commonly known american abrupt species fungus family mushrooms named characteristic shape fruit bodies white slender stem cap covered conical white abruptly enlarged swollen base terrestrial species grows mixed woods eastern north_america eastern asia thought exist mycorrhizal relationship variety coniferous deciduous tree species taxonomy described american mycologist based specimen found auburn alabama remains present dried mature specimens thought species grouped synonyms include resulting generic transfers genera type species section genus subgenus grouping related mushrooms characterized spores north american species subgenus include european asian species section related close evolutionary family tree include specific epithet refers shape swollen base abruptly enlarged gradually tapering species common american abrupt description mushrooms bulk organism lies unseen beneath ground fungal cells called hyphae appropriate environmental conditions visible reproductive structure fruit body formed cap diameter centimeters broadly convex shape young eventually central portion cap depressed mature specimens cap surface covered small angular erect tall wide base smaller numerous near margin cap small fragments tissue hanging margin cap cap surface flesh white easily separated cap mature specimens completely partly disappeared white gills placed moderately close reaching stem directly attached stem tall slender diameter white smooth solid hollow internally abruptly base shape flattened sphere develop longitudinal splits sides base attached white visual reminder bulk organism lies unseen surface ring persistent away time ring attached stem white fibers mushroom distinct odor edibility mushroom unknown generally recommended consume mushrooms questionable edibility microscopic characteristics collected deposit spore print spores appear white viewed microscope spores broadly elliptical roughly spherical smooth thin walled dimensions spores meaning stained melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells edges gills spored measure bases basidia clamp connections short branches connecting cell previous cell allow passage products nuclear division cap cuticle comprises layer densely interwoven hyphae diameter stem tissue sparse thin oriented hyphae measuring similar species fruit bodies species known japan bears superficial resemblance differs having scattered patches soft hairs remains cap surface pale yellow gills fruit bodies noted similar tends larger caps diameter fragile ring soon away somewhat larger spores typically measure size spores reliable characteristics help distinguish specimens prominently bases species suggested 1980s japanese mushroom synonymous study specimens japanese concluded closely related distinct species differences spore shape remnants similar species differentiated number characteristics universal veil clearly separated flesh cap disappear quickly surface cap cuticle partial veil persistent spores smaller roughly spherical underside partial veil stem surface drawn upward somewhat resemble like protective covering immature spore bearing surfaces known distribution limited south western coast north_america habitat distribution ecology fruit bodies grow ground typically solitary mixed deciduous forests usually autumn frequency fruit bodies appear depends factors season location temperature rainfall mushroom described common texas called common like species thought form mycorrhizal relationships trees mutually beneficial relationship hyphae fungus grow roots trees enabling fungus receive moisture protection tree tree greater access soil nutrients widely distributed eastern north_america found far canada far south mexico claims found dominican_republic appeared growing association pine trees mentions mycorrhizal relationship conifers lists additional preferred tree hosts beech birch fir oak shown form virginia pine cited books california mad river press isbn field guide austin texas isbn
Amanita abrupta