polish known polish collective term underground resistance organizations poland world war military civilian loyal government exile london elements underground state established final days german invasion poland began september perceived supporters legal continuation pre war republic poland institutions waged armed struggle country occupying powers nazi_germany soviet_union underground state encompassed military resistance largest world civilian structures education culture social services underground state enjoyed broad support war supported recognized far left communists nationalists opposed german occupation poland movements quickly replaced included members pre war far right influence communists eventually declined amid military notably failure growing hostility ussr soviet_union created alternative puppet government ensured formed basis post war government poland soviet backed communist takeover poland end war members prosecuted alleged died captivity abandoned finding impossible negotiate soviets wishing avoid civil war key institutions underground state dissolved half ultimately hundreds thousands people directly involved agencies estimates membership given approaching half million people quietly supported millions polish citizens rationale creation secret civilian authority drew fact german soviet occupation poland illegal institutions created occupying powers considered illegal parallel polish underground institutions set accordance polish law scale inadvertently aided actions attempts destroy polish state nation culture including importantly policies targeted polish citizens popular support polish resistance movement development cold war era research curtailed polish communist officials instead emphasized role communist partisans played anti nazi resistance recently bulk research topic carried polish scholars living exile history formation respects history polish underground state mirrors polish non communist resistance general underground state traces origins organization founded september day surrender polish capital warsaw time polish defeat german invasion poland accompanied soviet appeared inevitable founder general received orders polish commander chief marshal organize carry struggle occupied poland decided organization creating needed strictly military format line traditions underground 19th century world war era need encompass aspects civilian life contact subordinate polish government exile envisioned armed resistance organization vehicle polish state continued administer occupied territories following polish constitution president interned romania polish government evacuated poland september resigned appointed general successor unpopular french government replaced september general long term opponent regime resided france support french government polish commander chief september poland prime minister september government quickly recognized france united_kingdom described weak held relatively little influence compared charismatic political differences factions polish exile government particular ties regime dominated polish government reorganized november supported aiming include parties regime supported formation named general head colonel appointed commander german occupation zone commander zone arrested march soviets attempting cross new german soviet border appointed commander zones given focused military aspects struggle civilian dimension clearly defined developed slowly situation exacerbated complex political discussions politicians occupied poland government exile located paris fall france london government opted democratic procedure democratic regime formed government exile december including representatives different polish political factions occupied poland major step development organization civilian structure taken late february established local version structures occupied poland maintained close communication government exile radio communications hundreds thousands significant developments creation office poland nominated december delegate event marked official beginning followed post delegate seen equivalent deputy prime minister particularly legislation unlike operated alongside military structures influence delegation budgetary control military delegation oversee military recreate civilian administration early civilian arm actively supporting underground education set develop social security information propaganda justice networks growth differences politicians occupied poland exile positively settled evolved served basis created january council headed seen parliament military arm underground state expanded dramatically transformed commanders included august march announced long term plan partly designed communists proposals communists increasingly radical fight march november proposing creation heavily socialist communist state denouncing capitalism slavery demanded economy introduction central planning declaration polish nation fighting declared reconstruction poland democratic parliamentary state goal equality minorities freedom speech freedom religion freedom political activity plan called creation central european federal union domination single state economic sector planned economy endorsed embracing socialist christian democrat principles income aiming reduction economic inequality plan promised land reform industrial base demands territorial compensation germany establishment country eastern border according plan country eastern borders treaty kept north west compensation sought german territories main differences communists terms politics rooted radical economic social reforms sides advocated positions issues national sovereignty borders polish soviet relations program criticized nationalist factions socialist christian achieved influence early april polish government exile recognized administrative structure delegate officially recognized deputy prime minister created declined sharply aftermath nationwide uprising initiated spring addition costly eventually unsuccessful warsaw uprising hostile attitude soviet_union puppet polish government non communist resistance loyal polish government exile proved disastrous underground state assumed polish resistance aid advancing soviet forces commanders representatives administrative authority assume role legitimate hosts instead soviets commonly surrounded disarmed arrested underground military authority members civilian representatives administrative structures instead early july resistance continued struggle germans underground state forced order administrative structure remain hiding soviets continued arrests experienced revealed decline dissolution events taking place significantly weakened polish government exile rift developed poland soviet_union increasingly important ally west particularly revelation massacre april followed breaking diplomatic relations poland soviets april subsequent death july charismatic succeeded influential prime minister general commander chief contributed decline representative polish government