alternatively spelled arabic august virtually autonomous arab ruler northern palestine century area nominally ottoman_empire reign starting domain mainly consisted successive headquarters finally acre fortified acre city center cotton trade palestine europe port town nearby successfully assaults ottoman governors damascus provinces attempted limit eliminate influence supported confrontations rural muslim clans alliance egypt backing russian_empire captured forces conquered damascus acts open defiance ottoman sultan peak power autonomous extended included regions killed ottomans entered truce russians felt secure check power attacked acre stronghold summer killed outside walls shortly wealth accumulated palestine cotton olive oil trade europe financed rule oversaw relatively efficient administration maintained domestic security faced suppressed rebellions sons aforementioned factors flexible taxation policies battlefield reputation popular local tolerance religious minorities encouraged christian jewish immigration domain influx immigrants parts empire stimulated local economy led significant growth christian communities acre jewish community family clan construction commercial buildings houses worship fortifications founding virtually autonomous state palestine national hero today early life born village called central date birth clear dates listed birth year contemporary biographers respectively according contemporary biographer likely year birth considers reliable source personal life proper given local dialect arabic pronounced family clan muslim tribal confederation based area strong connections arab time ottoman_empire youngest sons born brothers sister grew village father grandfather served chief tax collector having appointed princes dynasty governed region headquarters appointed region succeeded governor mount lebanon family maintained commercial trade relations extending members family controlled tax farms uncle ali instance held tax farm elder brother head family father died family tax farms transferred teenager measure event default tax payments ottoman government able hold practical owners tax farms nonetheless legal ownership tax farms gave considerable power clan involved brawl killed man result opted family offered safe haven tribe gained degree formal education muslim scholar named youth learned hunt fight village attacked forces dispatched governor played important role defending village managed evade governor troops according time event turned folk hero area continued gain respect local martial skills gained prestige people damascus continued commercial relationships father previously established contacts damascus included muslim scholar introduced family provided damascus time married daughter moved considered small died inherited fortune rule consolidation power late brother took control town backing capturing concurrently issued letter governor accusing oppression imposing illegal taxes population wrote appointed guarantee timely payment taxes rule rule sent honorary marked significant change past appointments relatives came directly governor semi autonomous rural chiefs principle base joined appointed cousin commander family militia extended rule southward plain capturing areas likely drawn process efforts control town controlled clan based caused ruling clans allies tribe challenge relied mercenaries commissioned commander residents forces composed men routed place called killed leader captured according historian forces inflicted fatalities coalition battle following victory ibn locals including residents joined forces completely subdue supporters christian women supplied troops food water forces pursued throne village ultimately withdrew failing subdue fortress defeat marked limit influence south established dominant force rivals eventually concluded truce continued clans prevent southward expansion forces captured fortress villages political orbit ruled family historically controlled peasants rule complained governed appealed known treating fairly relieve eager expand control mediterranean accepted requests obtained permission governor seize fortress likewise approached governor hoping powerful local leaders weakened gave blessing assembled strong force defeated forces near fortress appointed fortified siege later married daughter brought domain acquired fortress diplomatic means solidified rule northern eastern agreement neighboring tribes end looting raids area taken control captured presence clan western negotiations surrendered city administrative seat situated strategic hill overlooking countryside later acquired fortified village marrying daughter conquest region western removed barriers muslim clans informed intent acquire fortified villages borders response launched assault sides confronted skirmishes border village received reinforcements cavalry defeated pursuing headquarters brother end fighting mutual defense pact arranged receive control support confrontations governors damascus return sons captured troops released tax payments reduced percent guaranteed backing confrontation governors similar local ottoman_empire owe power central ottoman authorities disliked ottoman administration ottoman sultan sent order governor end rule september military force led governor damascus came laid siege days siege lifted departure respite reinforced defenses july backed tripoli district governors jerusalem renewed expedition time seeking reduce links outside died