architecture scotland architecture scotland includes human building modern borders scotland era present day earliest surviving houses years villages years earliest preserved example europe built artificial island date bronze age stone buildings called atlantic larger hill forts arrival romans led creation forts like continuous fortification clyde known wall built second century roman influence evidence underground departure romans series hill forts major geographical features castles arrived scotland introduction twelfth century initially wooden bailey constructions replaced stone castles high curtain wall late middle ages new castles built scale particularly borders simpler tower houses gunpowder weaponry led use gun ports platforms mount guns walls adapted resist bombardment medieval parish church architecture typically simpler england ecclesiastical buildings gothic style early fifteenth century introduction renaissance styles included selective use forms church architecture nave followed directly influenced renaissance palace building late fifteenth century beginning private houses adopted features incorporated features medieval castles tower houses plans based french produce scots style reformation led widespread destruction church ornaments decoration post reformation period unique form church emerged based plan restoration fashion grand private houses influenced style associated architects sir scotland produced significant british architects eighteenth century including particularly looked classical models edinburgh focus classical building boom industrial revolution transformed scottish towns leading urban exemplified like glasgow new towns designed communities like developed solution preferred conservative surgery retaining best buildings area removing worst revival style particularly rebuilding parallel revival gothic church architecture pursued alexander greek late nineteenth century saw major engineering projects including forth bridge bridge major steel constructions world significant scottish architect early twentieth century developed unique internationally influential glasgow style architects continued employ styles informed past included mid twentieth century architecture scotland increasingly influenced key scottish architects movement included introduction led urban extensive use tower block style new towns like received considerable criticism recent major architectural projects include glasgow striking modern buildings edinburgh prehistoric era groups settlers began building known permanent houses scottish soil years ago villages years ago stone building oldest surviving houses north west europe making use locally gathered rubble dry stone construction dates period europe complete burial ritual sites particularly common preserved western isles lack trees led structures built local stone early middle bronze age evidence occupation partially entirely built artificial island usually lakes rivers waters peoples early iron age scotland particularly north west lived substantial stone buildings called atlantic remains hundreds houses exist country merely piles rubble impressive towers date imposing structures having created circa south east larger hill forts survive evidence iron age scotland located clyde forth line appear largely abandoned roman period departure circular single enclosure roman post roman constructions romans began military expeditions scotland summer arrived britain appointment new governor began series expeditions scotland years later constructed substantial fort near said pushed armies estuary usually assumed established forts including fortress successors unable unwilling subdue far north fortress dismantled completion fortifications ridge abandoned space years occupation limited end century northern limit roman expansion line drawn fort dates period romans eventually withdrew line northern england building fortification known wall coast coast romans undertook southern scotland moving construct new clyde wall largest roman construction inside scotland covered wall turf circa metres high nineteen forts extended having taken years build wall overrun abandoned soon romans retreated line wall occasional expeditions involved building forts departure fifth century area roman occupation round house characteristic outer wall circle stone piers bearing resemblance wheel constructed sites identified west north small underground constructions discovered scotland south east dated suggest construction date 2nd 3rd centuries usually found close settlements timber frames preserved storing agricultural products departure romans evidence series forts smaller constructions compared constructions major geographical features middle ages medieval vernacular architecture use local materials styles england construction employing pairs curved support roof usually hidden view rural areas extensive use turf fill walls stone base long lasting rebuilt years regions including south west solid clay walls combinations clay turf stray rendered clay lime lack long span structural timber common building material stone employed dry stone construction different regions heather straw introduction christianity scotland ireland sixth century led construction basic masonry built churches beginning west coast islands medieval parish church architecture scotland typically elaborate england churches remaining simple towers highlands simpler built rubble masonry indistinguishable outside houses farm buildings eighth century sophisticated buildings emerged early masonry produced block built stone buildings like eleventh century round tower square towers eleventh century masonry techniques advanced blocks rectangular resulting structurally stable walls incorporate refined architectural detailing seen time increasing influences