group old style originally designed 16th century french designers modern written lifetime invariably spelled worked punches masters stamp cast metal type worked tradition called old style letter design produced letters relatively organic structure resembling pen slightly structured upright design remains considered eminent figure french printing sixteenth century historical research century increasingly placed context active time rapid production new sixteenth century france operating pre existing tradition defined work preceding half century particular term understood mean based appearance early modern french printing necessarily specifically work distinctive characteristics letters small eye bowl sharp hook upwards left slightly height height lower case letters low especially larger sizes making capitals large relative lower case letters like downward slope rise subtly cap height popular particularly printing body text books modern related developed roman regular upright versions directly based work common pair based created contemporary known proficiency genre actually based work later punch cutter work years modern add matching bold lining numbers height capital letters time common digital release bundled microsoft products revival work history life career designed type roman upright style greek period early life roman type displacing gothic type early french printing roman designs imitated based cut venetian printer book short work poet printing latin alphabet long series publications classics greek literature won international reputation assessed pilot project small book printed higher standard norm french 16th century examined work thought particular source inspiration printed mixture alternate characters experiment found printing created mentor use letters preferred later printing indicate books examined source inspiration separately examination extended cases copying shown pointing letter right design considered eccentric suggested result casting especially later period encompassing career extremely busy period creation created apparently exclusive use specific printer sold traded active time including creating latin alphabet greek hebrew scholarly use period saw creation pool high quality punches supply french printing industry large extent centuries born little known life work worked variety employers commission creating punches publishers government popular abroad replaced original roman type venice worked publisher considered impressive roman early establish modern tradition capitals slope lower case remain upright roman square capitals designed type greek alphabet early career created government different latin designs attempt simulate elegant include vast variety alternate letters achieve style impractical modern setting body text requires careful manual choice characters word releases contain greek designs compromise upright latin designs greek ones primarily inspired latin designs died punches sold widow included type paris run family antwerp frankfurt referred historians chaotic sales caused problems son wrote successor offering trade type range sizes brought specimen types later source collection original punches survives antwerp collected period collection extensively research example historians carter son matthew later describe research helping demonstrate finest collection printing types golden age perfect condition aside accounts names types records exist exact types cut details career remain uncertain initial opinion date birth substituted later estimates recently document called memorandum based memories sons suggests finished considered unlikely modern historians mother alive died little known suggested roman types designed set created paris copy model french ministry culture history career suggest designed career began somewhat later suggests creator set unified design master recorded memorandum master type designer period known obvious body work ascribed disappearance history early death presumed work appeared years allowed reputation develop following decade memorandum attribute notes type begin early suggests mistake caused later reputation remained source years death french printer released specimen characteristics similar designs french appears bought contract actually historians concluded simple mistake despite purchase clear office type historian reported unable find books printed use specific sizes easy prove negative type later wrote specimen seeing time persons art printing greatly lowered desire came try imitate fashion art men deaths hear regretted day mentions eminent previous century accomplish design lack types needed lacked resolved years ago turn hand good earnest making punches sorts characters accommodation public career took place politically tense period protestant began career printer north eastern france taking report time enjoyed unstable independence time french government conceded allowing complicated system restricted liberties acknowledging talent commissioning equipment documented surviving purchase order known authorities raided office commissioned printing initially assumed source materials government purchase order came light types descendants recognizable triangular left characters steep slant design compared different ornate nineteenth century come known characters university claimed term official designated type suggested work operated like university despite carter 1970s followed conclusion concludes report term use type exists nineteenth century originate generic term previous century simply meaning older conservative designs preferred academic publishing old style contemporaries successors remained use printing years death influential dutch printing period known dutch golden age dutch printing influential europe dutch favoured solid darker designs old style colleagues finally fell use arrival called style printing eighteenth early nineteenth centuries promoted family france favoured geometric constructed style letter increasingly refined paper printing technologies period comments revolution coincided major shift style printing types associated family stock old materials abruptly lost value scrap punches copper traces early types hands trade like paris vanished completely relics saved commercial centres relative like antwerp printing office preserved collection founder term attached default set apparently early survived forgotten mixed stock materials national printing office reputation remained respected members family type designs came dominate french printing revival era revival interest old style took place late nineteenth early twentieth century saw revival office called following end french monarchy unlike work survived paris came considered certain director early based directly types machine systems gave cleaner result historic master punches hand carved steel allowed rapid development large range sizes addition new hot metal technology period created increasing availability demand new hot metal companies branches britain united_states brought separate versions american branch licensed number historians began early twentieth century question latin alphabet type work undoubtedly doubt raised french historian died world war soon publishing conclusions work remained little read historian secretly doubted company reviving work noting seen sixteenth century book discussed concerns junior librarian later europe prominent writer printing advising british branch paper published british journal revealed discovery type created discovered examining printing credited london paris reading work time article published released authentic work based period books