invited november december conference february crucial events soviet_union discussed shape post war world decided fate poland assigning soviet sphere influence churchill roosevelt objected suggestion polish government exile london representing polish interests historian noted spelled end government influence decided create puppet government poland proclaimed recognized legitimate authority poland london termed soviets illegal self styled authority serve prime minister role november realizing increasing government exile resigned succeeded obscurity words historian signaled arrival government exile total communists refused deal underground state like refused deal government exile leaders soldiers liberated polish territories persecuted number prominent leaders including government delegate jan commander chief general decided reveal soviet invitation begun open negotiations communist authorities arrested sentenced soviets moscow infamous trial sixteen arrests carried march trial took place june year june held session issuing point declaration demanding soviet army leave poland repression non communist political parties cease government delegate office home arrests leadership headed delegate disbanded july creation moscow june disbanding structures marked end underground state composed primarily communist representatives token representation opposition gesture western allies establishment government exile stopped recognized france withdrew recognition june followed united_kingdom united_states july decided support soviet backed increasingly communist body seeing western betrayal government exile protested decision continued operate till fall communism recognized post communist polish government rigged polish legislative election marked onset communist rule poland independent politicians like attempted form opposition threatened arrests retired emigrated military arm officially disbanded january avoid armed conflict soviets civil war years communists solidified hold poland elections opposition eliminating political power remnants armed resistance armed forces delegation poland freedom independence refused lay weapons surrender communist regime continued hold years cursed soldiers fighting soviet backed communist forces political representation underground state represented political factions second polish republic represented major polish parties joined june months created withdrew october march parties known big represented compared representative included representatives smaller political groups lacked significant representation nonetheless supported non polish ethnic minorities primarily represented underground state jews important groups lacked representation underground state included communist military arm far right military arm extreme left communists extreme right nationalists saw opposition opposed polish independence supporting inclusion poland soviet_union seen completely outside framework state groups seen legitimate opposition soviet puppet government structure civilian government exile located france later united_kingdom president prime minister commander chief military civilian authority recognized authorities commanders government exile represented occupied poland poland headed government delegate poland main role civilian branch preserve continuity polish state including institutions institutions included police courts schools branch state intended prepare institutions resume power german defeat world war final years war civilian structure underground state included underground parliament administration judiciary courts police secondary higher level education supported cultural activities publishing newspapers books underground theatres lectures exhibitions concerts works art dealt providing social services including jewish population civil arm involved lesser acts resistance minor sabotage department merged forming subordinate departments seen loosely corresponding departments dedicated war related issues departments mirrored pre war polish divided departments existed end war list included postal information culture geographical division level delegation local offices dividing polish territories underground divided headed separate municipal bodies early delegation employed people administration primarily older people younger ones recruited military operations military military arm consisted primarily branches arm state designed prepare polish society future fight country liberation apart armed resistance sabotage intelligence training propaganda state military arm responsible maintaining communication london based government exile protecting civilian arm state primary resistance operations sabotage german activities including transports headed eastern soviet_union sabotage german rail road transports eastern extensive estimated eighth german transports eastern destroyed significantly delayed activities fought scale battles germans particularly tied significant german forces worth divisions upper estimates suggest troops needed supplies trying support soviet military polish intelligence supplied valuable intelligence information allies percent reports received british secret services continental europe came polish sources height numbered recognized largest largest resistance movement war axis fatalities actions polish underground formed bulk estimated definition historiography remembrance decades research restricted largely communist wish fully acknowledge role non communist resistance postwar years efforts explore topic regarded dangerous bordering illegal research events occurring soviet annexed territories period particularly difficult limited research devoted place mainly polish historians living west communist state importance non communist resistance movements communist movement emphasized primary importance fact opposite true absence research polish scholars obstacles presented foreign scholars seeking access source material communist poland contributed situation virtually discussion western scholars europe largest resistance movements non communist polish resistance movement bulk western research centred smaller french resistance fall communism poland regained independence polish scholars begin research aspects polish history scholars chose investigate underground state confronted issue country nation created similar institution problem defining polish historian discussing historiography defined collection state legal organizational citizenship structures ensure constitutional continuation polish territory concluded constitutional continuity real performance state functions past territory loyalty great majority polish society significant elements existence underground state officially recognized polish government local authorities community major cities poland memorials underground state affiliated resistance dedicated erected september parliament poland declared day september anniversary founding service poland victory organization day polish underground state
Polish Underground State