piano composer major compositions piano written months life spring autumn published years death like rest piano neglected 19th century late 20th century public critical opinion changed considered important composer mature core piano repertoire appearing regularly concert programs recordings reasons long period neglect piano dismissal structurally dramatically inferior fact contain distinct allusions similarities works composer analysis shown maintain mature individual style praised mature style manifested unique features formal design chamber music textures rare depth emotional expression diverse structural melodic elements tying movements consequently regarded trilogy contain specific allusions similarities compositions song cycle connections point turbulent emotions expressed understood highly personal autobiographical researchers suggested specific psychological narratives based historical evidence concerning composer life historical background year life marked growing public acclaim composer works gradual deterioration health march musicians vienna gave public concert works great success earned considerable profit addition new german publishers took interest works leading short period financial time summer months arrived short money cancel journeys previously planned struggling suffered weakness led relatively normal life september new symptoms blood appeared stage moved vienna home friend brother ferdinand house suburbs following advice doctor unfortunately actually worsened condition weeks life november continued compose extraordinary music including probably began spring months final versions written september months saw appearance mass flat major string songs published posthumously collection final completed september days later played trilogy evening gathering vienna letter publishers dated october mentioned works recently completed wished publish interested november dead following year brother ferdinand sold publisher publish years later intended dedicated greatly admired leading pianist pupil pioneering composer romantic style like time published dead new publisher decided instead composer praised works critical writings structure structural features common considered odd group differences remarkably similar structure minor key primary departure determines differences companions accordingly major minor scheme alternated main material minor slow movement set major opening considerably use expansive time quasi development passages strongly characterize opening movements furthermore slow movement follows form instead form movement instead slightly lively subdued finally finale form form differences relative significant comparison extreme similarity similar extent considered variations identical template having major structural differences importantly share common dramatic arc considerable identical use motives relationships musical narrative ideas work consists movements following order movement moderate fast tempo form exposition consists thematic areas common classical style moves dominant major mode works relative major minor mode works scheme exposition involves additional intermediate remote dominant axis certain passages character development section main themes exposition form middle section different themes generally form symmetrical periods irregular phrase lengths prominent exposition ends repeat sign development section opens abrupt turn new area new theme based melodic fragment second thematic group exposition presented section rhythmic developed undergoing successive thematic group returns different additional second group returns fourth short coda maintains key mainly soft dynamics achieving resolution movement conflicts ending slow second movement key different form main sections contrasted key character slow intense animated movement begins ends slowly quietly dance movement overall form trio form conventionally related key relative major parallel minor respectively based movements similar scheme reference section piece features serving important dramatic functions previous movements features animated playful right hand abrupt changes register finale moderate fast tempo form themes characterized long passages melody accompanied relentless flowing rhythms exposition repeat written development section ordinary style movement frequent sequences exposition theme main theme closely resembles exposition minimal changes needed end section theme returns shortened version second theme returns fourth coda based exposition theme composed parts quiet creating sense expectation second animated dissipating final tension decisive agitated motion ending chords octaves minor opening dramatic fully voiced minor chord voice leading passage outlines ascent flat instance remarkable degree feature theme sudden flat major established rushing downward scale initiated final achievement key ascending voice minor theme exposition shifts relative major flat major touching midway parallel minor flat minor accordance classical practice second theme hymn like flat major melody harmony greatly contrasts melodic sudden flat major departure themes progress somewhat style variations structured irregular phrase lengths development section highly distinct exposition traditional staying stressing flat lowered second degree theme coda returns material development section stable dying dark series low register flat major form nostalgic traditional classical character instrumental wrote opening theme movement elegant touching melody eventually undergoes remarkable treatment peaceful setting pointed voice leading phrase based initial flat beginning unorthodox structure movement generated short progression appears end section leading key flat colored minor chord flat minor