norwegian august better known old norse norwegian king norway iii death reign marked aggressive military campaigns conquest particularly norse dominated parts british isles extended rule dublin son king proclaimed king southeastern norway shortly father death north claim contested cousin son king ruled death members nobility refused recognise cousin death insurrection short lived securing position domestically campaigned raided northern southern isles ensured norwegian control treaty scottish king based time west number forts houses built island probably obtained sailed wales later expedition winning control possibly submission invading norman forces island following return norway led campaigns sweden claiming ancient border country unsuccessful invasions number skirmishes danish king initiated peace talks scandinavian monarchs fearing conflict hand concluded peace agreeing marry margaret daughter swedish king return gained set final western campaign sought conquer ireland entered alliance irish king recognised control dublin unclear circumstances obtaining food supplies return norway killed ambush year territorial advances reign ended death modern times legacy remained pronounced ireland scotland native norway domestic developments known reign norway developed rule moved closer european model church organisation popularly portrayed viking warrior medieval monarch norwegian king fall battle abroad respects considered final viking king background information norse chronicles began appearing 12th century important sources available norwegian chronicles monk anonymous simply date later detailed accounts generally considered reliable additional information particular campaigns found sources british isles included contemporary accounts born end son king mother identity uncertain identified daughter unknown unnamed daughter text commonly known historical consensus including favoured claims gained support argued daughter identified earl historian considered likely grew royal father modern trondheim facto capital norway time father cousin foster father youth apparently similar grandfather king father bore peaceful according considered handsome gifted learning shorter stature grandfather reportedly known tall common according adopting dress irish scots short left lower legs bare version danish historian maintains acquired nickname forced flee swedish attack bare feet explains rode like irish aggressive nature campaigns abroad nickname warrior strife lover reign establishing authority norway experienced long period peace reign father present died southeastern norway september probably proclaimed king thing assembly adjacent region later month king network support norwegian aristocracy sources unclear year reign apparent focus west british isles conditions chaotic norse dominated parts british isles death mighty provided opportunity intervene local power struggles according accounts expedition west helping scottish king conquer edinburgh scottish throne possibly gaining control return unclear early expedition took place directly referenced early reliable sources opposed cousin son king brother short lived ruler king claimed half kingdom proclaimed king thing central norway according took control entire portion kingdom held father including thing northern norway thing western norway secured support relieving farmers taxes duties including taxes dating danish rule early pursued costly policies demanded lengthy military service settled new royal estate winter travelled city took residence old royal estate relationship increasingly tense culminating saw fully rigged sea summoned response leading sail southwards attempted intercept travelling south land mountains died unexpectedly hunting february monarchy foster father tore tore refused recognise king death unknown set later maintain danish modern historians speculated son revolt based gained support country weeks fighting captured tore supporters hanged island outside northern norway reportedly furious pardon potentially useful young nobleman king honour allow pardon pleaded life happen final domestic dispute noble refused recognise king reduced piracy forced exile years negotiating men piracy increased soon departure possibly encouraged met danish province request return norway reconciled loyal supporter undisputed king norway developments norse sources including verses main sources chiefly describe war related matters known events reigns early norwegian kings instance wrote pages pages peaceful father despite reign lasting times longer modern historians noted probably image kings like sided case deeds warrior rule generally marked norway increasing similarity european kingdoms royal rule established consolidated power network powerful relatives church organisation developed bishops belonged hamburg bremen year death formed priests bishops largely foreigners england germany reality ruled church norway known reform began reign reform restored silver content coins percent level reform reduced silver content percent remainder coin copper coin size reform reduced half previous weight silver value coin remained copper needed coins irish sea campaign sought establish norwegian influence attempted install vassal king killed revolt unclear ultimate ambitions significance campaign modern english historians english chronicler william believed sought capture throne england common ambitions grandfather historians speculated wanted establish empire included scotland ireland modern norwegian scottish historians believe chief aim simply control norse communities influenced murder saga claims persuaded son earl wanted possible wished provide realm outside norway year old son accompanied sailed arriving large fleet chronicles kings isles claim ships english chronicler states fleet consisted ships based suggests initial fleet ships public levy returned shortly arrival fleet accompanying southward campaigns consisted royal ships according low estimate men ship means men royal ships ships historians believe ship numbers old naval campaign accounts exaggerated arrival began negotiations scottish irish kings control land scotland ireland surrounding islands arriving sent paul away norway prisoners ship took sons hostages installed son earl raided scotland meeting significant opposition continued islands peninsula visited recorded exact location unclear islands region entered lost ships men continued earl fell violent battle chased captured king isles came norwegian control men stayed island time time organised norwegian immigration island forts houses built rebuilt timber scottish mainland implied subdued region reducing tributaries intended invade ireland find approached king driven ireland norman hugh montgomery hugh ships according steered wales appearing coast island interrupted norman victory celebration defeat king welsh ascribed divine providence according historian necessarily intended ensuing battle