suddenly opportunity assault troops capturing camp fortress erected hill overlooking ruler acre consolidated authority acre drawn process starting acre based partner merchant served early link french merchants acre direct contact french merchants negotiated settlement brother debts merchants bid gain control town cousin arrested executed ambitions acre requested tax farm acre governor wary growing power province rejected request instead took acre force july years following takeover acre resided fortress heart began acre building walls city built fortifications buildings acre took control mediterranean port cities nearby unlike domain time captured port village time stated justification ottoman authorities conquering palestine northern coastal plain protect area pirates late tribes maintained ties launched assault coming syria thousands muslim pilgrims killed raid including sister attack shocked ottoman imperial government governor damascus ibn failing ward serving term governor having replaced peaceful relations priorities territories lodged complaint sublime alleging involvement raid denied allegation pressed investigation assault sought earn favor purchasing looted goods tribes including decorated banners representing muhammad sovereignty sultan restoring iii died october enemy dismissed office year replacement took office sought retrieve control requested governor man recapture port city behalf man complied soldiers vessel captained effort attempt arrival ship confiscated soldiers arrested french captain paid fine issue annexation assistance istanbul based ottoman official friend high ranking official named intervene matter orders family conflict ordered son assassinate brother collaborating tribe kill replace assassination indirectly led conflict sons case promised control return killing pleas residents appoint governor backed brothers angered refusal territory besieged instructions locals vicinity defended town succeeded preventing capture brothers appealed eldest loyal son intervene behalf unable persuade concessions brothers attempted alliance routed ibn plain brothers efforts recruit failed tribe sons subsequently imprisoned months village near demolished rebuilt fortified site kilometers southeast old village situated plain new town remained port built narrow strip land northern foot mount easier defend land renewed rebellion backing clans coalition defeated near conflict expanded include competing factions leader faction siding leader faction sided culminated successful peace summit near tyre factions reconciliation granted control september conflict son commenced refusal control strategic fortress village prior dispute ali loyal proven effective helping father suppress dissent brothers battles external enemies forces intimidated ali surrendering later month pardoned ultimately ceded conflict renewed weeks later ali brother backed governor financial adviser settled dispute granting control ali refused negotiate gained backing defeated father troops relying local civilian volunteers acre mobilized mercenaries acre launched offensive defeated ali subsequently fled october sympathy ali children remained fortress village pardoned ali condition pay arabian horses fortress december family disputes rest years close enduring alliance established central ottoman authorities partially recognized facto political position granting title acre official recognition tempered executed shortly died close allies istanbul november governor replaced son son appointed governor tripoli committed ending rule position left particularly vulnerable loss support istanbul response threats damascus strengthened acre fortifications armed adult male city rifle pistols sabre moved ties sons held tax farms consolidate relationship clans strengthening local alliances alliance war damascus friends istanbul damascus new alliance increasingly autonomous ruler egypt shared common interest subdue damascus sought extend influence syria strategic purposes conflict dispatched egyptian troops port cities commander crossed jordan valley armies moved north damascus far abruptly halted army advance confronting leading order avoid muslim pilgrims considered attacking governor point grave religious offense subsequently withdrew surprised angered attack impose authority jurisdiction son subordinate commanders collect taxes villages including dispatched son ali campaign tribe damascus response sent troops troops egyptian army captured damascus june allies captured city persuaded confronting ottoman sultan carried high religious authority islam truly scheme devil crime religion short time capturing damascus subsequently withdrew city inhabitants completely amazing event according chronicler time period sudden turn events compelled forces withdraw june withdrawal frustrated proceeded independent moves capturing august driving governor shortly capturing cotton producing region centered modern day held fortified stationed troops end august remained control restored control peak power attempt expand zone influence commercial center palestine rich besieged late secured alliance powerful clan assignment collector pilgrimage tax facto control clans local rivals loss stripped sea access defended peasant commanders days clashes decided withdraw avoid costly stalemate departed forces raided city satellite villages peasant defenders originated resumed governorship damascus end june determined eliminate end assembled coalition included