january march wealthy english lawyer leading figures founding massachusetts bay colony major settlement new_england plymouth colony led large wave immigrants england served governor colony years existence writings vision colony city hill dominated new_england colonial development influencing governments religions neighboring colonies born wealthy merchant family trained law lord manor suffolk involved founding involved anti king charles began crackdown religious thought october elected governor massachusetts bay colony april led group colonists founding number communities shores massachusetts bay death served annual terms governor lieutenant governor force comparative conservative colony conservative liberal respected political figure attitude governance somewhat authoritarian resisted attempts widen voting civil rights narrow class approved individuals opposed attempts body laws colonial bound opposed democracy calling worst forms government authoritarian conservative nature massachusetts rule influential formation neighboring colonies instances formed individuals groups opposed rule massachusetts elders son john founders connecticut colony wrote leading historical accounts early colonial period long list descendants includes famous americans writings continue influence politicians today life england born january adam anne née england birth recorded parish register father family successful textile business father lawyer prosperous landowner properties suffolk mother family properties suffolk essex young father director cambridge uncle john adam brother emigrated ireland family took residence home assumed attended grammar school regularly exposed religious discussions father came early age deep understanding admitted december university months later students interacted men important roles new_england close childhood university friend later member parliament correspond rest life teenage admitted diary time good biographer suggests need control prompted leave school early marry unusually early age essex friend stayed home family friend favorably impressed daughter left marry mary april mary bore children survived adulthood oldest children younger governor magistrate connecticut children girls died long birth mary died complications birth couple spent time great living forth estate transferred family holdings lord manor lord manor lord manor deeply involved management estate overseeing agricultural activities manor house eventually followed father practicing law london brought contact city business elite appointed county commission peace position gave wider exposure lawyers landowners platform advance saw god kingdom commission responsibilities included overseeing issues including road bridge maintenance issuance licenses members empowered act local judges minor offenses able exercise authority cases affecting estate commission met quarterly forged number important connections activities documented religious life keeping journal beginning described religious experiences feelings described failures divers vows sought reform god grace praying god new heart joy spirit somewhat distressed wife share intensity religious feelings eventually observed proved right woman notably intensely religious father diaries dealt exclusively secular matters wife mary died following custom time remarried soon marrying december noticeably pious mary wrote truly religious died december complications child survive approximately records indicate earlier enrolled read law advance bar legal connections introduced family essex began daughter sir judge wife sister leading preacher family initially opposed match financial grounds countered appealing virtue compensated modest income couple married april continued live necessarily divided time london eventually acquired highly desirable post eldest son john assisted margaret management estate away decision mid late religious atmosphere england began look bleak groups adherents believed danger king charles ascended throne married roman catholic charles opposed manner supported church_of_england efforts religious groups like adhere fully teachings practices atmosphere views led religious business leaders consider emigration viable means escape persecution successful religious colonization new world occurred establishment plymouth colony shores effort orchestrated pastor led short lived colony massachusetts coast investors effort joined new investors acquire land grant territory roughly charles styled renamed acquired royal charter granting permission govern territory shortly acquiring land grant sent small group settlers led prepare way migration apparently involved early activities involved primarily individuals lincolnshire early probably aware company activities plans exact connection involved company uncertain indirect connections individuals directly associated company aware attempts places son henry involved efforts settle barbados financially supported time march king charles dissolved parliament beginning years rule parliament action apparently raised new concerns company company july meeting governor proposed company transport charter governance colony worried lost position crackdown followed dissolution parliament wrote lord good provide shelter place following months involved company meeting lincolnshire early august emerged significant proponent emigration august circulated paper providing separate reasons favor emigration appears formal connection company cambridge agreement signed august document provided means shareholders buy non shareholders company company shareholders met october enact changes agreed august governor new governor needed chosen seen dedicated candidates proposed replace won election interests dedication cause settling massachusetts viewed uncertain chosen deputy governor post relinquished following year decided delay emigration company officials began process arranging transport fleet supplies migration worked recruit individuals special skills new colony require including colony spiritual needs unclear wife come pregnant birth april near fleet departure time consequently decided come later time couple reunited new world maintain connection wife separation couple agreed think hours evening monday friday worked convince grown children join migration john henry decided henry sailed fleet april affairs order sold long running title dispute legal dispute resolved departure property sale finalized margaret left colony coat arms coat arms reportedly confirmed london paternal uncle sons arms appear king chapel burying ground coat arms harvard_university displayed intact house youngest son house arms overall lion rampant massachusetts bay colony arrival april ships left carrying leaders colony sailed accompanied young sons samuel stephen ships larger fleet totalling ships carry migrants colony