importance progression flat general emphasized quotation climax finale exposition diversion main theme expected leads haunted atmosphere section startling second appearance sections entire music shifted importance ascending minor 2nd focal progression returns transformed end movement coloration distant touching major piece finally ends theme weakened given quality free tendency troubled minor passages iii trio somber movement distinct typical atmosphere dance movements relatively conservative key scheme moving relative major key section sequence interrupted dramatic flat major referencing departure key opening added minor 6th second section transformation interrupted bars silent bar creating mysterious atmosphere trio flat major form section beginning flat major colored minor 6th flat major parallel minor movement written style characterised relentless rhythm calling demanding effects frequent hand crossing leaps registers employs key exposition element style theme shifts minor major feature contains allusions flat major finally established climactic reference characteristic second theme proceeding parallel minor sharp minor develops series exposition ends traditional relative major flat development section begins flat new theme derived bars exposition later additional material exposition developed gradually building climax written keys theme drastically shortened time second theme flat minor result closing section appears traditional coda begins long passage stresses flat theme restoring music omitted reprise passage characterized sweeping violent dynamic contrasts series decaying piano following rise fall melody iteration melody hits triple register octaves descending concludes piece major begins heavily fanfare emphasizing low pedal meter ascent thirds middle voices followed immediately quiet descending punctuated light chords outlining ascent highly contrasting phrases provide material second theme lyrical melody written harmony exposition follows standard classical practice dominant second theme preparing movement mature despite traditional approach exposition themes built innovative form resulting section highly development like section based exposition second phrase circle return novel structure creates sense movement actually committing thematic techniques uses achieve sense scale movement development proper based variation second theme heard end exposition contrast striking exposition plan static shifting constantly major major later minor development theme finally stated minor dramatic unconventional role shifting major mode prepare fully preparing key case established traditional staying emphasizing minor flat major coda theme time hesitant manner allusions movement ends penultimate chord chose striking italian sixth instead usual dominant diminished seventh chords choice arbitrary final statement based ascending minor second motive movement motive reversed descending minor second following movement sharp minor form section presents sparse poignant melody gestures portrayed descending seconds theme despite vastly different character references opening bars aforementioned source material measure shares fanfare second beat bass note echo creating rhythmic affinity additionally quiet close theme features fanfare characteristic pattern thirds middle voices enclosed octaves middle section like character extremely harsh culminating sharp minor chords emphasis patterns section reminiscent developments exposition sharp minor climax according key great importance cycle relation section startling emphasizing ascending minor second leads phrase major mode sharp major turn leads dominant sharp minor section somewhat transformed new final bars movement feature rolled chords opening following iii trio section uses playful rolled chord figure reminiscent opening bars section dominated distant realms major theme abruptly interrupted downward rushing sharp minor scale preparation striking reference climax preceding movement middle section following section quietly ends sharp minor grace note melody identical figure theme movement major returns concluding section time integrated major surroundings sequences form trio major uses hand crossing add melodic accompaniment theme based opening lyrical movement consists relentless flowing movement endless melody form development coda main opening theme taken slow movement pointed theme musical sense response subsequent questioning leading tone closes opening fanfare capacity dramatically delayed final goal second thematic group written traditional dominant key long different development section contrast long passage sharp minor climax characterized tension building ambiguity major sharp minor greatly prolonged leads false sharp major begin home key coda main theme returns fragmented bar lead time unexpected changes key followed agitated section based final bars main theme concludes bold opening measures ascending essentially descending figure second phrase followed statement opening fanfare flat major movement employs key exposition theme introduces flat following events shift flat major central section main theme return shift sharp minor start second theme colorful excursion area arrives traditional dominant key major contrast previous development section different themes exposition reaches dramatic climax minor theme presented fluctuating minor home key manner similar parallel passage previous bass line theme rises flat instead descending exposition second theme enters minor instead sharp minor rest exposition repeated alterations fourth meaning returns home key flat area coda recalls theme movement written form key sharp minor remote inner movement mature instrumental works form main section somber melody presented relentless