world trade center world trade center known freedom tower main building rebuilt complex new_york_city tallest building sixth tallest world structure original completely destroyed terrorist attacks september new skyscraper stands northwest corner acre site site original building bounded west street north south east building architect firm designed construction ground utility foundations new building began april tallest structure new_york_city april surpassed height tower steel structure topped august final component skyscraper installed making building including reach total height feet height feet deliberate reference year united_states declaration independence signed building opened november march new_jersey confirmed building officially known legal world trade center freedom tower building standard floors high tower actual stories new complex eventually include high rise office buildings built street national september memorial museum located south original twin towers stood construction new building effort rebuild following destruction original complex original building construction construction twin towers world trade center conceived urban renewal project spearheaded project intended help project planned new_jersey hired architect came idea building twin towers extensive negotiations new_jersey governments supervise construction site located lower west area manhattan satisfy new_jersey government agreed buy bankrupt renamed transported new_jersey towers designed framed tube structures giving tenants open floor plans columns walls design accomplished closely spaced perimeter columns providing structure strength gravity load shared core columns elevator system use sky system express local elevators allowed substantial floor space office purposes making structural core smaller design construction towers involved innovative techniques wind tunnel experiments wall digging foundation construction north tower began august extensive use components sped construction process tenants moved december 1970s low level buildings built complex seventh building built mid-1980s specifications operations built 1980s complex total seven buildings notable ones main built 1970s tower feet high occupied acre total acres site land press conference asked story buildings story building response didn want lose human scale completed tallest building world years surpassing held record years feet tall telecommunications antenna added roof antenna feet tall foot antenna highest point reached tower held record brief period time chicago tower finished feet rooftop floors towers floors building time number surpassed construction floors opened stories set aside mechanical floors floors floor areas spaced building intervals remaining floors open tenants floor tower square feet available space tower square feet total office space entire complex seven buildings combined total square feet office space complex initially failed attract expected early years governmental organizations key tenants state new_york 1980s city financial condition eased increasing number private companies financial firms related wall street tenants 1990s approximately companies offices complex including financial companies basement included mall path station main corporate headquarters headquarters new_jersey tower electrical service supplied volts electricity passed sent building core electrical located mechanical floors lowered primary voltage volts voltage lowered volts general power lighting services complex served emergency generators located sub levels towers roof floor housed radio television transmission equipment roof contained vast array transmission including feet center antenna mast rebuilt support center mast contained television signals television broadcasters newark broadcasters access roof controlled located level september attacks broadcasting equipment radio television stations moved typical weekday combined total people worked north south towers passing visitors complex large code windows world restaurant located reported revenues million making highest grossing restaurant united_states twin towers known worldwide appearing movies television shows merchandise towers came seen new_york_city icon like building statue liberty incidents february alarm fire broke 11th floor fire spread core building 9th 14th floors telephone cables located utility shaft ran vertically floors ignited areas affected fire extinguished immediately original fire hours damage 11th floor fire fueled filled paper alcohol based fluid office machines office equipment protected steel structural damage tower addition fire damage 9th 14th floors water fire damaged floors time complex fire systems terrorist attack occurred february truck filled pounds explosives planted detonated underground garage blast resulted feet hole greatest damage levels significant structural damage level people killed thousand injured workers visitors inside tower time people inside forced walk emergency lighting took hours reach safety september attacks september affiliated crashed flight northern facade seventeen minutes later second group terrorists crashed flight southern facade striking floors collapsed burning approximately minutes burning minutes collapsed structural failure north tower collapsed debris fell nearby damaging starting fires fires burned hours building structural integrity collapsed simultaneous attack pentagon arlington virginia failed plane resulted plane crash pennsylvania attacks resulted deaths people civilians firefighters law enforcement officers military personnel workers visitors died towers points impact people point impact trapped died smoke fell jumped tower escape smoke flames killed building eventually collapsed avoided complete destruction unlike rest building flight hit impact zone destroyed making impossible impact zone escape people point impact died current building planning early development following destruction original debate future site proposals reconstruction immediately organized competition determine use site proposals larger plan september attacks rebuild complex public rejected round designs second open competition took place december design selected winner design went revisions mainly disagreements developer held lease site time criticism concerning limited number floors designated office space amenities early plan floors total office space rebuilt complex reduced square feet comparison original complex floor limit imposed expressed concern higher floors liability event future terrorist attack incident building height consisted large open air steel structure roof tower containing wind turbines sky gardens subsequent design highest floor comparable original open air removed plans new_york governor faced accusations supposedly influence winning architect design picked personal favor friend campaign contributor final design freedom tower formally unveiled june address security