external morphology external morphology structure bodies insects belonging order known butterflies distinguished orders presence scales external parts body especially wings butterflies vary size millimetres long wingspan inches comprising described species possess variations basic body structure evolved gain advantages adaptation distribution undergo complete going stage life cycle egg adult larvae head capsule soft body hair like projections pairs true legs pairs eat ants larvae feeding growing stages periodically undergo induced developing undergo final larvae species spun silk called inside cell ground butterflies suspended called adult body hardened abdomen head shaped like capsule arising adult include prominent formed adapted species feed adults reduced modified piercing suck blood fruit absent multi compound eyes simple eyes reduced segments fused antennae prominent faculty smell act radar aid navigation orientation balance flight males frequently antennae females detecting female distance pairs wings arise middle segments usually completely covered minute scales wings act virtue wing locking mechanisms groups females reduced wings abdomen segments connected inter membranes segments abdomen form external complex provide basis family identification species discrimination wings head parts abdomen covered minute scales feature order derives names word meaning scale scales blade like attached forms hair like specialised secondary sexual characteristics surface complex structure gives colour contained dimensional structure scales provide number functions include aiding flight important large diversity vivid indistinct patterns provide help organism protect camouflage seek mates external morphology common members undergo complete going stage life cycle egg adult range size millimetres length case wingspan inches world largest butterfly queen general body plan body adult butterfly distinct divisions called connected head abdomen adult wings left right like insects pairs legs morphological characteristics distinguish order insect orders head head large compound eyes present drinking straw like scales scales cover external surface body usually reduced wings pairs wings present taxa wings cross veins abdomen posterior abdominal segments extensively modified reproduction absent larvae known developed head pairs usually species functional state fused body functional present state having antennae legs wings free distinguishing taxonomic features chief characteristics classify species genera families shape wings wings hind wings alike hind wings different wings covered specialized called type wing anatomy reproductive organs structure position primary morphological characteristics classification completely different adults different classification schemes provided separately classifying adults larvae characteristics immature stages increasingly taxonomic purposes provide insights apparent examination adults head like animal heads head butterfly contains feeding organs major sense organs head typically consists antennae compound eyes visible sensory structures called functions largely unknown head filled largely brain pump associated muscle unlike adults larvae head capsule number plates separated difficult distinguish singular secondary regions head divided number areas act guide description terms development head covered hair like scales found referred rough scaled pressed close head referred smooth scaled sensory organs structures head great variety shape form structures presence absence important taxonomic classifying taxa families antennae antennae prominent paired project forwards animal eyes consist number segments case butterflies length varies half length quarters length antennae butterflies slender tip case hooked tip butterfly genera underneath antennae thread like like feather like hooked antennae akin butterflies including families antennae primary organs smell antenna surface covered large numbers scales hairs pits found antennae monarch antennae extremely sensitive antennae male families sensitive detect female distances away antennae angled positions help insect locating scent considered act kind radar males frequently antennae females detecting female distance females need detect males simpler antennae antennae found play role time compensated sun compass orientation migratory monarch butterflies eyes large compound eyes consist large number lenses connected lens like cylinder attached nerve leading brain eye individual light combination provide broad mosaic view surrounding area tropical asian family compound eyes divided distinct segments eyes usually smooth covered minute hairs eyes butterflies usually brown golden brown red case species insects simple eyes present species head near edge compound eye species sense organs called found near simple eyes differently named reduced externally families present unlike larvae fully utility understood present butterflies able ultra violet light wing colours patterns principally observed region patterns seen wing light differ considerably seen normal light patterns act visual cues help differentiate species purpose mating studies carried butterflies wing patterns illuminated light typically prominent head curving face great variation morphology different families separate form independently cases erect projecting forward horizontally consist short basal segment comparatively long central segment narrow terminal portion segments densely scaled terminal segment bare terminal segment blunt pointed project straight angle second segment inside concealed jaws present stage adult mainly consist kind known species reduced feed adult state basal family kind formed adapted consists tubes held hooks cleaning tube concave forming central tube moisture effected expansion sac head head insect rest extended feeding reduced conspicuous basal families folded shape dimensions evolved different species wider diet scaling relationship body mass length interesting departure unusually long hawk predicted existence length discovery based knowledge long spurred star primarily feeding obtain majority requirements floral guild feed primarily rotting fruit tree substantial differences morphology feeding family elongated enable feed flowers long tubular number taxa especially evolved different certain species developed piercing scales tip pierce suck blood fruit species evolved consume modified suit mode nutrition feeding tears sleeping birds sharp host spurs stem develops segments consists divided segments organs insect legs wings borne spring middle pair legs borne arise cases wings upper lower parts respectively composed display secondary considerable modification simplest smallest segments developed head neck comprises pair