression independence movement caused great harm indonesia reputation international credibility criticism developing world undermined efforts 1980s secure chair strongly desired indonesia condemnation indonesia continued 1990s australia main article september australian prime minister met indicated support indonesia annexed november government dismissed placed restrictions government results december election known action required approval political parties governor general december australia unsuccessfully sought resolution determine independence australian government evacuated australians foreign nationals arrived darwin december saying aid agencies australian red_cross banned news conference said accept assistance included australia winning december elections government took approach trade southeast_asia political ties southeast_asia important risk seen lost cause australia government officially recognise province indonesia year later australia indonesia began drafting treaty share resources gap treaty signed december estimates ranging seven billion barrels oil secured agreement general economic partnership indonesia frequently cited crucial factor australian government position given nearly east died fighting australian japanese forces followed invasion japanese pacific war australians believed government owed special debt portuguese colony senior foreign affairs adviser occupation condemned government position saying later vital strategic value irrelevant australian world war veterans protested occupation similar reasons successive australian governments saw good relations stability indonesia australia largest neighbour providing important security australia north issue complicated operation nations australia provided important sanctuary east independence advocates like based australia exile australia trade indonesia grew 1980s signed security pact indonesia gave relations high priority fall indonesian president shift australian policy helped proposal referendum question independence late prime minister foreign minister drafted letter indonesia setting change australian policy suggesting given chance vote independence decade letter upset indonesian president saw implying indonesia colonial power decided announce snap referendum sponsored referendum held showed overwhelming approval independence followed violent clashes security crisis instigated anti independence militia australia led united_nations backed end violence order restored intervention ultimately successful australian indonesian relations years recover altered policy adopted policy support east independence opposition indonesian presence spokesperson credibility attacked governing government foreign affairs minister prime minister howard assisted campaign labor later lead victory australian federal election philippines owing strong relation indonesia philippines initially cold issue fact denied entry supposed lecture president included immigration widespread support countries philippines finally changed policy independence philippines contributed medical logistics personnel ground troops named filipino lieutenant general command fledged force takes tuesday sharing roman catholic heritage philippines natural ally maintained good relationship removed frequently gives lectures universities philippines notably philippines portugal day invasion portugal cut diplomatic ties indonesia went support resolutions condemning invasion late 1970s early 1980s portuguese government appeared reluctant push issue american indonesia specialist suggests stemmed uncertainty time application portugal criticism mounted sharply mid-1980s public pressure country highest profile international forums east self determination 1990s portugal took indonesia united_states united_states completing retreat vietnam anti communist indonesia considered united_states essential friendly relations indonesian government considered important process united_states wanted maintain access deep water straits running indonesia submarine passage indian pacific oceans day invasion president secretary state met indonesian president reportedly gave approval invasion response saying want understanding deemed necessary rapid drastic action ford replied understand press issue understand problem intentions similarly agreed fears use arms invasion exposed public scrutiny talking desire influence reaction america chance people talking way hoped invasion swift involve protracted resistance important succeeds quickly said main fear appears violent partly communist inspire similar communist victories asia possibly lead revolts threatening survival indonesia state supplied weapons indonesia invasion subsequent occupation week invasion prepared detailed analysis found vast majority military equipment supplied government said suspended military assistance december june military aid actually proposed congress continued increase nearly doubling violence climax united_states furnished approximately million weaponry indonesian government military aid arms sales indonesia increased continued bush clinton years stopped arms provisions indonesia amounted approximately billion commission reception truth reconciliation stated responsibility chapter final report political military support fundamental indonesian invasion occupation report stated supplied weaponry crucial indonesia capacity intensify military operations massive campaigns destroy resistance aircraft supplied united_states played crucial role claimed degree support indonesian government efforts extended diplomatic support material assistance report sydney australia dated june quoted press release stated american military advisers mercenaries fought alongside indonesian soldiers battles meantime american pilots flying aircraft bombing raids liberated areas control united_states resolutions indonesian invasion ambassador time wrote later memoirs department state desired united_nations prove utterly ineffective measures undertook