weather weather state atmosphere degree hot cold wet dry calm stormy clear cloudy weather phenomena occur weather refers day day temperature precipitation activity climate term statistics atmospheric conditions longer periods time qualification weather generally understood mean weather earth weather driven air pressure temperature moisture differences place differences occur sun angle particular spot varies latitude tropics strong temperature contrast polar tropical air gives rise jet stream weather systems mid latitudes extratropical cyclones caused jet stream flow earth axis relative plane sunlight incident different angles different times year earth surface temperatures usually range annually thousands years changes earth orbit affect distribution solar energy received earth influencing long term climate global climate change surface temperature differences turn cause pressure differences higher altitudes cooler lower altitudes differences heating weather application science technology predict state atmosphere future time given location system chaotic system small changes system grow large effects system human attempts control weather occurred human history evidence human activities agriculture industry modified weather patterns studying weather works planets helpful understanding weather works earth famous landmark solar system storm known existed years weather limited bodies star constantly lost space creating essentially thin atmosphere solar system movement mass ejected sun known solar wind causes earth common weather phenomena include wind cloud rain snow fog dust storms common events include natural disasters tornadoes hurricanes ice storms familiar weather phenomena occur lower atmosphere weather occur affect weather lower exact mechanisms poorly understood weather occurs primarily air pressure temperature moisture differences place differences occur sun angle particular spot varies latitude tropics words farther tropics lies lower sun angle causes locations cooler indirect sunlight strong temperature contrast polar tropical air gives rise jet stream weather systems mid latitudes extratropical cyclones caused jet stream flow weather systems tropics organized thunderstorm systems caused different processes earth axis relative plane sunlight incident different angles different times year june sun given latitude sunlight falls directly spot december effect sun angle climate effect causes seasons thousands hundreds thousands years changes earth parameters affect distribution solar energy received earth influence long term climate cycles uneven solar heating formation zones temperature moisture weather form precipitation higher altitudes typically cooler lower altitudes explained lapse rate situations temperature actually increases height phenomenon known cause warmer valleys lead formation fog act cap thunderstorm development local scales temperature differences occur different surfaces oceans forests ice sheets man objects differing physical characteristics moisture content surface temperature differences turn cause pressure differences hot surface air causing expand lower density resulting surface air pressure resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves air higher lower pressure regions creating wind earth rotation causes air flow effect simple systems formed display behaviour produce complex systems weather phenomena large scale examples include cell smaller scale example coastal atmosphere chaotic system small changes system grow large effects system makes difficult accurately predict weather days advance weather forecasters continually working extend limit scientific study weather theoretically impossible useful day day predictions weeks ahead imposing upper limit potential improved prediction skill shaping planet earth weather fundamental processes shape earth process breaks rocks soils smaller fragments constituent substances rains precipitation water absorb dissolve carbon dioxide surrounding air causes slightly acidic aids properties water released sediment chemicals free chemical reactions affect surface acid rain salt deposited seas oceans sediment reform time geological forces rocks soils way weather plays major role erosion surface year created year weather narrated video earth weather photographed weather satellites entire year satellite photographs assembled weather changing earth days time lapse video major wind pressure systems related weather effect humans weather seen perspective humans world constantly experience senses outside socially scientifically constructed weather makes change effect humans different situations etc weather people communicate effects populations weather played large direct human history aside climatic changes caused gradual drift populations example middle_east formation land bridges glacial periods extreme weather events caused smaller scale population movements directly historical events event saving japan invasion fleet winds french claims florida came end hurricane destroyed french fleet allowing spain conquer fort caroline recently hurricane katrina million people central gulf coast united_states largest history united_states caused crop failures europe saw worst famine france middle ages finland suffered severe famine finnish population died weather application science technology predict state atmosphere future time given location human beings attempted predict weather informally formally nineteenth century weather forecasts collecting data current state atmosphere scientific understanding atmospheric processes project atmosphere evolve human endeavor based mainly changes barometric pressure current weather conditions sky condition forecast models determine future conditions human input required pick best possible forecast model base forecast involves pattern recognition skills knowledge model performance knowledge model chaotic nature atmosphere massive power required solve describe atmosphere error involved measuring initial conditions incomplete understanding atmospheric processes mean forecasts accurate difference current time time forecast range forecast increases use model consensus helps narrow error pick likely outcome variety end users weather forecasts weather warnings important forecasts protect life property forecasts based temperature precipitation important agriculture traders stock markets temperature forecasts utility companies estimate demand coming days everyday basis people use weather forecasts determine wear given day outdoor activities severely curtailed heavy rain snow wind forecasts plan activities events plan ahead survive modification control weather evident human history ancient rituals intended bring rain crops attempt disrupt supply lines north vietnamese monsoon successful attempts influencing weather involve cloud include low techniques employed major airports techniques increase winter precipitation mountains techniques suppress hail recent example weather control china preparation summer olympic games china shot rain dispersal rockets sites city beijing effort rain away opening ceremony games august head confirmed success operation millimeters falling southwest beijing recording rainfall millimeters inconclusive evidence techniques extensive evidence human activity agriculture industry results weather modification acid rain caused industrial dioxide nitrogen atmosphere adversely affects freshwater lakes vegetation structures reduce air quality visibility climate change caused human activities greenhouse gases air expected affect frequency extreme weather events drought extreme temperatures flooding high winds severe storms experts argue claims issue conclusions heat generated large metropolitan areas shown affect nearby weather distances far kilometres effects weather modification pose threats aspects civilization including ecosystems natural resources food fiber production economic development human health study short lived atmospheric phenomena smaller branches grouped study phenomena smaller scale study features generally small depicted weather map include small generally cloud small cloud features extremes earth earth temperatures usually range annually range climates latitudes planet offer extremes temperature outside range air temperature recorded earth station antarctica july hottest air temperature recorded libya september reading highest recorded average annual temperature recorded average annual temperature station antarctica average annual temperature permanently inhabited location canada annual average temperature extraterrestrial solar system studying weather works planets seen helpful understanding works earth weather planets follows physical principles weather earth occurs different scales having different chemical composition mission discovered clouds formed deposit rain composed liquid organic compounds earth atmosphere includes circulation zones hemisphere contrast banded appearance shows zones single jet stream near 50th parallel north latitude venus single jet near equator famous landmarks solar system storm known existed years gas giants lack surface allows wind reach enormous speeds gusts metres second mph measured planet neptune created puzzle scientists weather ultimately created solar energy energy received neptune received earth intensity weather phenomena neptune far greater earth strongest winds discovered far planet thought easterly winds moving kilometres hour mph space weather weather limited bodies like stars sun constantly lost space creating essentially thin atmosphere solar system movement mass ejected sun known solar wind inconsistencies wind larger events surface star mass form system features analogous conventional weather systems pressure wind generally known space weather mass tracked far solar system saturn activity system affect occasionally surfaces interaction solar wind terrestrial atmosphere produce spectacular play havoc electrically sensitive systems electricity radio signals
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