architecture norway architecture norway evolved response changing economic conditions technological advances demographic fluctuations cultural shifts outside architectural influences apparent norwegian architecture adapted meet norwegian climatic conditions including harsh winters high winds coastal areas salt spray norway architectural trends seen parallel political societal changes norway centuries prior viking age wooden structures developed sophisticated craft evident elegant effective construction viking following ascent christianity introduced architecture churches slightly pointed arches barrel piers supporting groin large result religious influence england middle ages geography dictated dispersed economy population result traditional norwegian farm culture remained strong norway differed european countries adopting combined ready availability wood building material ensured relatively examples baroque renaissance architecture styles built ruling classes europe constructed norway instead factors resulted distinctive traditions norwegian vernacular architecture preserved existing farms norwegian open air museums showcase buildings middle ages 19th century prominent examples include oslo extant buildings service farms valley 20th century norwegian architecture characterized connection norwegian social policy hand innovation norwegian architects recognized work norway architecture considered expression social policy outside norway innovative projects history construction norway characterized need shelter people animals property harsh weather including cold winters frost heavy precipitation certain areas wind storms scarce building resources modern times transportation infrastructure primitive builders largely rely locally available materials pre historic times earliest traces human norway dated mountainous regions near contemporary excavations found portable dwellings likely kept nomadic hunters traces tents found places western coast near evidence indicates tents use similar design use time tents semi permanent introduction simple foundation traces found archipelago area permanent dwellings probably built introduction agriculture norway available evidence indicates wood building material structures iron age dwellings typically combined shelter animals humans long houses order preserve heat remains structures stone age iron age excavated near locations prehistoric long houses pairs roof bearing posts dividing interior walls turf similar buildings excavated viking medieval eras distinctive timber building traditions found confluence norwegian architecture practice log building horizontal logs corners technique thought imported peoples east scandinavia building tradition typically found churches possibly based improvements prehistoric long houses roof bearing posts dug ground archaeological evidence actual buildings earliest permanent structures finds viking ships ship suggest significant mastery engineering viking holding reconstructed counting remaining churches wooden houses preserved intact norway log houses added built galleries political power norway consolidated contend external threats larger structures built accordance military technology time fortresses bridges ultimately churches built stone masonry structures followed european styles time churches possibly churches built norway middle ages 12th 13th centuries beginning 19th century churches existed destroyed religious movement favored simple lines today remain large number documented recorded measured drawings demolished churches owe longevity architectural innovations protected large complex wooden structures water precipitation wind extreme temperatures important introduction massive underneath posts prevent rotting centuries church construction building type evolved advanced art science reformation new churches built new churches mainly stone horizontal log buildings corners old churches disappeared neglect deterioration small accommodate larger congregations impractical according later standards architecture stone churches norway built influence anglo saxon missionaries particularly bishop later churches influenced continental architecture examples include churches churches lost rebuilt gothic style numerous examples exist notably gothic architecture churches originally built structures modified extended gothic period cathedral ruins renowned important destinations medieval europe danish rule late middle ages norwegian state severely weakened norway entered personal union denmark sweden kings resided denmark norway gradually reduced provincial status reformation separate institutions abolished danish government copenhagen regarded norway backward province exploited worthy investment monumental architecture ambitious renaissance architecture unusual norway compared european countries fortresses oslo trondheim tower bergen built stone accordance standards defensive fortifications time modernized rebuilt years built unique commercial buildings bergen starting 16th century log buildings combining native german traditions renaissance architecture monumental construction norway came vernacular building resumed 16th 17th centuries danish administration examples renaissance architecture norway prominent tower bergen contemporary manor near trondheim parts undertook number projects norway largely based renaissance architecture established mining operations world heritage site devastating fire town oslo moved new location rebuilt fortified city layout surrounded renamed king christian founded trading city naming baroque architecture norway strategic danish norwegian kingdom danish kings built fortifications borders time fortifications border areas ports modernized line baroque military practice residences built according local vernacular traditions exhibit influence baroque architecture city oslo building code prohibited wooden houses number large town houses modeled continental building types constructed large churches constructed brick walls notably bergen probably famous baroque structure norway royal residence trondheim residential building largest wooden structure architecture provided brief significant interlude norway appearing primarily decorative arts mainly interiors furniture luxury articles table silver glass country districts folk artists produced distinctly norwegian craft decorative painting related wood carving style architecture wooden town houses influence notably trondheim bergen bergen significant towns central country districts 18th century log walls increasingly covered fashion possible technology buildings better better protected harsh climate main reason rapid adoption custom fashionable appearance boarded walls