sons governors tripoli respectively mount lebanon late august reached lake head ottoman troops joined allies confronted governor troops september son commander battlefield regiments raided camp troops blocked west troops hastily retreated jordan river place surrounded overwhelming majority drowned river survivors including drowned rescued men marked decisive victory entered acre camp celebrated residents city way given honorary gun fortified villages route acre received french merchant ships port acre victory encouraged syrian campaign following victory demanded vacate october returned days later receiving backing decided ally confronted october men numbered cavalry engaged maneuver fled battlefield apparent defeat troops surrounded men dealt army decisive blow retreated mountain village left protection defenders news victory withdrew subsequently occupied sons consequently dismissed posts capture domain end extended included influential presence plain captured month arrived acre seek protection forced egypt rival june ottoman loyalist sought establish lebanon took local previously conflict offensive circumstances fostered alliance clans sought help succeeded month siege exhausted resources prior late october allies captured russian naval support march left palestine egypt killed arrived came end alliance brought egypt palestine politically economically way occurred early 16th century attempts unite territories economically politically unsuccessful rule posed domestic challenge ottoman rule 18th century consequence death moved strengthen hold capture jerusalem failed attempt ottoman syria came official command order bring stability provinces region seek conflict sought establish friendly terms convinced officially appoint governor long paid taxes province owed promoted february declaring governor title officially sanctioned effect facto ruler palestine exception jerusalem syrian coast downfall recalled istanbul summer appointed governor damascus governorship left vulnerable largely depended guarantees sought peaceful relations having peace russia relieving conflict aimed undermine rebellious rulers provinces including managed secure official pardon april governorship conflict sons ali attempting capture villages defeated ali support son afterward rule challenged sons later year response challenge armed mobilized acre civilian inhabitants counter ali continued undermine rule encouraging mercenaries bribes having encouraged influence captured slaughtered male inhabitants news massacre spurred people acre mass panic residents fleeing storing goods city french departed city leaving subsequently entered declared governor ali troops abandoned looted city troops approached days later proceeded conquer sea prompting seek shelter allies sons attempted secure peace ill died june causing collapse chaotic withdrawal egyptian troops acre entered city days later order assistance setback death attempting check power remained ottoman hands april dispatched admiral blockade acre reached august taking son law ordered pay owed dating initially agreed pay total spare blood people apparently accepted proposals arrangements fell apart accounts differ exactly negotiations collapsed sources agree failure result disputes inner circle financial adviser chief military commander accounts claim urged pay requested sums agitated war argued treasury funds pay forces capable defeating pressed pay arguing mass advised force pay afford negotiations dragged pressed warning executed failed satisfy demand insulted threat turn threatened destroy entire fleet withdrew ships proceeded bombard acre responded cannon fire damaging ships following day fleet fired roughly shells acre returning fire city called forces refrain returning fire muslims forbidden attacking sultan military realizing long time deputy commander betrayal attempted flee acre august august departed gates fired ottoman troops bullet striking neck causing fall horse soldier severed head subsequently delivered istanbul aftermath following death sons arrested men seized property belonging sons valued imprisoned istanbul ottoman capital physician known talented profession physician summoned sultan treat wife successfully earning freedom medal honor sultan physician influence authorities children grandchildren released returned executed rewarded governorship died way new headquarters likely having poisoned sons ali continued resistance putting longest fight fortress fortress eventually combined forces july ali fled killed later year area rest sons arrested killed later appointed napoleon invaded palestine withdrew defeated acre left departing french forces marked end influence wrote european biography lists main reasons failure lack internal good order principle secondly early concessions children adviser politics administration appointed brothers sons local administrators particularly consolidated control acre capital territory acre divided remainder territory relatives eldest brother appointed younger brothers installed respectively eldest son killed fighting alongside forces egypt death deeply distressed years old time appointed ali replaced conquered salt addition given authority death appointed nephew appointment relatives close associates meant ensure efficient administration expanding realm loyalty circle chief functions ensure supply cotton acre clear posts recognized ottoman government aide jointly served capacity manager assist rule matters finance