french polish november july born polish french physicist chemist conducted pioneering research woman win nobel prize person woman win twice person win twice multiple sciences family legacy nobel prizes woman professor woman merits paris born warsaw russian_empire studied warsaw clandestine began practical scientific training warsaw aged followed older sister study paris earned higher degrees conducted subsequent scientific work shared nobel prize physics husband physicist won nobel prize chemistry achievements included development theory term coined techniques radioactive discovery elements direction world studies conducted treatment radioactive founded paris warsaw remain major centres medical research today world war established military field centres french citizen lost sense polish identity taught daughters polish language took visits poland named chemical element discovered isolated native country died aged france brought exposure radiation carrying test tubes pockets research course service world war mobile ray units set biography early years born warsaw russian partition poland november fifth youngest child known teachers née elder siblings maria nickname born nickname born nickname born nickname born nickname paternal maternal sides family lost property fortunes patriotic polish national uprisings aimed restoring poland independence recent january uprising condemned subsequent generation including maria elder sisters brother difficult struggle ahead life maria paternal grandfather respected teacher taught young leading figure polish literature father taught mathematics physics subjects maria pursue director warsaw boys russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction polish schools brought laboratory equipment home instructed children use father eventually fired russian pro polish sentiments forced lower paying posts family lost money bad investment eventually chose supplement income lodging boys house maria mother operated prestigious warsaw boarding school girls resigned position maria born died tuberculosis maria years old years earlier maria oldest sibling died contracted maria father mother devout catholic deaths maria mother sister caused catholicism years old maria began attending boarding school attended gymnasium girls graduated june gold medal collapse possibly depression spent following year countryside relatives father year father warsaw unable regular institution higher education woman sister involved clandestine polish patriotic institution higher learning admitted women students maria agreement sister financial assistance medical studies paris exchange similar assistance years later connection maria took position home tutor warsaw years landed family relatives father working family fell love son future eminent mathematician parents rejected idea marrying relative unable oppose maria loss relationship tragic soon earned doctorate pursued academic career mathematician professor rector old man mathematics professor sit statue erected founded beginning months earlier married polish physician social political activist invited maria join paris maria declined afford university tuition year half longer gather necessary funds helped father able secure lucrative position time continued educate reading books exchanging letters early returned home father warsaw continued working remained till late studied began practical scientific training chemical laboratory near warsaw laboratory run cousin assistant saint_petersburg russian chemist new life paris late left poland france paris maria marie known france briefly found shelter sister brother law renting closer university proceeding studies physics chemistry mathematics enrolled late resources suffering cold winters occasionally hunger studied day evenings barely earning awarded degree physics began work industrial laboratory professor continued studying aid fellowship able earn second degree marie begun scientific career paris investigation magnetic properties commissioned encouragement pour year entered life mutual interest natural sciences drew instructor physique paris introduced polish physicist professor learned marie looking larger laboratory space thought access large laboratory able find space marie able begin work mutual passion science brought increasingly closer began develop feelings eventually proposed marriage marie accept planning native country declared ready poland meant reduced teaching french summer break marie returned warsaw visited family illusion able work chosen field poland denied place woman letter convinced return paris pursue marie insistence written research received doctorate march promoted professor school contemporary marie biggest discovery july married wanted religious service marie dark blue outfit worn instead gown serve years laboratory outfit shared long bicycle trips journeys abroad brought closer marie found new love partner scientific collaborator depend new elements discovered existence rays mechanism production understood discovered emitted rays resembled rays penetrating power demonstrated radiation unlike depend external source energy arise spontaneously influenced important discoveries marie decided look rays possible field research thesis innovative technique investigate samples years earlier husband brother developed version sensitive device measuring electric charge discovered rays caused air sample conduct electricity technique result finding activity compounds depended quantity present radiation outcome interaction molecules come hypothesis important step ancient assumption daughter born support family began teaching dedicated laboratory research carried converted shed shed medical school room poorly unaware effects radiation exposure attendant continued unprotected work radioactive substances school sponsor