known latin peace term modeled original phrase describes effects conquests social cultural economic life inhabitants vast territory conquered 13th 14th centuries term describe eased communication commerce unified administration helped create period relative peace followed vast conquests conquests successors spanning southeast_asia eastern_europe effectively connected eastern world western world connecting trade centers asia europe came sole rule commonly said maiden bearing gold head safely realm despite political dynasty nearly century conquest civil war followed relative stability early 14th century end marked outbreak asia spread trade routes world century foundations foundations lie beginning early 13th century process conquering tribes region way tribal society structured new victory people incorporated rule societal balance tribe effort strengthen army ordered reform reorganized army structure breaking traditional based divisions previously fragmented society military arranged army inter ethnic groups members commanded loyal regardless ethnic origin company battalion formed army system organization strong military prove effective conquering force tribes central asian strengthen society military expansion unified tribes year elected acclaimed leader new nation quickly moved annex territory conquests campaigns northwestern china conquered western conquered captured land north generals began expedition defeated din battle war concluded year invaded korea years later khan began conquest invaded poland hungary began invasion seize capital captured baghdad new victory gave chance incorporate new peoples especially foreign engineers laborers society new conquest acquired new trade routes opportunity control taxation tribute territorial expansion nation empire economically advanced trade network height empire stretched east west north south meant extremely large continent united political authority result trade routes merchants safe travel resulting overall growth expansion trade china east britain west greatly influenced 13th 14th centuries world trade system rise old world system consisted isolated imperial systems new empire amalgamated isolated new continental system established dominant method transportation unification greatly diminished competing tribute trade network assured greater safety security travel european merchants like way europe china maintained traveled roads linked china chinese silk pepper came west trade routes eastern introduced europeans indian precious stones sold europe weapons leather goods iran gunpowder introduced europe china opposite direction europeans sent silver fine cloth horses goods near far east increasing trade commerce meant respective nations societies increased exposure new goods markets increasing nation society involved trade system cities participating 13th century world trade system grew rapidly size land trade routes maritime silk road contributed flow goods establishment maritime silk road started short coastal routes technology navigation progressed routes developed high seas route indian_ocean eventually routes developed encompassing red_sea sea goods people techniques information ideas moved time example john archbishop founded roman catholic missions india china translated language long distance trade brought new methods business far east europe bills exchange deposit banking insurance introduced europe bills exchange significantly easier travel long distances traveler weight metal coins islamic methods mathematics astronomy science way africa europe methods paper making printing way china europe rudimentary banking systems established money changing credit extension common resulting large merchant wealth administration central geographical position asian continent important reason able play large role trade system army easily able assert strong rule empire military ensured supply lines trade routes flowed smoothly permanent garrisons established trade routes protect travelers routes complex local systems taxation prevalent rule abolished ensure smooth flow merchants trade empire system weights measures standardized voyage trade routes went far plant trees roads shade merchants travelers summer months stone pillars mark roads trees grow sought alliances nations societies ensure flow trade empire army flow trade continent destroying cities important inaccessible routes military allowed military swiftly easily large distances code law known great law decreed strict rules areas society especially areas concerning trade commerce helped suppress traditional causes tribal feuding war helping ensure peaceful trading traveling environment theft animal outlawed established massive lost found system harsh penalties including retribution times original value stolen goods helped deter theft roads decreed complete religious freedom ensuring muslims christians etc allowed travel freely empire religious leaders taxation doctors lawyers teachers scholars allow flexibility usually adapted absorbed built legal systems remote parts empire maintaining level societies ensuring peace stability order ensure law enforced hierarchy legal administration developed headed central government oversaw provincial governments known split smaller districts handled legal cases police commissioner known entrusted law enforcement authority arrest suspects method empire easier efficient laws administered continent postal system established system communication connected far_east west relay stations set miles average day journey horse stations introduced supplied fresh horses fodder brothers nephew extended network army administered stretched territory eastern_europe pacific_ocean routes organized funded maintained highly sophisticated system communication travel relatively easy send important messages travel long distances relatively short amounts time result relatively communication ease movement able govern vast empire effectively ensuring political economic stability decline decline period result number factors incompetent leaders corruption revolts struggles external attacks disease decline resulted decline eased trade east west decline rule near time decline consisted different territories varied territory defined isolation world rulers 14th century started focus religious particular factor decline known golden gradually lost power territory specifically geared different religions converted islam joined egyptian political reasons point war golden fought eastern golden friendly relations great khan occurred communication difficult collapsing trade system rivalry princes eventually persian leader converted islam contributed growing power muslim general china descendants claimed weakened power chinese led emperors separating subjects order stress identity reject chinese culture khan promoted chinese culture importance practice emperors prohibited chinese culture changing common chinese thought planning kill chinese children perform sexual rituals led chinese led chinese rulers expel china china rest world trade system segregation respective factors contributing decline outbreak plague played devastating role decline isolated regions easy spread rapidly historian noted plague transferred ground living southern chinese foothills soldiers invaded area plague noted china east asia carried west trade routes merchants soldiers able freely quickly travel continent plague infected rides horses hair black rats estimated killed china population percent europe population weakened able exert rule remote domains empire began revolt plague broke revolts disrupted production goods flow trade ended effects trade years china extremely isolated foreign merchants china prohibited foreigners foreign trade languages chinese reinstated national religion chinese experienced cultural early years dynasty trade rest world declined attributed war widespread symbolic policy change economic difficulties contributed decline important world trade player quickly spread rest world trade system long distance trading common applauded entirely stopped personnel exchanges new technologies exchanged particularly professor noted personnel exchanges occurred period significant developments economy especially trade public finance military medicine agriculture cuisine astronomy printing geography historiography limited included north_africa functioned principal cultural clearing house gradually replaced maritime europe time came perform similar offices new
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