jumping spider ranges south_africa south kenya north found west_africa madagascar species slightly smaller species genus bodies females long males long sexes orange brown dark brown covered dark brown whitish hairs lying surface males white broad white band bases legs features conspicuous females sexes orange dark orange eyes fringed pale orange hairs males yellow orange orange brown upper sides black light orange hairs white females pale yellow black markings scattered white orange brown hairs upper longer legs jumping spiders focus accurately away responds maximum good light ignores subdued light prey prefers web based spiders jumping spiders finally insects females species build capture catch prey join web based spiders catch spiders prey female mature male try female usually mate web female typically seconds genus minutes hours females try kill eat mates females mimic adult females attract males prey contests females violent typically seconds female knocks killed eaten right quickly run way hunting mature females signals reduce risk females males juveniles species contend prey body structure appearance bodies female long smaller species males long sexes orange brown dark brown covered dark brown whitish hairs lying surface males white broad white band bases legs features conspicuous females sexes orange dark orange eyes fringed pale orange hairs females pale yellow black markings ends males orange brown darker markings sexes pale orange white hairs females pale yellow black markings upper sides scattered white orange brown hairs males yellow orange orange brown upper sides black light orange hairs white females pale yellow black markings scattered white orange brown hairs upper legs sexes unusually long slender male orange brown darker markings females light yellow markings sexes final segment leg decorations segments sexes brownish hairs robust spines males scattered white sexes pale yellow hairs white fringes species genus elastic sexes spherical fed females stretch producing eggs movement hunting prey mate species including adopt special posture called cryptic rest posture pulling legs close body jaws outlines walking species slow preserves irregular intervals waving legs continuously moving time continuously varying speed timing uses murphy stretching legs suggest long legs moving enables use long legs keeping body near surface like species spider lays continuous silk moves time time anchors surface spot sticky silk allows spider return surface animal spider jump lays sticky silk anchor lays flies unlike jumping spiders stick laid lines gap uses additional silk moves disturbed leap upwards cryptic rest pose wide trajectory usually runs senses spiders jump including significantly better vision spiders main eyes acute daylight cat times acute jumping spiders eyes large ones center position eyes called principal eyes housed tubes head providing acute vision secondary eyes positioned sides acting mainly movement jumping spiders middle pair secondary eyes small known function relatively large function secondary eyes jumping spiders main eyes red jumping spiders main eyes focus accurately object away react objectives light approaches objective distances response distance increases gradually maximum stronger light causes increase response distance comparison movement away approaches targets gains little alerted objectives distances spider moves slowly unlikely reach distant target time catch like jumping spiders small visual field time acute main eye circle millimeters wide centimeters away millimeters wide centimeters away spider takes relatively long time objects possibly getting good image tiny eyes complex process needs lot scanning makes vulnerable larger predators birds frogs identify predator size spiders like sensors modified smell taste touch vibration protruding cuticle skin unlike insects spiders antennae sense vibrations surfaces use mating hunting spiders total darkness use surface detect prey meets identify members species recognise familiar members determine sex member species hunting tactics tactics jumping spiders genus members genus hunting tactics versatile lion members tactics common prey trial error unfamiliar prey unfamiliar situations remember new approach find best attack angle dangerous prey best takes visual contact prey planned route leads silk thread biting prey hour usually picks best route needs walk past incorrect route spider makes mistake hunting spider killed jumping spiders prey mainly insects active hunting females build catch prey directly capture funnel shaped widest volume web initially built hours gradually stronger spider joins web web based spider joined spiders female capture web suspended rigid foundations rocks bases stems shrubs males build capture hunt types spiders generally difficulty moving web building spiders find difficult unlike build web sparse use moves free leg meets thread hunting spider web slow movements flaps legs resemble leaf caught web blown breeze use disturbances predators approach web spiders quickly revert cautious approach disturbance disappears web spiders run far away sense entering web reaction jackson panic large insect struggling web usually usually insect waits day insect stops struggling prey thoroughly stuck insect stuck web owned regional variant web spider web web spider enters web pursues catches web spider spiders prey contain dead insects partly eaten queensland corpses corpses obviously decayed typically takes minutes pursuit prey pursuits longer extreme cases close hours pursuing web based spider eat eggs spiders including eggs species spiders extract eggs cases ranging ones tough ones queensland captures spiders nests steal eggs nests spiders venom unusually powerful spiders stabs small medium