united_states united_states black case interpreting venue clauses united_states_constitution unusual criminal case constitutional criminal cases suspected robbery murder captain sloop spray brother ship sea convicted robbery disagreement question jurisdiction judges heard post trial motion judge supreme_court justice case referred supreme_court certificate division supreme_court directed circuit court grant new trial court held trial court determine description boundaries new_york connecticut actual boundaries application boundaries crime question question fact jury released trial attracted significant media interest according new_york_times near court room crowded trial case viewed historically significant occurred american civil war federal courts focused proper legal procedure case unrelated war background captained schooner owned man east asian origin commonly known short john lord gave command worked father farm head connecticut regarded family point new_york stolen fled returned new_york police refused testify brother subsequently bought ton sloop spray funded mortgage father took farm captain sailed spray years march sailed years spray final voyage march spray departed home port voyage new_york_city company vessels normal crew passenger board plains spray carried hay potatoes head spray reached new_york_city safely sold cargo gold bills returned means spray set course seen points route night anchored near cries murder open cabin door allegedly heard supposedly locked cabin door deck murder open cabin door supposed shot cabin thrown bodies overboard searched cabin money supposed sailed spray south brooklyn purchased supplies sailed south wednesday march spray collided miles north new_jersey knocking hole spray bow resulted filling water sustained damage saw blamed collision board spray refused rescued taken aboard observed deck spray articles cabin day anchored nearby boat taken aboard schooner suffolk virginia captained believed accounts gave contradictory accounts fate told sick cabin knocked overboard boom subsequently changed story claiming brother fallen overboard knocked overboard sailed little egg harbor finding captain hearing account collision attempt accompanied ashore small row boat immediately disappearing crowd spray stripped sails rigging lying beam ends towed harbor police took charge spray began items partially submerged cabin including captain bed stained blood heavy recovered suspected instrument bloody deed committed pair pistols signs recent discharge recovered items included small pine box suspected captain money box broken open bodies money found wanted man description widely march news fate spray reached day pilot boat reached spray towed arrest march recognizing description newspaper story engineer train philadelphia crossing bridge spotted running woods new_jersey police officers went woods noon turned away crossing railroad bridge construction newark new_jersey recognized colleague mentioned reward arrest pair joined aided spy glass spotted heading pursued wilson took car newark hired horse set intercept road arrested toll gate respond claimed indian taken train arriving taken police station search conducted bags gold silver worth found tied person wearing coat contained memorandum book taken city prison news spread people came directions completely filling blocking streets soon taken lodged formal complaint accusing murders gave recorder occupation spray later told reporter represented savings wages month years saturday april spray salvaged believed blood discovered examination found evidence murder having committed cabin opinion blood discovered cotton chord belonged animal preliminary hearings april commissioner presided preliminary hearing african american sister brother law testified sought board claiming indian court mother sister respectively appeared women identified effects testified relationship stated known carry money seeing women burst tears requested speak lawyer refused allow speak consent testified articles recovered spray prosecutor asked await arrival testify collision opposed moved immediate release ground jurisdiction crime proved committed replied intended charge murder piracy running away vessel intent steal granted tuesday city prison monday april attorney took prosecution moved transferred marshall objected jurisdiction arguing alleged murder committed tried new_york hand held showing probable cause argued jurisdiction grounds murder committed state new_york robbery case continued arrival newark await decision grand jury incarcerated july reporter visited found intelligent noting spent time reading proficient spoken english protested innocence reporter explained japanese indictment indictment scheduled tuesday september justice riding circuit judge presided newark having moved jail attended attorney cannon stated needed days bring witnesses connecticut grand sworn justice instructed law specifically act provided person shall high seas open haven basin bay river sea flows commit crime robbery ship company ship vessel thereof person shall pirate thereof convicted united_states district shall brought shall found shall suffer death justice instructed grand jury unnecessary government produce corpse prosecute murder september grand jury sitting clothed body recovered jamaica queens body shown sister identification portion clothing sent mother identification inconclusive forehead corpse bore distinct wounds result blows hammer cited wounds cause death family offered opinion wheel asleep berth prior murders habit brothers sleep fully clothed saturday october grand jury heard testimony crew brooklyn grand jury presented bills indictment murder murder robbery robbery running away spray joined lawyer new_york_city defense pleaded guilty count motion attorney cannon special term circuit court appointed meet tuesday january try case trial remaining discharged federal court september tried earlier january trial scheduled january trial postponed january counsel served list names morning january federal law required panel served days trial government planned witnesses pay time moved attendance professor college wilson represented prosecution conducted attorney cannon jury january indictment read cannon delivered opening statement evidence robbery counts resulting speculation counts tried robbery conviction obtained prosecution case january government witnesses testified testimony tended prove spray seen march aboard seen vessel march heading new_york_city purchased supplies brooklyn march roll including bill asked change coins added defense team acted interpreter january government witnesses testified testimony tended prove spray collided