pronunciation june january second president indonesia holding office years resignation born small village area near city dutch colonial era grew humble circumstances muslim parents divorced long birth passed foster parents childhood japanese occupation indonesia served japanese organised indonesian security forces indonesia independence struggle saw joining newly formed indonesian army rose rank following indonesian independence attempted coup september countered led troops blamed army subsequently led anti communist purge cia described worst mass murders 20th century power indonesia founding president appointed acting president president following year mounted social propaganda campaign known effort reduce president influence prestige support presidency strong 1970s 1980s eroded following severe financial crisis led widespread unrest resignation died legacy year rule debated indonesia abroad new order administration constructed strong military dominated government ability maintain stability diverse indonesia anti communist stance won economic diplomatic support west cold war presidency indonesia experienced significant economic growth dramatically improving health education living standards indonesia invasion occupation presidency resulted deaths 1990s widespread corruption source discontent according corrupt leader modern history having alleged billion rule years presidency attempts try charges corruption genocide failed poor health lack support indonesia moves bring charges early life born june dutch_east_indies era bamboo walled house hamlet larger village village kilometres west cultural born ethnic parents child father second marriage father children previous marriage village irrigation official mother local woman related weeks birth mother suffered nervous breakdown placed care paternal great aunt divorced early life later remarried age returned mother married local farmer helped rice father took live sister married agricultural supervisor town poor low yielding farming area near following years taken mother stepfather father took raising boy provided father figure stable home moved town attend primary school living son later father relative living guru mystical arts faith healing experience deeply affected later president surrounded powerful symbolic language difficulties paying fees education resulted father continued studying lower fee middle school city like religious contexts recent years called names formal generally spelling reflects modern indonesian spelling general approach indonesia rely spelling preferred person concerned time birth standard preferred original spelling international english language press generally uses spelling indonesian government media use upbringing contrasts leading indonesian nationalists believed little interest anti political concerns immediate surroundings unlike circle little contact european consequently learn speak dutch european languages youth learned speak dutch induction dutch military military career world war japanese occupation finished middle school age took clerical job bank forced resign bicycle tore working clothes following spell unemployment joined june undertook basic training near netherlands german occupation japanese pressing access indonesian oil supplies dutch opened large previously excluded assigned graduated short training course sergeant posted reserve battalion following dutch surrender invading japanese forces march abandoned uniform went months unemployment thousands took opportunity join japanese organised security forces joining police force october transferred police force newly formed japanese sponsored militia defenders served officers training serve rank platoon commander encountered version japanese way warrior troops training encouraged anti dutch pro nationalist thought aims imperial japanese encounter ideology believed profoundly influenced way thinking posted coastal defence battalion south admitted training company commander april august company commander conducted training new recruits japanese surrender august occurred posted remote area slopes mount train new replace executed japanese aftermath failed rebellion february led days japanese surrender pacific independence leaders declared indonesian independence appointed president vice president respectively new republic disbanded regiment accordance orders japanese command returned republican groups rose assert indonesian independence joined new unit newly formed indonesian army basis experience appointed deputy commander subsequently battalion commander republican forces formally organised october involved fighting allied troops subsequently appointed head brigade lieutenant colonel having earned respect field commander early years war organised local armed forces promoted major leader arrival allies mandate return situation status quo quickly led clashes indonesian republicans allied forces returning dutch assisting british forces led troops halt advance dutch tiger brigade earned respect invited draft working guidelines battle leadership headquarters body created organise unify command structure indonesian nationalist forces military forces infant republic indonesia constantly restructuring august head 22nd regiment division iii division stationed late assumed responsibility defence west southwest dutch forces conditions time reported dutch sources miserable reported assisting smuggling transport territory controlled generate income september dispatched meet chairman unsuccessful attempt peaceful reconciliation communist uprising december dutch launched operation crow resulted capture capital appointed lead iii consisting battalions waged warfare dutch hills south dawn raids march forces local militia recaptured city holding noon later accounts lone sources division ordered attack general said took great care preparing general offensive indonesian civilians sympathetic republican cause city force proved dutch failed win guerrilla war internationally pressured dutch cease military offensive negotiations eventually led dutch withdrawal area june complete transfer sovereignty december responsible takeover withdrawing dutch june revolution married known daughter minor noble royal house solo arranged marriage enduring supportive lasting death couple children born born born born tommy born born upper class considered acceptable wife pursue commerce