spider weight including prey usually runs away millimetres enters seconds continues seconds minutes slowly approaches prey takes usually needs inflict completely larger spider times weight wait millimetres away minutes seizing prey insects usually quickly continue struggle minutes contact types prey usually recover making sluggish movements minutes stabbing starting normal movement hour occasionally killed injured pursuing prey twice size tests killed pursuits injured killed killed injured killed queensland killed pursuits injured killed especially tough skin prevents injury body caught spider injured loses legs spiders legs break easily attacked legs break exceptionally easily defence mechanism seen missing legs habitat seen missing legs tactics performance statistics result tests laboratory captive specimens following table shows hunting performance adult females addition table shows comparison hunting performances regional variants resting spin horizontal web diameter twice spider body length suspended millimetres leaf returns resting platform night eating prey dusk platform nearby built silk platform holding prey continued eating respond prey light like restaurant subdued artificial lighting responds prey distances centimetres light level increases test suggested hunting stimulated vision prey close hidden caused response preliminary check showed got responses live prey detailed testing showed target moved pursue target totally stationary spider approached slow millimetres minute long final stages sequence completed cases lure spot approached faster sequence completed lure pulled directly away spider followed faster lure pulled limit generally moves slowly female pursues small jumping spiders web spiders larger prey catches small jumping spiders larger ones equally effective sizes web spiders twice size female effective insects twice size insect stuck non web insects size seldom pursues catches larger insect open female seldom pursues catches larger insect web slightly effective smaller insects web situations males efficient cases test showed preferences different types prey order web spiders jumping spiders insects preferences apply live prey specimens prey days fed prey days specimens prey days extra showed preference different types prey test included prey species web spiders jumping spiders selection prey species showed evidence affecting results insects represented house fly test took fruit flies spiders sudden flights found open takes flies web web rarely capture non web sit wait predators usually millimetres long open wave legs threatened spider walks female capture web vertical distance centimetres drops prey fast human eye follow misses quickly returns safety line point looks chance seldom misses second time drops cover centimetres longer drops web hunting web spider prey web walks slowly prey centimetres away minutes time quickly body regular intervals cases prey stays web unlike queensland variant special tactics hunting jumping spiders hunting mature females signals reduce risk females males juveniles species contend prey effect aggressive prey spider prey spider visible prey inhabiting web female male species female males court species behaviour receive signals members species reproduction courtship male spins small web twigs hangs larger females females spider species including volatile air generally attract males distance adults species opposite sexes recognise display centimetres males usually wait minutes starting display female starts display use displays member threatens rival species sex females threaten males way display series sudden quick movements including striking charging leaps species contests males usually seconds legs contact contests females violent typically seconds occasionally include breaks leg usually final knocks killed eaten right quickly run way loser nest winner takes eats eggs female sees male approach slowly wait male walks erect displaying waving legs female run away gives display male stands ground run away repeat display approaches mature female sub adult maturity male female capture web usually mate web female typically seconds genera minutes hours females like try kill eat mates twisting males wait females legs making attack likely males try silk thread approach females manoeuvre higher position female moves male leaps runs away mature mate females mimic adult females attract males prey usually lays eggs dead brown leaves millimetres long suspended near capture web cover eggs sheet silk dead leaf available female small horizontal silk platform capture web lay eggs cover eggs seen laying eggs rolled leaf web spin horizontal web diameter twice spider body length suspended millimetres leaf spider lies head millimetres spin similar temporary web resting like spiders hatching life stage called distinctive juveniles appear discarded skins found suggested open case new skin pale soft stuck discarded skin spider slowly seconds free spider body quickly normal time later spider hung usual upside posture web ecology range runs south_africa south kenya north westwards east african rift west_africa madagascar large variety spiders insects found dense large millimetres long especially abundant partly cleared secondary bush rain forests cut usually metre ground survey area suggested found web spiders tree walls buildings leaf litter taxonomy species genus june species named simon lawrence lawrence simon divided genus species groups group males fixed group males joint separated membrane group includes subfamily thought primitive molecular phylogeny technique compares dna organisms reconstruct tree life indicates member clade basal similar ancestors jumping spiders closest relative genus closest
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