maritime fur trade maritime fur trade ship based fur trade system focused acquiring sea animals indigenous peoples natives alaska sold china exchange tea chinese goods sold europe united_states maritime fur trade pioneered russians working east southern coast alaska british americans entered focusing coast british_columbia trade beginning 19th century long period decline began sea population depleted maritime fur trade transformed tapping new markets continuing focus china lasted middle late 19th century russians controlled coast alaska entire era coast south alaska endured fierce competition british american trading vessels british operate southern sector unable compete americans dominated 1830s entered coast trade 1820s intention driving americans away accomplished late period maritime fur trade largely conducted term maritime fur trade coined historians distinguish coastal ship based fur trade continental land based fur trade example historically maritime fur trade known usually called trade north west trade term rarely spelled single word northwest common today maritime fur trade brought pacific_northwest coast vast new international trade network centered north pacific_ocean global scope based capitalism triangular trade network emerged linking pacific_northwest coast china recently discovered western world britain united_states especially new_england trade major effect indigenous people pacific_northwest coast especially peoples rapid increase wealth occurred natives increased warfare epidemic disease indigenous culture overwhelmed rapid change actually flourished instance importance traditional nobility increased remains distinctive aspect pacific_northwest culture developed era native hawaiian society similarly affected sudden influx western wealth technology epidemic diseases trade effect china europe minimal new_england maritime fur trade significant profits helped region contributing transformation industrial society wealth generated maritime fur trade invested industrial development especially textile manufacturing new_england textile industry turn large effect slavery united_states increasing demand cotton helping possible rapid expansion cotton plantation system profitable sea especially northern sea inhabited coastal waters south north sea hunted 17th 18th centuries sea possess thicker fur sea habit coat prevents reason exploitation dark thick silver tipped fur demand fashion sea china reasons hunted point disappearance mammals pacific currently listed threatened sea distribution extends north japan way vicinity mexico species stayed approximately arc pressure maritime trade forced north start decline russian expeditions region hunters providers skins russians main prime skins russian traders american exploitation mammals population ranged sea slow breeders pups born time help population pursued chinese sought fur great commercial value prime coat year long wealthy chinese clothing decoration russians ornamental piece sent europe america changed coat hats great demand worth sea annual expenses year year fur southern sea highly prized profitable northern sea hunted local extinction maritime fur traders shifted california southern sea likewise nearly extinct british american maritime fur traders took chinese port worked established system sold china trading town opened russian trade treaty origins pacific_northwest significant regions world explored europeans centuries reconnaissance conquest brought rest north_america claims imperial powers late 18th early 19th centuries number commercial systems sea land continent russian spanish extended region simultaneously opposite directions russian fur companies expanded north_america reaching early discovered expedition carried ships sailed purpose assessing existing russian activity possibilities future development reports voyage meant kept secret spread europe caused alarm spain spanish government concerned russian activity alaska decided sent alaska assess threat strengthen spanish claims sovereignty coast north mexico province established expedition concluding separate expeditions dispatched established san_diego san_francisco linked series mission stations coast spanish exploration far north launched center russian activity shifted east hunting operations extended cook inlet destined clash direct russian spanish contact new powers appeared britain united_states clash came sound spain russia spain britain british reached region sea voyage land reached pacific british maritime fur trader arrived american traders arrived sea lewis arrived overland early maritime fur traders explorers traders complex labyrinth waters according thousands islands numerous straits mountainous rocky steep shoreline navigational hazards included persistent rain high winds thick strong currents tides hidden rocks wind patterns contrary variable especially coastal straits makes sailing dangerous early maritime fur trade era produced rough surveys coast general features detailed surveys undertaken relatively small areas russian exploration produced mainly rough surveys largely restricted mainland alaska west british american maritime fur traders began visiting time exploration continued especially maritime fur traders number significant discoveries notable examples include sound found queen harbor explored realize queen charlotte islands mainland russia russian maritime fur trading northern pacific began exploration demonstrated asia north_america connected sea feasible region rich private fur traders launched fur trading expeditions focusing nearby islands commander islands unlike fur trading ventures siberia maritime expeditions required capital obtain merchants cities european russia principal investors early trader traded collecting large number sea fur seal blue arctic fox trips nearby fortune inspiring traders founding russian american company private fur trading hunting sailed north_america total garnered million silver early era ships typically stop commander islands slaughter preserve meat sea cows sea range limited islands hunted food skins boats fat oil