muhammad arabic june central figure islam widely regarded founder non muslims known muslims holy prophet consider prophet sent god mankind restore islam believe original faith adam moses jesus united single muslim ensured teachings practices muslims believe revealed god formed basis islamic religious belief born arabian city approximately muhammad orphaned early age raised care paternal uncle childhood muhammad primarily worked merchant occasionally retreat cave named mountains nights prayer later age reported visited cave stated received revelation god years event muhammad started preaching revelations publicly proclaiming god complete surrender lit way acceptable god prophet messenger god similar islam muhammad gained early followers met hostility tribes escape persecution muhammad sent followers followers migrated known year event marks beginning islamic calendar known calendar muhammad united tribes constitution december years intermittent conflict tribes muhammad gathered army muslim converts marched city attack went largely muhammad seized city little destroyed pagan idols months returning muhammad fell ill died death converted islam revelations known lit sign god muhammad reported receiving death form verses regarded muslims word god religion based muhammad teachings practices found literature upheld muslims sources islamic law names muhammad means appears times addresses muhammad second person prophet messenger servant god announcer witness bearer good warner reminder calls unto god light lamp muhammad addressed designations state time address referred god singles muhammad seal refers muhammad arabic central religious text islam muslims believe represents words god revealed muhammad mentions muhammad directly times verses interpreted allusions muhammad life provides minimal assistance muhammad chronological biography verses provide significant historical context early biographies important source found historic works writers 2nd 3rd centuries muslim era 8th 9th century include traditional muslim biographies muhammad literature provide additional information muhammad life earliest surviving written biographies muhammad quotes attributed life god messenger written work lost great length early history source history muhammad campaigns death muslim era work secretary death muslim era scholars accept earliest biographies accurate accuracy recent studies led scholars distinguish traditions touching legal matters purely historical ones sphere traditions subject invention sphere aside exceptional cases material subject shaping important source found collections accounts verbal physical teachings traditions muhammad compiled generations death notable individuals muslim ibn etc western academics view collections accurate historical sources scholars reject compiled later periods judge context history basis compatibility events figures largely arid volcanic making agriculture difficult near springs landscape towns cities prominent large agricultural settlement important financial center surrounding tribes communal life essential survival desert conditions supporting indigenous tribes harsh environment lifestyle tribal grouping encouraged unity based blood relations nomadic constantly travelling place seeking water pasture flocks settled focused trade agriculture nomadic survival depended raiding view crime byzantine dominated pre islamic middle_east region roman persian wars devastated region making unpopular local tribes time divided tribal loosely allied byzantium originally powerful northern originally come loosely allied pre islamic gods viewed individual tribes spirits associated sacred trees stones springs wells site annual pilgrimage shrine housed idols tribal patron deities associated daughters communities existed including christians jews native pre islamic arabs professed rigid listed alongside jews christians pre islamic disputed scholars according muslim tradition muhammad descendants son life muhammad born lived roughly years life period generally divided phases declaring visions childhood early life muhammad born year birthday believed month belonged clan tribe prominent families appears prosperous muhammad early lifetime tradition places year muhammad birth corresponding year elephant named failed destruction year king supplemented army elephants alternatively 20th century scholars suggested different years father died months born according islamic tradition soon birth sent live family desert desert life considered western scholars reject tradition muhammad stayed foster mother husband years old age muhammad lost biological mother illness orphan years paternal grandfather clan death muhammad years old came care uncle new leader according islamic historian general disregard guardians taking care weaker members tribes 6th century muhammad guardians saw death hard especially fortunes clan declining time teens muhammad accompanied uncle syrian trading journeys gain experience commercial trade islamic tradition states muhammad accompanying syria met christian monk named said muhammad career prophet god little known muhammad later youth available information fragmented causing difficulty separate history legend known merchant involved trade indian ocean mediterranean_sea upright character acquired nickname arabic meaning faithful meaning sought reputation attracted proposal year old widow muhammad marriage accounts happy years later according narration collected historian muhammad involved known story setting black stone place wall sacred object removed facilitate renovations leaders agree clan return black stone