species bird family species found western south_america range stretches southern colombia south del prefers live upper forests habitat found wide range ecosystems subspecies including nominate subspecies closely related small distinctive conspicuous crest bird head black overall white stripes dull grayish brown contrasts white throat breast covered black streaks pale unmarked yellow noticeable differences plumage subspecies vocal broad repertoire songs defends territory southernmost population non migratory feeds mainly variety insects hunts small shrubs typically perch normally hunts pairs breeding season varies bird depending geographical location eggs normally laid twice year cup shaped nest root fibers grasses lined small feathers listed species concern large range population taxonomy genus family believed closely related genera definitive evidence supporting claim described specimen collected near chile later moved genus today solely contains genus similar pre existing genus erected genus eventually abolished returned believed form members genus commonly known active foraging behavior reminiscent true family genus family known spanish means little reference bird crest described subspecies northernmost subspecies found southern colombia western northern argentina described nominate subspecies found western chile southwest argentina south del described subspecies found western argentina described austrian description small bird averaging centimeters length weighing grams long crest typically conspicuous parted giving impression bird crest feathers black emerge center bird black crown occasionally small patch white hidden crest head black overall white stripe bird iris white pale yellow bill black dull grayish brown wings tail shade color wings feature narrow white outer tail feathers white throat breast white covered dark gray black streaks thin breast sides belly pale yellow fades plumage worn bird legs black males females similar appearance females typically smaller smaller juvenile coloration shorter crest juvenile hidden white spot crown variations plumage subspecies tends nominate subspecies broader extensive breast streaks broader distinct white variation nominate subspecies paler gray overall particularly crown breast streaks broader distinct paler yellow white loud high pitched song known fast song occasionally single notes slow series calls foraging pairs observed stay contact species contact described known long weak distribution habitat recorded colombia ecuador peru argentina chile restricted mountains northern portions range south range include coast recorded abundant widely distributed species preferred habitat upper forests despite preference habitat found forest edges cloud forests woodland forests bamboo disturbed humid temperate forests dry fire stricken areas normal rate birds recently burned areas waiting area completely recover frequently found meters found sea level chile meters behavior appears territorial defending regards feeding territory displays territorial behavior birds defending territory pair tend begin defense calling rapidly displaying displacement behavior bill wing raise crest chase shrubs occasionally physically attacking victorious returns normal foraging behavior southern subspecies northern argentina breeding season populations appear non migratory diet eats insects known eat seeds rare circumstances active hunts pairs breeding season small family groups known feed mixed species foraging flocks behavior abnormal occur frequently seen foraging tailed flocks thirty mixed species foraging groups reported birds pairs tend feed style maintain constant visual contact species feeds strata habitat canopy feeding makes short flights perch perch preferring hunt shrubs small leaves particularly genera tends land near base way upwards frequently tail upwards wings observed perch process foraging averages attacks prey items minute feeding style compared uses different hunting strategies catch prey insects perch primary hunting strategy bird sits upright wings dropped tail pointing straight position upwards vegetation seconds attacking making surprisingly deliberate hunters small second prevalent hunting strategy observed flies upwards perch grabbing prey vegetation frequently strategy bird flies away grab prey prey grabbed close bird perch short distance requires bird pursue prey pairs bird quietly nearby insects dozen attacks birds switch positions reproduction typically raises year northern populations nest january june southern populations nest august january male aggressive breeding season frequently chasing potential rivals flights making sound nest built shrubs bamboo stream path frequently hidden nest small compact shape open cup cup root fibers grasses small feathers line interior cup nests remarkably varying slightly composition yellow eggs laid nest eggs average size conservation listed concern large range km2 stable population officially estimated believed individuals uncommon locally common range species considered low sensitivity human disturbances habitat
Tufted tit-tyrant