community state east river lies road northeast towns lie downstream north colonial era capital reached south east december northern troops withdrawn replaced troops southern nominally christian troops remained permanent garrison town province mutiny august surrounding province absorbed town taken second civil war experimental station established grow sugar 1950s plans establish commercial operations independence government shifted sugar project north grown favorable conditions heavy irrigation sugar clothing weaving factory established 1970s operations failed trial phase diminished conflict grew region early 1980s april president southern named ports important center flow measurements taken regularly history politics early colonial period final defeat british general border anglo egyptian expedition arrived december post established transferred april claimed belgian territory posts established needed districts suppress activities infested country province province separate administration governor appointed january party arrived month decided suitable base instead located mission downstream colonial administration opposed efforts convert people missionaries interpreted influence islam weakening spiritual ideals officials cameron desired avoid friction muslims undertaken work building new provincial capital visited province arrival governor informed governor general sir president united_states pointed troops roosevelt expedition reached end february coming impressed egyptian troops visiting native dance commented lack middle aged men result wars ended years ago june british forces took province anglican roman catholic missionaries requested sunday retained changed friday rest governor owen opposed retaining sunday felt muslims army object working friday noted recruits army instructed muslim religion months later owen proposed creation battalion composed entirely force taught follow english commands christian faith time unite prevent spread muslim faith farther south islam basis time break wave owen plan approved said remember bulk inhabitants muslims accepted furthermore english easier language learn arabic government increased restrictions private travel immigrants meant anybody arriving wishing north examined sleeping sickness medical officer maximum punishment breach new regulations fine month prison sentence december northern troops withdrawn replaced troops southern nominally christian troops remained permanent garrison town province mutiny august son muhammad exiled taking place conspiracy governor owen said told lucky come tourists pay hundreds pounds fear doesn joke owen retired major cecil stephen succeeded governor moved governor mountains province lightly administered late british administrators provinces combined area twice britain early years british officials depended native officials advice act careful ethnic rivalries police greatly impressed governor appointed assistant superintendent credited keeping peace people groups history fighting cattle raiding strongly biased police attacked angry removed post arabic language muslim religion continued spread merchants administrators north british officials preferred speak arabic learn local language rising suppressed harshly year attacking people border governor said time state doesn know start woodland called decision separated north administered territory way british encourage development arabs structure later colonial period region suffered outbreak apparently introduced served german world war caused high mortality year period spread family devastating epidemic started causing deaths months rapidly dying attributed epidemic poor housing conditions people western province avoided disease better diet crowded quarters people centre province began 1920s revolutionary effect military civilian administration flying hazardous july owned belgian crashed deaths plane severely damaged singapore flying boat built flight africa starting plane flew reached end january onward 1920s british steadily expanded control deputy governor major estimated added related people eastern half province somewhat inflated figure establishing strong central control british eroded authority traditional rulers british governor province said government support given chiefs worth major denied license prospect gold oil east province travel country dangerous large armed escort got word survey tried occupy country british began follow policy directive issued january civil secretary governors said policy government southern build series self contained racial tribal units structures organization based extent requirement equity good government permits indigenous customs traditional usage beliefs capital southern transferred upstream south governor province governor reported survey province general lack tribal governor general sir little interest development south advised local officials chiefs territorial ethnic authority provinces incorporated province headquarters parts province detached civil war independent outbreak agreement people lived relative peace sharing grazing areas especially mid harmony broke attacked cattle camps locations police called commissioner turned exploited hostility tribes gain recruits peace broke civil war resumed early southern axis major challenged government forces captured difficulty crossed captured besieged later forces people liberation army received setback village gut near confronted armed people willing fight army willing leadership march alternate commander mainstream recaptured relatively small force half consolidated towns like surrounded late scene clashes arms pushing south mainstream commander wanted push forces able recapture places including kit government forces coming took june turned east second civil war finally ended january continued suffer hands lord resistance army civil war suffered considerable physical neglect damage population loss april president southern named ports warned demands reconstruction spending greater available funding work clearance minefield complete july important center flow measurements taken regularly second civil war stopped resuming geography climate lies road northeast road north nearer crow flies situated east bank state altitude metres rainfall relatively low november february increasing peaks june august annual precipitation winds northerly dry season southerly rainy season based observations taken april december mean temperature mean maximum mean minimum mean relative humidity river flowing past combines seasonal torrential runoff rainy season constant discharge influenced storage effects lake albert lake vast area stretches near point joins upstream half water enters emerges northern end swamps smaller swamp lies east separated region open grassland belt wide long inhabited peoples economic development district commissioners initiated development cotton 1920s 1930s price paid cotton fell industry failed develop planned southern scales defined rates pay officials workers southern provinces extremely low making impossible administrators undertake development school hospital economic projects use money restricted taxes paid kind commissioned undertake botanical survey province later extended contrast view south taken administration enthusiastic wealth diversity plants noted people adapted non native plants sweet potato noted government restricting commercial development tobacco coffee grew wild preventing economic development governor tour left contempt intensified consistently rejected schemes development experimental station established grow sugar 1950s plans establish commercial operations independence government shifted sugar project north grown favorable conditions heavy irrigation civil war ended plans revive sugar production operated low scale 1970s ceased production civil war broke clothing mill operated 1970s unrest early 1980s paper mill planned fed species planted area equipment supplied denmark use industrial complex include power station pump station support project fish receiving plant wood working factory equipment arrived installed eventually away project funded established textile manufacturing units factories located north agreement belgian firm supply weaving factory point estimated produce million meters grey fabric failed past trial phase lack raw materials capital transportation facilities
Mongalla, South Sudan