place decided ask man comes gate decision man year old muhammad event happened years revelation asked cloth laid center clan leaders held corners cloth carried black stone right spot muhammad laid stone satisfying honour beginnings muhammad began pray cave named near weeks year islamic tradition holds visits cave year angel appeared commanded muhammad verses included consensus exists words revealed beginning muhammad deeply distressed receiving revelations returning home muhammad christian cousin variously described priest possibly feared dismiss claims possessed tradition states muhammad surprised frightened appearance welcomed angel expected initial revelation followed year pause period known muhammad felt depressed gave prayers spiritual practices revelations resumed commanded begin preaching guardian lord thee displeased narrates muhammad describing revelations revealed like ringing bell reported saw prophet inspired cold day noticed sweat dropping forehead inspiration according descriptions considered genuine unlikely forged later muslims muhammad confident distinguish thoughts messages according main roles muhammad warn punishment occasionally explicitly refer judgment day provided examples history extinct communities warns muhammad contemporaries similar muhammad warn rejected god revelation good news abandoned evil listening divine words serving god muhammad mission involves preaching commands muhammad praise lord instructs worship idols associate deities god key themes early verses included responsibility man creator resurrection dead god final judgment followed vivid descriptions hell pleasures paradise signs god aspects life religious duties required believers time belief god asking forgiveness sins offering frequent prayers assisting particularly need rejecting cheating love wealth considered significant commercial life killing newborn girls opposition according muslim tradition muhammad wife believe prophet followed muhammad year old cousin close friend adopted son muhammad began preach public ignored mocked followers main groups early converts islam younger brothers sons great merchants people fallen rank tribe failed attain weak unprotected foreigners according opposition started muhammad delivered verses condemned idol worship practiced maintains began muhammad started public preaching followers increased muhammad threat local tribes rulers city wealth rested focal point religious life muhammad threatened overthrow muhammad traditional religion especially offensive tribe guardians powerful merchants attempted convince muhammad abandon preaching offered admission inner circle merchants marriage refused offers tradition records great length persecution ill treatment muhammad followers slave prominent leader famous martyr islam killed spear master refused faith muslim slave tortured ibn placed heavy rock chest force conversion muhammad followers emigrated founded small colony protection christian emperor ibn mentions separate according muslims returned prior second group rejoined talk migration accounts agree persecution played major role decision suggest number followers seek refuge christians according famous letter preserved majority muslims returned native town islam gained strength high ranking converted completely different story reason muslims returned according account initially mentioned desperately hoping accommodation tribe pronounced verse acknowledging existence considered daughters muhammad retracted verses day behest claiming verses devil instead ridicule gods offered episode known story cranes translation known verses according story led general reconciliation muslims began return home arrived informed verses revelation inserted notable scholars time argued historic authenticity verses story grounds later incident received acceptance strong objections arose 10th century onwards theological grounds objections continued rejection verses story eventually acceptable orthodox muslim position leaders important clans declared public boycott commercial rival pressure withdrawing protection muhammad boycott lasted years eventually collapsed failed objective muhammad able preach holy pilgrimage months hostilities arabs suspended islamic tradition states muhammad experienced night long journey said occurred angel journey beginning said travelled winged mosque arabic later muhammad said toured heaven hell spoke earlier moses jesus author biography muhammad presents event spiritual experience later historians present physical journey western scholars hold journey traveled heavens sacred enclosure heavenly prototype later traditions indicate muhammad journey having jerusalem years muhammad wife uncle died year known year sorrow death leadership clan passed enemy muhammad soon withdrew clan protection muhammad placed muhammad danger withdrawal clan protection implied blood revenge killing muhammad visited important city tried find protector effort failed brought physical danger muhammad forced return man named ibn protection tribe possible safely enter native city people visiting business pilgrims muhammad took opportunity look new home followers unsuccessful negotiations found hope men later called arab population familiar prepared appearance prophet jewish community existed hoped means muhammad new faith gain supremacy jealous importance place pilgrimage converts islam came nearly arab tribes june subsequent year seventy muslims came pilgrimage meet muhammad meeting secretly night group known second pledge view pledge war following muhammad encouraged followers migration attempted stop emigration muslims