representative democracy singapore singapore multi party parliamentary system representative democracy president singapore head state prime minister singapore head government executive power president cabinet cabinet general direction control government collectively responsible parliament separate branches government legislature executive judiciary representative democracy began 1940s number elected seats legislature gradually increased fully elected established present singapore legislation establishes mechanisms doctrine representative democracy parliamentary elections singapore required held regularly elect parliament universal suffrage right vote singapore law mentioned constitution government affirmed right implied constitutional text constitution branches state different aspects governmental power executive president cabinet headed prime minister cabinet electorate embodiment representative democracy president elected people act constitutional safeguard protecting national reserves preserving integrity public service qualify presidential candidate stringent criteria satisfied constitution provides composition parliament encompasses members parliament mps elected single member group representation non constituency members parliament nominated members parliament mps representatives electorate role raising concerns people government view representative democracy better understood political parties individual mps fundamental element political system judiciary direct manifestation concept representative democracy serves check government legislature ensuring powers exercised limits established constitution fundamental liberties right freedom speech expression guaranteed singapore citizens article constitution singapore essential concept representative democracy mechanisms available exercise right include freedom speech debate parliament speakers corner new media article enables parliament restrict right free speech grounds protection reputation critics charged cabinet ministers members ruling civil suits opposition politicians activities exclude parliament government said evidence claims addition media ownership content carefully regulated government article protects right freedom assembly relevant free speech exercised assemblies gatherings free assembly restricted singapore laws require permits obtained events held exception indoor events involving organizers speakers citizens government accused slowing progress democracy internal security act cap political opponents suppress political criticism response government asserted person detained purely political beliefs government understanding representative democracy representative democracy described system government people free elections elect representatives legislative chamber occupies powerful position political system meaning term discussed august motion moved professor constitutional law house importance representative democracy government amend parliamentary elections act calling elections mandatory certain situations according view representative democracy taken 18th century british member parliament philosopher mere delegate simply mouths constituents views chosen mature judgment conscience represent constituents tending municipal affairs concerned national affairs party member toe party line addition minority ethnic group carry concerns particular minority community reason felt seat minority vacant incumbent government election fill opposing motion prime minister noted model representative democracy puts emphasis choosing candidates mps fundamental element scheme result dies replaced election held promptly delay government view representative democracy better understood having emphasis choosing political parties form government political parties fundamental element system parties field candidates contest general elections high quality people integrity ability commitment drive attributes look ideal candidate candidate carries banner party identifies party manifesto programmes promises party makes scheme voters general election support party vote candidates form majority parliament party majority parliament forms government party mandate happens specific group mps moment supports stood general election voters gave mandate indirectly voted party form government country govern country general elections called emphasis system ruling party delivering programmes promises consequently parliamentary seat falls vacant mid term filled immediately vacancy affect mandate government ability deliver programmes promises mandate continues general election called incumbent team render account electorate prime minister said singapore system government based model reasons encourage voters think carefully voting general elections voting representative constituency voting government country secondly chances stable effective government general elections history singapore british 19th century society ruled according english law result western idea representative democracy singapore legal system idea taken root developed end world war today world war singapore founded jurisdiction british rule long time representative democracy non existent select committee established reform argued singapore ready democratic ideas allow people elect members result giving professional politician opportunity obtaining power playing religious social council lacked popular representation locals population generally satisfied system policies governor straits settlements influenced opinions expressed public press world war japanese occupation disbanding straits settlements people allowed elect members council consisted members members elected allotted seat seats filled democratic elections based universal suffrage elections held time march general public new political situation british regarded major development democratic government singapore constitutional commission headed sir set recommend changes constitutional system aim increasing widespread participation central local government singapore government accepted recommendations report february suggested reform transform assembly members elected leader house chief minister leader largest political party assembly coalition parties assured majority support representation removed amended provided council ministers appointed governor recommendation chief minister consisting official members elected members constitution unclear powers ministers discretion crucial decisions policies understood reside governor official members self governance merger malaysia independence fully elected finally established singapore relinquished colonial status self governing state powers extended areas previously defence foreign policy situation remained merger malaysia separation malaysia