sir december march english physicist mathematician described day natural philosopher widely recognised influential scientists time key figure scientific revolution book mathematical principles natural philosophy published laid foundations classical mechanics newton seminal contributions shares credit development newton formulated laws motion universal dominated scientists view physical universe centuries laws motion mathematical description gravity principles account tides phenomena newton removed doubts validity model solar system work demonstrated motion objects earth bodies described principles prediction earth shaped later measurements helped convince continental european scientists superiority mechanics earlier system newton built practical reflecting developed theory colour based observation white light colours visible spectrum formulated law cooling studied speed sound introduced notion fluid addition work mathematician newton contributed study power series non developed method roots function classified cubic plane curves newton fellow second professor mathematics university_of_cambridge devout unorthodox christian unusually member cambridge faculty day refused holy orders church_of_england privately rejected doctrine trinity work mathematical sciences newton dedicated time study biblical chronology work areas remained unpublished long death later life newton president newton served british government warden master life early life born according julian calendar use england time christmas day december january hamlet county lincolnshire father named died months born prematurely small child mother reportedly said fit inside newton mother remarried went live new husband reverend smith leaving son care maternal grandmother young disliked stepfather maintained mother marrying revealed entry list sins committed age threatening father mother smith burn house newton mother children second marriage age seventeen newton educated taught latin greek mathematics removed school october found mother widowed second time attempted farmer newton hated farming master persuaded mother send school complete education motivated partly desire revenge bully ranked student distinguishing mainly building models june admitted cambridge recommendation uncle started paying way performing duties awarded scholarship guaranteed years time college teachings based aristotle newton supplemented modern philosophers learned work set series mechanical philosophy found discovered began develop mathematical theory later soon newton obtained degree august university temporarily closed precaution great plague cambridge student newton private studies home subsequent years saw development theories law april returned cambridge october elected fellow trinity required ordained priests enforced restoration years assertion church_of_england sufficient issue avoided unconventional views stood way newton managed avoid means special permission charles_ii middle years section studies impressed professor anxious develop religious administrative potential master trinity years later newton succeeded year received elected fellow middle years mathematics newton work said distinctly advance branch mathematics studied work subject usually referred seen manuscript october published newton mathematical papers author manuscript sent june identified letter sent collins august year newton fellow college young extraordinary genius proficiency things newton later involved dispute priority development newton controversy modern historians believe newton developed independently different occasionally suggested newton published account began publishing account methods differential method recognised convenient adopted continental european british suggestion fails notice content critics newton time modern times pointed book newton published forerunner manuscripts motion bodies orbit written language know newton later dot write work extensively uses geometric form based limiting values small quantities newton gave demonstration method explained form remarking thing performed method called book dense theory application modern times est nearly newton time use methods involving orders small present papers motion decades preceding newton reluctant publish feared controversy criticism close swiss mathematician started write new version newton corresponded relationship newton deteriorated book completed starting members newton member accused dispute broke force proclaimed study newton true labelled fraud study cast doubt later found newton wrote study concluding remarks began bitter controversy marred lives newton death newton generally credited valid discovered newton identities newton method classified cubic plane curves degree substantial contributions theory finite differences use employ coordinate geometry derive solutions partial sums series precursor formula use power series confidence revert power series newton work infinite series inspired useful modern account newton mathematics written foremost scholar newton mathematics translated edited newton mathematical writings end life wrote newton work impact published chapter book edited newton received fellow college holy undivided trinity commitment set theology object studies holy orders time prescribed statutes years arrives resign college till point thought religion twice signed agreement thirty articles basis church_of_england doctrine appointed professor mathematics recommendation time fellow college cambridge oxford required holy orders ordained anglican priest terms required holder active church presumably time science newton argued exempt requirement charles_ii permission needed accepted argument conflict newton religious views anglican newton observed spectrum colours exiting position minimum light ray entering circular different colours different angles led conclude colour property light point debated prior years newton period investigated light demonstrating spectrum produced white light lens second modern scholarship revealed newton analysis white light owes debt showed coloured light change properties separating coloured beam shining objects newton noted regardless reflected scattered transmitted remained colour observed colour result objects interacting coloured light objects generating colour known newton theory colour work concluded lens suffer light colours proof concept constructed reflective mirrors instead lenses objective bypass problem building design known functional reflecting today known involved solving problem suitable mirror material shaping technique newton ground mirrors custom composition highly reflective metal newton rings judge quality late able produce reflecting inches long gave larger image asked demonstration reflecting interest encouraged publish notes colours later expanded work criticised newton ideas newton offended withdrew public debate newton brief exchanges appointed manage correspondence opened correspondence intended contributions newton transactions effect newton work proof elliptical form result force proportional square radius newton law universal history men remained generally poor terms death newton argued light composed particles accelerating medium waves explain repeated pattern reflection transmission thin films props retained theory fits disposed reflected transmitted later favoured purely explanation light account interference patterns general phenomenon today quantum mechanics idea wave particle bear minor resemblance newton understanding