class destroyer class large destroyers french_navy laid commissioned extremely fast large destroyers intended act scouts fast class battleships design evolved extremely fast class tons heavier carrying guns semi enclosed twin turrets guns single open mounts guns approached light cruiser firepower sister present british attack july managed escape toulon struck inch shell rear hull detonated ready depth charges despite actually destroyed stern water remained afloat repaired sent toulon november reconstruction ships scuttled toulon harbour germans tried seize november design class authorized estimates improved version class new twin mounts carrying modèle gun earlier ships construction suspended period france italy negotiated limits fleets shipyards capacity pause time taken modify design deal severe weather conditions north_atlantic incorporate developments propulsion technology indicated larger hull requiring increase weight proposal catapult abandoned insufficient reserve stability extra twin turret decided boost ship firepower authorized estimates second class battleship general characteristics construction strengthened handle severe weather conditions north_atlantic requirements intended role scouts escorts class battleships force raid longitudinal construction frames spaced metres apart subdivided transverse compartments stress bearing parts hull grade steel remainder hull grade steel save weight internal sides superstructure hull entirely joints despite efforts weight higher earlier classes weight twin gun turrets accommodations cramped poorly earlier ships ammunition passed crew spaces problem ships intended long endurance sorties north_atlantic lack room hull forced number workshops offices superstructure added weight high ship break forecastle intervals permit beam torpedo tubes rotate larger earlier ships meant space premium ships proved excellent sea boats capable high seas sustain knots mph steady ships gentle roll period seven seconds strong cross wind rudder marked improvement earlier comparatively high length beam ratio gave high maneuvers formation difficult propulsion class ships retained unit arrangement propulsion spaces earlier new high pressure boiler rated psi gave power weight size proved fragile difficult maintain set geared turbines rated shaft horsepower consisted main turbines high pressure medium pressure low pressure reversing turbine main low pressure turbine cases small cruise turbines operating parallel engine room low speeds steam directed cruise turbines higher speeds diverted high pressure turbine knots mph cruise turbines entirely vulcan clutch didn work properly ship captains recommended cruise turbines deleted future classes entirely shafts driven single reduction port shaft driven rear engine room significantly shorter starboard shaft driven forward engine room caused significant turning circle depending direction ship turning shaft drove bladed screw propeller diameter suffered severe speed single semi balanced rudder chosen reduce high speed resistance area square metres moved weak steam driven trials turning circle measured metres knots mph service took seconds turn rudder maximum speed ship turning circle approximately double demonstrated trials ships captain cautioned log great care needed operating company battleship ship far class ships designed speed knots mph comfortably exceeded trials achieved speed knots mph shp hour washington standard displacement earlier performance knots mph shp load displacement tonnes long tons short tons impressive normal displacement carried tonnes long tons short tons oil carried tonnes long tons short tons oil normal load tonnes long tons short tons deep load endurance estimated trials nautical miles speed knots mph cruise turbines nmi speed knots mph main turbines attained service consumption auxiliary machinery arguably greatest weakness ships lay inability generate sufficient electric current power multitude auxiliary motors advanced machinery complex gun dependent electrical supply larger cruisers power operated turrets system electrical power generated turbo generators rated small diesel generators rated use ship alongside provided ship minimum lighting electricity needs fires lit boilers order train turrets elevate guns practice maintenance auxiliary motors seriously particularly gun slow train elevate rudder contributed ship poor technological terms ships armament light cruiser hull destroyer type pushed past limits capabilities jordan class armament main guns class ships designed use newly designed twin gun modèle pseudo turrets canon modèle preceding class destroyers guns housed separate coupled elevate maximum electric motors gave maximum training speed second maximum speed second motors initially installed moved outer sides turrets free room inside turrets type ammunition ran fixed shaft center mount shells powder charges transferred drum rotated match bearing angle guns loaded system adapted fixed millimeter ammunition class destroyers unfortunately suited separate loading ammunition gun separate shell powder total drum matching separate