frog battery frog battery battery consisting number dead frogs live ones form cells battery connected series arrangement kind early scientific investigations electricity academic demonstrations principle battery injury potential created muscle damaged fully understood 18th 19th centuries potential caused incidentally frog muscles frog battery example class number animals general term example class muscular pile known frog battery created created batteries animals created battery heads background early days electrical research common method detecting electric current means frog leg good supply live frogs kept hand researcher ready legs prepared frogs convenient material use experiments small easily handled legs especially sensitive electric current carried responding longer animal candidates role preparation usual use frogs battery construction legs frog skinned lower leg cut knee joint discarded damaging muscle procedure results thigh muscle cut produce half lower conical shaped piece kept half laid wood arranged inside surface contact outside surface conical ends outside surface pushed cavity cut surface ends pile placed cups water sunk wood formed battery arrangement inside surface connected outside surface basis incorrect theory electric current muscles continually flowing inside outside known half successful generating electricity suffered greatest injury muscle effect increased electric potential injury known potential injury potential constructions instance complete rear legs nerves exposed nerve frog connected feet frogs time consuming prepare thigh muscles preferred gave better results history frog battery constructed chain frogs difficulty understanding results followed believing animal electricity electricity different phenomenon metal metal electricity electricity denying existence theory proved correct succeeded constructing pile use animal material found wrong dispute refused change opinion despite evidence work bit frog battery little known poorly documented built frog battery complete frog legs called frog pile investigate animal electricity experiments strongly criticised argued true source electricity metals external circuit according frog merely provided known frog battery constructed described paper presented behalf later appeared popular medical student physics textbook constructed battery pile half frogs despite theory half thigh battery frog battery sufficiently powerful potassium aimed apparatus address criticism constructing circuit far possible entirely biological material prove existence animal electricity studied effects vacuum gases frog battery concluding cases operation affected substance toxic lethal living animal frogs creatures press serving battery components demonstrated electricity obtained head killed animal frog connected tongue ear showed reaction circuit completed body greater reaction obtained joined heads battery later 1840s created batteries batteries rabbit batteries created battery living connecting wound breast body states design based pre existing battery living frogs
Frog battery