son missed sailing ended sailed wrote sermon entitled christian charity delivered crossing described ideas plans society strong faith comparing struggles overcome new world story exodus famous phrase city hill describe ideals colonists consequently eyes people said times rich eminent power short meant rich successful poor said groups different equally important colony groups members community fleet arrival salem june new colonists welcomed deputy found salem area inadequate creating settlement suitable arriving colonists embarked surveying expeditions area decided base colony lack good water prompted instead peninsula founded city boston season relatively late colonists decided establish dispersed settlements coast banks order avoid presenting single point hostile forces attack colony struggled disease early months losing people including son henry variety causes returned england spring conditions set example colonists joining servants laborers work colony according report fell work hands encouraged rest idle person found plantation built house boston relatively plot land granted larger parcel land banks called mystic shipyard owned colony boats blessing bay built operated trading ship coast new_england issue locate colony capital caused series constructed home present day harvard square cambridge council agreed capital established decided instead build home boston asked residents stay upset relationship worsened criticized perceived excessive decorative house reconcile children married recounts having granted land near concord going stake claims boundary lands pair named brothers remembrance brothers children marriage lands colonial governance colony charter called governor deputy governor assistant served precursor idea elected annually colony meeting consisted exactly men decided governor deputy elected assistants violation charter rules elected governor times general court admitted significant number settlers established rule requiring local church members following appointment strongly anti archbishop_of_canterbury colony saw large influx immigrants election set place sent towns insisted seeing charter learned colony authority election governor deputy rested assistants point elections conducted secret ballot observed conducted relatively large number compromise reached town select delegates send general court representatives interests ironic twist opponent popular election won election governor deputy previous elections invited fellow dinner late judicial decisions led calls creation body laws opinions opposed moves power repeatedly stall efforts enact opposition rooted strong belief common law tradition desire magistrate flexibility deciding cases unique circumstances pointed adoption written laws laws england allowed charter laws adopted likely opposed english law formally adopted governorship laws enacted massachusetts cited reasons colonial charter constitutional issues concerning power assistants arose case involving escaped pig assistants ruled favor merchant allegedly taken widow animal appealed general court ruled favor assistants asserted right veto general court decision sparking controversy argued assistants experienced able check democratic institution general court democracy civil nations accounted worst forms government focus allegations arbitrary rule formally charged interfering local decisions case involving militia case centered disputed appointment new commander panel headed parties sides dispute imprisoned pending meeting court assistants minister dispute questioned authority specifically characterized arbitrary actions matter stepping bench appear defendant successfully defended pointing acted judges usually errors bench dispute required intervention acquitted fined major issue involved occurred petition submitted general court concerning limitation voting rights formally admitted local church rejected appeal civil liberty freedom granted truly english fined imprisoned principal petition signatories pursued complaints massachusetts government england issues religious controversies served assistant influx migrants brought henry governorship men espoused religious political views odds earlier arrivals including view following religious laws required salvation believed view religious rift commonly called significantly divided colony saw beliefs particularly unpleasant dangerous december dispute reached colonial politics bid bridge divide factions penned account religious awakening theological position papers designed facilitate opposing views widely documents circulated known survived pastor reacted way biographer describes horrified containing color believe soul election turned offices elected governor election immediately quell controversy later trial banished colony rhode_island founded exeter new_hampshire order free massachusetts rule active arguing supporters criticized moderate claiming manifest men farther sink left massachusetts new settlements nucleus connecticut colony left england election suggesting seek acquire commission governor general colonial government returned colony important figure parliament english civil wars beheaded restoration aftermath election general court passed new rules residency colony forbidding housing newcomers weeks approval vigorously defended rule protests arguing massachusetts rights refuse receive suit ironically protested policy favor office actually good relationship controversial baptist ordered williams arrest warned making possible flight resulted establishment providence rhode_island williams later relationship discussed religious differences indian policy attitudes local native american populations generally diplomacy described early meeting local chief came chiefs presented governor indian corn small cup sack beer men tobacco sent away men women governor stayed regard rain thunder chief stayed night english clothes governor set table behaved englishman day dinner returned home governor giving cheese small things colonists generally sought acquire title lands occupied early years practiced policy historian calls vacuum land sort active use free taking meant lands natives fishing hunting appeared claimed claimed rights advanced peoples superseded rights hunter cultural differences trade issues colonists natives meant clashes inevitable war major conflict colony engaged sat council decided send expedition raid native villages war major action communication williams encouraged convince english traditional enemies war ended destruction tribe survivors scattered tribes shipped west_indies slavery slave trade slavery according thought considered god institution existed area prior arrival arrived area slaves supported practice clearly evident aftermath war captured enslaved massachusetts council headed approved action male warriors deemed dangerous colony shipped