rocking rhythm central section written major presents choral melody animated accompaniment later touches flat major home key main section returns variant original accompanying rhythm time scheme unusual half dominant sudden mysterious shift introduces remote key major eventually turns major proceeds coda shifts major haunted minor mode iii con trio proper dominant second continues ascending reaches key flat major key new theme presented emphasizing local flat major fourth upward major mode minor shift sharp minor excursion eventually leads major diminished opening section trio form flat minor presentation minor non finale structure previous elements movement imply large scale resolution thematic conflicts established earlier previous main theme opens octave resolves minor subsequently interpreted flat major asserts theme beginning ambiguous functions resolution presented beginning resolve major flat second theme form written traditional key dominant central section major consists extended melody played flow second theme uses melodic remarkable major final section second movement implying conflict resolution abrupt end second theme pregnant pause minor rhythm theme minor suddenly enters version parallel major theme highly similar rhythm melodic left hand pattern minor coincidence considering overall high level connection theme rhythmic leads seamlessly main theme development section based entirely rhythmic pattern main theme characterised eighth notes reaching climax flat major bass descends eventually extended return main theme coda main theme fragmented manner similar finale previous highly unstable progression octave descends flat extension resolution theme finally reaching dominant preparation final time movement closes triumphant section totally resolves dramatic conflicts series process process studied owing complete survival manuscripts according written stages preliminary sketch draft mature final version fair copy sketches written spring summer possibly earlier inner movements final bar outer form movements beginning coda sketches passages different movements different appear leaf evidence suggests composed parallel furthermore flat finale completing movement unlike usual practice conceived later stage final versions convey impression single unit likely close succession september labeled respectively wrote date september compared sketches final versions written orderly greater care small details thorough study edited final versions comparison sketches reveals insights examination sketches reveals highly self critical shows heavenly lengths actually later addition conceived start subsequent elaborated themes expanded giving musical space words revision continues proportions details start tell suspend time rests clarify structure allowing breathing space holding breath listening silence major final versions summarized follows frequent modification expansion original material expansions frequently repeat preceding measures consist rests left hand melody providing pause motion especially noticeable finale minor middle section major movement flat changes tempo meter indications mainly opening movements originally marked originally time originally marked originally marked major elements added final version includes final bars major consist opening end slow movement work opening classical type form transitions going dominant modified opening movement major transition originally written fourth higher appears decide transition exposition accordance scheme creating classical type transition establishes found opening movement late analogous place finale started writing transition eventually discarded started realized establishing dominant examples demonstrate weakening dominant axis thinking general dominant passages radically modified development section finale major middle section slow movement flat addition differences mentioned numerous local modifications structure harmony texture applied original material modifications certain uniquely daring original occasionally toned places new version predecessor elements composed close succession furthermore intended publish set evident titles support view single unity pianist scholar found profound musical links argued complement different characters demonstrated entire trilogy based basic group motifs contains complex network inner connections linking movements passages movement usually transformed later movements connections subtle detected casual listening cases quotes theme passage earlier movement little alteration structurally significant locations creating immediately allusion explicit connections related form musical forms associated romantic period music work major passage major suddenly interrupted fierce downward rushing scale sharp minor closely recalls parallel passage climax preceding movement followed dance theme melody derived opening melody unique moment explicit references trilogy important element major subtle similarities connections exist movement ending following movement opening connection opening ending ends opening framing device probably unprecedented literature pianist music scholar described element design follows similar basic dramatic scheme works according presents beginning musical conflict ensuing music derive movement beginning ending home key confronts key contrasting design manifested final movements openings variants movement opening contrasting main key second movement increasing tension middle projecting movement design home key contrasting home key half musical material contrasting presented sharp conflict material home key appearance detached surroundings movements especially contrasting realm gradually integrated environment bringing sense unity resolution conflict presented