theology theology based bible taking scripture inspired word god placing authority higher saw human sources councils church fathers recognised human element inspiration noting differences canonical reformed confession based successor views baptism largely response movement attacked practice infant baptism defended baptism children describing sign christian god god developed symbolic view denied catholic doctrine following agreed bread wine institution literally body blood jesus christ differences opinion resulted failure bring unity protestant leaders believed state governed divine believed church state placed sovereign rule god christians obliged obey government civil allowed authorities acted god described preference aristocracy democratic rule scripture bible central work reformer crucial development theology appealed scripture constantly writings strongly evident early writings clarity certainty word god believed man god truth scripture god word brings light darkness error initially appealed scripture catholic opponents order counter appeal church included councils church fathers authorities based man liable error noted fathers yield word god word god fathers insistence word god councils church fathers arguments gave independent authority views held simply inspiration scripture concept god holy spirit author taken granted view inspiration mechanical recognized human element commentaries noted differences canonical recognize books canonical like regard revelation john highly accept canon canon accept scripture baptism views baptism largely rooted conflict group beliefs included rejection infant baptism centered leadership october controversy issue broke second vigorously defended need infant baptism belief unnecessary major works subject include baptism questions concerning baptism baptism outlined disagreements catholic positions accused adding word god noted law forbidding infant baptism challenged catholics denying water baptism power wash away sin understood baptism pledge promise disputed position pledge live sin noting pledge brings argued view received spirit able live sin persons qualified baptism time asserted support scripture raised objection christ children christians likewise children responded noting kind argument imply women participate communion women supper children specifically need baptism clearly stated scripture separate discussion original sin denies original guilt refers states children christian parent holy counted sons god baptised church baptism partial church partial baptism document attack position baptism second defends views demonstrates development doctrine baptism baptism simply pledge describes baptism sign god furthermore associates god sign god baptism sign christians states children christians sons god parents sons god baptism baptism later writings change fundamental positions elements theology lead deny baptism means grace necessary salvation defence infant baptism matter church politics clearly related theology profound sense unity church key center controversy reformation focused differences church matter attacking doctrine understanding reception god gift salvation matter defending doctrine embodied gift known theology reformer disagreement scholars views years priest eighteenth article seven articles concerns sacrifice mass states memorial sacrifice exposition articles credited dutch suggesting institution words body meant signifies sent letter interpretation biblical examples support impossible letter impacted theology claimed held symbolic view read letter mentioned signifies interpretation letter associate denies john spirit gives life flesh avail support commended understanding significance faith rejected view word refers christ body bread biblical passages sources defended signifies interpretation following introduction communion laid details theology argues view bread wine body blood christ eaten conflict began engaged directly culmination controversy wrote responses leading meeting friendly friendly answer replies book examined point view systematically presenting comments sharp critical harsh dismissive called champions gospel david hercules roman likely influenced concerned reconciliation views main issue puts chief point salvation eating body christ saw action strengthening faith sins conflicted view faith presence christ produce faith faith god god chosen appealed passages scripture john particular saw view denying christ humanity asserted christ body place right hand god produce new debate changed position produce developments views example noted bread mere bread affirmed terms presence true differences understanding faith approach use scripture ultimately agreement impossible near end life summarized understanding confession sent king francis saying believe christ truly present lord supper believe communion presence christ proof gathered midst matt present congregation assembled honor body literally eaten far truth nature faith contrary truth says world john flesh john eat jews believed believe contrary nature faith mean holy true faith faith love fear god reverence gross eating shrink eating beloved son believe true body christ eaten communion spiritual manner religious believing pious heart taught brief substance maintain controversy truth teaches state relation church state mind best represented statue stands bible hand sword church state sovereign rule god development complex relationship church state view understood examining context life city wider earliest writings reformer labyrinth reveal patriotic love land longing liberty opposition mercenary service young swiss citizens sent fight foreign wars financial benefit state government life parish priest army chaplain helped develop concern morality justice saw ministry limited private sphere people council played essential role stage reformation reformation council operated relatively independently church matters areas doctrine worship left authority ecclesiastical hierarchy convinced matters conform word god hierarchy recognised role council body power act religious authorities refused undertake reform views best expressed divine human exposition articles preacher prince servants rule god context surrounding publications period considerable tension banned travelling work reformation endangered potential outbreak religious social disorder saw need present government positive light safeguard continued preaching gospel stated gospel christ opposed government support government far acts christian way accordance standard prescribed god relationship preacher magistrate demonstrated forms human divine human outward man domain magistrate government government secure human man god domain preacher inward man called account divine government ordained god christians obliged obey view requirement applied equally good evil government came god rulers servants god christians obey rulers obey god situation arise christians authorities act god noted obey god men god commands took precedence man commentary noted kinds governments monarchy aristocracy democracy expressed preference aristocracy surprising given experience council publication comparing forms government gave defence aristocracy monarchy argued monarchy invariably descend monarchy inherent weaknesses good ruler easily replaced bad single ruler easily corrupted aristocracy people involved
Theology of Huldrych Zwingli