known commonly moss animals aquatic animals typically millimetres long filter food particles water retractable crown lined marine species live tropical waters occur oceanic trenches found polar waters class lives variety freshwater environments members marine class prefer water living species known genus solitary rest colonial originally called term superseded group animals discovered subsequently mechanism looked similar included groups noted different internally recently discovered group given original called remained widely term group individuals colonies called fully independent animals colonies contain responsible feeding colonies classes types non feeding specialist eggs classes special defense colony class largest number species possibly widest range specialist species slowly defensive legs supply nutrients non feeding channels vary classes including solitary species consist provides body wall produces contains internal organs specialist extensions special organs scrapped waste products usually body wall grows replacement gut shaped mouth inside crown outside colonies variety forms including fans bushes sheets produce form single layered sheets surfaces freshwater species simultaneous marine species function males females colonies contain combination male female stages species sperm water release water capture sperm internally species larvae large feed quickly settle surface produce larvae little yolk swim feed days settling settling larvae undergo radical destroys internal tissues freshwater species produce lie dormant conditions favorable enables colony lineage survive severe conditions kill mother colony predators marine include sea fish sea crustaceans freshwater preyed insects fish thailand populations freshwater species wiped introduced species fast growing invasive northeast northwest coasts usa reduced forests affected local fish populations spread diseases fish farms fishermen chemicals extracted marine species investigated treatment cancer disease analyses encouraging skeletons appear rocks early period making major appear fossil record led researchers suspect arisen earlier initially differed significantly modern forms early fossils mainly erect forms forms gradually dominant uncertain evolutionary relationships unclear partly scientists view family tree animals mainly influenced better known morphological molecular phylogeny analyses disagree relationships grouped considered description distinguishing features strain food water means crown hollow form colonies consisting clones called typically millimetres long resemble centimetres long grow form colonies consisting clones generally thought closely related distinguished having shells like internal cavity lined colonies look like small colonies founded round shaped like normal species hand founding coral shape like daughter coral filter look like like feeding structure solid lies inside outside base crown types colonial genus individual members colony millimetres long known fully independent animals colonies contain feeding known groups contain non feeding specialist colony members genetically identical operate like organs larger animals type grows colony determined chemical signals colony response scent predators rival colonies bodies types main parts consists body wall type organic protein mineral calcium body wall consists basal mat non cellular material tissue muscles lines main body cavity class split separate layers inner forming sac freely contains outer attached body wall sac main body known situated entirely contains nervous system digestive system specialized muscles feeding apparatus specialized organs place feeding apparatus known moss animals currently contain known species different species come form colony attach different kind rock surfaces shells algae species abundant population known attach boats piers docks species thought slow ship attached hull species chemical compounds medicine common species anti cancer drug currently testing feeding common type feeding bears crown hollow called captures food particles water colonies large percentage consist entirely engage reproduction basic shape crown circle class crown appears shaped impression created deep rim crown gap fringe sides bear fine hairs called beating drives water current tips bases exits food particles trapped inner surfaces convey particles mouth lies center base crown method known upstream collecting food particles captured pass field creates feeding current method mouth mounted flexible tube called turned inside withdrawn like finger rubber glove position lies inside folded like umbrella withdrawn pair muscles anchored far end sensors tips check signs danger fully extended extension driven increase internal fluid pressure species flexible produce contracting circular muscles lie inside body wall species sac use circular muscles squeeze species rigid flexible membrane replaces transverse muscles anchored far increase fluid pressure pulling membrane gap protective skeleton transverse muscles pull flexible sac connected water outside small expansion sac increases pressure inside body pushes species retracted protected lid closed muscles opened fluid pressure class hollow lobe called mouth gut shaped running mouth center animal interior located outside usually network strands called little ropes connects covering gut lining body wall wall strand surrounds space filled fluid thought blood colony connected enabling share food non feeding method connection varies different classes ranging large gaps body walls small pores nutrients passed nerve ring round throat serves brain nerves run ring rest body specialized sense organs act sensors members genus