woody family grown native temperate parts central northern europe northern asia prefers damp fertile soils widely cultivated commercially domestically winter hardy cold weather flowering time spring reduces size crop small glossy black fruit develop stems summer harvested hand machine fruit rich nutrients eaten raw usually cooked variety sweet dishes jams grown commercially juice market fruit preparation alcoholic fruit foliage uses traditional medicine preparation crop suffers diseases disease caused virus transmitted white pine unrelated hosts genus included white pine fungus caused damage forests fruit introduced north_america native white genetic resistance disease result 20th century subject restrictions parts united_states disease effectiveness restrictions questionable species host disease native north_america breeding undertaken europe new_zealand produce fruit better eating qualities bushes greater disease resistance description medium sized growing metres metres leaves alternate simple broad long margin parts plant strongly flowers produced known long containing flowers diameter flower yellow longer surrounding stigma style fused flowers open succession base insect distributed wind grain landing stigma send slender tube style warm weather takes hours cold weather week time passed stage receptive fewer fruit able develop fall prematurely frost damage open flowers temperature falls flowers base protected foliage likely damaged green fruit edible dark purple colour black glossy skins persistent apex containing seeds established bush produce kilograms pounds fruit year plants distinguished separate variety var considered synonym cultivation site selection planting grow sandy heavy forest soils long nutrient requirements met prefer damp fertile ground drought bushes winter hardy flowering period adversely affect yield cold winds restrict number flying insects visiting flowers ideal ground soil acidic planting usually autumn winter allow plants established growth starts spring container grown stock planted time year year old bushes usually planted strong year old stock planting certified stock avoids risk introducing garden scale plants set intervals metres set rows planting intervals metres row metres young bushes generally planted deeper initial growing level encourage new stems grow base requires number essential nutrients present enable thrive nitrogen provides strong plant growth production flower aids growth setting fruit crop yield potassium promotes growth individual shoots increases weight individual fruits constituent helps increase yields interaction potassium calcium required cell division particularly important young plants annual spring ideal needs prior straw waste vegetable material spent mushroom care taken contains lime prefer slightly acidic soils gross benefits additional nitrogen applied annually balanced artificial product spread bushes rate plant growth suppressed organic bark mushroom straw heavy plastic topped organic cover landscape fabric fruit borne primarily year old shoots newly planted bushes severely cutting shoots ground level gives plant chance properly established needing energy producing fruit general rule remove weak shoots growing sideways weighed fruiting remaining branches remove old wood encourage new shoots established bush allowed main branches stems removed year harvesting machine plants upright growth habit encouraged harvesting garden scale picked dry commercially harvesting continually rows row bushes shaking branches stripping fruit placed half time machines cross direct fruit continuously moving trailers adjoining row modern machine pick tonnes day operator tractor drivers stored cool place fruit picked hand use fresh fruit market diseases plants susceptible diseases number insect new varieties developed developed overcome problems disease transmitted causes decline yield widespread europe rarely encountered continents symptoms include modification leaf shape summer swollen big winter housing thousands microscopic pest control limited effectiveness severely infected bushes destroyed new plants purchased certified virus free white pine needs alternate hosts complete host plants genus causes leaves pale later develop tiny orange yellow coating leaves fruit crop little affected leaves fall early growth slowed following year host white causes disease mortality north american species evolved american leaves shoot tips cause fruit wet season leaf spot disease usually problem resistance leaf cause distortion leaves tips shoots seldom problem lays eggs underside leaves larvae work way shoots stripping leaf leaf attack bush leaves larvae drill way centres shoots die insect include scale insects research breeding baldwin industry years largely superseded productive disease resistant varieties 20th century europe work carried order reduce plant disease frost increase yields effort centred especially russia sweden scotland britain tasked developing new varieties suitable growing north country produced new greater cold tolerance especially spring earlier evenly greater fungal disease resistance frost tolerance improved selecting late flowering genetic research identified genes involved resistance virus ben varieties released followed industry ben released resistance year ben available shows resistance virus pick market big ben introduced large sweet gained new varieties developed continually improve frost tolerance disease resistance machine harvesting fruit quality content fruit flavour varieties producing green fruit strongly typical cultivated finland called poland work improving regard disease pest resistance fruit quality adaptations local conditions mechanical harvesting researchers crossed varieties introduced inter specific genetic material red flowering resulting offspring crossed produced include tested new_zealand important centre research development temperate climate particularly suitable cultivation crop breeding programmes concentrating yield large fruit size consistency upright habit north_america need fruit resistance white pine new consort developed crossing resistance disease quality yield varieties poor compared non resistant strains consort reliably self fertile crossing varieties parent produced new strains higher yield better disease resistance tolerant adverse weather conditions suitable machine harvesting new releases black breeding program british_columbia canada selected immunity white pine frost tolerance history native northern europe asia cultivated russia 11th century present monastery gardens grown towns settlements cultivation europe thought started decades 17th century leaves bark roots traditional world war fruits rich difficult obtain united_kingdom rich source plants suitable growing climate encouraged cultivation soon yield nation crop increased significantly onwards distributed free charge children age given rise lasting popularity britain britain commercial crop completely hectares fruit grown contract industry commercially large scale cultivation eastern europe juice juice concentrate market popular united_states common 20th century farming banned early 1900s white pine considered threat logging industry federal ban growing shifted jurisdiction individual states lifted efforts result growing making comeback new_york vermont connecticut oregon statewide exist including maine new_hampshire virginia massachusetts american federal ban curtailed production nationally nearly century fruit remains largely unknown united_states regain previous popularity levels enjoyed europe new_zealand owing unique flavour essential nutrients awareness popularity growing number consumer products entering market uses uses fruit eaten raw strong flavour jams set readily fruit high content acid use fruit usually cooked sugar produce passed separate juice preserves included ice cream sweet dishes exceptionally strong flavour combining fruits summer juice common ingredient popular like north german danish cooking creates added flavour meat dishes included unusual combinations foods added mint accompany lamb accompany sauce blended tropical fruits combined dark chocolate added traditional christmas japan imports million new_zealand uses functional food products quick frozen produce production jams preserves juice forms basis popular juice drinks typically blended apple red fruits mixed juice primary ingredient turn added white wine produce champagne united_kingdom mixed hard drink called black common british beer known black addition mix results diesel black available black black adding small juice stout head purple shot juice placed glass juice combined endurance energy type drink russia leaves tea preserves home infused leaves making deep greenish yellow flavour taste infused similar manner britain grown end brand fruit juice derived similar fruit food value nutrients raw water protein fat table serving providing raw fruit high content moderate levels iron nutrients present amounts table fruit seeds demonstrated ongoing laboratory studies assessing potential mechanisms heart disease cancer disorders like disease major retained juice concentrate unidentified seed oil rich nutrients especially including alpha acid gamma acid use traditional medicine europe leaves traditionally treating sore throat drink thought beneficial treatment flu traditional austrian medicine fruits internally consumed treatment disorders tract system respiratory tract system uses seed oil ingredient preparations combination leaves extracted yield yellow fruit source blue violet
Blackcurrant