political philosophy advocates self governed societies based voluntary institutions described societies authors defined specifically institutions based non free associations considers state undesirable unnecessary harmful generally believe human beings capable managing affairs basis creativity cooperation mutual respect making individual decisions taking account anti central opposing authority organisation conduct human relations draws currents thought strategy offer fixed body doctrine single particular world view instead flowing philosophy types traditions exist mutually exclusive schools thought differ fundamentally supporting extreme complete strains divided categories social similar dual classifications usually considered radical left wing ideology economics legal philosophy reflect anti authoritarian interpretations communism economics etymology terminology term compound word composed word anarchy derived respectively greek anarchy meaning rulers prefix leader ruler authority sovereignty realm verbal known use word factions french revolution labelled opponents shared views later revolutionaries early nineteenth century contributed doctrines generation use word describing beliefs political philosopher marking formal birth mid nineteenth century 1890s beginning france term synonym exclusively sense 1950s united_states use synonym common outside united_states hand use refer free market philosophy referring free market history origins earliest themes found 6th century works philosopher later centuries philosophy described sources wrote petty thief jail great ruler nation contemporary founder introduced similar topics jesus considered christian tradition wrote true founder anarchy jesus christ society early islamic history thought found islamic civil war insisted right individual islamic society later muslim scholars led movements rulers paving way tradition served alternative asylum centralized authorities interpretations subversive religious like aforementioned seemingly teachings anti authoritarian religious traditions creating complex relationship question religion compatible exemplified state viewed form french renaissance political philosopher wrote famous work discourse historians consider important precedent radical protestant christian group cited authors proposing social measures 17th century england term entered english language english civil war term abuse opponents time french revolution began use term positively opposition power seeing revolutionary government turn 19th century english word lost initial negative modern sprang secular religious thought enlightenment particularly arguments moral freedom political turmoil wake french revolution developed expression modern thought according political economical ideas developed work attached ideas early generally regarded founder school thought known philosophical argued government inherently influence society ignorance thought spread use reason masses eventually cause government away unnecessary force accord state moral legitimacy use revolutionary tactics removing government power advocated replacement process peaceful evolution rules based society led manifestation people mental foundations law property rights institution marriage considered basic foundations society natural development individuals use powers reasoning arrive mutually beneficial method social organization case government institutions shown development capacity live wholly accordance free exercise private judgment french regarded self proclaimed label adopted groundbreaking work property published reason claim founder modern theory developed theory spontaneous order society organisation emerges central coordinator imposing idea order individuals acting interests famous quote matter liberty mother daughter order property answers famous accusation property theft work opposed institution decreed property owners complete rights use abuse property wish contrasted called possession limited ownership resources goods continuous use later added property liberty argued state power opposition state organised religion certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent leading social time communist person describe unlike argued product labour worker right satisfaction needs nature germany post philosopher published book ego later considered influential early text french active revolution included international europe harsh reaction followed revolutions countries experienced brief long term social groups carried nationalist uprisings attempts systematic change ended failure conservative elements took advantage divided groups liberals nationalists prevent revolt spain established journal inspired ideas politician principal translator works spanish later briefly president spain leader according translations profound lasting effect development spanish time ideas interpreted provided inspiration movement sprang early according encyclopedia spanish revolution attempted establish political system lines called international united diverse revolutionary currents including french followers english trade social democrats links active workers movements international significant organisation leading figure international member followers opposed state socialism advocating political small property holdings reports american members international following unsuccessful participation league peace freedom russian revolutionary associates joined international decided involved allied socialist sections international advocated revolutionary overthrow state property worked push international revolutionary socialist direction subsequently international camps respective characterised ideas predicted party came power leaders simply place ruling class fought historian reports annual taken place owing outbreak called special conference london delegate able attend spain italy technical excuse split away avoid inviting swiss supporters tiny minority present resolutions passed unanimously clearly directed followers conflict final split groups congress expelled international headquarters transferred new_york response sections formed international adopting revolutionary program government briefly ruled paris march formally march result uprising paris france defeated franco prussian war