external cardinal category members central middle ages 11th 13th century external cardinal opposed cardinal cardinal holy roman church reside simultaneously bishop episcopal abbot abbey situated outside rome wider sense concern cardinals appointed external episcopal sees resigned appointment concern cardinals generally cardinals time exercised posts administrators external churches today great majority cardinals main metropolitan world reside countries apart exclusive right election new pope dignity purely originally simply college clergy constituted bishops seven called sees bordering diocese rome cardinal bishops priests churches rome cardinal priests heading ecclesiastical regions city rome cardinal unlike today cardinals real jurisdiction churches called attached phenomenon external late middle ages constituted exception rule cardinals members clergy diocese rome serve simultaneously external church common practice history origins development originated college main clergy city rome title cardinal initially concerned priests churches required assist pope service rome vatican paul outside walls later probably 8th century term extended bishops seven bordering diocese rome replaced later changed later replaced bishops cardinal bishops performed service finally serving papal household heading ecclesiastical regions city later attached churches called cardinals cardinal cardinals 11th century strictly duties generally took government church cardinal bishops equal bishops celebrating rite new pope gave considerable prestige dignity cardinal priest considered lower bishop service rome day pastoral duties constant presence cardinals rome situation started gradually change ascension pope beginning pope order reform corrupted roman clergy appointed new cardinals monastic centers outside rome new cardinals close advisors successors continued trend gave cardinals exclusive right elect new pope end 11th century formed single main body papal government served experts judges legal causes papal privileges acted governors cities provinces sent important diplomatic missions cardinals important members required reside papal court dispatched mission pope simultaneously development body papal advisors started elevate external appointments continued reside members papal hands elections cardinals posts external monasteries ratified main goal appointments probably strengthen ties important monastic centers known instances appointments concerned abbey main centers supporting reform church cardinal future pope elected abbot pope confirmed election simultaneously named cardinal priest successor abbot quickly promoted continued act abbot simultaneously members italian french time ruled cardinal legitimate iii developed entirely new practice appointed cardinals important episcopal sees italy order assure government trusted collaborators named cardinals bishops respectively urban appointed cardinals episcopal sees practice continued successive named cardinals particularly recently latin sees southern italy successive initially cardinals pope cardinals appointed external episcopal sees resigned membership receiving episcopal clearly shows considered higher dignity cardinal priest hand bishops appointed cardinals certainly considered incompatible change apparent cases cardinals leaving assuming episcopal office appeared members college simultaneously cardinals bishops followed example rival appointed bishop cardinal priest instance legitimate obedience appointed cardinal priest december subsequently promoted continued act archbishop archbishop named cardinal priest retained similarly bishops elevated respectively hand cardinal priest elected consecrated archbishop milan retained roman posts cardinal bishop longer considered incompatible rank cardinal priest cardinal equal bishop elected consecrated bishops appointed cardinals generally obliged resign sees development occurred cardinals elected external sees renounced titular churches resigning membership title addition episcopal title indicating order titular church case cardinal priest bishop resigned church appears documents fact lifetime new cardinal priest title appointed case followed cardinal milan canterbury pope end 12th century members external cardinals end medieval external despite cases mentioned marks beginning end external cardinal allowed pope bishop external time constantly rejected cathedral chapters indicating presence cardinals papal hand bishops appointed obliged resign sees remarked end 13th century appointed rank cardinal bishop possible find cases cardinals exercised posts administrators episcopal sees short time duties instance external cardinal abbot generally exclusively body external element remained great western time rank cardinal highest catholic_church inferior pope phenomenon external revived great western form reasons rival gave serving european monarchs crown cardinals calling order assure support monarchs cardinals continued reside countries additionally cardinals 13th century started great number time including episcopal sees cardinals occupying external generally obliged reside today majority cardinals simultaneously bishops real jurisdiction titular churches rome engagement papal government consistency external cardinals official documents issued secular rulers cardinal called cardinals titles papal cardinal bishop papal abbot cardinal cardinal papal privileges abbey cardinal abbot abbot forms cardinal abbot abbot private documents cardinal abbot papal privileges issued abbot indicating cardinals simultaneously bishops usually appear documents titles episcopal exceptions archbishop milan papal cardinal generally styled archbishop mentioned differentiated engagement external cardinals church government papal policy limited evidence fully highlight question certainly spent time working papal attested papal signatories papal privileges appear richard bishops milan facto cardinals having spent papal court time hand cardinals like participated business cardinals guy milan canterbury episcopal appointments longer attested papal external cardinals acted papal region episcopal seat abbey germany france emperor milan richard spain years germany france external cardinals participated papal elections richard probably external cardinals frederick pope stephen pope milan pope urban iii lists external cardinals note external cardinals divided concern external cardinals cardinals belonged disputed cases listed separately end cardinals created included cardinal list arranged date appointment abbot cardinal disputed cases cardinals bishops 13th century list arranged date appointment bishop cardinal disputed case cardinals renounced appointments external list arranged date appointment cardinal external episcopal disputed cases cardinals served administrators external churches 13th century rejected episcopal elections cardinals 13th century
External cardinal