commonly known spotted violet species fungus family fruit bodies small purple caps diameter develop yellowish spots streaks maturity gill color changes violet grayish brown mushroom matures species range includes eastern north_america central_america northern south_america northern asia grows ground mycorrhizal association deciduous trees edible mushroom recommended consumption potential species distinguished bitter cap cuticle taxonomy species described scientifically moses type collection american botanist south_carolina considered described species examining specimens according synonyms species priority classified subgenus species cap stem specific epithet means violet like commonly known spotted violet description cap initially bell shaped broadly convex flat maturity retaining broad diameter cap surface wet weather smooth color flesh white firm thin color fades maturity cap develops irregular yellowish spots yellowish center gills attached stem packed closely violet young brown grayish spores mature stem measures long thick nearly equal width somewhat base solid hollow smooth violet colors usually lighter cap stem base white like pale violet partial veil leaves zone thin purple fibers upper stem mushroom distinctive taste odor edible recommended consumption produces brown spore print spores elliptical finely surface measuring basidia spore bearing cells spored club shaped measure pleurocystidia absent hymenium gill edge populated basidia undeveloped cap cuticle comprises distinctive layer wide hyphae form layer usually thick layer distinct thinner old poorly preserved specimens clamp connections present hyphae fruit body similar species fairly distinctive species combination characteristics readily identifiable species evolved coating probably help protects fruit bodies predation insects invertebrates field techniques help identify dry fruit bodies lost coat checking leaf debris surface kissing cap stem exploit lips enhanced sensitivity virtually identical appearance distinguished bitter cap cuticle smaller narrower spores measuring violet dry dark purple cap stem dry light purple cap stem bad odor widespread species violet coloring cap distinguished absence yellowish spotting north american species paler cap central region yellowish brownish smaller spores measure non dry silky cap features prominent habitat distribution forms mycorrhizal associations deciduous trees particularly oaks fruit bodies grow singly scattered groups hardwood trees typical habitats include edges areas fruiting usually occurs july november north_america common eastern regions rare pacific_northwest distribution extends eastern canada south central_america northern regions south_america occurs northern asia
Cortinarius iodes