english continental european designs pattern detailing piers nave abbey modelled details thirteenth century east end incorporated typical european gothic fifteenth century continental builders known working scotland french master mason employed building rebuilding considered fine examples gothic architecture interiors churches elaborate reformation highly decorated houses like ones surviving carvings created mid fifteenth century depicting progression seven deadly sins considered finest gothic style late medieval scottish churches contained elaborate burial monuments like douglas tombs town douglas early sixteenth century saw crown built churches royal connections imperial monarchy edinburgh scotland known dramatically placed castles date late medieval era castles sense fortified residence lord noble arrived scotland david encouragement norman french nobles settle feudal particularly south east way controlling contested primarily wooden bailey constructions raised mount wooden tower larger adjacent enclosure bailey usually surrounded ditch connected wooden bridge varied size large modest designs like england constructions converted stone bailey castles twelfth century scotland continued occupation stone castles high curtain wall need thick high walls defence forced use economic building methods continuing tradition dry stone rubble building covered lime render uniform appearance addition castles royal castles larger providing defence lodging scottish court local administrative centre included fortifications wars scottish independence robert adopted policy castle destruction allow fortresses easily held english beginning castles including edinburgh wars independence new castles began built scale maintenance castles house retained troops like near rebuilt duke albany fourteenth century largest number late medieval fortifications scotland built nobles tower house design smaller versions tower houses southern scotland known towers houses defences tower houses primarily aimed provide protection smaller raiding parties intended significant opposition organised military assault leading historian defensive typically tall square stone built building surrounded walled courtyard designed hold valuable animals necessarily intended defence built extensively sides border england isles led immediate burst castle building region gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered nature castle architecture existing castles adapted allow use gunpowder weapons incorporation gun ports platforms mount guns walls adapted resist bombardment begun probably castle british isles built artillery fort incorporating shape better resist cannon fire artillery mounted early modern renaissance impact renaissance scottish architecture seen occurring distinct phases early fifteenth century selective use forms church architecture followed second phase directly influenced renaissance palace building late fifteenth century adoption low massive church building round arches pillars contrast gothic perpendicular style particularly dominant england late medieval era influenced close contacts rome netherlands conscious reaction english forms favour continental ones seen nave begun facade chapel collegiate churches established scotland late fifteenth early sixteenth centuries like edinburgh showed combination gothic renaissance styles extensive building rebuilding royal palaces probably began accelerated reaching peak works seen directly reflecting influence renaissance styles constructed james direction master work referred palace apparently use term country extended began correspond fashionable corner italian palace castle style palace combining classical symmetry neo imagery evidence italian working reign completed palaces rebuilt proportions encountered french version renaissance building visiting marriage second marriage mary guise resulted longer term connections influences work reign largely disregarded style adopted england henry_viii adopted forms european beginning extensive work followed buildings edinburgh described finest examples renaissance architecture britain copying continental forms scottish architecture incorporated elements styles traditional local patterns adapting scottish materials particularly stone work undertaken demonstrated continued renaissance influences having classical entrance built built classical similar themes seen private houses built earl reformation reformation church architecture scotland rejected ornamentation places worship need elaborate buildings divided ritual resulting widespread destruction medieval church ornaments decoration need adapt build new churches suitable reformed services particularly putting pulpit preaching centre worship earliest buildings simple style continued built seventeenth century castle windows south wall north unique feature reformation materials churches rubble employed stone added wooden church edinburgh built rectangular layout largely gothic form sophisticated classical style variation rectangular church developed plan adapting existing churches allowed maximum number near pulpit seen continued seventeenth century seventeenth century greek cross plan churches cases arm cross closed aisle meaning effect churches unique style great private house scotland later known scots located origin period kept features high walled medieval castles largely obsolete gunpowder weapons influenced french brought scotland work royal palaces drew tower houses towers retaining external features larger ground plan stone built plan rectangular block towers castle particularly influential work king master mason death worked rebuilding collapsed 3rd earl began work edinburgh adopted distinctive style applied elements scottish fortification flemish influences renaissance plan like style seen lords houses