metal metals group column periodic table consisting chemical elements potassium group lies block periodic table elements metals electron element electron configuration results characteristic properties metals provide best example group trends properties periodic table elements exhibiting characterized behaviour metals similar properties shiny soft highly metals standard temperature pressure readily lose electron form charge cut easily knife exposing shiny surface rapidly air atmospheric moisture oxygen high stored oil prevent reaction air found naturally free element modern nomenclature metals comprise group elements excluding hydrogen nominally group element normally considered metal rarely exhibits behaviour comparable metals metals react water heavier metals reacting vigorously lighter ones discovered metals occur nature order abundance abundant followed potassium finally rare extremely high occurs traces product natural decay chains experiments conducted attempt synthesis likely member group met failure metal effects predicted large influence chemical properties elements turn metal predicted differences physical chemical properties lighter metals different applications best known applications pure elements use atomic atomic accurate precise representation time common application compounds lamp efficient light table salt antiquity potassium essential elements having major biological roles metals essential effects body beneficial harmful properties physical chemical physical chemical properties metals readily explained having electron configuration results weak metallic bonding metals soft low melting boiling points heats body centered cubic crystal structure distinctive flame colours outer electron easily excited configuration results metals having large atomic high thermal electrical chemistry dominated loss lone electron form state ease electron high second energy chemistry observed members group chemistry established extreme presentation properties limited metals similar elements group instance moving table known metals increasing atomic radius decreasing increasing decreasing melting boiling points heats fusion general increase moving table exception potassium dense properties metals display smooth trend reduction value negative high energy gas phase structure water significantly causing higher change high energy reduction indicate metal despite difficulty gas phase stable metals silver coloured metals golden metals clearly coloured copper gold additionally heavy earth metals calcium pale yellow colour prominent rapidly air body centered cubic crystal structure distinctive flame colours outer electron easily excited metals highly found forms nature usually stored mineral oil oil react aggressively form metal white compounds water metals react water form strongly handled great care heavier metals react vigorously lighter ones example dropped water produces larger explosion potassium metals lowest energies respective periods periodic table low effective nuclear charge ability attain noble gas configuration losing electron second energy metals high shell closer nucleus lose single electron forming exception unstable compounds contain metals state unusual discovery metals expected able form thought able appear filled gives stability allows exist stable metals known able form theoretical interest unusual low similar trapped acting particularly striking example opposed usual unstable isolation high energy resulting displacement hydrogen derivatives predicted stable solution metal form formula number coordination numbers shapes agree expected solution water molecules directly attached metal said belong coordination sphere known primary shell bond water metal bond oxygen bond coordinated water attached hydrogen bonds water molecules said reside second coordination sphere metal second coordination sphere defined charge high water molecules primary shell form strong hydrogen bonds second coordination sphere producing stable entity number determined forming numbers found numbers result formation contact pairs higher numbers interpreted terms water molecules approach face molecular dynamic indicate existence probably water molecules primary sphere forming previously thought heavier metals formed found potassium probably form square structure forms coordinate chemistry shows differences rest group small gives compounds character diagonal relationship similar atomic similarities example forms stable property common earth metals group unique metals addition respective groups form compounds lime metal water metal conversely large stable analogous compounds metals probably high energy effect means simple commonly encountered form forms extremely allows like air predicted differences high atomic weight causing travel considerable speed light making effects prominent contrast trend decreasing energies metals energy predicted higher atomic radius expected low known physical properties clear trends going energy electron affinity showing strongly affected effects additionally expected character unlike metal bonding contributions nuclear metals odd atomic numbers odd odd number odd odd number odd number odd odd mass numbers odd odd mass numbers odd odd rare odd odd highly unstable respect beta decay decay products strongly bound nuclear pairing effects great rarity odd odd metals odd exceptions light stable long lived given odd mass number single beta stable difference binding energy odd odd comparable odd odd leaving mass number free beta decay lowest mass effect instability odd number type odd numbered elements metals tend fewer stable numbered elements elements single stable odd atomic number number single exception rules low atomic number metals naturally occurring trace produced long half lives occur naturally radioactive thought radioactive early 20th century naturally occurring discovered time natural potassium makes natural potassium natural potassium weakly radioactive natural basis mistaken claim discovery element metal half life years principal medium lived products responsible spent nuclear fuel years cooling years use constitutes left accident undergoes high energy beta decay eventually stable strong gamma radiation low rate capture disposed way allowed decay studies analogous use small amounts released environment nearly nuclear weapon tests nuclear accidents notably accident disaster principal source radiation zone nuclear power plant periodic trends metals similar elements group instance moving table known metals increasing atomic