grow sun able detect light colonies species signals transmitted nerves pass pores body walls coordinate activities feeding solitary individuals pear shaped bodies wider ends short muscular projections animals anchor sand gravel pull sediments authorities use term refer type replaced extension serves protective function restrict term defend colony snapping invaders small predators killing biting species snapping mounted stalk bird like appearance responsible term described like head vulture miniature seated neck capable movement placed upside lower jaws modified versions protect retracted species snapped shut like similar muscles shaped upper jaw inverted body wall species stationary box like laid normal way modified body wall types modified opened muscles attach internal muscles raise fluid pressure pulling flexible membrane actions snapping controlled small highly modified located inside mouth bear short sensory appear positions place fit small gaps small occur surfaces regarded type modified form long wide range motion function defenses predators invaders species form mobile colonies edges legs walking types colonial greek meaning consist body wall strands crossing interior species form stems branching structures act enable colonies grow quickly new direction form defensive spines appear act brood chambers eggs species miniature small single grow body walls degenerated colony forms composition microscopic colonies range size centimeter meter majority centimeters shapes colonies vary widely depend pattern grow variety present type skeletal material marine species bush like fan like supported branches formed feeding growing colonies types generally look like small producing heavy lime skeletons species form colonies consist sheets sheets form leaves genus structures resemble open head common marine form layer sheet spreads hard surface colonies grow centimeters contain species generally reinforced calcium openings outer surface moss like appearance colonies responsible words meaning moss meaning animal large colonies species chimneys gaps canopy swiftly expel water avoid water exhausted formed patches non feeding new chimneys appear near edges expanding colonies points speed outflow high change position water flow changes freshwater species mass gelatinous material meter diameter stick freshwater species plant like shapes branches stand erect spread surface species centimeters day colony grows single known round shaped like normal occurs tips branches forms structure colonies grow round edges species fully grown colony range years short lived species pass generations season species produce defensive threats appeared hours theory induced defenses suggests production defenses expensive colonies defend early heavily reduced growth rates minute approach defense feasible loss single attack unlikely significant colonies species produce special limit expansion organisms especially cases response opposition smaller suggests edge colony sense size opponent species consistently prevail certain turf wars combatants soon turn growing areas competing territory use sophisticated techniques employed possibly makes heavy investment turf wars contributed marine life period responsibility colony forms evolved different taxonomic groups vary sediment producing ability basic colony forms include dome shaped robust branching delicate branching articulated free living sediments come distinct groups colonies delicate branching robust branching colonies generate rough particles sediment components coral reefs delicate colonies create coarse sediment form deep water nearly sediments growth forms addition free living colonies include significant numbers colonies contrast post generated sediment varying widely size grains grow moved mud sand gravel taxonomy originally called soon replaced term originally applied animals known lies outside crown based ancient greek prefix meaning outside word meaning discovery lies crown based ancient greek prefix meaning inside word meaning level include classes regarded groups distinct variety reasons coined despite apparently similar methods feeding differed markedly addition different positions hollow solid groups widely regarded separate synonymous remained majority view publications preferred notable scientists continued regard close relatives group ambiguity scope led proposals 1960s 1970s avoided term change harder find older works called desire avoid ambiguity applied consistently classifications necessitated renaming lower level groups practice naming split merged groups animals complex completely consistent works names resolve ambiguity including approach work common moss animals based greek moss animals refers appearance species recently known misunderstood type species belonging family taylor modern research experiments low vacuum scanning electron type material critically examine revise taxonomy genera belonging family including method permits data obtained difficult recognize optical microscope valid type species found interpretation establishing type species corresponds general usage genus believed previously suggested shows similarities considered junior synonym recently distinguished modern method low vacuum scanning past new genus recently discovered called family relatively new species classification diversity counts formally described species range especially greatest numbers species possibly wide range specialist system classification convenient way label groups organisms living members divided fossil record fossils species found dominant groups fossils oldest species skeleton occurs likely appeared earlier entirely soft bodied fossils record appearance skeletons