correspondence official local greek catholic followed continued role early arrested attempting wealth accumulated service malta succeeded served personal physician replaced longtime physician local greek orthodox christian failed properly treat illness opportunity replace friend fellow influential figure administration particularly grew old caused sons viewed barrier father growing power territory able gain increased influence largely wealth amassed integral role managing cotton monopoly wealth acquired deals purchase cotton cash crops local farmers sell european merchants syria coastal cities partners egypt served important roles including political adviser main administrator chief representative european merchants ottoman provincial imperial officials officials civil administration acre including chief religious officials chief scholar muslim scholarly community oversaw interpretation islamic law realm appointed managed maintain years time contrast typical syrian province saw replaced annually directly appointed palestine local judicial decisions approved chief years rule appointed supervise customs payments european merchants acre initial military forces consisted local inhabitants areas ruled numbered men early grew early early period career key military backing tribes consolidated hold army rose men later recruits peasants supported protecting raids suppression turn caused tribes largely withdraw military backing core private army mercenaries commander served military commander ottoman siege acre time reconciled remainder rule support roughly aid ottoman offensive fortified villages towns equipped artillery installments army arsenal consisted cannons rifles pistols firearms imported venice france early russian imperial navy general security according biographer principal conditions established foster prosperity survival security justice prior consolidation power villages northern palestine prone raids roads constant threat highway attacks following looting raids inhabitants villages left ottoman provincial government nonetheless attempt collect tax avoid measures paying inhabitants abandon villages safety larger towns desert situation hurt economy region raids sharply reduced villages agricultural output government appointed tax farmers collect trade safely conducted roads established order lands ruled managed opt dominant tribe region greatly contributed establishment security northern palestine charged towns villages northern palestine ensuring safety roads respective vicinity required compensate robbed property general security reached level old woman gold hand travel place fear danger according biographer period calm persisted greatly boosted security economy security established region encouraged people parts ottoman_empire conflict local clans sons remained limited periodic clashes attacks domain outside forces force strengthen position region local inhabitants generally took comfort rule historian described relatively reasonably fair according visited area local people great admiration especially war roads economic policies addition providing security local deputies adopted policy aiding peasants harvest guarantee steady supply agricultural products export benefits included loans peasants distribution free seeds financial peasants reduced offered tax relief drought seasons harvest seasons poor tax relief extended newcomers sought begin new assumed responsibility outstanding payments peasants owed merchants credit based transactions merchants provide proof unsatisfactory payment according historian good business sense exploit peasants point destruction kept financial demands moderate level regularly paid ottoman authorities financial ensuring degree stability relationship conquered acre transformed decaying village fortified market hub palestinian products including silk wheat olive oil tobacco cotton exported europe cotton particular able market foreign export business european merchants based ports competed cotton grain cultivated rural villages dominion influence previously european merchants direct transactions local cotton help end system commerce making merchants living rule allowed cotton production merchants price product designation prices local cash crops prevented exploitation peasants local merchants european merchants manipulation prices according caused financial losses european merchants lodged numerous complaints french english ambassadors formal agreement regulate commerce european merchants reached encouraged trade offering local merchants interest free loans high european demand product enabled grow wealthy finance autonomous control cotton market allowed gain unofficial control outside city mixed success attempted french merchant ships ports tyre instead order benefit customs fees exact city acre underwent economic boom result position cotton trade france fortified headquarters relationship religious minorities maintained tolerant policies encouraged involvement religious minorities local economy larger efforts population invited jews muslims consider jews threat rule believed connections jewish encourage economic development jews considered particularly holy tolerance jews cuts taxes levied assistance construction jewish homes schools helped foster growth jewish community area initial jewish immigrants came damascus later followed jews cyprus jews governed son ali moved advantage better opportunities city time direct rule villages saw new jewish communities