radius decreasing increasing decreasing melting boiling points heats fusion general increase moving table exception potassium dense atomic atomic metals increase going group effect electron shell electron feels electric electric attraction nucleus metals electron feels net charge nuclear charge equal atomic number cancelled inner number inner metal nuclear charge factor affects atomic radius metals number electron shells number increases group atomic radius increase group metals smaller atomic electron metals different electron shell inner removed resulting fewer electron shell smaller additionally effective nuclear charge increased attracted strongly nucleus radius decreases energy energy element energy required loosely held electron mole element molecules form mole electric charge factors affecting energy nuclear charge inner distance loosely held electron nucleus outer electron main group elements factors change effective nuclear charge loosely held electron feels electron metals feels effective nuclear charge factor affects energy distance electron nucleus distance increases group electron feels attraction nucleus energy decreases trend broken bringing electron closer nucleus expected non calculations makes electron feel attraction nucleus increasing energy slightly second energy metals higher second loosely held electron fully filled electron shell difficult remove metals increase going group result combination factors energies energies metals energy metals decreases group easier electron removed participate chemical reactions increasing group energy measures strength metallic bond element falls group increase radius metallic bond increase length making away attraction heavier metals adding energies gives quantity closely related equal activation energy reaction metal substance quantity decreases going group activation energy chemical reactions occur faster increases group chemical property describes tendency functional group attract electron density bond pair shared attracted effective nuclear charge outer electron pair attracted close practically transferred bond replaced attracted close smaller making electron pair strongly attracted closer effective nuclear charge larger metal group bonding pair strongly attracted higher compounds character example dissolve organic property compounds water metal melting boiling points melting point substance point changes state solid liquid boiling point substance liquid state point pressure liquid equals environmental pressure surrounding liquid liquid changes state gas metal heated melting point metallic bonds keeping place weaken metallic bonds eventually break completely metal boiling point falling melting boiling points metals indicate strength metallic bonds metals decreases group metal held electromagnetic attraction positive increase size going group atomic radius increases away metallic bond weaker metal easily melt lowering melting boiling points increased nuclear charge relevant factor effect density metals crystal structure body centred cubic relevant factors number fit certain volume mass density defined mass unit volume factor depends volume atomic radius increases going group volume metal increases going group mass metal increases going group trend metals depends atomic weights atomic figures factors known metals calculated resultant trend metals increase table exception potassium having lowest atomic weight elements period having largest atomic radius periods metals dense metals periodic table potassium metals periodic table dense water fact dense known solid room temperature compounds metals react vigorously cold water producing solution strongly basic metal releasing hydrogen gas reaction vigorous going group steadily potassium sink water generate hydrogen gas rapidly shock waves form water glass containers metal dropped water produces explosion separate stages metal water breaking hydrogen bonds water producing hydrogen gas takes place faster heavier metals second heat generated reaction hydrogen gas causing burn surrounding air secondary hydrogen gas explosion produces visible flame bowl water lake body water initial reaction metal water tends happen water metal basic known recent research suggested explosive behavior metals water driven explosion solely rapid generation hydrogen metals melt reaction water water molecules bare metallic surface liquid metal leaving positively charged metal surface negatively charged water attraction charged metal water rapidly increase surface area causing increase forces liquid metal surface exceeds forces surface tension vigorously explodes compounds group elements react carbon form obtained reaction metal potassium react layers forming compounds dark grey black dark grey black blue steel blue bronze compounds times electrically pure suggesting electron metal transferred layers heating elimination potassium results conversion sequence finally strong reducing agent explodes contact water large metals initially form smaller ones initially form metals react heavier elements carbon group substances cage like structures formed contains chemistry metal involving cluster largely analogous corresponding metal complex appears unknown formation predicted unfavourable metal complex metals metal nitrogen standard conditions stable metal nitrogen gas breaking strong triple bond requires lot energy formation metal consume energy metal forming energy required break triple bond formation energy released formation metal energy metal energy small highly charged metals form highly charged forming charge smallest metal release energy reaction nitrogen forming reactions metals nitrogen release energy form standard conditions potassium existing extremely unstable prone constituent elements produced reacting elements standard conditions metals react readily form formula represents metal represents greater size energy needs released form metals example potassium different known metals form earth metals form structure complex unusually short distances shorter metal indicates metals bonding metal formula known metallic electrical indicating presence metallic bonding unstable strong reducing agent reaction form toxic unstable gas wholly compounds containing partially metallic partially bonds metals react vigorously oxygen standard conditions form types simple containing containing single bond oxygen containing burns air form oxygen form mixture potassium forms mixture potassium potassium form exclusively increases going group potassium merely burn air spontaneously