managed leave migration muhammad followers june warned plot assassinate muhammad secretly slipped moved followers kilometres miles north delegation consisting representatives important clans invited muhammad serve chief entire community status neutral outsider fighting primarily dispute involved arab jewish inhabitants estimated lasted years recurring disagreements resulting claims especially clans involved obvious tribal concept blood feud eye eye longer man authority disputed cases delegation pledged fellow citizens accept muhammad community physically protect muhammad instructed followers nearly followers left alarmed departure according tradition plotted assassinate muhammad help ali muhammad watching secretly slipped away town muhammad emigrated large agricultural oasis migrated muhammad known establishment new things muhammad ease longstanding grievances tribes draft document known constitution establishing kind alliance federation tribes muslim specified rights duties citizens relationship different communities including muslim community communities specifically jews peoples book community defined constitution religious outlook shaped practical considerations substantially preserved legal forms old arab tribes proclaimed win numerous wealthy jewish population soon rescinded jews insisted preserving entire mosaic law recognize prophet race david group converts islam clans great leaders clans hostile leaders outside followed general acceptance islam pagan population exceptions according influenced conversion ibn prominent leader islam converted islam helped muslim find shelter known supporters muhammad instituted brotherhood supporters chose ali brother beginning armed conflict following emigration people seized property muslim armed conflict later break muslims muhammad delivered verses permitting muslims fight according traditional account february praying muhammad received revelations god facing jerusalem prayer muhammad adjusted new direction companions praying followed lead beginning tradition facing prayer march muhammad led warriors raid merchant muslims set ambush aware plan muslims force sent protect went confront muslims receiving word safe battle commenced outnumbered muslims won battle killing fourteen muslims dead succeeded killing leaders including seventy prisoners acquired return wealth freed muhammad followers saw victory confirmation faith muhammad ascribed victory assisted invisible host angels verses period unlike verses dealt practical problems government issues like distribution victory strengthened muhammad position earlier doubts followers result opposition vocal converted bitter advance islam tribe tribe composed verses insulting muslims killed people belonging related clans muhammad killings report considered members tribes converted islam hardly opposition left muhammad expelled main jewish tribes historians contend expulsion happened muhammad death according ibn spoke muhammad executing commanded exiled following mutual aid alliances number tribes protect community attacks northern conflict eager avenge defeat maintain economic prosperity needed restore prestige reduced ensuing months sent ambush parties muhammad led expeditions tribes allied sent raiders gathered army thousand men set attack scout alerted muhammad army presence numbers day later morning muslim conference war dispute arose best repel muhammad senior figures suggested safer fight advantage heavily fortified strongholds argued destroying crops strongholds destroy muslim prestige muhammad eventually conceded younger muslims muslim force battle muhammad led force outside mountain location camp fought march muslim army advantage early encounters lack discipline strategically placed led muslim defeat muslims killed including muhammad uncle best known muslim tradition pursue muslims instead marched declaring victory announcement probably muhammad wounded thought dead discovered muhammad lived return false information new forces coming aid attack failed achieve aim completely destroying muslims muslims buried dead returned evening questions accumulated reasons loss muhammad delivered verses indicating defeat partly punishment partly test directed effort attack gained support nomadic tribes north east propaganda muhammad weakness promises booty memories prestige muhammad new policy prevent alliances alliances formed sent expeditions break muhammad heard men hostile intentions reacted severe manner example assassination ibn jewish tribe went wrote poems grief anger desire revenge year later muhammad expelled forcing emigration syria allowed possessions unable subdue strongholds rest property claimed muhammad god gained muhammad surprised arab tribes individually overwhelming force causing enemies unite muhammad attempts prevent confederation unsuccessful able increase forces stopped potential tribes joining enemies siege help exiled military leader mustered force men muhammad prepared force men adopted form defense unknown time muslims dug trench lay open cavalry attack idea credited persian convert islam persian siege began march lasted weeks troops unprepared fortifications siege coalition decided return home discusses battle verses battle jewish tribe located south entered negotiations forces revolt muhammad forces suggestions muhammad sure overwhelmed desired case confederacy unable destroy agreement reached prolonged negotiations partly sabotage attempts muhammad scouts coalition retreat muslims accused besieged forts days eventually surrendered according men apart converts islam beheaded women children enslaved disputed accuracy