process uses toothed tool called remove material main types linear linear common process run surface effect cut linear machine shortened rotated pressed cut axis shape screw machine processes cut performed pass makes efficient precision required especially odd shapes commonly surfaces include circular non circular holes flat surfaces typical include small medium sized screw machine parts expensive usually favored processes high quantity production runs shaped similar saw height teeth increases length tool contains distinct sections semi finishing final finishing unusual process feed built tool profile surface profile rise tooth known step feed tooth determines material removed size chip moved relative vice versa features built complex motion skilled labor required use effectively collection single point cutting tools sequence cutting cut analogous multiple passes process process depends type performed surface simple moved stationary surface held stationary moved internal involved process begins special holding fixture called mounts machine machine elevator machine moves machine essentially hook grabs pilot elevator releases pilot pulls completely removed machine raised elevator usually moves rotated create spiral gun barrel cutting reasons cool cutting surfaces flush chips teeth fortified petroleum cutting common heavy duty water cutting superior cooling non usage originally developed internal soon discovered useful surfaces shapes high volume specialized cut shape specially designed geometry designed standard geometry usually viable high volume cost produce speeds vary surface feet minute results complete cycle time seconds time consumed return stroke handling loading unloading limitations length surface geometry cut curves multiple planes strong withstand forces involved specifically internal hole exist enter limits size internal cuts common internal holes range diameter possible achieve range surface range usually feasible range usually precise applications tolerance held surface finishes usually range minimal exit cut works best softer materials brass bronze copper aluminium hard wood plastic good rating mild free rating closely related material ideal range greater dull quickly difficult harder materials steel possible types categorized means use internal surface purpose single combination motion push pull stationary construction solid built hollow shell function large costs reduced built construction involves producing pieces assembling portion wears section replaced instead entire high speed steel steel tin common life cast iron rarely tooth material cutting edge crack pass surface slab simplest surface general purpose tool cutting flat surfaces slot cutting slots dimensions high production rates slot quicker slot needs multiple run time machine designed cut concave convex irregular shaped surfaces pot cut internal cut outside diameter cylindrical named pot looking fixture mounted fixture referred pot pot designed hold multiple tools entire length held stationary pushed pulled replaced gears cutting external slots use slab cut parallel surfaces opposite sides pass type holds closer cuts independently named fact multiple sides internal solid common type solid piece material wear quickly shell similar solid hole center mounts shell cost initially save cost overall replaced pilots reproduced replacement commonly large internal applications similar shell multi piece construction design cheaper build flexible solid design common type internal uses special fixture called horn support properly locate relation special type cutting cuts minor diameter form ensure precise cut cut thin walled thin walled tendency expand cutting shrink afterward problem standard teeth followed breathing section serves pilot teeth breathing section include semi finishing finishing teeth design defining geometry internal type shown note similar important characteristic rise tooth material removed tooth varies section section semi finishing section finishing section teeth remove material number teeth required long semi finishing teeth provide surface finish finishing teeth provide final finishing finishing section usually zero finishing teeth wear later ones continue function free ranges surface usually diameter usually exact value depends factors cut big stress teeth cut small teeth instead cutting way increase keeping stresses chip breakers teeth designed break chip decrease overall material removed given tooth drawing effective material final dimension cut hook angle material cut steel cast iron provides clearance teeth don usually require deep cut tooth cut jump cut design known free design designated rows teeth work tooth cluster wide notch tooth smaller notch tooth design final tooth notch allows deep cut keeping stresses forces power requirements low different options achieving goal flat surface similar cut design known double cut design teeth row progressive tooth takes portion cut teeth image gallery option known progressive completely machines center rest machines outward designs require longer standard design circular teeth provided instead finishing teeth teeth rounded discs results hole proper size primarily non cast iron pitch defines tooth construction strength number teeth contact pitch usually calculated length designed teeth contact time pitch remains constant teeth way pitch formula machines machines relatively simple linear motion speed provide means handling automatically machines hydraulic specialty machines driven machines distinguished motion horizontal vertical choice machine primarily dictated stroke required vertical machines rarely stroke longer vertical machines designed push pull pull surface push machines similar press guided ram typical capacities tons ram pull machine common type machine style machine table pull machines ram table usually ram surface vertical machine horizontal machines designed pull surface continuous pull style machines basically vertical machines laid longer stroke surface style machines hold stationary fixtures mounted system continuous style machines similar surface style machines adapted internal horizontal machines common vertical machines today represent machines purchased vertical machines popular space impossible specific machines system conjunction modern centre driven extra bits equipment open possibility producing hit somewhat different design cutting tool achieve irregular hole outer profile called biggest advantages type require machine instead machines screw machines swiss requires components tool holder leading cutting edge matching desired final shape mounted special tool holder allows freely rotate tool holder special holds tool axis rotation inclined slightly axis rotation work typical value angle produces rotating edge cut tool holder rotated tool holder rotated causes appear origin term internal sides drafted inward thinner external sides drafted outward pocket bigger draft keeps draft larger angle work piece pressed driven tool holder pressed driven tool holder tool advances rate cuts ideal rate cut defined rate cut inches rotation diameter tool inches sin angle degrees advances faster tool conversely advances slower interrupted cut occurs practice rate cut slightly ideal rate load released non cutting edge tool tool cuts form rotated respect form hole profile undesirable body tool prevents cutting sharply solution reverse rotation mid cut causing tool spiral opposite direction reversing machine practical cut possible solution general cut accurately push pull ability use type cutting tool common machine tools highly history concept traced early 1850s applications cutting gears world war rifle gun barrels 1920s cost reduced thanks advances form grinding machines
Broaching (metalworking)