class cruiser class project cruisers class cruisers built late 1930s ships armor protection increased subsequent ships called class large ships built soviets keel russian civil war derived italian cruiser designed assistance ships deployed black baltic seas world war pair construction russian far east saw combat war ships bombarded axis troops facilities germans invaded soviet_union june ships survived war 1970s training secondary roles scrapped design following october revolution subsequent russian civil war soviet industry capable designing large complex warships sought foreign assistance company provided plans contemporary class cruisers design displacing tonnes long tons armed millimetre guns twin turrets produced italians guaranteed cruiser knots mph trials size kept limit designer new turret managed persuade superiors fit triple turrets ship keeping specified limit design approved november project soviets bought example plans machinery later class cruisers difficulty adapting smaller hull larger powerful machinery delayed start construction problem italian design adapted use soviet preference mix longitudinal framing hull framing amidships transverse framing ends reinforcing hull structure withstand severe weather conditions soviets commonly encountered built pairs pair incorporating improvements earlier pair pairs designated project project sequence differences pairs usually related size armor armament aircraft general characteristics project class ships long overall beam load draft displaced tonnes long tons standard load tonnes long tons load single rudder meant fitted massive foremast proved restrict view conning tower fields fire anti aircraft guns greatly increased silhouette reduced simple pole mast later ships superstructure enlarged accommodate fire control facilities housed foremast shortly launched ships laid incorporated number changes batch larger displaced tonnes long tons standard load tonnes long tons short tons load slightly longer overall deep draft load trials proved fastest ships class speed knots mph armament earlier ships anti aircraft guns mounted pair fitted carry model mines place model mines project pair larger displaced tonnes long tons standard load tonnes long tons load tenth meter shorter ships waterline length change pairs turbines proved slightly powerful ships propelled knots mph trials production delays dual purpose guns forced use guns instead anti aircraft guns supplemented guns mines changed carry model mines armament main armament consisted electrically powered triple turrets calibre guns turrets small fit hull space available cramped rate fire lower designed rounds minute instead guns mounted single cradle minimize space close high muzzle blast adjacent guns affected gun turrets weighed approximately tonnes long tons guns depressed elevated guns fired kilogram projectiles muzzle velocity provided maximum range depending ammunition gun type normally rounds gun carried additional rounds gun carried ships secondary armament consisted single caliber millimetre anti aircraft guns rounds gun fitted rear funnel ships project single caliber millimetre guns rounds gun program ran problems light guns initially consisted semi automatic guns rounds gun millimetre machine guns rounds gun significantly increased service ships carried mounts project built additional fully automatic millimetre guns thousand rounds gun course world war guns replaced guns quadruple vickers machine gun iii mounts fitted ships baltic ship varied anti aircraft suite millimetre torpedo tubes fitted triple tubes individually adjusted spread replaced launchers modern mount war total model mines carried pair ships pair depth charge racks mounted depth charge throwers large thirty small depth charges carried fitted project ships mount underwater acoustic communication system received system soviets called experimental soviet system ships fitted fire control system main guns included mechanical computer director turret director allowed multiple targets engaged combination local central fire control later ships improved fire control system accept data aircraft anti aircraft armament controlled system computer vertical pair directors superstructure director fully stabilized rangefinder directors ships system advanced computer vertical soviet ship carry radar given air warning system entire war radars equipped ships american radars air search main battery fire control radars british types anti aircraft fire control provided type radar soviet designed gunnery radars fitted machinery ships twin shaft unit machinery layout alternating boiler rooms engine rooms machinery shipped italy diverted contract italian cruiser machinery rest built italian plans soviet geared turbines proved powerful economical originals burned fuel oil unit horsepower compared furthermore produced shaft horsepower trials shp knot faster license built yarrow type water tube boilers powered turbines nominal capacity tonnes hour steam pressure cm2 kpa psi temperature shaft drove bladed metre bronze propeller designed speed knots mph varied ship ship normal oil capacity tonnes long tons ships varied widely oil carried load ranged tonnes long tons endurance figures varied widely load nautical miles knots mph maximum fuel carried ranged tonnes long tons protection armour scheme formed protected waterline belt deck traverse bulkheads uniformly thickness turret barbette armour thick conning tower sides roof millimetre box protected steering gear number control positions protected splinters torpedo control station millimetre main battery fire control secondary gun shields secondary battery control position auxiliary command station millimetre sides roof belt extended