species mushroom family type species genus known vernacular sandy desert woody slender stem typically centimeters length general appearance resembles stem gills atop stem spore sac consisting internal maturity spore sac release spores found dry sandy locations world collected africa asia australia europe north_america primarily western regions south_america currently disagreement literature european species taxonomy species mentioned scientific literature described new species found named type locality suffolk england sanctioned transferred synopsis newly genus named italian mycologist synonyms include published based collections new combination based berkeley published specific epithet means like refers similarity genus commonly known sandy common given species desert cyprus known locally fungus derived fact spores natural agent applied backs morphological resemblance animal historically uncertainty european species known unique species merely variant taxon described variety var form mycologist opined differs having spores colored orange slightly larger opposed thought larger fruit body size stipe lack parts stem presence absence traditionally considered significant characteristic separating species proposed idea single species studying specimens southern california concluded represented single species analysis number european specimens microscopic characteristics addition molecular analysis regions suggested authors study considered differences spore ornamentation stipe hyphae insufficient species note inability locate type material species limited suggestion species supported later study traditional molecular methods compare field collected english specimens extensive range material collected world found material labeled generally greater range cap stem sizes labeled generally consistent smaller material studied generally similar habitats material originated wide variety habitats suggesting environmental factors influence fruit body morphology evidence pointing included spore sizes lack significant differences dna based study specimens collected china scientists considered independent species description mature specimens roughly resemble typical mushroom stature stem cap cap gills species spore sac atop stem young fruit body roughly spherical completely outer wall later splits fashion circular line lower wall forming upper forming scales cover inner wall upper rolls upward backward eventually falls away piece exposing spore sac lined narrow ring spores spores sticky carried away wind drying action cause edges roll exposing spores continued upper half blown away remains spores washed away rain fruit body develops rapidly mature colored somewhat conical head diameter stalk long thick study reported specimen found mexico length typically spore case broad tall hollow stalk pale brown brown woody surface mature eventually exposed cap shed brown color cap persist spore mass dispersed form disc like unit stalk like ring fragile sac shaped broad stalk formed distinct separated tissue layers inner layer resembles scales stem consisting hyphae diameter closely arranged nearly parallel sparsely branched yellowish outer layer fungal tissue thicker texture dry dirty white consists pale yellow hyphae difficult distinguish individually remains gelatinous matrix fruit bodies persist months dried thick walled spores roughly spherical brown finely densely ring like spiral consists densely interwoven hyphae diameter walls thick branched pale yellow clamp connections largely types threads hyphae diameter thin walled smooth sparsely branched hyaline pale yellow long pale yellow smooth walled tapered cylindrical spiral branched edibility typically described unknown edibility cyprus immature egg form fruit body eaten older specimens smell unpleasant spores product promotes healing formation tissue northern argentina similar species closely related species known united_states differs spore sac emerges smaller spores emerge number pores upper surface spore sac grow taller centimeters commonly known desert occurs dry similar distinguished elongated cap habitat distribution found growing solitary scattered dry sandy raised boundary feature topped growing relatively rare species locally abundant locations mexico known north central country usually collected arid areas coastal dunes found sea level high mushroom associated quick growing tree species coastal dunes largest fruit bodies found thriving high salt conditions vegetation belgium specimens found sandy soil dead bushes north_america collected western canada usa confined west southern_california new_mexico arizona mexico hawaii reported growing south_america brazil africa morocco europe belgium china australia decline sightings granted legal protection hungary making offense pick received similar protected status united_kingdom habitat range include arid regions western southwestern united_states australia south_africa european countries including russia
Battarrea phalloides