german march philosopher economist journalist revolutionary socialist born prussia middle class family later studied political economy philosophy adult spent life london england continued develop thought collaboration german friedrich published works known pamphlet work influenced subsequent intellectual economic political history theories society economics politics collectively understood hold human societies develop class struggle conflict ruling classes known control means production working classes known work means selling labour wages theories value surplus value argued capitalism facilitated social relations ideology inequality exploitation labour employing critical approach known historical theory base superstructure asserting cultural political conditions society notions human nature largely determined obscured economic foundations economic critiques result influential works capital volume according states run interests ruling class nonetheless represented favor common interest predicted like previous systems capitalism produced internal tensions lead self destruction replacement new system socialism class capitalism owing instability crisis prone nature working class development class consciousness leading conquest political power eventually establishment communist society governed free association producers actively fought implementation arguing working class carry organised revolutionary action capitalism bring socio economic emancipation described influential figures human history work lauded criticised work economics laid basis current understanding labour relation capital subsequent economic thought intellectuals labour unions artists political parties worldwide influenced work modifying adapting ideas typically cited principal architects modern social science life childhood early education born born town province lower rhine jewish maternal grandfather dutch paternal line supplied role taken grandfather father child known line receive secular education lawyer lived relatively wealthy middle class existence family owning number prior son birth escape constraints anti semitic legislation converted main protestant germany prussia time taking german largely non religious man enlightenment interested ideas philosophers classical liberal took constitution reforms prussia governed absolute monarchy began work attorney moving family room property near wife dutch jewish woman semi said suffer excessive mother love time family insisting home prosperous business family later founded company great aunt great great aunt sister aunt married uncle marriage grandfather wealthy dutch tobacco manufacturer industrialist later come rely loans exiled london contrast husband retained jewish faith little known childhood children oldest son brother died baptised august surviving siblings baptised privately educated entered friend father employing liberal teachers incurred anger local conservative government subsequently police raided school discovered literature political distributed students considering distribution material act authorities instituted reforms replaced staff attendance october age travelled wishing study philosophy literature father insisted law practical field condition referred weak chest military duty turned joined group containing political monitored police joined drinking society der point serving club president additionally involved certain disputes august took duel member university grades term good soon deteriorated leading father force transfer academic early activism spending summer autumn studies life engaged educated prussian ruling class known childhood having broken engagement young relationship socially controversial differences religious class origins befriended father liberal later dedicated doctoral thesis seven years engagement june married protestant church october arrived berlin university faculty law renting room studying law fascinated philosophy looked way combine believing philosophy accomplished interested recently deceased german philosopher ideas widely debated european philosophical circles joined student group discussed ideas involved group radical known gathered developing particularly close friendship like young critical assumptions adopted method order established society politics religion leftist perspective father died resulting diminished income family emotionally close father memory death writing fiction non fiction having completed short novel drama number love poems dedicated early work published lifetime soon abandoned fiction pursuits including study english italian art history translation latin classics began operating editing engaged writing doctoral thesis difference completed described daring original piece work set theology yield superior wisdom philosophy essay controversial particularly conservative professors decided instead submit thesis liberal faculty awarded phd april march began plans journal entitled des came fruition july took trip berlin class getting drunk laughing church streets considering academic career path barred government growing opposition classical young moved cologne journalist writing radical newspaper news expressing early views socialism developing interest economics criticised right wing european governments figures liberal socialist movements thought ineffective counter productive newspaper attracted attention prussian government checked issue material printing lamented newspaper presented police police nose christian prussian newspaper allowed appear published article strongly criticising russian monarchy requested banned prussia government complied paris editor new radical leftist newspaper german french annals set german socialist bring german french wife moved paris october initially living wife found living conditions difficult moved following birth daughter intended attract writers france german states dominated non german writer exiled russian contributed essays paper introduction contribution critique philosophy right jewish question introducing belief revolutionary force marking embrace communism issue published relatively successful largely owing inclusion satirical king bavaria leading german states ban seize imported copies refused fund publication issues friendship broke paper collapse began writing german language radical newspaper left forward based paris paper connected league socialist secret society workers attended meetings join refined views socialism based ideas time criticising liberals operating europe august met german socialist café beginning lifelong friendship showed recently published condition working class england convincing working class agent instrument final revolution history collaborating criticism philosophical ideas friend work published holy family critical increasingly influenced ideas young max eventually abandoned time lived paris october january engaged intensive study political economy etc french especially history france study political economy study pursue rest life result major