research receive subsidies mining companies organizations governments systematic studies included minerals known showed times active twice active concluded earlier results relating quantity activity correct minerals contain small quantities substance far active began systematic search additional substances radiation discovered element radioactive increasingly intrigued work invested decided drop work crystals join research idea writes helped took husband opinion clearly established ownership later recorded fact twice biography husband ensure chance ambiguity likely early stage career realized scientists find difficult believe woman capable original work involved aware importance promptly publishing discoveries establishing priority years earlier presented discovery day credit discovery nobel prize instead gone thompson chose rapid means publication paper giving brief simple account work presented april professor thompson beaten beaten race tell discovery gives rays way months earlier published finding berlin time world physics noticed recorded sentence paper describing greater activities fact remarkable leads belief minerals contain element active later recall felt passionate desire verify hypothesis rapidly possible april weighed sample ground mortar realize time searching present minute quantities eventually process tons ore july husband published joint paper announcing existence element named honour native poland years remain december announced existence second element named latin word ray course research coined word prove discoveries doubt sought pure form complex mineral chemical separation constituents task discovery relatively easy resembles element like substance ore elusive closely related contains elements obtained traces quantities reach undertook task separating salt differential ton tenth separated isolated pure metal succeeded half life days published jointly separately total scientific papers including announced exposed forming cells destroyed faster healthy cells woman faculty member husband joined faculty visited poland occasion father death june supervised awarded doctorate month couple invited london speech woman prevented speaking allowed new industry began developing based patent discovery benefited little increasingly profitable business nobel prizes december awarded nobel prize physics recognition extraordinary services rendered joint radiation phenomena discovered committee intended honour committee members advocate woman scientists swedish mathematician alerted situation complaint marie added nomination marie woman awarded nobel prize husband declined stockholm receive prize person busy work disliked public ceremonies feeling increasingly ill nobel required deliver lecture finally undertook trip award money allowed hire laboratory assistant following award nobel prize offer offered position gave chair physics proper laboratory complaint relented agreed new laboratory ready december gave birth second daughter later hired polish teach daughters native language sent took visits poland april killed road accident walking heavy rain struck horse drawn vehicle fell wheels causing skull fracture devastated husband death physics department decided retain chair created offer marie accepted hoping create world class laboratory tribute woman professor quest create new laboratory end later years headed laboratory created initiative creating come director disappointed giving proper laboratory suggested threat leaving eventually joint initiative succeeded defined international standard radioactive emissions eventually named elect member votes elected instead inventor helped develop wireless telegraph doctoral student woman elected membership academy half century later despite fame scientist working france public attitude tended led affair false speculation jewish elections right wing press criticised daughter later remarked public french press portrayed nominated french honour portray french hero received foreign nobel prizes revealed conducted affair year duration physicist student married man estranged wife resulted press scandal exploited academic opponents years older foreign jewish home scandal broke away conference belgium return found angry mob house seek refuge daughters home friend international recognition work growing new heights overcoming opposition prompted scandal honored second time nobel prize chemistry award recognition services advancement chemistry discovery elements isolation study nature compounds remarkable element person win share nobel prizes remains nobel fields delegation celebrated polish men learning headed novelist encouraged return poland continue research native country second nobel prize enabled persuade french government supporting built research conducted chemistry physics medicine month accepting nobel prize hospitalised depression kidney avoided public life spend time england friend fellow physicist returned laboratory december break months offered new laboratory warsaw declined focusing developing completed august new street named visited poland welcomed warsaw visit ignored russian authorities institute development interrupted coming war researchers drafted fully resumed activities world war world war saw need field centres near lines assist battlefield quick study anatomy automotive mechanics ray equipment vehicles auxiliary generators developed mobile units came popularly known little director set france military centre operational late assisted military doctor year old daughter directed installation mobile vehicles units field hospitals year war later began training women aides produced hollow containing radioactive gas given later identified infected tissue provided supply estimated million wounded soldiers treated ray units busy work carried little scientific research period spite