second northern war second northern war little northern war fought sweden adversaries polish lithuanian commonwealth russia monarchy denmark norway intervened sweden sweden invaded occupied western poland lithuania eastern half occupied russia rapid swedish advance known poland swedish polish lithuanian regular armies surrendered polish king fled initially supported estates allied sweden return receiving swedish exploiting hurt religious feelings roman catholic population protestant occupation organizing polish lithuanian military leaders managed regain ground russia took advantage swedish setback declared war sweden pushed lithuania swedish granted sovereignty return military aid treaty allied invaded poland lithuania southeast found ally armies crossed poland lithuania southwest triggered denmark invasion swedish mainland spring attempt settle old scores war sweden busy left alliance sweden granted sovereignty polish king treaties war sweden gave reason abandon polish lithuanian fight denmark instead marching army west making dangerous crossing frozen straits winter surprised unprepared danish isles forced surrender treaty denmark abandon danish provinces anti swedish allies army polish forces ravaged swedish decided instead returning remaining swedish strongholds poland lithuania attack denmark time denmark attack anti swedish allies pursued jutland swedish sweden defending strongholds denmark southern baltic shore little gained allies peace negotiated died february successor settled treaty poland lithuania april treaty copenhagen denmark sweden gains sovereign state parties largely returned status quo sweden concluded truce russia gave way final settlement treaty terminology english language german russian scandinavian historiography conflicts traditionally referred northern war term second northern war coined polish historiography increasingly adopted german english language historiography ambiguous term referring refer war poland term ambiguous broader series wars sweden russia prelude ended thirty years war swedish empire emerged major european power war theater thirty years war sweden defeated baltic great power denmark sweden peace russia ended war sweden remained state war polish polish swedish war concluded repeatedly renewed truce hand commonwealth king experienced crisis resulting southeast administration internal nobility including feuds king lithuanian feuds able stall ambitions veto consequence commonwealth lacked sufficient defense january anti polish alliance concluded rebellious russia control equipped army undergoing modernization succeeded cousin swedish throne russian forces advancing unprotected commonwealth focusing northeast drew close swedish sphere interest baltic coast seeing great success russian sweden decided intervene reasons explanation protect protestant population poland having close relationships intentions defeat sweden drew rising stood strong opposition polish government promised military support break russians sent expedition headed colonel soon turned mutiny ranks leader participate actions poor health conditions sweden time empire army designed maintained revenues occupied territory conscious direct attack main adversary russia result polish russian alliance sweden prevented forming swedish polish alliance refusal drop claims swedish crown polish lithuanian nobility territorial political concessions alliance sweden eventually cost final negotiations february ended result sweden opted attack polish lithuanian commonwealth occupy available territories russians swedish campaigns polish lithuanian commonwealth swedish forces entered poland lithuania swedish west north division western flank consisted men artillery pieces commanded entered poland july commanded followed august division northern flank consisted men commanded seized july western opposed polish levy additional peasant infantry aware military superiority trained swedish army nobles surrendered july pledged loyalty swedish king established garrison northern signed treaty sweden august placing swedish protection negotiating sweden dispute polish king provided clause parts commonwealth poland lithuania need fight lithuanian army opposed treaty forming confederation led magnate polish lithuanian august joined forces polish king left warsaw month confront swedish army west skirmishes swedish vanguard retreated southwards september occupied warsaw turned south confront retreating polish king kings met battle september like encounter battle october decided sweden exiled surrendered october october second treaty ratified north unified lithuania sweden recognizing grand duke lithuania following days polish army surrendered sweden october surrendered men near october field surrendered men october levy surrendered occupation poland lithuania intervention russian forces occupied east polish lithuanian commonwealth far remaining polish lithuanian control late october headed northwards left mobile force swedish polish troops additional number scattered garrisons control southern swedish occupied commonwealth north nobles concluded defensive alliance electorate november treaty permitting garrisons danzig participated treaty surrendering sweden treaty january took polish garrisons withdrawn surrendered march danzig remained town swedish control rapid swedish invasion occupation polish lithuanian territories known poland swedish polish lithuanian recovery religious differences primarily protestant primarily catholic poles resulting cases murder catholic clergy monks cases looting catholic churches monasteries gave rise partisan movements swedish occupied territory force attacked small swedish garrison october killed frederick brother law swedish king monastery successfully resisted swedish siege november january november manifesto issued calling public resistance return december peasant force took december partisan constituted participation january returned exile later january joined february polish soldiers swedish service october switched sides confederation force horse reacted pursuing force men confronting defeating february intended advance halted nearly encircled growing polish lithuanian armies barely escaped april breaking lines cost artillery baggage swedish relief force destroyed april month oath proclaimed virgin mary queen poland promised lift inflicted regained control swedish alliance russia war sweden june signed alliance treaty granted return military aid free swedish remained swedish vassal garrisons replaced swedish ones went reinforce army june warsaw stormed drawn force regulars noble levy actively participated war swedish prompting state breakfast custody sun moon shine russia declared war