economic work volume series called capital based large influences french socialism english economics earlier study studying time paris meant major components political economy called place autumn constantly pulled away study political economy usual daily demands time faces additional special demands editing radical newspaper later demands organising directing efforts political party years popular uprisings moment revolution drawn economic studies sought understand inner workings capitalism outline definitely formed mind late features view world political economy worked great detail needed write details economic world view clarify new economic theory mind accordingly wrote economic philosophical manuscripts manuscripts covered numerous topics detailing concept alienated labour spring continued study political economy capital capitalism led belief new political economic theory scientific socialism needed built base thoroughly developed view world written april august soon recognised manuscripts influenced inconsistent ideas accordingly recognised need break philosophy favour historical year later april moving paris brussels wrote best known thesis states philosophers interpreted world ways point change work contains criticism reducing practice theory overall criticising philosophy putting abstract reality physical world introduced glimpse historical argument world changed ideas actual physical material activity practice receiving request prussian king french government shut interior minister france point moved paris brussels hoped continue study capitalism political economy brussels unable stay france germany decided brussels belgium february stay belgium pledge publish subject contemporary politics brussels associated exiled europe including moses soon april moved germany brussels join growing members league seeking home brussels later long time companion left manchester england join brussels mid july left brussels england visit leaders socialist movement britain trip england ideal guide trip spent years living manchester november august know english language developed close relationship leaders serving reporter socialist english newspapers trip opportunity examine economic resources available study libraries london manchester collaboration set writing book seen best treatment concept historical work broke rest broke true based german finally completed philosophy based solely sole motor force history written satirical form satirical form save work censorship like early writings published lifetime published completing turned work intended clarify position theory tactics truly revolutionary movement operating standpoint truly scientific philosophy work intended draw distinction scientific socialist philosophy believed people persuaded person time join socialist movement way person persuaded adopt different belief knew people tend occasions act accordance economic interests appealing entire class working class case broad appeal class best material interest best way broad mass class revolution change society intent new book planning manuscript past government called book poverty philosophy offered response petty philosophy french socialist expressed book philosophy poverty books laid foundation famous work political pamphlet come commonly known residing brussels continued association secret radical organisation league noted thought league sort radical organisation needed spur working class europe mass movement bring working class revolution organise working class mass movement league cease secret underground orientation operate open political party members league eventually persuaded regard accordingly june league reorganised membership new open ground political society appealed directly working classes new open political society called participated drawing programme principles new late began writing famous work programme action written jointly december january published february communist manifesto laid beliefs new longer secret society wanted aims intentions clear general public hiding beliefs league opening lines pamphlet set forth principal basis history hitherto existing society history class struggles goes examine claimed arising clashes interest wealthy capitalist class industrial working class proceeding manifesto presents argument opposed socialist liberal political parties groups time truly acting interests overthrow capitalist society replace socialism later year europe experienced series protests rebellions violent known revolution france revolution led overthrow monarchy establishment french second republic supportive activity having recently received substantial inheritance father allegedly arm belgian workers planning revolutionary action allegations disputed accused subsequently arresting forced flee france new republican government power believed safe cologne temporarily settling paris transferred executive headquarters city set german living hoping revolution spread germany moved cologne began issuing entitled demands communist party germany argued points believing germany time overthrow feudal monarchy aristocracy overthrow june started publication daily newspaper helped finance recent inheritance father designed forward news europe interpretation events newspaper featured primary writer dominant editorial influence despite contributions fellow members remained according friedrich simple dictatorship whilst editor paper revolutionary regularly harassed police brought trial occasions facing allegations including insulting committing press armed rebellion tax time acquitted democratic parliament prussia collapsed king introduced new cabinet supporters implemented counter revolutionary measures leftist revolutionary elements country consequently soon suppressed ordered leave country returned paris grip counter revolution cholera epidemic soon expelled city authorities considered political threat wife expecting fourth child able germany belgium august sought refuge london london writing moved london early june remain based city rest life headquarters moved london winter split ranks occurred faction led began immediate uprising believed initiated uprising entire working class europe rise spontaneously join creating revolution europe protested uprising suicide uprising recommended group easily crushed police armed forces governments europe maintained spell doom changes society argued achieved overnight efforts power handful men instead brought scientific analysis economic conditions society moving revolution different stages social development present stage development circa following defeat uprisings europe felt encourage working class unite progressive elements rising defeat feudal aristocracy issues involving demands governmental reforms constitutional republic freely elected assemblies universal male suffrage words working class join democratic forces bring successful conclusion revolution stressing working class agenda working class revolution long struggle threatened ruin opinion prevailed