known according power widely reported event history shot hugh montgomery dead arrow eye defeated norman forces sources indicate regretted killing montgomery suggesting interested alliance abruptly returned men leaving norman army weak battle considered southern border norway soon returned island awarding gifts honour indicate extension kingdom probably began concern english remembered invasion grandfather war danish king threat invasion scotland internal fighting continued rival kings gained slight advantage fearing meet battle strife according mistakenly called told renounce scottish claims islands west scotland exchange peace accepted offer reportedly gave island ship reach rudder set gained recognition rule including demonstrating included sitting rudder ship dragged narrow claimed references formal agreement scottish king post norwegian civil war designed agenda agrees norse sources formal agreement scots probably concluded notes happily ceded isles little authority case spent winter continuing islands men returned norway talks time marrying daughter late scottish king marriage took place returned norway year later summer islands conquered nominally norwegian control campaign sweden returning norway turned east claiming ancient border norway sweden set course swedish provinces late view border sweden set east river lake north province claimed land west chiefly swedish king refuted claim began campaign response raided way forest villages began army advised men retreat aggressive believed begun campaign aborted surprise nighttime attack assaulted swedish forces east near defeating conquered according conquered hundreds wooden fort surrounded moat built island southern portion returning norway left men island winter led according appear characterized arrogance successes swedish king taking long arrive newly formed ice connected island mainland arrived men offered times allow return home peace possessions offers rejected finally attacked burning fort spared allowed return home beaten sticks surrendering possessions angry defeat planned revenge entered sweden following year areas hasty campaign men ambushed swedish forces forced flee ships suffering heavy losses war continued danish king concerned conflict began peace talks kings relations strained denmark norway raids feared conflict spill country scandinavian kings eventually agreed negotiate peace border area near meeting agreed preserve ancestral borders marrying daughter margaret acquired peace acquired lands claimed behalf ancestors marriage childless established norwegian province returned sweden death second campaign death set course ireland time probably greater army previous campaign biggest challenges number petty kings alliances island irish sources maintain came ireland invade ireland ireland received reinforcements way set base survey conditions tensions ran high king high king ireland struggling rival tested situation unnamed sailors said raided near base arrival irish sources describe agreeing year peace irish suggesting agreements diplomatic devices usually negotiated sides war marriage agreement described sources treaty son married daughter wedding day named king charge western lands recognised control dublin time married daughter montgomery brother hugh killed account concerning foreign knight named appeared court swedish campaign suggested evidence norman earl buckingham family member revolt according left treasure wealthy citizen lincoln confiscated death treasure paid norman support possibly arranged said visited court provided lucrative return costly western campaigns unpopular norway time skilled diplomacy negotiation daughters political game intended honour agreements needed assistance crush went joint raiding expeditions peace agreement interrupted winter claim incorrectly claimed kingdom location corrected modern historians considered likely kept fleet near dublin probably allied campaigns contrast norse sources irish sources annals annals masters describe campaigns successful august unsuccessfully tried subdue battle dublin subjects fought closing irish throne wanted way according agreed bring men cattle provisions return norway dragged past agreed time suspicious irish planned attack gathered men day according august ventured country possible men landing raid cattle cattle raiding alternatively ordered bring provisions ambush norse sources describe large force emerging hiding places ambush norwegian forces taken surprise battle order attempted assert control army ordering force seize secure ground use fire slow irish melee pierced spear knees fought attempting men level axe wielding charged striking lethal blow neck men said proceeded campaigns reported responded kings honour long life norwegian king fall battle abroad betrayed betrayed men particular contingent nobleman fled ships battle possible men directed powerful men norway wanted removed norwegian throne fell battle according reign different men fought directed son returned norway child bride father defeat direct norwegian control region came end norwegian influence remained norwegian king returned years married daughter swedish king peace agreement marriage produce children sons succeeded king born different women known daughters unidentified women born mother low birth born mother born mother married danish son danish king married years death men came forward claiming sons impossible claims born ireland claim recognised son mother claim recognised mentioned aftermath burial probably died vicinity according chronicles kings isles buried near miles south cathedral mound known grave identification map attributed danish archaeologist description difficult terrain men attacked fits conditions making strong candidate burial site according people ambushed wanted christian burial men instead burying near slain monument marking site erected march mark anniversary death burial site largely accessible heritage railway halt overlooking built county railway succession succeeded peacefully sons near end reign having brothers late previously unknown came norway west claiming son legitimate successor kingdom recognised brother successor walked burning trial ordeal proclaimed king death son accompanied mother norway recognised lover father relations years later mutilated deposed blind soon murdered claimed son outlawed death allied blind defeated loyal family killed battle captured tortured executed began century long norwegian civil war era legacy earliest known native named son greatest rival 12th century according tribute ireland received norway late years death subject ballads character best known version returns norway expedition west killed second version different versions probably derived expeditions traditions concerning scotland legends poems local history modern times festival held ireland beer named sword norway according reduced history books little remains commemorate ancestry
Magnus Barefoot