commonly known armenian february august armenian military commander statesman best known key figure armenian national liberation movement active armed struggle ottoman government late 1880s joined party militias sought defend armenian living ancestral homeland area known turkish western armenia time ottoman_empire revolutionary activities ceased left ottoman_empire unsuccessful uprising left disapproved cooperation party years later armenian genocide led armenian volunteers bulgarian army ottomans balkan war early stages world war commanded armenian volunteer battalion led army ottoman_empire revolution russian army retreated left armenian outnumbered turks led defense early forced retreat eastward turkish forces stood near future armenian capital dominated declared independence armenia signed treaty ottoman_empire armenia gave rights accepted existence included small area hoped independent independently fought turkish armies helped armenia left armenia disagreements armenian government spent years life europe united_states seeking relief armenian refugees settled california died years later greatly admired national hero numerous statues erected countries streets squares named songs poems novels written making legendary figure armenian culture early life born february ottoman_empire today turkey means armenian paternal ancestors came nearby early 18th century settled avoid persecution turks ancestors took surname honor hometown mother died year old elder sister took care went local worked father shop married age wife died year later giving birth son died days birth situation ottoman_empire worsened reign sought unify muslims rule arrested assaulting turkish help friends escaped prison settled ottoman capital constantinople stayed working carpenter began revolutionary activities province joined arrested taking assassination constantinople police chief known anti february escaped prison joined newly created defended armenian villages attacks turks units occurred named killed people went largest city major center armenian culture time headquarters located returned entrusted extensive powers large supply arms dozen russian joined went area operating forces established semi independent armenian areas ottoman government representatives leader main leader 1890s killed months later committed atrocities killing priest young men women children village replaced head armenian irregular forces villages command region semi independent armenian lived sought kill captured reportedly took medal given earned undisputed authority small groups armenian conducted armed struggle ottoman state tribes situation deteriorated european powers stood indifferent armenian question article treaty berlin intended ottoman government carry delay improvements reforms demanded local requirements provinces inhabited guarantee security remained according attention european powers macedonia russia mood armenian question november clashed ottoman troops later known best known episodes revolutionary activities attempt ottoman government suppress activities gained influence region turkish soldiers sent band turks chased eventually men numbering monastery early november regiment command besieged fort like monastery turkish generals leading army men asked negotiate surrender weeks resistance negotiations armenian clergy foreign took companions left monastery fled small groups according dressed uniform turkish officer went rounds entire guard talking excellent turkish time showing way men breaking siege monastery gained legendary stature provincial popular men led came refer intended attract attention foreign plight armenian peasants provide hope oppressed eastern provinces according political thinking took shape setting activity diplomatic intrigue uprising exodus demanded ottoman government stop harassment implement reforms armenian provinces concentrated mountainous area km2 overwhelming armenian majority armenian households traditionally considered main operational area region state revolutionary turmoil local refused pay taxes past seven years tens including held meeting quarter manage future defense armenian villages possible turkish attacks suggested widespread uprising opposed view suggested small local uprising armenian lacked resources suggestion eventually approved meeting chosen main commander uprising clashes took place january supported ottoman government turkish offensive started early april estimated soldiers armenian local armenian men killed intense fighting survived resumed fight armenian civilians killed months uprising left homeless villagers forced exile uprising weeks fighting cannon bombardment armenian villages ottoman forces suppressed uprising outnumbered armenian forces times minor clashes occurred according came near organising uprising shaking ottoman power armenia empire lose territory idea intervention far russia wrote international attention russo japanese war uprising went largely unnoticed european powers russia july august reached got sailing ships escaped persia van september leaving little heroic memory states forced leave avoid killings lower tensions wrote left ottoman_empire sought gather new resources find practical programs armenian struggle immigration conflict persia moved met armenian leaders left russia traveled europe engaged advocacy support national liberation struggle geneva published book military tactics work activities strategies uprising february march went vienna participate fourth congress turkish immigrant political groups europe discussed approved negotiations later armenian genocide overthrow sultan strongly denounced cooperation left party asked constantinople nominate candidacy ottoman parliament election declined offer saying don want sit distanced active political military affairs years balkan war settled met leaders including revolutionary pledged work jointly oppressed peoples armenia macedonia balkan war led company armenian volunteers volunteer corps bulgarian army ottoman_empire shared command opposite approximately fought ottoman_empire given rank lieutenant bulgarian government