stage early period million years ago modern orders present order appeared million years ago early fossils represent forms significantly different original members soft tissue known types filter appeared time suggests change environment favorable lifestyle fossils order appear million years ago abundant diverse cretaceous present evidence compiled million years consistently grew territorial struggles help explain replaced dominant marine marine fossils era ended million years ago mainly erect forms fairly equally divided erect forms recent ones predominantly fossils soft freshwater rare appear late began million years ago consist entirely known fossils freshwater members classes evolutionary family tree scientists divided group include single ancestor species descendants closest relatives family tree animals regarded members major groups account moderately complex animals traditional view group class closely related classes appear earliest fossil record molecular phylogeny study focused concluded closely related especially species colonial classes implies sub group standard definition molecular phylogeny study combination genes cell nucleus concluded words includes descendants common ancestor analysis concluded classes determine closely related traditionally divided soft bodied analysis considered likely orders skeletons probably evolved early relationships uncertain controversial traditional phylogeny based anatomy development adult forms embryos produced enduring consensus position attempts reconstruct family tree animals largely ignored minor received little scientific study generally tiny relatively simple body plans little impact human economies despite fact minor include variety evolutionary history animals opinion standard interpretation morphology construct resulting years attempts single framework invertebrates takes little account peculiar features internal organs destroyed adult form adult organs built organs including gut built embryos outer wall gut disappears new point gut grows formed processes form wall gut separate tissue gut body wall splits forming paired molecular phylogeny attempts work evolutionary family tree organisms comparing especially genes clarify relationships better known shortage genetic data minor left relationships groups unclear discovered 19th century regarded classes groups animals filter fed means crown bore onwards increasing awareness differences including position inside feeding structure difference early pattern division cells embryos caused scientists regard groups separate alternative outside feeding organ series molecular phylogeny studies concluded sister groups known maintain developmental grounds member molecular phylogeny study supported old idea conclusions agreed analyses grouped super called 1970s comparisons larvae produced suggestions colonial evolved semi colonial species assigned renamed use filter feeding majority scientists accept thinks similarities superficial usually defined animals shaped gut nielsen opinion like members bear cells multiple corresponding cells cell canal blood vessel grouping correct issue traditional view mix features research 1970s onwards suggested features thought characteristic radial spiral development embryo formation larvae shows sign division sections adult different built destroyed molecular phylogeny analyses onwards variety evidence techniques placed closely related super called total evidence analyses morphological features relatively small set genes came conclusions favoring close relationship study larger set genes concluded closer instead concluded formed group closest supporting original definition major exclusively animals colonial colonies units known thrive colonies colonial growth allows develop variations form despite small number basic growth forms found commonly reappeared history phylogenetic position remains uncertain remains certain belong specifically implies supported similarity larvae type larvae zone expanded cover study mitochondrial dna sequence suggests related physiology feeding species filter small particles mainly microscopic floating plants water freshwater species feeds green algae non bacteria small microscopic crustaceans currents generate draw food mouth understood exact method capture debated species flick larger particles mouth capture animals addition surface area increased small hairs absorb organic compounds dissolved water unwanted particles away shut closing mouth study showed erect colonies fed quickly grew faster gentle strong currents species stomach forms muscular lined teeth crush armored prey wave like food stomach final section stomach lined minute hairs pass little organs thought body wall complex waste products accumulate weeks old recycled remains large mass dying cells containing accumulated compressed brown body complete outer animal produces new brown body remains stomach new expelled time animal circulation respiratory organs heart blood vessels instead absorb oxygen eliminate carbon dioxide accomplish use thin membrane case located outer different groups use methods share nutrients oxygen large gaps body walls allowing fluid freely internal little ropes adjacent connect small pores body wall reproduction life cycles species simultaneous marine species words function males females colonies contain combination male female stages species develop inside body wall connecting stomach body wall eggs sperm released sperm exit water pores tips captured feeding currents producing eggs species eggs externally released cases tip small projection called organ base pair internally organ mother provides brood chamber eggs providing embryo produce specialized serve