commonly known species fungus found asia north_america central_america south_america grows association oak convex yellowish caps caps diameter age cap surface revealing white cracks stipe long wide brown underlying yellowish surface firm flesh initially pinkish reddish grayish injured surface cap underside yellowish edible opinions vary taxonomy species described scientifically american mycologist type collection woods new_york transferred synonyms include published published obsolete genera classified section genus grouping species associated oak section include specific epithet derived latin roots rough head refers cap commonly known description convex cap measures wide color orange yellow aging yellow brown cap margin narrow sterile tissue surface cap dry pits maturity cracked age whitish flesh underneath shows cap tends undergo significant color changes development bright yellow dark brown finally pale tan difficult identify field flesh white pale yellow reddish cut bruised prominent junction cap stipe exposure course minutes results flesh grayish flesh distinctive door taste surface initially dull yellow ages olive brown unlike turn blue bruised natural blue green pores circular measuring tubes extend deep stipe measures long thick nearly equal length tapered base color pale yellow brownish underneath pale brown age spore print color ranges brown olive brown spores shaped measuring long smooth surface melzer reagent cap flesh cystidia pores present conspicuous cheilocystidia cap cuticle present layer clamp connections absent chemical tests help verify identification drop solution turns cap cuticle reddish color yellow flesh drop potassium turns cap surface red flesh yellowish application iron solution produces gray color cap surface greenish gray olive coloration flesh similar species rican closely allied species distinguished dark brown dark reddish brown color flesh stain injury found belize features similar cap stipe similar color changes response injury flesh cap apex stipe unlike stipe base cap sticky dry difficult distinguish generally darker cap paler somewhat wider spores characteristics variable similar darker brownish cap stipe flesh slowly injury reddish pinkish gray black usually found sandy soil species associates oak cap unlike flesh pink reddish original species description noted grew easily separated dry smaller tubes stem edibility edible species mushrooms described variously great poor quality flavor firm texture older specimens firm retain flavor drying mushrooms flavor stipe tends harbor insect larvae cleaned consumption sugar alcohol present habitat distribution fungus associates oak eastern north_america pin oak frequent host fruits singly groups forests shaded found areas disturbed human activity picnic areas fruiting typically occurs july september chinese study evaluating concentrations heavy metals found levels copper mercury exceeded national safety standards edible fungi found eastern canada south florida mississippi west michigan united_states distribution extends south mexico costa_rica colombia north south trend asia species reported india korea china taiwan specimens tend slightly smaller spores mainland china america
Leccinum rugosiceps