refused allow aboard taken aboard ship newark applied lodging cellar newark given different names egg harbor relating fate bought supplies new_york_city brooklyn close evidence government examined witnesses half number issued january government witnesses testified testimony tended prove offered boat intending catch witnesses pursued account death published found claimed named bags coins found january government witnesses testified testimony tended prove found heard cry murder sound march blood found spray sought attendance interpreter barely understand language pure chinese january government witnesses testified including mother sister testified discovered blood ball painted monday january government examined witness rested case witness testified commissioner arrest case january defense opened taylor evidence testified having seen person japan resembled thought man supposedly brought united_states commodore perry aboard uss mississippi point moved judgment lack jurisdiction incident took place hell gate argued venue improper opposed new_york argued high seas indictment cited authorities sound arm sea following day followed attorney cannon argued sound waters ocean outside jaws land particular cannon cited case noted words jurisdiction particular state removed given judge stated opinion high seas halt trial proposed jury return special verdict convicted argue motion arrest judgment bench plus justice riding circuit term march panel divided question supreme_court certificate division formal opening called witnesses day closing arguments instructions defense rested january delivered closing argument prosecution robbery charges defense january concluded argument followed murder charge tried cannon delivered prosecution cannon concluded able argument day february judge instructed jury consider robbery charges robbery thought murder murder committed intention taking goods robbery instructed found prisoner guilty fix locality robbery jury left courtroom verdict february jury found guilty robbery count guilty counts indictment location jury found spray time lying waters adjoining state point miles eastward point half miles connecticut shore low water mark special verdict determine place murder connecticut new_york high seas explained considered taking coat money proven value coat proven approximately moved set aside verdict question jurisdiction set argument bench upcoming march term certificate division post trial motion argued april judge justice cannon successor attorney appeared united_states forward reasons arrest judgment judge refused charge jury evidence ownership gold silver judge refused charge jury coat taken violence count indictment uncertain insufficient bring case district appeared crime committed jurisdiction particular state appear count prisoner found brought district shown verdict schooner spray american vessel owned citizens united_states indictment charges piracy verdict robbery specified specify high seas indictment charges crime water adjoining appear jurisdiction court argument concluded april persisted view jurisdiction disagreed court certified question supreme_court certificate division certificate pending body believed discovered august evidently long time water body thick clothing oil cloth pants oral argument case called supreme_court march attorney general announced argument attorney attorney present letter requested forthcoming volunteered argue case argued march able argument united_states according new_york_times johnson argued state counsel appeared opinion delivered following monday court term tuesday opinion article provides trial crimes shall jury trial shall held state said crimes shall committed committed state trial shall place places congress law directed clause piracy statute provided offenders statute tried united_states district shall brought shall found generally crimes act provided trial offences shall committed high seas limits state district shall district brought justice unanimous court noted article new_jersey circuit court jurisdiction depended crime committed state second new_jersey citing united_states court noted clause required crimes tried district committed crime committed state court noted high seas crimes created crimes act crimes act question presented case arise offence committed limits state offenses committed open haven basin bay river sea flows committed high seas court held offenses prosecuted restrictions venue clauses court noted jury asked return special verdict decided crime committed state instead judge decided crime committed new_york court expressed opinion boundary new_york noted eminent judges highest court state new_york entertained different opinions question instead court prescribed following procedure boundary state material fact determination extent jurisdiction court simple question law description boundary matter construction belongs court application evidence described interpreted view location settlement belongs jury testimony bearing question maps surveys practical location like submitted proper instructions find fact court directed circuit court set aside special verdict grant new trial aftermath fate time court opinion announced new_jersey new_york_times court opinion having decided state jurisdiction waters murders committed advised proceed case times predicted sentenced counsel attempt motion new trial ground verdict times falsely reported sentenced death judge decided pass sentence death march court suggestion government filed motion discharged leave country return complied years trial government unable locate witnesses persisted jurisdiction justice riding circuit reportedly stated supreme_court united_states mind place murder committed jurisdiction states high seas going come near committing judicial murder set men april filed writ attachment unpaid attorney fees said contemplating similar action carrying time arrest eventually went lawyers precedent rule generally remains good law obtain reversal criminal conviction failure submit issue venue jury venue issue defendant timely objected lower courts differ precise venue issue government need prove venue evidence jury finds facts establishing venue defendant errors harmless analysis cites decided american civil war evidence amid emotion war judge justice preferred grounded established procedures argues provided perspective nature federal time extraordinary national crisis providing generally fair efficient proceedings controversial defendants attracted considerable attention nation war federal government properly concerned authority sea safety american shipping case directly related rebellion
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