group element group elements periodic table contains elements group lies block periodic table group acquired trivial belongs broader grouping transition metals group elements occur naturally members group share similar properties hard metals standard conditions fourth element synthesized laboratory found occurring nature radioactive far experiments conducted member group unlikely synthesized near future characteristics chemistry like groups members family patterns electron configuration especially shells resulting trends chemical behavior chemistry observed members group chemistry established rest section deals elements group metals high melting point obvious rapid formation stable layer prevents reactions white high melting points transition metals elements form compounds generally state metals shown resistant concentrated react form higher temperatures metals react oxygen nitrogen carbon elements fifth period nearly identical radius similarity results nearly identical chemical behavior formation similar chemical compounds chemistry similar separation chemical reactions possible physical properties compounds differ melting points boiling points compounds major differences chemistry twin elements considerably different owing effects physical table summary key physical properties group elements question marked values history independently discovered named greek mythology discovered mineral named known predicted measured effective nuclear charge ray placing known elements search new element discovered copenhagen denmark original prediction controversy surrounding discovery extent guided prediction transition metal rare earth element relatively abundant elements discovered late 18th century took identified partly relative chemical similarity separation difficult knowing look left samples compounds centuries contained significant amounts reportedly detected soviet_union researchers bombarded accelerated separated reaction products gradient conversion interaction production production metals difficult formation avoided yield metals normally achieved process reacted coal form metals reacted yielding metals chemical transport reaction developed closed vessel metal temperatures forming metal nearly reverse reaction happens metal set free metal forms solid coating react additional metal resulting steady turn low high occurrence abundance elements earth crust compared abundance decreases increase atomic mass seventh abundant metal earth crust abundance abundance abundance stable elements occur heavy mineral sands ore deposits deposits formed usually beach environments concentration specific gravity mineral grains erosion material rock minerals occurs mineral chemical similarity replaced largest producers group elements australia south_africa canada applications metal wide range applications resistance heat stability low density light weight benefit foremost use resistant nuclear low high thermal capture cross section fuel rods nuclear control rod nuclear absorb multiple smaller amounts super improve properties biological occurrences group elements known involved biological chemistry living systems hard metals low low availability row block transition metals known biological role toxic living cells precautions non toxic large play natural role inside human body powder cause contact eyes requires medical attention recommends time weighted average limit short term exposure limit limited data exists
Group 4 element