mit december november polish poet publicist translator professor slavic literature political activist regarded national poet poland lithuania principal figure polish counted poland widely regarded poland greatest poet considered greatest slavic european poets dubbed slavic leading romantic compared poland europe known chiefly poetic drama eve national epic poem influential works include served inspiration uprisings imperial powers polish lithuanian commonwealth existence born russian territories polish lithuanian commonwealth active struggle win independence home region consequence spending years exiled central russia succeeded leaving russian_empire like lived rest life abroad settled rome paris little years slavic literature died probably cholera istanbul ottoman_empire gone help organize polish jewish forces fight russia war remains repatriated france poland life early years born december paternal uncle estate near polish russian_empire region periphery lithuania proper grand lithuania partition polish lithuanian commonwealth area earlier inhabited ethnic time birth largely populated upper class including family polish poet father lawyer member polish nobility bore hereditary coat arms adam mother née adam second born son family spent childhood initially taught mother private attended dominican school following curriculum designed defunct world ministry education mediocre student active games like september enrolled polish studying teacher graduating terms government scholarship taught secondary school polish language published poem city winter years style poetry published included poem published parts major work eve finished major romantic poem ode youth considered patriotic revolutionary publication appear officially years summer met love life unable marry family poverty relatively low social status addition engaged count marry imprisonment exile student friends created secret organization group focused self education ties radical clearly pro polish independence student group investigation secret student organizations begun early led arrests number students student activists including taken custody imprisoned monastery late early sources disagree date investigation political activities specifically membership banished central russia hours receiving decree october penned poem album belonging mother poem set music polish russian soviet composer crossed border russia november arriving saint_petersburg later month spend years saint_petersburg moscow notable excursion visit february november inspired notable collection love series known published year later welcomed leading literary circles saint_petersburg moscow great favorite manners extraordinary talent poetic improvisation year saw publication poem recognized patriotic subversive message missed moscow unsuccessfully attempted sabotage publication damage reputation moscow met polish journalist novelist polish composer piano daughter later marry paris france befriended great russian poet leaders including thanks friendships influential individuals eventually able obtain passport permission leave russia western_europe european travels serving years exile russia received permission abroad june year arrived june berlin attended lectures philosopher february visited prague later returning received reception writer scientist politician continued germany way italy entered alps accompanied old friend poet visited milan venice florence rome august year went geneva met fellow polish travels brief romance class differences prevented marrying new love finally october took residence rome declared foreign cities soon learned outbreak november uprising poland leave rome spring april departed rome traveling geneva paris later false passport germany dresden leipzig arriving august german possible travels carried communications italian french underground delivered documents money polish insurgents polish community paris reliable information activities time scarce ultimately crossed uprising mainly happening stayed german poland historically known poles received members local polish nobility brief liaison family estate starting march stayed months dresden wrote poem paris july arrived paris accompanied close friend fellow future chilean educator paris active polish groups published articles polish fall saw publication paris smuggled poland books polish people polish pilgrimage self published published masterpiece epic poem longest poetic work marked end productive literary period create notable works thoughts remarks achieve fame earlier works relative literary silence beginning variously interpreted lost talent chosen focus teaching political writing organizing july paris married daughter composer concert pianist children daughters maria sons jan later mentally ill possibly major disorder december marital problems caused attempt suicide die march family lived relative poverty major source income occasional publication work profitable endeavor received support friends patrons substantially change situation despite spending remaining years france receive french citizenship support french government late 1830s active writer visible polish political scene professor latin literature switzerland lectures received appointed newly established chair slavic languages honorary professor hold post little years lecture delivered lectures popular drawing listeners addition enrolled students receiving reviews press remembered later sixteenth lecture slavic theater kind gospel polish theater directors twentieth century increasingly possessed religious fell influence polish philosopher met lectures medley religion politics punctuated controversial attacks catholic_church brought french government element conflicted roman catholic teachings works placed church list prohibited books regularly attended catholic mass encouraged followers severed ties following rise revolutionary sentiment europe manifested events february criticized returned traditional catholic_church befriended american journalist critic women rights advocate march polish delegation received audience asked support enslaved nations french revolution soon april organized military unit support insurgents hoping liberate polish slavic lands unit large symbolic fall returned paris active political scene december offered post austrian ruled offer soon withdrawn pressure austrian authorities winter polish composer final months life visited ailing poet nerves piano music dozen years earlier set poems music polish songs final years winter founded french language newspaper peoples supported wealthy polish activist wrote articles short existence came march november authorities shut articles supported democracy socialism ideals french revolution napoleonic era held supported restoration april lost post allowed right lecture october hired librarian visited polish poet wrote meeting poem black wife died welcomed war hoped lead new european order including restored independent poland composition latin ode iii ode honored celebrated british french victory russia battle august polish associated persuaded active politics soon war broke october french government entrusted diplomatic mission left paris september arriving istanbul ottoman_empire september working began organizing polish forces fight ottoman command russia friend set organizing jewish legion returned