issues raised foot concrete base added design april year design originally included plans clad base glass order address criticism building looked resembled concrete bunker later found preliminary testing revealed glass easily shattered large dangerous result replaced simpler facade consisting steel panels blast resistant glass contrasting original plan tower final design rises designers stated tower glass structure reflecting sky topped sculpted antenna commented planned completion date completely rebuilt magnificent spectacular april new_jersey approved conceptual framework allowed foundation construction begin formal agreement drafted following day 75th anniversary opening construction began formal groundbreaking ceremony took place construction team arrived construction later development symbolic cornerstone laid ceremony july stone inscription supposedly written construction delayed disputes money security design major issues resolved april deal developer new_jersey cornerstone temporarily removed site june soon explosives detonated construction site months clear bedrock building foundation cubic yards cubic meters concrete poured november december ceremony held nearby members public invited sign foot steel beam installed building base building base december foundation steel installation began shortly afterward tower foundation nearly complete year january cranes moved site construction tower concrete core began cranes arrived reached street level construction base finished years later construction office floors began glass windows subsequently installed floors constructed rate week advanced system installed protect workers falling safety system installed steel structure city tower reached floors feet tall december tower steel frame halfway complete grew floors tenth anniversary september attacks time concrete reached floors glass reached floors changed official building freedom tower world trade center stating easiest people identify change came board members voted sign year lease deal chinese real estate company building commercial tenant plans create trade cultural facility covering square feet floors detailed floor plans tower posted new_york_city website resulting media citizens surrounding area warned plans potentially future terrorist attack construction tower specially illuminated occasions weekend july lit colors american flag commemorate independence day lit colors september mark 10th anniversary september terrorist attacks october year illuminated pink honor december illuminated tower lights celebrate holiday season february building lit red honor cardinal february june illuminated red white blue honor flag day august illuminated red honor september illuminated red white blue honor 11th anniversary september attacks june building illuminated red white blue celebrate fourth july november red white blue lights lit tower loading dock finished time equipment completed building temporary loading bays added cost millions dollars temporary path station removed official replacement completed blocking access planned loading area march steel structure reached floors growing floors feet end month floor based standard measurements floor numbered floor extra space occupied high floor mechanical purposes incomplete tower new_york_city tallest building roof height april passing foot roof height president barack_obama visited construction site months later wrote steel beam hoisted tower sentence remember rebuild come stronger month tower structure nearing completion owners building began public marketing campaign building seeking attract visitors tenants steel structure topped nominal floor total height feet august tower antenna shipped new_york november section antenna hoisted tower december installed january march sections antenna installed completion scheduled april bad weather delayed delivery final pieces final piece lifted bringing tower height feet making fourth tallest building world tallest city surpassing foot subsequent months exterior elevator shaft removed podium glass interior decorations installed installation concrete steel fittings completed report september revealed time report negotiating regard purchased rights sought worth free office space tower exchange use world trade center tower associated november chicago based controversial announcement tallest building united_states feet declaring mast building permanent building architecture reasoning building tallest opening post opening november moving trucks started moving items tower tenant magazine publisher old headquarters times square world trade center new_york_times noted area transitioned financial area technology firms residences luxury shops building new tower building opened november employees moved spaces spread floors occupies floors having completed early expected company attract new tenants occupy remaining space tower times square moving total employees moved new tower day future tenants include legends november supporting wire rope cables suspended working platform cables manufactured hold workers performed maintenance building exterior time platform holding man affiliated window washing team caused platform hang vertically near floor tower workers rescued firefighters diamond saw cut glass incident workers suffered slight case taken hospital estimated cost funding estimate february placed initial construction cost world trade center billion square foot square meter tower total estimated construction cost risen billion april making expensive building world time tower construction partly funded approximately billion insurance money received losses september attacks state new_york provided additional million agreed billion obtained sale bonds raised prices bridge tunnel tolls raise funds percent toll increase scheduled proceeds increases pay tower construction architecture design original concepts competition discarded tower final design final design consisted simple traditional profile intended compare selected elements contemporary new_york skyline tower central draws previous buildings building visually resembles original center similar statue liberty building occupies foot square area square feet nearly identical original tower built foot tall concrete base designed protect truck bombs ground level attacks originally base covered decorative glass simpler glass steel façade adopted proved current base consists angled glass fins protruding steel panels similar led lights panels base night cable net glass sides building higher floors designed consistent buildings complex feet high range width feet east west sides feet north feet south curtain wall manufactured assembled portland oregon glass minnesota 20th floor upwards square edges tower cubic base shaping building tall elongated square near middle tower forms perfect glass shape square oriented degrees base foot sculpted mast containing broadcasting antenna designed collaboration artist