task given carried forward success countries britain canada japan nations supported indonesia occupation britain resolutions relating sold arms occupation indonesia purchased jet trainers campaign britain sold dozens additional jets indonesia 1990s canada early general_assembly resolutions opposed canadian government regularly sold weapons indonesia occupation 1990s approved million exports spare weapons parts japan voted general_assembly resolutions indian government supported indonesia occupation seizure analysts remarked indonesia delayed action prevented peaceful transfer similar manner french transferred india member nations consistently voted general_assembly resolutions calling self determination impacts number deaths precise estimates death toll difficult determine report commission reception truth reconciliation reports estimated minimum number conflict related deaths report says approximately killed disappeared approximately died hunger illness excess expected peacetime mortality figures represent minimum conservative estimate says scientifically based principal finding report provide upper bound speculated total number deaths conflict related hunger illness high truth commission held indonesian forces responsible violent killings researcher says toll likely close truth throw estimate higher estimated total close catholic church estimate population people church reported led estimate people killed occupation widely reported world sources support estimate killed according specialist basis statistical data available portuguese indonesian authorities catholic_church december december approximately lost lives constituted pre invasion population similarly indonesian professor java concluded study data fact killed early years occupation argues toll significantly exaggerated argues census counted reliable source probably minimum maximum estimate total population worth recalling hundreds thousands east disappeared violence september later writes census face census counted require growth rate year nearly identical high growth rate highly unlikely given conditions brutal occupation including indonesian efforts discourage reproduction noting relative lack personal accounts atrocities indonesian soldiers adds appear basis news reports academic accounts society mass death leading massacre indicate society retained way probably possible treated treated indonesian military strategy based winning hearts minds population fact support charges mass killing starting base population based census calculated expected population assuming growth rate year result occupation accepting count regards low concluded died war argued growth rate suggested census high citing fact church previously growth rate produced figure line portuguese population estimate maintained portuguese census certainly believed likely correct church census fact church attempt size total population seen light incomplete access society half catholic assuming growth rate line nations yield accurate figure expected population slightly accounting decline birth rate resulting indonesian occupation deficit remaining exactly according indonesian policies restricted birth rate born killed missing result indonesian authorities conducted census variety factors exodus tens thousands homes escape deaths thousands civil war deaths combatants occupation killings natural disasters diminish civilian toll indonesian forces time considering data argues lower toll absolute minimum mere tenth civilian population dying years responded asserting influx workers occupation increase population growth rate typical mortality crisis accepting census valid despite estimate church census possible maximum discounted church lack access society resulted concluded combatants civilians killed sides died unnatural deaths true yield result civilian population killed separately estimated expected accounting reduction birth rates civilian population died period believes deficit probably accounting reduction birth rates population mid value report deaths analyst political killings estimates observers called indonesian military action example genocide study word legal meaning occupation legal scholar concludes group recognised international law targeted indonesian authorities charge genocide applied notes conflict accurately genocide political group alternatively cultural genocide concepts explicitly recognised international law occupation compared killings yugoslav wars genocide accurate numbers indonesian casualties documented complete names indonesian soldiers pro indonesian militias died action illness accidents entire occupation engraved located south justice goes discuss responsible parties crimes humanity war crimes gross violations human rights years end occupation number proceedings carried end resolution described history systematic widespread violations international human rights law demanded responsible violence brought justice achieve ends established attempted investigate prosecute individuals responsible violence criticised relatively little presumably funded limited mandate crimes committed reasons indonesian trials punish responsible violence described inadequate commission deficiencies processes led number organisations international tribunal prosecute individuals responsible killings similar established yugoslavia editorial said number committed period international court pursue confirm invasion occupation destruction indonesia long standing systematic criminal conspiracy planned ordered highest levels government perpetrators continue authority influence nearest neighbour future peace justice democracy indonesia depends holding highest level perpetrators indonesia commission truth friendship set goal establishing truth relating crimes occupation healing divisions countries received criticism rejected united_nations offering indonesian governors president december july dos dos maria september september september october
Indonesian occupation of East Timor