ill trip military camp apartment street district istanbul died november speculated political enemies poisoned proof probably contracted cholera claimed lives time remains transported france boarding ship december buried january moved austrian poland july place final number persons important poland political cultural history works childhood environment exerted major influence literary work early years shaped folklore vivid memories later reworked poems ruins castle triumphant entry disastrous retreat polish napoleonic troops napoleon invasion russia year marked father death later poet personality subsequent works greatly influenced years living studying poems city winter potato classical style influenced poetry published including opening poem mark start poland influence popularized use folklore folk literary forms polish romantic literature exile moscow exposed cosmopolitan environment international provincial lithuania period saw evolution writing style published russia mainly comprising highlight poet ability desire write longing homeland major works eve comprises parts written extended period time began publication parts remarks major theatrical achievement work saw ongoing continued parts title refers pagan ancestor commemoration practiced slavic baltic peoples souls day year saw publication iii superior earlier parts laboratory innovative genres styles forms iii largely written days great improvisation section masterpiece polish poetry said created single inspired night long descriptive poem accompanying iii written sums experiences views russia portrays huge prison oppressed russian people wonders future describes polish attitudes russia nineteenth century notes inspired responses bronze western eyes drama staged words kind national sacred play occasionally forbidden censorship emotional impact audience polish government closing production play sparked polish political crisis narrative poem describing battles christian order lithuania allusion long feud russia poland plot involves use stronger enemy poem moral faced polish insurgents soon launch november uprising controversial older generation readers seen young arms praised uprising leader poet describes named protagonist committed politically poems point poem obvious escaped russian poem allowed published complete telling motto drawn come shall know ways fighting fox lion purely literary level poem notable incorporating traditional folk elements alongside stylistic innovations similarly noteworthy earlier longer poem depicting exploits lithuanian writes combines metallic beat lines plot motifs dear said inspired military heroine november uprising similar message informs ode youth poems later write rome notes ranked highest achievements polish lyric poetry travels italy likely inspired consider religious matters produced best themed works master authority young insurgents expected participate fighting poet wrote dedicated poem urging likely longer supportive military action years earlier new works polish mother patriotic began reflect tragedy resistance meetings refugees escaping insurgents resulted works night death colonel notes irony important literary works uprising written took battle saw battlefield books polish nation opens historical philosophical discussion history argues history history freedom oppressed nations future followed longer moral aimed polish book sets metaphor poland christ nations described propaganda piece relatively simple biblical metaphors like reach readers popular poles translations peoples primarily lacked sovereign states books influential framing image poet author freedom published epic poem draws picture grand lithuania eve napoleon invasion russia written entirely thirteen originally intended writes unique world literature problem classify remained constant quarrel scholars called world literature highly regarded contemporaries time won acclaim highest achievement polish literature occasional poems wrote final decades described exquisite extremely short writes meditation polish literature examples pure poetry silence 1830s early late worked science fiction work history future predicted similar radio television communication balloons written french completed partly destroyed author french language works include dramas les achieve recognition published till write poems lithuanian command language described likely limited occasion early 1850s short folk song language legacy prime figure polish romantic period counted poland greatest poet polish literature long regarded poland national poet revered figure lithuania considered greatest slavic european poets described slavic leading romantic compared poland europe importance extends literature broader spheres culture politics writes singer epic poet polish people freedom nations scholars expression cult describe reverence held national prophet hearing death fellow wrote men generation milk honey life blood descend carried inspiration cast world described works reaching polish hearts polish affirmed danish critic assessment works shakespeare homer writes informed foundations parties poland 19th century day rappers poland post socialist blocks declare alive today good rapper popularity endured centuries poland known abroad particularly 19th century won substantial international fame people resist brutal written works dedicated authors poland staff authors outside poland character works fiction including large body biographies subject paintings monuments tributes streets schools named poland lithuania territories polish lithuanian commonwealth ukraine subject statues david 100th anniversary birth statue erected warsaw base carries inscription poet people 100th anniversary death adopted official patron number museums europe dedicated warsaw house museum house lived died istanbul istanbul adam paris france written vast majority scholarly popular literature available polish works devoted according author english biography fill good shelf notes apart specialist literature book length biographies published english writes works numerous times language definitive critical edition works ethnicity works written polish language generally known polish poet described authors polish lithuanian polish russia describes polish sees ethnic origins lithuanian jewish according historian mother roots sources assert mother descended converted jewish family view polish historian entry writes hypothesis based fact mother maiden popular jews proven states poet mother daughter noble family coat arms living estate lithuanian scholar literature writes family descended old lithuanian noble family origins lithuania lithuanian nobility time heavily spoke polish brought culture polish lithuanian commonwealth state encompassed today separate countries poland lithuania ukraine splitting state separate entities trends lithuanian undesirable outright according called lithuanian time idea separate lithuanian identity apart polish exist aspect evident works famous poetic work begins polish language invocation lithuania country thou art like good health generally accepted referring lithuania meant historical region linguistic cultural entity applied term lithuanian slavic inhabitants grand lithuania selected works ode youth ballads books polish people lyrics eve parts published author death history future unpublished
Adam Mickiewicz