invented structure lighting designers engineers secured system cables rises circular support ring contains additional broadcasting maintenance equipment night intense beam light projected horizontally shines feet tower architect world trade center said following tower design wanted design grounded real sketches explored challenges proper solution compelling beautiful design great implications fully understand iconic importance tower highly efficient building discourse limited symbolic formal aesthetic aspects recognize building doesn function people don want work visit failed architects layout south new national september located original twin towers stood immediately east new world trade center site north west floor officially designated floor despite fact tower contains actual stories building usable ground floors intended office purposes approximately square feet base consists floors including foot high public lobby office floors begin floor floor sky lobby floor office floors resume floor stop floor floors mechanical floors tower story observation deck located floors addition existing broadcast antenna facilities similar visitors separated tenants having separate entrance museum descending ground security screening area observation deck actual viewing space 100th floor food court floor space events floor visitors city information stories new_york interactive tool called city pulse tour ambassadors admission fee person admission available children seniors deck free families victims opens deck expected million visitors year tickets went sale starting april manhattan district attorney firm awarded contract operate deck officially opened day ahead schedule eating venues building café called café bar small plates mix fine dining restaurant dining criticized food prices need observatory ticket purchase enter compared windows world floor restaurant original tenants access ground parking storage shopping access path new_york_city subway trains provided chambers street stations building allows direct access street ground level building approximate underground square feet square feet retail space plan build restaurant near tower similar original windows world abandoned impractical tower window washing tracks located square foot area designated floor symbolic reference floors original tower design evolution original design went significant changes joined new_jersey developer project foot tall base corners originally designed gently slope upward glass corners later squared addition base walls covered hundreds pairs foot vertical glass fins set horizontal bands inch wide steel originally enclosed protective described panels enclosed changed plain antenna chairman stated design change save million tower architect strongly criticized change lead designer said eliminating integral building design leaving exposed antenna equipment unfortunate stand ready work port alternate design joining project suggested eliminating reduce costs proposal rejected executive director ward replaced september changed position removed plans gave statement final decision antenna going mounted building summer way point large triangular plaza west facing hudson_river originally planned steel steps descending street steps changed terrace final design terrace accessed staircase street terrace paved granite trees addition block long bench removed plaza plans designed allow natural light enter ground observation deck lobby plaza higher adjacent formally approved revisions revisions reported new_york_post executive director said thought changes minor telephone interview contract negotiated states receive million fee percentage base building changes result net economic benefit project signed contract savings million returns going percent percent percent savings increase height floor feet ground level identical roof height original tower antenna brings pinnacle height feet figure intended symbolize year united_states declaration independence signed antenna included building height stated height foot world tallest office building fourth tallest skyscraper world second tallest structure tower toronto exceeds pinnacle height approximately planned height feet expected exceed height world trade center construction canceled financial difficulties design changes revealed questions foot structure qualify included building height tower enclosed originally planned classified simple antenna included building height according antenna feet tall making fourth tallest building united_states located chicago park avenue new_york building currently tallest new_york_city antenna antenna surpassed park avenue topped feet high developers disputed claim reclassified antenna following redesign spokesman world trade center tallest building announced wait final decision redesigned count building height november announced count building recognized height giving final height feet making tallest building like buildings new complex includes sustainable architecture features building structure interior built recycled materials including boards ceiling tiles percent tower waste products recycled roof area tower limited building collection recycling scheme cooling systems building acid fuel cells generate power waste steam generates electricity selected provide tower fuel cell system largest fuel cell installations world completed tower makes use site hydroelectric wind power windows ultra clear glass allows maximum sunlight pass interior lighting equipped automatically dim lights sunny days reducing energy costs like new facilities site heated steam limited oil natural gas utilities site expected receive leadership energy environmental design gold certification making environmentally sustainable world safety security security features protection provided reinforced concrete base number safety features included building design prepared major accident terrorist attack like world trade center building foot thick reinforced concrete walls elevator shafts systems extra wide dedicated set exclusively use firefighters biological chemical filters ventilation system comparison original twin towers purely steel central core house utility functions protected lightweight panels building longer feet away twin towers closest point feet away windows facing equipped specially tempered blast resistant plastic looks like glass sides building stated structure designed strong redundant steel moment frame consisting beams columns connected combination paired concrete core shear wall moment frame substantial overall building structure providing column free interior spans maximum flexibility addition optimal safety design new security measures implemented vehicles screened radioactive materials potentially dangerous objects enter site underground road closed circuit surveillance cameras placed site live camera feeds continuously monitored computer system use video computer software designed detect potential threats bags