november september american physicist notable role manhattan_project awarded medal merit director later worked rode herd final stages project committee read countdown trinity nuclear test war involved scientists movement lobbying civilian control nuclear weapons early life born chicago illinois november son elementary school principal educated entered university_of_chicago participated varsity swimming water basketball mathematics chemistry graduated embarked phd chemistry supervision writing thesis atomic stability iii high temperatures topic closely related experimental physics research fellow harvard_university taught physics instructor associate professor met married children son samuel daughter catherine rays returned university_of_chicago professor professor physics studied effect theory ray time rays important means investigating atomic structures concept light wave particle properties demonstrated universally accepted harvard spearheaded effort prove interpretation effect wrong effort carried series meticulous experiments instead found overwhelming evidence correct credit conceded case outcome authored textbook rays theory experiment widely developed high resolution ray graduate student won fellowship study university_of_cambridge england studied published paper experiments production half lives radio carbon radio nitrogen impressed returning chicago built manhattan_project world war involved defence related work consultant october january january let contract study possibility team assembled chicago grow september joined coordinated early investigations feasibility atomic bomb began building courts disused stands field head chemistry section january march small experimental came closer design group columbia_university brought research groups working nuclear design columbia_university princeton_university chicago placed charge experimental work october consider proceed designing large production experimental work favored taking small steps argued larger steps necessary atomic bombs developed time affect course war director manhattan_project brigadier general told time important money approaches looked promising build end scientists watched project leap forward chicago went critical field december project began spread outside chicago director june late manhattan_project shifted new_mexico went november chairman able inform march type nuclear weapon ready testing july formed committee rode herd project ensuring stayed track schedule read countdown trinity nuclear test july presented medal merit work manhattan_project ceremony university_of_chicago january later life war director chairman chairman active scientist movement control atomic weapons scientists successfully lobbied nuclear weapons civilian military control eventually written atomic energy act strong opponent secrecy science influential speech announcing creation said determined return free research war secrecy imposed scientific research physics find rate scientists working subjects colors butterfly wings rebuilt called accelerate particles energies reference massive built planned accelerate particles electron volts believed useful results found low energies pioneer known heavy physics accelerating targets data reactions light elements subsequently prove useful study stellar later acquired generator recalled old paper producing minerals like allowed produce beam created hitherto unknown light elements measured capture cross sections effect work method analyze surface materials chemical analysis unavailable colleague subsequently analyze makeup moon later surveyor program missions continued candidates went distinguished careers died complications following september attending controlled nuclear fusion research conference england papers kept
Samuel King Allison