supplement family budget allowing husband dignity official role commercial dealings children grandchildren extensive ultimately undermined presidency post independence military career years following indonesian independence served primarily java colonel led suppressing rebellion colonial soldiers supported dutch established state east indonesia federal entity united_states indonesia year acquainted neighbours family eldest son later vice president went succeed president led troops defeating islamic inspired rebellion battalion area appointed lead battalions early organised participation battling islam insurgents northwestern anti operations area sought stem leftist sympathies troops experience period left deep islamic communist served important position commander based responsible central java provinces relationship prominent businessmen extended presidency began involved series profit generating enterprises conducted primarily poorly funded military unit functioning army anti corruption investigations implicated smuggling scandal relieved position transferred army staff city promoted brigadier general late promoted army deputy chief staff given additional command head army new strategic reserve later ready reaction air mobile force based january promoted rank major general appointed lead joint army navy air force command based formed military campaign win western new_guinea dutch preparing independence separate indonesia assigned operational command newly formed malaysia fearful leave java covered army hand control million strong authorised intelligence officer open secret contacts british overthrow background tensions military communists increased april endorsed immediate implementation proposal fifth armed force consisting armed peasants workers idea rejected army leadership establishing armed forces aroused fear military plot overthrow fear mentioned repeatedly months independence day speech august declared intention commit indonesia anti alliance china communist regimes warned army interfere devoted energy domestic international politics economy indonesia deteriorated rapidly widespread poverty hunger foreign debt obligations infrastructure guided democracy stood fragile grounds inherent conflict underlying support pillars military communists military nationalists islamic groups shocked rapid growth communist party protection feared imminent establishment communist state indonesia million members particularly strong strongest political party indonesia abortive coup anti communist purge dawn october army generals kidnapped executed soldiers soldiers occupied including areas national radio station telecommunications centre announced radio september movement coup attempt cia backed power mad generals internal army affair september movement attempt life army hospital evening year old son tommy injury visited colonel key member close family friend according later testimony conspirators assumed loyalist went inform impending kidnapping plan save generals offer neutrality told killings went headquarters dawn soldiers occupying mobilized special forces seize control centre capturing key strategic sites including radio station resistance announced radio generals kidnapped counter revolutionaries september movement actually intended overthrow said control army crush september movement safeguard issued ultimatum based air force commander chairman gathered causing disperse soldiers occupied air base october short fighting failure poorly organised coup having secured authority president restore order security faction firmly control army october officially appointed army commander october october led dramatic public ceremony bury generals bodies complicated partisan theories continue day identity attempted coup organisers aims army version subsequently new order solely responsible propaganda campaign army islamic catholic student groups convinced indonesian international audiences communist coup attempt killings atrocities indonesian heroes army alliance religious civilian groups led campaign purge indonesian society government armed forces communist party leftist organisations purge spread rest country indonesian killings widely accepted estimates half million killed million imprisoned stage result purge pillars support effectively eliminated military political islam power struggle continued command loyalty large sections armed forces general population careful seen seizing power coup eighteen months following september movement complicated process political manoeuvres including student parliament media propaganda military threats january university students banner begin demonstrations government voicing demands disbandment control students received support protection army engaging coordination meetings student leaders street fights broke students pro loyalists pro students prevailing army protection february promoted lieutenant general general july killing student order disbandment february public opinion president march appearance unidentified troops palace cabinet meeting attended forced flee palace away helicopter generals went meet secured presidential decree gave authority action necessary maintain security letter ordered banning following day proceeded purge pro elements parliament government military accusing communist army arrested cabinet ministers forced appoint new cabinet consisting supporters army arrested pro pro communist members parliament replaced chiefs navy air force police force supporters began extensive purge services june parliament passed resolutions including banning stripping title president life wishes government ended malaysia rejoined united_nations removed indonesia previous year seek outright removal session remaining support president elements armed forces january felt confident removed significant support armed forces decided hold session february announced resign presidency march session stripped remaining power named acting president placed house arrest palace little heard died june march appointed year terms president new order ideology promoted new order opposed old order society based ideology initially careful islamic scholars feared develop quasi religious cult secured parliamentary resolution obliged organisations indonesia adhere basic principle instituted mandatory training programs primary school students office workers practice exploited government