feminism russia feminism russia originated 18th century influenced confined aristocracy 19th century idea feminism remained closely tied revolutionary politics social reform 20th century russian inspired socialist doctrine shifted focus works organizing peasants factory workers february revolution feminist lobbying gained suffrage nominal equality women education workplace 1960s 1970s women continued experience discrimination certain career paths including politics income inequality greater burden household work spite concern feminism waned period fall soviet_union feminist circles arose term continues carry negative contemporary russians 21st century russian punk rock band aligned revolutionary anti government movements demonstrations president led lawyer representing russian orthodox church calling feminism mortal sin origins 18th century russian feminism originated 18th century influenced prominent role women symbol democracy freedom french revolution notable russian intellectual figures like wrote positively increased power independence women society supported growing concern gender equality influential novel writer embodied new feminist ideas novel heroine dreams future society perfect equality sexes aristocratic russian society greater freedoms allowed women led rise powerful socially connected woman including iconic figures catherine great women began compete men literary sphere russian women authors poets increasing popularity 19th century restrictions women education personal freedom enacted 18th century created new class educated women notes autobiography woman russia 19th century women female relatives male group aristocratic revolutionaries convicted plotting overthrow emperor nicholas sentenced serve labor camps siberia wives sisters mothers men shared liberal democratic political views male relatives charged treason women including princess chose accompany husbands brothers sons labor camps portrayed heroes popular culture women insisted simply duty family siberia cared relatives prisoners set important institutions like libraries arranging lectures concerts historical writing time humble devotion women contrasted female 18th century like catherine great seen danger sudden liberation women explicitly feminist agenda women example later generations russian concern gender equality tied revolutionary political late 19th century aristocratic women began turn away refined society life focused feminist reform woman aristocratic moscow family married high ranking devoted energy societies projects benefit poor russian society including women lobbied emperor create fund higher education courses women founding member responsible helping organize end century widely read russian literary figures focused feminist motifs works later years argued traditional institution marriage comparing forced prostitution slavery theme touched novel plays short stories portrayed variety working female protagonists actresses sacrificed social esteem sake financial personal independence spite sacrifice women characters truly satisfied lives revolution soviet era pre revolution end 19th century beginning 20th century focus russian feminism shifted aristocracy peasants working class socialist ideology young women began organize women unions female factory workers tended ignored male important feminist organization russia like focused education social welfare pushed equal rights women including suffrage equal inheritance end passport restrictions revolution women workers demonstrations generated surge membership organization year society continued lobbying russia major world power grant women right vote feminism soviet society led power october revolution recognized importance women equality soviet_union ussr established effect woman emancipation equal man wrote years revolution following theories soviet communism necessary women participate common productive labor woman equal man practice russian women saw mixed gains rights communism women suffrage granted voting meant little soviet society owing communist_party monopoly power monopoly meant independent feminist organizations journals shut abortion making soviet_union country banned generous leave legally required national network child care centers established country constitution recognized equal rights women prevailing soviet ideology stressed gender equality labor education soviet women held jobs advanced degrees participate core political roles institutions middle levels political economic leaders overwhelmingly male propaganda claimed accurately women sat democratic countries legislative bodies combined women year existence members party practice country real leadership 1970s women liberation mainstream term american public discourse comparable movement existed soviet_union despite gender based income inequality rate additional work household greater experienced american women double standards social norms expectations man fool women drink job generally wrote russian correspondent new_york_times woman things criticized taking light hearted approach marriage work open letter country leadership shortly expelled writer pointed heavy burden placed women work soviet society fail feel shame compassion sight women carrying heavy stones paving street smith wrote women talked complained emancipation fact exploitation economic circumstances effectively compelled work retained domestic responsibilities home tired contrast western women soviet women regularly saw idea liberation working having opportunity stay home recounted popular joke capitalism women liberated opportunity work stay home shopping cooking house care children socialism women liberated opportunity work day home shopping cooking house care children attitudes prevailed soviet society men leadership women ideas seriously excluded discussions domestic violence sexual harassment continued exist studies time found soviet women tended inequality problem post soviet russia mid-1980s instituted allowing greater freedom speech organization ussr generated burst women political action academic research artistic business ventures additionally women aware new government offer little assistance economic social struggles file complaints receive communist_party post soviet government developed systems state women began form networks resource sharing emotional support developed organizations fall soviet_union feminist circles began emerge women major cultural centers like moscow 1990s russian women hesitant use term feminist describe believed negative russian history especially revolution woman cares career family russian women activism 1990s explicitly feminist women attempted improve financial social conditions practical means struggle emerged female communities empowered women assert pursuit work treatment political voice political economic transformation post soviet russia caused deep economic decline 1990s particular financial struggles women held jobs women expected soviet working women received extensive employment benefits long child care leaves pushed women role housewife 1990s domestic work grew increasingly demanding acquiring goods time consuming economy women benefits attractive employees companies fired women women labor market 1980s women unemployed russians jobs available women 1990s low wage sectors job descriptions specified young attractive women need apply employed women received significantly pay men work 21st century 2000s women started entering local governments low level positions percent local administrators women feminist punk rock band performed publicity stunts opposition faced criticism administration members group arrested march performing punk prayer cathedral christ moscow trial talked stated incompatible lawyer representing church insisted view correspond reality called feminism mortal sin
Feminism in Russia