narrative believes jewish sources speaking years event account memories earlier jewish history notes considered unreliable historian contemporary odd tales later argues tribe killed fighters merely enslaved finds arguments entirely convincing contradicted arguments siege exerted available strength destroy muslim community failure resulted significant loss prestige trade syria vanished following battle trench muhammad expeditions north ended fighting returning journeys years earlier according early accounts accusation adultery muhammad wife accusations muhammad announced received revelation confirming innocence directing charges adultery supported truce muhammad delivered verses commanding muslims performed month muhammad ordered followers obtain animals prepare pilgrimage saying god promised goal vision head completion hearing approaching muslims dispatched cavalry halt muhammad evaded taking difficult route enabling followers reach outside according muhammad decision pilgrimage based dream demonstrating pagan islam threaten prestige islam arabian religion negotiations commenced travelling continued rumors spread muslim killed muhammad called pilgrims pledge flee stick muhammad decision situation descended war pledge known pledge acceptance arabic bay pledge tree news safety allowed negotiations continue treaty scheduled years eventually signed muslims main points treaty included cessation hostilities muhammad pilgrimage following year agreement send emigrated permission protector muslims satisfied treaty victory assured expedition considered victorious later muhammad followers realized benefit treaty benefits included requirement identify muhammad equal cessation military activity allowing gain strength admiration impressed pilgrimage rituals signing truce muhammad assembled expedition jewish oasis known possibly housing hostilities muhammad regain prestige appeared inconclusive result truce according muslim tradition muhammad sent letters rulers asking convert islam exact date given variously sources sent letters byzantine empire eastern persia chief years following truce muhammad directed forces arabs byzantine soil final years conquest truce enforced years tribe good relations muhammad enemies allied clan night raid killing helped weapons according sources took fighting event muhammad sent message conditions asking accept pay blood money slain tribe declare truce replied accepted condition soon realized mistake sent renew treaty request declined muhammad muhammad began prepare campaign muhammad marched muslim converts minimal casualties muhammad seized control declared amnesty past offences men women guilty murder offences sparked war disrupted peace later pardoned converted islam muhammad proceeded destroy statues arabian gods according reports collected muhammad personally spared paintings mary jesus traditions suggest pictures erased discusses conquest conquest following conquest muhammad alarmed military threat confederate tribes raising army twice muhammad size old enemies joined inhabiting city adopted anti policy decline prestige muhammad defeated tribes battle year muhammad organized attack northern previous defeat battle reports hostility adopted muslims great difficulty assembled thirty thousand men half second day returned ibn verses muhammad muhammad engage hostile forces received submission local chiefs region ordered destruction remaining pagan idols city hold muslims muhammad refused accept city surrender agreed convert islam allowed men destroy statue goddess year sent surrender muhammad adopt islam submitted muhammad safeguard attacks benefit war alien system islam wanted maintain independence code virtue ancestral traditions muhammad required military political agreement according acknowledge refrain attack muslims allies pay muslim religious levy farewell pilgrimage end tenth year migration muhammad completed truly islamic pilgrimage teaching followers rites annual great pilgrimage known completing pilgrimage muhammad delivered famous speech known farewell sermon east sermon muhammad advised followers follow certain pre islamic customs instance said white superiority black black superiority white good action abolished old blood feuds disputes based tribal system asked old returned implications creation new islamic community commenting vulnerability women society muhammad asked male followers good women powerless captives households took god trust sexual relations word god come senses people hear words told entitled discipline wives kindness addressed issue inheritance forbidding false claims client relationship deceased forbade followers leave wealth heir upheld lunar months year according following verse delivered event today perfected religion completed chosen islam religion according refers appointment pond muhammad successor occurring days later muslims returning death tomb months farewell pilgrimage muhammad fell ill suffered days fever head pain weakness died monday june age house wife head resting lap asked dispose goods seven coins spoke final words friend highest highest company heaven referring god buried died house reign mosque prophet expanded include site muhammad tomb green dome tomb built sultan 13th century green color added 16th century reign ottoman sultan magnificent tombs adjacent muhammad companions muslim muslims believe jesus took muhammad tomb stripped gold jewel ornaments adherents followers destroyed nearly tomb dome order prevent muhammad said narrowly escaped similar events took place militias retook time managed city interpretation islam burial place unmarked graves