women health india women health india examined terms multiple vary geography standing culture adequately improve health women india multiple dimensions analysed relation global health averages comparison men india health important factor contributes human economic growth currently women india face multitude health problems ultimately affect aggregate economy output addressing gender class ethnic exist healthcare improving health outcomes contribute economic gain creation quality human capital increased levels savings investment gender bias access healthcare united_nations ranks india middle income country findings indicate india worst countries world terms gender inequality ranked india terms gender inequality value indicator gender inequality index determined numerous factors including maternal mortality rate adolescent fertility rate educational achievement labour force participation rate gender inequality india exemplified women lower likelihood continuing education participating labour force gender social health include social economic political factors play major role health outcomes women india high level gender inequality india negatively impacts health women role gender plays health care access determined examining resource allocation household public sphere gender discrimination begins birth females commonly aborted sex india female aborted mother pregnancy experience family preference son born daughters prone fed sons especially multiple girls household women mature adulthood barriers preventing achieving levels health stem low status women girls indian society particularly rural poverty affected areas low status subsequent discrimination women india attributed cultural norms societal forces hierarchy families contribute indian gender roles men use greater privileges superior rights create unequal society leaves women little power societal structure exemplified women low participation india national parliament labour force women seen valuable family marriage obligations illegal indian cultural norms force payment husband family higher future financial burden daughters creates power structure sons household formation additionally women perceived incapable taking care parents old age creates greater preference sons daughters taken women seen valuable men lower involvement public sphere exemplified labour political participation rates stigma valuable family women face unique form gender discrimination gender turn directly related poor health outcomes women numerous studies found rates admission hospitals vary dramatically gender men visiting hospitals frequently women differential access healthcare occurs women typically entitled lower share household resources healthcare resources lesser degree men attributed access fewer household resources weaker power household furthermore found indian women frequently illnesses illness contributed cultural norms gender expectations household gender dramatically influences use care study found boys likely receive girls rural areas finding led researchers believe sex child leads different levels health care administered rural areas gender component associated mobility indian women likely difficulty traveling public spaces men resulting greater difficulty access services cooperative conflicts approach gender cooperative conflicts approach gender frames women gender disadvantage different responses breakdown perceived interest perceived contribution responses breakdown response derived nash describes breakdown positions individuals cooperative decisions breakdown position individual person solution conflict ultimately result favourable conditions individual terms women health india overall gender disadvantage facing women represented cultural societal factors favour men women negatively impacts ability decisions regards seeking healthcare perceived interest response describes outcome decision individual value solution derived aforementioned individual individual result favourable outcome person value health status women india relates perceived interest response societal cultural practices create environment self worth women compared men outcomes relating healthcare decisions households favour men greater self worth perceived contribution response describes favourable position individual individual contribution perceived contributing group individuals favourable perception gives individual better outcome solution terms women health india males perceived contribution household productivity higher women ultimately affects power women regards healthcare problems india healthcare system turn 21st century india health care system strained terms number healthcare professionals including doctors nurses health care system highly concentrated urban areas results individuals rural areas seeking care providers varying results found individuals claim physicians actually lack formal training nearly percent physicians classified providers actually medical training phenomenon varies geographically women negatively affected geographic bias implementation current healthcare system india health workers country nearly thirds men especially affects rural areas found doctors percent women translates approximately female physicians individuals rural areas access maternal care rural urban populations highly concentrated urban medical system according government maternal mortality rural areas approximately percent number maternal mortality urban areas indian government taken steps alleviate current gender government india established commission meant address women face specifically rape family slow pace change judicial system aforementioned cultural norms prevented adoption policies meant promote equality men women india enacted primary goals reduce infant mortality maternal mortality ratio additionally aimed create universal access public health services balance gender ratio research study conducted found india able improve measures maternal health enactment country far emerging economies outcomes health problems tribal women high breast women created health impacts remote population leave breast cancer type routine unknown indigenous people belonging points district officer nutrition plays major role individual overall health psychological physical health status dramatically impacted presence india currently highest rates women developing countries study found nearly percent non pregnant women percent pregnant women terms iron main drivers gender specific selection distribution food resources study found intake early approximately equal rate increases women enter adulthood furthermore found increased married women compared non married women maternal associated increased risk maternal mortality child birth defects addressing problem lead beneficial outcomes women children breast cancer india facing growing cancer epidemic large increase number women breast cancer year nearly percent world cancer cases come developing countries fifth cases coming india sudden increase breast cancer cases attributed rise country includes limited diet greater urban concentrations women later child bearing additionally problems india health care infrastructure prevent adequate screenings access women ultimately leading lower health outcomes compared developed