distinguished battles including helped capture turkish commander honored general disbanded men war bulgaria serbia retired village near lived farmer august world war outbreak world war july russia france britain germany ottoman_empire austria left bulgaria russia appointed commander armenian volunteer battalion russian government november august took head commander armenian battalion volunteers battalion particularly stood battle april victory russian armenian forces command general effectively stopped turks invading armenian genocide underway ottoman_empire end war virtually living ancestral homeland dead forced exile ottoman government estimated million died process ending thousand years armenian presence major resistance turkish atrocities took place van turkish army besieged city local leadership kept armenian volunteers reached van forcing turks retreat unit entered van subsequently helped russian army control southern shore lake van summer armenian volunteer units went recruit volunteers continued combat november march support city captured russians february recognition lieutenant general successes russian army numerous locations significantly associated fighting armenian battalion headed praised brave experienced chief understood combat situation described head militia enjoying great prestige volunteers situation drastically changed russian government ordered armenian volunteer units prohibited armenian civic activity resigned commander armenian battalion despite earlier russian promises plan region integral russia possibly russian peasants wrote russian armies firm control armenian plateau summer longer need according russia armenian volunteers interests armenian volunteers disappointed russian policy left july russian revolution turkish february revolution positively accepted ended rule known set south april initiated publication newspaper armenia editor non partisan turkish armenian newspaper december remained sought help armenian refugees ottoman_empire search basic needs provisional government decree civil administration holding key positions local began rebuild devastated russian army units gradually soldiers deserted returned russia october revolution chaotic retreat russian troops escalated ottoman_empire signed armistice december ending hostilities soviet russian government formally acknowledged right self determination turkish january march russia signed treaty brest central powers large areas eastern_europe concentrate forces whites russian civil war december russian divisions region russian command authorized formation command general corps positioned line van city people corps divisions russian commanded turkish western armenian division georgian forces patrolled area black_sea states thousand men defended mile secured half million russian regulars december commanded armenian forces january appointed commander western armenian division given rank major general command unable defend long turks captured city march forcing evacuate delegation turks holding conference march april turkish forces according walker overran temporary establishment armenian rule hope recently raised wrote battle quickly decided struggle hand turks captured largest city retreated passed arrived early april turkish forces reached pre war international borders unit able battles republic armenia ottoman forces effectively stopped declared independence russian armenian lands condemned denounced angry favored good relations russia instead refused acknowledge according treaty dusty province salvation seeking years early june departed thousands refugees traveled arrived june subsequently tried help armenian refugees van iran sought join british forces northern iran encountering large number turkish soldiers retreated july proclaimed integral russia welcomed armenian soviet leader turkish forces moved armenian special striking division moved mountainous region set defense relations deteriorated arrived critical moment refugees estimated force men established effective control region september role crucial connection point turkey region centers armenian resistance treaty remained surrounded muslim villages controlled key routes connecting different parts according initiated change armenian land destroying muslim villages trying key areas armenian state late accused killing innocent peasants demanded withdraw armenian units area wrote presence district armenia party today general men miracle saved thousand armenian inhabitants district complete forces fall stated massacre peaceful activities protested ottoman general threatened government retaliation actions armenia prime minister said control forces ottoman_empire officially defeated world war armistice signed october ottoman forces evacuated november end october year forces concentrated moving sure local support fighting mid november received letters officials asking postpone offensive days ton allow negotiations muslims region according time lost proved crucial late november forces headed main city major armenian cultural center intense fight forces broke surrounding villages early december away received message british general suggesting retreat world war armenian military activity adversely affect solution armenian question soon considered peace conference paris british returned region left limited control british mission command arrived december insisted council act local matters sparked discontent ardent pan soon appointed governor unrest region wrote large armenian majority remained pre soviet soviet period trust word british officer departure winter isolated snow refugees intensified famine epidemic conditions gave way inflation december withdrew way met british officers suggested armenian units stay winter agreed proposal december group armenian leaders met conference concluded cope influx refugees spring agreed logical step relieving tension refugees adjoining district evacuated ottoman armies conference called british provide refugees interim major arrived limited supplies money donated support refugees end february ready leave suggested soldiers leave