ibn arabic ibn september founder dynasty ruled egypt syria originally slave soldier sent egypt governor years established virtually independent ruler fiscal agent taking control egypt finances establishing large military force personally loyal process facilitated volatile political situation court regent wars took care establish efficient administration egypt reforms tax system repairs irrigation system measures annual tax yield grew markedly symbol new regime built new capital north old capital entered open conflict tried unsuccessfully support brother took governance syria frontier districts byzantine_empire control particular proved absence syria eldest son deputy tried power egypt leading imprisonment nomination second son heir senior commander forced return syria virtually powerless tried escape brother control domains captured agents convened assembly damascus attempt autumn bring heel failed fell sick returning egypt died succeeded stands governor major province establish master independently court pass power son ruler egypt independent political power sphere influence encompassing syria parts setting tone later egypt based regimes like life early life career born 23rd day month september slightly later probably baghdad father locality known arabic sources confederation year taken captive turks sent tribute governor reigned time resided returned baghdad turkish slaves formed guard corps slave soldiers sing entrusted brother eventual successor eventually coming command private guard mother called father slaves died commonly held married second time turkish general report appear according father death came close companion taken captive alongside deathbed urged friend care wife son treated young son young received thorough education involving military training new capital studies islamic theology acquiring reputation knowledge pious way life popular fellow turks secrets money women fought frontier wars byzantine_empire met senior turkish leader daughter variously given wife mother eldest son daughter occasion returning saved bearing envoy returning constantinople raiding party accompanied act gained favour thousand gold hand slave mother second son went exile chose guard mother new remove deposed offered governorship murder refused replaced carried deed played assassination gave master burial returned governor egypt senior turkish leaders began appointed governors provinces form secured immediate access province tax revenue troops bypassing civilian bureaucracy turkish generals usually remained close centre power sending deputies govern gave charge egypt turn sent lieutenant resident governor entered egypt august egyptian capital september position appointment far undisputed province governor oversaw province garrison head muslim community recognized title army friday prayer fiscal administration particular collection land tax hands powerful veteran administrator appointed fiscal agent rapidly hated man country doubled taxes imposed new ones muslims non muslims alike quickly signalled intention sole master province arrival head postal service correspondence government came meet gift refused accept years rivals fought relatives court end managed secure transfer syria july assumed collection time secured dismissal died shortly assumed control branches administration egypt facto independent central government time appointment egypt undergoing process early muslim elite arab families lost privileges government pay power passed officials sent court time time muslim population began surpassing christians numbers rural districts increasingly subject process influx settlers discovery gold mines meant particular controlled local governor furthermore persistence strife turmoil heart state called anarchy led appearance revolutionary movements province series descendant ali son rebelled late populace winter defeated army sent driven desert spring remained defeated struggle regional fleeing seized imprisoned followers rebelled successful offer amnesty descendant ali created autonomous gold mines defeating forces sent revolt broke governor tried reconcile eventually forced send army storm city limited authority led strengthening ties west including according erection series coast meantime palestine local governor anarchy iraq set quasi independent regime tax egypt threatening damascus ascended throne july offered general amnesty wrote offering pardon exchange handing treasure appropriated refused ordered march complied began mass purchase black african greek slaves form army winter sooner arrived army summer orders came turn revolt crushed soon turkish soldier continued govern syria death episode major importance allowed recruit army army eventually grew reportedly men sources breakdown turkish black african greek slaves mercenary corps composed greeks foundation power independence personal protection reportedly employed corps stepfather murdered summer supervision egypt passed father law confirmed post addition conferred authority alexandria entrusted government alexandria eldest son growing power manifested establishment new palace city northeast called project conscious rival capital like new city designed quarters new army aim reducing urban populace unit received ward city settle ward named new city built supervision christian architect royal palace mosque rest city laid government buildings included markets hospital provided services free charge preferred reside monastery outside new regime administration egypt developed arrival number departments responsible collection land tax supervision post public lands possibly purse governor personal use possibly existed established egyptian administration central government officials employed like trained court chancellor capable far muhammad ibn died important positions administration held brothers reports anecdotes extensive use spies ability uncover spies sent claims established check piece correspondence court given origins slave soldier regime ways typical system main islamic 9th 10th centuries fragmented new emerged regimes based power regular army composed turn according paying troops major government context increased financial requirements supervision finances egypt syria passed founder bureaucratic dynasty dominated fiscal apparatus egypt years notes evidence permit thorough assessment economic financial policies appears peace security provided regime establishment efficient administration repairs expansions irrigation system coupled consistently high level floods resulted major increase revenue time death income land tax risen sum million bequeathed successor fiscal reserve million crucial reform tax assessment collection system including introduction tax farming time led rise new class additional revenue collected commercial activities notably particular regime highly