suitable bare log walls background details ornaments borrowed classical architecture 19th century napoleonic wars led separation norway denmark norway restored autonomous kingdom personal union sweden states separate institutions king foreign service regained required new public buildings mainly capital following century country experienced impressive growth wealth population resulting need new infrastructure buildings neo dawn 19th century handful academically trained architects active norway military officers having studied civil engineering market architects limited sparsely inhabited country capital city court important government institutions architecture interest mainly limited group wealthy merchants landowners close previous century group saw remarkable increase prosperity large fortunes sought surround buildings gardens appropriate social position connected internationally people acquainted latest trends architecture structures demand architect stanley educated copenhagen spent years norway turn 19th century minor works wealthy patrons oslo major achievement renovation seat higher education completed added classical older structure semi circular auditorium parliament temporary place assemble preserved national monument graduate designed splendid manor built owner brick houses norway layout central classical designed town houses period saw erection large number splendid neo houses towns coast notably oslo bergen trondheim mainly wooden buildings dressed stone architecture far largest private house norway manor renovated danish architect count promoted status capital city practically buildings suitable new government institutions ambitious building program initiated realised slowly strained economy major undertaking royal palace designed built planned gate avenue connecting palace city monumental square halfway surrounded buildings university institutions university buildings realised according plan fully educated architects norway designed original building local branch campus university buildings sought assistance renowned german architect german architectural influence persisted norway wooden buildings followed principles norwegian romantic nationalism influence norwegian architecture following german lead architects designed red brick buildings revival medieval styles gothic examples considered suitable churches public institutions factories norwegian architect inspired middle ages proposal square surrounded public building avenue new royal palace north planned buildings university composed medieval style exposed brick work colleague convert realize number red brick buildings visit berlin met famous architect major work neo adjacent near begun extended stages architects followed notably oslo german architect designed neo gothic church completed urban apartment buildings continued built classical tradition brick walls repertoire historic styles expanded oslo residential development detached planned designed early built variety styles ranging medieval exotic architects started design wooden buildings new style called swiss style style originated germany swiss popular culture admired elements projecting roofs emphasis inspired alpine vernacular buildings style correctly termed wood term introduced number residential institutional commercial buildings built style characterized ornate projecting details railway stations churches designed trained architects distributed rural districts helped style popular alive vernacular tradition long went fashion architects swiss style evolved scandinavian variation known norway dragon style combined motifs viking medieval art vernacular elements recent past renowned style architect designed number tourist resorts exhibition churches 1880s 1890s caught eye german emperor visited norway annually commissioned design near hunting lodge church east prussia buildings destroyed world war architects abandoned swiss dragon styles shortly elements swiss style survived vernacular buildings decades recent past producers pre fabricated family homes increasingly reintroduced motifs swiss style repertoire vernacular architecture 20th century lived worked buildings designed built according vernacular building traditions norwegian known practices varied somewhat region climatic conditions evolved time largely based use wood locally available resources middle ages dwellings log houses corners carefully crafted ensure protection elements centrally placed open fires smoke roofs gave way stone chimneys early modern times specialized buildings commonplace organized introduction exterior boarding 18th century improved housing standards considerably gave rise larger houses building practices coast included fishing cottages piers etc houses livestock people typically built actual shoreline typical medium sized farm inland norway include dwelling house hay barn livestock barn food storage houses stable occasionally separate houses pigs etc houses separate heat sources washing houses usually kept separate houses prevent fires typically separate small structures farm housed separate houses wheel making etc eastern inland norway houses typically organized square distinction inner outer configuration houses depended farm situated hill terrain depending size economic farm feast hall house retired farmers farm hands dormitory carriage house smaller poorer farms combine dwelling houses simpler storage areas use facilities farms activities afford build houses building traditions varied region type structure food storage houses usually built ways difficult mice rats cats exterior varied region account local climate conditions roofs covered birch bark places norway farms maintained mountain farms cows goats sheep pasture summer months typically include small dwelling house dairy making storing cheese sour cream etc modern norwegian farms maintain building traditions longer need varied buildings past traditions carried recently built vacation mountains coast 20th century architecture german influence brought norway neo norway gained independence new generation norwegian architects educated sweden took lead developing distinctly national architecture break german tradition german town planning continued influence early 20th century architecture founded began teach architecture trondheim emerged distinctly norwegian architects contributed norwegian regional architecture discussed art historian art architecture variant certain influence new construction norway turn 20th century city burning ground rebuilt entirely style continues prominent example brussels trondheim numerous art buildings capital oslo art buildings erected local economic crisis building trade decade century public buildings