tower italian tower winds italian round tower located connects villa palace tower built design architect credited building palace mainly promote study astronomy calendar reform commissioned pope gregory known tower winds tower called stages progressive development occurred established tower great value astronomical observations provided essential confirmation need reform julian calendar early history stage building tower recorded credited pope pope directive build tower suitable location vatican equip greatest best instruments time design effected series meetings experts appointed reform julian calendar use verify proposed reforms jesuit mathematician expert committee suggested new system observations metres tower built museum library flanked instrumentation observation sun rays falling consisted line designed form circular marble plate centre embellished scientific designs tower remains today undergone improvements centuries second stage second stage construction 17th 18th centuries tower charge vatican librarian involved clergyman earlier gave approval placing latin inscription entrance upper tower implemented plans enhance instrumentation system tower observatory original observatory set second level tower agreement instrumentation apart normal devices meteorological magnetic equipment small transit clock noted instrumentation facilitated recording occurrences eclipse appearance satellites mercury transit addition patronage pope observatory added strategic locations feet long fortification walls thousand years old highly respected knowledge physics biology hebrew language charge observatory carried continuous meteorological observations twice day programme observation records seven years published balance data manuscript form preserved subsequent death observatory tower discontinued instruments moved observatory established considered suitable making observations vatican stage revival observatory tower initiated approval pope high quality instruments partly generous donations automatic recording instruments richard paris inch inch transit instrument observatory gift inch long pope observatory father joined observatory upgraded modern instruments year second tower built metres away main overlooking vatican gardens south west border built diameter metres lower wall thickness metres bear load inch photographic newly paris father rodriguez expert held post director pope designated second tower seat newly established vatican observatory decision required altering roof provide flat terrace astronomical observations fourth stage fourth stage involved problem communicating towers time pope plans tower historical tower record carry observations second tower linking towers fortified wall metres iron bridge spanning gap west end bridge inch installed east end bridge barracks camera attached photograph sun new inch visual called erected second tower result modifications original library moved old meteorological seismic instruments shifted observatory new housed rooms building new machines recording plates recorded observations published explanatory notes series stars charts printed silver paper features tower floors floor famous room room initially open pope urban viii enclosed subsequently decorated long sequences painted flemish artists paul today tower paintings called residence queen sweden newly converted catholicism room modified additions gave current delicate sophisticated fixed ceiling created papal association calendar reform consisted straight line white marble running floor north south direction intended measure height sun noon according seasons year observations provided essential confirmation need reform julian calendar contrast complex mechanism attached ceiling measure strength direction wind soon stopped functioning instrument led tower tower winds ancient observatory athens called tower winds source inspiration interior walls ceiling hall richly decorated cases hills roman countryside religious themes buildings surrounding area naval jesus storm forth
Gregorian Tower