plant genus predominantly spring perennial plants family common names including describe members genus conspicuous flowers like trumpet shaped flowers generally white yellow orange pink garden varieties uniform contrasting coloured known ancient formally described genus generally considered sections approximately species number species varied depending classified similarity species genus arose time late early peninsula adjacent areas southwest europe exact origin unknown linked greek word myth youth fell love reflection english word appears derived commonly compared species native meadows woods southern europe north_africa center diversity particularly peninsula wild cultivated plants widely introduced far_east prior tenth century tend long lived division insect known diseases disorders include fungi larvae flies species extinct threatened increasing tourism historical accounts suggest cultivated earliest times increasingly popular europe 16th century late 19th century important commercial crop centred primarily netherlands today popular cut flowers ornamental plants private public gardens long history breeding resulted thousands different purposes classified divisions covering wide range shapes colours like members family produce number different provide protection plant poisonous accidentally property exploited medicinal use traditional healing resulted production treatment long celebrated art literature associated number themes different cultures ranging death good fortune symbols spring national flower wales symbol cancer charities countries appearance wild flowers spring associated festivals places description general genus perennial dying flowering underground storage following year brown skinned pronounced reach heights depending species dwarf species maximum height grow tall plants having single central hollow flower stem green blue green narrow shaped leaves arise plant stem usually bears solitary flower occasionally cluster flowers flowers usually conspicuous white yellow rarely green consist parts closest stem floral tube outer ring composed central disc conical shaped flowers hang erect bearing surrounding central style inferior floral parts consisting chambers fruit consists dry capsule splits releasing numerous black seeds lies dormant leaves flower stem die roots pull soil flower stem leaves form emerge following season species dormant summer late winter flowering spring species autumn flowering specific pale brown skinned stem base basal plate arise root hairs ring edge grow length stem plate storage organ consisting scales surrounding previous flower stalk terminal scales types true storage organs bases foliage leaves thicker tip leaf detached leaf scale partly flower stalk contain number branched units true scales leaf bases unit life years leaves die summer roots years roots pulling deeper ground roots develop inside pushing older layers brown dry forming outer shell skin layers counted wild species plant appears dormant ground flower stalk start grow following spring develops surrounded deciduous leaves flower stem lies second true leaf stems single stem appearing early late spring depending species bears stem shape depends species highly compressed visible rounded stems upright located centre leaves species stem oblique stem hollow upper portion solid filled material leaves plants basal leaves linear shaped long narrow stalk leaves flat broad cylindrical base arise emerging plant generally leaves mature plant usually rarely covered containing cuticle giving appearance leaf colour light green blue green mature plant leaves extend higher flower stem species leaves low hanging leaf base flowering leaves turn yellow die seed pod fruit usually dark green round rush like leaves reproductive single stem bearing solitary flower forming species bearing solitary flower include section section species short floral flowers illustration left table flower arrangement floral prior opening flower protected thin dry consists singular remains wrapped base open flower grows splits small absent flowers flowers bisexual parts flower symmetry radial slightly ascending curving downwards bent tip flowers characterised usually conspicuous trumpet major floral parts species virtually absent table section floral tube surrounding free iii parts considered components arises apex inferior base forming floral tube floral tube formed fusion basal segments shape inverted cone funnel shaped cylindrical floral tubes range long narrow sections rudimentary surrounding floral tube bent rest spreading floral leaves ascending folded like separate outer segments considered inner segments transition point floral tube marked free fused variously described bell shaped trumpet bowl shaped cup shaped disc shaped margins free rarely simple hardened ring formed floral development tubular fuse tubular structure reduced base attract formed species produce morphology varies tiny disk table rudimentary structure elongated section trumpet table point forwards species folded illustration left species table reduced barely visible pointed segments prominent colour white yellow exception night flowering green addition red margin table flower diameter varies flower orientation varies hanging illustration left horizontal patent spreading erect table intermediate positions patent flowers demonstrate exceptional floral diversity sexual primarily size floral tube length associated groups instance graham harder describe separate floral patterns form form form predominant patterns forms form common corresponds different group form includes sections relatively short broad highly tube funnel like grades elongated large forming broad cylindrical trumpet shaped section consists relatively large flowers length generally solitary rarely flowers wide greenish floral tubes funnel shaped bright yellow differ colour cream coloured pale yellow form including sections relatively long narrow tube short shallow flower horizontal form seen species endemic combines features forms developed long narrow tube extended bell shaped equal length flowers rows separate attached throat base tube separate lengths straight ascending curving downwards upwards attached base inferior floral parts stigma thread like style extending tube fruit fruit consists splitting ellipsoid spherical shape texture seeds fruit contains numerous seeds round swollen hard coat attached black dry species seeds species maximum seeds weeks mature seeds sections wedge shaped black sections glossy black gust wind