catch fire air smaller metals tend complex small size attracts complex constituent oxygen forming oxygen causes form exclusively reaction oxygen room temperature effect drastically weaker larger potassium allowing form stable group large stable form releases energy formed formed larger metals complex metals exist form direct reaction metal oxygen standard conditions addition small size contributes forming stable structure controlled conditions metals exception known form metal powerful agents potassium react carbon dioxide form metal oxygen gas allows submarine air presence water naturally present breath makes removal carbon dioxide potassium efficient stable metals form red low temperature reaction extracted liquid form complicated form air forms immense variety brightly coloured dark green heated vacuum generate metals react heavier metal known exception reaction excess similarly result lower containing chains question example react form formula containing metal solution reacted directly metal formed metal compounds containing stable produced direct reaction elements metals elements periodic table tend bond elements periodic table forming known metal reaction vigorous result explosions includes known common salt higher drops metal formula metal white metal water water high high small sizes causing interactions strong similar effect occurs diagonal relationship metals react similarly hydrogen form metal coordination complexes metal usually form coordination complexes simple lewis bases low charge relatively large size forms complexes heavier metal form solution metal exist complexes exception small size forms complexes metals form complexes attracted forces attraction polar water molecules containing metal metals readily form complexes crown attraction solutions metals dissolve slowly liquid forming hydrogen gas metal represents metal noted rediscovered process catalyst similar solutions formed heavy earth metals calcium salt readily solution leaving intensely coloured solutions metals identified colour presence contribute high electrical solutions low concentrations solution dark blue times higher concentrations solution copper coloured approximately liquid metals like mercury addition metal salt solutions contain metal neutral metal metal molecules metal unstable eventually stable metal hydrogen gas powerful reducing agents chemical synthesis smallest metal forms widest variety stable compounds compounds electrically non conducting volatile melt low temperatures tend form structure organic group nature puts charge density bond carbon effectively creating compounds extremely powerful bases use bases commercially available example compound exists forms application compounds chemistry limited competition compounds commercially available exhibit convenient principal compound commercial importance classified compound solid state bound groups compounds higher metals compounds limited utility notable reagent base mixture potassium reagent form compound contact metals fast slow higher metals higher metals favour crystal structures compounds reported establishing like compounds compounds nearly extensions heaviest metal discovered theoretical work predicting physical chemical characteristics hypothetical heavier metals period element element element predicted metal behave like lighter predicted differ lighter metals properties chemistry predicted closer potassium instead unusual periodic trends ignoring effects predict lowered electron increasing energy decreasing metallic effect seen assumes behave metal likely true effects increases electron affinity far expected electron affinity higher metals lighter effects cause large drop hand predicted continue trend melting points decreasing going group expected melting point electron cause atomic radius lowered close chemistry state similar chemistry hand radius predicted larger larger lower shells state seen metal addition state characteristic metals main state known metals expansion causing lower energy expected compounds expected large character involvement bonding work predicting properties metals simple periodic table element calculations predict metal actually element predicted electron configuration calculations follow trend increasing energy having energy comparable continue trend decreasing atomic having atomic radius comparable potassium able participate chemical reactions electron possibly allowing states making behave like group element group element metal earth metals block elements predictions trends properties hold similarly corresponding earth metals probable properties metals explored fact suspected able exist periods periodic table shell structure effects strong lighter completely inaccurate addition shell structure effects expand higher shells opposite effects causing larger difference non calculations properties elements high atomic numbers interest chemical properties stems fact elements located close expected locations islands centered elements similar substances hydrogen element hydrogen electron neutral usually placed group periodic table convenience hydrogen normally considered metal considered metal atomic properties chemical properties typical conditions pure hydrogen exists gas consisting metals form molecules high temperatures state hydrogen like metals electron easily similarities end placement primarily electron configuration chemical properties placed carbon similar similar chemical properties energy hydrogen higher metals additional electron required fill shell hydrogen hydrogen like forming negative considered metals form negative known little laboratory unstable expected time liquid hydrogen metallic properties shown case extremely high pressures found saturn hydrogen metallic like metal phase known metallic hydrogen electrical liquid metallic hydrogen approximately equal liquid respective pressures undergo metal transition electron configuration hydrogen similar metals unique lose electron form gain form case resembles metals case differences lack important group fits properties hydrogen group best fit terms properties energy electron affinity entirely satisfactory example hydrogen unorthodox properties stemming unusual electron configuration small size hydrogen small radius compared size condensed systems association molecules transferring chemicals basis acid base chemistry unique hydrogen ability form hydrogen bonds effect charge transfer electron contributing phenomena analogous bonds known hydrogen perform structural role metals molecular crystals