group element modern numbering group chemical elements periodic table includes mercury inclusion group supported recent experiments individual group known volatile metals generally refer metal need group high group named pronounced group roman old system group elements occur naturally mercury widely electric electronic applications members group share similar properties solid metals standard conditions mercury metal liquid room temperature important living organisms mercury highly toxic occur nature synthesized laboratory physical atomic properties like groups periodic table members group patterns electron configuration especially shells result trends chemical behavior group elements soft metals lowest melting points transition metals bluish white common commercial grades metal dull finish referred contexts soft bluish white color mercury liquid heavy white metal common liquid metal ordinary temperatures compared metals poor conductor heat fair conductor electricity table summary key physical properties group elements little known physical properties confirmed boiling point tentative somewhat dense iron crystal structure metal hard temperatures metal beating fair conductor electricity metal relatively low melting boiling points similar respects forms complex compounds unlike metals resistant result protective layer deposited metals bulk metal water form burn release toxic mercury exceptionally low melting temperature block metal complete explanation fact requires deep excursion quantum physics summarized follows mercury unique electronic configuration fill available configuration strongly removal electron mercury similarly noble gas elements form weak bonds easily melting stability shell presence filled shell shell poorly screens nuclear charge increases attractive interaction shell nucleus absence filled inner shell reason somewhat higher melting temperature metals melt easily addition unusually low boiling points gold electron mercury easily removed shared gold forming relatively strong metallic bonds mercury form large range containing ones brass copper metals long known form aluminium gold iron lead mercury silver tin exhibits kinds bearing low friction fatigue resistance found lowest melting wood metal liquid mercury metals formed called example known gold metals iron exception iron traditionally trade mercury metals form mercury include platinum common reducing agent organic synthesis high pressure lamps mercury readily combines aluminium form mercury aluminium pure metals come contact air aluminium small amounts mercury aluminium reason mercury allowed aboard aircraft circumstances risk forming exposed aluminium parts aircraft chemistry chemistry observed members group chemistry established rest section deals mercury periodic trends elements group metals similarity metallic mercury effect trend group unlike trend group metallic radius increases smoothly group metals relatively low melting boiling points indicating metallic bond relatively weak relatively little overlap band band close boundary metallic elements usually placed semi mercury result metal good reducing agents elements group state stable electronic configuration sub shell mercury easily reduced state usually mercury come form metal metal bond species form species metal state mercury formation metal metal bond results compound making species known gas phase compounds linear analogous classification elements group usually considered block elements transition elements shell authors classify elements main group elements share characteristics neighboring group elements periodic table universally considered transition elements example shares characteristics neighboring transition metal copper complexes merit inclusion williams series forms complexes complexes copper albeit smaller stability little similarity silver compounds silver rare exist strong agents likewise common state gold common chemistry mercury gold similarities mercury gold formation linear complexes according definition transition metal element incomplete sub shell rise incomplete sub shell transition metals mercury mercury known compound state higher mercury classification based highly compound seen non conditions odds mercury typical chemistry suggested better regard mercury transition metal relationship earth metals group lies block modern column periodic table mercury behave core bonding behavior similar main group elements stark contrast neighboring group elements copper silver gold filled ground state electron configuration behave transition metals example bonding involves mainly iron involves involves behave core useful comparison properties members group earlier short form periodic table relationship illustrated clearly instance similar atomic structure compounds ability form complex nitrogen oxygen complex small unlike heavier earth metals like group elements greater nuclear charge number periodic trends group similar metals smooth going mercury similar block main groups block block mercury distinctive properties compounds metal form species form complexes present solutions metals character achieved possibly mercury rarely exceeds coordination number coordination numbers known extensions heaviest known group element theoretical work possible heavier group elements simple periodic table element calculations predict group element actually element predicted electron configuration predicted strongly stabilized core participate chemical reactions unlike earlier group elements behave levels expected readily available bonding behave like normal transition metal calculations predict participate readily chemical reactions able stable states addition normal state solutions strong able form compounds like linear different behavior lead heavier effects state main solution behave similarly lead soft metal like mercury metallic high melting point predicted bond expected soft lewis acid close similarities group elements moderately having energy comparable metallic radius close lighter despite expected atomic weight times small radius high weight cause expected extremely high density twice currently dense element known second dense element periods periodic table neighbour element dense metallic stable deeply buried electron core available bonding metallic large cohesive energy bonds probably resulting high melting point theoretical interest chemistry largely motivated theoretical predictions especially center hypothetical