justify actions condemn opponents anti implemented dual function policy enabled military active role levels indonesian government economy society consolidation power having appointed president needed share power elements including indonesian generals considered mere inter islamic student groups participated anti communist purge aided military officers days commander particularly began systematically cement hold power subtly potential rivals rewarding loyalists political position monetary incentives having successfully stood chairman attempt introduce bill severely curtailed presidential authority removed position chairman forced early retirement military generals dubbed new order opposed decision allow participation existing political parties elections favour non ideological party system similar found western countries proceeded send overseas ambassador sent distant south regional commanders previously strong relationship student movement increasing corruption regime original leaders student movement successfully opted regime faced large student demonstrations challenging legitimacy elections movement costly construction indonesia theme park domination foreign lack term limits presidency regime responded student activists future national figures sending army units occupy university campus january march april moved decisively issuing decree campus life prohibited political activities campus related academic pursuits january faced significant challenge violent riots broke visit japanese prime minister students demonstrating increasing dominance japanese investors encouraged general deputy commander armed forces ambitious general disliked strong influence inner circle reported riots engineered wished regime utilizing student unrest resulting dismissal forced retirement incident referred disaster january disbanded popular dissent prominent political figures signed petition criticised use silence critics refused address concerns imprisoned having restrictions imposed movements domestic politics security demands civilian politicians holding elections manifested resolutions government formulated series laws elections structure duties parliament passed november protracted negotiations law provided parliament power elect presidents consisting lower house regional representatives members directly appointed government remaining seats allocated political parties based results general election mechanism ensures significant government control legislative affairs particularly appointment presidents participate elections realized need align political party initially considering alignment old party decided control obscure military run federation called functional group transform electoral vehicle coordination right hand man general election held july participants consisting islamic parties nationalist christian parties campaigning non ideological platform development aided official government support subtle intimidation tactics managed secure popular vote march general session newly elected promptly appointed second term office vice president military strength communists ideology principal element strength consider country area needs ideology counter communists national ideology people improved supports national ideology january allow better control government forced islamic parties merge non islamic parties fused indonesia government ensured parties developed effective opposition controlling leadership establishing system remove outspoken legislators positions system dubbed democracy elected unopposed won landslide election ensuring able pass agenda virtually opposition purposes held governing power nation proceeded social engineering projects designed transform indonesian society floating mass supportive national mission development concept similar government formed civil society groups unite populace support government programs instance government created indonesia november union civil servants ensure loyalty organized indonesia legal labour union february established control islamic promote influential chinese government passed laws called basic policy solution chinese problem chinese language publication controlled army allowed continue chinese cultural religious expressions including display chinese characters prohibited public space chinese schools phased ethnic chinese encouraged indonesian sounding names commenced successful family planning program stem huge population growth rate increasing capita income lasting legacy period spelling reform indonesian language decreed august relied military maintain domestic security organized maintain strict control country expanded army territorial system village level military officers appointed regional heads dual function military indonesia provincial governors half district chiefs active military officers authorized destroyed remnants trying organize base area ordered military operations ended communist attacks oil workers incarnation led dispatch small special forces detachments quickly killed forced movement members flee abroad notably march authorised successful special forces mission end indonesia flight islamic don airport comply required integration indonesia end government begin organizing called act free choice scheduled july august government sent special forces secured surrender bands dutch organized militia large indonesian takeover sending catholic volunteers distribute consumer goods promote pro indonesian sentiments march agreed tribal chiefs citing logistical challenge political ignorance population strategy produced unanimous decision integration indonesia duly noted november economy stabilize economy ensure long term support administration enlisted group american educated indonesian dubbed berkeley mafia significant changes economic policy cutting subsidies decreasing government debt reforming exchange rate mechanism inflation lowered threat famine influx rice aid shipments lack domestic capital required economic growth new order reversed economic self policies opened selected economic sectors country foreign investment travelled western_europe japan promote investment indonesia foreign investors enter indonesia included mining companies following government regulatory domestic chinese emerged late 1960s early 1970s import light manufacturing sector government secured low interest foreign aid countries grouped indonesia cover budget