lateral composed elements head scale called shield like scale called modified pair organs leg fore legs exhibit reduction forms butterfly family brush butterflies commonly known rear pairs legs fully functional forward pair strongly reduced capable walking fused claws absent pad pad projecting claws insects singular pad lobe beneath reduced absent claws absent pairs legs covered scales organs feet aid food plants wings terms pairs wings covered usually completely minute scales wing consists upper lower membrane connected minute strengthened system hollow ribs popularly incorrectly referred veins contain nerve blood vessels membranes covered minute scales ends hairs attached hooks wings moved rapid muscular expansion wings arise segments similar size basal groups derived groups wings larger powerful bases rigid vein structures edge providing primary function flight wings secondary functions self defence camouflage families wings reduced absent female male shape shape wings exhibits great variety case straight highly arched concave occasionally saw toothed apex rounded pointed produced concave tends straight concave usually convex produced vein concave normally straight concave frequently veins near end tails produced frequently tightly packed scales double row underside scales project form regular narrow fringe referred tubular veins run layered wing veins connected theory allow flow addition nerve pass veins simple wing distinguishing taxa genera families terminology based system gives morphological description insect wing basal similar condition referred resembles primitive vast majority differing reduced families greatly reduced wings tend form wing opposed arrangement case advanced families wing developed wide variety morphological wing mechanisms render taxa basal forms exhibit wing different types mechanisms primitive groups enlarged lobe like area near basal posterior margin base called flight groups hooks butterflies exception male exception arrangement couple wings instead enlarged area broadly overlapped despite absence specific mechanical connection wings overlap operate phase power stroke pushes type variation type completely lost scales wings scaled gives order coined group insects wings derived ancient greek scale originating greek female singular form meaning fish scale related wing scales cover head parts abdomen parts morphology scales studied scales classified groups hair like blade like variable forms primitive solid scales lack taxa sister group hair like scales wings body parts insect possess caudal abdomen feature absent according scales large hairs scales cover wings structure great diversity scale form share similar structure scales like arise special hair producing cells enclosed special cell arrangement provides stalk scales attached substrate scales flattened body blade typical flattened scale consists upper lower air space surface body smooth known inferior upper surface superior transverse longitudinal ridges ribs held apart called contain colour scales somewhat loosely wing come easily butterfly colour scales butterfly wings produce colours black brown white colour butterfly family derivative acid product bright blues reds usually created scales structural coloration result coherent scattering light crystal nature scales specialised scales provide structural colours reflected light produce ultra violet patterns ultra violet spectrum eyes structural colour seen dependent angle view example colour bright blue seen angle changes quickly black structural coloration wings species studied manifest complex scale known regular dimensional periodic occur scales case kaiser hind dimensional structure examined transmission electron computer modelling reveal naturally occurring repeating units packed cause function scales play important natural history scales enable development vivid indistinct patterns help organism protect camouflage warning providing dark patterns wings allow sunlight absorbed probably involved bright distinctive colour patterns butterflies predators help communicate preventing predation wing colour patterns help edible mimic models butterflies resemble reduce numbers individuals sampled inexperienced predators scales evolved initially providing scales parts body contribute maintaining high body temperatures required flight solid scales basal efficient advanced relatives presence adds air layers increases value scales help increase lift drag ratio flight newly emerged adults deciduous scales provide protection predators emerge nest case butterfly guests nests tree ants feeding larvae adults emerging covered soft loose scales stick ants way nest hatching possess special scales called singular evolved result sexual selection purposes attracting suitable mates dispersed wings body legs occur patches referred brands sex brands wings usually upper surface concealed scales known occur wings brands consist facilitate role courtship butterflies proven successive close ups scales wing abdomen abdomen body composed segments ranges segments eleventh segment holds pair anal taxa represent families special organs help detect bat organs known singular located anterior abdomen case located underside structure position unique taxonomic distinguishing feature females scent organ located tip abdomen complex provide basis species discrimination families family identification arise tenth segment abdomen complex structures insects wide variety complex spines scales males different shapes different modifications females stored sperm transferred female directly indirectly arrangement important courtship mating prevent cross specific mating species led use morphological study important keys taxonomic identification taxa family level advent dna analysis study techniques taxonomy basic configurations majority based arrangement females openings egg laying evolved related families external groove carries sperm opening termed primitive groups single near end abdomen egg laying occur character designate remaining groups internal carry sperm form separate openings egg laying male female particular species adapted fit like lock male key female males ninth abdominal segment divided dorsal ventral form ring like structure attachment parts pair lateral organs male median tubular organ called extended female males paired sperm paired separate basal taxa fused advanced forms layout internal openings female depends taxonomic group insect belongs internal female reproductive system consists paired produce shells eggs female insects system sperm received transported stored female join form common called leads takes place male butterfly places capsule sperm female called corpus sperm released capsule directly small tube special seminal sperm stored released