participated actively establishment included brothers murdered repression reforms initiated opening ideas associated labour beginning realised ideas federation obviously reflected influence french radical ideas vision communal france based federation delegates bound issued subject recall moment echoes ideas like argued favour implementation binding mandate federation economically politically heavily influenced ideas states notable contribution activities particularly organisation public services members factions including organised labour anti authoritarian sections international seeking replace privilege authority state free spontaneous organisation labour united_states canada unanimously set date hour work day standard response unions united_states prepared general strike support event chicago fight broke attempted cross picket line workers died police opened fire crowd day staged rally chicago square bomb thrown unknown party near conclusion rally killing officer ensuing panic police opened fire crowd seven police officers workers killed directly indirectly related organisers rally arrested charged murder deceased officer men international political celebrities labour movement men executed fifth committed suicide prior execution incident known affair setback labour movement struggle hour day second attempt time international scope organise hour day event secondary purpose workers killed result affair initially conceived event following year celebration day firmly established international worker holiday amsterdam gathered delegates different countries important figures movement including themes treated congress particular concerning organisation movement popular education issues general strike central debate concerned relation trade particular disagreement issue thought revolutionary create conditions social revolution consider sufficient thought trade union movement conservative citing essentially anti worker phenomenon professional union officials warned aims anarchy end consequently refrain committing particular method achieving major movement trade union special importance spain successful founded 1940s major force spanish working class politics attracting million members point playing major role spanish civil war affiliated federation trade unions founded delegates representing million workers countries europe latin_america latin_america particular quickly active organizing craft industrial workers south central_america early 1920s trade unions mexico brazil peru chile argentina general outlook prestige spanish revolutionary organization undoubtedly great extent responsible situation largest militant organizations regional argentina grew quickly membership nearly quarter million rival unions propaganda deed advocated violent acts retaliation counter revolutionaries preach action action propaganda 1880s people inside outside movement began use slogan propaganda deed refer individual bombings onwards russian counterparts anti communists partisans economic terrorism illegal practice emerged acts bombers assassins propaganda deed individual expressed desperation personal violent rejection society clearly meant revolt france famous group embrace soon important figures movement distanced individual acts wrote year structure based centuries history destroyed dynamite variety advocated abandonment sorts tactics favour collective revolutionary action example trade union movement argued renewed involvement labour movement basis individual state repression including infamous french labour movements following successful bombings contributed abandonment kinds tactics state repression place played role isolated acts french socialist movement groups following suppression paris execution exile colonies favoured political expression acts numerous heads state assassinated members movement including russia president france empress austria king italy president united_states king portugal king george greece assassin claimed influenced feminist propaganda deed abandoned vast majority movement world war october revolution russian revolution uprisings 1910s participated alongside february october revolutions initially enthusiastic revolution following political falling left wing opposition conflict culminated rebellion new government central russia imprisoned driven underground joined victorious moscow fled ukraine free territory fought civil war whites grouping opponents october revolution led established society region number months expelled american response policy suppression uprising left russia wrote accounts experiences russia criticising control exercised predictions consequences rule rulers new socialist state new elite proved true victory october revolution resulting russian civil war damage movements internationally workers activists saw success setting example communist parties grew expense socialist movements france united_states example members major movements left organisations joined revolutionary wave saw active participation varying degrees german uprising known german revolution established important leadership positions revolutionary structures italian events known trade union grew members influence members plus nova daily paper grew accordingly suggest occupying mexican revolution mexican liberal party established early 1910s led series military leading conquest occupation certain towns districts baja california leadership communist paris group russian included concluded needed develop new forms organisation response structures manifesto called platform general union draft supported groups active today include ireland communists north_america synthesis emerged alternative tries join different tendencies principles 1920s form found main proponents main principle grouped contemporary global conflicts european fascist regimes 1920s 1930s rise europe transformed conflict state italy saw struggles italian played key role anti fascist organisation del strongest areas traditions achieved success activism stronghold august veteran italian critical describing counter revolution france far right leagues came close insurrection february riots divided united policy france italy active resistance world war germany arrested charges unknown early morning hours february hours fire berlin