light hypothesis light newton existence transmit forces particles contact henry revived interest replaced forces based ideas attraction particles acquired newton writings stated newton age reason newton interest isolated contributions science time clear distinction science relied idea action distance vacuum developed theory gravity studies newton published theory light considered light extremely subtle ordinary matter speculated kind gross bodies light bodies receive activity particles light enter composition newton constructed primitive form generator glass globe article entitled newton indicated newton book beam book describes use multiple years newton discussion multiple beam central development narrow use beam led multiple theory subsequent newton amended young combined newton particle theory wave theory colour visible manifestation light science slowly came realise difference perception colour german poet scientist shake foundation hole find newton armour newton committed doctrine colour impossible thought object glasses remain imperfect incompatible proved wrong mechanics newton returned work mechanics considering effect planets reference laws motion followed brief exchange letters appointed manage correspondence opened correspondence intended contributions newton transactions newton interest astronomical matters received appearance winter corresponded exchanges newton worked proof elliptical form result force proportional square radius newton law universal history newton communicated results tract written sheets copied december tract contained nucleus newton developed expanded form published july encouragement financial help work newton stated universal laws motion laws describe relationship object forces acting resulting motion laying foundation classical mechanics contributed advances industrial revolution soon followed improved years continue non technologies modern world latin word weight effect known gravity defined law universal work newton presented like method analysis gave determination based law speed sound air earth figure accounted result moon attraction earth initiated study irregularities motion moon provided theory determination newton clear view solar system developed somewhat modern way recognised sun centre gravity solar system newton precisely centre sun body considered rest common centre gravity earth sun planets esteem centre world centre gravity rest moves uniformly forward right line newton adopted rest alternative view common consent centre rest newton invisible force able act vast distances led criticised introducing agencies science later second edition newton firmly rejected criticisms concluding general writing phenomena implied attraction far indicate cause unnecessary improper frame things implied phenomena newton famous expression non newton internationally recognised acquired circle including swiss born mathematician classification important early influence newton mathematician freed plane curves greek limitation sections newton followed lead classifying cubic curves plane found species divided types satisfying different probably newton help proved cubic types newton claimed types obtained plane projection proved according published volumes newton mathematical papers newton mapped development mathematics years largely carried plan later life newton wrote number religious tracts dealing literal symbolic interpretation bible manuscript newton sent disputed fidelity john fidelity original manuscripts remained unpublished number authors claimed work indication newton disputed belief trinity assure newton question passage denied trinity biographer scientist sir compiled manuscripts years wrote controversy known book memoirs life writings discoveries sir explains newton questioned passages denied doctrine trinity states newton known lifetime argued sir suspected witnesses revelations like mint employee humanitarian mentioned newton held doctrine later works observations daniel published death devoted great deal time newton member according accounts comments complain cold draught chamber request window closed newton moved london post warden position obtained patronage 1st earl halifax chancellor took charge england great somewhat toes lord lucas governor tower securing job deputy temporary chester branch newton best known master mint death position newton held years life appointments intended newton took seriously retiring cambridge duties exercising power reform currency punish warden master newton estimated percent coins taken great high treason hanged drawn despite criminals extremely difficult newton proved equal task disguised bars gathered evidence barriers placed prosecution separating branches government english law ancient formidable customs authority newton justice peace home counties draft letter matter stuck newton personal edition time conducted cross examinations witnesses suspects june christmas newton successfully prosecuted result report written newton september lords commissioners majesty treasury relationship gold coins silver coins changed royal proclamation december forbidding exchange gold silver shillings inadvertently resulted silver shortage silver coins pay imports exports paid gold effectively moving britain silver standard gold standard matter debate intended argued newton conceived work mint continuation work newton president associate position newton enemy royal prematurely publishing newton studies april newton royal visit cambridge likely motivated political considerations connected parliamentary election recognition newton scientific work services master mint newton second scientist sir newton people lost heavily collapsed significant trade slaves according niece lost end life newton took residence near winchester niece husband death half niece served social affairs house london loving uncle according letter recovering smallpox newton died sleep london march march march buried present funeral bachelor estate relatives years died papers went death newton hair examined found contain mercury probably resulting pursuits mercury poisoning explain newton late life personal relations claimed engaged newton married french writer philosopher london time newton funeral said sensible passion subject common mankind commerce women assured physician surgeon attended moments widespread belief died virgin commented writers mathematician economist physicist newton close friendship swiss mathematician met london intense relationship came abrupt unexplained end time newton suffered nervous breakdown correspondence survived september year newton breakdown included sending wild letters friends note included charge death fame mathematician said newton greatest genius lived added newton fortunate find system world establish english poet moved newton accomplishments write famous nature nature laws lay hid night god said let newton light newton modest achievements famously writing letter february seen standing shoulders giants writers think quotation written time newton dispute optical discoveries oblique attack said short addition statement hand widely known standing shoulders giants published seventeenth century poet university_of_cambridge fellow main point dwarf giant shoulders sees farther effect analogy place newton dwarf later memoir newton wrote know appear world like boy playing sea shore finding shell ordinary whilst great ocean truth lay tooth said belonged newton sold london set ring classified valuable tooth value approximately