contact passing animal sufficient disperse mature seeds numbers numerous derivatives basic number exception number way subgenus characterised species include genera contains unique identified considered protective adaptation utilised classification species nearly identified genus known species tested ring types identified family species commonly demonstrate presence groups represented profile plant varies time location developmental stage contain low molecular weight leaves plant stems predominantly small equally represented exception produces mainly acid derivatives basic precursor trans non species contain forms ingredient include small amounts patterns fall main groups taxonomy history genus genus complex numerous early genus known greek literature described probably referring exact species mentioned classical literature accurately established elder later introduced latin form early writers interested plant possible medicinal properties botanical features accounts remained influential renaissance antiquity renaissance writers include remained formally describe genus time known species modern grouped family called renamed corresponding modern considered illustration seen split authors adopted narrow salisbury wide interpretations genus narrow view treated species separate genera time wider view prevailed major monograph genus published baker controversial genera today included eventual position family settled century advent phylogenetic analysis system genus belongs tribe subfamily sister corresponding genera distinguished presence subdivision phylogeny remains relatively unsettled taxonomy having proved complex difficult resolve diversity wild species ease natural occurs extensive cultivation breeding accompanied escape consequently number accepted species varied widely systematic taxonomy arranged species named groups names largely endured subdivisions bear authority situation confused inclusion unknown garden varieties till work baker wild species grouped sections genus common classification system based modified proposed based basal number subdivided sections authors morphology abandoning system influential relatively constant status genera sections series species cited system simply lists sections contain species contain species species placed section subdivisions correspond roughly popular names types trumpet system illustrated phylogenetic analysis graham supported division corresponding support sections later extended analysis additional taxa confirmed pattern large molecular analysis sought reduce identified graham led revision structure graham determined subgenus species excluded study removed analysis studies agreement species question instead forming clade subgenus called proposed accommodate natural ancient hybrids species estimates number species varied widely modern era originally included species fourteen sixteen described species variation lies definition species wide view species results species narrow view results larger number factor status hybrids distinction ancient hybrids recent hybrids term ancient hybrid refers hybrids found growing large area considered separate species recent hybrid refers solitary plants found parents restricted range originally accepted species species species classified list listed species genetic study resulted september accepts species hybrids accepted names october list evolution western mediterranean diverged time late early eras later genus divided divisions sections took place period appears arisen area peninsula southern france north western italy subgenus turn arose southwestern mediterranean north west africa etymology latin greek unknown connected hell frequently linked myth obsessed reflection water drowned plant sprang died evidence flower named youth grows greece described wrote plant named grow youth furthermore accounts growing long story appeared greek culture suggested bending streams represent youth reflection latin plant preceded uncommon men roman times form common caused confusion list texts usage garner state preferred form common derived variant frequently referred antiquity turn appears come greek greek reason introduction initial known 16th century appeared alternative names names include lent lily distribution habitat distribution family predominantly tropical subtropical occurs primarily mediterranean region centre diversity spain portugal species extend range southern france italy balkans including israel occurrence western central asia china japan considered introductions albeit ancient eastern cultures exact northern limit range unknown occurrences wild great_britain middle northern europe similarly considered ancient introductions native north_america grows zones encompassing country occurs morocco libya coastline italy found entire mediterranean coast occurs far east iran oldest species found cultivation likely introduced largest distribution ranges ranges romanian black_sea coast greece ranges northern france belgium united_kingdom wild stocks occurrence located near municipality germany found mainly nature reserve spring meadows yellow easterly occurrences found near nassau unlike examples species restricted endemic ranges overlap resulting natural hybrids instance vicinity portuguese city occur found intersections species small area river found hybrids demonstrates phylogenetic association instance subgenus having lowland distribution subgenus section restricted morocco spain portugal remaining sections subgenus include lowland mountain habitats section widely endemic ranges south eastern peninsula habitats native habitats varied different elevations areas found predominantly open spaces ranging low marshes rocky including grassland woods river banks rocky requirements vary overall preference acidic soils species grow limestone grow granite soils moist growing season dry summer best regions hot dry summers group natural habitat prefer humid situations stream margins springs wet forests humid soils moist habitats tend mediterranean mountains producing isolated populations germany relatively little limestone grows small groups open mountain meadows mixed forests fir beech oak ash birch trees drained soil ecology life cycle long lived perennial winter growing summer dormant mainly leaves flowers appearing time species flower late winter spring species autumn flowering contrast species leaves appear flowering flower longevity varies species conditions ranging days flowering leaf root sets plant appears dormant till spring moisture