medieval enacted restrict certain teachings included number medieval theological teachings importantly physical aristotle investigations teachings conducted bishops paris traditionally linked investigation requested pope actually supported drawing list unclear approximately sixteen lists issued 13th 14th centuries lists systematic collections prohibited articles considered particularly important historians consider effect encouraging scholars question science perspective historians maintain positive effects development science representing beginnings modern science condemnation condemnation issued provincial included member time peter writings number medieval scholars condemned apparently stated books aristotle natural philosophy commentaries read paris public secret penalty local force application restricted arts faculty left free read prohibited works titles specified alexander probably commentators influence targeted founded tried situation advertising students wish nature hear books aristotle forbidden paris prohibition actually effect study physical texts paris unclear english scholars including studied paris chosen study university_of_oxford works discussed public assumed continued read paris private signs discussion public condemnation ban aristotle natural philosophy dead letter convened meeting conservative december banned teaching certain doctrines paris thirteen listed false relating doctrine soul doctrine directed aristotle theory god passive banned included numerically intellect humans soul separated body death suffer fire god grant mortal thing god know individual objects creatures god know things human acts ruled providence god world eternal human taught asserted true suffer automatic implied threat medieval persisted known statements taught asserted teachers paris radical colleagues targets evidently radical masters taught aristotle forward controversial according true philosophy rejected theology doctrine truths questions free soul subject scholarly debate masters students teacher deny god providence present true god condemnation chain events leading condemnation entirely clear catholic encyclopedia records uneasy existed christian certain doctrines according historian desired condemn aristotle teachings world intellect january pope instructed investigate complaints investigate weeks authority issued condemnation drawn sources including apparently works ideas found way list list published march condemned great number errors philosophy included man contrary generation man man god heavens motion reason vacuum remain world eternal species contained time eternal motion matter agent recipient world infinite power god impossible novelty effect novelty cause penalty teaching listening listed errors turned bishop chancellor seven days case bishop inflict penalties condemnation sought stop master arts teachers interpreting works aristotle ways contrary beliefs church addition errors condemnation covered unnamed unidentified condemnation later partially teachings implied assessment long list labelled particularly organised broad scope point confusion order roll attributed factors order errors appeared examined works list reorganised shortly possibly facilitate use academic community 20th century articles reorganised numbering distinguishing philosophical theological ones list summarised explained emphasised express positions maintained light revealed truth reason followed qualification error problem identify targets condemnation merely indicating directed unspecified members paris singled prominent targets names found document appearing instead manuscripts preserve condemnation scholars important proponents movement ground breaking study historian shown appear come aristotle arab philosophers philosophers greek philosophers role pope played lead recent point discussion papal letter preceded condemnation weeks traditional assumption acted papal initiative hasty way days produced list papal letter gives indication pope aware action suggest possible preparing prior receiving pope letter pope played direct role having merely requested investigation scholar argued enthusiastic papal approval bishop paris actions effects considered destroyed certain essential foundations physics system viewed existence vacuum belief sanctioned possible whilst waiting science confirm true onward masters paris oxford admitted laws nature certainly opposed production space space contrary reason arguments gave rise branch mechanical science known dynamics state caused break work forced teachers time believe aristotle work imperfect according assign date birth modern science doubt choose year bishop paris proclaimed worlds exist heavens contradiction moved motion view extremely influential historiography medieval science opened academic discipline believed insistence god absolute power liberated christian thought acceptance way marked birth modern science certainly positive effect science scholars disagree relative influence historians field longer fully endorse view modern science started probably contemporary historian science comes closest vision historians agree allowed science consider possibilities great philosopher envisioned according historian science definitely promoted imaginative way science point philosophy critical skeptical reaction followed asserted aristotle theology pointed negative consequences acceptance ideas philosophers william believed mistaken matters philosophy movements set different path albert great theological motivation philosophical arguments traced stressed traditional themes formed thesis second thesis principle known razor developed new form logic based theory knowledge setting writes thoroughly modern orientation referred opposition earlier seen forerunner modern age analysis skeptical century included john nicholas suggested new philosophy nature emerged rise skepticism following contained seeds modern science arise early seventeenth century
Condemnations of 1210–1277