lamps sea cow extinct depleted nearby islands russian traders sailed farther east chain regularly sailing notable russian traders early years trade include financed participated traders sailed farther east longer smaller enterprises merged larger ones began stand important traders founded permanent russian settlement north_america saints bay envisioned continual extension russian maritime fur trade trading posts set farther farther coast way california sought exclusive control trade empress catherine decided grant company monopoly area occupied traders free compete catherine decision issued imperial proclamation september time catherine nations entering maritime fur trade russians spent years establishing expanding maritime operations north_america number colonies established large region stretching cook inlet ships sailed alaska year russians early start controlled habitats valuable sea sea fur thicker california grades fur based color texture thickness prized sea second grade grade sea russia controlled sources valuable fur bearing land russian system differed british american systems relationship indigenous peoples method siberia russians employed people people people expert sea hunters noted use russian ships mainly transporting assisting native hunting parties differed british american system natives hunted sea prepared essentially independent agents fur trade russians trade freely native imposed fur tribute known system widely siberia essentially enslaved natives banned replaced compulsory labor britain british entry maritime fur trade dates voyage captain sailing north search cook discovered spent month sound crew traded village ended sea thought great value later cook killed hawaii expedition visited surprised money chinese willing pay profit commanders cook death wrote advantages derived voyage american coast undertaken commercial views appear degree importance sufficient attention public crews ships eager return acquire far short mutiny sailed england arriving october accounts cook voyage sea trade published triggering rush british interest maritime fur trade peaked declined french revolutionary wars diminished britain available manpower investment capital country concentrated foreign trade activities india british maritime fur traders hindered late 18th century granted exclusive right british trade entire western coast americas leagues pacific_ocean coupled monopoly british trade china meant sea skins preserve monopoly operate legally british maritime fur traders obtain licenses companies difficult expensive traders obtained license unable enforce monopoly obtained license took england trans shipped china traders tried evade licenses sailing ships foreign flags primary focus china tea trade interest company maritime fur trade usually allowed british vessels import required sold agents company took percentage returns worse allow british fur traders export chinese goods great_britain profitable leg maritime fur trade system carrying chinese goods europe america denied british traders trading vessel dispatched solely purpose fur trade commanded brief visit coast obtained profit promise profits encouraged traders members cook crew partners formed purpose developing maritime fur trade sailed england king george spent exploring trading spent winters hawaii visitors cook early british trader sailed england hawaii accompanied wife european woman visit woman sail world deception women known sailed world disguised man wife chose sail flag austria evade paying stop hawaii hired native hawaiian named native hawaiian visit pacific_northwest explored coast south discovering process trader visit bay settlement later important port maritime fur traders served cook sailed spent winter ship trapped ice men dying rescued timely arrival organized second expedition ships captain captain decided license ships instead trying conceal illegal activity flag portugal arrived sound later claimed chief sold land building erected claims later point dispute crisis spain sought control rejected claims true facts matter fully established doubt sloop built sound vessel built pacific_northwest organized expedition following year number vessels sailed including princess royal intended establish permanent fur trading post sound spain decided permanently occupy assert sovereignty decision russian activity alaska russia threat occupy spanish naval officer arrived built fort san arrived dispute arose leading seizure british ships arrest crews incident led crisis international crisis britain spain war convention united_states american traders largely influenced unauthorized report published connecticut american traders british soon came dominate maritime fur trade south opening trade came good time new_england merchants provided way escape depression followed american revolutionary war presented new trading opportunities closure british home colonial ports imports nations coast referred american traders boston boston men main port new_england notable american maritime fur traders gray trading second voyage conducted vessels fur trading season gray sailed columbia china hawaii boston arrival columbia boston celebrated american world venture commercial success ship owners financed second attempt gray sailed columbia boston weeks arriving gray second voyage notable ways spending summer trading gray coast gray crew built house dubbed sloop adventure built american vessel built launched march command trading season gray concentrated southern including mouth river spotted spanish explorer explorer fur trader able find gray named river ship event later united_states support claims pacific_northwest notable american maritime fur traders include successful american firms involved company boom years american maritime fur trade dominated american traders 1820s american merchant ships united_states china returns lucrative late return investment ranged higher profits common decade 19th century returns higher common taking account cost buying vessels return closer trade boom years ended long decline marked increasing economic supply sea