second island stability centered history elements group found history ancient times discovered laboratories group acquired trivial called group past found forms ancient times brass found years old distinctly recognized metal designation medical ascribed hindu king written year metal use metal documented 16th century probably derived german needle like appearance metallic crystals isolation metallic west achieved independently people 17th century german chemist usually given credit discovering pure metallic experiment heating mixture closed vessel copper obtain metal experiments frogs italian doctor brass paved way discovery electrical batteries protection friend invented pile biological importance discovered carbon dioxide blood shown active site discovered germany minerals named latin bearing mixture minerals turn named greek mythological character founder eventually isolated metal reduction meter terms red line definition changed time standard length meter meter defined terms orange red line electromagnetic spectrum vacuum mercury mercury found egyptian tombs dated mercury ancient chinese believed improve health mercury mercury metals thought mercury matter metals formed believed different metals produced varying quality quantity contained mercury gold mercury called attempts base metals gold goal modern chemical symbol mercury comes form greek word compound word meaning water silver water silver liquid like water shiny like silver element named roman god mercury known speed mobility associated planet mercury symbol planet symbols metal mercury metal common heaviest known group element created february located germany officially named february anniversary birth occurrence like block groups abundance earth crust group elements decreases higher atomic number parts million abundant group mercury orders magnitude abundant synthetic element half life minutes present laboratories produced group metals meaning elements low prefer bond formed crust solidified reducing conditions early earth atmosphere commercially important minerals group elements minerals form heavily mined containing ore concentrate contains significant deposits containing known cds mineral importance nearly associated association caused similarity makes geological separation unlikely consequence produced mainly mining lesser degree lead copper place metallic found basin siberia mercury extremely rare element earth crust blend elements constitute majority mass mercury highly concentrated considering element abundance ordinary rock richest mercury contain mercury mass concentrated deposits mercury times average abundance found native metal rare minerals common ore mercury minerals found large quantities mined similar present small quantities recovered identified world resources total billion tonnes large deposits australia canada united_states largest reserves iran current rate consumption reserves estimated depleted million tonnes extracted history estimate found million tonnes remains use china producer mercury thirds global share followed countries believed production mercury copper processes recovery high mercury mining mercury hazardous historic causes mercury poisoning production fourth common metal use trailing iron aluminium copper annual production million tonnes worldwide mined ore deposits nearly mixed copper lead iron metal produced converts concentrate produced processing processing basic methods processing reduces carbon carbon metal collected processing ore concentrate acid step produce metal common isolated production contain isolated produced dust vacuum precipitated solution richest mercury contain mercury mass concentrated deposits mercury common ore deposits mercury extracted heating current air super heavy elements produced bombarding lighter elements particle fusion reactions synthesized directly way heavier ones observed decay products elements higher atomic numbers fusion reaction produce performed reported detection decay chains total approximately prepared nuclear reactions applications physical similarities share group elements found common situations commonly anti agents attract local completely protective applied metals hot dip substance form metal process use group elements act alternative standard hydrogen addition secondary reference predominantly brass bronze relative ability attract makes efficient protection example protection buried pipeline achieved connecting pipe acts negative terminus slowly away passes electric current steel pipeline protect metals exposed sea water material batteries carbon batteries air battery fuel cells widely contains brass copper depending type brass brass generally stronger copper superior resistance properties useful communication equipment hardware musical instruments water widely contain include silver metal soft aluminium commercial bronze primarily small amounts copper aluminium useful die casting spin casting especially automotive electrical hardware industries marketed roughly quarter output united_states consumed form compounds variety common industrial uses key component battery production present commonly batteries predominantly batteries european_union banned use electronics exceptions reduced allowed content electronics consuming global production found aircraft industry ability resist applied steel components mercury primarily manufacture industrial chemicals electrical electronic applications especially ones measure high temperatures increasing mercury lamps applications slowly phased health safety regulations applications replaced toxic considerably expensive mercury compounds medicine common today toxic effects mercury compounds widely understood ingredient dental late 20th century largest use mercury mercury cell process called process production biological role group elements multiple effects biological organisms mercury toxic required plants animals trace amounts essential trace element necessary plants animals typically second abundant transition metal organisms iron metal appears classes grams distributed human body plays biological roles study estimated human proteins potentially addition hundreds transport traffic day women day men harmful excessive problem probably exceed day healthy people set upper intake day mercury toxic cause environmental damage enter rivers rain water result contaminated crops mercury food chain leading increase illnesses caused mercury poisoning
Group 12 element