known false orange species fungus family fungus produces medium sized fruit bodies mushrooms caps wide develop green spots old age injured orange coloured latex minutes mycorrhizal fungus associates norway spruce species distributed europe found parts asia visually similar species united_states mexico closely related european species fruit bodies appear late june november usually spruce forests fungus edible like mushrooms section taste bitter highly valued fruit bodies source food larvae insect species distinguished similar species difference mycorrhizal host latex colour taxonomy classification fungus common species described german mycologist regarded variety var described described fungus referred separated classified separate species epithet latin chosen highlight poor properties mushroom bitter heavy meaning good means worst mushroom commonly known false molecular phylogenetic analyses form group related species include north american species var synonym families characterized north_america var closely related european types form group belongs section genus according molecular studies section forms definite phylogenetic group milk cap relatives species mainly orange reddish coloured latex taste mild slightly bitter strict mycorrhizal associates conifers closest relative characteristics characteristics cap centimetres rarely centimetres wide shaped round early stage convex slightly edge depressed centre later flat funnel shaped depressed cap skin bare moist weather slightly shiny dry cap orange brown darker edges mainly yellow brown old age cold frost changes colour dirty greenish green spotted dense bow like pale orange pale stipe slightly shorter short gills extend fully cap margin stem partly near stem old age cases injury receive initially dark red later grey green spots spore print pale mainly long cylindrical stipe reddish orange centimetres rarely centimetres long centimetres wide barely basis slightly hollow inside circular zones found disposition milk red colour minutes pale yellowish flesh infested cut injured milk red hours dirty green fruit body harsh fruit like tastes mild slightly bitter nearly somewhat microscopic characteristics ellipsoid spores long wide surface ornamentation extends high mainly short wide ridges linked fine lines form incomplete net area distinctly limited zone weakly basidia spore bearing cells spored measure roughly cylindrical somewhat club shaped oil body long thin walled pleurocystidia sparse somewhat common near gill edge long wide smaller near gill edge nearly shaped straightened like string apex body fine largely present wide shorter basidia early developmental stage spiral coloured substance similar near hyaline transparent gill edge usually sterile cheilocystidia thin walled long wide club shaped irregularly shaped transparent contain material thin walled measure long wide slightly shaped tip resembling string interior hyaline abundant striking body coloured cuticle cap hyphae linked matrix swell moisture heavily similar species likewise common similar appearance differs basically flesh reddish minutes minutes dark caused milk milk stays orange reddish minutes milk tastes mild milk distinctly bitter cap changes colour old age injured distinctly greenish common native similar rare milk minutes cap older fruit bodies nearly completely greenish common similar closely related fungus species cap distinctly brown orange cap purple grey tones stem pale blunt orange distribution mainly distributed europe fungus found areas asia turkey india pakistan according recent molecular research similar north american species united_states mexico closely related european species europe fungus especially common northern found july november south west common mountainous areas east range extends russia ecology traditionally considered strict mycorrhizal host norway spruce reported fungus form mycorrhizal associations variants found certain plants characterised cells formed norway spruce typical features mantle net distinguishing characteristic mycorrhizal different hosts hyphae penetrate cells differences form net branching pattern colour shown form wide range fungi field laboratory experiments previously known form fungi thought strictly host specific function nurse plant help establish norway spruce areas species common spruce fir spruce forests spruce forests plantations fungus common different european beech oak european forests forest edges meadows scarcely habitats spruce common fungus found fungus common young spruce forests years old occurs forest path edges occasionally masses fungus probably soil found nearly soil type appears sand limestone soils acidic low nutrient relatively high nutrient soils heavily soils inappropriate habitat fruit bodies appear late june november usually august october specimens found freezing days early february fungus prefers downs uncommon fruit body fungi serve source food insect larvae insects eat fungi occasionally range insect species fungi animals mainly beetle larvae especially fungus beetles beetles true flies milk caps especially attractive true flies beetle larvae comparatively common insects found fungus larvae youngest fruit bodies relatively common mature fruit bodies species section infested larvae following species isolated fruit bodies common isolated different fungus species belong completely different genera families larvae spend unusually long portion life cycle fruit body usually weeks usually milk caps section rare species described closely related common milk caps found fungi including common biting found fungi found different fungus species species belongs family date found species different fruit flies recorded isolated fruit bodies fungus larvae known develop wide range fungus species genera developed milk caps infested parasitic sac fungus occasionally found summer autumn infested fruit bodies usually heavily harder solid flesh typical fruit bodies resistant survive winter create gills instead cap covered initially soft white fungus known early takes white grey colour created days fruit bodies sac fungi shaped produced infested rarely milk caps species live different milk caps fruit bodies species genera importance edibility edible mushroom appreciated similar tastes slightly bitter infested like fungus mainly stir fried butter oil cooked water flesh soft young fruit bodies dried later use fungus heavily infested skilled mushroom prefer young fruit bodies red large milk caps eaten entirely harmless evidence health red coloured compounds mushroom food contents milk cap fruit bodies characteristic orange milk juice latex responsible orange colour composed units carbon widely distributed nature found plants animals example juvenile insects plants use defense compound insects according studies effects young fruit bodies form acid yellow coloured acid acid fruit body injured free alcohol released products produced yellow coloured purple coloured blue coloured alcohol milk mixing different colours green alcohol unstable compounds react form products particularly slight
Lactarius deterrimus