creek mile long tributary pennsylvania united_states creek coal region pennsylvania meaning creek deep black waters waters difficulty ratings class class iii parts year impossible navigate flooding tight bends home number species trout waters optimal creek water acidic low studies land watershed forest farmland common lower portions creek watershed little creek watershed coal mines common tributaries mile portion considered cold water fishery high quality seven natural areas creek watershed contain rare species plants animals streams watershed range genera creek watershed habitats watershed primarily include mixed forest watershed square miles km2 area lies parts counties slightly half land watershed deciduous forest rest perennial vegetation mixed vegetation annual vegetation barren land sub contain percent forest streams watershed feet road land watershed slope percent areas slope percent main soil series creek watershed morris series series series coal veins watershed creek aluminum iron nitrogen streams creek watershed range main stem discharge ranged cubic feet second dams watershed course begins pennsylvania confluence outlet creek source eastern edge mount flows northwest short distance passing turning west miles creek continues direction running lands receiving tributaries creek passes northwestern edge mount continues creek heads southwest southerly angle crossing receiving passing area strip mines miles later creek turns west southwest pennsylvania route continuing onwards passes communities crosses interstate miles later creek leaves enters continues west township receiving tributary little creek crossing pennsylvania route making number miles creek turns north picks tributary right crossing interstate flowing gap gap creek crosses northwest passing borough entering border tributaries miles tributaries consists miles named streams miles unnamed ones major streams include tributaries named little creek named streams creek watershed portion mouth upstream mouth number makes miles streams watershed upstream number miles streams creek watershed smaller tributaries watershed number miles creek watershed total streams creek watershed number miles creek watershed thirteen small streams creek watershed number streams miles creek watershed little creek tributary source northwestern edge creek watershed joins main stem slightly downstream little creek south watershed slightly longer little creek little creek joins longest tributary length miles tributary extreme east creek watershed miles long shortest named tributary discharge discharge cubic feet second month highest average discharge time march discharge cubic feet second month lowest average discharge time september average discharge cubic feet second highest discharge single month cubic feet second march lowest discharge single month cubic feet second september average discharge cubic feet second discharged average cubic feet second water little creek dams dams watershed dams surface areas acres dams creek watershed fill tenth unnamed dam constructed masonry dams range feet height feet length drainage areas square miles km2 study waters tributaries sites averaged lowest level creek watershed parts tributary ranging relatively streams creek watershed include brook trout able tolerate ideal range freshwater fish sites study found averages parts million aluminum respectively concentrations aluminium higher parts million cause fish accumulating gills aluminum fish increased water parts million iron sites parts million waters sites total metric tons short tons nitrogen year discharged thirty percent came land percent percent leaking tanks tributary adds toxic amounts copper lead watershed parts tributaries concentration slightly lower concentration nitrogen considerably higher nitrogen level contributed comes sub instead main stem creek total kilograms largest land sources watershed contributing kilograms percent land sources kilograms smallest sources watershed roads contributing kilograms percent mixed forest contributing kilograms percent contributes kilograms systems contribute kilograms point source pollution watershed release water hardest water creek watershed concentration dissolved minerals streams watershed hard water hard waters creek watershed little creek largest source pollution creek watershed acid drainage little creek iron concentration creek aluminum concentration little creek values increase iron aluminum vulnerability pollution creek watershed measured drastic system lowest patches near creek mouth value values occur northern watershed scattered patches western values occur southern southwestern central watershed areas values higher scattered watershed near geology coal veins near source coal veins appeared million years ago thickness coal ranges feet tracy bed feet bed nearly eastern middle coal field watershed near number mouth carries pounds aluminum pounds iron pounds day geological region known ridge valley region region characterized fertile valleys steep ridges eastern reaches creek watershed near border region creek watershed contains major rock formations formation formation associated large amounts high quality formation consists foot layer sandstone situated valley contains reddish rock formation softer nearby rock formations formation makes creek watershed formation contains coal formation creek watershed formation feet thick composed brownish gray sandstone mountain carved contain coal formation extensive worn erosion millions years formation contains large number formation feet thick composed gray sandstone formation contain foot varieties coal formation acidic high iron makes valleys directly surrounding consists sandstone surrounds formation rock formations typically varied northern western watershed southern significant rock formations watershed include little understood occurs formations grayish red sandstone total metric tons short tons material eroded erosion individual stream creek watershed metric tons short tons erosion main stem little creek high amounts erosion metric tons short tons metric tons short tons respectively soils common soil series creek watershed percent watershed contains soil series soil bedrock series removed mining operations soil series occurs southern creek watershed near tributaries soils soil series highly approximately percent creek watershed contains morris series series soils soils morris soils type soil series common near creek source percent creek watershed kill series soil series tends occur near streams kill series occurs near mouth large patch upstream small patch southwestern creek watershed percent watershed series urban development lands containing soil series areas soil series occurs surface mined limiting factor plant growth series rocky surface depth bedrock soil series occurs southeastern parts southwestern parts creek watershed series present percent watershed soil series near source central watershed watershed watershed square miles km2 area watershed extends columbia counties watershed area includes city thirteen land creek watershed area near source publicly