independence contained agreement entered malaysia singapore prime minister proclaimed behalf people government singapore august singapore shall forever sovereign democratic independent nation founded principles liberty justice seeking welfare happiness people equal society independence remained fully elected amendments constitution parliamentary elections act passed provide declared elected returning officer consist best performing general elections based percentage votes cast scheme ensures opposition representation accounted parliament type member introduced nominated member parliament non partisan members brought provide alternate views policies differed opinions espoused political parties represented parliament voting role representative democracy voting regarded key representative democracy requires leaders country elected people basis concept treated equally equal rights person right vote choice representatives right vote primary right right fundamental importance rights protected important representative democracy regard ballot box people ultimate mechanism control shaping government policies recognized voting test democracy functions procedural device normally regarded best instrument securing ideal self governance right vote right vote singapore implied constitutional right arising provisions constitution include articles provide maximum term years parliament general election held months parliament dissolved parliamentary debate suggested government amend constitution include right vote said right fundamental importance recognised fundamental right entrenched important rights interests right vote new right fundamental long established noted considered necessary wise right vote making majority thirds electorate voting national referendum addition cited case public prosecutor high_court statement indicate right vote privilege right reply minister affirmed right vote constitutional right noted privilege representative democracy imply exists institution superior body citizens grant privilege asserted ultimately people leadership determine constitution supreme law land response point views said time report rendered electorate immature unfamiliar importance voting result country history colonial rule contrast high voter turnout rates election evidenced realized point regard case stated court observations unlikely treated setting precedent past post system past post voting system known simple voting system singapore president members parliament system criticized eventual winner won minority total votes cast despite having secured number votes absolute terms candidates cases elected politician said won mandate minority voters election accurate reflection voters constitutional lawyer sir said accepted democratic parliament ought represent far possible preferences voters system probably worst devised general election despite achieving total votes cast ruling returned power seats opposition members elected parliament general election held seats parliament despite securing votes presidential election president won total votes eligibility vote voting singapore compulsory citizen years age disqualified factors section parliamentary elections act required vote person constitutional provision qualifications voters act ordinary piece legislation factors changed simple majority votes parliament eligible vote contested election constituency voter latest certified register constituency voter included register constituency cut date production register voter citizen singapore years old resident deemed resident singapore address constituency purpose preparing register information stated voter determine requirements facts shown democratic institutions legislature consists president parliament concept representative democracy embodied legislature given effect parliamentary innovations introduced years non constituency members parliament nominated members parliament types electoral divisions singapore single member candidates individually parliamentary seats contest teams candidates scheme came effect june government having regard number voters particular constituency advise president declare designate constituency candidates community indian minority community singapore team candidates scheme seeks ensure parliament seeks secure long term political stability singapore ensuring parliament multi racial representative society encouraging practice multi racial politics political parties encourages political parties appeal races moderate policies race policies suggested scheme puts premium parties field credible teams demonstrating fit mps form government scheme criticized weakening candidate voter relationship difficult voters feel candidates actually represent number candidates team vote voters elect mps identify better able represent interests easier voters identify single candidate team individuals key vote unknown unpopular candidate dragged parliament coat tails major vote electorate representatives idea representation people clearly identify candidates responsibility choices ascribed people addition suggested scheme merely provides appearance united parliament fact minority representatives required vote according party line allowed vote specifically interests racial groups element parliament artificially imposed way racial ensure minorities represented non constituency members parliament introduced ensure presence opposition members parliament scheme serves ensure voices minority heard qualify candidate won total number votes powers restricted art constitution vote bill amend constitution supply supply final supply bill money bill vote confidence government motion removing president office despite aim scheme impacts past post system legitimacy highly doubted based clear electoral mandate like ordinary mps expertise case result privileges severely curtailed limits effectiveness alternative voices parliament critics question exact purpose scheme unclear serve represent minority past post system apparent representation affect decision making mechanism representation minority opposition nominated members parliament scheme introduced serves introduce parliament alternative independent non partisan views minorities experts said effectively raises level political discourse women example usually represented parliament appointed provide alternate views special select committee parliament candidates appointed president advice cabinet number increased share powers privileges scheme introduced controversy lead question effectiveness scheme strengthening representative democracy despite protests mps party whip enforced effect passing scheme criticism scheme mainly revolved democratic legitimacy parliament electorate choosing based merits doubts commitment