translating translating essay discusses difficulties faced attempting translate old english heroic poem modern english published preface contributed translation old english poetry published essay current collection monsters critics essays essay explains difficulty translating individual words old english noting word like large strong powerful readily translated word case notes problem translating poetic flood timber ship language chosen poet archaic moment explains terms echoes world magic essay describes old english metre line opposed halves stressed syllables half contained sounds possible patterns illustrates modern english rhyme special effects imitate waves beating shore essay ends observation poem opposed halves covering youth age rose fell critics note attempted failed follow rules laid essay verse translations narrative fiction lord rings literary context contributed translating preface entitled remarks prose translation edition book fragment translation modern english prose published professor university_of_oxford attempted prose translation abandoned dissatisfied published posthumously edited son preface published title translating subsequent editions essays monsters critics essays edited essay essay divided following sections arranged numbered original translation words comments risk translation substitute study grammar dictionary calling abuse writing strength acquaintance sort supposed famous critic informed public small beer beer drink dark bitter funeral taste death notes translation translate old english word way rendered broad huge mighty correctly case fit context losing clue word special meaning large enlarged word implies fact supernatural power like gift god strength example points minor challenge translator second issue view old english words modern phrases inevitably weakened prose modern language problem posed calls devices descriptive compounds gives example flood timber ship phrase like wave borne attempt risk dissipating briefly picture like line version reminiscent tired tried approve choosing words visitors appeared instead fitting literally accurate strangers young knights points language poet archaic choice words time poetic gives example meant bear warrior heroic poetry mean man advises translator prefer striking avoid hitting hand dead leeds people german feel word ought survived accept means pride mood stronghold borough modern word derives old terms present special problems poet uses synonyms word man man wolf writes heroic verse terms stretch mean man including words like nobleman like earl young man like knight servant like warrior argues translator need avoid words middle ages suggest age better world king arthur red indians case words armour weapons choice case compound words observes translator simply naming thing denoted play wood resolving combination phrase method retains original loses colour retains colour texture choice vary occasions concludes section warning translator worn lost meaning argues old english word meaning lord derives left antique originally meant bread keeper guard daily speech poetic phrases verse retained echoes world days said heard flesh ban bone house heart prison thought soul shut body body armour bird narrow cage steam poet spoke words saw thought brave men old walking vault heaven island earth seas outer darkness enduring stern courage brief days life hour fate things fully explicitly lies magic ancient english verse ears hear profound feeling poignant vision filled beauty mortality world aroused brief phrases light touches short words like strings sharply metre states going account old english metre modern english bringing ancestral languages differences metre explains line old english poetry opposed halves groups words possible patterns stress falling falling like means lift maximum stress lowest dip stress pattern like patterns found modern english poetry differs prose argues poet away patterns stand opposed provides free version metre passage read slowly naturally stresses tones required solely sense lines says free non literal translation run variations section describes variations basic patterns example lifts usually number syllables limited old english metre series weak syllables permitted half line variations included breaking lift syllables short stressed second weak instance place boat states calling old english verse reasons firstly fundamental metre work secondly depend letters modern english sounds old english agreement stressed elements beginning beginning words starting stressed considered gives example old eager arrangement lays rules old english lift half line second half line lift second half line lifts stronger notes rules force second half line stronger lift lines tend fall away end contrasting rise intensity start line function states main function link separate balanced patterns complete line early second half line possible heavy patterns double rhyme special effects gives example lines waves wound sea sand actually rhymes internally explains special effect breakers beating shore regarded deliberate version captures rhyme meaning ends essay analysis lines providing original text marked stresses patterns half line literal translation words notes words boat wave men sea case normal notes sentences generally stop middle line sense break break usually opposed notes significant elements second half lines caught echoed elaborated giving characteristic seen argues small details parallel arrangement narrative descriptive speech passages use separate passages describing incidents strife largest scale fact poem like line verse written large balance great blocks like parallel sentences single subject expressed conjunction youth age rose fell large detail fluid musical strong stand tough builder work true stone reception examining use verse writes notes poet likely consciously archaic literary words compares practice poems lay children hall thinks words applied verse manner conventions metre unlike modern english verse preserved chance recent times interpreted aid tradition hall comments lays failed warning uses word weird mean fate speculates reaction translating authentic literature green man review comments emphasis translator selecting word best fit tone poem defends poet use high sounding language poet time uses works earlier hilarious examples avoid translating ancient text reviewer concludes monsters critics essays strangely little easily serve defense lord rings charges high sounding language juvenile plot fantasy science fiction author writes firmly prose translation heart poem agreed trying read original having translation assistance recalls studies huge stack dictionary grammar books draws attention comment important function translation student provide model imitation exercise correction comment function translation cited book translating modern versions opening remark translating poem plain prose work skilled close wrought metre needs defence writes goes provide defence insisting offered enable people judge original poem substitute provide aid study cites insistence modern english prose translations avoid false argues conviction provides rationale elevated register incorporating features finds clark hall wish translate rewrite declares language literary traditional long poem speaks things ancient archaic artificial day poem argue literary correspondence source translation translation conveying revert earlier quotation matter poem professional student material guidance necessary early stages study original appropriate style suggests qualities academic comments entire essay worth study notes points anglo saxon verse attempting offer puzzles aesthetic compression slow meter balance thesis writes preoccupied structural monsters critics translating essays argues talks concepts balance opposition ends essay translation structural vision capable smallest passage quoted talks great blocks points makes use concept composition fictional work lord rings translator comments cautious publishing translations willing explain approach opinion taken task smith points unlike publishing prose verse translation explaining translation criteria expose aesthetic criticism smith remarks somewhat version things useful study guides little putting old english poetry modern english prose inevitably creates dull flat prefers versions try preserve original rhyme metre smith notes opinion found essay sir
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