printing specimens german company brought crisp revival original 1920s inspired rediscovered specimen frankfurt britain timeline renaissance book printed france swiss german team paris early books printed france use type design influenced publishes short text poetry serves printing latin alphabet new roman metal type sets standard imitated french late renaissance born time begins publish new elegant style roman type influenced attributed argued notes begins early advanced money cut type death buys equipment paris auction widow partnership antwerp equipment bought german specimen sheet identifying types issued frankfurt 70s work contemporaries influential low countries western germany decline sets production new probably simple market acceptable quality possibly economic religious factors causing emigration countries clearly separate industry printing early modern period birth issues specimen type leaves paris foundation buys printing office raided authorities concerned publishing banned material imprisoned returns death eighteenth century printer inherited writes collection vintage type family shall happy display punches lovers true beauty types extensive collections dispersed death ultimately traditional old style type falls use france early revival era late nineteenth century revival interest old style type england venice revival following revolution type publishes book arguing type created work attracts little attention killed serving world war months later copy specimen published issue specimen revival development years prior historian privately tells junior librarian suspects type seen contemporary book better candidate creator subsequently moves europe freelance writer printing adviser london based specimen released germany later released revival actually based work published based type discovers reveals type created based directly based work contemporary versions based design released designed based roman type type font family contains regular bold weights developed viewing fifteenth century equipment mature design attracted attention release authenticity work contrast aggressive popular time version font family released enhanced support alternate small caps capitals sold system popular versions books fine printing premier started planning second interpretation visiting production visit led conclude truly revived digitally set optical sizes adaptations design different sizes text unable create large range styles practically technology business requirements 1980s completed project optical sizes designed weights regular medium bold additional light weight display sizes font format features coverage central european greek characters including professor expert printing described bar accomplished complex greek texts executive described modernized interpretation different earlier remains sale hot metal period adaptation created inter war period released countries remained popular sharp somewhat angular design crisp hook left relatively short allowing particularly tightly unusual feature digit reversed contrast points number digit revival designed jointly released named introduced types german printing unusual feature releases based work wider normal width roman style suited hot metal machines period later versions maintained principle released free software version released open font license available google based design specimen printed greek characters based work addition characters features capitals intended include multiple optical sizes including based point forms specimen described best open source prominent designer february bold weight released version contributed project based featuring bold weight small capitals optional text figures automatic particularly popular community included originally released type converted format usable current software distributed license allows freely support sold distribution charged despite english branch based original roman commented having long design cut stern justice left face undoubtedly based design american type founders created revival designed house design department led received showing marketed especially specimen book involved revival book designer created set matching borders ornaments design gained current practical hot metal adaptation licensed marketed american branch number distinguished version variants sold style preferred prominent designer variant original based revived design based work bundled microsoft products faithful extremely variable angle slant lower case letters commercial release extensive basic microsoft release featuring additional features capitals small capitals like pre digital included regular weight popular metal type era criticised having light colour page body text printed common printing systems known problem period publicity art metal period created young guide identifying noted sharp triangular left unlike point right revival american branch chosen differ elegant sample created shown spring issue magazine like features large range characters based specimen sheets described lively type think deliberately maintained true period printing avoiding perfect british branch thought somewhat comparison version branch considered personal project noting letter american printer entertain decided opinions latest achievements comparison leaves preference version added bring believe cut capitals best reproduce revival optical sizes modern work created matching companion design related popular history number designs created influenced design follow different design paths created follows house style unusually high height initially intended serve display version text tight high height gives somewhat appearance result proven somewhat controversial designers generally considered poorly body text remains corporate font system printed text seen modified served apple corporate font replacement publishers included reilly media french publisher open source adaptation intended display sizes designed released google features delicate style suitable printing larger sizes considerable contrast stroke weight larger sizes added unusual alternate designs upright styles exaggerated highly accents based type created published later popular culture list focuses notable references including extremely large number books printed novel protagonists work pair related publishing companies owned character wii game super paper mario appears world mirror image game begins prolific highly successful author unlike counterpart probable recognition relative use book years british newspaper guardian guardian bold condensed variant adopted apple release known font publicly available condensed publicly released condensed initial goals literary journal use single font editor journal stated favourite font looked good small caps caps tracked justified fantasy novel hour character names derive historical figures associated printer ink claim claimed uses ink times new roman similar point size changing cost large organizations print large numbers documents especially identified efficient font claim criticised actually measured printing methods desirable version bundled windows generally smaller design point size compared strokes giving elegant appearance letters especially lower case high equivalent setting text size increased cost savings expert digital noted effect simply compromised changes font sets smaller nominal point size actually reducing point size picking thinner reduce text like bad idea percentage americans poor professional font designer commented actually interested reducing waste printing paper obviously efficient gallery
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