owned thirteen percent land creek watershed owned state pennsylvania seven percent creek watershed composed deciduous forest areas perennial vegetation percent creek watershed additionally scattered patches mixed vegetation annual vegetation northwestern creek watershed seven percent creek watershed consists mines gravel pits total percent creek watershed rural remaining percent suburban urban seven percent streams creek watershed near surface mining operations percent developed land tends located southern watershed undeveloped land northern watershed sub creek watershed contain percent forest number streams upper watershed fact percent forest coverage percent watershed covered forest sub small barren land watershed contains percent barren land watershed contains percent watershed contains percent watershed contains percent farmland creek watershed contains percent sub range percent farmland miles roads creek watershed percent creek length feet road eighty seven percent length feet road miles roads main stem sub watershed miles roads sub watershed little creek sub contain close miles roads respectively terrain creek watershed flat slope percent major lines hills watershed northern central watershed lines hills slope percent lines hills patches slope percent northern line hills area slope percent elevation creek mouth miles upstream range feet sea level elevation creek watershed north northernmost line hills range feet central creek watershed south northernmost line hills including mouth range area close main stem creek upstream miles source range feet central creek watershed tributaries lie elevation range near creek source elevation range feet central watershed range creek watershed northernmost line hills creek elevation miles source range feet upper portion watershed southeastern creek watershed range scattered parts creek watershed southwestern corner creek source elevation range feet sub watershed smallest sub watershed area square miles km2 main stem largest sub watershed area square miles km2 sub watershed second largest sub watershed little creek square miles km2 little creek square miles km2 square miles km2 square miles km2 largest sub history native american comes word meaning deep black waters historically tribes native americans known fork indians delaware indians lived near mouth parts creek watershed settled inhabited creek watershed thousand years european settlers definitive record permanent settlements interior watershed temporary native american settlements existed left creek watershed european settlers major native american trails creek watershed known trade trail parts trails vine street broad street respectively european early european settlers granted explored native american trails creek watershed paths skirmishes occasionally occurred settlers native americans example group native americans ambushed soldiers path near mill built creek watershed settlers built mouth built creek year flood known noted sweeping large numbers downstream creek light industries gradually developed creek watershed led creation numerous communities creek watershed additionally coal discovered coal important industry region formation 1830s 1840s number patch towns designed attend mines built creek watershed population creek watershed began increase rapidly time 1880s patch towns attended thirty mines watershed coal mining industry watershed began lose value time coal mining longer significant source industry creek watershed forge bar iron built destructive flood occurred dam creek breached killing people plans canal number french indian artifacts plaster paris casts making sculptures discovered creek tunnel creek watershed built tunnel system built tunnels drain square miles km2 square miles km2 contain coal basins dam destroyed hurricane early 1900s steam electric power station mouth passed beginning 1900s drained 20th century emptied world war large increase unemployment rates creek watershed failing coal mining industry station near community stream stations built stations use use miles upstream mouth 1990s people caught stealing native american artifacts biology home brown trout brook trout near source life downstream coal waste lower reaches study discovered species fish living creek watershed observed watershed tributaries rated class class wild trout number percent consist forest parts large number like oak trees creek watershed prolific forests oak chestnut trees entire watershed high level biodiversity diverse areas pools valley creek southeastern corner contains highest density species watershed highest density snake species watershed area lowest density snake species watershed central highest density bird species watershed southern central watershed highest density species watershed creek watershed seven natural areas flats valley pools acre area home rare species plants animals valley contains number rare species pools provide breeding ground wood frogs jefferson bird community index measure quality habitat based presence tested watershed bird community index high area near source areas watershed index low medium lowest values near mouth measured number sites tributaries upstream little creek high downstream drops large tributary biodiversity lower confluence depending site total number taxa sites ranges little creek values range number ranges class fishery waters creek watershed little creek minor tributaries small stream near mouth class fishery waters central class fishery waters species fish seventeen seen watershed study watershed study brown fish vanished creek watershed large number genera discovered creek consist genus worm genus genera genera stone flies genera genera genera genera beetles genus fly total species amphibians creek watershed breed watershed species consist frogs seven species reptiles watershed breed species snakes turtles biodiversity birds watershed greater amphibians reptiles approximately different species birds creek watershed total mammals observed creek watershed including species bats species mice species habitats common habitat creek watershed dry oak mixed forest common trees habitat include northern red oak white oak chestnut oak habitat contains gray black birch trees pine types oak trees found higher parts habitat lower ground plants habitat include wild wild creek watershed pitch pine oak forests occur barren areas southern watershed type forest pitch pine oak black oak chestnut oak main trees black common shrubs habitat streams considered sub optimal habitats rated scale optimal water habitat watershed site rating optimal water habitats watershed sites sites considered poor marginal habitats ratings respectively recreation source recreation creek watershed flows state park opportunities trout fishing takes acres northwestern creek watershed additionally golf courses community parks pennsylvania state game lands sites water based recreation including lake francis tourist attraction village creek watershed resort known creek watershed late 1990s plans convert old railroad lines creek watershed rail trails plan link area delaware
Nescopeck Creek