deficit funds later jump oil export revenue oil crisis government invested infrastructure series year plans dubbed outside formal economy created network charitable organizations run military family members extracted donations domestic foreign enterprises exchange necessary government support permits proceeds charitable purposes money fund reward political allies maintain support state owned oil company foreign loans result corruption leadership close ally government bail company nearly doubled national debt foreign policy assuming power government adopted policy neutrality cold war quietly aligned including japan south_korea objective securing support indonesia economic recovery western countries impressed strong anti communist credentials quick offer support diplomatic relations china suspended october suspicion chinese involvement september movement diplomatic relations restored destruction soviet_union military sales indonesia foreign minister managed secure agreements massive debts incurred soviet_union eastern european communist states having ended confrontation malaysia august indonesia founding member august organization designed establish peaceful relationship southeast asian countries free conflicts ongoing vietnam war neighbouring colony descended civil war withdrawal portuguese authority following revolution left wing populist emerged triumphant approval western countries including president australian prime minister visits indonesia decided intervene claiming prevent establishment communist state unsuccessful attempt covert support groups authorized scale invasion colony december followed official annexation indonesia 27th province july campaigns broke control continuing resistance caused government maintain strong military force half island estimated minimum maximum conflict related deaths occurred indonesian rule killings excess deaths hunger illness indonesian forces responsible violent killings socio economic progress growing corruption real socio economic progress sustained support regime decades indonesia poverty rate dropped compared indonesia recorded real growth pushing real capita upwards manufacturing sector industries related oil agriculture manufacturing risen exports consisted manufactured products government invested massive infrastructure development notably launching series satellites consequently indonesian infrastructure mid-1990s considered par china keen capitalize achievements justify regime resolution granted title father development government health care programs program increased life years years cutting infant mortality rate government program launched resulted primary school enrollment ratio reaching eliminating education gap boys girls sustained support agriculture resulted indonesia reaching rice self unprecedented achievement earns gold medal november early 1980s government responded fall oil exports 1980s oil successfully shifting pillar economy export oriented labour intensive manufacturing globally competitive indonesia low wages series currency undertaken ethnic chinese companies evolved immense dominating nation economy largest led led led han led led led decided support growth small number chinese indonesian pose political challenge ethnic minority status past experience deemed possess skills capital needed create real growth country exchange patronage provided vital financing regime maintenance activities late 1980s government decided regulate banking sector encourage savings providing domestic source financing required growth decreed october package eased requirements establishing banks extending credit resulting increase number banks promote savings government introduced program populace opened recorded bull run domestic influx foreign funds sudden availability credit fueled strong economic growth early 1990s weak regulatory environment financial sector seeds catastrophic crisis eventually destroyed regime growth economy coincided rapid expansion corruption dan early 1980s children particularly tommy grown adults companies given lucrative government contracts protected market competition examples include toll expressway market national car project tommy cinema market owned cousin family said control real estate indonesia including prime office space nearly land additionally family members received free shares indonesia lucrative domestic companies run ethnic chinese foreign owned companies encouraged establish strategic partnerships family companies run family grew larger millions dollars donations public private sectors year early german anti corruption transparency international released list believes self leaders past decades order allegedly stolen usd highest ranking family alleged billion billion 1980s 1990s 1980s grip power maintained civil society engineered elections use military powers retirement military june undertook organisation armed forces concentrated power away commanders president march appointed general head armed forces adopted elements challenged administration roman catholic political threat army squads killed suspected criminals response spike crime rate killings sole ideology caused protests conservative islamic groups considered islamic law massacre saw army kill conservative muslim protesters september series small bombings including bombing led arrests hundreds conservative islamic activists including future parliamentary leader later leader attacks police led military operation killed people ended government sought increased control press issuing law requiring media possess press operating license revoked time western concern communism waned end cold war human rights record came greater international scrutiny particularly following santa massacre elected head indonesia founding member host domestically business dealings family created discontent military lost access power lucrative rent seeking opportunities march session military legislators attempted pressure unsuccessfully seeking block nomination loyalist vice president criticism family corruption saw president dismiss position military chief proceeded slowly regime dissolved powerful september ensured key military positions held loyalists attempt power base away military begin support islamic elements undertook publicised pilgrimage took promoted islamic values careers islamic oriented generals win support nascent muslim business community resented