willingness serve bypasses electoral process scheme given rise allegations serves platform support opposition hand argued non partisan replace opposition mps general elections continue elect mps best represent interests feature equation words scheme compromised democratic process free elections elections election election held general elections fill vacant parliamentary seat article constitution states vacancy dissolution parliament shall filled election manner provided law relating parliamentary elections vacancy arises election needs held mps vacated seats prime minister discretion regards timing election obliged election fixed timeline imposed calling elections subject debate arguments advanced government voter casts vote candidate voting political party candidate member party received voter mandate vacant seat affect mandate requiring members vacate seats election called unfair secondly government believes function lacking member mps help address needs residents believes undesirable law impose calling elections election called promptly parliamentary seat falling vacant question represented lesser extent particularly seat seat vacated minority candidate situation arise rationale scheme guarantee minority representation parliament defeated candidate elected represent constituency question parliamentary seat vacated prime minister exercises discretion election constituency residents lack representative parliament chairman finally ruling party seat counterpart neighbouring ward functions eliminating need election arrangement work opposition seat election called opposition mps parliament voters opposition ward denied representation general election elected president singapore elected presidency scheme created constitutional safeguard nation future prevent irresponsible governance directly elected people gives president legitimacy moral authority serve check executive powers president main responsibilities protection singapore past reserves preservation integrity public service president role ceremonial exercise executive powers fact president generally required act accordance advice cabinet minister acting general authority cabinet exercise functions constitution written law contrary provided stringent eligibility requirements role ann said democratic character process president hampered application stringent criteria clear obstacle expression citizens preferences imposing stringent criteria president prime minister appears considering prime minister governing powers far substantial president things candidates years age presently hold past held high public office private sector companies paid capitals million estimated people necessary financial administrative experience qualify constitution qualifying criteria greatly reduced pool candidates criticized democratic response criticisms prime minister argued qualification process necessary carefully designed ensure electorate presented qualified candidates prime minister asserted reckless adopt stringent criteria criteria refined time potential presidential candidates member obliged reasons decisions award deny certificate eligibility decision subject legal political scrutiny verdict final criticism applied candidate presidential election denied certificate eligibility reach decision matter reportedly statements people published media alleged incompetence cast doubt character subsequently denied certificate stating responsibility group chief financial officer comparable experience chairman chief executive officer statutory board company paid capital million required constitution legal requirement interview prospective candidates allow explain story result unopposed incumbent declared president second term possible reforms prospective candidates right publicly respond negative accusations transparent regard reasons decisions concerning eligibility candidates process open public scrutiny citizens role play enhancing notion representative democracy elections elected president stepped subsequent presidential elections deemed elected unopposed consecutive terms commented right vote competitive elections integral functioning democracy underlying principles representation participation legitimacy unfortunately phenomenon election default regular feature singapore parliamentary presidential elections practice democracy suggested ensure institution elected president continues legitimate candidate election vote held candidate declared elected receives specified percentage votes prime minister cabinet singapore prime minister head government singapore president prime minister judgment likely command confidence majority mps power president exercises personal discretion president acts accordance advice prime minister appoint ministers members parliament ministers prime minister form cabinet cabinet general direction control government collectively responsible parliament scheme seen mechanism representation mps chosen electorate represent concerns needs parliament secondly prime minister confidence majority mps cabinet popularly elected mps effectively represent views electorate heads government structure executive based concept political representation role judiciary appointment independence judges article constitution judicial power judiciary elected chief justice judges appeal judges supreme_court appointed president acting discretion advice prime minister district judges appointed president recommendation chief justice idea rule majority means people governed laws passed elected representatives judges influencing laws govern people making decisions incompatible idea representative democracy said judicial word judiciary odds parliament judiciary directly people appointment judges counter nature mean concept representative democracy undermined appears counter judiciary effectively constitution concept representative democracy vital responsibility judiciary important judiciary independent political branches government complete independence courts justice essential limited constitution singapore judiciary criticized lacking independence according independence judges lawyers criticisms involving judicial bias stemmed high number cases won government members ruling party contempt suits brought government critics media individual government alleged judiciary tool political opponents like litigation cases causing bankruptcy eventually removal political scene report claimed slim likelihood successful defence combined high damages awarded cases involving officials sheds doubt independence judiciary cases allegations nature previously denied parliamentary debates said allegation reasons worry executive influence judicial decision making supported evidence senior minister noted judiciary rule law rated world