pilgrims continue practice ritual visit tomb muhammad muhammad united tribes single arab muslim religious years life muhammad death disagreement broke successor ibn prominent companion muhammad nominated muhammad friend collaborator additional support confirmed choice disputed muhammad companions held ali ibn cousin son law designated successor muhammad immediately moved strike byzantine eastern roman empire forces previous defeat rebellion arab tribes event muslim historians later referred wars wars pre islamic middle_east dominated byzantine roman persian wars devastated region making unpopular local tribes furthermore lands conquered muslims christians deemed decade muslims conquered byzantine syria large parts persia established early social changes islam according religion muhammad private individual matter total response personality total situation found responding religious intellectual aspects situation economic social political pressures contemporary subject says important political traditions islam muhammad statesman muhammad rebel view believed islam great change akin revolution introduced new societies historians generally agree islamic social changes areas social security family structure slavery rights women children improved status quo arab society example according lewis islam denounced aristocratic privilege rejected hierarchy adopted formula career open talents muhammad message transformed society moral orders life society focused changes perceived identity world view hierarchy values economic reforms addressed plight poor issue pre islamic requires payment tax benefit poor muhammad power grew demanded tribes wished ally implement particular appearance description given book attributed followed muhammad middle sized crisp hair fat white circular face wide black eyes long eye walked walked went seal prophecy shoulder blades face like moon taller stature shorter conspicuous thick hair hair parted hair reached lobe ear bright muhammad wide forehead fine long arched meet vein angry upper nose hooked thick smooth strong mouth teeth set apart thin hair chest neck like neck ivory statue purity silver muhammad stout firm belly chest broad broad seal prophecy muhammad shoulders generally described having type raised mole size egg description muhammad provided bad woman met journey saw man pure clean handsome face fine figure marred body overly small head neck graceful elegant intensely black eyes thick voice neck long beard thick finely arched joined silent grave spoke glory rose overcame beautiful men glorious close sweet speech articulate petty speech string measured length eye challenged company like branch branches appearance power friends surrounding listen words commands obey complaint descriptions like reproduced panels turkish 17th century developed art form ottoman_empire household muhammad life traditionally defined periods pre emigration post muhammad said thirteen wives total ambiguous accounts wife thirteen marriages occurred migration age muhammad married wealthy years old marriage lasted years happy muhammad enter marriage woman marriage death suggested muhammad marry muslim widow daughter muhammad said asked arrangements marry marriages death contracted political humanitarian reasons women muslims killed battle left protector belonged important families clans necessary honor strengthen alliances according traditional sources seven years old muhammad marriage reached age years old virgin marriage muslim authors age based sources information available sister known estimate thirteen late teens time marriage migration muhammad fifties married women muhammad household helped preparing food clothes repairing shoes said accustomed wives dialogue listened advice wives debated argued said daughters muhammad muhammad muhammad muhammad sons died childhood daughters died scholars contend muhammad daughter bore son named child died years old muhammad wives survived known muhammad favourite wife tradition survived decades instrumental helping assemble scattered muhammad form literature branch islam muhammad descendants known titles arabic meaning noble meaning lord sir muhammad descendants respected place emphasis value distinction slave muhammad bought freed adopted son according bbc summary prophet muhammad try abolish slavery bought sold captured owned slaves insisted slave owners treat slaves stressed virtue freeing slaves muhammad treated slaves human beings clearly held highest esteem legacy muslim views following god belief muhammad main aspect islamic faith muslim testify god god testify muhammad messenger god basic creed islam islamic belief words newborn hear children taught immediately recited death muslims repeat prayer prayer non muslims wishing convert islam required creed islamic belief muhammad regarded prophet sent god benefit mankind states confirmation revelations went fuller explanation book doubt lord worlds states book moses guide mercy book confirms commands believers islam believe god revealed unto revealed unto jacob tribes moses jesus received received lord distinction unto surrendered muslim tradition credits muhammad supernatural events example muslim commentators western scholars interpreted referring muhammad splitting moon view began followers islamic historian believes overtly describe muhammad performing supreme miracle muhammad identified according islamic tradition muhammad attacked people badly injured tradition describes angel appearing offering retribution said muhammad rejected offer prayed people represents actions muhammad preserved reports known covers broad array activities