german march april german born theoretical physicist developed general theory pillars modern physics alongside quantum mechanics work known influence philosophy science best known popular culture mass energy formula dubbed world famous equation received nobel prize physics services theoretical physics particular discovery law effect pivotal step evolution quantum theory near beginning career thought mechanics longer reconcile laws classical mechanics laws electromagnetic field led development special theory realized principle extended fields subsequent theory published paper general continued deal problems statistical mechanics quantum theory led explanations particle theory motion molecules investigated thermal properties light laid foundation theory light applied general theory model large scale structure universe visiting united_states adolf_hitler came power jewish germany professor settled american citizen eve world war endorsed letter president potential development extremely powerful bombs new type recommending begin similar research eventually led manhattan_project supported defending allied forces largely denounced idea newly discovered nuclear weapon later british philosopher signed russell highlighted danger nuclear weapons affiliated princeton new_jersey death published scientific papers non scientific works december universities archives announced release papers comprising unique documents intellectual achievements originality word synonymous genius biography early life education born march parents salesman engineer family moved munich father uncle founded company manufactured electrical equipment based direct current non albert attended catholic elementary school munich age years age transferred gymnasium known albert gymnasium received advanced primary secondary school education left seven years later company lost bid supply city munich electrical lighting lacked capital convert equipment direct current standard efficient alternating current standard loss forced sale munich factory search business family moved italy milan months later family moved stayed munich finish studies gymnasium father intended pursue electrical engineering clashed authorities resented school teaching method later wrote spirit learning creative thought lost strict learning end december travelled italy join family convincing school let doctor note time italy wrote short essay title investigation state magnetic field age sat entrance examinations later failed reach required standard general examination obtained exceptional grades physics mathematics advice principal attended school gymnasium switzerland complete secondary schooling lodging family professor fell love daughter marie albert sister later married son paul january father approval renounced citizenship avoid military service september passed swiss good grades including grade physics mathematical subjects scale enrolled year mathematics physics teaching diploma program moved switzerland teaching post future wife enrolled year woman students mathematics physics section teaching diploma course years friendship developed romance read books extra physics taking increasing interest awarded teaching diploma failed examination poor grade mathematics component theory functions claims collaborated celebrated papers historians physics studied issue find evidence substantive contributions marriages children discovery publication early correspondence revealed daughter called letters born early sad staying parents returned switzerland child real fate unknown probably saw daughter contents letter september suggest girl adopted died scarlet fever infancy married january son born switzerland second son born july april moved berlin months wife returned sons learning chief romantic attraction second cousin divorced february having lived apart years father called breakdown age diagnosed mother cared committed periods finally committed permanently death letters revealed wrote early love marriage strong feelings marie wrote think heartfelt love spare minute unhappy man wife pregnant second child spoke love missed life love marie married having personal relationship cousin second cousin emigrated united_states diagnosed heart kidney problems died december patent office graduating spent frustrating years searching teaching post acquired swiss citizenship february medical reasons help father secured job patent office assistant evaluated patent applications variety devices including gravel position permanent passed promotion fully mastered machine technology work patent office related questions transmission electric signals electrical mechanical time technical problems thought experiments eventually led radical conclusions nature light fundamental connection space time friends met started small discussion group self named academy met regularly discuss science philosophy readings included works influenced scientific philosophical outlook academic career paper den conclusions phenomena published prestigious der april completed thesis professor experimental physics serving pro advisor result awarded phd entitled new determination molecular dimensions year called miracle year published groundbreaking papers effect motion special mass energy bring notice academic world age recognized leading scientist appointed lecturer following year giving lecture principle recommended faculty newly created theoretical physics appointed associate professor professor prague april accepting austrian citizenship austro hungarian empire prague stay wrote scientific works radiation mathematics quantum theory july returned alma mater professor theoretical physics taught mechanics studied mechanics molecular theory heat problem worked mathematician friend returned appointed director professor freed