retrieve images based descriptions terrorists criminal suspects new_york_city police patrol site site fully completed plaza completely opened public original plaza initial stage opening process began thursday national september memorial ended period visitors required undergo airport style security screening expected end december screening fully end official dedication opening museum visitors allowed use plaza needing passes incidents march tower scaled year old new_jersey resident entered site hole fence subsequently arrested charges allegedly dressed like construction worker convinced elevator operator lift tower floor according news sources floor walked past sleeping security guard climbed ladder antenna took pictures hours elevator operator reassigned guard fired revealed officials failed install security cameras tower facilitated entry site week incident people male construction worker site arrested base jump conducted september posted video jump online result incidents head security resigned march controversies social center previous included restaurant floor called windows world earth tourist attractions right gathering spot people worked towers restaurant housed prestigious wine schools united_states called windows world wine school run wine personality despite numerous assurances attractions rebuilt scrapped plans rebuild outraged observers fortified base tower source controversy critics including said dull reflects sense fear freedom leading dub building fear tower architecture critic new_york_times calls tower base attempt disguise underlying paranoia statue building america life half scale bronze statue commemorating actions weeks war afghanistan unveiled public veteran day parade new_york_city november statue displayed float traveled fifth avenue north 23rd street 56th street dedicated day ceremony led vice president lieutenant general commander commander task force dagger initial days war afghanistan temporarily located inside new_york_city opposite public monument honor united_states special forces monument commemorating north_carolina october monument tower inscription base sculpture bears america response monument latin subtitle subtitle traditionally translated free oppressed motto green inspired monument piece steel original embedded base statue dedicated lieutenant general deputy commanding general soldiers representing attended dedication ceremony land monument stands donated private wall street firm statue cost needed money donated hundreds private citizens including survivors september attacks owners tenants principally owned new_jersey percent equity building sold private real estate company exchange investment million assisted supervising building construction manages building having responsibility property management tenant installations september percent building floor space leased new signed years space leased gone percent november state new_york agreed year square feet lease option extend lease term occupy square feet initially agreed lease square feet planned occupy square feet ceded floor space july withdrew lease contract april announced seeking operate observation deck tower floor legends management agreed operate observatory year million contract building lease joint project beijing based announced march china center combining business cultural facilities planned floors intended represent chinese business cultural links united_states serve american companies wish conduct business china industrial lease years months april new interior design unveiled featuring vertical folding garden based proposal chinese artist august signed tentative agreement headquarters offices magazines occupying square feet floor space reached final agreement securing year lease estimated value billion finalized lease contract obtaining square feet office space floors lease includes square feet usable space podium grade floors mail messenger services storage use january reported additional square feet space occupying floors moved november failed january manhattan based law firm sign square feet lease contract negotiations broke deal abruptly canceled march key figures developer developer complex retains control surrounding buildings control tower signed year lease site july remains actively involved aspects site redevelopment process construction new tower began involved insurance dispute tower terms lease agreement signed paid million gave right obligation rebuild structures destroyed september attacks series disputes insurance companies concerning insurance policies covered original towers resulted construction delayed trial resulted verdict given april verdict involved dispute subject occurrence interpretation liability limited face value policies added second trial group time jury unable reach verdict days later finding company subject occurrence interpretation appealed swiss decision appeal failed october second trial resulted verdict december jury determined subject occurrences interpretation referring fact different planes destroyed towers september attacks liable maximum double face value particular policies billion highest potential billion buildings march appeared rally construction workers public officials outside insurance industry conference highlighted describes failures pay million claims related attacks state agreement split payments cause concern key project favorite architects joined project urged developed design proposal initially collaborating revised design address security concerns architect tower responsible overseeing day day design development architect won competition develop plan new tower gave initial proposal called memory foundations design design included aerial gardens center later denied request place tower location path station instead placed block west line resemble original designs later scrapped architects chosen design buildings element initial plan included final design tower symbolic height feet father builder original led construction team selected builder douglas presidents real estate development company won right invest million project july august long time tenant confirmed tentative deal finalized deal contract negotiated receive million fee percentage base building changes result net economic benefit project signed contract savings million stepping percent savings increase joined project significant changes building including foot base tower plaza west building facing hudson_river approved revisions construction workers films short subject documentary entitled feel work uploaded youtube august depicted construction workers satisfied working conditions construction site analysis work site showed dozens construction related injuries occurred site construction including reported workers left related graffiti site supposed symbolize rebirth cited sources simon future terrorism divided stand biography new_york basic books isbn
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