economic forum political economic risk best asia constitution constitution embodies idea representative democracy provides alternative voices minority representation parliament schemes chief justice canada commented democracy lot complicated elected persons making law democracy requires majority rule rule protects individuals groups individuals whilst promoting puts understanding nature modern democratic government improves increasingly apparent majority rule essential ingredient system operate ways rule minority democracy exercises power state people manner state treats seek assistance obliged submit authority state allows people decide majority rule subject limits elected government pass tempted pass unconstitutional laws laws affecting fundamental liberties guaranteed provides behaviour majority limits powers form things fundamental liberties document courts asserted judiciary power duty ensure constitutional provisions responsible declaring invalid exercise legislative power exceeding limits conferred constitution prohibition constitution provides supreme_court judges oath defend protect constitution assuming office judicial review judiciary prevents parliament enforcing unconstitutional laws striking laws judiciary essentially idea representative democracy constitution embodies playing counter role serving check parliament protector individual interpretation statutes key idea democracy people consent governed laws elected representatives judges required interpret statutes manner gives effect intent parliament interpreting statutes according parliament intention judiciary notion representative democracy makes sure people ruled accurately laws elected leaders role judges interpretation essential democracy judges required interpret laws light section interpretation act requires interpretation promote purpose object underlying written law preferred interpretation interpretation interpretation act provides types materials circumstances materials referred aid judges determining purpose statute determining purpose statutory provision judge refer relevant materials explanatory statement relating bill provision appears speech parliament minister moving motion second reading bill circumstances view taken judges assign meaning vague constitutional provisions statutes basis ideological preferences parliament intention criticism arguably suggest need abandon interpretation reference legislature intention serves highlight importance need use power interpretation appropriate manner freedom speech expression democracy essentially means rule people build democratic society rule citizen participation informed electorate freedom speak express crucial formation public opinion political questions discovery spread political truth singapore right freedom speech expression guaranteed citizens article constitution subject qualifications parliament law impose restrictions right considers necessary interest security singapore friendly relations countries public order morality restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence role representative democracy concept representative democracy requires protection freedom expression way discussion state affairs country expressed representatives people include members ruling party elected government opposition politicians free discourse political ideas government plans facilitate current weaknesses limitations justified public interest legislature administration governmental institutions improvements restricting speech inevitably prevents publication true facts accurate assumption government argued analysed allowing freedom speech ensures government policies right appropriate possibility false speech prevent genuine expression true beliefs speech provoke disorder prevented government entitled public order considerations permitting individuals express personal opinions balancing risk damage disorder long term benefits debate government position society matures taken greater educated informed place greater value rights expression restrictive culture deputy prime minister expressed government increasingly guided consensus views community regards morality issues bid pull things citizens emphasized opening choices citizens imposing society civic participation engaged debates policies national issues criticism scores political points government standing intended treated lightly opposition criticizes action policy government necessarily demolish lose moral authority parliamentary speech february deputy prime minister said government adjusted policies relation types expression instance created speakers corner outdoor venue political speeches use venue include performances exhibitions public talks held indoors involving organizers speakers singapore citizens licensing requirements freedom speech expression characteristic self professed democracy government continues require events speeches relate race religion permit outdoor demonstrations held mechanisms exercise free speech freedom speech debate parliament direct way representative democracy elected mps highlight address concerns electorate parliament sessions opposition mps important role representing diverse views needs parliament general election opposition mps elected parliament section act enacted article constitution freedom mps speak express parliament provided following terms shall freedom speech debate proceedings parliament freedom speech debate proceedings shall liable questioned court commission inquiry committee inquiry tribunal place whatsoever parliament parliamentary privilege protects contentious views expressed mps course parliamentary proceedings interest constituents general public effectively right free speech expression members speak freely express frankly parliament fearing legal consequences immune civil criminal proceedings arrest imprisonment damages said speakers corner speakers corner introduced september platform expression views open air venue intended society widen space expression participation prime minister stated national day rally speech assemblies demonstrations exhibitions speeches organized singapore citizens participated citizens permanent residents held speakers corner need permit meetings act public order act required prior registration commissioner parks recreation engaging event venue permits required event concerns matters directly indirectly relating religious belief religion generally cause feelings hatred ill hostility different racial religious groups singapore involves display banner film photograph poster containing violent material creation speakers corner criticized governmental concession free speech remains fairly restrictive number events staged venue gone years attributed prevalence widespread effective