pipe rolls pipe rolls called great rolls collection financial records maintained english treasury successors earliest date 12th century series extends complete form oldest continuous series records concerning english governance kept english british united_kingdom governments covering span years early medieval ones especially useful historical study earliest financial records available middle ages similar set records developed normandy ruled english kings norman pipe rolls survived continuous series like english records yearly performed accounts payments presented treasury royal officials owed shape took sheets rolled tight roll resembling pipe storage record payments government debts owed crown royal officials recorded royal income record types income record expenditures strictly speaking budget formed published pipe rolls composition pipe rolls named pipe shape formed rolled records originally written evidence support theory named pipes fact money treasury claim got resembling wine pipe wine occasionally referred roll treasury great roll accounts great roll pipe pipe rolls records accounts usually conducted english treasury records began reign king john england continuous set records kept english government complete record government royal finances record sources income accounts sources income payments regularly fall occasionally recorded pipe roll pipe rolls record payments created budget strictly speaking records receipts records accounts rendered rolls use accounting system familiar modern instance end 12th century record total taken sheriff early form record debts owed crown feudal sources debts king allowed paid installments necessary search set rolls complete history debt debt paid completely year remainder owed transferred year record debts incurred previous years paid year owed submitted accounts included honours town officials ecclesiastical feudal estates earliest surviving pipe roll mature form dates continuous series begins continued seven years combined survey pipe rolls contributed financial records norman kings reigned england ahead contemporary western european french instance equivalent system accounting exact form records kept roll instead book unique england england kept administrative records form unclear set norman rolls drafted differently extant years reigns kings henry_ii reigned richard reigned ruled france believed norman rolls started time english lack survival earlier norman rolls unclear exactly start irish produced rolls like english pipe rolls earliest surviving roll appear produced dialogue concerning written details workings gives early account pipe rolls created dialogue written son treasurer henry henry_ii england according dialogue pipe rolls responsibility clerk treasurer called clerk pipe later clerk wrote work explain inner workings lists number different types rolls treasury describes creation pipe rolls dialogue states pipe rolls book records kept treasury required daily use main source income recorded pipe rolls county farm income derived lands held king occasional sources revenue vacant sources recorded payments coin objects spurs lands livestock surviving roll henry reign records payments form land tax dating times pipe rolls longer record payments fines monetary income royal courts began recorded pipe rolls payments knights lieu military service recorded pipe rolls reign henry_ii recorded income came sources income went office pipe rolls complete record royal income include regular income royal lands judicial profits occasional income derived feudal ecclesiastical source income recorded rolls feudal payment heir estate major source income roll forests forest law royal law covering restrictions imposed non hunting areas country declared royal forest royal income taxation annually assessed usually recorded pipe rolls receipts lands outside england payments went directly king household pass recorded pipe rolls expenditures subject documentation pipe rolls recorded expenditures payments cart horses wages royal servants payments improvements royal houses royal gifts persons hunting expenses payments acquire governmental office payments mercenaries costs bags transport silver kingdom information subjects revenues contained rolls including movement prisoners helps identify medieval castles prisons pipe rolls allow identification royal lands castles writing rolls places officials government object pipe roll certain areas report income usually appear pipe rolls lands king custody vacancy included durham chester county cornwall usually appear pipe rolls problem pipe rolls historical study fact chronological limits financial year varied roll roll theory recorded revenues previous easter financial year pipe rolls record payments past date roll actually compiled debts annually instead number consecutive years investigated sitting years payments recorded pipe roll history earliest pipe roll dates 31st year king henry reign clear produced roll experiment shows use accounts lack continuity previous years extract earlier pipe roll 25th year henry found 14th century manuscript cotton library exactly pipe rolls began produced debated historians hold date henry reign early late reign feel introduced king william reigned records probably date period historian argues financial records kept form reigns reigned reigned reigned reference king rolls writ grant henry abbot westminster