ship length total height designed waterline double extended past armored traverse bulkheads thin longitudinal bulkhead provided measure protection flooding judged thin withstand torpedo possibly far bulkhead survive intact cause list flooding armor ships vulnerable destroyer class weapons ranges ships given additional armor belt traverse bulkheads barbettes turret face increased box protecting steering gear increased later ships armor scheme joint armour deck belt edges belt tapered outer surface edge thickness similarly deck edge tapered speculated protection representing small target area simply served save weight construction aircraft designed carry aircraft german imported bought traverse launch aircraft weighing speed mph suitable aircraft service seaplane entered service september proved unsuitable rough weather landings disembarked began mounted soviet built roughly comparable performance destined use lack suitable aircraft ships landed catapult room guns catapult installed aboard conducted successful experiments catapult launched fighter project ships receive catapult end war fitted removed ships construction laid prototype class completed trials disappointment italian built turbines initially minor defects knot mph slower guaranteed italians pointed guarantee applied displaced tonnes overweight tonnes long tons short tons turrets numerous problems inflicted blast damage anticipated showed plan followed firing arcs reduced attempt problem soviet built turbines powerful anticipated achieved design speed components project ships manufactured west built shipped assembly launched towed incomplete fitting ships service world war commissioned autumn worked early sailed october soviet_union began occupy following day sailed winter war escorted destroyers attempted bombard finnish coast defense guns kilometres south fired rounds damaged number near misses return soviet naval base repairs remained rest winter war repair october transferred june shortly beginning operation cruisers active days june covering soviet defensive mining operations escorts ran german laid minefield 23rd destroyer lost bows sank port transferred assistance later followed end month pass new bow section fabricated ship july provided gunfire support defense served flagship evacuation fleet end august rest war cruisers blockaded axis minefields provide gunfire support defenders siege support soviet offensive mid ships damaged german air artillery attacks repaired war june covered soviet destroyers bombarding destroyer leader sunk damaged return fire bombarded axis positions near mid september transferred shortly november hit twice harbor bombers hit started fire magazine extinguished water flooding second hit towed repairs lasted february shelled axis positions near april damaged near misses april return repairs supported soviet troops helping transfer 9th november damaged nearby explosions bombarding managed return power repairs completed assisted soviet forces landing german lines called malaya end january loss destroyers german aircraft attempting german evacuation october caused deployment large naval units express permission meant end active participation war commissioned german invasion spent moving port port advantage air warning radar fitted bombarded axis positions near early november sent reinforce elements damaged number shell hits loading troops december able wounded departed reprised role transport week january bow damaged heavy storm thrown january spent month repair bow straightened reduced speed knots making number bombardment sorties support soviet troops returned permanent repairs march june number transport runs support garrison august stern blown torpedo bombers acting concert italian torpedo boats damage reduced speed knots mph steered engines repair july stern incomplete class cruiser rudder incomplete cruiser steering gear steering submarine saw action completing repairs order commissioned end war saw action soviet invasion event fully completed january postwar careers damaged german magnetic leaving october repair december refitted november april machinery completely overhauled radars fire control systems anti aircraft guns replaced latest soviet systems reclassified training cruiser august regularly visited poland sold scrap february gun turrets installed saint_petersburg monument tested soviet naval helicopter december began refit planned like refit displacement increase tonnes long tons torpedo consequent penalties speed range navy scope work deemed insufficient create fully modern ship suspended refit sold scrap april decided required missile test ship began postwar modernization april encountered issues unlike half sister selected conversion missile development project february conversion process prolonged armament removed received entirely new superstructure masts recommissioned december modernized october december converted floating barracks october briefly redesignated sold scrap march ton propeller ton stop anchor display suffered fire turret handling room october required magazine flooded sailors killed wounded new radars intended class cruisers late 1940s modernized like half sister october renamed august fell favor reclassified training cruiser august deployed mediterranean june soviet support syria day war returned mediterranean september december assisted class destroyer collision aircraft carrier november sold scrap april placed reserve restored navy list december disarmed converted floating barracks february sold scrap april renamed august distinguish brother renamed august government unsuccessful coup year superstructure badly damaged force typhoon september deemed repair sold scrap february
Kirov-class cruiser