august september american statesman politician served 16th governor new_york united_states senator united_states secretary state fish recognized pillar considered best scholars known efforts reform diplomatic fish settled controversial alabama claims great_britain development concept international arbitration fish kept united_states war spain cuban independence handling volatile incident fish initiated process ultimately lead hawaiian having negotiated trade treaty island nation sugar production organized peace conference treaty south american countries spain fish worked america african american consul settle war president grant said trusted fish political advice fish came prominent wealthy new_york family attended graduation fish passed bar worked new_york commissioner deeds ran unsuccessfully whig candidate marriage fish returned new_york politics elected fish ran new_york lieutenant governor defeated democratic contender office vacated fish ran elected lieutenant governor fish ran elected governor new_york having served term fish elected senator state new_york served term fish gained valuable experience serving 1850s fish republican whig party dissolved terms slavery issue fish moderate having disapproved kansas nebraska act expansion slavery traveling europe fish returned america supported abraham_lincoln republican candidate president american civil war fish raised money union war effort served lincoln presidential commission successful arrangements union confederate troop prisoner exchanges fish returned law practice civil war thought retired political life elected president appointed fish secretary state fish took reorganized office established civil service reform year tenure fish contend cuban settlement alabama claims canadian border disputes incident fish implemented new concept international arbitration disputes countries settled negotiations military conflicts fish involved political feud senator president grant unsuccessful efforts annex dominican_republic fish organized naval expedition unsuccessful attempt open trade korea leaving office politics fish returned private life continued serve historical associations fish male descendants later serve generations fish died old age luxurious home early life education career born august known fish house new_york_city great great granddaughter parents named friend leading politician notable figure american revolutionary war col fish active resulted surrender lord prominent founder new_york dutch colony family owned property manhattan fish received primary education private school fish graduated columbia_university having obtained high honors columbia fish fluent french language later help secretary state graduation fish studied law years law office served president admitted new_york bar practicing briefly influenced politically father fish aligned served commissioner deeds city county new_york unsuccessful whig candidate marriage family december married descendant new_yorker new_jersey governor couple lengthy married life described happy fish known judgement couple sons daughters multiple notable descendants relatives new_york political career representative years defeat representative fish reluctant run office whig party leaders convinced run house_of_representatives november fish elected house_of_representatives having defeated democrat serving 28th congress new_york time minority house fish gained valued national experience serving fish failed win election bid second term house lieutenant governor fish whig candidate lieutenant governor new_york defeated democrat endorsed farmers new_york refused pay rent large land tract owners resorted violence intimidation fish opposed use illegal tactics pay rent elected judge vacated office lieutenant governor fish november elected fill vacancy lieutenant governor fish favorable reputation new_york senate governor november elected governor new_york defeating served january december years age fish youngest governors elected new_york history fish advocated signed law free public education facilities new_york state advocated signed law building asylum school disabled tenor canal system state new_york increased fish recommended state legislature form committee collect publish colonial laws new york bills governor fish vetoed overturned new_york legislature annual messages fish spoke extension slavery land acquired including california new_mexico anti slavery messages gave fish national attention president whig going nominate fish cabinet taylor died office nominate fish despite national popularity fish governor senator fish retired office openly seek nomination elected senator fish supporters january nominated candidate senator ensued nomination new_york legislature whig senator upset fish publicly supporting compromise election fish stated government enforce laws fish favor spread slavery hesitant support free soil movement finally democratic senators fish nomination absent senate took action voted march fish elected senator new_york took seat december serving alongside future secretary state united_states senate member end term march fish friends president secretary state attorney general republican term moderately anti slavery faction 1850s republican_party replaced central party democratic_party fish privately considered whig knew longer viable politically fish quiet senator liked fish disagreement senator firmly opposed slavery advocated equality blacks policy vote legislation justice economy public virtue strongly opposed repeal fish voted free soil faction strongly kansas nebraska bill february merchants represented criticized fish bill immigration maritime commerce fish bill designed protect irish german immigrants dying merchant ships oceanic passage america merchants believed fish bill oppressive commercial interests human interests tenure nation congress tremendous political slavery included violence disorder disturbances peace pro slavery advocates invaded kansas violent tactics anti slavery senator attacked term traveled family europe remained shortly opening american civil war returned begin actively campaigning election abraham_lincoln france fish studied foreign policy diplomats distinguished americans having gained valuable experience eventually benefit tenure secretary state american civil war abraham_lincoln elected president fish spent time lieutenant general commander fish private secretary aided efforts star west american merchant ship sent president bring relief supplies major fort fish dining general scott new_york telegram received announced attacked star west fish stated meant war scott replied don utter word friend don know thing war fish joined participated april april operated new_york_city government raising troops million relief new_york volunteers families committee included chairman new_york men fish