dormant period considerable activity period plant susceptible predators diseases like plants temperate regions period exposure cold necessary spring growth begin protects plant growth winter intense cold damage warmer spring temperatures initiate growth early spring growth number advantages including relative lack competition lack deciduous exception requiring cold temperatures initiate flowering plants spread production daughter division producing species readily fertility offspring depend parental relationship flowers insect major bees butterflies flies highly night flowering mechanism fall groups corresponding floral morphology form bees seeking broad allows bees completely enter flower search type stigma lies mouth extending single lies bees come contact stigma legs abdomen contact approach causes cross form adapted long particularly long bees flies primarily seeking narrow tube admits insect short serves funnel guiding tip mouth tube stigma placed mouth tube hidden carry faces long bees reach tube base collect form long solitary bees forage large allows bees crawl narrow tube prevents causing probe deeply flowers prevent long stigma short mid length short stigma long patterns sexual organs long upper vary stigma position length lower enforced late acting self system species self compatible producing seeds diseases diseases concern economic consequences losses commercial cultivation include bacteria fungi control commercial uses transmit viral diseases affect colour shape leaves described able include common virus associated virus virus mild virus causes green near leaf tips virus late season virus occurs flowering leaves stems mosaic virus yellow stripe virus yellow streak virus tip virus produces leaf tips flowering white streak virus host specific include virus virus virus mosaic virus mosaic virus black ring virus virus tobacco virus prevalent associated leaf infection produces light grayish green yellow stripes upper thirds leaf twisted flowers smaller usual produces greenish purple leaves stem turning white yellow premature reducing size yield primarily diseases commercial growth caused viral infection cause substantial economic damage bacteria disease uncommon includes streak soft fungi problematic non commercial plants fungus causes basal rotting leaves disease fungus remain soil years necessary remove infected plants immediately avoid planting spot years species equally susceptible relatively resistant forms include fungus attacks causing species including particularly stored copper combat disease infected burned blue mould caused infection species damaged mechanical injury species cause soft black disease combination causes neck fungi affecting roots include cause root causing white root affect root black mold species including responsible green mold fungi affect remainder plant fungus causes brown spots flower stems fire especially damp weather threat cut flower industry leaf spot fungus found warmer climates causing white mould disease leaf affects leaves leaf tip causes leaves stems animals include insects species fly larvae attack plants fly species lesser flies flies lay eggs end june ground single female fly able lay eggs hatching larvae soil consume interiors shell emerging april soil adult fly emerges larvae common swift attack include scale mainly stored particularly high ambient temperature attack planted planted susceptible main cause basal plate disease leaves turn yellow infested destroyed heavy avoiding planting years include roots causing basal plate disease main cause root needle dagger root act virus diseases addition causing roots cause damage growth conservation smallest species extinct requiring conservation wild species increasingly threat collection threats natural habitats urban development tourism considered extinct rare currently considered endangered protected iucn red list describes species endangered species considered endangered vulnerable rare response number species granted protected species status protected areas meadows established romania areas host festivals spring cultivation history non easy cultivation flowering plants popular cultivation important spring flowering plants world indigenous europe wild populations parent species known antiquity cultivated early sixteenth century netherlands large numbers imported field particularly soon nearly extinct native habitat france spain found southern country large scale production time related double van imported cultivation documented britain time contemporary accounts known favourite garden wild flower long making period development exotic formal gardens parks popular particularly known oriental period catalogue german garden plants younger states different types represented garden death plants moved gardens designed bishop palace upper bavaria garden described time different types present german source time gives account species known cultivation apparatus shakespeare wild true english species introduced escaped particularly hybrid devon west england extensive discussion wild cultivated described species london gardens london gardens great abundance early seventeenth century helped ensure popularity cultivated plant describing different varieties introducing great double yellow spanish illustration england kind year raising flowering garden achieving celebrated art literature arts largest demand large trumpet istanbul important shipping western europe early baroque period important component spring garden dutch nursery catalogue listed different varieties catalog dutch nursery counted varieties gave account history cultivation edited version works writing garden afford kind plant know early mention kinds writers illustration interest grew varieties grown indoors available primarily bunch multiple flower heads interest varied country include list important cultivated flowering plants england netherlands van stated fifth important est premiere les les les les attention dictionary refers cultivation holland flanders france england difficult similar observation sir time species non cited important crop western_europe nineteenth century beginning england end century netherlands beginning twentieth century million exported annually netherlands united_states production late nineteenth century beginning twentieth century like king alfred industry established trumpet dominating market important factor promoting holding conference organisation dedicated cultivation founded birmingham countries followed founded publishes quarterly leading