revolt associated revolts cyprus military rebellions greek regions asia minor persian rule lasting heart rebellion dissatisfaction greek cities asia minor appointed persia rule individual actions cities conquered persia ruled native nominated persian launched joint expedition persian conquer attempt bolster position mission sensing imminent removal chose rebellion persian king great supported troops athens marched captured burnt return journey followed persian troops decisively beaten battle campaign offensive action subsequently went defensive responded attack aimed outlying areas rebellion spread revolt meant largest army relocated initially campaigning successfully army annihilated ambush battle resulted stalemate rest persian army navy straight rebellion fleet sought defend sea decisively beaten battle besieged captured population brought persian rule double defeat effectively ended revolt surrendered result spent reducing cities west coast held finally imposing peace settlement generally considered fair revolt constituted major conflict greece represents phase persian wars asia minor brought persian fold vowed punish athens support revolt seeing city states greece posed continued threat stability empire according decided conquer greece persian invasion greece phase persian wars begin direct consequence background dark age followed collapse civilization significant numbers greeks emigrated asia minor settled settlers tribal groups settled coasts founding cities cities islands cities independent acknowledged shared heritage common temple meeting place formed cultural league admit cities tribal cities remained independent conquered famous king cities remained rule turn conquered nascent cyrus great fighting cyrus sent messages asking revolt rule refused cyrus completed conquest cities offered subjects terms subjects cyrus refused citing help previously prepared defend cyrus sent median general conquer attacked decided entirely abandon city sail exile sicily persian subjects subsequently returned chose attacked rest remained turn conquered found difficult rule empire cyrus able identify elite native groups help rule new subjects group existed greek cities time usually aristocracy inevitably divided feuding factions settled city drew internal conflicts furthermore develop independent streak replaced faced difficult task worst fellow citizens hatred staying favour years persian conquest reign fourth persian king great stand found familiar uncle accompanied campaign offered reward asked conquered territory granted ambition alarmed advisors rewarded compelled remain royal table companion taking faced bubbling discontent approached asked control island seeing opportunity strengthen position conquering approached proposal provided army conquer island extending boundaries empire share cover cost raising army agreed principle asked permission launch expedition force assembled order attack following year campaign spring persian force placed cousin command sent ships troops levied embarked force set sail expedition quickly descended fell journey says sent warning forces intention possible story spread event way justification subsequent failure campaign rate able prepare properly siege arrived defended expedition laid siege months eventually ran money force sailed mainland start failure attempt conquer found dire straits unable repay alienated persian royal family fully expected stripped position desperate attempt save chose subjects revolt persian masters beginning revolt autumn held meeting members faction declared opinion revolt historian agreed time messenger sent arrived rebel suggests desperate return thought sent rebellion openly declared revolt role declared democracy doubt giving power designed enthusiastically join rebellion army sent assembled included contingents greek cities asia minor men sent men capture greek present army handed respective cities order gain cooperation cities executed cities simply banished suggested explicitly army join revolt took possession ships supplied true explain length time took launch naval assault needed build new fleet presents revolt consequence personal motives clear rebellion primary installed greek states past ruled form government decline past tended needed strong able leaders rulers appointed simply representatives backed persian military need support population rule absolutely actions likened flame box rebellion abolished established place brought asia minor revolt evidently realised greeks need allies order successfully fight winter sailed pre eminent greek state matters war despite king turned offer lead greeks turned instead athens athens recently democracy fight establish democracy asked aid end needed return submitting persian years later attempted regain power athens assisted attempt failed fled tried persuade athens dispatched ambassadors dissuade taking action merely instructed resolved instead openly war persia enemy persia athens position support cities revolt fact inspired example democracy doubt helped persuade support revolt especially cities supposedly originally colonies successful city send assistance reasons completely clear possibly commercial reasons factor city trade threatened persian dominance suggests supported revolt order repay support given time previously possibly referring offensive winter continued rebellion incident told group originally brought live return homeland says purpose persian high command spring force accompanied set sail joined main force near declining personally lead force appointed brother generals force guided mountains capital greeks caught unaware able capture lower city held citadel significant force men lower city caught fire suggests accidentally quickly spread citadel surrounded burning city emerged market place fought greeks forcing greeks retreated city began way reports heard burning swore vengeance asking tasked servant reminding times day master remember battle says heard attack gathered marched relief arrived found greeks recently departed followed tracks caught greeks outside greeks forced turn prepare fight holland suggests primarily cavalry ability catch greeks typical persian cavalry time probably missile cavalry tactics wear static enemy volley volley clear tired greeks match completely routed battle ensued killed including general escaped battle cities remaining managed return ships sailed greece spread revolt ended alliance proved easy prey described remained committed rebellion follow victory presumably hoc forces equipped lay siege cities despite defeat revolt actually spread sent men captured byzantium nearby cities persuaded join rebellion furthermore seeing spread rebellion kingdoms cyprus revolted persian rule outside persian counter offensive narrative battle ambiguous exact chronology historians generally place describes spread revolt says year freedom placing action cyprus says persian generals married daughters pursued marched drove ships victory divided cities sacked passage implies persian generals counter attacked immediately battle cities describes besieging involved revolt easiest reconcile account assuming waited campaigning season going counter offensive persian actions describes year commentators place cyprus cyprus kingdoms revolted leader revolt brother king cyprus want revolt locked brother city king went persuaded apart revolt settled following year besieging heard persian force dispatched cyprus sent asking send reinforcements great force persian army eventually arrived cyprus supported