arabic march known prominent palestinian arab commander rebel forces arab revolt rule increased jewish settlement palestine activities based areas modern day northern september official general commander revolt shared post rotation february given sole title post revolt political leadership later killed british forces march early life born village today belonged clan larger tribal confederation long history activity area invasion syria great grandfather fought ottoman defense country later sentenced death great participated peasants revolt rule palestine initially educated traditional elementary school enrolled primary school later work fields lands alongside father occasionally traveled place place selling agricultural products world war ottoman army requirement male ottoman citizens posted outside palestine tripoli returned following ottomans defeat british forces arab allies father died war britain control area established mandate palestine auspices career british rule return palestine supervised family land possessions entered trade business prominent local grain traders palestine early years mandate coinciding period ardent opponent british support movement riots unrest palestine riots extended angered manner british authorities palestinian arab participants business eventually went bankrupt mandate adopted new economic policies saw import cheaper foreign wheat expense local produce british economic policies partly motivated future participation palestinian arab revolt local connections established grain merchant beneficial later recruitment efforts web tribal proved providing fighting men provisions 1930s set base vicinity near began recruiting training fighters area including ottoman soldiers brought additional expertise combat firearms command group men launch minor raids jewish settlements british security personnel main targets orange newly established jewish settlements area west places built lands peasant tenants evicted criminal record mandatory authorities according israeli historian alleged crime committing fraud land transaction jewish buyer author wrote claim mentioned sources discussed wife died left sons killing muslim preacher anti colonial militant british forces tensions palestinian arab population popular authorities rose significantly grew number notion armed struggle british rule british sponsorship increasingly popular alternative diplomatic negotiations palestinian leadership british government negotiations ultimately seen local population futile effort bore results actively took upcoming revolt entrusted children sister widow according eldest son grain merchant later traded financially supported children education normally meet sons days different villages children escorted location rebels commander revolt early stage revolt started palestinian general strike april strike spread number cities palestine including helped organize campaign summer year palestinian arab rebel bands sprung including forces existing social networks complex web local clan politics build alliances middle classes major towns particularly educated activists rural clan elders build solid base resistance british order avoid detection commanding large unit troops instead raised small semi permanent bands volunteers called sing moved area normally launched nighttime attacks specific targets earliest stage revolt early summer fighters primarily operated area coastal plain actions consisted attacks british_army police patrols june muhammad ambushed british_army force protecting jewish convoy passing near village british bomber planes dispatched aid ambushed convoy ensuing battle lasted seven hours ended deaths rebels british soldier rebels british soldiers wounded authorities consequently issued arrest warrant rebel bands worked independently july decided coordinate actions respective militias based area operated areas operation concentrated north central highlands meeting leaders held august designate official areas operation specific targets attack jerusalem area militia absent meetings making increasingly difficult form solid military command rebels country arrival known arab nationalist volunteer commander august assumption rebels leadership damaged revolt despite attempts unify rebel ranks experienced field commander relations palestinian political military leadership general local rebels resented delegation command positions non references area southern syria instead palestine nonetheless fought second major confrontation british forces september battle went hours according mandatory figures british military personnel killed wounded fatalities british pilot plane downed rebels suffered dead wounded october rebel operations temporarily ceased revolt political leadership accepted calls generally pro british jordan iraq saudi_arabia cessation hostilities return arab lobby british mandatory authorities address palestinian arab concerns activity palestine month left palestine followed suit headed damascus evade arrest british placed bounty pounds damascus raised funds purchased weapons revolt began working syrian nationalists arms palestine later left damascus mountain village east maintained regular communications forces renewal rebellion fighting hold british government announced restrict jewish immigration palestine instead proposed partition palestine separate jewish arab states forward november january moves palestinian leadership principal concern increased jewish settlement commission time began work grand jerusalem requested rebel leaders return resume military activities palestine pressure authorities end returned palestine april command region referred authorities triangle terror concentration rebel activity area renewal revolt efforts unify rebel ranks establish command structure late summoned village elders vicinity requested provide armed man generally successful recruited man force quarter year saw increased attacks british military targets buses carrying jews pipeline palestine lines stage revolt developed organized effort palestine area having hierarchy sort case forces brigades led commander designated funds appointed deputy commanders subordinate military order contrasted early phase revolt sole field commander confrontation rebels british forces village ash early december wounded managed evade capture village escorted safety nearby cave men died battle british withdrew area treated local doctors january received advanced care damascus returned palestine later month early rebels consolidated control countryside rural roads areas increasingly dangerous british forces concentrated main towns general commander local rebel commanders generally suspicious outside arab military leaders particularly members joined damascus based following dissolution authorities october founded late officially served revolt political leadership fundraising body arms supplier ground palestine competition role rebels general command increasingly tense engaged rivalry coincided relations families influence area social political spheres smooth differences revolt leaders held summit september established palestine armed body rotating general commanders bureau upper region british_army backed bomber planes assaulted gaining knowledge meeting sought arrest kill commanders battle ensued prominent commander known slain despite bureau formation rivalry continued undermined purpose settled leadership dispute conferred title general solely february damascus time having moved october given assurance support tensions resulted supplies funding point rebellion entering different stage establishment british sponsored supported anti rebel forces known peace bands commanded political rivals chief clan launched rebel forces campaign harass rebel pressure local leaders end revolt death legacy march return palestine officially confirmed rebellion general commander killed british_army village located entered village subordinate commanders fighters peace band set sought revenge killing brothers muhammad generally attributed information band collected movements passed british intelligence large force british_army subsequently arrived sealed band served alongside army unit village residents reportedly pleaded escape undercover fighters entered adjacent plain clashed british troops killed deputy commanders according residents witnessed clash british officer headed operation removed hat covered face sign respect later wrote special respect people buried weeks later members body transported buried ceremonial manner stature revolt according author news death general strike held palestine number days honor efforts anti colonial anti struggle death headlines newspapers palestine parts arab world municipality commemorates death annually march anniversary death honored city march boys school named major street jordan according historian death reflection rebels area serve sanctuary renew operations revolt largely dissipated time killed demise significant blow succeeded unable maintain momentum revolt ended late ideology relationship according respected commander renowned nationalist convictions opposition political assassination fighter operated independently political leadership rebellion including based palestine damascus based despite alliance refused assassinate local leaders family political power remarking don work patriotism political attempted successful commonly occurred revolt refusal participate seriously damage relations organization depended war material frequented damascus obtain weapons supplies discuss situation palestine intelligence document british mandatory authorities revealed left palestine syria october activities report states refused send funds committee remarking shoe insignificant fighter members society pleasure suffer mountains point tensions refusal carry killings men provided hit list behalf committee resulted cutting financial material support certain period time forced jerusalem chamber commerce municipality funds reason departure increased presence rebel ranks making hard continue military activities personal assistant depicted genuine nationalist contrast self proclaimed nationalist leaders accused narrow interests claimed saw palestinian unity inclusive incompatible political particularly killings fuel divisions ranks rebellion leadership possible exception anti assassination policy alleged responsibility killings landowners supported led opposition leadership widely disputed circumstances surrounding deaths general killings rarely mentioned palestinian narratives revolt
Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad