production light living organism form occurs widely marine invertebrates fungi including bacteria terrestrial invertebrates animals light produced organisms bacteria principal chemical reaction involves light pigment assisted proteins species species type requires calcium energy carrying evolution vary little particular found different animal animals obtain diet conversely vary widely different species arisen times evolutionary history aristotle elder mentioned damp wood gives glow centuries later showed oxygen involved process wood glow worms late nineteenth century properly investigated phenomenon widely distributed animal groups especially marine environments cause surface layers water land occurs fungi bacteria groups invertebrates including insects uses animals include counter illumination camouflage animals example lure prey signalling individuals species attract mates laboratory based systems genetic engineering research researchers investigating possibility systems street decorative lighting plant created history development safety lamp use coal mines dried fish skins britain europe weak source light experimental form illumination avoided necessity candles sparking explosions safe source illumination mines bottles containing american zoologist published monograph nature animal light early work harvey notes aristotle mentions light produced dead fish flesh aristotle elder natural history mention light damp wood records experimented light sources showed glow worm require air light produced harvey notes identified animal visible naked eye identified strands hyphae fungi source light dead wood posthumous described catching animals responsible mentions crustaceans water crabs microscope described property brain resembling brilliant size large pin head noticed sea describing journal sailing latitudes dark night sea presented wonderful beautiful spectacle fresh breeze surface day seen foam pale light vessel drove bows liquid wake followed train far eye reached crest wave bright sky horizon reflected flames utterly obscure rest heavens darwin observed fish genus noted waves bright green sparks believe generally owing minute doubt animals alive disturbed electrical condition atmosphere probably responsible comments darwin lucky noting little known complex evolution marine animals involved comfort attracted attention united_states_navy cold war submarines waters create bright wake detected german submarine sunk world war having detected way navy interested predicting detection possible guiding submarines avoid detection anecdotes navigation astronaut recounted navy pilot found way aircraft carrier uss navigation systems failed turning cabin lights saw glowing wake ship able fly land safely french carried work late nineteenth century studied click beetles marine refuted old idea came demonstrated process related specific compound named sent harvey preserved sugar harvey interested result visiting japan observing organisms studied phenomenon years research aimed demonstrate act produce light species showing organisms common ancestor found hypothesis false different organisms having major differences composition light producing proteins spent thirty years studying components fell young japanese chemist obtain sea years discovered chemical structure able publish paper recently won nobel prize chemistry discovery development green protein tool biological research evolution fish began cretaceous period fish species known feature evolved independently minimum times occasions involved taking bacteria surrounding water light evolved chemical synthesis fish surprisingly diverse deep ocean control light help nervous system lure prey hide predators communication chemical mechanism form light energy released chemical reaction organisms produce light pigment oxygen create light formula carbon dioxide groups released waste products reaction calcium types energy carrying reaction occur inside outside cell bacteria expression genes related controlled evolution generally vary little particular light pigment ancient groups different organisms including including crustaceans arrow worms ray fish organisms obtain diet conversely vary widely tend different species overall arisen times evolutionary history reactions way organisms produce light worm marine makes use instead calcium added rapid creates brief flash unlike prolonged glow produced second slower step form allowing readiness subsequent flash unusual reaction victoria blue light released contact calcium absorbed green protein turn releases green light distribution occurs widely animals especially open sea including fish crustaceans fungi bacteria terrestrial invertebrates including insects deep sea animals produce light marine light blue green light spectrum loose fish red infrared light genus yellow light frequently encountered organisms present surface layers sea responsible sparkling seen night disturbed water eighteen genera exhibit different effect thousands square miles ocean shine light produced bacteria known seas effect non marine widely distributed best known cases glow worms invertebrates including insect larvae possess abilities forms brighter exist night following rhythm uses nature functions different taxa list definite functions marine organisms following defensive functions camouflage smoke screen body parts alarm making predators easier higher predators warning deter settlers offensive functions lure confuse prey prey mate attraction recognition easier researchers detect species able produce light chemical mechanisms prove function light serves cases function unknown species