close relationship metals especially similar properties heavier metals acting metal intermediate potassium considered close relative example metal water property share expected behave metal sea high pressures typical pressure transitions metallic behaviour occur possibly occur inside ice giants neptune significant impacts interior magnetic fields estimated transition mixture molecules metallic occur pressures displays state known metals display compounds state closely resemble corresponding potassium silver compounds similar considered metal continental europe england years immediately following discovery placed sixth metal periodic table periodic table periodic table periodic table current position group leave space blank displays state known metal displays seventh metal predicted possibly display state sixth metal considered stabilized pair effect pair able participate active solution additionally water unusual structure presence pair copper silver gold group metals metals copper silver gold typically transition metals given form incomplete shells physically relatively low melting points high values associated post transition metals filled free electron contribute high electrical thermal transition metals left group experience interactions partially filled lower electron mobility group metals behave like main group metals states somewhat related metals reason previously labelled group paralleling metals group occasionally classified post transition metals analogous metals periodic table copper silver gold listed twice group viii iron platinum group metals group nonetheless note tentative main criterion group assignment maximum state element basis group elements classified group existence iii compounds known time eliminating group group main group group viii labelled transition group lack soon majority chose classify elements group remove group viii resulting symmetry predominant classification rise modern medium long column periodic table separated metals group metals metals traditionally regarded subdivision metal group sharing characteristic electron configuration metals group group similarities largely confined compounds groups chemical properties stems filled providing weaker effect electron filled metals higher energies smaller corresponding metals furthermore higher melting points lower liquid having character compounds finally metals series metals metals filled shell easily disrupted metals filled shell second energies lower enabling higher states richer coordination chemistry giving group metals clear transition metal character particularly noteworthy gold forming compounds forms occurs form liquid solution gold configuration electron quasi closed shell configuration mercury history compounds known ancient times salt important human activities testified english word salary referring money paid roman soldiers purchase salt ancient times understood history fundamentally different substance mineral obtained experimental evidence led suggest fundamental difference potassium able prove difference exact chemical composition potassium compounds status chemical element potassium known include list chemical elements pure potassium isolated england sir derived potassium use salt newly invented pile previous attempts salt unsuccessful potassium extreme potassium metal isolated later year reported extraction similar substance similar technique demonstrating elements different later year pieces pure metal similarly prepared called discovered brazilian chemist island sweden august working laboratory chemist detected presence new element ore new element noted form compounds similar potassium water metals gave unknown material greek word meaning stone reflect discovery solid mineral opposed potassium discovered plant ashes known partly high abundance animal blood named metal inside material potassium discovery series elements group noted having similar properties elements discovered invented year discovered mineral water germany discovery came following year germany finding mineral names come prominent lines bright red line latin word meaning dark red bright red sky blue line derived latin word meaning sky blue produced series papers listed elements order increasing atomic weight similar physical chemical properties intervals likened octaves music version metals known copper silver state characteristic metals group table placed hydrogen proposed periodic table placing group potassium years later revised table placing hydrogen group moving group version copper silver gold placed twice group group viii encompassing today groups introduction column table group elements moved current position block metals left group later group changed group trivial metals comes fact group elements strong dissolved water erroneous incomplete discoveries paris france discovered sample reported decay energy noticed decay particles energy level thought decay activity caused previously unidentified decay product separated emerged pure tests eliminated possibility unknown element lead new product exhibited chemical properties metal led believe element caused alpha decay attempted determine proportion beta decay alpha decay test alpha branching figure later revised element discovered nature synthesis element likely element completely certain effects synthesis attempted bombarding target berkeley california identified leading limiting yield highly unlikely reaction able create near future given extremely difficult task making sufficient amounts favoured production elements large mass relatively long half life days availability significant amounts large target increase sensitivity experiment required level found nature produced laboratories given period element extended periodic table discovered near future reactions attempt bombarding target way germany currently period elements discovered possible lower period elements element physically possible attempts synthesis heavier metals extremely high atomic number occurrence solar system rule holds elements atomic numbers common odd atomic numbers exception hydrogen rule argues elements odd atomic numbers likely capture increasing atomic number elements atomic numbers paired member pair spin enhancing stability metals odd atomic numbers common elements atomic numbers adjacent noble gases earth metals solar system heavier metals abundant lighter ones metals onward synthesized stellar abundant potassium poorly synthesized stars big bang produce trace quantities absence stable nucleus stellar pass triple alpha process