national park national park oldest national park india established protect endangered tiger located district named played key role establishment park come initiative park sub belt geographical ecological characteristics destination contains different species plants diverse variety fauna increase tourist activities problems continues present challenge park ecological balance tourists wildlife lovers long time tourism activity allowed selected areas people opportunity splendid landscape diverse wildlife recent years number people coming increased dramatically presently season visitors come park comprises km2 area hills belts depressions large lake elevation ranges winter nights cold days bright sunny rains july september dense moist deciduous forest mainly consists trees forest covers park area consists houses tree species species mammals bird species species history areas park state forests cleared area vulnerable invaders formally ceded state return assistance domain tribe settled land began growing crops early 1860s evicted advent british rule efforts save forests region began 19th century major british officer charge area times step protection area began british forest department established control land prohibited cultivation operation cattle stations forests constituted reserve forest restricted permitted early 1900s including suggested setting national park soil british administration considered possibility creating game reserve 1930s process area got underway assisted knew area reserve area known covering km2 created sir governor asia national park came existence hunting allowed reserve timber cutting domestic purposes soon establishment reserve rules prohibiting killing capturing mammals reptiles birds boundaries passed reserve renamed national park renamed new honors known author wildlife played key role creating reserve influence persuade provincial government establish park fared 1930s elected administration second world war suffered excessive timber cutting time area reserve increased km2 added zone addition included entire forest division km2 area division chosen location launching ambitious known wildlife conservation project reserve administered headquarters district thirteen protected areas covered arc landscape program program aims protect terrestrial flagship species tiger asian elephant great restoring corridors forest link protected areas india enable wildlife migration geography park located latitude altitude region ranges numerous ridges minor streams small varying aspects degrees slope park encompasses valley formed river protects parts upper plains moist deciduous forests subtropical pine forests humid subtropical highland climate present area reserve square kilometres including square kilometres core area square kilometres area core area forms jim national park contains reserve forests square kilometres wildlife sanctuary square kilometres reserve located partly valley lesser north south sub belt structure upper rocks exposed base range hard sandstone units form broad ridges characteristic longitudinal valleys geographically termed seen formed narrow zones climate weather park temperate compared protected areas india temperature vary winter summer temperatures normally rise rainfall ranges light dry season heavy flora total different species plants recorded park tree density inside reserve higher areas forests lowest forests total tree basal cover greater dominated areas woody vegetation healthy regeneration layers occurring communities forests regeneration poor fauna species resident migratory birds including eagle headed red ancestor domestic species reptiles seven species amphibians seven species fish species recorded tigers plentiful easily spotted abundance foliage camouflage reserve thick jungle river plentiful prey reserve ideal habitat tigers prey range animals tigers park known kill larger animals buffalo elephant food tigers prey larger animals rare cases food shortage incidents tigers attacking domestic animals times shortage prey found hilly areas venture low land small cats park include jungle cat fishing cat leopard cat mammals include deer deer deer black bears indian grey yellow indian heard night summer indian elephants seen indian found reserve dangerous species capable killing deer local saved extinction captive breeding programs subsequently released river main focus protection wildlife reserve management encouraged training course covering natural history visitor management park interpretation introduced train nature guides second course followed recruited guides purpose allowed staff reserve previously preoccupied guiding visitors carry management activities additionally indian government organised workshops national park region ensure local citizens profit tourism park remains protected consider summer april june best season indian tourists visit park recommending winter months november january foreign tourists according best chances seeing tiger come late dry april mid june elephants days early played host tourist vehicles carrying visitors main tourist seasons november june heavy influx tourists led visible stress signs natural ecosystem excessive soil tourist pressure led reduction plant species resulted reduced soil moisture tourists increasingly fuel wood cooking cause concern fuel wood obtained nearby forests resulting greater pressure forest ecosystem park additionally tourists caused problems making noise causing disturbances general young naturalist photographer took challenge promoting healthy tourism national park comprehensive travel guide film titled wild saga showcases tourists contribute small way conservation efforts attractions known destination park situated fringes valley rest house built years ago ridge forms backdrop enjoy spectacular natural beauty valley convenient way travel national park rented park trips tourists allowed walk inside park park company guide winter season cold tourists proper arrangements clothing traveling winter season possible zone areas rewarding having healthy lush rich zone look trained staff dam located south west wildlife sanctuary best places bird watching tour lots migratory comes winters water fall situated highway water falls surrounded dense forests pin drop silence sacred visited traveller november december prominent temple located bank river amidst hilly nearby distance india location situated district area km2 route town headquarters overnight trains available delhi trains hire taxi reach park connected road drive delhi reach direct train runs alternatively come come road visit mid november mid june challenges past major incident history reserve followed construction dam river km2 prime low lying area consequences ranged local extinction swamp deer massive reduction deer population reservoir formed land led increase aquatic fauna additionally served habitat winter migrants villages situated southern boundary shifted area situated highway vacated areas designated zones families villages dependent forest products passage time areas began signs ecological recovery herbs grasses small trees began appear followed flora eventually leading natural forest type observed grass began grow vacated agricultural fields adjoining forest areas started plant species emerged zones newly arisen lush green fields attracted grass eating animals mainly deer elephants slowly migrated areas preferred stay monsoon cases recorded figure dropped reported cases british tour guide killed tiger park present habitat reserve faces threats invasive species exotic natural resources like trees grasses exploited local population families recorded villages surrounding park years old new villages come recent past increasing population growth rate density population park present challenge management reserve incidents killing cattle tigers led acts retaliation local population cases indian government approved construction stone masonry wall southern boundary reserve comes direct contact agricultural fields april expressed concern protection systems weakened park monitoring wild animals prescribed format followed despite advisories observations field visits monthly monitoring report field evidence relating tigers received said absence ongoing monitoring protocol manner impossible forecast track area targeted cement road built park supreme_court order road constantly increasing vehicle traffic road affecting wildlife crucial ranges like additionally irrigation colony takes square kilometres park vacated despite supreme_court order february local villagers reported killed tigers originating wildlife sanctuary opened new zone tourists stretched km2
Jim Corbett National Park