built edinburgh highly influential style gave way english forms associated later seventeenth century restoration turbulent era civil wars english occupation scotland significant building scotland largely confined military architecture fortresses triangular style trace restoration large scale building began incorporating comprehensive ideas reviving sir considered effective founder classical architecture scotland key figure introducing style scotland following principles venetian architect ideas strongly based symmetry perspective values formal classical temple architecture ancient greeks romans associated england designs bruce style country house nobility encouraging continental leisure oriented architecture built country houses including house significant work mansion built estate purchased surveyor royal works undertook rebuilding royal palace gave palace present appearance death charles_ii bruce lost political favour later following glorious revolution imprisoned suspected houses predominantly built cut masonry rubble stonework internal walls worked mason bruce rebuilding palace appointed surveyor royal works responsible maintenance palace refurbished chapel royal king james vii father law master mason smith worked caroline park edinburgh smith country houses followed pattern established roofs fronts plain handsome style plan baroque facade smith designed sir circular structure modelled designed fronted giant columns entrance restrained modelled palace netherlands industrial revolution eighteenth century act union growing prosperity scotland led new building public private threat insurrection invasion meant scotland saw military building england period relying strength inclined angled engineered masonry work combined ability absorb artillery fire culminated construction near projecting scotland produced significant architects era including james john created work degree looked classical models edinburgh focus classical building boom scotland mid eighteenth century laid according plan rectangular blocks open squares drawn built strong sandstone precisely cut residences built flats contrast contemporary building england buildings divided vertically different houses divided horizontally different occupants sharing common staircase smallest room largest drawing rooms reputation major centre enlightenment resulted city nicknamed athens north plan building forms architectural detailing copied smaller towns rendered locally materials despite building boom government administration including king works london meant number scottish architects spent careers england major impact georgian architecture influenced style credited founding georgian architecture architectural historian speculated associated campbell pupil spent career italy england developed rivalry fellow trained rome practised mainly england architectural style incorporate elements forms italian baroque strongly influenced interpretation baroque sir foremost architect time scotland designing building numerous country houses public buildings best known works near edinburgh individual style built style baroque details inspired continental architecture death sons robert john took family business included lucrative work robert emerged leader phase neo classical revival england scotland death rejected style continued tradition drawing inspiration directly classical antiquity influenced year stay europe interior designer architect brothers developing adam style influenced development architecture britain western_europe north_america russia patterns taken scottish architect adam main rival born sweden work london small number houses scotland appointed architectural tutor later architect king international outlook adam combined conventions influence large number pupils nineteenth century urban growth planning vernacular architecture period continued depend local materials styles increasing making use locally mined stone edinburgh extensive use yellow sandstone commercial centre glasgow built distinctive red sandstone major fire largely wooden city fathers decreed major buildings locally abundant granite beginning new phase large scale mining leading granite city port centre major industry nineteenth century supplied scotland england faced stone pavement pillars built groups friends family homes poor usually simple construction contemporaries noted cottages highlands islands tended single rooms windows floors shared large family contrast lowland cottages distinct rooms chambers clad plaster paint windows urban settings included traditional houses larger stone slate town houses merchants urban gentry industrial revolution transformed scale scottish towns making glasgow second city empire growing wealth planned architecture aristocracy middle classes growth urban exemplified sub urban like glasgow lack general poverty contributed disease crime low life concept new town aimed improving society foundation designed communities important scottish thinking mid eighteenth twentieth century addition included complete rebuilding 5th duke designed self contained community combining industry ordered improved living conditions important milestone historical development urban planning scotland produced major figures urban planning developed concept discarded idea sweeping remove existing housing plan favour conservative surgery retaining best buildings area removing worst practice purchasing improving new developments garden edinburgh gothic revival gothic revival architecture seen expression according scots style reading gothic earliest evidence revival gothic architecture scotland constructed design input displays incorporation turrets largely conventional style houses incorporated external features scots style houses style include clearly seen castle adam important adoption style early