teaching obligations soon member appointed president based calculations new theory general light star bent sun gravity prediction confirmed sir solar eclipse observations published international media making world famous november leading british newspaper times printed banner headline read revolution science new theory universe ideas overthrown foreign member awarded nobel prize physics services especially discovery law effect general theory considered somewhat controversial citation treat cited work explanation merely discovery law idea considered receive universal acceptance spectrum elected foreign member received medal travels abroad visited new_york_city time april received official welcome mayor followed weeks lectures went deliver lectures columbia_university princeton_university washington accompanied representatives visit white_house return europe guest british statesman philosopher london met renowned scientific intellectual political figures delivered lecture king college london published essay impression july tried briefly describe characteristics americans published impressions democracy america observations clearly surprised strikes visitor positive attitude life american friendly self confident optimistic travels took asia later palestine month excursion speaking tour visited singapore ceylon japan gave series lectures thousands japanese public lecture met emperor empress imperial palace thousands came watch letter sons described impression japanese modest intelligent having true feel art travels far_east unable personally accept nobel prize physics stockholm award ceremony december place banquet speech held german diplomat praised scientist international activist return voyage visited palestine days visit region greeted head state physicist included cannon salute arriving home british high commissioner sir reception building stormed people wanted hear talk audience expressed happiness jewish people beginning recognized force world travel december visited america second time originally intended month working visit research fellow national attention received trip aimed protect privacy receive awards speak publicly declined arriving new_york_city taken places events including lunch editors new_york_times performance audience arrival days following given keys city mayor met president columbia_university described ruling monarch mind pastor new_york gave tour church showed size statue church standing entrance stay new_york joined crowd people madison square garden celebration traveled california met president nobel friendship awkward penchant patriotic pronounced address students noted science inclined harm good war led author film star noted head universal_studios gave tour studio introduced instant inviting wife home dinner said outward persona calm gentle conceal highly emotional temperament came extraordinary intellectual energy remembers telling time conceived theory breakfast morning lost thought ignored food asked sat piano started playing continued playing writing notes half hour went upstairs study remained weeks bringing food end weeks came sheets paper bearing theory film city lights premiere days later hollywood invited join special guests biographer described memorable scenes new era celebrity arrived black tie joining audience applauded entered theater visited home later trip berlin recalled modest little flat piano begun writing theory speculated possibly wood nazis emigration february visit united_states knew return germany rise power nazis germany new chancellor adolf hitler american universities early undertook month visiting wife returned belgium ship march trip learned cottage raided nazis personal confiscated landing antwerp march immediately went german turned passport formally german citizenship years later nazis sold boat turned cottage hitler youth camp refugee status april discovered new german government passed laws barring jews holding official positions including teaching universities describes virtually protest raised colleagues thousands jewish scientists suddenly forced university positions names removed rolls institutions employed month later works targeted nazi book nazi propaganda minister proclaiming jewish dead german magazine included list enemies german regime phrase hanged offering bounty head subsequent letter physicist friend emigrated germany england wrote confess degree brutality came surprise moving described book spontaneous emotional popular enlightenment world fear influence men intellectual independence permanent home unsure live work equally worried fate countless scientists germany rented house belgium lived months late july went england weeks personal invitation british naval officer commander friends preceding years protect assistants watch cottage outside london press publishing photo guarding took meet winston_churchill home later prime minister asked help bring jewish scientists germany british historian notes churchill responded immediately sent friend physicist germany seek jewish scientists place british universities churchill later observed result germany having driven jews lowered technical standards allies technology ahead theirs later contacted leaders nations including turkey prime minister wrote september requesting placement unemployed german jewish scientists result letter jewish turkey eventually totaled saved individuals submitted bill parliament extend british citizenship period number public appearances describing crisis europe bill failed law accepted earlier offer resident scholar resident scholar october returned took position princeton new_jersey noted having refuge scientists fleeing nazi_germany time american universities including harvard princeton yale minimal jewish faculty students result jewish lasted late 