march spelled english colonial magistrate soldier governor years colony held form civil judicial military high office served total years governor including years life period service longest colonial governor held important posts representing colony leading force expanding settlement salem massachusetts parts somewhat attitudes odds views dominant colony early leaders apparent gave shelter vocally argued women dress men hair short issued judicial decisions individuals held religious views accord english flag saw symbol death returning colony expedition led considered opening offensive war practically destroyed tribe entity properties fruit trees pear tree planted lives massachusetts engaged earliest attempts develop mining industry colonies copper ore found land found rock carved sent identify massachusetts colony northern border places institutions named like early colonists notable descendants life known origins best biographers 19th century believed town significant later association people place early 20th century historian proposed born circa near devon 16th century prominent family owned mines town family explain governor interest developing copper mining based evidence house period named honour recent research identified problems claims dispute according research born near firm evidence evidence identifies parents conclude based available evidence probably born later active devon early 17th century firm evidence connecting little known life association efforts known sir come know connection highly spoke french early colonial documents refer captain indicating military experience records suggest medical training settlement new world march seven signatories land grant given massachusetts earl behalf council time umbrella organisation overseeing english efforts north_america degrees latitude chosen lead expedition sailed new world aboard servants june settlement organized called local indian tribe eventually renamed salem area occupied settlers failed participated group earlier settlers led migrated settlement near present day gloucester massachusetts abandoned formally named governor new colony issued royal charter time appointed governor company council london named company governor london responsibility establish colony prepare arrival additional settlers winters difficult compared england called plymouth colony medical assistance wife ill voyage died winter difficulties encountered included early signs religious friction colony settlers dividing poor relations failed practices including pole dancing conservative practiced settlers plymouth colonies early term governor visited abandoned site colony taken group early settlers wanted establish church independent established colonial leadership leaders sent england early tenure governor came end arrival colonial charter company reorganised relocating seat colony sole governor seeing conditions salem decided relocate colony seat mouth founded city boston chosen governor assistants precursor later notion chose remain salem leading citizens rest life serving roles town militia leader addition statewide roles militia leader magistrate deputy governor governor established plantation called orchard known cultivated fruit trees particular pear tree brought early settlement convoys lives bears fruit known pear tree early religious conflict primary source political disagreement colony embodied churches established boston salem salem church adhered teachings sought complete break church_of_england teachings held colonial leadership boston sought reform anglican church arrival boston heightened conflict authorities banished went salem intervention offered position teacher local church word reached boston criticised supporting williams banished colony williams went plymouth returned salem years later church unofficial pastor following death boston authorities called arrest viewed statements fled eventually establishing providence rhode_island time argued women church local militia flag bore williams claimed symbol action celebrated story red_cross writer presents tension symbol religious emblem heroic resistance foreign domination new_england time examining affairs massachusetts colonial administration concerned strong response needed prevent loss colonial charter action act deprived holding offices year year held office committee managing colonial militia voted year stop english flag standard following incident refusal colonial assembly grant salem additional land neck williams presence salem salem church circulated letter churches colony calling legislative act sin authorship letter uncertain defended letter summoned boston consequently jailed day came acknowledged fault discharged war boat massachusetts trader seen anchored indians indians fled approach investigating colonists body found main deck attackers time believed tribes affiliated leaders claimed responsible fled protection time aggressively dealings surrounding native tribes including generally kept peace english colonists present day southern new_england accusation angered massachusetts authorities governor henry upset earlier failed turn men implicated killing trader second perceived produced calls massachusetts action august governor placed head man force extract justice instructions kill indian men captive women children mainland demands killers trader surrendered second payment thousand children delivered serve hostages executed instructions zeal indians briefly opposed english landing spent days destroying villages crops indians island successfully english searches english reports claimed indians killed reported dead sailed english settlement mouth leader angrily informed learned mission goals come raise ears wing flee away discussion delays bad weather company men agreed accompany massachusetts force raid harvest stores arrived village near mouth returned friendly inhabitants silence eventually rowed meet english delivered demands threatening war receive satisfaction left discuss matter village gave promise await return shortly left began landing fully armed men shore rushed claiming senior tribal leaders away long_island responded lie ordered attack village villagers got away expedition activity reduced destroying village seizing crop stores reported killed man completing work massachusetts men boarded boats return boston leaving men finish removal crops launched attack party armor protected escape difficult describes actions heavy handed indian war surrounding colonies protested action complaining lives citizens placed jeopardy raid previously relatively peaceful english raid effect predicted feared communities connecticut river attacked april virtually besieged forces role war ended destruction tribe land divided colonies indian allies treaty surviving distributed neighbors later terms governor elected deputy governor role signatories number individual rights available colonists united states bill rights years quiet rumors war indians led formation designed facilitate united action new_england colonies common external threats internal matters like dealing escaped slaves justice governor embroiled controversy taking sides power struggle going neighbouring french pointed let french fight english involvement weaken governor election referendum policy elected governor deputy year term oversaw division colony counties suffolk essex middlesex norfolk ascent salem based prompted attempt salem residents colonial