dominance chinese indonesian formed indonesian islamic intellectuals association november led protégé minister research technology period race riots ethnic chinese begin occur regularly beginning april riot 1990s government came dominated civilian politicians owed position solely sign growing prominent indonesian magazines criticised purchase entire fleet disbanded east german navy vessels scrap value ordered publications closed june 1990s elements growing indonesian middle class created economic development restless corruption children demands reform year old government daughter normally rallying point growing discontent response backed opted faction led removed chair july attack soldiers hired led lieutenant general demonstrating supporters resulted fatal riots looting incident followed arrest democracy activists kidnapped killed army squads led son law economic crisis resignation indonesia country hardest hit asian financial crisis large capital dollar poor bank lending practices indonesian companies borrowed cheaper dollar loans income mainly indonesian weakening spurred panic buying dollar companies causing indonesian drop pre crisis level low point early consequently companies economy leading sharp increases unemployment poverty country efforts central bank defend proved futile drained country dollar reserves exchange billion aid october following april signed letters intent economic reform process january government forced provide emergency assistance issue blanket guarantees bank deposits set management troubled banks order prevent collapse financial system steps taken recommendation government raised interest rate february worsened economy december time attend presidents summit later revealed minor stroke creating speculation health immediate future presidency mid december crisis swept indonesia estimated billion capital withdrawn country appeared press conference assert authority urge people trust government collapsing attempts confidence little effect evidence suggested family associates spared toughest requirements reform process confidence economy leadership economic accompanied increasing political tension anti chinese riots occurred violent ethnic clashes broke settlers won rigged elections march voted unanimously year term appointed protégé vice president cabinet family business associates daughter minister appointments government budget created currency instability rumours panic led run stores pushed prices government increase fuel prices triggered riots increasingly seen source country mounting economic political crises prominent political figures including muslim politician spoke presidency january university students began organising nationwide demonstrations crisis state visit egypt security forces killed rioting looting cities following days destroyed thousands buildings killed people ethnic chinese businesses particular targets violence theories origin violence include rivalry military chief general suggestion deliberate divert blame crisis ethnic chinese discredit student movement tens thousands university students demanding resignation occupied grounds roof parliament building return offered resign cabinet efforts failed political allies deserted refusing join proposed new cabinet according issued decree provided authority measures restore security decided enforce decree prevent conflict population announced resignation vice president assumed presidency accordance constitution post presidency resigning presidency family compound area protected soldiers rarely making public appearances family spend time corruption investigations protected prosecution politicians owed positions president indicated leaked telephone conversation president attorney general february estimated family fortune billion cash shares corporate assets real estate jewelry fine art sued magazine seeking billion damages libel article september indonesia supreme_court awarded damages magazine ordering pay million high_court reversed judgment court district court placed highest list corrupt leaders alleged billion year presidency placed house arrest indonesian authorities began investigate corruption presidency july announced accused million government donations number foundations control money finance family investments september court appointed doctors announced stand trial declining health state prosecutors tried doctors cited unspecified brain disease march civil court judge acquitted corruption ordered charitable foundation pay son tommy sentenced years jail convicted ordering killing judge sentenced months jail corruption illegal weapons possession freed release half brother tried convicted corruption loss million indonesian state sentenced years jail later won reduction sentence years initiating probe alleged scandal judicial mafia uncovered offers judges confessed scheme october leading arrest lawyers year term reinstated brief hospital reportedly protected group police officers arrested november july indonesian prosecutors filed civil lawsuit president recover state funds allegedly disappeared scholarship fund billion damages health crises resigning presidency hospitalised repeatedly stroke heart problems declining health hindered attempts prosecute lawyers successfully claimed condition rendered unfit trial little support indonesia attempts prosecute attorney general announced team doctors asked evaluate health fitness trial physician brigadier general stated doubts noting permanent cerebral defects later report attorney general discussed examination called opportunity prosecute attorney general left open possibility filing suit estate death january taken hospital complications arising weak heart swelling limbs stomach partial failure health fluctuated weeks progressively worsened low blood pressure heart kidney complications internal bleeding fluid lungs blood caused drop january health worsened infection spread body family removal life support machines died january body taken complex near city solo buried alongside late wife state military funeral honours elite forces honour guard commander group colonel attendance incumbent president ceremony inspector vice president government ministers armed forces chiefs staff tens thousands people lined streets convoy offered regional heads state indonesia president declared week official mourning tenure flags indonesia flown half mast
Suharto