nazi propaganda minister labelled jewish seventeen months imprisoned concentration camps finally february transferred concentration camp finally night july tortured murdered guards battered corpse found hanging morning spanish revolution spain national trade union initially refused join popular electoral alliance supporters led right wing election victory changed policy votes helped bring popular power months later ruling class responded attempted coup causing spanish civil war response army rebellion inspired movement peasants workers supported armed militias took control barcelona large areas rural spain land fascist victory losing ground bitter struggle controlled distribution military aid republican cause soviet_union according communists mainly responsible destruction spanish communist armies mainly destroyed communists basically acted police force security system republic opposed partially hoped time kind pact western countries hitler course failed withdrew support republic withdrew spanish gold reserves events known spanish revolution workers social revolution began outbreak spanish civil war resulted widespread implementation broadly socialist principles portions country years primarily parts spain economy worker control strongholds like figure high lower areas heavy communist_party spain influence soviet allied party actively resisted attempts enactment factories run worker committees areas run historian estimated million people participated directly indirectly spanish revolution claimed came closer realizing ideal free society vast scale revolution history spanish communist party led troops suppressed persecuted prominent italian volunteered fight franco killed instead spain gunmen associated city madrid turned forces non mayor city post war years sought war context debate synthesis took importance especially movements italy france established united early 1940s cuba merged large national organisation factory workplace committee movement new communist regime france trade union established year founded italy korean formed september founded delegates europe held paris world war appeal detailing plight german called americans support february sending aid parcels germany large scale operation founded germany wrote organ survived founded renamed group active post war britain earliest predecessors formed members dissolved unlike influenced ideas ultimately decided pursue definitely worker centred strategy outset continued influence important literary intellectual personalities time french group led openly embraced collaborated influential anti nuclear movement anti war movements time seen activism writings english member similar activism american catholic day basis critique sides cold war resurgence ideas period documented documentary history ideas volume emergence new contemporary surge popular interest occurred western nations 1960s 1970s influential 1960s actively participated late students workers revolts italy international founded international conference held existing european france italy bulgarian federation french exile united_kingdom 1970s associated punk rock movement exemplified bands sex pistols housing employment crisis western_europe led formation movements like barcelona spain denmark occupied disused military base declared autonomous haven central copenhagen revival mid-20th century number new movements schools thought emerged feminist tendencies movement form feminism returned second wave feminism 1960s historian generations shaken habits 19th century contrasted younger activists informed elements indigenous feminist ecological cultural critical ideas turn 21st century formed far majority turn 21st century grew popularity influence anti war anti capitalist anti movements known involvement protests meetings group factions protests engaged rioting property destruction violent confrontations police actions precipitated hoc anonymous known black tactics pioneered time include security culture affinity groups use technologies internet significant event period confrontations conference seattle according scholar contemporary seen powerful critique pseudo contemporary neo contemporary responsibility sexual ecological socio economic flows experience conscience ways west rest ethical outrage inequality locally globally international existence include largest organised movement today spain form general membership estimated active movements include sweden swedish france italy revolutionary industrial claiming paying members successor international remain active schools thought schools thought generally grouped main historical traditions social different origins values evolution wing negative liberty opposition state social control individual social wing emphasise positive liberty achieve potential argue humans needs society ought fulfill recognizing equality chronological theoretical sense classical created 19th century post classical schools created mid-20th century specific factions thought philosophical embodies theoretical stance state lacks moral legitimacy accepting revolution eliminate component especially philosophical accept existence minimal state unfortunate usually temporary necessary evil argue citizens moral obligation obey state laws conflict individual autonomy reaction adopted del response bitter debates theory time abandoning sought emphasise anti authoritarian beliefs common schools thought classical schools thought began 18th century english french labour movements taking form associated france united_states proposed spontaneous order organisation emerges central authority positive anarchy order arises everybody wishes wishes business transactions produce social order important recognize distinguished ideal political possibilities practical governance reason contrast theoretical statements concerning ultimate spontaneous self governance heavily involved french parliamentary politics allied socialist factions workers movements addition advocating state protected charters worker owned promoted certain schemes life public service concerned free association voluntary contract federation credit currency reform according american worker system receive exact pay work services equivalent cost services equivalent cost profit characterised situated forms