egg laying occur hours days months mating eggs pass end modified surrounded pair broad anal butterflies family family add post plug called abdomen female preventing mating males species furnished secondary sexual characteristics consist scent producing organs brands specialised scales presumably meet function convincing female mating male correct species tree species recorded males produce rigid scales exterior females produce sound contracting causes scales abdomen function noise making clear suggestions forward include bat echo location advertising bat prey excellent development egg matures feeding stage life cycle needs able feed avoid eaten morphology evolved facilitate functions growth enters developmental stage called form insect develops adult stage ready adult stage butterfly arises egg like insects egg layers eggs like insects eggs central yolk surrounded yolk provides liquid embryo escapes shell enclosed envelope membrane called protects egg externally nucleus located species layer present inside adjacent layer thought evolved prevent insects layer air pores solid material provides limited capability respiratory function layer air layer successive sheets protein arranged particular direction stepped form arrangement egg depressed forms small central cavity called egg situated eggs conical cylindrical eggs flattened located outer margin rim eggs usually rounded small large case generally plain colour white pale green bluish green brown butterfly eggs come shapes spherical conical cylindrical lens shaped barrel shaped shaped cheese shaped angled depressed ends spotted eggs deposited singly small clusters mass invariably near food source captive known lay eggs egg size affected number factors species egg stage usually larger eggs species similarly species feeding woody plants stage larger eggs species feeding plants eggs laid older females butterfly species noted smaller size younger counterparts absence adequate nutrition females corn recorded lay egg sizes normal escaping newly hatched larvae species eat emerge alternatively egg shell line weakness cap gives way allowing emerge egg shell small yolk trapped membranes forms food larvae characteristic larvae cylindrical bodies short legs abdominal head capsule soft tubular body hair like projections pairs true legs additional pairs body consists segments abdominal true upside shaped line runs head downward shaped line lies frontal triangle located lies antennae found small notch centre leaf edge engages eats larvae silk located modified use silk silk shelters located head usually arranged small pair antennae bears pairs legs pair segment functional actually derived reduced externally open lies beneath cuticle legs consist constant form order reduced case certain leaf miners elongated certain legs fused abdominal segments bear pair legs legs known true legs abdominal legs called true legs vary little reduction certain leaf miners family contain number small hooks tip known families differ number positioning larvae pairs like lack altogether leaf mining present abdominal wall reduced leaf mining species lack entirely abdominal located body abdominal segments different types projections hairs spines horns hairs come assortment colours long short single clusters thinner point end spine having single point having multiple points small short projections body body projections short bump like long like usually occur pairs cluster segments horns short drawn point usually found eighth abdominal segment large number species families poisonous called hairs case brazilian genus kill human potent poison taxa toxic chemicals host plants sharp hair spines display markings undergo number usually varying species new cuticle soft allows increase size development hard old cuticle splits small ball posterior end known spun silk numerous insect larvae protective covering larvae inside cell ground exception butterflies advanced exposed usually brown smooth butterfly colourful shape varies greatly butterflies exposed referred derived greek term gold referring golden colour butterflies attach button silk underside branch stone projecting surface remain attached silk pad hook like process called hang head downward families held upright position silk middle fused body rest having antennae legs wings free body stage morphology adult developed structures general aspect adult visible outer surface head resting eyes antennae brought forward head wings brought legs wings abdomen features head region eye pieces antennae displays segments legs wings furrows abdomen exhibits segments spines anal openings display plates specialised exhibit generally stationary primitive families fully functional serve principally allow adult escape body separate skin enjoy degree independent motion specialised non functional body attached skin lose degree independent movement able abdomen caudal segments abdomen segments fixed segments degree evolved segments end abdomen basal taxa remaining seven segments abdomen presumably helps anterior end case able forth tunnel aided projections addition spines abdominal considered value predators case hawk accompanied sound adds effect species mating occur inside females males defense predation soft bodied fragile immature stages slowly stages exposed predation birds small mammals amphibians predators notably parasitic flies fungi bacteria combat developed number strategies defense protection include camouflage development threat patterns displays camouflage important defense strategy enabled changes body shape colour markings blend surroundings making difficult spotted predators shades green match host plant resemble objects twigs leaves larvae species common western tiger look like bird species manufacture stored body tissue rendering poisonous predators examples include monarch butterfly americas species asia predators eat poisonous sick violently learn avoid species predator previously eaten poisonous avoid species similar markings future saving species toxic butterflies larvae tend develop bright colours striking patterns indicator predators phenomenon known led development complexes edible species mimic taxa species related taxa evolved resemble benefit reduced sampling rates predators learning similarly adult species known general appearance sufficiently similar wasp likely gain reduction predation type butterflies spots composed concentric rings scales different colours proposed role predators attention resemblance eyes predator instinct attack wing patterns role tails suggested confusing predators real location head giving better chance escaping alive relatively unscathed especially members contain shaped found segment larvae threatened unpleasant organ ward predators
External morphology of Lepidoptera