centralized featured consistent attempts win backing egypt commercial religious social according wealthy merchant functioned personal head informal intelligence network contacts iraq notable characteristic rule according quality relations maintained christians jews according letter patriarch jerusalem took palestine appointed christian governor jerusalem possibly provincial capital putting end persecution christians allowing renovation churches expansion syria early major change took place government prince emerged facto regent empire brother officially controlled eastern half son heir controlled western aid turkish general ibn reality held actual power preoccupied immediate threats government presented rise east iraq keeping check turkish troops managing internal tensions government gave necessary space consolidate position egypt kept conflict refused recognize turn confirm position open conflict broke occasion large revenue central government counting rivalry mighty brother maintain position larger share taxes instead million went million brother fight considered entitled major share provincial revenues angered implied brother sought volunteer replace officials baghdad bought refused sent letter egyptian ruler demanding resignation refused sides geared war created fleet fortified borders ports including alexandria new fortress protect nominated ibn governor egypt sent troops syria event combination lack pay supplies troops fear generated army got months rebellion troops returned iraq public gesture support opposition assume title servant commander faithful seized initiative having served youth border wars byzantine_empire requested conferred command frontier districts initially refused following byzantine successes previous years prevailed brother received responsibility entirety syria frontier marched syria person received submission son recently died appointed governor proceeded possession damascus encountered old rival egypt served palestine damascus fined thrown prison died rest provincial administration largely left people served place governor resisted fled laid siege city killed reportedly local woman continued began preparing campaign byzantines presence numerous soldiers led rapid rise prices causing great hostility demanded leave reduce army news arrived egypt son left regent preparing position influence entourage hastily withdrew information situation egypt began arrive posed real threat decided spend time syria consolidate authority installed troops secured operation tribe leader captured rebel ibn point takeover syria ordered task undertaken grandfather provides detailed description work april return egypt fled west supporters tried defeated probably winter retreated east alexandria finally confronted captured forces publicly seated ordered son execute companions driven rebel reportedly secretly hoped son refuse act agreed imprisoned named second son heir apparent final years death following return syria added coins issued control heir apparent autumn general defected time appointed governor died replacement popular backing refused acknowledge rule immediately left person syria taking precaution headed damascus received message informing nearly powerless escaped heading syria taking custody immensely boosted standing sole source political legitimacy muslim world reside control able pose decided halt await arrival event overtaken governor defeated escort brought february south better control opened rift rulers nominated ibn governor egypt syria reality largely symbolic appointment organized assembly religious damascus denounced condemned declared place succession void called participants including chief egypt ibn refused publicly rival duly denounced domains regent responded kind ritual despite rhetoric moves confront militarily failure control turned appointed place marched person egyptian ruler laid siege autumn diverted local river camp forcing retreat fell ill return egypt carried wheeled vehicle year campaign holy cities islam failed egypt ordered arrested replaced thorough examination accounts head charitable revealed ordered released elderly sick refused leave cell time illness worsened muslims christians jews including women children separately flank god save writes died interred slopes according left heir servants men horses ceremonial horses fully equipped warships death backing succeeded opposition bequeathed heir seasoned military stable economy experienced commanders able preserve authority attempt overthrow battle additional territorial gains extravagant spending exhausted treasury assassination began rapid decline regime internal strife power son executed uncle deposed months replaced brother weak ruler revolt uncle alexandria suppressed unable confront attacks began time addition commanders defected power revived capable leadership son finally december sons ali murdered nephew assumed control state far halting decline event alienated key commanders syria led rapid relatively unopposed syria egypt entered january exception great mosque victorious troops razed ground offspring according wives children sons daughters modern edition provides following list male children eldest female children note names listed legacy despite downfall dynasty rule seminal event egypt entire islamic world egypt reign marks turning point country time ceased passive province subject foreign imperial power centre power right new realm forged encompassing egypt syria lesser extent eastern parts established new political zone separated islamic lands east restoring fashion frontier existed byzantine realms antiquity egypt basis power paid particular attention restoring economy establishing autonomous bureaucracy army navy policies continued later egypt based regimes eventually likewise egypt wealth establish control parts syria remarks territory ruled syria remarkably similar controlled later similarly egypt based regimes relations quest autonomy central problem history modern scholars policies careful balancing act notice fully severed remaining loyal person powerless increasing autonomy evident reign relations government dominated conflict resulting attempts establish control egypt wealth needed costly war prevent rise certain sense writes measures means imperial interests protected ambitions largely turkish military iraq efforts secure authority given twice huge sums treasury remains open question conflict regular occurrence role wider islamic history herald rise local particularly evident succession explains time history regard government large rich territory legitimacy derived designated succeeded openly claimed legitimacy inheritance calls typical example turkish slaves time enlisted private service principal officers state ambition spirit intrigue independence eventually real masters islam
Ahmad ibn Tulun