common black european species tree family native europe southwest asia northern africa wet locations association enables grow poor quality soils medium size short lived tree growing height metres short rounded leaves separate male female flower form small rounded fruits cone like seeds dispersed wind water common provides food shelter wildlife number insects fungi completely dependent tree pioneer species vacant land forming mixed forests trees appear wake eventually common dies woodlands need light available forest floor usual habitat forest edges swamps riverside corridors timber underwater foundations manufacture paper smoking foods carving products tree providing folk research shown extracts seeds active bacteria description tree moist soils grows favourable circumstances height metres exceptionally metres young trees upright habit growth main stem older trees develop arched crown branches base trunk produces roots grow soil appear trunk bark young trees smooth glossy greenish brown older trees dark grey branches smooth somewhat sticky scattered brown short male female form autumn remain dormant winter leaves common short rounded long slightly wedge shaped base margin glossy dark green upper surface paler green underside brown hairs angles veins trees growing near water common keeps leaves longer trees drier situations leaves remain green late autumn latin implies young leaves sticky species flowers wind slender cylindrical male reddish colour long female flowers upright broad green short autumn dark brown black colour hard somewhat woody similar small winter small winged seeds scattered following spring seeds flattened reddish brown nuts edged filled pockets air enables float month allows seed disperse widely unlike species tree common produce shade leaves rate shaded foliage lit leaves rate lower means tree woodland grows taller lower branches die soon decay leaving small crown trunk taxonomy described varieties regarded single species treated species present scientific accepted separation transferred species epithet means sticky referring particularly young shoots genus common placed subgenus closely related group species including grey form hybrid distribution habitat common native continental europe extreme north south united_kingdom ireland asia range includes turkey iran africa found tunisia algeria morocco azores introduced accident intent canada united_states chile south_africa australia new_zealand natural habitat moist ground near rivers ponds lakes grow drier locations occurs mixed woodland forest edges range soil types grows best association nitrogen fixing grow nutrient poor soils trees thrive ecological relationships common noted relationship forms tree roots nitrogen air form available tree return receives carbon products produced tree relationship improves fertility soil established common important pioneer species ecological succession common susceptible recently evolved species plant probably hybrid origin agent disease causing extensive mortality trees parts europe symptoms infection include death roots patches bark dark spots near base trunk leaves subsequent years death branches tree fungal plant causes tongue induced distortion female develops fruits produces spores carried wind trees believed harmless tree harmless caused leaves forming common important wildlife year round seeds useful winter food birds deer sheep rabbits feed tree provides shelter livestock winter shades water rivers streams water temperature benefits fish find safety exposed roots times flood common larvae number different butterflies associated species plant eating insect tree host variety particularly flourish humid moist environment trees common found growing trunk branches include tree restricted species mycorrhizal fungi found growing common partners exchange nutrients species include roll rim grow association spring cup grows fallen introduced species common affect ecology new locality fast growing tree quickly form dense woods little light reaches ground growth native plants presence nitrogen fixing bacteria annual accumulation leaf litter trees nutrient status soil increases availability ground tree dense network roots cause increased pools waterways spreads easily wind borne seed dispersed certain extent birds woody fruits float away parent tree tree occurs logs fallen branches root classed environmental new_zealand cultivation uses common pioneer species river banks assist flood control water soils moderate temperature nutrient status water bodies grown mixed species plantations nitrogen rich leaves falling ground soil increase production trees douglas fir poor quality soils tree live years best timber years heart sets ground important wood cut near base encourage production straight poles capable enduring marine climatic conditions cultivated fast growing woodland tolerate dense shade forest matures trees die species cultivated specimen tree parks gardens gained timber wood soft white cut turning pale red knots timber strength required construction industry paper making manufacture production energy water wood deep foundations buildings piles beneath venice foundations medieval roman architect mentioned timber construction marshes wood solid timber grain colour appreciated takes wood soft flexible somewhat light easily worked split valued carving making furniture window frames toys blocks bark common long bark twigs contain acid limited strong accompanying colour produce depending methods shades brown yellowish orange wool cotton silk bark iron create black substitute use said bark use leather shoots common produce yellowish coloured cut early year parts tree yield green colour fresh cut wood pinkish colour uses traditional wood burnt produce smoked fish smoked foods areas woods supplies high quality leaves tree sticky spread floor room surface said trap chemical constituents include acid acid health common birch main sources tree present atmosphere time birch oak similar properties difficult separate individual effects central europe tree second common cause conditions grass bark common traditionally substance able restore normal health bark treat swelling treat sore throat ground bark ingredient inner bark boiled provide skin wash treating leaves reduce breast discomfort nursing mothers folk advocate use leaves forms cancer alpine farmers said use leaves alleviate placing heated bag leaves affected areas leaves consumed cows sheep goats horses pigs refuse eat according people consumption leaves causes tongue harmful horses research study extracts seeds common found active bacteria tested included resistant extract significant activity extracted extracts low results suggest seeds investigated use development possible anti drugs details structure details
Alnus glutinosa