1940s future offers european universities including christ church oxford stayed short periods june offered year arrived decision remain permanently united_states apply citizenship affiliation death selected new institute soon developed close friendship long walks discussing work assistant later physicist period tried develop unified field theory accepted interpretation quantum physics unsuccessfully world war manhattan_project group hungarian scientists included physicist attempted alert washington ongoing nazi atomic bomb research group warnings discounted refugees regarded responsibility alert americans possibility german scientists win race build atomic bomb warn hitler willing resort weapon certain aware danger july months beginning world war europe visited explain possibility atomic bombs said considered asked lend support writing letter president roosevelt recommending pay attention engage nuclear weapons research letter believed arguably key adoption investigations nuclear weapons eve entry world war addition letter connections belgian queen mother access personal envoy white_house president roosevelt risk allowing hitler possess atomic bombs result letter meetings roosevelt entered race develop bomb drawing immense material financial scientific resources initiate manhattan_project country successfully develop nuclear weapons world war remains country use combat hiroshima nagasaki august respectively end war war disease called resistance war signing letter roosevelt went principles year death said old friend great mistake life signed letter president roosevelt recommending bombs justification danger germans citizenship american citizen long settling career princeton new_jersey expressed appreciation american culture compared europe recognized right individuals think pleased social barriers result individuals encouraged said creative trait valued early education personal life supporter civil rights passionate committed joined princeton campaigned civil rights african americans considered racism america worst disease seeing handed generation involvement corresponded civil rights activist prepared testify behalf trial offered character witness judge decided drop case visited pennsylvania awarded honorary degree lincoln university united_states grant college degrees blacks including students gave speech racism america adding intend quiet resident princeton recalls paid college tuition black student black physicist states early science heroes later finding support civil rights assisting causes leader helping establish opened earlier asked president help raise funds planned university submitted suggestions initial programs advised creating order settle undeveloped land followed suggested fight ongoing malaria called evil country development establishing include language courses given hebrew arabic scientific exploration country historical monuments important later israel president death office november urging prime minister offered position president israel ceremonial post offer presented israel ambassador washington explained offer embodies deepest respect jewish people sons declined wrote response deeply moved ashamed accept love music developed appreciation music early age later wrote physicist probably musician think music live music life terms music joy life music mother played piano reasonably wanted son learn violin love music help german culture according conductor said begun playing enjoy age turned discovered violin fell love music studied music willingly taught play practicing systematically said deciding love better teacher sense duty age heard school played violin stating afterward playing remarkable revealing great insight struck writes displayed deep love music quality remains short supply music possessed unusual meaning student music took pivotal permanent role life period idea professional mind time played chamber music professionals performed private audiences friends chamber music regular social life living berlin played son erroneously credited editor edition catalogue work edition actually prepared distant relation engaged research visited family los_angeles played works members quartet near end life young visited princeton played violin quartet impressed level coordination political religious views political view favor socialism critical capitalism detailed essays socialism offered called opinions matters unrelated theoretical physics mathematics strongly advocated idea democratic global government check power nation states framework world federation views religious belief collected interviews original writings called label said believed god personal god belief criticized wrote believe personal god denied expressed clearly death april experienced internal bleeding caused abdominal previously reinforced took draft speech preparing television appearance commemorating state israel seventh anniversary hospital live long complete refused surgery saying want want life artificially share time died early morning age having continued work near end autopsy removed brain preservation permission family hope future able discover intelligent remains cremated ashes scattered undisclosed location lecture memorial nuclear physicist summarized impression person wholly wholly wonderful purity profoundly scientific career life published hundreds books articles published scientific papers non scientific ones december universities archives announced release papers comprising unique documents intellectual achievements originality word synonymous genius addition work collaborated scientists additional projects including statistics papers papers articles pertaining effect gave rise quantum theory motion special theory published der scientific journal works contributed substantially foundation modern