spring rule encouraged local christian settlement acre order contribute city commercial trade manufacturing christians grew largest religious group city late 18th century territory haven greek orthodox christians parts ottoman syria migrated better trade employment opportunities christian community prospered grew rule saw influx greek orthodox communities lebanon respectively patriarch lived acre jews christians contributed economy number ways including relative ease able deal european merchants networks support maintained damascus istanbul role service industries allowed community build churches sites christians associated jesus life allowed greek orthodox community build ruined church enlarged largest christian community acre built largest church city built mary church congregation testament prosperity christians enjoyed rule churches built auspices tolerant successors strong relationship existed muslim peasants maintained law order leaving inhabitants devices benefited economically monopoly cotton industry provided men great military skill support struggle ottoman authorities key war clan dynasty likewise forces critical defense expeditions ottoman governor damascus relationship rural mount lebanon dynasty mixed allied nephew rival tripoli region remained supportive ottomans owing largely conflict fare clan oral traditions inhabitants reign synonymous oppression period villages destroyed abandoned partial exodus particularly villages region east family clan belonged political faction centuries long struggle ruled mount lebanon semi belonged faction respected socio political system prevailed region ruled alliances local bolstered network marriages influential families area including clan marriages politically allowed rule certain areas relationships certain tribes local clans urban wives lifetime wives woman tribe active palestine married daughter wealthy religious notable damascus daughter daughter sons wives according daughter sons eldest youngest ali daughter husband cousin total children grandchildren great grandchildren consolidated power reduced external threats rule sons influence ultimately fought father order secure place successor support elements clan sons maintained power bases largely derived mothers clans alliances powerful actors region victorious conflicts sons frequent dissent weakened rule played role downfall prior sons individual rebellions eliminated relatives challenged power legacy rule radically changed landscape restoration fortification acre establishment secondary port city significantly strengthened ties mediterranean world following death successor maintained cotton monopoly established economy remained completely dependent cotton trade region prospered decades rise cotton market southern united_states early mid 19th century european demand shifted away palestine cotton crop region experienced sharp economic recover cotton crop largely abandoned villages shifted focus agriculture late 19th century wrote ottomans successfully destroyed power palestine indigenous ruling families practically masters ruined longer spirit left families proud race held high esteem powerless poor modern day descendants use surname honor clan constitute traditional elite muslim clans alongside families villages descendants clan live prior destruction inhabitants modern day northern israel particularly towns villages family left architectural legacy hold high regard overlooked historians middle_east scholars view rule forerunner palestinian nationalism scholars asserts view book palestine personal history widely reviewed british press gradually integrated palestinian historiography multi volume work palestine history referred greatest palestinian appearing eighteenth century radio station broadcast series praising palestinian national hero fought ottoman considered arab nationalists pioneer arab liberation foreign occupation according historians look movement highly respected arabs east particular consider national hero struggled ottoman authority welfare people praise reflected recent academic cultural literary renaissance palestinian society elevated legacy near iconic status readings bound historical largely inspired ongoing consequences precise successfully established autonomous state little kingdom called palestine quarter century building works family built fortresses warehouses buildings improved domestic administration general security today structures state disrepair remain outside scope israel cultural preservation laws acre rebuilt era walls built structures city tower commissioned construction built government house served city municipal headquarters founded built wall towers gates new settlement built fortress small mosque customs building government residence commissioned building citadel ruined built alternating white black stone typical architectural style building works fortifications structures built rural villages control brother built large fortress adjacent mosque severely damaged siege rebuilt demolished fortress addition mosque mosque destroyed israeli forces village captured arab israeli war son built large fortress towers remains standing sons rebuilt fortress modern day lebanon son ali era fortresses rebuilt fortified village village fort ruins late 19th century sea built remained standing 19th century remaining fountain largest kind village brother built fortifications mosque fortress later headquarters 19th century semi autonomous arab
Zahir al-Umar