purchase known mexico spanish sale square mile km2 region present day southern arizona southwestern new_mexico purchased united_states treaty signed december american ambassador mexico time ratified changes april signed 14th president final approval action taken mexico government general congress purchase territorial acquisition united_states add large area country purchase included lands south west largely construct railroad deep southern route happened railroad constructed aimed reconcile outstanding border issues mexico following treaty ended earlier mexican american war railroad age evolved business oriented saw railroad linking south pacific_coast expand trade opportunities thought topography southern portion original boundary line future states california nevada utah arizona new_mexico western colorado mexican american war mountainous allow direct route projected southern railroad routes tended run north eastern ends favor connections northern railroads ultimately favor northern saw avoid mountains route southeastern terminus need swing south mexican territory administration president strongly influenced secretary war later president southern saw opportunity acquire land railroad acquire significant territory northern mexico end territory railroad purchased million million today mexico large scale sale territory united_states debate treaty involved dispute slavery ending progress american civil war planning construction railroad southern route southern commercial conventions january whitney new_york state presented united_states congress plan construct railroad congress took action proposal commercial convention memphis took issue prominent attendees included south_carolina influential convention recommending southern route proposed railroad begin texas end san_diego hoped route ensure southern prosperity opening west southern influence settlement southern interest railroads general pacific railroad particular accelerated conclusion mexican american war war officers conducted surveys demonstrated feasibility railroad originating western arkansas ending san_diego editor publicized south benefits building railroad president rail road company decade later company laid miles track extending west charleston south_carolina million dollars debt wanted connect southern railroads network concerned increasing railroad construction north shifting trade lumber farm goods manufacturing goods traditional north south route based ohio mississippi rivers east west axis bypass south saw charleston home town losing prominence addition southern business interests feared northern route cut south trade orient argued plantation economy south independent northern october convention discuss railroads held memphis response separate convention called earlier fall discussed northern route memphis convention overwhelmingly advocated construction route beginning connect san_diego line disagreement arose issue financing convention president virginia preferred strict private financing thought federal land grants railroad developers necessary california supported california admitted union free state advocated south_carolina considered slavery social blessing greatest curse nation proposal failed working cousin lawyer san_francisco california state senator attempted divide california proposed southern half state allow slavery planned establish slave holding colony based rice cotton sugar use slave labor build railroad highway originated san_antonio railway highway transport people california gold fields end december asked green secure california state legislature large land grant located 34th 36th parallels proposed dividing line california states months potential settlers south_carolina florida submitted petition california legislature permanent citizenship permission establish rural district farmed thousand african petition stimulated debate finally died committee land grants compromise created facilitate southern route west_coast territory railroad organized allow federal land grants financing measure competing northern central routes championed respectively senators illinois thomas hart missouri need territories precedent federal land grants established signed bill promoted douglas allowed south north mobile chicago railroad financed federal land grants specific purpose railroad construction satisfy southern opposition general principle federally supported internal improvements land grants transferred appropriate state territorial government oversee final transfer private developers majority south interested exploiting advantages developing railroad railroads general businessmen like advocated economic minority southern economy based cotton exports current transportation networks met plantation system needs little home market south trade short term best use capital invest slaves land support canals railroads roads rivers historian wrote gained great deal land grant act concentrated efforts continued opposition federal aid president spirit young america efforts build railroads canals central_america mexico divided forces leaving lot time pacific railroad compromise encouraged opponents railroad controversy treaty treaty ended mexican american war issues affecting sides needed resolved possession protection mexico indian raids right transit treaty provided joint commission surveyor commissioner country determine final boundary united_states mexico treaty specified west miles north treaty based attached copy year old map surveys revealed miles south miles west map showed mexico favored map united_states faith results survey disputed territory involved thousand square miles residents significantly included bordering valley consisted flat desert land measuring miles north south miles east west valley essential construction railroad southern route rhode_island united_states agreed allow mexico retain setting boundary north american claim easternmost north mexican claimed boundary exchange boundary turning north order include santa mountains believed rich copper deposits silver gold mined opposed alternative railroad supported president congress prevented action approval separate border treaty eliminated funding surveying