characterised goal form society synthesis communism property refers traditions thought movement emphasize individual kinds external groups society traditions ideological systems single philosophy refers group conflict cited wrote consider expression philosophical basis opposed revolutionary action saw minimal state present necessary evil increasingly irrelevant powerless gradual spread knowledge advocated proposing cooperation labour eliminated premise general good influential form called earliest best known proponents german ego published founding text philosophy according limitation rights individuals power obtain desire regard god state morality rights mind held society exist individuals reality advocated self assertion unions non systematic associations continually renewed parties support act proposed form organisation place state argue foster genuine spontaneous union individuals inspired interpretations philosophy discovered promoted german philosophical lgbt activist widely regarded american page weekly paper edited peaceful periodical published american historian apparent found united_states early conscious affinity warren presented systematic form important early influence thought united_states europe american author poet naturalist tax development critic surveyor historian philosopher leading best known books reflection simple living natural surroundings essay argument individual resistance civil government moral opposition state later fused economics warren eclectic influential publication liberty early influences different countries attracted small diverse following bohemian artists intellectuals free love birth control advocates issues related love sex anti clerical activists young known individual european france authors activists included social social calls system common ownership means production democratic control organisations government authority largest school thought social rejects private property seeing source social inequality retaining respect personal property cooperation mutual aid referred revolutionary socialism form revolutionary form commonly associated oppose private ownership means production instead advocating ownership achieved violent revolution starting small cohesive group acts violence propaganda deed inspire workers revolt forcibly means production extended distribution income workers paid according time worked receiving goods distributed according need communism position criticised communists effectively uphold ing wages system arose opposed dictatorship despite stated goal society communist ideas mutually exclusive advocated compensation labour held possibility post revolutionary transition communist system distribution according need communism communism known communism communism occasionally free communism theory advocates abolition state markets money private property retaining respect personal property capitalism favour common ownership means production direct democracy horizontal network voluntary associations workers councils production consumption based guiding principle according ability according need forms communism strongly influenced radical believing communism best social system realization individual freedom communists view communism way opposition individual society communism developed radical socialist currents french revolution formulated italian section international theoretical work took importance later expanded developed pro anti sections date best known examples communist society established ideas exist today achieving worldwide attention knowledge historical canon territories spanish revolution russian revolution efforts influence spanish spanish revolution spanish civil war starting communism existed parts stronghold crushed combined forces regime won war hitler spanish communist_party repression backed ussr economic armaments capitalist countries russian revolution worked create defend communism ukraine conquered branch focuses labour movement view labour unions potential force revolutionary social change replacing capitalism state new society self managed workers basic principles workers solidarity direct action workers self management believe direct action action concentrated directly attaining goal opposed indirect action representative government position allow workers liberate believe workers organisations organisations struggle wage system theory eventually form basis new society self managing bosses business agents workers able decisions affect popular voices movement outlined view origins movement sought important future labour pamphlet international federation labour unions different countries spanish del played plays major role spanish labour movement important force spanish civil war post classical schools thought continues generate movements times eclectic drawing sources combining disparate concepts create new philosophical approaches green school thought emphasizes environmental issues important precedent main contemporary currents social ecology feminism called feminism feminism combines feminism generally views manifestation hierarchy replaced free association believe struggle essential class struggle struggle state essence philosophy sees struggle necessary component feminist struggle vice versa claims political philosophy opposes relationships power inherently feminist feminism began late 19th century writings early feminist tendency rejects violence struggle social change non violence developed netherlands britain united_states second world war christian movement political theology combines christianity main proponents included tendency wider movement based theories tradition platform draft document based experiences russian october revolution led eventually victory groups platform attempted address explain movement failures russian revolution synthesis form tries join different tendencies principles 1920s form found main proponents communists main principle grouped contemporary global post left anarchy recent current thought promotes critique relationship traditional left wing politics post seek escape confines ideology general presenting critique organisations morality influenced work post left anarchy marked focus social insurrection rejection leftist social organisation revolutionary theory