capital relocated attempt rejected governor council assistants fallout english civil war begun boston tenure ships royalist captain captain arrived boston sought seize royalist ship councils essentially adopted support position right declare independence parliament spirit permitted seize royalist vessel colony began seizing royalist vessels came port elected governor deputy given command colonial militia reporting governor governor assistant chosen represent colony confederation threat indian conflicts neighbouring colonies prompted colony raise defensive profile played leading role reelected governor death succeeded governor annual elections served nearly continuously death periods deputy governor granted acres land north salem tract formally laid early granted additional acres land tend copper works adjacent land hired early pioneering work iron works nearby efforts develop site copper processing failed persistent shortage colonies prompted massachusetts establish mint begin production coins silver reserves act solved practical problem colony authority crown issue governor eventually source controversy crown mint apparently ceased operations colony boundaries expanded somewhat tenure mainly addition formally claiming present day connecticut war sought establish colony northern boundary sent commission locate northerly point colonial grant defined northern border miles north river led indian guides outlet lake claimed guides source location party inscription rock survives located small new_hampshire state park survey line extended eastward boundary determined fall coast bay colony claimed southern maine new_hampshire religious written statement early tenure showed dislike fashionable trend long hair wearing long manner indians begun invade new england contrary rule gods word signed paper declare manifest dislike wearing long presided legal case people accused practice banned colony sentencing pay fine according clarke account exchange told clarke deserved death said trash brought jurisdiction clarke refused pay fine paid friends wishes returned rhode_island men convicted bond returned rhode_island clarke consolidated control england early began crackdown religious communities religious views notably included groups began migration north american colonies escape persecution arrived boston promptly deported deputy salem arrived resident boston imprisoned pending trial met times receiving outrageous letter meetings apparently fruitless deported following acts members adopted measures prompt removal jurisdictions measures adopted insufficient prevent influx perceived measures enacted repeat offenders punished having ears cut offense tongue bored hot iron punishment offense raised death publicly renounce said cursed opinions october death penalty enacted second offense massachusetts year later arrested sentenced death law hanged received minute returned colony questioning refused beliefs agree permanent colony hanged june robinson hanged known boston severity acts recognized colonists problematic laws changed execution penalty fifth offense poor treatment religious cited reasons colonial charter role treatment poem ballad named suffered persecution husband lawrence children daughter provided sons daniel governor characterized dark exhibiting bitter hate recreated trial john dramatic poems collection called sentenced death returning massachusetts having banished executed law changed shortly sentencing author described gentle boy title character year old son william man narrow mind imperfect education hot violent hasty exerted influence compass death enthusiasts contact respect marked brutal cruelty colonists new_england supportive reign england receptive suggestions response proposal migrate ireland increase protestant population massachusetts assembly drafted response signed indicating people happy english restoration july word arrived boston charles_ii restored english throne immediate cause concern colonies supported charters revoked boston created difficult problem commissioners voted execute charles promised declaration pardoned act parliament act singled punishment moved freely boston area time refused order arrest word arrived passage act issued warrant arrest march unknown advance warning warrant fled apparently area warrant followed order issued march received containing direct order ship england appointed recently arrived track somewhat search came escaped biographer suggests appointed different men search catching opponents rule massachusetts vocal airing complaints new king complaints fact charles ascension power formally announced took place received order king prompted assembly draft letters addressed king rise power mint claimed bald faced attempt good english currency colonists complained expansion colony borders little land grab forward claims administrative respect funds provided crown long list grievances believing best ignore accusations members old guard opposed sending representatives london argue charges supporters idea raised funds private subscription sent commission london colonial mission led future governor pastor successful announced renew colonial charter provided colony allowed church_of_england practice administration dragged feet implementation months king sent commission headed colony vocal critics investigate advance warning commission investigate took steps address form substance expected actions charles insisted religious freed long arrival commissioners arrival assembly took matter allowing church_of_england activity colony passed law deliberately king language allowing orthodox religion practice colony defined consisting views acceptable local ministers effectively law probably ministers colony agree satisfied idea years massachusetts assembly passed law requiring governor live closer boston probably response sixth consecutive election governor consequently obliged acquire residence boston returned salem frequently boston home rest life died boston march early accounts claim buried boston later evidence identified burial site tomb burying ground family came colonies married wife cousin governor death new_england married woman gibson married elizabeth daughter uncertain represent different wives single wife elizabeth gibson uncertainty concerning wives known mother sons firm evidence married elizabeth records survive sons born identify wife wife elizabeth sister law colonial magistrate known children seemingly disappointment followed public service evidence fathered child early years england arranged funds instructions care minor named despite high position particularly affluent according large tracts land including orchard estate salem quarter distributed wife sons noted books sold pay debts unexpected legacy left uncertain boundaries orchard estate generations later descendants involved litigation concerning disputed occupancy estate descendants include massachusetts governor united_states secretary war william descendants donated family records dating far colonial era massachusetts marked issuance medal bearing likeness designed massachusetts salem named brig governor salem master engaged pepper trade coast sumatra occasion help free friendship salem master pirates officers gone ashore negotiate pepper town pirates took ship murdered crew looted cargo captain obtained aid governor ship new_york master rescue ship captors return salem arrived july descendants educator
John Endecott