known active central ecuador active volcano ecuador having erupted times recorded history exhibits activity recent eruption started ongoing marks southern boundary position major pieces crust accounts high level activity approximately year old history instability previous versions mountain destroyed massive flank collapses evidence litters surroundings today hosts significant biological community fauna mountain giant rock king ecological community protected national park climbing mountain hampered poor weather conditions river flooding danger falling volcano regularly climbed feat achieved geological setting lying eastern edge formed volcanic processes associated peru chile trench southernmost volcano northern limit del colombia active volcano chain peru distant south lies slab located beneath reflecting sharp difference thermal character oceanic crust older rock beneath southern ecuador peru dated million years old younger rock northern ecuador colombia dated million years old older southern rock stable northern crust attributed long break volcanic activity occupies position boundary bodies accounting high level activity geology developed distinct phases oldest formed years ago evidenced today wide scattering material opening east defined crest high secondary ridges thought diameter summit located southeast present summit curved shape remnants structure indicates suffered massive flank collapse scattering nearby forest debris causing large southern wall slide mountain forming lower slopes thick block best preserved specimen early construction consists layered flows deposits acidic dioxide dominate flows basic found second began form massive sector collapse damaged constructed years ago remnants second structure lie southern eastern parts debris collapse remnants volcano lie west north second structure believed east west elongated summit like summit structure suffered catastrophic collapse created debris wide length likely volcano version summit lay near current currently forms perfect capped cone high slope slight northeast southwest tilt eastern flank marks edge amazon western flank flat plain volcanic ash sculpted steep deep heavy rainfall west east summit ridge capped active lava dome active current form years filling area left bare earlier incarnations smaller uniquely years activity changed composition moved significant distance mainly composition highly active earliest report historical eruption ash fell far away located northwest severe cover local livestock volcano erupted remaining essentially continuously active particularly heavy activity brief pause erupted august completely heavy periods occurring exhibit activity producing lava flows flows known volcano index despite activity located remote region large eruption threaten occupied areas west nonetheless flank collapse eastern possible given volcano construction history displace nearby forest possibly affect settlements access volcano difficult current states constantly rock reasons nearly studied similarly active detailed study volcano published ecology active located namesake national park north listed area isolation allowed maintain ecology relatively untouched human interaction park hosts ranging alpine glaciers peaks tropical forest flanks altitude rainfall significant local factors affecting fauna lush ecosystems found parts volcano eastern slope highest level dominated lies zone small trees shrubs develops forest principally western valleys eastern slopes occurs tree heights develop near metres subtropical present temperatures rainfall fauna similarly distributed distinct present highest altitudes support endangered mountain guinea pigs lower bears white tailed deer deer vulnerable endangered giant found bird species common area include rock giant ducks king swallow tailed recreation climbed ascended prior current eruption beginning volcano current active state presents dangers form falling members expedition volcano stuck killed falling debris addition volcano located remote region poor roads difficult access periods heavy rainfall flood rivers cause landslides rendering mountain routes impassable nonetheless maintains office near mountain facilitate activities providing local guides rooms rent visitors ascension takes days conditions volcano usually wet visually impaired viewing volcano ascend
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