new_york new_jersey campaign new_york new_jersey campaign series battles control new_york_city state new_jersey american revolutionary war british forces general sir continental_army general george_washington winter months howe successful driving washington new_york_city reach new_jersey ended active campaign season january outposts near city british held new_york harbor rest war base expeditions targets landing unopposed july howe assembled army composed elements withdrawn boston march following failure hold city combined additional british troops troops rented german washington new_england soldiers regiments states far south virginia landing long_island august howe defeated washington largest battle war continental_army able retreat manhattan cover darkness fog washington suffered series defeats manhattan exception victory chased north new_york point howe returned manhattan capture forces washington left north island washington army crossed hudson_river new_jersey retreated way pennsylvania ending periods poor morale howe ordered troops winter quarters december establishing chain outposts new_york new_jersey washington tremendous boost american morale launched successful strike garrison crossing prompting howe withdraw chain outposts new_brunswick coast near new_york washington established winter camp remaining winter months sides frequently british sought forage provisions britain maintained control new_york_city surrounding territory war ended base operations north_america general howe launched campaign capture philadelphia leaving general sir command new_york area general led attempt gain control hudson_river valley quebec failed northern new_jersey scene opposing forces rest war background american revolutionary war broke april british troops siege boston defeated patriot forces suffering high casualties news expensive british victory reached london general lord british official responsible determined decisive action taken new_york_city forces recruited british_empire troops hired small german states general george_washington recently named commander chief continental_army echoed sentiments new_york post infinite importance began task organizing military companies new_york area stopped way command siege boston january washington ordered raise troops command new_york defenses lee progress city defenses word arrived late march british army left boston washington threatened heights south city concerned general howe sailing directly new_york washington regiments boston including general commanded troops washington arrived mid april end april washington dispatched general regiments north bolster quebec campaign general howe moving new_york withdrew army halifax nova scotia transports british troops shipped bases europe intended new_york began gathering halifax june set sail new_york men assembled transports arrived german troops primarily british troops ultimately unsuccessful expedition carolinas meet howe fleet reached new_york general howe brother admiral lord howe arrived halifax transports general sailed immediately followed general howe arrived outer harbor new_york ships began sailing narrows long island july started landing troops shores day washington learned prisoners taken howe landed men awaiting arrival general washington smaller army effective troops lacked significant intelligence british force plans uncertain exactly new_york area intended strike consequently split continental_army fortified positions long_island manhattan mainland locations established flying camp northern new_jersey intended reserve force support operations jersey shore hudson capture new_york_city howe brothers granted authority peace commissioners parliament limited powers pursue peaceful resolution conflict king optimistic possibility peace think right attempted whilst act carried powers limited granting general special majesty subjects july powers admiral howe sent messenger letter addressed george_washington harbor washington adjutant informed messenger person title army admiral howe aide wrote address prevented letter delivery howe said visibly annoyed rejection second request addressed george_washington etc similarly rejected messenger told washington receive howe fruitless meeting held july washington pointed limited powers howe brothers given use rebels wrong requiring amnesty late august british transported men including long_island battle long island august british american positions driving americans fortifications general howe began lay siege works washington managed nighttime retreat rear howe consolidate position consider battle british captured general admiral howe convinced deliver message congress philadelphia released parole washington gave permission september sullivan told congress wanted negotiate given broader powers treat actually held created diplomatic problem congress want seen aggressive representatives felt direct rejection appeal appear consequently congress agreed send committee meet think bear fruit september howe brothers met exactly outcome americans expected time washington previously ordered congress hold new_york_city concerned escaped trap army vulnerable surrounded manhattan escape routes open north placed troops city occupied lower portion manhattan took rest army recorded use submarine warfare attempted novel attack royal_navy launching turtle failed attempt sink hms eagle admiral howe flagship september general howe landed men lower manhattan quickly taking control new_york_city americans withdrew harlem day held ground attempting washington strong position second time howe opted flanking maneuver landing troops opposition october sought washington defend washington withdrew army white plains short battle october retreated north isolated remaining continental_army troops upper manhattan howe returned manhattan captured mid november taking prisoners days later november hudson_river taken washington brought army hudson new_jersey immediately forced retreat aggressive british advance general howe consolidating british positions new_york harbor detached men command difficult subordinates hugh newport rhode_island opposition december sent general lord chase washington army new_jersey americans withdrew pennsylvania early december reactions outlook continental_army revolution bleak times try men souls wrote american crisis washington