convenient communication channels television programmes internet online words senior minister speakers corner playing role envisaged dormant good new media according tan senior research fellow journalist singapore newspapers long record publicly endorsing led government position passing mainstream media filters news opposition political parties end compared updates ruling party media avoid reporting opposition related events voters effectively deprived making informed choice spain said freedom press public best means discovering forming opinion ideas attitudes political leaders particular gives politicians opportunity reflect comment public opinion enables participate free political debate core concept democratic society advent new media pro views mainstream media countered websites expressing views internet users omitted newspapers television providing additional platforms expression vital open democratic society moves politicians embrace public opinion unofficial informal new media platforms illustrate freedom speech expression upheld fact increasingly encouraged taken account singapore system representative democracy politicians engaging citizens internet social networking websites online foreign minister actively communicating social networking website facebook amassed friends interested local political affairs willing frank engagement evident run singapore presidential election initially contemplated elected presidency losing parliamentary seat general elections subsequently decided prime minister engaged web chat facebook page answer questions concerns restrictions free speech article constitution recognizes certain restrictions speech expression necessary public interest states parliament law impose restrictions right freedom speech expression considers necessary interest security singapore thereof friendly relations countries public order morality restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence potentially severe restrictions free speech elaborated act people expressing political views restrictions inevitably bearing representative democracy upheld said impact content free speech opposition parties tempered fear suits law frequency suits brought government ministers mps critics particular political opponents cause concern organizations state referred use civil suits strategy government public activities opposition politicians high awards damages opposition politicians financially causing bankrupt lose parliamentary seats ineligible run elections resulting perception singapore leadership long standing reputation actions mechanism removing opposition members opposing political views government denied claims citing lack evidence noting opposition politicians routinely criticize government leaders sued insists free speech right disagree upheld effects characteristic representative democracy government pointed singapore legal system won excellent ratings international surveys defended system asserting things government way allowed singapore prosperous orderly corruption free whilst gaining international respect threat proceedings opposition politicians weigh words carefully public meetings act public order act free speech exercised assemblies gatherings article constitution guarantees freedom assembly relevant prior october required licence obtained talks discussions similar events open public held holding event licence result fine imprisonment members opposition parties claimed acted issuing denied reason fined dinner event party secretary general given speech decreed publicly delivered speech unrelated festivities separate licence dinner needed addition act public provided auspices government allowing mps ruling speak licence capacity advisors effect october amended exclude lecture talk address debate discussion place public class public access definition public entertainment consequence licence longer required act events public order act introduced change permit generally obtained commissioner police public assembly held permit required public assemblies held inside buildings enclosed premises organizers speakers singapore citizens event deal matter relates directly indirectly religious belief religion matter cause feelings hatred ill hostility different racial religious groups singapore organizer authorized agent organizer present times media regulation media ownership content carefully regulated government given government linked companies appear exercise near monopoly mainstream media singapore view taken mainstream media predominantly pro stance reporting suppress disregard viewpoints opposition parties government justified approach stressing media play role nation building adopting presenting national perspective issues words media support goals elected leadership consensus instead contention enhance national strength advancing political agenda expense straightforward truth broadcasting films issued section broadcasting act internet content providers automatically considered licensed comply conditions class licence internet code practice issued particular mandatory internet content provider register authority thinks individual providing programme body persons engaged propagation promotion discussion political religious issues relating singapore world wide web internet fine suspend cancel licence breached terms licence relevant code practice issued authority provisions broadcasting act direction issued authority addition offence provide broadcasting service licence convicted person liable fine jail years offence continues conviction fine day imposed minister declare foreign broadcasting service singapore engaging domestic politics singapore declared foreign broadcasting service prohibited minister approval refused revoked reasons granted conditions include restrictions number people permitted receive service service certain periods failing comply rules crime fine offence section films act distribute import reproduce exhibit possess exhibition party political film party political film advertisement behalf political party singapore body objects relate wholly mainly politics singapore branch party body film directed political end singapore phrase defined act follows film directed political end singapore film contains wholly partly matter opinion board film intended likely affect voting election national referendum singapore contains wholly partly references comments political matter opinion board partisan biased political matter includes limited following election national referendum singapore candidate group candidates election iii issue submitted election national referendum singapore government previous government opposition government previous government member parliament current policy government issue public