wars wars league series campaigns fought allies later subjects persia conflicts represent continuation persian wars second persian invasions greece greek alliance centered athens defeated second persian invasion initially followed success capturing persian garrisons byzantium respectively capture byzantium elected continue war effort new alliance commonly known formed athens dominant power years athens gradually assume position league gradually evolved league campaigned remove remaining persian garrisons region primarily command politician early decade began campaigning seeking strengthen greek position battle allied fleet achieved stunning double victory destroying persian fleet landing ships marines attack rout persian army battle took essentially passive role conflict anxious risk battle possible end took ambitious decision support revolt egyptian persian empire greek task force achieved initial success unable capture persian garrison memphis despite year long siege force besieged months wiped disaster coupled ongoing warfare greece resuming conflict persia truce agreed greece able lead expedition cyprus whilst besieging died force decided withdraw winning double victory battle cyprus order campaign marked end hostilities persia ancient historians claim peace treaty peace agreed cement final end persian wars chronology provides list main events occurring end second persian invasion outbreak war chronological information attempts chronology definitive answer assumption central attempts describing events appropriate chronological order firmly accepted date beginning siege based anonymous ancient existing manuscripts works notes met disaster known mentions attack connection beginning siege says siege ended year siege dates similarly anonymous provides probable date places fall known siege found favour battle dated choosing fellow generals judges competition recently achieved great victory likely candidate occurred siege siege date clearly constrained date whilst accept date earlier school thought places late occurred alternative date battle dating connected events greek world occurred time claims having stripped command siege byzantium returned byzantium private citizen soon took command city expelled crossed settled accused collaborating recalled trial death provides chronology events shortly accused statesman exile treason result fled eventually asia minor states journey inadvertently ended time besieged events treason flight siege occurred close temporal sequence events certainly happened earliest possible date generally placed story date accepted later date expulsion byzantium proposed accepted pushes events resolves problems probably explains incidental details mentioned biography modified timeline universally accepted historians egyptian campaigns somewhat easier date says egyptian campaign lasted years years later signed year truce treaty known date egyptian campaign dates campaign directly followed truce dates background persian wars roots conquest greek cities asia minor particular cyrus great shortly found difficult rule eventually settling city greek states past ruled form government decline appears rebellion persian place men tension finally broke open revolt actions attempting save disastrous persian sponsored expedition chose declare democracy triggered similar revolutions beginning greek states athens allowed drawn conflict campaigning season contributed capture burning persian regional capital revolt carried outside aid years finally completely crushed decision great historic significance persian king great decided despite successfully revolt remained unfinished business punishment athens supporting revolt severely threatened stability empire states mainland greece continue threaten stability dealt began complete conquest greece beginning destruction athens decades persian invasions greece including famous battles history invasion islands added duly destroyed invasion ended decisive victory battle marathon invasions died responsibility war passed son led second invasion personally taking enormous exaggerated army navy greece greeks chose resist allies defeated twin battles land sea respectively greece fell persian hands seeking finally destroy allied navy suffered decisive defeat battle following year allies assembled largest greek army seen defeated persian invasion force battle ending invasion threat greece according tradition day allied fleet defeated remnants persian fleet action marks end persian invasion beginning phase persian wars greek counterattack greek cities asia minor revolted powerless stop allied fleet sailed held besieged captured town following year allies sent force capture city byzantium modern day istanbul siege successful behaviour general alienated allies resulted recall siege byzantium action alliance defeated persian invasion byzantium eager end involvement war view liberation mainland greece greek cities war purpose reached feeling obtaining long term security asian greeks prove impossible aftermath king proposed greeks asia minor europe method permanently freeing persian dominion commander rejected cities originally colonies protect marked point leadership alliance effectively passed withdrawal byzantium leadership explicit loose alliance city states fought invasion dominated league withdrawal states congress called holy island institute new alliance continue fight alliance including islands formally constituted alliance commonly known according official aim league avenge suffered territory king reality goal divided main efforts prepare future invasion seek revenge persia organize means dividing war members given choice offering armed forces paying tax joint treasury states chose tax league members swore friends enemies dropped iron sea symbolize alliance iron cast ocean oath league members swore stipulated allegiance end broken iron floated surface words pact perceived eternal politician spend rest life occupied affairs alliance dying according years later whilst determining tax new members non persian campaigns military expansion league provides example use force extend membership league account selective presumably certainly provides details instance collaborated second persian invasion attacked league point eventually agreed member mentions fate compelled join league campaign attempted leave league attacked forced remain