beliefs ranging religious rituals personal burial dead mystical questions involving love humans god considered model pious muslims great degree influenced muslim culture muhammad taught muslims offer peace arabic muslims world details major islamic rituals daily prayers annual pilgrimage found contributed development islamic law particularly end islamic century muslim known seeking inner meaning inner nature muhammad viewed prophet islam prophet perfect human orders trace chain spiritual descent muhammad muslims traditionally expressed love muhammad stories muhammad life particularly splitting moon popular muslim thought poetry arabic muhammad poem mantle egyptian particularly known widely held possess healing spiritual power refers muhammad mercy worlds association rain mercy oriental countries led imagining muhammad rain cloud stretching lands reviving dead hearts rain seemingly dead earth example poem muhammad birthday celebrated major feast islamic world excluding dominated saudi_arabia public celebrations discouraged muslims write muhammad usually follow peace arabic casual writing abbreviated saw printed matter small rendition commonly islamic depictions line prohibition creating images living beings particularly strictly observed respect god muhammad islamic religious art focused word muslims generally avoid depictions muhammad decorated inscriptions designs images sculptures today images muhammad designed prevent worship muhammad god strictly observed islam muslims islam created images muhammad past islamic depictions muhammad rare recently limited private elite medium miniature depictions muhammad face symbolically represent flame earliest extant depictions come 13th century typically literary genres describing life deeds muhammad period persia rulers converted islam competing groups visual imagery including images muhammad promote particular interpretation islam key events influenced buddhist tradition religious art elite conversion innovation unprecedented islamic world accompanied broader shift islamic artistic culture away representation glass books persian lands tradition realistic depictions lasted dynasty took power early 16th century islam state religion initiated departure traditional artistic style covering muhammad face veil obscure features time represent essence unveiled images earlier periods later images produced decorated images muhammad illustrated accounts night journey particularly popular period era 19th century iran saw boom printed illustrated books muhammad face aimed particular children manner graphic novels reproduced essentially printed manuscripts today millions historical modern images available muslim countries especially turkey iran posters coffee table books unknown parts islamic world encountered muslims countries cause considerable offense views earliest documented christian knowledge muhammad stems byzantine sources indicate jews christians saw muhammad false prophet greek source muhammad 9th century writer earliest source 7th century writer john bar according earliest european literature refers muhammad learned circles primarily latin scholars access fairly extensive biographical material muhammad interpreted biography christian religious filter viewed muhammad person submission religious guise popular european literature time portrayed muhammad muslims similar idol god later ages muhammad came seen 13th century represents monk cardinal written early puts muhammad son law ali hell emergence positive views europe reformation muhammad portrayed similar way present positive view muhammad praised muhammad natural religion published posthumously described muhammad gifted political leader presents inspired messenger god employed oriental christians liberate orient rule romans spread knowledge unity god india spain positive negative opinion muhammad play muhammad symbol published essay calls sublime historical survey sur les presents legislator calls aside hostile legends muhammad presents sage legislator fused religious political powers published muhammad presents lives great men greatest legislators universe compares careers religious rejects common view muhammad argues sublime truths cult morals defines unity god admirable writes common accusations contrary law compassion followers legislator great man admired muhammad islam described model great man book heroes heroic history describes muhammad silent great soul earnest interpretation widely cited muslim scholars demonstration western scholarship muhammad status great man history views modern historians according recent writers generally dismiss idea muhammad deliberately followers arguing muhammad absolutely sincere acted complete good faith muhammad readiness endure cause rational basis hope shows sincerity says sincerity directly imply contemporary terms muhammad mistaken divine revelation argue viewing muhammad self seeking makes impossible understand islam development holds muhammad able influential successful firm belief religious views muhammad number god thought final manifestation seal cycle consider teachings superseded founder faith manifestation current cycle criticism early 7th century muhammad attacked non muslim arab contemporaries preaching modern times criticism dealt muhammad sincerity claiming prophet morality warfare marriages praise praise muhammad expressed life muhammad early age referred faithful muslim scholars religious scholars expressed praise muhammad history remains integral islamic tradition topics praise muhammad include personality character teachings morality conduct actions way life
Muhammad