romanian hungarian ruler time hungarian conquest according written indicate enemies conquering hungarians known earlier annals chronicles refers local rulers including mentioned primary sources consequently historians debate historical person imaginary figure created unidentified author romanian historiography century romanian lands region present day romania describes pre conquest country rich salt gold raided peoples arrival archaeological research indicates people cremated dead inhabited regions salt mines seventh ninth centuries excavated weapons suggest military elite early medieval fortresses uncovered reliably dated 10th century states inhabited recorded chronicler connection origin according seven defeated army killed fled unnamed fortress subjects yielded resistance background known comes deeds hungarians earliest surviving hungarian chronicle written second half 12th century early 13th century unidentified author known describes conquest settled began westward migration defeat coalition crossed invading surrounding area local ruler described opponent invading write bulgaria opponents known contemporary sources instead battles local rulers including mentioned primary sources eve hungarian conquest nomadic dominated archaeological evidence attributed region salt mines rivers group population concentrated salt mines seventh ninth centuries attributed according presence context ruled names rivers instance swift black good slavic origin indicating historical presence slavic speaking population according eighth century spurs unearthed suggest existence cavalry troops service use uncertain invaded western regions times stone column erected reign commemorates death bulgarian commander named river indicating invaded eastern regions time according emperor sent envoys ask sell salt demonstrates controlled minimum roads salt mines according historians pottery unearthed region similar found lower danube demonstrates expanded authority region historians including reject theory saying prove cultural influences called group unearthed near yielded clothing accessories analogous finds lower danube region spurs weapons objects unearthed sites demonstrate ninth century trade similar spurs commonly bulgaria 10th century according historians pop existence ninth century region verified contemporary sources alfred great translation fifth century work referred lived east country 11th century persian scholar studied works late ninth century wrote people christians inhabited lower danube pop identifies consider hungarian armenian geographical work mentions unknown country called north bulgaria according pop demonstrates country existed region end ninth century manuscript studies indicate reference original text describing large country slavic tribes according century settlers west seized territory expelled turn took lands settled scholars including identify fighting invading historians including context indicates driven march romanian scholars identified dozen fort sites definitively dated turn ninth tenth centuries forts destroyed decades 10th century half 11th existence evidence published far albeit poorly contain evidence ninth century occupation site according archaeologist mentions pairs bell shaped found outside fort similar 9th century artefacts romanian archaeologist writes bell shaped similar jewellery found sites dated 10th century half 11th century pottery finds suggest fortress built ninth tenth century early medieval forts built turn 10th 11th centuries fort later legends identify ruins forts built according excavated sites identified settlements narrative according romans inhabited invaded territory chronicler describes land woods rich country salt mines gold yielding rivers inhabited arrived records names rivers mountain passes hungarian origin described certain prince indicating considered dominant population according good warriors world arms bows arrows weakness result frequent raids according description subjects indicates people called arms writes words reference bows arrows suggest borrowed text work describing route fourth crusade balkans century refers bows arrows based narrative says small compared mentioned conquest late 13th century simon wrote bypassed crossing northern 14th century hungarian chronicles preserve tradition narratives arrived conquest remain ing quietly rest ing moving west recounts meeting hungarian victory described lord decided border realm prince head gates forcing local population build stone timber enclosure new border soon sent spy father land east spy informed wealth ruler weakness invasion sent envoys permission consent according attack clearly targeted salt district gathered army rode border stop invaders crossed forest day forcing retreat fight day divided army sent little way upstream cross surprise defeated men killed captured fled battlefield castle soldiers chased killed banks near place village mentioned 13th century located heard lord death inhabitants conceded acknowledging new lord swore oath loyalty place later named hungarian derived meaning oath hungarian according ends account hungarian conquest saying governed peacefully happily day possessed times holy king stephen conquered province modern historiography reliability particularly glad rulers described fighting conquering debated scholars publication chronicle late 18th century romanian historians including believe story realms reliable according romanian archaeologists possible effort prove reliable source medieval history romanian excavations assumed seat late 1960s 1980s embarrassed substantial evidence found prove right says account conquest combines data taken oral tradition invented facts real person considered authentic writes reports real support occurred cites role example saying hungarian word translated originally referred nomadic tribe historians including write real knowledge including time hungarian conquest invented opponents hungarians needed characters defeated according view half dozen imaginary figures including named river hill settlement theory true named hungarian village dies according village apparently named duke says names village duke hungarian origins
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