appointed chairman committee joined union_army fish appointed president lincoln commission serve visit union_army prisoners held capital richmond virginia confederate government refused allow commission enter city instead fish able start system prisoner exchange remained virtually unchanged american_civil_war war ended fish went private practice lawyer new_york secretary state appointed secretary state president served march march president grant longest serving cabinet officer assuming office fish initially including state fish immediately took responsibilities office zeal intelligence fish tenure secretary state lengthy years contend foreign policy issues including cuban insurrection fish assumed office immediately began series reforms given office congress fish organized volumes miscellaneous documents created fish introduced files subordinates easily find documents fish implemented civil service reform having applicants required pass entry examination appointed consultant policy hampered president grant appoint person office person having examination policy testing overall improved staff fish methods organization included disciplined staff prompt copying dispatches method record keeping having remained world regions countries listed order correspondence embedded bound diplomatic category archives subject matter added countries information miscellaneous category filed resulted tedious time consuming process congress diplomatic ministers kept informed current world events took place parts world cuban insurrection cuban nationals open rebellion mother country spain spanish rule american sentiment favored cuban rebels president grant appeared verge acknowledging cuban fish desired settlement approve recognizing cuban rebels queen_victoria government recognized confederate recognizing cuban settlement arbitration great_britain february senator authored senate resolution recognized cuban working scenes fish cuban recognition ultimately lead war spain resolution went house_of_representatives ready pass fish worked agreement president grant send special message congress urged acknowledge cuban rebels june message written fish sent congress president congress debate decided recognize cuban president grant continued policy cuban non recognition rest policy tested affair dominican_republic annexation treaty president grant assumed office march immediate foreign policy interests annexation caribbean island nation dominican_republic time referred santo domingo united_states president grant believed annexation santo domingo increase mineral resources alleviate effects racism african americans south loyal president grant desire annexation divided island nation run leader president troubled civil strife imprisoned american citizen speaking government fish told grant senate ready pass santo domingo annexation treaty april fish gave grant private secretary special agent status search island september preliminary treaty annex santo domingo united_states opportunity apply october fish drew formal treaty included payment dominican national debt leased united_states yearly payment santo domingo eventually given private conference president grant fish agreed support santo domingo annexation president grant sent congress non statement involved cuban rebellion spain chairman treaty believing santo domingo needed remain independent racism black citizens south needed dealt continental united_states believed blacks santo domingo share anglo american values january grant submitted santo domingo treaty united states senate fish believed senators vote annexation withdrawn president grant refused option senate took time finally rejected treaty june eighteen senators led defeated treaty grant angered refusal support treaty fired friend grant ambassador england fish instructions grant believed january stated support santo domingo treaty deprived grant allies senate inter oceanic canal treaty president grant secretary fish interested establishing inter oceanic canal panama secretary fish organized treaty signing january united_states colombia established panama route inter oceanic canal amended treaty strategic value inter oceanic canal construction ineffective result united_states senate refused treaty treaty washington previous administration president secretary state attempted resolve johnson convention treaty alabama claims arisen american civil war confederate raiding ships built british ports notably sunk significant number union merchant ships johnson treaty presented congress president overwhelmingly defeated senate claims remained unresolved led time high fish secretary state demanded britain canada united_states payment late opportunity arrived settle alabama claims prime minister fish determined improve relations britain president grant senate supporters removed vote door open renewed negotiations britain january fish met british representative sir washington agreement negotiations establish joint commission settle held washington direction stake financing america debt british civil war peace britain required february distinguished high commissioners representing britain led earl united_states led fish met negotiations settlement went remarkably representing britain canadian prime minister sir meetings treaty washington signed landmark international senate ratified treaty august settlement alabama claims international arbitration committee meeting geneva united_states awarded gold damaged confederate warships treaty settlement disputed atlantic fisheries concerning oregon boundary line treaty considered unprecedented accomplishment having solved border disputes trade navigation issues friendly perpetual relationship great_britain america established britain having expressed regret alabama damages south american armistice april peace conference presided held spain south american peru chile ecuador resulted armistice countries countries technical state war united_states served direction representing spain represented peru represented chile represented ecuador president grant gave fish powers control negotiations meeting countries signed armistice treaty consisted seven articles hostilities cease minimum years countries allow commercial trade neutral countries korean expedition conflict korea known kingdom country determined remain isolated nations specifically commerce trade western nations including united_states relations korea troubled christian missionaries beheaded korean regent king crew trading ship secretary president demanded perceived outrageous actions korean government naval warships ordered orient term ended unable organize naval expedition fish took office organized korean naval expedition purposes april fish ordered minister china voyage seoul purpose expedition seek retribution assaulted sailors open commercial treaty fish told fleet