ammunition gun shell power rammed charges hand rammed theoretically guns loaded angle power weak ram shells angles problem coupled poor quality manufacture guns unsatisfactory profile breech resulted firing cycle rounds minute early trials jams failures frequent planned rounds minute problem assigned gun crew tired quickly prolonged firing gunnery trials conducted sea trials disaster reasons given identified notably modifications breech installation split loading reinforcement catapult wait ships refit implemented modifications stop gaps entirely new loading system deemed necessary expected months develop current system meantime refitted january turrets modified loading angles higher surrender france june ended work new loading system round ready racks gun added sides turrets refit compensate problems loading systems magazines designed store shells rounds gun plus separate magazine supplied turret anti aircraft suite single millimeter twin gun modèle anti aircraft mount installed forward turret caliber semi automatic modèle gun conventional sliding breech round cartridge boxes gave maximum rate fire rounds minute mount lieu intended power driven modèle twin gun mount use new caliber fully automatic gun expected able fire rate rounds minute new gun development ships commissioned rounds stored near mount main magazine held additional rounds adjacent forward magazines required forward metres pick kilograms cartridge box carry waiting gun crew twin millimeter hotchkiss machine gun mounts fitted anti weapons high rate fire rpm hampered awkward round magazine feed initially mounted forward superstructure deck level fitted gun shields protect spray trials revealed limitations positions poor arcs fire gun shields view target following completion trials guns relocated new bridge turret gun shields removed rounds barrel stored forward magazines underwater weapons class ships designed anti surface warfare anti submarine work given large torpedo battery consequence triple torpedo launchers fitted beam funnels twin modèle launchers located beam second funnel placement beam significantly increased arc fire comparison centerline mount cost torpedo broadside weaker tube older class extra launchers positioned close ship imposed importantly weight stability penalty mounts millimeter torpedo torpedo cylinder radial brotherhood alcohol engine power set speeds fast speed knots mph range metres slow speed setting knots mph range metres twin depth charge tunnels built rear hull class ships tunnel housed depth charges sixteen rear magazine launched remote control patterns chain system equipment fitted depth charges unlikely actually damage submarine fixed pairs rails mounted stern pair carry mines extended section decks carry thirty mines necessary fire control centralized fire control system similar class target designation bridge linked director control towers located atop bridge second funnel metre rangefinder sent range post central fed modernized electro mechanical computer calculated firing solution transmitted turrets turrets controlled locally necessary torpedo control system entirely separate gunnery system target designation mounted bridge transmitted target bearing torpedo director located primary gunnery bridge separate metre rangefinder provide bearing range modèle mechanical computer calculated torpedo firing angle sent remotely controlled torpedo tubes command fire given torpedo director secondary positions wings bridge construction class consisted steel cut beginning late assembly begin autumn following year industrial unrest disrupted construction january handed french_navy sea trials followed months later ship formally accepted french_navy year commissioned armament april march improved class ships ordered named construction suspended start world war design continually modified light wartime experience original plan dual purpose guns shelved apparent developed timely manner reverted main armament anti aircraft armament reinforced anti aircraft guns single twin mount plans came france surrendered june history comprised 6th division assigned force raid based brest war began group purpose hunt german blockade runners raiders escort convoys danger october force raid escorted convoy protect german cruiser sortied north_atlantic war began sortie german battleships north_atlantic november prompted force raid sail brest rendezvous british battlecruiser hms hood patrol area south iceland german ships able return safely cover heavy weather engaged ships refitted early number minor changes necessary improvements identified main armament sea trials year earlier finally implemented canvas cover turrets replaced rolling door new radios installed shields fitted anti aircraft machine guns fitted june proved british attack july severely damaged hit inch shell rear hull detonated ready depth charges present managed escape company battleship ships repaired reach toulon months later undergoing repairs modifications toulon november scuttled toulon harbour november prevent capture germany refloated italians repaired eventually broken
Mogador-class destroyer