physics changed views space time matter papers fluctuations statistical physics paper submitted der attraction published title den translates conclusions phenomena papers published attempted interpret atomic phenomena statistical point view papers foundation paper motion showed movement firm evidence molecules exist research mainly concerned effect finite atomic size phenomena general principles articulated principle understood space space time principles later principle principle quantum number theory moving bodies received june published september year electricity laws mechanics introducing major changes mechanics close speed light later known special theory consequences include time space frame moving body appearing slow contract direction motion measured frame observer paper argued idea leading theoretical entities physics time paper mass energy produced special work remained controversial years accepted leading starting energy paper light consists localized particles light nearly universally rejected including idea universally accepted detailed experiments effect measurement scattering concluded wave frequency associated collection energy constant sure particles related wave suggest idea explain certain experimental results notably effect atomic vibrations proposed model matter structure independent model independently series equally spaced states aware getting frequency actual different proposed theory particularly clear demonstration quantum mechanics solve specific heat problem classical mechanics refined model principle action angle 1910s quantum mechanics expanded scope cover different systems discovered nucleus proposed orbit like planets able quantum mechanical introduced developed explain motion periodic table elements contributed developments linking arguments shown hypothesis thermal state allows curves different temperature derived simple shifting process noted principle shows quantity mechanical motion identified action variable classical mechanics wave particle patent office promoted second class given die das und die der development views composition essence radiation light earlier paper showed energy defined act respects independent point like particles paper introduced concept introduced later inspired notion wave particle quantum mechanics saw wave particle radiation concrete evidence conviction physics needed new unified foundation theory critical returned problem fluctuations giving treatment density variations fluid critical point density fluctuations controlled second derivative free energy respect density critical point derivative zero leading large fluctuations effect density fluctuations light scattered making fluid look white relates scattering happens size smaller explains sky blue derived critical treatment density fluctuations demonstrated effect scattering originate constitution matter zero point energy series works completed quantum theory introduced idea zero point energy second quantum theory soon idea attracted attention assistant assuming energy rotating molecules contains zero point energy compared theoretical specific heat hydrogen gas experimental data numbers matched nicely publishing findings promptly withdrew support longer confidence idea zero point energy general principle general theory developed according general observed attraction masses results space time masses general developed essential tool modern provides foundation current understanding black holes regions space attraction strong light escape later said reason development general preference motions special unsatisfactory theory outset prefers state motion accelerated ones appear satisfactory consequently published article acceleration special article titled principle conclusions drawn argued free fall motion free falling observer rules special apply argument called principle article predicted phenomena time red shift light published article expanding article estimated light massive bodies theoretical prediction general time tested waves predicted waves waves traveling outward source transporting energy radiation existence waves possible general brings concept finite speed propagation physical interactions gravity contrast waves exist theory physical interactions gravity infinite speed indirect detection waves came 1970s observation pair closely stars explanation decay period waves prediction confirmed february researchers published observation waves earth exactly years prediction hole argument theory developing general confused gauge theory formulated argument led conclude general field theory impossible gave looking fully generally searched general linear june draft theory result investigations suggests sketch theory elegant difficult general motion supplemented additional gauge fixing conditions years intensive work realized hole argument mistaken abandoned theory november applied general theory structure universe discovered general field predicted universe dynamic contracting expanding evidence dynamic universe known time introduced new term constant field order allow theory predict static universe modified field predicted static universe closed accordance understanding principle years following discovery recession abandoned static model universe proposed dynamic models model model models discarded constant claiming case theoretically unsatisfactory biographies claimed referred constant later years biggest recently cast doubt claim suggesting exaggerated late team led irish physicist discovered evidence shortly learning observations recession considered steady state model universe hitherto overlooked manuscript apparently written early explored model expanding universe density matter remains constant continuous creation matter process associated constant stated paper follows like draw