form carbon elements earth earth formed cloud matter formed sun planets acquired different compositions formation evolution solar system turn natural history earth caused parts planet differing concentrations elements mass earth approximately composed iron oxygen calcium aluminium remaining consisting trace amounts elements mass segregation core region believed primarily composed iron smaller amounts trace elements metals high occur naturally pure form nature remain close earth surface combine readily oxygen associate strongly forming relatively low density minerals sink earth core potassium incompatible elements large potassium abundant earth common elements earth crust makes approximately earth crust measured weight making sixth abundant element overall abundant metal potassium makes approximately earth crust seventh abundant element found different minerals common ordinary salt occurs vast quantities dissolved solid deposits include solid deposits occur result ancient seas occurs places utah great salt lake despite near equal abundance earth crust far common potassium ocean potassium larger size makes potassium bound soil potassium absorbed far readily plant life despite chemical similarity typically occur potassium smaller size relatively low found large amounts estimated approximately parts million diagonal relationship allows replace minerals concentration comparable commercially important mineral occurs large deposits worldwide approximately abundant abundant copper occurs naturally minerals contain metals abundant commonly known elements tin abundant naturally occurring product alpha decay found trace amounts minerals given sample estimated calculated earth crust time extremely short half life minutes production isolation production pure metals difficult extreme commonly substances water metals displaced elements isolated high energy methods extracted water mineral springs pools deposits metal produced mixture fused potassium potassium occurs minerals potassium occasionally produced separating potassium potassium produced potassium found extensively places canada russia germany israel united_states jordan method similar produced late 1800s early 1900s produced occurs dried produced lowering melting point substance use downs cell extremely pure produced thermal years 1950s 1960s product potassium production called main source contained rest potassium small fraction today largest producers example canada produce product today common method separating potassium yields pure approximately different reactions limited applications lack mineral rich limits production compounds tonnes year produced reaction instead mining ore main method obtaining pure extracted ore mainly methods acid direct reduction metals produced products production interest properties increased sharply production increased naturally occurring produced naturally product alpha decay found trace amounts minerals calculated earth crust given time result extreme rarity nature synthesized nuclear reaction yielding greatest quantity assembled date neutral synthesized nuclear reaction given metals obtained way acid dissolve desired metal aluminium iii ore basic precipitation removes aluminium mixture remaining metal precipitated salt dissolved acid result left metal isolated typically isolated liquid calcium typically added lower melting point mixture heavier metals typically isolated different way reducing agent typically potassium calcium heaviest metals reduce metal liquid product metal undergoes applications potassium applications useful academic contexts applications batteries help process air treatment aluminium production pure applications including use lamps produce efficient light compared types lighting help smooth surface metals strong reducing agent reduce metals compounds applications known table salt soap potassium compounds potassium important element plant nutrition potassium strong base control substances atomic atomic accurate clock time seconds million years reason definition second purple fireworks drilling petroleum industry commercial applications relatively simple atomic structure things experiments leading information energy levels particles studies light emitted laser trapped provided accurate data transitions atomic energy levels similar predicted quantum theory biological role precautions chemistry metal extensively reviewed solid state crystal structures complexes metal small acid constituents complexes naturally occurs traces biological systems known biological role effects body mood treat disorder depression daily grams effects excessive causes speech symptoms central nervous system dangerous required treat disorder slightly lower toxic way handled human body studies rats goats suggest essential trace element natural biological function humans identified potassium occur known biological systems generally functioning inside outside cells essential nutrient blood volume blood pressure minimum requirement day known common salt principal source diet comes processed foods grams day people united_states consume grams day minimum promotes turn causes million premature deaths worldwide potassium major positive inside animal cells major outside animal cells concentration differences charged particles causes difference electric potential inside outside cells known membrane potential balance potassium maintained pumps cell membrane cell membrane potential created potassium allows cell generate action potential spike electrical discharge ability cells produce electrical discharge critical body functions muscle heart function known biological role help stimulate similarly replace potassium body causing potassium compounds rarely encountered people compounds mildly toxic chemical similarity potassium allowing replace potassium body causing potassium exposure large amounts compounds cause amounts encountered natural sources major chemical environmental median lethal dose value mice kilogram comparable values potassium promoted alternative cancer therapy linked deaths patients scientifically cancer treatment require special precautions improper handling gamma ray sources lead release radiation injuries best known case accident disposed radiation therapy system abandoned clinic city brazil glowing salt sold curious buyers led deaths injuries radiation exposure distributed disaster constitute greatest risk health biological role likely toxic extreme causing radiation poisoning greatest quantity assembled date neutral unlikely people encounter
Alkali metal