fleet opted fight sea defeated simultaneous land battle gained initial advantage killing contingents crippled cause routed killed revolt cyprus crushed sailed home persian forces asia minor reorganised sons law taking charge armies suggests generals divided rebellious lands set attack respective areas largest army initially took army systematically besieged took cities single day according heard moved army southwards attempt crush new rebellion places timing revolt early went took city moves forces marched captured cities cities fell ill died ending campaign campaigned battle hearing rebelled led army south gathered modern tributary relative king suggested cross river fight backs prevent retreat fight idea rejected cross river fight ensuing battle according long affair fighting eventually weight persian numbers suggests died battle battle survivors fell sacred grove surrender flee asia altogether joined army reinforcements resolved instead carry fighting attacked army inflicted heavier defeat suffering particularly bad casualties battle double victory began task reducing strongholds resolved fight decided lay ambush road implies occurred directly suggested occurred following year giving time arrived night ambush sprung great effect persian army annihilated persian commanders slain disaster created stalemate land campaign apparently little campaigning persian army command attacked took probably active probably result height persian counter offensive sensing position decided abandon responsibilities leader revolt left members faction accompany went granted campaign evidently negative view suggests simply lost nerve fled modern historians suggested went exploit greater natural resources region support revolt suggested finding centre internal conflict chose exile situation took control city founded site later started campaigning local population campaign probably killed man able provide revolt sense purpose death revolt left effectively shortly released duties sent persuaded let travel promising end revolt leaves doubt real aim simply escape quasi captivity persia arrived directly accused rebellion tell truth business shoe fled night eventually way having got rid mood receive went persuaded set sail byzantium follow established seizing ships attempted sail agreed serve end revolt battle sixth year revolt persian forces available land forces gathered army accompanied fleet supplied headed directly paying little attention strongholds presumably intending tackle revolt median general expert greek affairs certainly dispatched time possible overall command persian offensive hearing approach force met decided attempt fight land leaving defend walls instead opted gather ship island coast order fight sea joined altogether according persian commanders concerned able defeat fleet able sent exiled tried persuade fellow citizens desert approach initially unsuccessful week long delay battle divisions arose camp divisions led secretly agreeing terms offered remained time soon persian fleet moved attack sailed meet sides neared sailed away agreed seeing neighbours battle line sail away promptly fled causing rest line dissolve small number ships cities remained fought fled cities fought point breaking persian line capturing ships sustaining losses eventually remaining ships sailed away ending battle fall defeat fleet revolt effectively closely invested mining walls device utterly captured according men killed women children enslaved archaeological evidence partially showing widespread signs destruction abandonment city aftermath remain quickly returned city recapture greatness left took city coastal land gave rest territory captive brought settled coast near mouth appalled actions generals resolved old returned rule accepted invitation people settle coast sicily took managed escape spared destruction surrendered strongholds captured force campaign heard fall appointed leader resistance persia setting byzantium force sailed refused receive attacked destroyed remnants fleet crippled defeats sea leadership battle gathered large force went received news persian fleet setting attack rest quickly returned order feed army led foraging expeditions mainland near large persian force area eventually intercepted foraging expedition near ensuing battle hard fought ended successful persian cavalry charge routing greek line surrendered thinking able talk pardon taken instead fully aware past sent head final operations persian fleet army setting finally stamp revolt attacked captured islands human net troops swept island flush hiding rebels moved mainland captured remaining cities similarly seeking remaining rebels cities undoubtedly aftermath suffered fate says chose handsome boys city chose beautiful girls sent away king burnt temples cities possibly true probably scale devastation years cities returned normal able equip large fleet second persian invasion greece years later persian army conquered settlements asian persian fleet sailed european coast taking settlement turn asia minor firmly returned persian rule revolt finally aftermath inevitable punishment rebels occurred mood regions persian territory sense harm economies drive people rebellions set establish relationship subjects summoned representatives city told henceforth continually fighting disputes resolved arbitration seemingly panel judges furthermore surveyed land city set tribute level proportion size witnessed disliked began reconsider position local governance following year son law travel abolish replacing peace established long remembered fair actively encouraged persian nobility area participate greek religious practices especially dealing apollo records period indicate persian greek nobility began children persian nobles given greek names instead persian names policies type propaganda campaign mainland greeks sent greece demanding submission earth water initially city states accepted offer athens prominent exceptions unfinished business remained end exact punishment athens supporting revolt severely threatened stability empire states mainland greece continue threaten stability dealt began complete conquest greece beginning destruction athens persian invasion greece effectively began following year dispatched complete land approaches greece push athens possible having broken loose persian rule revolts compelled vassal persia progress halted naval disaster second expedition launched son amphibious force sailed arriving besieged captured destroyed force moved landing bay marathon met army defeated famous ending persian attempt subdue greece significance primarily significance opening chapter agent persian wars included invasions greece famous battles marathon cities revolt ended failure substantial losses material economic aside recovered relatively quickly prospered persian rule years revolt significant drawing extended conflict states greece years time sustain considerable losses militarily difficult draw conclusions save greeks learnt certainly greeks general impressed power persian cavalry greek armies displaying considerable caution following campaigns confronted persian cavalry conversely realised noticed potential greek heavy infantry battle marathon took little primarily army resulting defeat furthermore despite possibility recruiting heavy infantry domains began second invasion greece encountered major problems face greek armies possible given ease victories greeks similarly armed forces battles simply disregarded military value cost ancient sources laws
Ionian Revolt