controversy singapore vii political party singapore body objects relate wholly mainly politics singapore branch party body following types films considered party political films film solely purpose reporting news broadcasting service licensed written law film solely purpose informing persons procedures polling times election national referendum singapore film records live material proportion performance assembly persons procession held accordance law depict event person situation dramatic way film designed provide record event occasion held accordance law took event occasion connected documentary film animation composed wholly accurate account depicting actual events persons deceased situations film wholly substantially based reality type programmes depicts events persons situations dramatic way film animation dramatic elements composed wholly political party manifesto declaration policies ideology basis candidates authorised political party stand seek elected parliamentary election behalf political party film animation dramatic elements composed wholly candidate declaration policies ideology basis candidate seek elected parliamentary presidential election behalf candidate newspapers newspaper printing presses act generally foreign ownership newspaper companies requires permit obtained publication sale distribution newspapers enables minister communications information restrict circulation foreign newspaper declared engaging domestic politics singapore february declaration circulation limited copies newspaper publisher asia inc unsuccessfully challenged decision high_court interpreted term domestic politics broadly holding singapore context included political system singapore political ideology public institutions manifestation system policies government day life political system words domestic politics singapore relate multitude issues concerning singapore governed interest welfare people september statement arts justified existence stating provided help ensure media operating singapore play responsible role publishers content publish prevent local newspapers manipulated foreign interests divisive effect social considerations valid today freedom report compromised publications internal security act minister communications information empowered prohibit printing publication sale issue circulation possession document publication ground national interest public order security singapore acts relation banned publication criminal offence publications act works russian political newspaper similar power prohibit sale circulation publications considered contrary public interest exists undesirable publications act election advertising advertising internet government time general elections forms political advertising internet permitted parliamentary elections election period period day writ election issued start polling day political parties candidates election agents use internet candidates campaigns including websites chat rooms discussion forums video photograph sharing hosting websites mail micro blog posts twitter sms messages digital audio video files electronic media applications social networking services facebook election advertising sent mail micro blog post sms contain functioning mail address mobile phone number enable recipients indicate wish receive messages internet publish following election surveys defined opinion surveys vote election preferences concerning candidate group candidates political party issue identifiable candidate group candidates associated election appeals money property association representation applied objects activities political party promotion candidate group candidates facility enabling members public search unlawful election advertising party political films permitted secondly candidates wish publish election advertising internet campaign period period closure place nomination nomination day election enable poll taken start eve polling day provide returning officer hours start period containing information online platforms advertising appeared time subsequently similar declaration provided election advertising published platforms individuals singapore citizens publish internet material amounts election advertising having comply regulations long personally direction person person behalf receive benefit presidential elections candidates advertise internet eve polling day polling day days remains legal people convey political views non commercial basis electronic transmission election advertising remain internet published eve polling day controversies relating representative democracy years government accused slowing progress democracy internal security act political opponents suppress political criticism dissent organizations similar allegation presidential election candidate conversely government repeatedly asserted person detained political beliefs legislation constitution republic singapore reprint internal security act cap parliamentary elections act cap parliamentary regulations cap archived original election advertising regulations presidential elections act cap public meetings act cap public order act cap parliamentary debates prime minister parliamentary elections motion official report august vol parliamentary elections motion official report august vol minister law head ministry law official report february vol col works james december media singapore series studies seven southeast asian countries london article isbn archived original november james restricting free speech impact opposition parties singapore archived original november principles practices voting singapore electoral system judicial power democracy archived original november hang december singapore government people legal studies president democracy icon history singapore new_york isbn rights judges democracy singapore singapore articles breaking singapore comparative law review archived original october james october international filling civil society gap singapore southeast_asia archived original november lee democracy commentary cameron singapore political rule law pacific rim law policy journal archived original november hang november freedom press singapore pragmatic press nation building human rights quarterly singapore regulating political speech commitment icon virtual real article political speech singapore books bell daniel east meets west human rights democracy princeton isbn singapore soon juan isbn democracy singapore london new_york isbn paul singapore centre southeast asian studies working papers centre southeast asian studies isbn media information control singapore malaysia transparency singapore malaysia london new_york isbn governing singapore democracy isbn
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