fallen american trade declined war americans able resume expand maritime fur trade continued dominate russian expansion russian entry slow shortage ships sailors reached settlement originally intended colonial capital built reconnaissance coast far queen charlotte islands carried british employee company sailed claiming russia hunting parties arrived following years quarters sea skins came area amounting thousand year competition russians british americans arose july returned brig established settlement known fort june warriors attacked settlement killed captured russians living led armed expedition retake force june russian warship joined new russian fort established prepared defend armed fort tension rapidly escalated skirmishes negotiations broke early october russians attacked fort cannon land party responded powerful gun cannon fire battle continued days abandoned fort left area accounts battle refuse admit defeat russians credit taking fort russians destroyed abandoned fort named new russian fort new known fort michael fort saint michael confrontations played significant role subsequent russian relations generations soon primary settlement colonial capital alaska purchase renamed capital russian american company incorporated putting end period beginning era centralized monopoly charter laid new granted company control trade north_america mainland south north latitude present border coast british_columbia alaska modeled britain russian officials intended company operate business enterprise state organization extending imperial influence similar hoped company able conduct maritime trade china japan goal realized russian government took control merchants held charter explorer naval officer president company government period alaska purchase transferred control alaska united_states commercial interests sold san_francisco merged groups form russian population america surpassed peak employed fed thousands natives according official census counts russians population peaked additional people known local residents included colonial register estimated local residents present unknown russians total population approximately transformation known today built california north southernmost outpost operated established agricultural base supplying northern settlements food conducting trade ross colony included number settlements spread area stretching point arena administrative center port harbor hunting camp located established near mouth ranch valley mile north present day near present day employed native hunt seals sea california coast california sea population severely depleted russian emperor alexander issued announced russian north latitude onwards northern direction russian attempt enforce seizure brig pearl russian sloop pearl maritime fur trading vessel sailing boston protest government vessel released compensation paid britain united_states protested negotiations ultimately resulted russo american treaty treaties established southern boundary exclusively russian territory anglo russian treaty boundary fully border began coast ran north mountains near coast reached west boundary ran north line aside boundary adjustments stemming alaska boundary dispute late 19th century current boundary state alaska agreement signed giving hudson lease southeastern sector far north north latitude american methods strategies american traders developed golden round trade route world ships sailed boston pacific arriving spring early summer spend summer early autumn fur trading coast mainly late autumn sailed typically spent winter hawaii arriving autumn trading begin november tea shipments ready americans hire pilots ships foreign ships allowed trading took weeks months ships loaded chinese goods sugar left winter northeasterly monsoon winds reach southeasterly trade winds cross indian_ocean ships sailed boston traditionally docked india wharf described golden round writing americans perfect golden round profits profit original cargo trading goods exchanged second profit chinese goods profit goods reached america later years pattern complex additional markets incorporated trade developed depend solely acquiring sea trade indigenous people coast began decade 19th century earlier increased time maritime fur trading longer solely taking sea markets pacific added system mainly hawaii important item china trade sea trade trade peaking declined hawaiian depleted fiji principal sources cut fiji source china american traders began acquiring fiji leading export led decline end trade hawaii trades included chilean copper whale teeth shells meat sugar manila java nuts called nuts coffee beans sealing fur seal rapidly exploited near extinction northern fur seal controlled russia americans acquired northern fur seal skins trade sealing trade smuggling pacific_coast foreign trade prohibited spanish law trade peaked faded 1820s traders concentrated produced surplus grain beef hides short manufactured goods american ships brought goods missions exchange grain beef sea skins grain beef provisions taken short foods supplies mexico gained independence american trade continued slightly modified form american traders brought clothing lace alcohol sugar traded hides profit generally major industry right 1830s missions mexican authorities deserted indian labourers trade slid decline american trade left significant alternative sea trade settlements lasted americans abandoned altogether early 1840s decade 19th century american ships visited regularly trading provisions liquor fur seal skins timber fish trade usually highly profitable americans russian settlements depended issued banning foreign trade north 51st parallel russian colonies america forced ignore ban engage smuggling fur trade supplemented slave trading pre existing indigenous slave trade enlarged expanded fur traders especially american traders working coast traders purchase slaves mouth sell trade northern coast traders admitted wrote detail information comes sources reports officers hudson bay company wrote american traders coast slaves purchasing cheap rate tribe high profit