disputed replaced pro railroad politician alabama mexico asserted commissioners valid prepared send troops enforce agreement indian raids article treaty contained guarantee united_states protect preventing cross border raids local tribes time treaty ratified secretary state believed united_states commitment resources enforce promise described difficulties task years approval treaty united_states spent million today area general chief estimated times necessary police border mexican officials frustrated failure united_states effectively enforce guarantee demanded losses inflicted mexican citizens raids united_states argued treaty require compensation require greater effort protect expended protecting citizens administration mexico claimed damages million today offered allow buy article million today president proposed settlement million negotiations treaty americans failed secure right transit mile southern mexico idea building railroad considered long time mexican president sold rights build railroad canal deal included land grants miles right way future colonization development british bank bought rights raising fears british colonization hemisphere violation monroe doctrine united_states interest right way increased finding gold sierra nevada finding impetus memphis commercial convention recommended united_states pursue trans route appeared unlikely railroad built soon interests louisiana especially adamant option believed railroad divert commercial traffic away mississippi new_orleans wanted secure southern route showing interest new_york ran import export business new_york purchased rights route today realized grant little value supported mexican american governments mexico officer reported secretary state railroad feasible practical idea instructed minister mexico negotiate treaty protect rights proposal gave shipping guaranteed mexican rights zone allowed united_states send military necessary gave united_states favored nation status mexican cargo fees treaty finalized treaty united_states great_britain guaranteed neutrality canal finalized april mexican refused treaty eliminate mexico ability play britain eliminated right united_states intervene militarily united_states senate approved treaty early refused accept treaty meantime proceeded treaty approved eventually committee new_orleans businessmen joined secured charter louisiana legislature create new company sold stock sent survey teams mexico started acquire land mexican legislature rejected treaty led contract use right way losses million today asked united_states government intervene president refused mexico sold canal franchise land grants associates new_york today march contracted british company build railroad sought exclusive contract new deliver mail new_york san_francisco soon bank loans contract sold pierce administration pierce administration took office march strong pro southern pro expansion mindset louisiana senator sent spain negotiate acquisition cuba virginia arkansas appointed ministers respectively france nicaragua pierce secretary war record favoring southern route railroad southern rail enthusiasts reason encouraged south remained divided january senator texas introduced bill create railroads northern route southern route starting memphis mississippi_river legislation president authorized select specific termini routes contractors build railroads worried northern central interests leap ahead construction opposed direct aid private developers constitutional grounds preferred proposals amendment added bill prohibit direct aid split vote congress amendment failed rejection led legislative demands sponsored california ohio supported railroad interests new surveys possible routes expected southern route approved davis secretary treasury supported based railroad planned build link texas join southern route davis argued southern route important military application likely event future troubles mexico march treaty initiated administration provide joint mexican united_states protection grant signed mexico time treaty received washington pierce learned new mexico territorial governor issued proclamation claiming new_mexico leading protests mexico pierce aware efforts france consul san_francisco acquire mexican state pierce recalled lane replaced kentucky given orders stay negotiations mexico completed encouragement appointed negotiate mexico acquisition additional territory secretary state gave clear instructions secure purposes building railroad convince mexico best indian raids mexican cooperation efforts citizens build canal railroad supporting interests instructions mexican government going political financial turmoil process returned power time pierce inaugurated willing deal needed money rebuild defense united_states initially rejected extension border south sierra mountains initially insisted damages caused american indian raids agreed let international tribunal resolve realized needed money passed information secretary pierce responded new instructions authorized purchase parcels land price fixed price include settlement indian damages relieve united_states obligation protect million billion today bought baja california peninsula large portion northwestern mexican states million today buy square miles km2 desert necessary railroad plans antagonistic manner advised spirit age soon lead northern states sell mexican president felt threatened attempt capture baja california troops annex government backing walker expelled placed trial criminal worried allow aggression mexican territory needed money little territory possible great_britain rejected mexican requests assist negotiations opted million package ratification pierce cabinet began debating treaty january disappointed territory secured terms submitted senate february suggested northern senators block treaty order deny south railroad signed pierce treaty needed ratified vote senate met strong opposition senators opposed acquisition slave territory lobbying gave treaty bad reputation senators objected financial assistance treaty reached senate body focused debate kansas nebraska act april debate senate voted favor treaty falling votes short necessary thirds required