system system socio economic system organisation administration developed chinese agricultural settlers 19th century settlers organised informal associations similar organisations found chinese communities chose leader chinese chinese pinyin literally means master title given chinese river settlements leaders called term widely 19th century chinese immigrants began settle state set pepper plantations social economic welfare early chinese settlers came charge local chinese leaders responsible running agricultural plantations situated river banks system traces origins 18th century chinese settled set pepper plantations sovereign rulers successor took system half 19th century provide organised form administration chinese immigrants began settle state great numbers developed state agricultural economy variants system parts maritime southeast asia pepper cultivated significant chinese populations worked pepper plantations mainly origin generally second generation chinese immigrants british colonial government implemented act abolished system state value declined early 20th century history early years origins system dates century early chinese settlers experimented cash crop plantations types crops including pepper plantations abandoned late 18th century experienced wars resulted plantations destroyed contributing decline plantations growing popularity trade greater profits beginning 19th century chinese settlers began look south singapore pepper plantations established late 1820s chinese settlers singapore began look pepper cultivation encouragement successor chinese settlers established pepper plantations 1840s formed bureaucracy officials oversee administrative affairs began issuing official permits known river documents leaders settlers permitted establish plantations river banks turn required pay taxes profits generated pepper farms renewed specified period time mid century pepper plantations appeared notably chinese based person receive river banks leased cultivation pepper chinese settlers came 1850s onwards forested areas cleared cultivation pepper time son took office father issued collectively responsible operations pepper farms state chinese leaders members secret societies communal warfare broke singapore different dialect groups result conflicting economic interests late 1850s onwards began exert political influence state affairs establishing close ties granted official recognition dominated branch raised small army subdue forces facing considerable dissent unable raise organised army called accept chinese settlers dialect groups prevent possible communal warfare result conflicting economic interests crop produce plantations generally exported countries singapore assistance chinese merchants based city 1860s onwards debts began sell property rights merchants larger business based singapore known locals literally masters river hired managers merchants watch day day operations pepper plantations began issue contract style letters recognition letters known pepper plantations expanded 1870s established entrusted larger blocks farms contracts chinese merchants singapore profits generated plantations formed bulk economy financed development infrastructure relationship chinese leaders excellent appointed political positions state particular note appointed chinese leaders contractor owned pepper farms 1880s land river banks taken earlier waves chinese settlers newer chinese settlers began migrating northwards 1870s established new pepper plantations north new plantations established particular actively encouraged chinese settlers establish plantations shortly ruled favour eldest son family granted control decline end 19th century economy began pepper plantations agricultural crops starting coffee crops tea rubber introduced state coffee quickly abandoned 1890s value crops experienced drop rubber introduced quickly established strong world demand rubber increased greatly prices abandoned favour rubber decline number pepper plantations colonial government suppression traditional farming methods employed planting pepper method led soil exhaustion forests small factories years system abolished exports pepper british long links secret societies singapore social gambling smoking activities british actively suppressing singapore states early governor straits settlements lobbied adopt societies ordinance ban promptly turned shortly british appointed adviser british began high crime rates state chinese settlers loyal state government effectively control passed prompted dissolution following year system officially abolished december enactment passed state government effectively administered british colonial government role later sultan conferred large degree administrative autonomy plot land granted included right collect taxes behalf welfare needs chinese living plot land generally granted tax exemption basic consumption workers settlement took new jobs traders serve needs settlement granted tax traders sale pork alcohol reserved portion land construction settlement small towns formed administrative centre administrative centres generally established settlements located foot river known literally foot river chinese pinyin acted bulk purchase settlement suppliers based singapore particular highly popular british took strong measures suppress distribution formed illegal links chinese leaders singapore states north particularly british contempt preference gambling prostitution seen social british colonial government maintained friendly relations later sultan worked closely administrative matters particular state government attempted forge close relations appointment official chinese characters liaison officer years later early 1870s state government worked closely draft legal clauses defined powers contained clauses total implemented variants outside singapore chinese settlers began migrating singapore 19th century shortly founding singapore sir native joined chinese growing cultivated commercial purposes number pepper farms expanded greatly increasing demand chinese traders china pepper european traders land nearer town south quickly 1820s began establish farms near northern parts singapore particularly stretches land west northeast pepper farms covered singapore land surface acres km2 dedicated dedicated pepper 1850s 1860s abandoned plantations singapore produce declined farming soil began establish new pepper plantations neighbouring settled merchants singapore managed pepper farms mainly liaison body members singapore merchants purchased property rights pepper farms assume managerial tasks ensure smooth operation plantation settlement unlike counterpart called recognised illegal society singapore activities actively suppressed colonial government appeared singapore 1850s business leaders dialect groups unable agree key issues particular relations hostile partly merchants competed merchants pepper trade established bases area existence recognised british colonial government exercised similar degree autonomy counterparts singapore easy access forested land singapore compared counterparts british colonial government adopted attitude imposed little regulation agricultural activities british wary fact singapore members illegal singapore enjoyed monopoly rights regional trade british appointed chinese official oversee social economic affairs pepper plantations singapore act pepper plantations appeared warrior second brought chinese malaya purpose cultivation widely medication locals exodus chinese migrated following unrest erupted chinese chinese settlement continued 18th century majority coming area minority southern parts pepper farming mainly confined spelled similar system pepper plantations established grants land issue land permits direct operations plantation workers settlement early middle 19th century chinese settlers merchants relocated businesses singapore established trading links singapore settlers merchants maintained trading links shipped produce singapore free trade evade taxes imposed dutch colonial government like singapore competition pepper trade led communal tensions sporadic violence 1840s 1850s early 20th century chinese abandoned pepper plantations favour agricultural practices worldwide prices experienced drastic drop value pepper plants fell prey disease archipelago chinese immigrants settled coastal regions significant numbers 18th century onwards engaged metal mining industry mainly gold supply gold exhausted 1820s onwards chinese miners gradually turned trade agriculture chinese heritage established pepper plantations 1870s 1880s white began organise administrative system plantations similar system plantation appointed white given responsibilities oversee operations plantations jurisdiction welfare living british set laws defined roles responsibilities modelled closely introduced encouraged immigration chinese beginning 1860s expand state pepper industry chinese settlers neighbouring established pepper plantations existed independent plantations rose state major industries worldwide prices went 1880s 1890s 20th century worldwide prices took dive efforts pepper cultivation state system fell obscurity 1920s trade hong_kong steadily declined course decade legacy system facilitated growth pepper plantations developed singapore economies 19th century development inland towns attributed efforts responsible drawing settlement plan living plantation working new towns formed chinese immigrant population singapore grew size period experienced similar growth 18th century result mass immigration chinese chinese quickly outnumbered state chinese relocated singapore parts malaya pepper industry declined 20th century towns places singapore built sites pepper plantations named features system largely populated ethnic chinese dialect chinese parts majority chinese areas origin descended chinese worked pepper plantations form second largest dialect group chinese families trace family ancestry immigrants plantations
Kangchu system