countries india shortage trained cancer centres health care system reproductive health lack maternal health contributes future economic mothers children poor maternal health affects child health adverse ways decreases woman ability participate economic activities national health programmes family welfare programme created address maternal health care needs women india india witnessed dramatic growth decades maternal mortality remains high comparison developing nations nation india contributed nearly percent maternal deaths worldwide primary reasons high levels maternal mortality directly related conditions cultural constraints limiting access care maternal mortality identical india particular state urban areas lower overall maternal mortality availability adequate medical resources example states higher literacy growth rates tend greater maternal health lower infant mortality hiv aids july women represent approximately percent hiv aids cases india number rising locations india rise attributed cultural norms lack education lack access government public health system provide adequate measures free hiv testing problem cultural aspects increase prevalence hiv infection insistence woman man use imply usage protective barriers sex furthermore primary methods women historically protect transmission hiv current mortality rate hiv aids higher women men forms women health india reason higher rates economic dependence men women likely taken hospital receive medical care health needs comparison men creates greater risk women suffer complications associated hiv evidence suggest presence hiv aids infection woman result lower marriage prospects creates greater stigma women suffering hiv aids reproductive rights india abortion legislation early 1970s access remains limited cities percent health care centres able provide necessary services abortion current lack access attributed shortage physicians lack equipment perform procedure common aborted india female numerous factors contribute abortion female example women highly educated born female child likely female act sex selective abortion contributed male female ratio census sex ratio children aged continued long trend males preference sons daughters india rooted social economic religious reasons women believed lower value society non status financial support old age security property inheritance beliefs surrounding religious duties contribute preference sons daughters main reasons preference sons potential burden having find daughters families women india pay expenses related marriage order marry daughter increases cost associated having daughter health disease major contributor female mortality india indians account world heart disease burden despite accounting world population indian women particular high mortality cardiac disease raising awareness issue women higher mortality rates relating disease men india differential access health care sexes reason differing rates access stems social cultural norms prevent women appropriate care example found patients heart disease women likely operated men families felt surgery women furthermore found families failed seek medical treatment daughters stigma associated negative medical histories study conducted found boys girls heart disease boys operation girls receive similar treatment primary driver difference cultural standards women little leverage selection partner elder family members find suitable husbands young females households women known adverse previous medical histories ability find partner significantly reduced difference leads health outcomes men women mental health mental health consists broad scope measurements mental including depression stress measurements self worth numerous factors affect prevalence mental health disorders women india including older age low educational fewer children home lack paid employment excessive alcohol use evidence suggest associated gender increase risk mental health disorders women find acceptable men use violence female partners view valuable men turn lead women seek fewer avenues healthcare ability cope mental disorders common disorders affect women low income countries depression indian women suffer depression higher rates indian men indian women faced greater degrees poverty gender disadvantage higher rate depression difficulties associated relationships marital relationships economic cited main social drivers depression found indian women typically describe symptoms emotional psychological trigger symptoms depression makes difficult accurately assess depression women india light depression gender plays major role depression indian women mothers blamed birth female child furthermore women female child face additional pressures male children add overall stress level women india lower onset men women men differ associated face men tend suffer functioning women suffer marital functioning time onset plays role women tend diagnosed later life following birth children children removed care ill mother cause distress suicide indian women higher rates suicide women developed countries women india higher rate suicide compared men common reasons cited women suicide directly related depression anxiety gender disadvantage related domestic violence high rates suicide found india south asia gender disadvantage gender disadvantage expressed domestic violence women suicide rate particularly high female sex workers india face numerous forms discrimination gender line work domestic violence domestic violence major problem india domestic violence acts physical psychological sexual violence women found world currently viewed hidden epidemic effects domestic violence victim economic effects influence entire societies economies countries domestic violence prevalent tend lower female labour participation rate addition higher medical expenses higher rates disability prevalence domestic violence india associated cultural norms hierarchy families domination occurs males use superior rights privileges power create social order gives women men differential gender roles resultant power structure leaves women powerless targets domestic violence men use domestic violence way controlling behaviour response india national family health survey iii percent women reported having victims physical violence months preceding survey actual number victims higher women domestic violence fail report instances sense shame embarrassment stemming cultural norms associated women husbands furthermore women occur order protect family honour study conducted data india national family health survey iii found domestic violence rates vary numerous geographical economic measures study found women worst middle high income women researchers believe reason higher rates domestic violence come greater pressures resulting poverty additionally study found women labour force faced greater domestic violence according researchers working women power system indian households men feel threatened earning potential independence women react violently shift gender power structure favour largest factors associated domestic violence women prevalence alcohol use men households study conducted found domestic violence women dropped dramatically women ownership property includes land housing
Women's health in India