humanitarian contributions french war effort received formal recognition french government promptly war started attempted donate gold nobel prize medals war effort refused accept buy war bonds nobel prize money active member committees france dedicated polish cause war summarized war time experiences book war postwar years 25th anniversary discovery french government established previous recipient marie welcomed toured united_states raise funds research interviewing marie created marie fund raised money buy trip president received white house present collected united_states meeting recognising growing fame abroad embarrassed fact french official wear public french government offered legion honour award refused fellow travelled countries appearing publicly giving lectures belgium brazil spain czechoslovakia led institute produced nobel prize winners including daughter son law eventually major research laboratories vienna august member newly created wrote biography entitled visited poland participate ceremony laid foundations warsaw second american tour succeeded opened sister director scientific attendant publicity caused discomfort provided resources needed work elected member served death death visited poland time early months later july died believed contracted long term exposure radiation damaging effects radiation known time work carried safety measures later developed carried test tubes containing radioactive pocket stored desk remarking faint light substances gave dark exposed rays equipment serving field hospitals war decades exposure radiation caused chronic illnesses including near ultimately death acknowledged health risks radiation exposure interred cemetery alongside husband years later honour achievements remains transferred paris woman honoured merits women interred merits levels radioactive contamination papers 1890s considered dangerous handle highly radioactive papers kept lead lined boxes wish consult wear protective clothing year worked book published posthumously legacy physical societal aspects work contributed substantially shaping world twentieth centuries professor observes result work making great ignored principle conservation energy forced foundations physics experimental level discovery provided men like sources probe structure result experiments alpha radiation nuclear medicine appeared offer means cancer successfully attacked work helped established ideas physics chemistry equally profound effect societal sphere attain scientific achievements overcome barriers placed way woman native adoptive country aspect life career highlighted life emphasizes marie role feminist precursor known honesty moderate life style having received small scholarship returned soon began earning gave nobel prize money friends family students research associates unusual decision intentionally isolation process scientific community research insisted monetary gifts awards given scientific institutions affiliated husband refused awards medals reportedly remarked probably person corrupted fame awards honours tributes famous women scientists date icon scientific world received tributes globe realm pop culture poll carried new scientist voted inspirational woman science received cent votes cast nearly twice second place cent poland france declared year united_nations declared international year chemistry artistic installation celebrating madame filled san_diego museum contemporary art november google celebrated anniversary birth special google december celebrated centenary second nobel prize presence princess sweden woman win nobel prize person win nobel prizes woman win fields person win multiple sciences awards received include nobel prize physics medal medal prize nobel prize chemistry publication husband discovery honored presented physique paris woman merits paris symbol unit named honour commission agreed clearly stated standard named marie element atomic number named radioactive minerals named received numerous honorary degrees universities world fellowship program european_union young scientists wishing work foreign country named poland received honorary awarded national honorary member significant contribution numerous locations world named metro station paris renamed honour polish nuclear research maria named named registration named honour institutions bear starting maria warsaw paris patron founded france pre eminent science university britain organized care ill museums devoted established warsaw new town birthplace street paris laboratory preserved open works art bear likeness wife polish president unveiled statue warsaw second world war warsaw uprising nazi german occupation monument damaged gunfire war decided leave bullet marks statue pedestal created stained glass panel featured number biographies devoted daughter published wrote life wrote obsessive genius inner world marie published radioactive marie tale love fallout starred oscar nominated film based life recently french film released adapted play film played subject play false assumptions ghosts women scientists observe events life portrayed play living history marie woman performed states countries likeness appeared stamps coins world featured polish french note replaced euro themed postage stamps actually picture portraying picture centenary second nobel prize mural painted façade warsaw birthplace depicts infant holding test tube elements discover adult new warsaw bridge named making intellectual property celebrity culture age information isbn retrieved march daughter plains polish isbn retrieved march isbn madame biography press isbn marie discovery quinn susan life press isbn life isbn translated radioactive tale love fallout isbn lady women won nobel prize press isbn fiction book marie new_york isbn novel featuring patient english translation published
Marie Curie