practice tendency movement emphasizes insurrection practice critical formal organisations labour unions based political programme periodic instead advocate informal organisation small affinity group based organisation value attack permanent class conflict refusal negotiate compromise class enemies post theoretical synthesis classical theory thought drawing diverse ideas including post post left anarchy international left wing market strongly classical liberal ideas self ownership free markets maintaining taken logical conclusions ideas support strongly anti anti pro labor positions anti capitalism economics anti foreign policy capitalism advocates elimination state favour individual sovereignty free market capitalism developed radical anti state drawing study law economics public choice theory strong current consider capitalism considered movement fact historically anti capitalist movement reasons incompatible capitalist forms internal issues debates philosophy embodies diverse attitudes tendencies schools thought disagreement questions values ideology tactics common compatibility capitalism nationalism religion widely disputed similarly enjoys complex relationships communism capitalism motivated divine authority self interest number alternative ethical doctrines phenomena civilization technology democratic process sharply criticised tendencies simultaneously lauded tactical level propaganda deed tactic 19th century movement contemporary alternative direct action methods counter economics anti state bring society scope society advocate global local ones diversity led widely different use identical terms different traditions led concerns theory topics interest intersecting overlapping schools thought certain topics interest internal disputes proven perennial theory free love important current free love free love advocates traced roots experimental communities viewed sexual freedom clear direct expression individual sovereignty free love particularly stressed women rights sexual laws women example marriage laws anti birth control measures important american free love journal edited moses existed word free society free society major newspaper united_states end 19th beginning 20th centuries publication advocated free love women rights censorship sexual information important american promoted free love new_york_city bohemian advocated self pleasure women men encouraged playing sexual roles sexuality openly bisexual radical lesbian prominent discussion groups organised villagers frequented noted campaigned individual rights especially deprived rights came woman american defense homosexual love general public fact spoke positively homosexuality beginning 1890s detroit based german language journal der english poor devil argentina feminist published newspaper called english woman voice published times january january revived briefly europe main free love proposed concept speak free love possibility voluntary sexual encounter adults consistent proponent germany pioneering acceptance male homosexuality women organisation spain aimed working class women founded approximately members organisation based idea double struggle women liberation social revolution argued objectives equally important pursued parallel order gain mutual support created networks women main founder spanish feminist federation open published variety literary journals working male pen able explore lesbian themes time homosexuality subject censorship punishment recently british gained notoriety sexual revolution writing bestseller sex manual joy sex issue free love dedicated treatment work french philosopher works corps pour invention fragments education english education main means change achieved saw main goal education promotion happiness education respect child autonomy form respected sought build child motivation initiatives concern child capacity resist ideology transmitted school political justice state sponsored schooling account obvious alliance national government early american advanced alternative education experiences communities established wrote long essay education called false principle education names educational principle explaining self understanding consists hourly self creation education create free men sovereign characters means eternal characters eternal form moment united_states basically anti christian anti clerical movement purpose individual politically free decide religious matters number contributors liberty publication prominent figures editor time truth editor excellent free thought free love journal ardent papers truth appeared liberty church viewed common ally state force free established modern progressive schools barcelona defiance educational system controlled catholic_church schools stated goal educate working class rational secular non setting fiercely anti clerical believed freedom education education free authority church state wrote period 1890s schools projects areas country exercised degree influence best known effort field project exercised considerable influence education experimental techniques teaching generally ideas generally formed inspiration series united_states cuba south_america london started new_york_city inspired italian newspaper founded russian christian established school peasant children estate educational experiments short lived harassment secret police established conceptual difference education culture thought education tendency man like education culture restraint culture free education teaching forced pupil instruction exclusive subjects taught educator regards necessary education transformed culture recent tradition education free school child led activity replaces approaches experiments germany led founding cited example practice free schools radically differ principle advocating overtly political class struggle approach addition organising schools according principles questioned concept schooling term argued school institution dysfunctional self determined learning serves creation consumer society instead criticisms criticisms include moral criticisms pragmatic criticisms evaluated critics european history professor book european socialism argued social unrealistic government lesser evil society force argued ill intentions cease force disappears
Anarchism