constructed style government office building bergen main theatre monumental example mass residential architecture changing demographics growing social awareness led increased political architectural interest providing cost effective comfortable residential space growing urban population general working class particular known housing cause norwegian popular culture continues play role day architecture tool manifestation social policy architects politicians determining features adequate intended residents housing projects late felt working class families need bath apartments small houses included small kitchen rooms world war number cooperative investment projects known roughly homes resulted handful developments war gave way cooperative organizations formed finance build large scale residential complexes known built complex oslo similar initiatives country set standards housing hired architects design solutions contracted built entire sections known satellite cities built outskirts major cities introduced entirely new phenomenon eastern areas oslo similar areas emerged bergen trondheim cities apex trend reached massive buildings era spent force mid-1970s led increased awareness physical emotional needs city issues debate kitchen traditional norwegian homes combined family room kitchen early apartment buildings small called laboratory popular time eat took place natural light large apartment buildings oriented provide sunlight residents kitchen east morning light living room west evening light privacy providing separate sleeping quarters parents children children led larger apartments time similarly buildings limited number apartments adjoining staircase apartment complexes reinforced characterized social democracy hell perceived shortcomings mass housing movement led efforts create cost effective housing solutions varied integrated natural surroundings families needs parliament norway recommended shift small residential houses large apartment buildings provided citizens ability fund construction homes entire construction industry formed build needs result pioneering efforts archaic unnecessary restrictions relaxed improving opportunities build housing suit individual needs preferences undertake home improvement projects built homes late 1920s international style taken scandinavian architects scandinavia architectural trend called colloquially sweden norway found adherents young architects especially norway definite breakthrough stockholm exhibition majority architects scandinavia converted modern movement firmly established mainstream trend architecture maintained dominant position number landmark structures particularly oslo built style restaurant demolished designed restaurant opened art gallery shows influence preceding trend 1920s bath public seaside bath facilities norway year designed great names norwegian architecture beer reconstruction architecture following earth tactics retreating troops large areas needed rebuilt overwhelming need housing architectural competition produced designs simple cost effective rapidly assembled housing resulting houses broke building standards met immediate need shelter dedicated reconstruction government sponsored architecture norway gained independence national government determined establish institutions consistent newly formed state ambitions modern society prime minister priority oslo building things country water toilets providing hot cold water granting wish providing common apartment king queen son early years public works limited structures needed national government administrative needs increasing number large scale projects conceived designed completed meet needs public health welfare including hospital complexes facilities etc later vacated favor solutions turn required architecture vacated public health problem tuberculosis solved temporary provisional housing asylum homeless sports recreation facilities social policy norway national local level emphasized connection athletics mass elite levels athletic centers typically built accommodate spectators participants training example ski jump rebuilt times rebuilt virtually municipality built year round facilities centers cultural expression ambitious controversial structures dedicated performing arts art museums combination activities built cities architectural legacy designs sought successfully complement urban landscape giving modern element examples include barn hall churches holding legacy nearly thousand years norwegian church architecture commissioned new churches covered wide range architectural styles including entirely new designs arctic cathedral jan new casts traditional designs church transportation infrastructure including bridges tunnels notably transit centers rail sea air transportation oslo airport consortium norway largest construction project architectural designs projects reflected style currents time societal debate purpose intended serve ambitions early gave way designs based designs emphasized human ecological needs great extent norwegian architects found opportunity develop signature styles projects norwegian architectural dialect projects controversial resulting creative tension probably served advance state architectural arts norway national local governments governmental institutions continue largest customers architects coming years contemporary themes number trends influence contemporary architecture norway growing public private buildings wider range purpose expected meet increasingly complex demands example new opera building designed oslo reflects ambition build vibrant cultural center create new architectural icon aesthetics factor early principle form strictly follow function growing sensibility aesthetics affect physical emotional health use building structure norwegian laws concerning health decades emphasized access daylight fresh air harsh climatic conditions create added uplifting aesthetics environmental concerns addition concerns air water pollution norwegian architectural design emphasized integration natural landscape recently architects worked engineers scarce resources energy water etc demographic diversity norwegian demographics undergone significant changes decades resulting new religious buildings norwegian building traditions speak renaissance traditional norwegian architecture urban planning affected need preserve restore traditions examples include plans renew center recent work oslo neighborhood number architectural prizes awarded norway including books norwegian oslo isbn norwegian oslo isbn norwegian oslo isbn norwegian odd norwegian oslo isbn modern norwegian architecture oslo isbn christian oslo isbn daniel oslo oslo isbn
Architecture of Norway