concluded american traders money selling slaves gunpowder fur trading decline large scale economic issues played role decline maritime fur trade china trade general 19th century chinese demand western raw materials manufactured goods small known accepted resulting general drain precious metals west china situation reversed early 19th century variety reasons western demand chinese goods declined relative new options example coffee west_indies began replace tea united_states chinese demand western items increased english american cotton goods outlawed smuggled china large increasing scale long china drained saturated western goods time intense speculation china trade american british merchant companies began 1820s firms competing market resulting consolidation inevitable commercial crisis struck tea prices china trade volume collapsed time old maritime fur trade dying final blow came depression following time maritime fur traders concentrated different parts west coast especially frequently visited shifted queen charlotte islands 1820s farther north areas near shifted south area early years ships tended cruise coast seeking trading opportunities arose later ships spent time specific fur resources prices rose ship captains increasingly concentrated key ports stayed longer eventually acquiring china trade single year longer possible traders hawaii returning coast spring usually key trading included today called port south north cape northern today called harbor said popular place american ships 1830s significant trading sites queen charlotte islands including known harbor chief marine depleted early 19th century american ship captains began accept increasing numbers land beaver brought interior coast indigenous trade networks today districts british_columbia 1820s considered interior fur trade domain began experience significant losses result diversion coast protect interests entered coast trade drive away american traders goal achieved 1830s american traders abandoned time trade controlled following resolution controversy united_states england american purchase alaska american hunters returned hunting sea region land sea hunting american commercial outfits contributed near extinction species late 1800s british fur trading companies montreal based london based competed control fur trade later struggle eventually reached point armed battles battle seven oaks control east continental divide turn 19th century expanded operations westward rocky_mountains pacific_northwest established new fur trading operations west starting challenged pacific_northwest war risk captured sold entire operation build fort mouth renamed fort george pacific sought establish profitable beaver fur trade china control british trading turned american shipping companies starting beaver shipped china american firms acquisition fort george began supply sea boston based firm arriving fort george american ship took cargo beaver exchanged china goods conveyed boston sale company took proceeds arrangement profitable british ships selling bills london returning china cargo tensions erupted violence forced merge result acquired trade china system shipping continued united states customs service imposed heavy duty proceeds stopped american instead tried selling sold beaver land skins china arrangement prove firm wake forced merger reorganized operations efforts keen fiscal sense combined resurgence american traders coast russo american treaty resulted decision enter coast maritime fur trade drive americans early 1820s american traders taking beaver skins year early 1830s number reached annually acquiring half total output entire addition americans paying higher prices forced effort gain control coastal fur trade began late 1820s took time acquire necessary ships skilled seamen trade goods intelligence coast trade simpson decided london ships brought goods returned england arrive early voyage departing london ship schooner voyage georgia sea land beaver skins acquired decided deploy ships coast trade setbacks caused delays william ann lost isabella shipping inadequate coast trade middle 1830s ships added coast fleet beaver steamship proved extremely useful variable winds strong currents long narrow strengthen coast trade hudson built series fortified trading posts established river mouth fort simpson founded mouth moved miles present port simpson fort established island sound fort built southern end sound overland trail linked fort vessels trading northern coast trade goods having navigate hazardous bar later coastal posts included fort durham american disadvantage easy drive americans away americans decades experience knew coast complex physical human geography took gain level experience americans advantages number reasons willing able pay high prices higher match taking large financial losses american ventures global scope tapped multiple markets 1820s american ships routinely spent years pacific making places california hawaii philippines american ships usually stocked surplus trade goods intended trade best rid extra trade goods dumping price leaving use space faced major challenge experienced coast geography indigenous peoples american system raised price lowered value trade goods furthermore indigenous people knew increased competition served interests gave power desire americans abandon coast trade match exceed prices paid americans hoped drive americans away beaver fur prices coast times paying interior hope making profit order compete coast large long term financial losses main advantage americans losses vast corporation large capital company able americans taking loss years end middle late 1830s policy coast pay price necessary ensure fell hands americans american traders soon found coast fur trade captured trade americans traded russians coast seek long continued continued pay high prices losses eventually trade financially risky american russian agreement allowed americans trade expired renewed agreement supply provisions exchange year lease portions alaska panhandle proved final blow american traders finally driven maritime fur