invasion invasion invasion south greece opposed coalition notably war ended joint victory macedonia defeated war decided turn attention greece declared war rapid campaign managed defeat king agreed assist prince requested assistance securing throne advanced army central greece reaching marched city sparsely defended time majority army taken crete king led able withstand series assaults reinforcements army arrived relieve defenders following arrival relieving force lifted siege prepared winter approached citizen requested assistance government seeking advantage opportunity took army way whilst attempting seize night set opponents ensuing slain death prompted capitulation army greece prelude following greek king northern greece invaded italy army war elephants aim expedition combat aggression increasingly greek cities arriving italy assumed command army consisting greeks adding forces engaged defeated roman army battle near victory caused number native groups fearful roman join subsequently advanced rome battle roman army despite having romans battles sustained heavy casualties italian allies decided abandon campaign rome point time options available firstly return greece throne left vacant death king hands invaders greece throne briefly held alternatively respond appeal greek sicily requesting assistance combat aggression ultimately decided direct army sicily highly successful campaign managed restrict settlement far west island despite victories disposition alienated allies began abandon light developments decided return mainland italy continue war rome attacked roman army inconclusive returned despite leaving garrison succumbed rome war return homeland found difficult position italian emptied crippled army leaving reliant mercenaries required payment order secure funds pay troops planned war new king citing refusal provide aid italian expedition invaded spring accompanied army consisting infantry cavalry numbers probably augmented mercenaries speculated invading acting agent monarchs egypt highly unlikely initially simply viewed opportunity capture numerous towns soldiers caused objective seizure throne marched army western confronted battle began engagements rearguard securing surrender war elephants sudden responded appeals defected abandoned army managed escape small force cavalry able protected strong navy enabled maintain links possessions southern greece flight left complete control central greece surrendered king compelled send general capture despite initially welcomed enthusiasm managed new subjects troops royal tombs late early secured occupation macedonia returned leaving son govern region advance following triumph approached officer convinced king aid scheme seize control homeland reasons seeking attack firstly angry overlooked favour nephew failure secure throne violent nature furthermore target ridicule fact new wife engaging affair son motivation agreeing assist complex installing throne secure ally additionally invading able subdue cities remained loyal prevent peninsula base launch counter attack size force assembled indicative intention extend king mustered army consisting infantry cavalry war elephants marched army central greece city ferried suggests invasion supported powerful confederate allied hostile attempted exploit absence launching invasion reclaim kingdom attack unsuccessful defeated battle son offensive advanced welcomed army marched central city lay border neighbours supported invasion profit reduction influence region force camped received ambassadors athens response reasons managed envoys told come liberate cities held hoped send sons obtain traditional education returned advanced advanced south following course lands time assigned series independent commands recorded city region met anger ambassadors immediately sent siege caught invasion taken majority army crete campaigning behalf request egypt result settlement lightly defended arriving night fell advised attack city immediately declined fearful damage wrought troops entered city night expected sparsely defended city surrender morning council elders suggested women sent crete protection queen grandmother convinced women assist city defence order guarantee fighting men rest women elderly began defences aware elephants defenders dug large trench sunk wagons ground flanks order hinder advance sent summon request aid despite fact traditionally hostile greek claims received aid pro faction launched assault city unable firm trench repulsed defenders encouraged women order obstacle ordered picked force commanded attempt trench finding path blocked wagons began pulling ground aware danger series depressions attack force rear managed push flanking group trench inflicting heavy casualties unable impact defences ordered troops withdraw camp nightfall receiving favourable night renewed assault effect shortage warriors women active providing defenders missiles taking away wounded attempt advantage tried fill trench debris bodies prevented responding counter attack personally led charge lines succeeded entering city spreading panic defenders point horse threw wounded belly fall threw companions state dismay permitting rally managed companions barrage missiles despite taken safely camp prompted unsuccessful foray order army return camp expected seek terms severity casualties defence saved arrival unexpected reinforcements interim launched offensive northern greece succeeded garrisons possibly accounts presence army having reclaimed kingdom moved south probably sea route avoid confrontation arrival sent general group mercenaries assist arrival macedonia mercenaries closely followed return crete men arrival reinforcements defenders prepared face assault launched attack morning repelled convinced situation ordered men lift siege march retreated army purpose making attempt troops surrounding countryside received news marching way trap approached leader democratic faction sought support counter pro aristocratic party led accepting proposal began march north advance smoothly army constantly harassed troops led setting occupying strategic positions line retreat able inflict heavy casualties rearguard attempt restore morale rear sent assume command hoped presence son troops resolve enable remainder troops narrow pass passing position attacked picked war band command ensuing struggle slain causing remaining troops rout victorious pursued fleeing rearguard checked infantry hearing son death collapse rearguard summoned cavalry charged battle followed killed leader hand succeeded pursuing troops skirmish continued march reaching destination found arrived camped city north presence compelled pitch camp south attempted fighting pitched battle plain king sent ambassadors kings respect city neutrality agreed terms gave son hostage order demonstrate sincerity agreed retreat failed pledge result regarded suspicion night able enter recounts force asserts gate left open hammond likely admitted city able occupy rest army delayed war elephants large pass gate order enter towers need taken backs inside city furthermore left majority army outside city walls command son delay gave time reach citadel seek aid king responded immediately advancing city walls sending relief force inside command son situation deteriorated entered force lightly armed assisted allies launched counter attack troops threw state panic layout city darkness advancing troops opponents scattered result entering city head cavalry assist unable effectively communicate commands soldiers realising difficulty situation ordered army retreat day broke understanding gates narrow army exit orderly fashion ordered tear wall prepared fend enemy counter attacks retreating troops instructions brought messenger unclear instead organising retreat advanced rest army majority troops streaming gates line retreat blocked disorder exacerbated largest elephant fell blocked gateway elephant started running weight enemy assault pushed troops compelled fight narrow street leading gate fighting ensued wounded spear turned strike hit head roof tile thrown attacker mother killed force tile impact alternately having fallen horse soldiers head brought expressed dismay saw son acting manner death resistance accepted surrender giving body burial aftermath expedition disaster ambitions permitted return homeland remainder army ceased regional power son successor granted generous terms king able conquests western realised independent essential order act north emerged conflict ruler leading power greece victory able install supporter city appointed pro leaders greek cities support democratic rulers lead growing resentment greek cities journey north succeeded placing garrisons cities important island outcome consolidated power greece alliance proved angered supremacy ambition formed coalition greek notably athens resulting war slain ally battle war ended defeat crushing rise regional power reign thirty years later ancient sources jones translator description greece new_york translator life new_york classics isbn modern sources paul roman tale cities london isbn cross cambridge fox books isbn green peter alexander historical evolution age los_angeles isbn history macedonia oxford sarah women oxford isbn volume world cambridge graham
Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese