argument argument philosophical argument existence god uses arguments fall category tend involve arguments state existing specifically arguments tend start theory organization universe organizational structure true argument provide reasons god exist argument western christian tradition proposed work defined god greater conceived argued exist mind mind person denies existence god suggested greatest possible exists mind exist reality exists mind greater possible exists mind reality greatest possible exist reality seventeenth century french philosopher deployed similar argument published variations argument centred idea god existence immediately clear distinct idea perfect early eighteenth century augmented ideas attempt prove perfect coherent concept recent argument came proposed formal argument god existence revived argument located second stronger argument work challenged argument proposed alternative based logic attempts proof automated arguments including islamic philosopher proposal philosophical ideas generated interest discussion argument nearly great minds western philosophy found argument worthy attention criticism general consensus argument erroneous consensus exact nature argument error errors long proved elusive philosophical community critic argument contemporary analogy perfect island suggesting argument prove existence parodies attempted argument absurd consequences later rejected argument basis humans know god nature offered objection criticising lack reasoning rejecting idea exist necessarily critique based saw false premise existence argued existing adds including perfection essence perfect conceived exist finally philosophers including dismissed great proposing attributes greatness incompatible rendering great classification traditional definition argument given contrasted argument literally argument concerned theoretical arguments according view arguments founded reasoning expressed view urgent reason depart traditional definition defined arguments begin necessary premises conclude god exists admitted traditional characteristics argument necessity priority found arguments work arguments belief god suggested better definition argument employ considerations entirely internal arguments conceptual higher order categories based qualities premises defined qualities follows arguments definitions conceptual arguments possession certain kinds ideas concepts arguments consider possibilities arguments assert distinction different categories existence arguments employ idea god exists solely experience arguments later arguments draw theory relation criticised study vague useful classification argued argument classified attempts existence god necessary truths definition suggested proponents arguments claim fully understood concept god accept existence defined arguments start definition god principles conclude god existence development argument implicit works greek philosophers mainstream view argument clearly stated developed scholars argued islamic philosopher developed special kind argument scholars doubted position marked major stages development argument initial explicit eighteenth century criticisms identification second argument twentieth century philosophers theologian philosopher proposed argument second chapters argument presented order prove god existence work meditation documented idea god self evident chapter defined god greater conceived suggested fool understand concept understanding means exist mind concept exist mind mind reality exists mind greater exists mind reality conceived argument generally regarded view fool proven inconsistent conceive greater conceived exist reality greater conceived defined god exist reality argument chapter summarized follows conceptual truth speak true definition god greater imagined greatest possible imagined god exists idea mind exists idea mind reality things equal greater exists idea mind god exists idea mind imagine greater god greatest possible exist imagine greater god contradiction suppose imagine greater greatest possible imagined god exists chapter presented argument vein definition god greater imagined necessarily exists reality greater necessarily exist definition god exists idea mind necessarily exist reality imagine greater god imagine greater god god exists mind idea god necessarily exists reality god exists mind idea god necessarily exists reality contains notion conceived exist argued conceived exist greater conceived consequently thing greater conceived conceived exist exist read argument chapter believed different stronger argument composed number arguments differed generally speaking formal arguments natural wrote fifth meditation mere fact produce thought idea clearly distinctly perceive belong thing belong possible basis argument prove existence god certainly idea god perfect find surely idea shape number understanding belongs nature exists clear distinct case prove shape number property belongs nature argued god existence nature geometric ideas nature shapes sizes angles triangle example suggested concept god perfect holding assumed existence perfection notion god include existence perfect lacking perfection consequently notion perfect god exist argues according nature god exist saw problem argument asserted perfect proposed perfect demonstrated argument fails saw perfection impossible impossible demonstrate incompatible reasoned exist single entity argument valid iranian islamic philosopher influenced earlier muslim philosophers ibn discussed arguments existence god claiming rejected argument basis existence essence existence human beings fundamental essence forward new argument known argument argument argument attempts prove existence god reality existence conclude god pre eternal necessity argument thing demonstrated path identical goal arguments truth attained external source possible necessary originated eternal origin motion argument middle term truth version argument summarized follows existence existence perfection perfection conceived god perfection perfection existence existence singular simple reality singular reality graded intensity scale perfection denial pure scale limit point point greatest intensity greatest existence god exists describes argument main work journeys follows existence single objective simple reality difference parts terms perfection strength weakness culmination perfection perfect independence thing perfect imperfect thing belongs thing needs perfect perfection prior existence non existence explained perfection thing thing thing addition existence independent need necessary pure existence perfect room non existence regarded acts effects reality existence added existence quality caused impossible effect identical cause terms existence provided formal argument god existence argument constructed published long death provided valid argument based logic uses conception properties ultimately concluding god existence definition god like essential properties properties positive definition essence property necessarily definition necessarily exists essence necessarily exemplified property positive positive property entailed strictly implied positive property positive property god like positive property positive necessarily positive necessary existence positive property positive necessarily positive property positive consistent possibly exemplified property god like consistent god like property god like essence thing necessarily property god like exemplified defined god like having positive property left term positive proposed understood aesthetic moral sense alternatively opposite absence necessary qualities universe warned interpreting positive morally aesthetically good greatest advantage disadvantage includes negative characteristics instead suggested positive interpreted perfect purely good negative characteristics listed follow criticisms theory focus assumptions argued gives definition positive properties suggested positive properties form set reason believe set exists interesting set positive properties interesting versions argument logic deals logic possibility necessity note chapter recent authors interpreted argument phrase greater conceived word referring possibility authors write logic argument doesn include based newer logic versions argument application type logic argument writes versions argument called versions argument arguably avoid argument treats existence began emerge logic version forms defense argument significant development primarily responsible introducing versions argument contemporary debate claimed versions argument second logic version according version represented greater conceived conceived exist denies doubts existence greater denies doubts exist reality understanding impossible greater conceived conceived exist exist reality understanding possible greater conceived conceived exist says necessary existence superior manner existence ordinary contingent existence ordinary contingent existence defect focused exists greater exist point exists exist greater exists exist avoids question existence referring arguments proposed chapters supported criticism argument chapter existence perfection identified sees second argument chapter susceptible criticism second argument identified key points non existence impossible greater non existence possible second god greater conceived supported definition god suggested makes proposition god existence necessarily true statement way square sides necessarily true rejecting idea existence perfection argued necessary existence perfection argued proved existence great necessary writes incorrect assuming argument found entirely chapter intended iii independent argument existence god continuation argument philosopher criticized arguments offered alternative argued prove necessary existence greatest possible follows exists worlds greatness worlds surpassed argued demonstrate greatness world attempt resolve problem differentiated greatness excellence excellence particular world depends properties world greatness depends properties worlds greatest possible excellence possible world argument concept greatness argued possible greatness exist greatness exists possible world case greatness exists world world conclusion relies form states possibly true possibility necessary possibly true worlds version suggests possibly necessarily true regard world true worlds case true worlds simply necessary version argument follows excellence given possible world wholly good greatness excellence possible world possible greatness premise possibly necessarily true perfectly good exists necessarily true perfectly good exists perfectly good exists argued premise established contrary reason argued certain components perfection contradictory premise contrary reason martin proposed parodies argument suggesting existence demonstrated argument provided defined perfect special possible world christian characterizes argument slightly different way possible great exists possible great exists great exists possible world great exists possible world exists possible world great exists possible world exists actual world great exists actual world great exists great exists according premises relatively philosophers premise denial guarantee possibility furthermore argued premise possibility premise begs question stated right accept premise understands operators understands system argument fails understands possibly necessarily essence necessarily premise begs question conclusion embedded systems general writes words necessarily possibly different uses logic depends uses mind approach supporting possibility premise version argument attempted started 8th 9th century indian philosopher impossible perception non case follows perception case case possibly fact perceive existence great follows existence great possible automated reasoning automated thesis subsequently discovered simpler formally valid necessarily sound argument single non logical premise criticisms objections earliest recorded objections argument raised contemporaries invited reader conceive island excellent island suggested according proof island necessarily exist island exists excellent criticism explicitly demonstrate flaw argument argues argument sound arguments logical form accepted offered criticism argument suggesting notion god conceived asserted argued accept god nature fully humans fully conceive god argument work responded criticism arguing argument applied concepts necessary existence suggested necessary existence fulfill greater conceived furthermore contingent object island improved reach state perfection reason dismissed argument relate necessary existence parodies presented including devil devil extreme devil devil proposes worse conceived exists understanding term lesser place worse logical form parody argues exists understanding worse exists reality exists devil similar argues worse exist reality exist extreme devil advances proposing worse exist understanding exists reality understanding argued devil powerful challenge challenges defeat parody claimed devil strong challenge devil threatens argument foundations proposing god existence objected argument suggested people know nature god conceive god way proposed argument meaningful understands essence god completely reasoned god completely know essence use argument rejection argument caused catholic reject argument scottish philosopher argued proven exist reasoning character proposes criticism evident pretending demonstrate matter fact prove arguments contrary implies contradiction distinctly implies contradiction conceive existent conceive non existent non existence implies contradiction consequently existence suggested abstract idea existence apart ideas objects claim idea god implies existence suggested conception god conceive existing existing believed existence quality perfection completely perfect need exist claimed contradiction deny god existence criticism directed argument similar lecture applied arguments forward influential criticism argument critique pure reason criticism primarily directed attacks shaped central distinction synthetic proposition concept contained subject concept synthetic proposition concept contained subject concept questions concept necessary considers examples necessary triangle angles rejects transfer logic existence god argues necessary necessarily true exists triangle exists angles necessary proposition argues existence triangle necessary argues proposition exists follow exists exists necessarily mean exists reality second argues contradictions arise subject maintained judgement non existence contradiction denies proposes statement god exists synthetic inside outside subject respectively proposition argument takes statement true meaning given words claims merely reality statement synthetic argument work existence god contained definition god evidence god need found goes write evidently real concept proposes existence quality existence add essence merely indicates occurrence reality states taking subject god asserting god exists add new conception god argues argument works existence claims argument completely perfect doesn exist addition claims concept god particular sense object pure thought asserts god exists outside realm experience nature experience god experience argues impossible know verify god existence contrast material concepts verified means senses australian philosopher developed version argument meant prove god non existence intended purpose illustrate problems saw argument asserted creation world achievement merit achievement product quality creator disability greater disability creator impressive achievement non existence asserts greatest handicap universe product existent creator conceive greater exist non existent creator greater exists god exist proposition greatest disability non existence response assumption existence perfection uses logic assume non existence disability criticized argument viewing weak parody argument stated accepted greater achievement non existent creator create creator exists reason assume non existent creator greater continued arguing reason view creation world achievement finally stated non existent create great development argument attempted demonstrate perfect countered characteristics necessary god perfection incompatible notion perfect argument assumes definition god purported classical god morally perfect claimed incompatible god able create free know exactly rendering free analysis render argument characteristics required great exist criticisms early phase accepted argument great god boots argument sound later criticized argument asserting argument modern mind convincing easier feel convinced find precisely lies drew distinction existence essence arguing essence person described existence remain question
Ontological argument