nineteenth century residence novelist poet sir built model modern revival style common features borrowed seventeenth century houses included crow stepped pointed turrets style popular scotland applied relatively modest dwellings architects urban contexts including building street edinburgh 1850s rebuilding palace adoption royal retreat confirmed popularity style ecclesiastical architecture style common england adopted important figures included developed new style church building accorded fashionable high gothic adapted worship needs edinburgh trained office london returning edinburgh worked mainly small churches pointed early english style characteristic scott assistants practice designing prestigious public private buildings scotland dome old college medical faculty station edinburgh neo continued major style nineteenth century designer edinburgh landmarks new town finest works scotland situated centre edinburgh figure associated classical style alexander greek working mainly glasgow turned away gothic style ancient greeks seen temple columns employed styles work included branches including headquarters edinburgh designed number churches local government buildings houses schemes stewart edinburgh commissioned design lay area glasgow farmland miles south city centre formed partnership executed major works brewers warehouse men edinburgh centre including design abbey work price partnership execute important projects queen victoria memorial liverpool cathedral edinburgh new engineering nineteenth century saw major engineering projects including stone iron bridge important forth bridge railway bridge east scotland kilometres west central edinburgh construction suspension bridge designed stopped collapse works bridge project taken designed structure built glasgow based company sir opened march spans total length metres major structure britain constructed steel contemporary built wrought iron twentieth century present significant scottish architect early twentieth century having considerable influence european architecture mixed elements scots arts art produce elegant modern buildings major work included street glasgow influence glasgow style seen work architects like designs included heavily glass fronted vincent street hope street early example reinforced concrete construction twentieth century distinctive scottish use stone architecture declined replaced cheaper alternatives portland cement concrete mass production brick stone retained material housing stock edinburgh undergo twentieth century private architecture increasingly client driven son successful competition new libraries constructed glasgow following gift city designs selected seven libraries allowing demonstrate individual interpretation architecture libraries built locally sandstone blended existing landmark buildings greatly enhanced liberal use columns sculpted features noted scottish railway stations extensions railway station spectacular bay railway station world war miller chief designer adapted growing needs office block glasgow central plan followed practice united_states filling entire blocks building steel framed buildings high fire marshal allow heavily american influenced building mid twentieth century public architecture impulse produce comprehensive welfare state important modernist architects era stepped designs buildings like andrew house edinburgh built tower empire scotland held world war government increasingly aware scotland housing problems particularly glasgow rent strike royal commission reported mining areas badly constructed damp labourers cottages farms unfit human occupation counties islands groups houses older masses great cities result massive programme council house building early council houses built sites away pollution city constructed semi detached homes cottages north west glasgow built piece library social centre seven shopping 1930s schemes tended built like thousand houses built story building schemes designed displaced urban clearance thousands demolished poor land near railways soon notorious survey found half scotland houses inadequate post war period scotland continued produce important architects including designed flats common london considered landmark development modernist residential planning profound impact scotland later work outside scotland highly influential international scale post war desire urban regeneration focus tower block championed glasgow city housing committee projects like red road flats originally offered hope new beginning escape nineteenth century city lacked sufficient infrastructure soon deteriorated responsible glasgow stark rebuilding solution adopted scotland building new towns like designed excess population cities praised architecture built centre layout town general receiving heavy criticism century modernist architecture described resident fantasy unhappy child 1980s scottish architecture began recover reputation works building house glasgow recent major public buildings include glasgow designed known curving roof striking modern buildings including cinema highest scotland important building early twentieth century edinburgh designed opened design recalls fishing boats increasing attempts preserve survives scotland architectural heritage including great buildings monuments influenced houses towns like edinburgh glasgow surviving renovated restored original pink sandstone black fronts created pollution brought modern standards accommodation urban regeneration attempted areas post industrial decline like glasgow returned housing 1980s warehouse conversions recently waterfront edinburgh resulting return populations major urban centres list scottish architects father robert architect builder sir architect designer husband artist designer father alexander greek
Architecture of Scotland