beginning goes interpret dramatic musical scheme manifested design basis unique psychological narrative allusion works internal references earlier passages contain distinct allusions previous works earlier piano works songs important similarities exist certain passages works genres composed parallel months finale major uses main theme transformation earlier theme second movement minor introduced changes original melody conform better basic motifs accordance scheme allusion earlier piano work appears middle slow movement climax middle section appears passage bars closely recalls bars impromptu flat major important unique work solo piano written stands apart closely related concept style scheme inherent according conflict gradually resolved musical integration finds precedent fantasy plays unique role trilogy sharp minor sharp minor fantasy song based calls sharp minor key earlier works likewise passages written sharp minor sharp minor portray sense wandering according allusion song fully explicit development section flat opening movement new theme presented section undergoes transformation bars literal quotation song piano introduction composition song genre mentioned related depicting feeling wandering winter journey song cycle numerous connections different songs cycle especially minor mentioned example minor movement development section recalls songs second movement finale recall songs allusions retain alienated lonely atmosphere songs songs collection composed period portray deep sense bear important similarities specific moments include songs recalls opening minor flat major flat major conflict opening flat additional songs mentioned analogy specific passages include opening major finale main section major famous string written september final versions slow movements flat bear striking similarities main sections employ unique layout voices sing long notes middle register accompanied contrasted short notes voices lower upper registers movements long notes relentless rhythm convey atmosphere complete arrest motion time string textures appear trilogy suggestions narrative mature music listener sense time forward movement passages creating effect appear frequently mainly second movements devices employed create effect detachment passages complete movements home key surroundings passages introduced sudden magical shifts closely home key closely related key dominant new distant examples procedure opening movement flat shown right creation rapid contrasting device appears development sections major flat opening movements kind create sense arrest time motion suggest feeling detachment entering new dimension independent preceding material realm dreams memories preceding material conceived reality detached passages convey feeling alienated environment exile preceding material conceived home emotional effect passages enhanced devices sudden shift musical texture shift use repetitive patterns repeated chords remote passages allusion previously stated material appeared earlier piece detached passages frequent use similar devices settings poems depicting emotional states suggestion psychological kind basis construction psychological biographical narrative attempting interpret musical program suggested portray protagonist going successive stages exile eventual homecoming major flat self assertion minor strata appearing complete musical segregation beginning suggest contrasting psychological states reality dream home exile etc conflicts deepened ensuing slow movements contrasts resolved finale intensive musical integration gradual transition sense reconciliation acceptance homecoming invoked hypothetical narrative grounded basis ample connections unique design musical similarities songs song cycle biographical evidence concerning life including story written dream suggests convey feelings loneliness musical integration writing works offered release emotional distress particularly deepened finishing composition lonely hopeless songs preceding year suggested flat major farewell work faces death somewhat analogous myths surrounding requiem usually ascribed relaxed character dominates opening movements death scenes associated somewhat explicitly tragic minor example mentions ghosts dance death outer movements judging biographical point view notion felt imminent death time composing questionable influence acknowledged great admirer immense influence writing especially late works borrowed musical structural ideas works combine compositions outstanding examples practice piano opening minor taken note note theme variations minor structure finale major borrowed finale evident numerous parallels structural features numerous additional obvious similarities works frequently mentioned literature cases question actually borrowed ideas open debate examples minor certain passages movements resemble parallel passages written key major bars end development section finale recall bars movement sharp minor flat opening theme movement recalls opening trio bars recall bars movement fifth piano emperor case passages similarly modified opening finale turn recalls opening finale string quartet flat major striking feature alleged retain borrowed state structural position original design appear movements structural points despite evidence support borrowing evokes memory classical style follower points contrary familiarity works taught different relates follows hardly similarities motif texture formal pattern obscure voice models concealed transformed surpassed good example departure line found overt quotation opening minor theme reached flat highest note theme instead original witty theme continues ascend higher pitches culminating flat octave higher downward rushing flat major scale flat major