brood chambers eggs divide produce identical embryos eggs words early stages symmetrical unknown forms adult destroys internal tissues animals opening surface early embryo tunnels form gut closes new opening develops create mouth larvae vary form band round body enables swim sac anchors settle surface species produce larvae little yolk developed mouth gut live considerable time settling larvae triangular shells corner base open forming hood round downward facing mouth reported larvae use range techniques adults capture food species brood embryos form larvae large gut feed larvae quickly settle surface marine species larvae produce completely settling lining internal tissues converted food reserve developing ready feed larvae produce multiple new colony starts species founder grow new colonies clones die producing clones living found round edges colony reproduce method enables colony lineage survive variable uncertain conditions freshwater environments summer autumn produce disc shaped masses cells function survival pods like form connected parent gut grow develop protective like shells mature stick parent colony fall contain air spaces enable float remain parent build colony dies remain dormant considerable periods dormant survive harsh conditions freezing transported long distances animals floating vegetation currents winds larger animals conditions improve shell separate cells inside develop tries form new colony produces enable lineage control good territory hard times parent colonies spread new sites new colonies produce mainly mature ones switch study estimated group colonies patch measuring square metre produced capable sexual reproduction sexually colonies result growing adult stage colonies result fragment colony growing colony different forms reproduction achieved variety methods depending morphology classification ecology habitats distribution marine species live tropical waters depths metres found deep sea trenches especially cold near poles great majority forms shallow seas erect forms common depth increases marine species species forms floating colonies reported dominant species parts antarctica global warming increased rate species particularly adept areas live types freshwater environment lakes ponds rivers streams abundant freshwater animals exclusively freshwater prefer water survive freshwater scientists knowledge freshwater populations parts world incomplete parts europe long thought freshwater species occurred worldwide split localized species species typically residing hard natural stone including limited grains shells rocks sediment found freshwater type marine majority develop marine landscapes uncommon colonies grow sediment solid pseudo rock formations native oceans making cosmopolitan species generally associated term colonies hard substance phase physically capable term colony literally stems word clones colonies grow thousands individual relatively short period time colonies grow reproduction colonies started sexual reproduction colonies grow large split case reproduction results new colony separate predecessor colonies stationary colonies tend settled substances sediment coarse substances fact colonies predominantly reside freshwater able new movement extremely slow maximum meter hour demands energy interactions non human organisms marine species common coral reefs seldom significant proportion total temperate waters skeletons dead colonies form significant component shell live ones abundant areas marine lace like produces spines response predation species sea predators marine include fish sea crustaceans general marine eat masses pieces colonies breaking houses predators eat individual freshwater important filter freshwater attacked predators including insects fish thailand introduced species golden apple generally destructive wiped populations appeared common freshwater devastating effect indigenous feed species family relationships beneficial parasitic modifications appear shapes example smaller roots protects predation powerful rock shells stronger reinforcement chemical defenses produced probably significant offshore species generally growing attached gravel hard substrate formed non relationship crabs species resulting egg size structures known shell colonies form skeletal produce spherical extend living chamber crab tubular growth species group found cause kidney disease fatal fish severely reduced wild fish populations europe north_america colonies feed grow exceptionally fast wide range current speeds noticed quickly abundant organism living invasion reduced population breaking place dominant vegetation areas taken large fragile changes reduced area habitat available local fish invertebrates invaded northwest coast freshwater species found thousands kilometers native ranges transported naturally probably spread humans example imported water plants ships interaction humans fish farms lost stock kidney disease apparently caused fishermen north_sea find work form skin disease known caused contact stuck nets marine responsible ships hulls docks offshore structures new recently cleaned structures freshwater species occasional water pipes drinking water equipment sewage treatment facilities cooling pipes power stations group chemicals called extracted marine company licensed commercial development treatment cancer canceled development saying showed little effectiveness toxic effects january clinical trial submitted measure safety effectiveness treatment disease participants recruited end december study scheduled completion processed extract result synthetic developed simpler produce apparently effective
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