treaty approval defeat secretary davis southern senators pressed pierce add provisions treaty including protection grant requirement mexico protect power prosecution preservation security work referring canal permission united_states intervene feel sanctioned public international law reduction territory acquired square miles km2 dropping price million million version treaty successfully passed senate april vote reduction territory accommodation northern senators opposed acquisition additional slave territory final vote split took revised treaty accepted changes treaty went effect june land available construction southern railroad issue strongly associated debate slavery receive federal funding wrote unfortunate debates left mark course national politics pacific railroad remainder period increasingly difficult outright impossible consider proposal relating slavery issues people fully realized close taken firm hold nation completion pacific railroad prohibited money interest enthusiasm devoted emotion filled topics pacific railroad effect railroad development accelerated north south post ratification controversy originally envisioned purchase encompassed larger region extending far south include current mexican states baja california baja california sur mexican people opposed boundaries anti slavery senators saw purchase acquisition slave territory sale relatively small strip land angered mexican people saw actions betrayal country watched dismay funds generated purchase contemporary mexican historians continue view deal negatively believe defined american mexican relationship way purchased lands initially existing help control new land army established present day southern arizona november difficulty governing new areas territorial capital led efforts early organize new territory southern portion early settlers region pro slavery sympathetic south resulting congress best territory shifting course cause later dispute boundary purchase lands state texas known treaty treaty subsequent treaties established maintain border later treaties duties expanded allocation river waters nations providing flood control water viewed model international cooperation recent decades heavily criticized institutional passed modern social environmental political issues growth region army control residents area gained citizenship slowly american life half century principal threat peace security settlers travelers area raids indians army took control purchase lands troops stationed troubled region june established south head creek valley fort protected area evacuated destroyed july new stability brought miners late 1850s mining camps military posts transformed arizona countryside generated new trade state mexico supply center wheat nearby fed troops fort town sustained mines miles north civil war american civil war formed arizona including new territory mainly areas acquired north south dividing line union created western half new american included lands acquired territory admitted union state arizona february area lower states receive social development purchase southern arizona social elite including families remained primarily mexican american coming railroad 1880s opened silver mines southern arizona sought employ educated middle class americans shared work ethic leadership abilities operate mines biographical analysis employees classed managers laborers general service personnel reveals resulting work force included europeans americans indians mixture failed stabilize remote area lacked formal social political economic organization years civil war economic development late 1840s 1870s texas drove beef cattle southern arizona texas california trail impressed grazing possibilities offered purchase country arizona century moving arizona establishing range cattle industry contribute proven range methods new grass country arizona problems texas brought poor management resulted introduced destructive diseases difficulties force laws associations arizona curb resolve anglo american frontier arizona extension texas experience formed southern portion later created easternmost portion january subject ongoing border related conflicts area characterized rapidly growing ongoing raids smuggling cattle border growing operations expansion new technologies mining telecommunications 1860s conflict americans height constant warfare region adjacent mexican border illegal cattle operations kept beef prices border region lower provided cheap stock helped small early residents looked way robbed called frequently robbed stole cattle broad daylight legitimate watching border united_states mexico raid direction use sanctuary december year mexican authorities complained american outlaw stole mexican beef arizona reported mexican stealing horses selling livestock mexico arizona territorial governor investigated mexican government allegations accused turn allowing use base operations raiding arizona 1870s 1880s considerable tension rural residents democrats town residents business owners largely republicans industrial tension culminated called feud feud ended historic ride railroad development los_angeles reached arizona march completed second railroad december portion arizona originally largely western later rerouted north serve city phoenix portion new_mexico runs largely territory disputed mexico united_states treaty gone effect time purchase completed railroad august remainder pre purchase border area traversed excluded mile section today mouth including needle section highway miles northwest superior miami world takes alternate route road miles gap highway north given elevations places grade required population pop suburb texas new_mexico largest community new_mexico new_mexico pop county seat disputed area new_mexico county seat north mexican american land claims proposed compromise left mexico boundaries counties arizona follow northern boundary counties arizona populations land purchase contain areas north areas low population exception northeastern arizona including towns florence extends south area area populated largest city point american mexican border period approximately town arizona miles southwest phoenix
Gadsden Purchase