use force honor low rear admiral commander korea warships eighty guns sailors marines naval squadron reached week later lowered anchor near mouth han sent unofficial representatives stall time hope american squadron leave june american fleet nautical survey fired korean forts leading seoul american fleet fired damaging forts americans demanded apology grounds honor american flag violated june military expedition launched failed apologize attack objective destroy korean forts forts inch guns sailors marines landed island captured destroyed korean forts citadel fortress steep foot resistance american troops fought hand hand combat korean forts taken destroyed leveled june korean tiger hunters killed compared american officer american sailors navy officer die battle korea remained weeks open negotiations commercial treaty american squadron left believed won great victory americans attempt open korea trade similar commodore approached opening japan korea proved isolated japan commodore naval fleet went korean government commercial treaty western nation establish formal trade korea affair 1870s cuba state rebellion spain united_states americans divided militarily aid rebel believed united_states needed fight cuban rebels pressured action privately owned ship run guns ammunition vital supplies cuban rebels captain officer confederate federal navies october run neutral waters spanish warship tornado jamaica hit took water forced surrender spanish authorities crew members consisted cuban rebel recruits american british citizens spanish hauled american flag brought prisoners total crew members executed spanish authorities spanish finally stopped british warship appeared guns ready fire time formidable worldwide decline american_civil_war news reached united_states executions president grant secretary fish forced immediate response americans demanded scale war spain fish found registration american ownership executions americans demanded action fish handled situation called spanish minister admiral held conference settlement spain relinquished severely damaged survivors released included americans spanish captain ordered executions spain paid american families family members executed national honor spain united_states preserved chiefly restraint fish satisfactory settlement affair reached united_states spain hawaiian trade treaty fish negotiated treaty reign hawaiian sugar duty free manufactured goods clothing allowed island kingdom opening hawaii free trade process annexation eventual united_states begun war settled war dispatched uss alaska president grant authority practice american colony envoy african american ambassador requested warship protect american property turner bolstered naval presence harbor support uss alaska captain negotiated incorporation people society foreign traders republican convention republican convention approached president grant unknown fish written letter republican leaders nominate fish presidential ticket letter read convention fish nominated president grant believed fish good compromise choice rival factions cartoonist drew caricature fish republican_party ticket fish ready retire private life desire run president content returning private life fish found later president grant written letter convention nicaragua inter oceanic canal negotiations president grant close second term secretary fish remained interested establishing inter oceanic canal treaty fish negotiated special envoy nicaragua february inter oceanic treaty negotiations failed status neutral zone established later life health leaving grant cabinet briefly serving president fish retired public office returned private life practicing law managing real estate new_york_city fish revered new_york community enjoyed spending time family fish resided estate near garrison new_york new_york health remained good having suffered death funeral burial september fish retired evening having played cards daughter following morning september fish age suddenly died death attributed advanced age september fish buried garrison philip church highlands cemetery waving trees hills hudson_river shoreline buried wife oldest daughter fish buried near grave edwards president grant attorney general notable persons attended fish funeral conducted services widowed wife attended fish funeral historical reputation described fish quiet easy going man aroused thought formidable possible fish 20th century biographer stated fish free petty drag reputation level politicians fish language practiced manners gentleman member fish commanded men confidence respect justice survey scholars december ranked fish number list secretary states noting settling alabama claims peaceful settlement incident obtaining spanish hawaiian treaty ratified starting annexation process leading eventual hawaii memorial fish albany new_york hamilton fish spans hudson_river miles north new_york_city named fish fish long time member cincinnati right father service officer continental_army fish succeeded father seat society father death fish vice president general national society president general fish elected president fish served president general national society president death year tenure office president general far longest society history notable descendants fish direct descendants named hamilton served state new_york fish son served term representative served assistant secretary state fish grandson served representative fish great grandson served representative son fish important railroad executive son diplomat appointed second secretary berlin secretary minister belgium engaged banking new_york_city fish grandson nicholas graduate saw service spanish american war rough riders member regiment killed action battle las cuba books october new_york new_york james chester arthur lawrence kansas isbn fuller dictionary american biography fish hamilton new_york sons presidency isbn civil war black leader columbia missouri isbn grant biography new_york new_york inc isbn inner history grant administration volume new_york new_york pub smith grant center new_york new_york isbn december foreign relations united_states washington washington journals newspapers december best state retrieved april little war retrieved october years ago retrieved new_york_times hamilton fish joins race house new_york new_york new_york_times april retrieved merchants denouncing hamilton fish new_york_times new_york new_york february retrieved internet retrieved stephen june bull pulpit retrieved ancestry albert fish retrieved political graveyard july retrieved fish hamilton biographical united_states congress retrieved fish hamilton biographical united_states congress retrieved fish hamilton biographical united_states congress retrieved governor retrieved biographical united_states congress retrieved management 20th century
Hamilton Fish