march march distinguished american nuclear physicist pioneer quantum mechanics participant development radar nuclear weapons world war manhattan_project principle rules named director president president mccarthy period efforts root communist united_states target house american activities committee grounds follower new revolutionary movement quantum mechanics defended famous commitment physics science widely known principal author official review funded united_states_air_force concluded unidentified flying objects explanations lunar crater named early life education born march new_mexico father supervising construction narrow gauge railroad built area logging companies graduating high school oakland california worked journalist years oakland papers attended initially joining learned high school physics teacher joined faculty switched majors classes theoretical physics earned bachelor degree years doctorate thesis combined work measuring analyzing band suggestion thanks fellowship studied munich rewrote thesis quantum mechanics creating principle seeing worked public relations fall particular promoting discovery electron early career taught briefly columbia_university associate professor physics princeton_university year wrote english language text subject wrote theory atomic bible subject moment publication associate director research pittsburgh beginning established research programs nuclear physics solid state physics mass headed company research microwave radar development worked equipment use atomic bombs served consultant world war helped organize mit joined manhattan_project weeks resigned result conflicts security general project military leader objected superior held discussion director project lab university_of_chicago resignation letter explained thing extraordinary close security policy feel qualified question wisdom totally unaware extent enemy espionage sabotage activities want case found extreme concern security depressing especially discussion mail telephone calls august february worked time consultant berkeley separation elected following war played leading role organizing scientists lobby civilian control atomic energy military control strict security worked science adviser senator chairman wrote mcmahon enacted august created placing atomic energy civilian control adopting viewpoint favored international scientific cooperation joined american soviet science society director president nominated director known confirmed senate opposition served president fbi director wrote letter intended president named senior government officials soviet network described espionage agent disguise decades later senator called corridor talk administration ignored charges decade security clearance status repeatedly questioned reviewed established congressman head house american activities committee furnished information loyalty articles published march thomas reasons prominent case sympathy scientific community international spirit place use ongoing controversy argue increase committee appropriation bolster opposition supported attract favorable coverage election season cleared charges february report dated march said appears weakest links atomic security responded true weakest links atomic security country feel absolutely safe completely reliable loyal devoted interests country life career clearly reveal defended included entire physics department harvard numerous professional organizations wrote behalf held dinner april demonstrate support nobel prize winners sponsors contrast considered statement criticizing procedures defending despite widespread support members leadership release statement instead opted speak privately thomas july granted security clearance allowing access classified information september annual meeting american association advancement science president sitting nearby denounced thomas grounds vital scientific research impossible creation atmosphere man feels safe public airing rumors gossip called activities american thing contend today climate country opposed cooperation congressional attempts identify security risks scientific community june sharply critical letter provided information colleague wrote lost good deal sleep trying figure talked way man known long know good physicist good citizen july testified senate considering rules governing operation senate committees criticized thomas holding closed hearings leaking information loyalty scientists said committee denied colleagues requests public hearings respond continued attacks record finally cleared left government head research development said annual government salary reason president issued statement praise served critical position continued loyal attention duties director reason standing scientists supervision given bureau activities important agency republican asserted investigated security risk leaving fire charge secretary commerce denied december elected head september testimony congressional committee opportunity deny oath charges concluded annual report security clearance persons questionable loyalty contempt necessary security regulations december assumed presidency annual meeting according bulletin atomic scientists tremendous ovation fellow members accompanying induction faith loyalty integrity months later clearance revoked standard left government service granted security clearance july announced october suspended secretary navy october vice president nixon took credit suspension atomic scientists chicago charged political abuse national security system secretary thomas denied nixon played role withdrew application clearance december resigned company seeking government research contracts lacked clearance necessary participating military research citing security reviews passed years said unwilling continue potentially indefinite series reviews reviews paid clearance related legal expenses worked wrote decision reflected belief administration committed policy persecution scientists indifference attack discredit decided situation hopeless reasonably expected having resisted forces seven long years years later reported described encounter loyalty review board board member stated concern says forefront revolutionary movement physics called quantum mechanics strikes hearing forefront revolutionary movement forefront said replied believe principle formulated century believe laws motion discovered seventeenth century believe newton laws continued catalog scientists earlier centuries including said privately join organization noble goals don ask contains communists later career professor physics fellow retiring directed known chosen lack stated position later wrote agreed head project basis appeals duty needed public service final report concluded unidentified flying objects explanations cited key factor generally low levels interest mainstream scientists academics president president chairman edited handbook physics hugh received medal awarded retirement colleagues honored publication died march wrote appeared years later gives annual award named recognizes distinguished achievements written exposition science technology award initiated crater moon named honor personal married sons daughter son february january physicist engineer worked digital telephone switches invented chess computer
Edward Condon