eventually group left heavily involved socialist society held meetings central london entertainment district organisation internal struggle members followed followed faction issues internal split issues raised internal split lost fight faction september resigned society journalism london devoted task revolutionary organising working class years family lived extreme poverty main source income colleague derived income family business later began writing different newspapers world england united_states prussia austria south_africa writing european correspondent earlier years able communicate broad masses working class editing newspaper editing newspaper financed sympathetic philosophy london unable finance newspaper unable financing sought communicate public writing articles newspapers english language articles translated german eventually learned english write translation founded new_york_city united_states_of_america april main contact later leave owner editor chief competing newspaper new_york_city time served editorial board characteristics newspaper excellent vehicle reach sympathetic public atlantic_ocean founding inexpensive newspaper cents copy accordingly popular broad masses working class united_states run issues widely circulated journal united_states reflected anti slavery opinions wide readership united_states readership come working classes readers progressive wing working class article british elections parliament published reporters europe employed slavery crisis united_states coming head late 1850s outbreak american_civil_war american public interest european affairs declined early began write issues affecting united_states particularly slavery crisis war states december march wrote eighteenth louis napoleon work french revolution expanded concepts historical class struggle dictatorship advancing argument victorious smash state 1850s 1860s mark line scholars young scientifically minded mature writings later period distinction usually associated structural school scholars agree exists years revolution grand experience sure economic view course history valid way historic events like revolutionary adequately explained time wondered entire revolutionary completely played time passed began think new revolutionary occur economic question recession necessary create new revolutionary situation society point contention certain revolutionaries accused revolutionaries belief revolutionary situation created thin air sheer power revolutionaries regard economic realities current situation united_states economy led wonder revolutionary soon occur economy new play host classical revolution western frontier america provided relief valve forces countries cause social unrest economic crisis began united_states lead revolution older economies europe caught united_states words economies world seen individual national systems national borders country broke mould prior thinking world economy beginning united_states panic spread globe truly global economic crisis return economic studies left studies preoccupied projects thirteen years returning study economics felt able understand thoroughly occurring world international capital continued write articles long sure editorial policy progressive departure paper late resultant change editorial board brought new editorial policy longer strong abolitionist paper dedicated complete union victory new editorial board supported immediate peace union confederacy civil war united_states slavery left intact confederacy strongly disagreed new political position forced withdraw writer involved known international elected inception organisation involved struggle wing centred won contest transfer seat london new_york supported led decline international important political event existence international citizens paris rebelled government held city months response bloody suppression rebellion wrote famous pamphlets civil war france defence given repeated failures workers revolutions movements sought understand capitalism spent great deal time reading room studying reflecting works political economic data accumulated pages notes short essays capital landed property wage labour state foreign trade world market work appear print title outlines critique political economy finally published contribution critique political economy economic work work intended merely preview volume english title capital critique political economy intended publish later date contribution critique political economy accepts labour theory value advocated drew distinction use value value unable define real relationship use value value reasoning laid book clearly true relationship use value value produced truly scientific theory money money circulation capitalist economy contribution critique political economy created storm enthusiasm appeared public entire edition book sold quickly successful sales contribution critique political economy stimulated early 1860s finish work large volumes compose major life work das discussed political economy particularly theories referred fourth volume book constitutes comprehensive history economic thought volume published work analysed capitalist process production elaborated labour theory value influenced acknowledged admirable work labour defended point capital quoted recognising labour occurred modern capitalist production longer natural reward individual labour produces having value utility seize product volume capital outlined conception surplus value exploitation argued ultimately lead falling rate profit collapse industrial capitalism demand russian language edition capital soon led printing copies book russian language published march autumn entire edition german language edition capital sold second edition published iii capital remained mere manuscripts continued work rest life volumes published death volume capital prepared published july capital process circulation capital volume iii capital published year later october process capitalist production theories developed comprise collected works comprises volume exact makes volume collected works volume collected works volume german language edition published edition translated english published london complete edition published fourth volume capital moscow decade life health declined incapable sustained effort characterised previous work manage comment substantially contemporary politics particularly germany russia critique opposed tendency followers august compromise state socialism interests united socialist party work notable famous quote according ability according need letter dated march contemplated possibility russia bypassing capitalist stage development building communism basis common ownership land characteristic village admitting russia rural social regeneration russia warned order operate means moving straight socialist stage preceding capitalist stage necessary eliminate influences rural sides given elimination influences allowed normal conditions spontaneous development rural exist letter points core