member similar fate awaited tried leave league provide examples archaeological sources possible rebellions following years leaves behaviour crushing rebellions led firstly athens league eventually transition conflicts greece period mainland greek states peace divided pro pro factions alliance existed athens allied greece achieved stability period increasingly suspicious fearful growing power athens fear according second larger famous war inevitable athens sent troops aid terms old alliance fear athens interfere political situation sent home event directly led leading troops radical democrats led previously dominant aristocratic faction led athens war athens respective allies conflict struggle need involved allies league members signed fight fellow greeks battle contingent fought conflicts greece years directly relevant history seen war transition dominated alliance ruled empire early years war athens non allies scored series victories collapse simultaneous expedition egypt caused panic athens resulted decreased military activity year truce concluded panic treasury league moved perceived safety athens athens practice position rest league rebellion process league gradually transformed empire accelerated transfer treasury athens arbitrary alternative end point final end hostilities despite fact stated aims league fulfilled refused allow member states leave alliance campaigns persia according league opening campaign city mouth river provide detailed chronology history league year campaign took place uncertain siege lasted autumn year summer historians supporting persian garrisons left second persian invasion campaign probably seen general campaign aimed removing persian presence directly cover period alludes failed attempts presumably persian governor worthy particular mention strategic importance abundant supplies timber available region nearby silver mines furthermore near site future colony site future disasters force attacked command says defeated battle retreated city besieged expelled collaborators region order submission indicates persian commander offered terms allowed evacuate city return asia wanting thought resisted food ran threw treasure killed entire household giant captured city enslaved remaining population following action possibly campaign attacked island anti persian action pragmatic assault native population piracy result action liberated sent colonists island prevent island returning piracy returned decade later complete expulsion persian forces europe action occurred concurrently generally dated evidently point persian forces holding taken help native sailed managed capture ships proceeded drive peninsula turned father younger persian wars began asia minor persian forces europe largely gone starting extend league asia minor islands members original alliance presumably original members unclear exactly cities greek cities asia minor joined league certainly point campaign begun response assembly large persian fleet army near mouth usually argued campaign launched order deal new threat suggests persian build attempt counter activity greeks failure second invasion possible internal strife persian empire contributed length time took launch campaign suggests persian forces gathered aiming southern coast asia minor capturing city eventually persian navy begin operating says hearing persian forces gathering sailed highly likely assembled force warning forthcoming persian campaign greeks according sailed greek city refused began lands contingent fleet people agreed join league contribute troops expedition pay talents capturing east west effectively blocked persian campaign begun denying naval base needed control taking initiative moved directly attack persian fleet battle gives details battle reliable detailed account given according persian fleet anchored mouth awaiting arrival ships cyprus different estimates size persian fleet given says fleet ships generally considered reliable source gives numbers sailing attack reinforcements arrived persian fleet eager avoid fighting retreated river continued bear accepted battle regardless numbers persian battle line quickly breached persian ships turned river bank grounding ships crews sought sanctuary army waiting nearby despite troops battle landed marines proceeded attack persian army initially persian line held assault eventually heavily armoured proved superior routed persian army says ships captured destroyed highly unlikely occurred apparently brief naval battle probably grounded ships captured battle destroyed fire case according sailed greek fleet quickly possible intercept fleet ships expecting taking surprise captured destroyed entire fleet mention subsidiary action cast doubt actually happened according tradition persian king time agreed peace treaty aftermath admits authors denied peace time logical date peace treaty cyprus campaign alternative suggested persian king acted peace greeks fearful engaging battle generally considered unlikely modern historians peace treaty aftermath highly significant victory probably ended threat persian invasion greece prevented persian attempt greeks accession cities asia minor league particularly probably followed campaign greeks appear pressed advantage home meaningful way later date campaign accepted revolt meant resources diverted away asia minor prevent league persian fleet effectively absent greek ships able coasts asia minor egypt egyptian campaign discussed generally thought begun date subject debate time athens war war questioned athens commit egyptian campaign circumstances suggested campaign began war date generally rejected egyptian campaign athens simply piece political egyptian particularly prone revolts occurred recently new rebellion began command king living border egypt rebellion quickly swept country soon largely hands appealed assistance fight league fleet ships campaigning cyprus time diverted egypt support revolt possible fleet dispatched cyprus place persian attention focused egyptian revolt favourable time campaign cyprus way explaining apparently reckless decision fight wars fronts imply fleet diverted egypt suggested large fleet unnecessary proportion remained coast asia minor period suggests sent ships says apparent agreement fine suggests number reasons willing engage egypt despite ongoing war opportunity weaken persia desire naval base egypt