army fewer men fit duty significantly reduced expired end year spirits low popular support congress abandoned philadelphia fearing british attack washington ordered troops returned failed invasion quebec join ordered general lee troops left north new_york_city join lee relationship washington times difficult traveled far new_jersey lee far army december exposed position betrayed loyalists british company led lieutenant colonel surrounded inn staying took prisoner lee command taken finished marching army washington camp river capture lee presented problematic prisoner number continental_army leaders previously served british_army treated threats military punishment washington intervened tying treatment lee treatment prisoners held lee ultimately treated apparently offered british commanders advice win war americans prisoner comparable rank lee remained prisoner new_york exchanged failure continental_army hold new_york brought rise loyalist activity city haven refugee supporters crown country british actively recruited new_york new_jersey build regiments provincial militia success loyalists areas motivated seeing elements rebel army head home ended new_york patriot militia leader wrote thirty men instead signed enemy november admiral howe offered amnesty taken arms crown provided swore oath washington responded proclamation suggesting renounce immediately british lines result new_jersey civil battlefield militia activity continuing rest war news capture new_york favorably received london awarded order bath work combined news recovery quebec circumstances suggested british leaders war ended year campaigning news admiral howe amnesty proclamation met surprise terms government expected politicians opposed war pointed proclamation failed mention parliament furthermore criticized failing parliament informed peace efforts embarked howe strategy campaign apparent conclusion season british established chain outposts stretching entered winter quarters controlled new_york new_jersey good position resume operations spring rebel capital philadelphia striking distance howe detached general clinton men occupy newport rhode_island base future operations boston connecticut clinton occupied newport early december opposition howe campaign following year letter lord men newport expedition albany meet army descending quebec cross new_jersey threaten philadelphia defend new_york additional foreign forces available operations considered southern states washington worrying hold army washington organized attacks relatively exposed british outposts result continually edge ongoing militia army raids german commanders brigades end chain outposts frequent targets raids repeated warnings requests support general dismissed beginning mid december washington planned attack outpost attack outpost plan aided presence militia company drew entire man force away south resulted skirmish december consequence action position assist washington attack took place night december washington men crossed delaware surprised outpost following morning killing capturing nearly action significantly boosted army morale brought new_york army men marched position washington taken south leaving garrison princeton attacked washington position january times repulsed darkness set night washington moved army going intention attacking princeton garrison leading american advance guard encountered british soldiers princeton command british troops engaged ensuing battle mortally wounded washington sent reinforcements general successful driving british princeton fleeing british lost quarter force battle american morale rose victory defeats convinced general howe withdraw army new_jersey leaving outposts new_brunswick washington entered winter quarters having state british provisions armies limited commanders sides sent parties forage food supplies months engaged forage war targeted foraging parties led numerous skirmishes minor confrontations including british subject provisions lord resigned command series disagreements howe came head ability newport station provide forage new_york new_jersey forces aftermath british gained control new_york harbor surrounding agricultural areas held new_york_city long_island war ended americans suffered significant casualties lost important supplies washington managed retain core army avoid decisive confrontation ended war bold strokes princeton regained initiative boosted morale areas new_york_city new_york new_jersey connecticut ongoing rest war early reports sent superiors london concerning battles princeton attempted minimize significance blaming trying recast princeton nearly successful defense accounts particular lord letter general wrote officer commanded forces attributed lost life turn report loss ruler news entire brigade lost sixteen regimental colors cannon news reportedly enraged frederick broadly suggested return home turning command forces frederick ordered extensive inquiries events took place new_york inquiries created unique archive materials campaign news washington successes reached paris critical time britain ambassador france lord preparing complaints france foreign minister concerning semi secret financial logistical support france giving rebels learned supplies bound america shipped french flags previously sent american colors wrote french court extremely happy news french diplomatic position noticeably hardened hostile heart anxious success rebels shadow doubt steps british planned major operations campaign season ambitious plan gain control hudson_river valley central thrust army quebec general execution plan ultimately failed ending surrender army new_york october second operation general howe plan philadelphia difficult start met success september washington strategy continued basically defensive successfully attempt howe draw general engagement northern new_jersey unable prevent howe later success taking philadelphia send material help general tasked defending movements major general played notable role defeat following france entered war legacy urban environments manhattan brooklyn plaques memorials placed commemorate actions took place locations washington crossing national historic landmarks state parks preserving locations events campaign occurred areas preserves locations occupied continental_army winter months end campaign
New York and New Jersey campaign