shillings writ parts genuine writ exists copy later known forged number charters writ solid source royal rolls kept early surviving roll henry reign pipe rolls survived reign preserved reign successor king stephen reigned second year king henry_ii reign survive unclear pipe rolls actually created stephen reign survive conditions stephen reign creation pipe rolls continuously early years king henry_ii reign pipe rolls survive break years king john reign reigned surviving pipe roll records income figure recorded pipe roll actually owed king totals income record early years henry_ii smaller surviving year early pipe rolls henry record income end henry_ii reign royal income recorded pipe rolls risen end john reign saw recorded income reign recorded early years rising rolls early years henry_ii reign income reaching henry reign early rolls accurate detailed rolls dating later reign carefully produced later rolls roll time king john pipe rolls growing fines fees recorded making finding information rolls difficult eventually experimentation system actual detailed receipts recorded set rolls entered pipe rolls settled reform resulted debts recorded separate rolls totals entered pipe rolls statutes issued reformed accounting systems reduced detail contained pipe rolls time large number debts removed rolls process attempted attempt marked old debts stipulated entered future pipe rolls paid worked old debts recorded separate roll statutes laid procedure documentation payment debt hadn accepted past documentation accepted helping clear debts books details removed pipe rolls ordinance june time held office treasurer prior reform rolls debts clauses ordinance attempted return rolls exposition accounts attempted reform time removal customs receipts military accounts rolls new offices created attempt speed process time took prepare pipe rolls financial records attempt remove non accounts completely remove types records pipe rolls reforms created set foreign rolls records pipe rolls transferred rolls told longer summon farms worth shillings year supervised newly appointed board receivers pipe rolls series ended office charge creation abolished creation created taking governmental districts accounts writing strips usually inches wide pieces attached end end form long sheet sheets resulting document rolled tight roll resembling pipe formed long continuous roll patent rolls sheets county heading giving county account latin sheet required county county amended secondary sheets indicate order sheets referred latin sources actual idea making rolls rolls suggested including jews bath royal clerk familiar arabic practices rolls royal clerk studied mathematician sicily rolls written latin short time reign henry_ii duplicate copy year pipe roll chancellor called chancellor roll created time regular pipe roll written clerk chancellor chancellor rolls survive basically corresponding pipe rolls occasional addition private charter material influence records example royal records eventually influenced similar records earliest surviving non royal pipe rolls extant form continuous series date started royal clerk administrator record coming expenses payments detail like royal records profits losses sum total private rolls resembling pipe rolls monasteries household rolls closely resemble pipe rolls eleanor england wife survive year studies historians number historians studied surviving pipe rolls basis study financial governmental history especially medieval era study compiled royal income passed year henry_ii richard sample years john reign attempting compare royal revenues compared reigns recent work reigns richard john updated earlier research historian carried studies early years king reign pipe rolls identify royal officials especially involved local government high ranking recorded judicial fines pipe rolls shed light judicial system medieval england worked identifying royal judges don provide exact revenue figures historians believe represent close revenue gain general understanding financial resources english kings available middle ages lone surviving pipe roll henry reign popular subject study recent investigations include search evidence henry financial system historian studied roll reign henry_ii looking grants kings royal favourites studied roll light shine henry judicial system growth royal courts henry reign historian pipe roll study rewards royal service henry reign pipe rolls 13th century onwards important historical study surviving financial records rolls kept treasury prepare pipe rolls surviving records kept use submitting accounts pipe rolls post 13th century pipe rolls occasionally sole source historical facts william_shakespeare residence parish publication earliest pipe rolls published isolated roll rolls commission edition roll superseded new edition english translation published text publication society founded initiative colleague establish systematic publishing programme pipe rolls published volume published rolls continuous series published roll pipe rolls published county record societies published parts rolls years relate particular county earliest volumes printed record type designed produce near original manuscript including policy abandoned volumes published normal type extended published numerous related texts including chancellor roll norman pipe rolls henry_ii rolls irish published
Pipe rolls