late bought currently disclosed kept picture newton study wall alongside ones newton remains influential today scientists demonstrated survey members britain headed newton asking greater effect history science newton scientists deemed newton greater overall contribution opinion poll today leading voted greatest physicist newton runner parallel survey rank file site gave spot newton newton monument seen north entrance choir choir screen near tomb executed sculptor white grey marble design architect monument features figure newton right elbow resting great books left hand pointing mathematical design pyramid globe showing signs path relief panel depicts instruments latin inscription base translates buried knight strength mind divine mathematical principles explored course figures planets paths tides sea rays light scholar previously imagined properties colours produced faithful nature antiquity holy scriptures philosophy majesty god mighty good expressed simplicity gospel manners existed great human race born december died march translation monuments paul cathedral image newton designed appeared series issued notes issued newton shown reverse notes holding book accompanied map solar system statue looking apple feet seen large bronze statue newton dated inspired blake dominates london religious views born anglican family newton held christian faith public considered orthodox mainstream christianity recent times described started record theological showed recently examined demonstrate extensive knowledge early church writings conflict defined creed took loser rejected conventional view trinity newton recognized christ divine god man subordinate father created especially interested prophecy great newton tried unsuccessfully obtain holder requirement moment received government future holders chair newton eyes christ god fundamental sin historian says newton public declaration private faith orthodox deemed extremely radical hid faith scholars personal beliefs concludes newton owned thoroughly read books possibly certainly anti minority view argues newton held eastern orthodox view trinity type view lost support late availability newton theological papers scholars identify newton laws motion universal newton best known discoveries warned view universe mere machine akin great clock said gravity explains motions planets explain set planets motion god things knows scientific fame newton studies bible early noteworthy newton wrote works criticism notably historical account notable scripture placed jesus christ april agrees traditionally accepted date believed world rejected implicit ordered informed universe understood understood active reason correspondence newton claimed writing eye principles work considering men belief deity saw evidence design system world wonderful system allowed effect choice newton insisted divine intervention eventually required reform system slow growth god wants wind watch time time cease sufficient perpetual motion newton position vigorously defended follower famous correspondence century later work natural explanation planet don require periodic divine intervention effect religious thought newton approach mechanical philosophy promoted viable alternative enthusiasts accepted orthodox like clarity simplicity science seen way combat emotional enthusiasm threat time second wave english newton discoveries demonstrate possibility natural religion attacks pre enlightenment magical thinking mystical elements christianity given foundation mechanical conception universe newton gave ideas completion mathematical importantly successful newton saw god master creator existence denied face creation manuscript wrote describes attempts extract scientific information bible estimated world end earlier predicting said mention assert time end shall stop men frequently predicting time end bring sacred discredit predictions fail character poor superman speculative fiction author says newton knows newton great scientist remember spent half life looking philosopher stone wanted find estimated million words writing newton papers million deal newton writings copies manuscripts texts mix knowledge philosophical speculation hidden layers imagery protect craft secrets content contained newton papers considered church spending sixteen years newton papers cambridge_university kept small number returned rest earl portsmouth descendant offered papers sale collection broken sold total dozen obtained collection auction went estimated half newton collection papers collection cambridge_university newton known writings currently online project undertaken newton project headed quote project web site newton fundamental contributions science include attraction discovery white light actually mixture colors mysterious newton known realm activity spanned thirty years life kept largely hidden contemporaries colleagues refer newton involvement discipline called seventeenth century england enlightenment philosophers enlightenment philosophers chose short history scientific predecessors newton principally guides applications singular concept nature natural law physical social field day respect lessons history social structures built discarded newton conception universe based natural laws seeds enlightenment ideology applied concepts natural law political systems advocating rights applied natural psychology self interest economic systems criticised current social order trying fit history natural models progress resisted elements newton work eventually conform strong religious views nature apple incident newton told story inspired theory watching fall apple tree said apple story myth arrive theory gravity single moment acquaintances newton manuscript account available fact confirm incident cartoon version apple actually hit newton head recorded memoirs sir life conversation newton april went garden drank shade self amidst discourse told situation notion came mind apple descend ground thought occasion fall apple sat mood sideways upwards constantly center reason earth draws drawing power matter sum drawing power matter earth center earth dos apple fall center matter draws matter proportion quantity apple draws earth earth draws apple newton assistant husband newton niece described event wrote newton life year retired cambridge mother lincolnshire whilst garden came thought power gravity brought apple tree ground limited certain distance earth power extend usually thought high moon said influence motion retain orbit fell calculating effect similar terms wrote essay epic poetry sir walking gardens thought system seeing apple falling tree known newton late idea terrestrial gravity extends square proportion moon took decades develop fledged theory question gravity existed extended far earth force holding moon orbit newton showed force decreased square distance moon period good agreement force responsible motions named universal trees claimed apple tree newton describes claims tree purchased school uprooted transported garden years later staff owned dispute claim tree present gardens described newton descendant original tree seen growing outside main gate cambridge room newton lived studied supply tree appears identical coarse cooking variety works published lifetime published method obvious laws processes vegetation unpublished reports master mint published posthumously system world optical lectures observations daniel newton robinson observations cave junction oregon isbn edition work notable scripture
Isaac Newton