trade publication popular ornamental plants gardens parks cut flowers providing colour end winter beginning summer temperate regions popular spring flowers major ornamental spring flowering crops produced cut flowers cultivation private public spaces greater area commercial production century breeding resulted thousands varieties available general specialist suppliers normally sold dry planted late summer autumn economically important ornamental plants plant breeders developed double triple multiple rows layers segments breeding programs concentrated trumpet cup terms length shape colour surrounding varieties derived reduced form garden plants wild specific terms ecological requirements garden varieties relatively tolerant soil conditions wet soils clay soils benefit addition sand improve drainage soil neutral slightly acid offered sale referred round double nose round circular cross section produce single flower stem double nose stem attached base produce flower stems stems unusual planted produce daughter scales leading dying exterior scales prevent planted forming small dug years daughters separated separately provided piece basal plate formed preserved flower end winter early spring planted autumn september november plant ordinary soil best rich soil like sun accepts partial shade exposure suited planting small trees grouped grow perennial borders especially association day begin form leaves flowers fading number wild species hybrids dutch master golden harvest kings court important lawn till leaves start fade essential flowering season flower time attractive contrast yellow flowers unlike attractive planted near tree roots protect flower heads died removing allow energy build strengthen following years display propagation form commercial propagation twin scaling cut small pieces scales connected small fragment basal plate fragments placed nutrient media new plants produced single years methods commercial production establishing commercial stock breeding commercial use varieties minimum stem length sought making ideal cut flowers require open reach retail outlet garden plants objectives continually expand colour palette produce hardy forms particular demand miniature varieties produced tend larger robust wild types main species breeding gave rise trumpet coloured subspecies white varieties produce large varieties crossed produce small varieties crossed varieties called mainly hybrids classification purposes split divisions described based partly flower form shape length number flowers stem flowering period partly genetic background classification useful tool planning planting commercially available come divisions trumpet large division includes wild exception scheme register new color international registration authority genus regularly updated available online recent supplement sixth fifth published names registered number continued grow registered given division number colour code usage common find unofficial division drawn divisions miniature size common varieties gained list award garden merit colour code breeding introduced wide range colours outer segment inner registry coded colours parts division illustrated white outer orange classified species contain poison leaves members subfamily present unique type derivatives combined responsible poisonous properties number species different chemical structures compounds known known toxic effects products man animals cattle goats pigs cats long recognised suicide attempts followed acute abdominal pains cardiac events including death result large quantities consumed varies species toxic instance distribution plant varies instance times higher concentration stem making dangerous likely consume stem plant defence mechanisms distribution tissues reflect defence parasites toxic nearby plants including roses rice growth instance placing cut flowers alongside flowers life poisoning cases poisoning death occurred mistaken cooked eaten recovery usually complete hours specific intervention severe cases involving large quantities activated required severe symptoms stomach pumping indicated large quantities accidentally unusual strong unpleasant taste compared number plants normally consumed animals specifically consequently discourage fungi bacteria number fell ill suffolk england added soup class effects common problems flower involves scaling hands accompanied skin beneath nails blamed exposure calcium acid direct effect reaction long recognised provoke readily white known extracts come contact wounds central nervous system cardiac symptoms result scent cause toxic reactions uses traditional medicine despite lethal potential centuries traditional variety complaints including cancer plants thought described bible treatment thought cancer classical greek world recommended prepared oil practice continued second centuries advocated use contain agent usage found later arabian north african central american chinese medicine middle ages china var grown ornamental plant applied traditional folk medicine contain active compound products received variety uses roman physician listed root medical herbs described powerful disperse collected body turkey remedy belief uses include application wounds strains painful joints local called flowers medically relief form french flowers arabs oil eighteenth century irish recommended pounding roots honey use burns drawing splinters flowers recommended medicine prescribed traditional japanese medicine wounds treated root wheat flour paste plant appear modern list long history use induce trance like states referred gods statement frequently attributed antiquity biological properties extracts demonstrated number potentially useful biological properties including induction plant growth extract found effective mouse model induced abdominal hot plate test properties binding studied group likely traditional use treatment cancer presence constituents contains fresh attracted interest possible intervention activity varying species greatest activity seen contain properties utilised protect vulnerable use man drug disease crosses blood brain barrier active central nervous system grown commercially near wales produce drug combat disease commercial uses history scent important ingredient quality comes essential important crop source cut flowers netherlands important source flower worldwide major centre production hectares cultivation flower account hectares 1990s production million sixth size ranked thirds area cultivation dedicated popular varieties season