interlude opening material goal main thematic material entire arise way initially appeared mere note note eventually given way radically different continuation style best example departure style idol finale major starting themes equal length movement longer added length comes episodes structure second theme section long melodic excursion going keys flat traditional short simple theme merely consists alternating dominant harmonies development section ends long passage sharp minor parallel finale unique borrowing structure major referred departure style instance moves great ease form created considerably held stretched correspondence considerably altered explains large movements long produced forms originally intended shorter pieces excitement naturally goes forms extended condition melodic flow music adds finale major produced work greater model reception criticism influence piano neglected entire nineteenth century dismissed long lacking formal etc references found nineteenth century romantic composers took interest music influenced reviewed works publication largely disappointed criticizing greater simplicity invention voluntary shining novelty usually sets high standards claiming page page end doubt continue musical interrupted rapidly criticism fit general negative attitude maintained works nineteenth century attitude different found special interest piano expressed wish study depth diary mentioned playing flat praised performance works dating early 1860s clear influence observed features closed lyrical themes distant relationships use key exposition works string contain specific features resemble flat negative attitude piano persisted twentieth century centennial death works begin receive attention critical acclaim writings public performances following decades especially final trilogy received growing attention end century came regarded essential members classical piano repertoire frequently appearing concert programs studio recordings writings late twentieth century scholars argued rank mature flat gained highest acclaim popularity legacy mark distinct change style earlier piano important differences typical movement length increased use long lyrical fully rounded form themes development like passages development section proper orchestral middle period gives way intimate writing resembles string ensemble new textures appear scale like melodic elements free free simple patterns bass repeated chords orchestral texture abundant preceding disappeared language changed distant key relationships explored longer major minor shifts mode diverse elements diminished seventh chord general enact return earlier individual intimate style combined later works certain features mentioned unique entire output period mention profound level integration especially major like writing daring looking forward style slow movement major middle section exploitation piano ability produce overtones use sustain pedal slow movement flat major creation contrasting development sections opening movements flat major mentioned long historically neglected dismissed inferior style piano negative view changed late twentieth century today works usually praised conveying personal style different holding virtues mature style classical perception harmony treatment musical structure radically altered generating new distinct type form compared unique achievements consist tragic minor key work major key works created short period time creating culmination composer lifetime achievement respective genres performance issues key issues routinely raised musicians music scholars discussing performance compositions piano discussions concern piano issues general agreement reached example extent sustain pedal combine rhythms allow tempo fluctuations course single movement observe repeat sign issue repeat signs debated particularly context opening movements form movements repeat sign written long exposition material exposition repeated time little alteration led musicians exposition repeat performing movements unlike movements ending exposition contains additional bars music leading movement opening performing movement repeat music bars totally omitted performance appear second ending furthermore flat added bars contain novel material appear piece radically different second ending pianist described omission repeat movements limb hand considers additional bars prefers repeats regard flat claims transitional bars unconnected rest movement believes omission actually contributes piece performance issue choice special relevance major instrumental works particularly opening movements opening movements moderate tempo indications extreme case flat piano movement particular interpreted vastly different speeds famous performances taking opening movement extremely slow pace similar tempo interpretations movement frequent majority scholars tend dismiss interpretation arguing instead flowing pace measured performers tend play entire trilogy single stressing suggesting form single complete cycle long compared instance program prove exhausting listeners solutions problem program repeats mainly opening movements practice highly disputed noted pioneers performance known played entire trilogy evening recently available editions recordings highly acclaimed editions available editions occasionally received criticism wrong interpretation intentions issues correct pitches manuscript accent markings missing bars performed recorded numerous especially devoted performers recorded entire trilogy entire piano repertoire altogether flat famous recorded following incomplete list notable commercial recordings trilogy entire trilogy recordings minor flat recordings recordings recordings recordings recordings media
Schubert's last sonatas