railway station rejected plan march left traveled deep moved plain thousand week march men horses reached railway station met assistant minister military affairs assistant minister offered visit rejected invitation believed government betrayed responsible loss homeland people vulnerable threats left district earlier soldiers dismissal local armenian forces requested support april reached seat religious center helped troops prepare disbanding strong division soldiers result disagreements government diplomatic british disbanded division handed belongings weapons april left accompanied officers went special train according news journey traveled station crowds waiting glimpse national hero left armenia time met georgia foreign minister discussed georgian armenian war translation years traveled europe united_states seeking support armenian refugees visited paris london tried persuade allied powers occupy visit france bestowed title president late led delegation united_states lobby support mandate armenia fund raising armenian army accompanied general directed campaign raised relief armenian war refugees returned europe married paris best man moved united_states settled california short story armenia armenian american writer described arrival wrote looked california depot day arrived said man neat suit clothes little feet tall solid strong old style armenian white expression face ferocious kind novel describes life changed leaders leaving armenia settled city california basement house converted hotel sword rifle military uniform hung wall kept horse brought america steamship weapons uniform grey black boots lion like personal wealth come possess life business longer weapons spent free time making small wooden chairs hotel people refusing buy quality american bought simple ones use death february left reside san_francisco unsuccessful attempt regain health according death certificate found california records died august california september city wide public attention accorded funeral new_york_times reported members armenian community attended memorial services hall new_york_city initially buried funeral planned remains armenia final burial arrived france soviet authorities refused permission allow remains enter instead remained france second funeral service held church buried cemetery paris january early armenian french governments arranged transfer body paris wrote transfer initiated armenia prime minister body moved armenia february placed sport concert complex days taken funeral service interred military cemetery february speech ceremony armenia president described greatest sons armenian nation prime minister foreign minister soldiers year old attendance memorial built grave phrase general engraved legacy recognition public image considered hero lifetime influential american newspaper described armenian washington year independent wrote heroic fighting defense turks letter noted armenian writer praised soviet statesman armenian origin wrote memoirs surrounded halo glory considered national hero worldwide seen legendary figure armenian culture surveys conducted inc asked prominent armenian people characters armenian history folk culture suitable national hero leader present time placed second respondents giving activities attracted criticism instance writer stated doesn right statue real republic left armenia wrote popular hero finds term national hero describing unacceptable generally seen pro russian soviet figure soviet period legacy armenian national heroes diminished reference dangerous represented independence especially prior prominent soviet armenian author wrote essay reading soldier notes wrote generation knew little continued knowing means know modern armenian history 100th anniversary celebrated memorials statues memorials erected world including romania paris cyprus robinson paris bulgaria russia memorial exists california died statue erected village near russia removed day apparently pressure turkey earlier announced boycott winter olympics statue remained standing statue armenia erected village statues erected armenia independence soviet_union found district near outside armenian capital armenia statues stand villages numerous streets squares inside outside armenia including argentina bulgaria paris section state highway running entirely connecticut named general metro opened station renamed founded soon closed building reopened september named according inspired new generation volunteer regiment named general operated armenia conflict organizations groups armenian named september bulgaria armenia football match armenian fans brought giant poster pictures armenian officer murdered lieutenant text poster read children heroes work manuscripts pages long known memoir written returned armenia united_kingdom sent paris order published sent 1960s safe keeping civil war moved greece england manuscripts finally sent culture minister century parted culture figured prominently armenian literature fictional character western armenian writer wrote poem entitled published geneva book published lifetime pen published book wars occupied constantinople famed armenian american writer wrote short story titled armenia included collection short stories based armenian writer novel white based prominent armenian poets 20th century wrote poems titled statue published death novel suppressed years published tight soviet control publications relaxed 1960s 1980s author collected folk stories completed novel story published numerous songs described hero song legend main figures featured armenian patriotic songs performed dozens songs dedicated including like eagle features popular song pieces armenian patriotic folklore documentaries produced include france directed played main role general directed narrated minute long documentary armenia awards military career awarded number medals orders governments countries medals sword moved armenia given armenia published works combat commands suggestions remarks recommendations geneva boston general paris weekly battle episode armenian revolution boston memoirs written
Andranik