known variety black skinned wine variety grown percent california dna analysis revealed genetically equivalent croatian variety traditionally grown heel italy introduced 18th century found way united_states mid-19th century known variations probably austrian origin typically produce robust red wine united_states semi sweet style wine called times sales red wine high sugar content levels alcohol exceeding percent taste red wine depends red fruit like cooler areas pepper notes common warmer areas earlier clone history europe bce archaeological evidence indicates occurred region bce discovered shortly cultivation vine subsequently spread mediterranean surrounding regions croatia indigenous varieties related formed basis wine industry 19th century diversity suggests grown croatia longer varieties entirely wiped epidemic late 19th century eventually reducing locally known discovered coast croatia documented use term appears italian governmental publications 1870s derives terms refer tendency earlier varieties appearance years documented use term previously thought suggest introduced italy atlantic hypothesis unlikely discovery vine croatian origin thought introduced distinct clone region italy 18th century priest church del near selected early plant variety planted clone end august widespread northern came great controlled origin married late 19th century united_states east coast arrival united_states vienna austria probably obtained monarchy rule croatia expanded austria acquired territories republic venice long_island received shipments europe sullivan suggests black hungary mentioned treatise vine referred acquisitions suggests modification hungarian derives german white austria visited boston city began selling soon afterward supplied prince black similar variety come england names little known vine arrived california 1850s known 1870s leading recommending table soon widely grown heated production table early june reference making wine appears practical treatise culture treatment vine cultivation faded 1850s attention turned concord varieties grown outdoors boston california prince joined 1850s took prince records dried perfectly believed black found california vine known arrived california initially regarded distinct variety 1870s recognized wine california planted north wine praised planting soon end 19th century widespread variety california old production premium red wine ripped 1920s prohibition years obvious reason prohibition home remained effectively legal embraced sale making wine home proved popular home living near vulnerable long journey east_coast markets thick skinned susceptible similar varieties widely planted home market cars short tons shipped compared cars prohibition present wine industry weakened great depression prohibition survived supplying home market located california non optimal environment growing quality end prohibition left shortage quality wine sank obscurity blended fortified producers remained interested making single red middle 20th century origins california forgotten british wine writer wrote fascinating said come hungary apparently unknown american wine writers described california original grown california red decided try draining juice order color juice dry wine tried sell swiss wine method insisted english translation added sold cases time demand white wine exceeded availability white wine encouraging california producers white wine red minimal skin contact wine experienced stuck problem dies sugar converted alcohol wine aside weeks decided sell wine huge success europe world war medium sweet immensely popular accounts wine sales volume value times sales red white grown purpose california wine critics considered white 1970s 1980s modern white fruit sweetness success wine saved old premium areas came end 20th century red came fashion taste dramatically different red processed different way relationship long considered america vine wine professor visited italy noticed wine reminded connection time brought california declared identical wine california identical phd student wade showed varieties identical suggested croatian variety confirmed similar identical probably analysis convinced croatian born producers came producers objectives promoting wine supporting scientific research support professor went croatia collected samples collaboration meredith dna technique confirm clones variety comparative field trials found selections generally superior having earlier fruit maturity similar higher yield similar lower bunch consistent theory selected early clone croatian meredith team realized parent discovered parent parent determined ancient variety adriatic island discovery narrowed search central coastal strip offshore islands eventually matching dna found samples match came vine sampled red appears represent original home genetic divergence occurred separation meredith refers variety croatian contained mixed thousands additional known locally found coastal town clones propagated california virus delayed release croatian wine increased california grow somewhat vigorously sibling reputed book wine swiss detail search origins years research dna testing globe single year old vine garden elderly lady split croatia provided evidence croatian known 15th century legal issues local wine labeling regulations slowly catching dna evidence process slowed trade disputes european_union recognized synonym january meaning italian labelled united_states country recognises laws italian taken advantage rules shipped united_states labelled approval december lists approved varieties american listed synonyms producers label wine according proposed recognised synonyms decision proposal distribution united_states grown continental united_states california grows largest proportion producers wine styles range late harvest style light reds big reds fortified wine style port quality character largely depend climate location age grown technology employed historically planted field blend interspersed fully segregated california continue use particularly grown approximately california land area short tons tonnes crushed year depending harvest placing ahead california regions california growing counties hold growing area major producing areas produce primarily blends wine certain california regions regarded exceptional identifiable flavor characteristics reputation big bodied extra called having sweet santa mountains produces acres region known complexity depth producing land area second county contains warm dry creek valley known bright fruit balanced notes pepper dry produces variety styles ranging high alcohol style balanced particularly hot days cool maritime evenings produces known soft round known primarily produces described intense red fruits cedar tends style like red generally produces warm fully leaving excessive area old vine characterized somewhat lower alcohol regions considered high quality known heavily marketed oldest california production red style reputation italy grown coastal region known heel italy estimated country 12th widely planted variety main areas del covers red wine sweet fortified wine requires minimum contain contains historically shipped north blending enhance body thin red produced areas link began emerge region production non blended increased today italian highly alcoholic red wine alcohol volume italian age new american oak imitate american style locations croatian form croatia right link revealed sent clones professor croatia planted island croatia high demand red country government supportive ongoing research figures department claim croatia old vine dating 1930s found baja california mexico small western_australia new_south_wales area south_australia south_africa small production including estate rated country producers winner international prize vigorous grow best climates warm hot hot weather thin skinned grow large tight prone bunch fruit fairly early produce juice high sugar content weather conditions permit late harvested wine praised ability reflect style skill exhibit uneven pattern single bunch contain like green choose varying levels hand harvest single multiple passes weeks extensively practice component high cost red criticized hot alcoholic modern techniques helped hand producers believe alcohol removing technologies reverse spinning remove sense wine wine components balance alcohol argues accepted terms factors affect wine include length length period skin contact level oak aging degrees harvested normally harvested early develop character examples develop hints tobacco apple skin degree red wine considered develop cherry appear followed notes synonyms informal
Zinfandel