commonly known tooth reddish brown spine fungus species tooth fungus family widely distributed species found north africa asia europe north_america fungus fruits ground singly clusters forest usually poor low nutrient sandy soil fruit bodies somewhat shaped measuring diameter surfaces initially white pink drops red liquid lower surface fruit body features white reddish brown spines long mature fruit bodies dark reddish brown color difficult distinguish similar species forms mat upper soil grows presence fungus changes characteristics soil making taxonomy species originally described scientifically named taxonomic history includes transfers genera assigned current transferred current genus canadian mycologist described fungus found michigan nova scotia fungus harrison named considered synonymous database index harrison noted attempts recognize european species north american collections increased confusion country worked critically field continents better recognizable grouping population guess grow europe taxa considered synonymous including later synonyms bull bull banker banker explained difficulty identifying old specimens considerable number collections set aside dried state notes fresh characters impossible decide degree satisfaction plants represented form common names given species include reddish brown spine fungus british society sanctioned fungus specific epithet latin colored description fruit bodies shaped caps diameter convex shaped later slightly depressed center cap surface young fruit bodies uneven texture whitish pink color blood red drops fluid depressions surface later flesh colored dark reddish brown margin remaining whitish lower surface fruit body bears hymenium fertile spore bearing tissue comprises dense arrangement white reddish brown spines long hanging vertically downwards stout stipe measures long thick color cap fruit bodies distinctly odor similar smell ground flour flesh reddish brown white initially soft tough fruit body matures stipe flesh age like species fruit body tissue hyphae expand growth fruit body enabling persist months fungus employs growth pattern fruit body formation begins vertical column hyphae eventually expand form cap solid objects encountered growth grass twigs expanding fruit body similarly closely neighboring caps fuse growth broadly ellipsoid roughly spherical spores surfaces covered small rounded basidia spore bearing cells narrowly club shaped spored measure hyphae flesh brownish thin walls measure hyphae spines thin walled branched measuring hyphae clamp connections similar species similar appearance taste clamp connections hyphae readily confused authors historically considered species molecular studies indicate fungi closely related distinct contrast darker cap young darker flesh occurs deciduous woods old fruit bodies confused habitat distribution found mainly coniferous woodland near occasionally spruce fruit bodies preference sandy soil low levels organic matter nutrients grow singly clusters likely found older growth forests fungus occurs north_america including mexico widespread generally uncommon europe local areas common britain classified endangered protected included species considered plan fungi fungi cap stipe fungus protected montenegro collected india north_africa fungus forms tough mat upper soil pine forests mat grows larger old trees cover area square meters areas generally lack dwarf shrubs promote vigorous growth occur center large presence fungus changes nature soil resulting thinner layer decreased penetration decreased soil increases level root quantity roots fungus decreases organic carbon nitrogen concentrations soil surrounding soil similar species sensitive increased nitrogen deposition resulting clear cutting forestry practice areas europe fungus forms unusual type scots pine appears normal leading edge mat leaves dead roots trailing edge showing tendencies compounds fruit bodies contain dark violet yellow small amounts compound chemical structure closely resembles acid pigment found species originate common precursor compound cited works british isbn
Hydnellum ferrugineum