access huge grain supply viewpoint allies chance restore profitable trading links egypt rate arrived egypt sailed join forces persian king meantime assembled relief force crush revolt uncle numbers force respectively numbers presumably inflated battle according detailed source campaign persian relief force pitched camp near cover period history mentions aside saw killed son provides confirmation battle factual provides city cult centre egyptian equivalent tells arrived accepted battle superior numbers gave advantage eventually broke persian line persian army routed fled proportion persian army found refuge citadel memphis called white castle compressed version events making masters river thirds memphis addressed attack remaining called white castle siege memphis settled white castle siege evidently progress probably lasted years says expedition lasted years time final months occupied siege according sent try bribe invading draw forces egypt failed instead assembled large army dispatched egypt story detail attempt failed charge men instructions quell revolt went persia gathered fleet spent year training men finally headed egypt mention reported taken second persian invasion mistaken presence campaign clearly possible persian forces spend prolonged time training took years respond egyptian victory author gives details clear finally arrived egypt able quickly lift siege memphis defeating battle driving memphis siege fell island ships moored laid siege months finally able drain river island digging canals joining island mainland account crossed island captured force marching libya survived return athens version draining river prompted mention defect surrender wanting sustain heavy casualties attacking instead allowed depart freely returned athens defeat egyptian expedition caused genuine panic athens including relocation treasury athens version probably likely correct battle final disastrous coda expedition mentions fate squadron sent relieve siege unaware finally succumbed fleet mouth promptly attacked land sea navy ships destroyed handful managing escape return athens cyprus allies according sailed cyprus subdued island exactly means unclear suggests essentially raid gather booty possible persian garrisons cyprus indication allies attempt actually possession island shortly sailed byzantium certainly fact league repeatedly campaigned cyprus suggests island garrisoned allies garrisons quickly expelled time cyprus mentioned relation league fleet campaigning instructed head egypt support rebellion consequences discussed egyptian disaster eventually lead sign year truce freed fighting greece league able dispatch fleet campaign cyprus recently recalled siege sailed cyprus fleet ships provided allies ships sent egypt request called king marshes remained independent opposed persian rule rest force besieged cyprus siege died sickness wound lacked provisions apparently death bed instructions retreated cyprus battles cyprus death kept secret army days leaving allies attacked persian force composed whilst sailing cyprus command deceased defeated force sea land battle having successfully sailed greece joined detachment sent egypt battles formed end persian wars peace persia battles cyprus makes mention conflict simply saying greeks returned home hand claims aftermath blown peace treaty peace agreed probably following history point turn presumably influenced teacher earliest reference supposed peace 4th century idea treaty controversial authors period appear reject existence possible attempted negotiate previously suggests aftermath victory agreed peace treaty greeks naming ambassador involved admits denied peace point mentions passing embassy headed sent negotiate embassy included representatives probably dated alliance athens embassy attempt reach kind peace agreement suggested failure hypothetical negotiations led decision support egyptian revolt ancient sources disagree official peace agreed opinion modern historians split instance fine accepts concept peace effectively rejects holland accepts kind accommodation athens persia actual treaty fine argues denial treaty peace point suggests actually referring treaty allegedly negotiated persia views correct remove major obstacle acceptance treaty existence argument existence treaty sudden withdrawal cyprus makes sense light kind peace agreement hand kind accommodation failure mention odd aim explain growth power treaty fact allies released obligations marked major step conversely suggested certain passages history best interpreted referring peace agreement clear consensus modern historians treaty existence ancient sources details treaty reasonably consistent description terms greek cities asia live laws autonomous depending translation persian presumably armies travel west closer day journey horseback closer days journey foot persian warship sail west southern coast asia minor west rocks probably eastern end north coast terms observed king generals send troops lands ruled persia aftermath noted end conflict persia process league empire reached conclusion allies athens released obligations provide money ships despite cessation hostilities greece war power athens continued finally ended agreement thirty year truce growing athens lead years later outbreak second war disastrous conflict dragged years eventually result utter destruction power empire establishment greece athens suffered conflict significantly weaken greece repeatedly defeated battle greeks plagued internal rebellions hindered ability fight greeks successors instead adopted policy divide rule avoiding fighting greeks instead attempted set athens regularly politicians achieve aims way ensured greeks remained distracted internal conflicts unable turn persia open conflict greeks persia king briefly invaded points greeks far busy overseeing destruction power fight wars shifted balance power greece persia favour greeks subsequent half century conflict greece restore balance power persia confronted alliance athens war sought aid persia shore position called king peace brought war end demanded received return cities asia minor return threatened war greek state peace treaty greek gains previous century sacrificed greeks asia minor maintain greece aftermath treaty greek began refer peace fictional shame glorious example good old days greeks freed persian rule
Wars of the Delian League