capitalist system lies complete separation producer means production drafts letter reveals growing passion motivated belief future communism return higher level communism prehistoric past wrote historical trend age fatal crisis capitalist production undergone european american countries reached highest peak crisis end destruction return modern society higher form archaic type collective production appropriation added primitive communities greater semitic greek roman etc societies modern capitalist societies died asked write ideas published title origin family private property state personal life seven children partly owing poor conditions lived whilst london survived adulthood children died named july allegations fathered son frequently renting house flat apparently harder authorities track paris whilst london signed letters friends referred owing dark black hair encouraged children old nick bestowed nicknames friends family referring friedrich general daughters referred emperor china known according learned properly speak english visited english factory despite living england thirty years death following death wife december developed kept ill health months life eventually brought killed london march age died person family friends london buried body london march funeral closest friends spoke funeral including speech included passage 14th march quarter afternoon greatest living ceased think left scarcely minutes came found peacefully gone sleep forever surviving daughters eleanor french socialist sons law attendance wife eldest daughter dying months earlier january founder leader gave speech german prominent figure french working class movement short statement french workers parties france spain read speech constituted entire programme funeral non relatives attending funeral included communist associates imprisoned years cologne communist trial described old member professor chemistry manchester member communist activist involved revolution funeral british zoologist later prominent academic death left surviving daughters significant portion million estate family new site nearby november memorial new site unveiled march bears carved message workers lands unite final line 11th thesis edited philosophers interpreted world ways point change monument portrait bust erected original tomb humble unsuccessful attempt destroy monument bomb late historian remarked died failure achieved large following disciples britain writings begun impact leftist movements germany russia years death continental european socialist parties acknowledged influence politics gaining cent countries representative democratic elections thought influences thought demonstrates influences including limited friedrich philosophy classical political economy economics french socialist thought particular thought earlier german philosophical young particularly french late 18th century including working class analysis early descriptions class provided french liberals view history came called historical adapted philosophy certainly shows influence claim view reality history thought terms putting ideas forefront sought rewrite terms arguing matter idea saw spirit driving history saw unnecessary reality humanity physical actions shaping world wrote stood movement reality head needed set feet despite dislike mystical terms gothic language works das refers capital surrounds products labour inspired french socialist thought criticised arguing favoured small scale communities bound poverty large scale change economic system bring real change important contribution revision came book condition working class england led conceive historical terms class conflict modern working class progressive force revolution believed study history society scientifically tendencies history resulting outcome social conflicts followers concluded communist revolution inevitably occur famously asserted eleventh philosophers interpreted world ways point change clearly dedicated trying alter world philosophy social thought occurred critique called great user critical method social sciences criticised speculative philosophy ideology adopting approach attempted separate key findings ideological set apart contemporary philosophers human nature like described bureaucratic identifiable broke classical spoke single discussed nature single instead set capital fundamentally assumed human history involves transforming human nature encompasses human beings material objects humans recognise possess actual potential self development begins experience internal stemming recognition followed actual self agent renders potential counterpart object argues nature desired ways subject takes object permits individual fully human human nature species exists function human labour fundamental idea meaningful labour proposition order subject come terms alienated object exert influence literal material objects subject world acknowledges nature work objective man authentic actual result work self development spiritual abstract departs insisting fact man actual objective natural capacities means actual objects nature objects life expression express life actual objects consequently work material labour context human capacity transform nature term labour power labour class struggle false consciousness history hitherto existing society history class struggles special concern people relate labour power wrote extensively terms problem began notion developed conception capitalism social relationships production workers workers including labour bought sold market possibility ownership labour capacity transform world alienated nature spiritual loss described loss things people produce appear life movement humans behaviour merely adapt provides example called false consciousness relates closely understanding ideology ideology meant ideas reflect interests particular class particular time history contemporaries universal eternal point beliefs best half truths serve important political function way control class exercises means production includes production food manufactured goods includes production ideas provides possible explanation members subordinate class hold ideas contrary interests example sort analysis understanding religion summed passage preface contribution critique philosophy right religious suffering time expression real suffering protest real suffering religion oppressed creature heart world soul conditions people abolition religion happiness people demand real happiness condition condition requires gymnasium senior thesis argued religion primary social aim promotion solidarity sees social function religion terms highlighting preserving political economic status quo inequality economy history society thoughts labour related gave economic relation determining society past present future economic accumulation capital shapes social system social change conflict opposing interests driven background economic forces inspiration body works known conflict theory evolutionary model history argued human history began