commonly known royal fly king sweden species fungus family common scandinavian countries found eastern northern europe north_america distribution restricted alaska fruit bodies fungus somewhat resemble fly regarded variety species differs larger liver brown cap bearing numerous having stem yellow base patches rings patches chemical analysis shown species contains compound found taxonomy naming described published treated variety consider distinct species suggested complete reorganization genus world monograph genus moved var original version considered subspecies noted regarded separate species fourth edition listed distinct species classified section genus grouping related ring stem remnants thereof base recently japanese group studied related species molecular phylogenetic analysis concluded taxon considered grouping distinct species index list taxon species called vernacular names including brown fly king sweden king fly france known germany specific epithet derived latin word meaning royal selected mushroom year description like species bulk organism lies beneath ground partner certain species trees fruit body fungus reproductive structure appears appropriate environmental conditions moisture temperature nutrient availability met cap broad depending stage development range shape spherical convex somewhat flattened color yellowish brown densely covered yellowish light arranged regular concentric rings rings remnant left expansion young fruit body cap mature grooves margin extend cap cuticle separated cap center gills crowded close free attachment stem white yellow edges gills meaning soft hairs remnant stem mature individual typically long wide spreads base rings small lemon yellow entire stem ring pure white faint yellowish flesh whitish yellowish stem golden yellow cuticle cap change color air insignificant taste smell microscopic features spores broadly ellipsoid roughly spherical hyaline translucent smooth dimensions non meaning absorb stained melzer reagent spore producing cells basidia club shaped measure bases similar species easily distinguished absence red color cap yellow patches stem form pale colored yellowish brown cap confused edible species identified flesh colored cut bruised color flesh underneath cuticle yellowish white similar color white flesh cap cuticle cup shaped distinct margins edge habitat distribution rare species typically found growing ground mountainous forests deciduous coniferous mycorrhizal fungus exists relationship certain tree species system fine ground threads roots trees supplies needed minerals trace elements water soil tree turn supplies fungus food supply produces shown form birch scots pine mountain pine norway spruce fruit bodies reported grow fairy rings europe common northern south europe reported south west europe addition common scandinavian countries collected germany hungary russia slovakia korea north_america distribution restricted alaska usually found tree line poisonous case poisoning reported finland individuals believed consumed edible mushroom symptoms poisoning began hours mushrooms heavy central nervous system symptoms including confusion loss consciousness individuals recovered hours damage liver central nervous system incident demonstrates cooking mushrooms completely toxic components chemical analysis shown species contains acid toxic constituents ability heavy metal phenomenon reported field study scandinavian specimens found contents ranging dry mushroom average comparison concentration mushrooms typically
Amanita regalis