attention solution equation account sic facts density constant time considers physically bounded volume particles matter continually leaving density remain constant new particles matter continually formed volume space appears considered model expanding universe years steady state model contained fundamental flaw quickly abandoned idea modern quantum theory displeased quantum theory quantum mechanics theory helped create despite acceptance stating god playing continued maintain disbelief theory attempted unsuccessfully died age height work published article proposed possibility stimulated physical process makes possible laser article showed statistics absorption light consistent distribution law light mode enhanced compared light mode paper enormously influential later development quantum mechanics paper statistics atomic transitions simple laws discovered work supported ideas received major paper era gave wave equation waves suggested hamilton equation mechanics paper inspire work statistics received description statistical model indian physicist based counting method assumed light understood gas indistinguishable particles noted statistics applied proposed light particles submitted translation paper published articles describing model implications phenomenon appear low temperatures produced ultra cooling equipment built laboratory boulder statistics describe behaviors assembly sketches project seen archive library energy momentum general includes difficult identify energy momentum allows quantities determined translation general makes translation gauge symmetry energy momentum derived general real reason argued true fundamental reasons field choice coordinates maintained non energy momentum fact best description energy momentum distribution field approach echoed standard use non objects like heavily criticized unified field theory following research general entered series attempts geometric theory include aspect single entity described unified field theory article entitled theory continued lauded work increasingly isolated research efforts ultimately unsuccessful pursuit unification fundamental forces ignored mainstream developments physics notably strong weak nuclear forces understood years death mainstream physics turn largely ignored approaches unification dream laws physics gravity modern quests theory particular string theory fields emerge unified quantum mechanical setting collaborated produce model motivation model elementary particles charge solution field line program outlined paper fields play constitution elementary particles solutions cut black holes bridge patches end positively charged end negatively charged properties led believe pairs particles described way theory order incorporate spinning point particles general connection needed include called modification 1920s motion theory general fundamental law describe space curves equation describes particles derived general non linear energy pure fields like black hole trajectory determined new law proposed path singular solution like black hole determined general established objects angular momentum spinning objects investigations conducted investigations unsuccessful abandoned force waves research collaboration scientists addition longtime collaborators shot collaborations scientists experiment demonstrated motion known spin order reversed iron bar suspended confirmed leads bar rotate electron angular momentum changes changes experiment needed sensitive angular momentum associated small definitively established electron motion kind responsible gas model suggested able reproduce statistics gas considering box possible quantum motion particle box associate independent level occupation number number particles form second modern quantum mechanics applied derive properties ideal gas urged add author declined invitation student invented patented absorption revolutionary having moving parts heat input november patent awarded invention immediately commercial production promising patents acquired swedish company versus debates series public disputes quantum mechanics founders debates remembered importance philosophy science debates influence later interpretations quantum mechanics returned question quantum mechanics considered measurement particles affect noted collaborators performing different measurements distant particle position momentum different properties partner discovered disturbing way hypothesis local realism conclude particle properties determined principle proposed possible determine answer position momentum measurement way disturbing particle particle actually values position momentum principle essence objection quantum mechanics physical principle shown incorrect aspect experiment confirmed bell non scientific legacy traveling wrote daily wife adopted letters included papers bequeathed permitted personal letters available public requested years death died expressed interest profession honorary member told bbc pages private correspondence written successor licenses use associated imagery agent university popular culture period world war new_yorker published talk town feature saying known america stopped street people wanting explain theory finally figured way handle inquiries told pardon sorry mistaken professor subject inspiration novels films plays works music favorite model depictions mad scientists absent minded professors expressive face distinctive widely copied exaggerated time magazine wrote cartoonist dream come true awards honors received numerous awards honors awarded nobel prize physics services especially discovery law effect nominations met criteria set prize carried forward awarded publications following publications referenced article complete list publications found list scientific publications
Albert Einstein