trade altogether drastically reduced price paid cases time fur trade decline coast continent general fur bearing animals reduction demand beaver financial panic resulted general slump fur china trade bringing end half century boom 1840s closed coastal trading posts leaving coast trade fort simpson beaver new depot fort victoria southern coast significance half century maritime fur trade trade enriched boston creating capital helped new_england transformation industrial society trade stimulated culture natives hawaii famous nearly overwhelmed native foreign influences played role increased commercial pressure china fur bearing animals devastated especially sea sea virtually extinct found california maritime fur trade brought natives material prosperity wealth technology enlarged transformed relations trade war including inland natives inland natives adopted coastal descent systems trade caused rise power key chiefs followed chiefs general widespread wealth giving individual hunters means challenge traditional chiefs increase frequency challenging traditional chiefs response hereditary clan chiefs defended traditional powers increased use noble ancestry names increase trade new items significant impact nations material cultures seeing rise traditions fabric engraved silver jewelry originated time native learned jewelry coins contributed cultural advent improved iron tools saw creative larger carvings aka poles new available included china rapidly replaced earlier red seen artifacts era negative effects coast trade native peoples northwest included waves epidemic disease smallpox worst health problems included spread alcoholism tuberculosis diseases including coast trade promoted enhanced pre existing system native slavery native slave trading overall number slaves increased distribution exploitation despite negative effects natives largely spared additional effects come permanent posts political administration colonization early traders seasonal visitors later posts small direct colonial rule coastal natives begin earnest late 19th century early 19th century native culture survived flourished maritime trade brought changes natives traditional seasonal migration patterns settlement locations coastal people incorporated global market economy main export later supplemented replaced salmon lumber artwork late 19th century famous arts crafts especially large works like poles causing indigenous art natives imported western goods soon dependent firearms metal tools vital trade item early maritime fur trade era value caused shift native dress reinforced general fur animals firearms positive negative effects hunting efficient warfare deadly russians unlike british americans convert natives christianity joined russian missionaries founded number churches natives notable russian missionary alaska work missionary bishop later archbishop alaska russian far east earliest christian north_america important russian missionaries include alaska hawaii effect maritime fur trade native similar natives generally receptive western settlement rise king unification islands rule possible effects maritime fur trade larger pacific scope influx wealth technology helped new kingdom hawaii relatively strong political economic terms non native introduced early trading era including plants beans cash crops like tobacco cotton sugar animals introduced included cattle horses sheep goats high fertility important islands 1820s population honolulu native hawaiian population suffered waves epidemic disease including cholera availability alcohol especially led widespread increased use traditional health issues plus warfare related unification islands taking precedence farming contributed increase general population decline native population dropped effect maritime fur trade probably great trade limited effect china limited tea silk producers merchants ruling kept foreign trade ship bay restricted allowed outside city walls china generally self sufficient main effect increased import related outflow resulted china incorporated capitalist world system maritime fur trade played minor role process new_england maritime fur trade united_states branch asian trade based salem boston providence new_york_city philadelphia baltimore trade focused asian ports calcutta madras manila islands mauritius sumatra goods exported included ammunition lumber ice salt spanish silver dollars iron tobacco tar goods brought asia included tea sugar drugs maritime fur trade overall system asian trade significant effect early united_states especially new_england accumulation large amounts capital short time contributed american industrial manufacturing development compounded rapid population growth technological new_england textile industry rose dominance early middle 19th century light decline fur trade post napoleonic depression commerce capital shifted wharf shipping ventures textile mills originally located water power available textile industry turn large effect slavery united_states increasing demand cotton helping possible rapid expansion cotton plantation system books cited history alaska isbn far north contest native foreign nations isbn opening maritime fur trade americans russians meet transactions isbn alaska saga bold land isbn documentary record isbn dodge islands western impact pacific isbn anne north promoted prolonged slavery isbn frost voyage captain cook discovery pacific allen isbn isbn gibson changing geography supply gibson isbn alaska american colony isbn california isbn pacific_northwest maps exploration discovery isbn published columbia northwest coast cooperation isbn memory eternal culture russian orthodox christianity centuries isbn encyclopedia isbn pioneers pacific_coast chronicle sea volume trading mountains pacific vancouver press isbn mary american maritime fur trade isbn jim forgotten explorer washington isbn let isbn geographical perspective years history volume isbn michael orthodox alaska theology mission isbn approaches vancouver isbn connection europe vancouver isbn native americans isbn isbn north_america isbn
Maritime fur trade