west_indies females children divided colonists recorded exported male traded salt cotton tobacco practice captured indians exchange goods african slaves routine practice known slaves male females enacted things rules slavery member committee drafted code role drafting slavery language known records committee survived generally opposed favored common law approach legislation trade diplomacy rising tensions england culminated civil war led significant reduction number people provisions arriving colonies noted colonists consequently began expand trade interacting colonies non english english led trading ventures barbados source cotton neighboring french colony french covering eastern half present day maine new_brunswick nova_scotia time embroiled minor civil war competing administrators english colonists began trading opponent warned boston traders away territories june tour came boston requested military assistance assaults governor refused official assistance allowed tour recruit volunteers colony service decision brought storm criticism principally geographically closest ongoing dispute particularly critical noting given french chance colonial defenses election referendum policy turned office dispute eventually resolved victor governor seat appeared boston demanded damage english volunteers french governor gift chair originally given english property family addition responsibilities colonial government significant property owner owned land town site logan international airport engaged fur trade partnership blessing bay business named remained family purchased construction farm hills suffered poor oversight steward farm questionable financial deals early caused cash crisis colony insisted paying salary regularly refused accept past pocket expenses engaged official duties private support raised colony granted wife acres km2 land wife margaret arrived second voyage baby daughter anne died crossing children born new england margaret died june december birth child married fourth wife widow sister thomas died natural causes march buried called king chapel burying ground boston survived wife martha sons writings legacy rarely published relatively literary contribution time spent life continually producing written accounts historical events religious major contributions literary world history new england known remained unpublished late 18th century model christian charity wrote delivered lay sermon called crossing north_america route described ideas plans society strong faith struggles overcome new world phrase city hill derived bible sermon mount light world city set hill hidden characterize colonists special pact god create holy community encouraged colonists bear view company christ bound love told colonists religious church_of_england view objective establishment model state god glory man shall succeeding lord like new_england sermon characterized forerunner concept american recent research shown speech given attention time delivery unlike farewell sermon furthermore introduce significant new concepts merely repeated widely held beliefs work published nineteenth century known circulated manuscript time history new england starting voyage atlantic continuing time massachusetts kept journal life experiences originally written account acknowledged central source history massachusetts published long thought lost rediscovered complete journals published history new england governor colony massachusetts bay original manuscripts second destroyed fire savage office volumes belong modern preparation combining new analysis surviving volumes savage second prepared journal began nearly day day ocean crossing time progressed entries frequently wrote greater length work began shape history wrote primarily private accounts journey england arrival wife children colony birth son wrote profound insights nature massachusetts bay colony nearly important events day majority early journal entries intended literary merely observations early new_england life gradually focus writings shifted personal observations broader spiritual scenes views political matters works earliest publication likely humble request loyal subjects london defended physical separation england reaffirmed loyalty crown church_of_england work republished compilation massachusetts new england end manner coming addition famous works produced number writings published unpublished living england articulated belief validity experience private religious journal known journal wrote intermittently sort different tone style journal later life wrote short story rise reign described controversy surrounding work published london time publication discussion nature church governance recently begun meet evidence presented seen supporters evidence worth english opponents evidence editions adapted opponents henry leading independent political leader discussion opponents sought tie round neck stuff struggling monsters sack sink sea according biographer writings echoed unpublished new_england journal efforts divine pattern events justify role believed called play legacy reference city hill enduring symbol american political discourse leading american politicians going revolutionary times cited writings speeches reputation suffered late 19th early 20th century critics like pointed negative aspects rule leading modern assessments lost founding father political scientist argues significant founding father america best worst calls charity public participation offset rigid heart truly want good leader gave speech july kinds liberty natural liberty wished evil good liberty believed restrained civil liberty good strongly believed civil liberty proper end object authority meaning duty government people promote justice instead promoting general welfare supports point view past actions passed laws requiring heads households sure children servants receive proper education town support teachers public funds actions unity colony believed crucial colony working single unit wouldn split force case leader respected principal disarmed activities admired gave pounds despite criticism modern politicians diverse ronald_reagan reference writings speeches ronald_reagan described early freedom man came america looking home free like reagan praise fail note anti democratic political tendencies major character novel hope set colonial massachusetts makes brief appearance scarlet letter chapter entitled minister descendants number thousands today addition son john governor colony later generations family continued play active role new_england politics 19th century twentieth century descendants include massachusetts senator current secretary state educator towns massachusetts maine named honor harvard_university named honor descendant briefly served president harvard namesake squares boston cambridge boston city built site homes
John Winthrop