art early modern scotland art early modern scotland includes forms artistic production modern borders scotland adoption renaissance early sixteenth century beginnings enlightenment mid eighteenth century art reformation included books images commissioned netherlands reformation mid sixteenth century interiors scottish churches elaborate colourful houses monumental scotland ecclesiastical art paid heavy toll result reformation total loss medieval stained glass religious sculpture paintings scottish monarchy turned recording royal panel portraits impressive works artists imported continent particularly netherlands tradition royal portrait painting scotland probably disrupted minorities underwent sixteenth century flourished reformation employed flemish artists left visual record king major figures court significant native artist succeeded series portrait painters fashion moved social scale loss ecclesiastical patronage resulted reformation created crisis native artists turned secular patrons result painted ceilings walls forms domestic decoration included stone wood carving half eighteenth century increasing organisation art large numbers artists took grand tour italy founded society artists included members emerged important british artists era art art acquired netherlands later fifteenth early sixteenth centuries included images brought edinburgh commissioned work flemish master scotland named relatively large number elaborate books late fifteenth early sixteenth centuries usually produced netherlands france scottish patrons include prayer book commissioned flemish illustrated book hours known hours james scotland given described finest medieval manuscript commissioned scottish use reformation mid sixteenth century interiors scottish churches elaborate colourful particularly north east country highly decorated houses like ones surviving monumental churches usually fully coloured dedicated members clergy knights wives contrast england fashion stone carved monuments gave way monumental scotland continued produced end medieval period include elaborate douglas tombs town douglas tomb built harris scotland ecclesiastical art paid heavy toll result reformation total loss medieval stained glass religious sculpture paintings significant surviving stained glass scotland window chapel edinburgh completed wood carving seen hereditary monumental uncertainty loss patronage caused rejection monuments reformation meant moved branches learned orders took lack transfer carving skills noticeable decline quality commissioned start seventeenth century according nature wider effects limiting creation culture public display meaning art forms expression emphasis private domestic restraint time england scottish monarchs turned recording royal panel portraits painted wood form political expression paid delivery portraits tudor household probably named stayed scotland paint king new bride following year flemish painter usually worked london england monarchy model portraits royalty copies versions native royal portraits survive generally crude continental standards impressive works artists imported continent particularly netherlands generally considered centre painting products connections included fine portrait earliest representations scottish subject survive probably painted scots artist flemish techniques tradition royal portrait painting scotland disrupted minorities underwent sixteenth century majority probably concerned architectural expressions royal identity scots brought french court drawn painted major european artists commission adult portraits exception joint portrait second husband lord reflected historic scottish pattern display elaborate tomb considered important portrait began flourish reformation anonymously painted portraits important individuals including 4th earl artists low countries remained important court painter painted number scottish subjects wedding portraits commemorating brief marriage earl painted 1st earl years later painted joint portrait young brother lord master commissioned portraits netherlands family portrait specific type scottish picture portrait designed alive memory examples include memorial portrait shows young kneeling murdered father tomb portrait corpse early showing wounds received 2nd earl killed 1st attempt produce series portraits scottish kings panel portraits probably royal entry year old medieval form personal reign renaissance forms began dominate employed flemish artists early left visual record king major figures court removed major source artistic patronage scotland court moved london result seen shift crown castle nobility local major sources patronage seventeenth century fashion spread social order significant native artist having trained netherlands successful portrait painters reign trained baroque artist painted scottish english subjects flemish spanish painter came scotland leading scottish portrait painter generation best known works group oval bust lengths including self portrait trained son john leading portrait painter generation migrated london point late eighteenth century scottish painters note followed domestic decoration loss ecclesiastical patronage resulted reformation created crisis native artists turned secular patrons result painted ceilings walls large numbers private houses lords gaining highly detailed coloured patterns scenes examples survive undertaken unnamed scottish artists continental pattern books led incorporation moral philosophical symbolism elements classical myths earliest surviving example hamilton palace west decorated regent earl examples include ceiling house undertaken long gallery painted records indicate scottish palaces adorned rich like depicted scenes odyssey set undertaken exclusive professional female education levels society produced noble ladies bed marriage oldest surviving examples scottish produced display couple initials arms story adam eve carpet designed cover table connected marriage initials arms biblical verses pun elephant needle work sixteenth century attributed probably erroneously mary queen scots thought contribute imprisoned england tradition stone wood carving churches largely ended reformation continued royal palaces great houses nobility homes intricate lid fourteenth century carved single piece whale bone probably created early sixteenth century castle stone carvings royal palace reign taken german patterns like surviving carved oak portrait known include contemporary biblical classical figures elaborate renaissance fountain palace suggest workshop established connected court early sixteenth century finest domestic wood carving panels castle rebuilt 1st early seventeenth century focused images overtones led damaged occupying army seventeenth century domestic architecture nobility increasingly comfort fortification elaborate use carving carved arms classical motifs began depicting flowers richly carved decoration ordinary houses common period carving royal arms palace designed dutch painter tradition carving survived work like carved stone panels garden castle lost carving edinburgh glasgow universities seventeenth century elaborate seventeenth century like art growing importance royal art seen post painter created duties included drawing pictures monarch person successors members royal family royal houses palaces office held members family necessarily connected artistic ability painters early eighteenth century remained largely like members family james sons robert younger james painted houses scottish landscapes italian dutch landscapes artists credited inception tradition scottish landscape painting come fruition late eighteenth century italy important point reference scottish artists taking paint sample art learn italian masters attempt found school painting edinburgh named rome president painter lives portraits treasurer members included cooper student younger portrait painters success group limited associations strange printing bank notes rebels alexander great grandson studied london rome returning edinburgh painted baroque rape roof staircase gordon castle numerous portraits emerged distinguished alumni academy studied sweden london italy basing edinburgh established leading portrait painter scottish nobility moving london occasional return visits edinburgh undertake commissions nobility gentry
Art in early modern Scotland