free productive creative work time trend apparent capitalism noted intentional process individual state forces economy organisation society depends means production literally things like land natural resources technology necessary production material goods relations production words social relationships people enter acquire use means production compose mode production distinguished historical eras terms distinct modes production differentiated base superstructure base referring economic system superstructure cultural political system regarded economic base social superstructure major source social disruption conflict despite stress critique capitalism discussion new communist society replace explicit critique capitalism guarded saw improved society compared past ones slavery feudal clearly discusses issues morality justice scholars agree work contained implicit discussion concepts view capitalism sided hand 19th century deepest critique aspects system noted defining features capitalism include exploitation recurring depressions leading mass unemployment hand capitalism characterised qualities development growth meant technological progress increased productivity growth scientific revolution responsible progress considered capitalist class revolutionary history constantly improved means production class history responsible overthrow transition capitalism capitalism stimulate considerable growth capitalist incentive profits new technologies capital equipment according advantage difference labour market market capitalist produce observed practically successful industry input unit costs lower output unit prices called difference surplus value argued surplus value source surplus labour difference costs workers alive produce dual view capitalism seen description refers vampires worker blood time notes drawing profit means injustice simply system true problem lies cell capital understood property equipment relations workers owners economic system general time stressed capitalism unstable prone periodic crises suggested time invest new technologies labour believed surplus value appropriated labour source profits concluded rate profit fall economy grew believed increasingly severe crises cycle growth collapse growth believed long term process necessarily capitalist class section describes capitalism role internal social contradictions play historical process means production exchange foundation built generated feudal society certain stage development means production exchange conditions feudal society produced exchanged feudal relations property longer compatible developed productive forces burst burst place stepped free competition accompanied social political constitution adapted economic political sway class similar movement going eyes productive forces disposal society longer tend development conditions property contrary powerful conditions soon overcome bring order society existence property believed structural contradictions capitalism end giving way socialism post communist society development cuts feet foundation produces products produces grave fall victory equally inevitable thanks processes overseen capitalism working class grow numbers develop class consciousness time realising change system believed seize means production encourage social relations benefit equally exploiting class introduce system production vulnerable crises argued capitalism end organised actions international working class communism state affairs established ideal reality adjust communism real movement present state things conditions movement result premises existence new society self end humans free act bound labour market democratic society entire population world little need state goal enforce capitalism establishment socialist communist system dictatorship period working class holds political power forcibly means production exist wrote critique capitalist communist society lies period revolutionary transformation corresponding political transition period state revolutionary dictatorship allowed possibility peaceful transition countries strong democratic institutional structures britain netherlands suggested countries strong state oriented traditions like france germany revolution force legacy ideas profound impact world politics intellectual thought followers frequently debated interpret writings apply concepts modern world legacy thought contested numerous tendencies sees accurate interpreter political realm tendencies include currents developed academic influence views resulting historical academic perspective work contributed birth modern cited nineteenth century masters school suspicion alongside principal architects modern social science contrast philosophers offered theories tested scientific method set develop scientifically justified wake european new developments history science working tradition rejected attempt develop science society considered greatest philosophical successors modern theory recognised main classical perspectives considers true founder modern far claim title social science lasting legacy philosophy literature arts social theory century pursued main strategies response reduce core known came cost sacrificing interesting ideas common explanatory claims social theory emphasise relative autonomy aspects social economic life directly related central narrative interaction development forces production succession modes production example neo adopted historians inspired social theory line thinking pursued activists like sought understand opportunities difficulties political practice seen light social theory ideas profound influence subsequent artists art history avant garde movements literature visual art music film theater politically legacy complex twentieth century revolutions dozens countries labelled notably russian revolution led founding ussr major world leaders including cited influence ideas informed political parties worldwide revolutions took place brutal associated nations led political opponents blame millions deaths fidelity varied revolutionaries leaders parties work highly contested rejected common distinguish legacy influence specifically legacy influence shaped ideas political purposes selected philosophical manifesto critique philosophy right jewish question notes james mill economic manuscripts holy family poverty philosophy wage labour capital manifesto communist party class struggles france eighteenth louis napoleon contribution critique political economy writings theories surplus value volumes value price profit capital volume das civil war france critique program notes wagner capital volume posthumously published capital volume iii posthumously published united_states posthumously published moscow articles entries dead labour origins praise right april right times october state mathematics politics ethics international socialism paul essays theory revolution liberty 2nd revenge class struggle shaping world time march right surprising ways predicted rolling_stone january
Karl Marx