families fluid produces light animal moves following functions reasonably established named organisms camouflage animals deep sea including squid species camouflage animal matches overhead environmental light seen animals control illumination match background light organs usually separate tissue containing bacteria species bacteria integral component animal light organ attraction fungus new_zealand lives predator free environment caves larvae bluish green light threads glow attract flying insects wind fishing lines prey larvae fungus north_america lives similar function builds sticky little light deep blue colour biological clock kept total darkness turns light rhythm use light attract mates systems involved according species females light attract males flying males signals females respond click beetles orange light abdomen flying green light disturbed moving ground probably sexual defensive larvae click beetle live surface layers brazil light bright greenish glow attracts flying insects feed marine environment use mate attraction chiefly known small crustaceans especially family long distance communication close range enable mates home worm bermuda creates brief display nights moon female lights attract males defense cephalopods including genera squid squid small crustaceans use chemical way squid use ink cloud material expelled distracting potential predator animal escapes safety deep sea squid portions arms continue flash distracting predator animal flees use defence predators shine detect predator possibly making predator vulnerable attracting attention predators higher levels grazing release cells flash unharmed eaten glow attracting predators defensive problem shining stomach contents solved explanation predatory deep sea fishes black lining able light fish prey attracting larger predators sea small living sediment rest dull glow disturbed away leaving cloud blue light confuse predator world war gathered dried use japanese military source light clandestine operations larvae railroad worms paired organs body segment able glow green light thought defensive purpose organs head produce red light terrestrial organisms light colour warning widely function providing warning creature concerned suggested larvae glow repel predators glow purpose marine organisms believed light similar reason include scale worms stars research needed fully establish function mechanism particular advantage soft bodied able deter predation way known freshwater light produces greenish anti predator function marine uses flashes light probably deter predators blue green light emitted translucent shell functions efficient light communication communication form sensing plays role regulation species bacteria small molecules stimulate bacteria turn genes light production cell density measured concentration molecules high colonial pair organs inlet stimulated light turn causing rhythmic flashing runs responds light produced individuals light nearby colonies communication light enables coordination colony effort example swimming provides force bacteria larvae die attract predators dead insect assisting dispersal bacteria similar reason account species fungi light species genera usually greenish light cap gills attract night flying insects aid spore dispersal functions involved known terrestrial light emitted near foot function significance fully understood variety animals mimic species species deep sea fish use aggressive attract prey heads called contains bacteria able produce long lasting glow fish control glowing lure small animals striking distance fish shark uses camouflage underside small patch near pectoral fins remains dark appearing small fish large predatory fish like swimming beneath fish approach lure shark mimic light pattern attract males prey way obtain food defensive chemicals named south american giant genus believed known example defensive light imitation poisonous click beetles doubt cast assertion conclusive evidence illumination marine green blue deep sea genera red glow adaptation allows fish red prey normally invisible deep ocean environment red light filtered water column black called northern believed fish produce red glow eyes additional pigment blue green illuminated fish presence prey additional pigment thought derivatives found form diet biology medicine organisms target areas research systems widely genetic engineering reporter genes producing different colour research imaging example gene early research tobacco plants bacteria marine invertebrates hawaiian squid key experimental models activated destruction experimental cancer treatment involves use light control cells living tissue typically genetically modified express light sensitive channels non thermal origin visible spectrum emitted biological system light production structures light producing organs organisms investigated industrial designers engineered day reduce need street lighting decorative purposes possible produce light bright sustained long periods price gene makes tails glow added plants plants glow hour touched sensitive camera needed glow madison researching use genetically engineered bacteria use bacteria light june project raised nearly site create plant team cambridge england started address problem consumed light producing reaction developing genetic codes north american helps strengthen sustain light output french company started selling lights shop fronts municipal street signs main markets france law retailers offices windows morning order energy consumption pollution hoped product round ban bacteria called glow dark maximum lifetime product days
Bioluminescence