sweden taking advantage charles bound poland estonia secured army infantry men prussia men dispersed garrisons coast invaded july men took late july danzig dutch garrison combined danish dutch fleet broke naval imposed danzig july combined swedish army able defeat polish lithuanian army forcing retreat august army took laid siege raided estonia october stormed heading october lithuanian cavalry overran swedish force battle prussia ravaged burning towns villages campaign entered folklore high death toll high number captives deported october defeated swedish forces turned lithuania october besieged surrendered russian siege swedish held lifted took november february stayed danzig swedish siege lifted dutch intervention kilometers away quarters swedish romanian alliance russia treaty november sweden granted sovereignty turn active participation war treaty december promised accept king poland lithuania return entrance war entered war january crossing commonwealth force men broke polish siege met led swedish army southwards following month saw forces play cat mouse polish lithuanian forces moving commonwealth major engagements capture brest sack warsaw june internal conflicts practically participation war worn previous campaigns requesting break sweden russia eventually signed truce polish lithuanian commonwealth engage swedish army major battle reinforced armies june swedish force defeated russian army men commanded early sweden russia agreed truce resulting treaty treaty russian war poland lithuania hand resumed austro polish alliance danish campaigns sweden like sweden looking allies break war december signed alliance vienna essentially declaration intend peace provide military aid come effect ferdinand death april treaty renewed amended ferdinand successor agreed vienna provide troops maintained polish expense return received receiving news denmark promptly declared war sweden june austrian army entered polish lithuanian commonwealth south situation southern poland denmark attacked swedish turned july left commonwealth headed westwards anti danish swedish alliance broke apart unable withstand combined austrian polish lithuanian forces swedish support pursuit ukraine encircled forced rest army defeated changed sides return polish withdrawal claims declaring sole sovereign treaties september november addition aforementioned treaties secured lands border returned poland denmark attack denmark june aimed regaining territories lost provided opportunity abandon unfortunate polish lithuanian horse foot marched swedish force split heading west clear heading north clear jutland aims achieved september moved swedish port ordered navy inconclusive polish forces led general ravaged southern swedish destroyed plundered allies reluctant join wish decided taking war fearing start new thirty years war harsh winter forced norwegian fleet port separating danish isles mainland frozen entering jutland south swedish army veterans undertook march belts february little belt crossed island captured days soon february swedish army continued great belt zealand danish capital copenhagen men belts swedish attack completely unexpected compelled surrender signed treaty february sweden won prestigious victory denmark suffered costly defeat denmark forced yield provinces island swedish control signing treaty swedish territory indefinitely denmark surrender norwegian province sweden swedish held territory poland reduced towns notably defected position region strong force stated aim permanent gain pressed militarily austro polish army laid siege july urged france settle france unwilling intervene militarily sweden afford violate peace attacking possessions likely driven germans anti swedish alliance opted instead attack denmark stalled prolonged provisions treaty payments blocking foreign fleets access baltic_sea half danish soldiers obliged enter swedish service swedish king embarked kiel force men august expected head disembarked zealand august headed copenhagen defended dutch time town surrender long siege ensued swedish forces took september controlled sides november dutch fleet broke swedish naval blockade copenhagen battle sound anti swedish alliance deployed army denmark confront force commanded austrians commanded poles commanded january allied forces stood tried decisive assault copenhagen february repelled sweden entrenched war characterized swedish forces defending strongholds southern baltic coast allied assaults combined force austrians led general invaded swedish took burned took island besieged stettin success took november mounted general der lifted siege laid prince major general besieged stettin managed capture ammunition depot took withdrew countryside retreating occupied annexed danish provinces movements pressed swedish garrisons uprising took trondheim late zealand led ambushed swedish forces swedish garrison forced surrender danish insurgents commander killed contemporary poland fallen december november sweden abandon defeat january sweden lost fortress conflicts arose anti swedish alliance poland lithuania demanded contributions showing war efforts poland lithuania expected russo polish war ongoing polish lithuanian forces bound ukraine england france agreed petition concert urging sweden settle peace denmark terms peace talks france taking place new sweden captured soldiers new sweden colony led governor renamed swedish soon sweden opened baltic attacking polish lithuanian commonwealth dutch moved advantage armed squadron ships direction director general seized dutch moved army summer easily capturing swedish settlement incorporated dutch new september swedish finnish settlers continued enjoy local autonomy kept militia religion court lands peace fell ill early died february year death major obstacles peace gone treaty signed april sweden accepted sovereign swedish accepted sovereign withdrew claims swedish throne retain title life occupied territories restored pre war denmark keen peace recent successes witnessing weakness swedish efforts netherlands withdrew blockade soon convinced denmark support france england intervened sweden situation edge major conflict danish statesman negotiated peace treaty direct involvement foreign powers conflict resolved treaty copenhagen sweden returned treaty established political borders denmark sweden norway lasted present day secured swedish russia engaged russo polish war settled dispute sweden treaty restored russian occupied swedish territory sweden list peace treaties treaty sweden superseded treaty poland lithuania treaty sweden denmark superseded copenhagen treaty sweden austria poland lithuania treaty copenhagen sweden denmark treaty sweden russia
Second Northern War