produced far largest area cultivated miniature followed distance largest production shown table ice division large cup long history cultivation dutch master golden harvest yellow golden harvest introduced ice million tons larger individual plants produced world major areas production united_states israel exported million united_kingdom united_kingdom total planted important crop export making largest global production centre half total production area production forcing dry production production forcing occurs east production south west mainly outdoor flower production farm gate value estimated production cut flowers takes place open fields beds ridges field allowing adaptation changing market conditions grow best mild maritime climates compared united_kingdom winters netherlands require covering fields straw protection areas higher rainfall temperatures susceptible diseases attack crops production based netherlands year cycle optimal soil prior planting hot water takes place hours harvested market summer stored weeks hot bath fly dried high temperature stored initiation new flower development takes place late spring lifted completed mid summer storage optimal temperature initiation followed cooling sales took place fields prior harvesting today sales handled harvesting netherlands special exhibition gardens major buyers view flowers order larger ones thousand varieties display individuals visit gardens buy retail available wholesale usually minimum famous display varieties display forcing market forced cut flowers flowers winter christmas easter long season requiring special preparation cut flowers cut flowers larger size preferred bloom december harvested june july dried stored days weeks weeks placed cold storage degrees weeks planted light greenhouse forcing appear days flowers flowers lower temperature weeks followed greenhouse later mid- late forcing harvested july august higher temperatures omitted stored harvesting placed cold storage september cut flowers flowers weeks planted cold frames forced greenhouse according requirements exception rule requiring cold period harvested october lifted dried heated weeks stored weeks planted flowering delayed storing culture symbols national flower wales associated day march national flower new year iranian culture west perceived symbol east symbol wealth good fortune eastern cultures persian literature symbol beautiful eyes western countries associated spring festivals lent successor easter germany wild known easter bell united_kingdom referred lily prized ornamental flower people consider hang heads implying white especially associated death called grave flowers planted near tombs describes death association appears myth underworld arts arts antiquity decorative use dates far ancient egyptian tombs mentioned bible rose frequent appearances classical literature greek culture appears myths youth turned flower goddess underworld god picking flowers considered sacred grow banks river underworld greek poet mentioned flowers cyprus legend comes mainly seventh century hymn author describes role lure trap young flower recounts mother flower reached seized greek authors making reference include symbolic manner implying fertility daughter extension symbol death comments flower imminent death emphasised pale white colour reaching flower heralded doom youth reflection death refers nerves causing limbs refers crown great source english phrase gods incorrectly attributed passage describes homer odyssey described underworld having meadows flowers thought described similar account provided describing flowers underworld myth youth taken believed myth long idea flower named youth roman culture known roman writer refer places instance twice refers cup shaped flower allegedly containing tears self loving youth makes similar analogy fill cups tears mentions times poet dealt mythology recounts story youth death turned flower mentioned book poem theme broader instance laurel western culture clear evidence flower derives directly greek myth link flower myth firmly western culture loved english plants appears frequently english literature english writers referred cultural symbolic importance flower received poetic description rose lily poems authors shakespeare roman culture frequently poems deal self love derived account reference yellow flower legend assumed references older literature flower sprang youth death room debate exact species flower indicated preferring announces coming shakespeare frequently uses flower imagery refers twice winter tale noble alludes association death number poems english romantic movement writers better known short poem lonely cloud linked popular mind form main image included poems description given sister poetic poetry prose appears unconscious imitation section greek culture contemporaries refers things capable bringing joy recently symbolic names symbols wrote lent lily describing traditional easter death describes english gives plant unexpected twist effect novel later adapted british film appears german literature visual arts depicted different contexts mythological floral art landscapes story popular painters youth frequently depicted flowers indicate association theme floral motif landscape started appear western art late middle ages panel paintings particularly depicting instance museum cologne death hope resurrection perennial bloom easter eastern cultures chinese culture chinese sacred grown indoors widely ornamental plant probably introduced china arab traders travelling prior song dynasty medicinal use spring flowering associated chinese new year signifying good fortune prosperity good luck legends chinese culture associated contrast west played significant chinese garden art noted portrayal carving cultivation art akin japanese japanese novel contains references main characters set famed fields islamic culture popular garden plants islamic culture prior arab conquest persia persian ruler said able tolerate reminded eyes association day described poet eye imagery found number poems poet refers prophet said praised popular culture word widely popular culture dutch cars swedish rock bands cross film mother explains real life cross called short equivalent dead son son festivals areas prevalent spring celebrated festivals instance slopes switzerland associated come alive snow annual festival festivals held countries cancer cancer charities world use fundraising symbol days links dictionary definition related related related art related
Narcissus (plant)