called fringed jumping spider jumping spider family found australia southeast_asia adult females bodies millimetres long adult males millimetres long sexes generally dark brown reddish brown brown underside dark brown white hairs dark brown white spots upper sexes fine faint markings soft fringes hair legs fringed specimens new_guinea indonesia orange brown yellowish species genus abdomen spider fed producing eggs hunting tactics versatile members hunting tactics common prey trial error unfamiliar prey unfamiliar situations remember new approach differences hunting tactics regional populations australia poor hunting jumping spiders better non web building spiders insects sri_lanka variant fair jumping spiders good web spiders insects queensland outstanding predator jumping spiders web spiders poor insects queensland variant use unique cryptic stalking technique prevents jumping spider prey identifying predator animal jumping spider prey partial defences cryptic stalking technique types prey spiders occasionally counter attack species good defences starting especially tough skin meeting species use cryptic stalking displays moving quickly smoothly queensland contests males usually brief damage contests females usually long violent victor loser eat loser eggs victorious females queensland kill eat losing female male queensland displays female run away charge pair reach agreement mature sub adult nest finishes typically quicker jumping spiders unlike species females eat mates body structure appearance females jumping spider bodies millimetres long adult males millimetres long queensland variety typically smaller variety millimetres long millimetres wide abdomen millimetres long millimetres wide large angular face broad high flat australia taiwan sexes generally dark brown reddish brown jaws brown underside dark brown white hairs sexes fine faint markings soft fringes hair female white fringe half male white band round edge white groove male spiders larger females females fringe hair makes look larger males sexes dark brown white spots upper female new_guinea orange markings mainly light yellow legs orange brown legs abdomen light yellow found male area indonesia showing orange brown yellow brown orange brown orange brown legs light yellowish abdomen movement hunting prey mate species adopt special posture called cryptic rest posture pulling legs close body jaws outlines walking species slow preserves irregular intervals waving legs continuously moving time continuously varying speed timing walk unlike spider spider fringes gives appearance light forest canopy reflecting piece queensland walks waves twice slowly species including areas disturbed species leap upwards millimetres cryptic rest pose wide trajectory usually runs millimetres queensland rarely runs leaps senses spiders jump including significantly better vision spiders main eyes acute daylight cat times acute jumping spiders eyes large ones center position anterior median eyes called principal eyes housed tubes providing acute vision secondary eyes positioned sides acting mainly movement jumping spiders middle pair secondary eyes small known function species relatively large function secondary eyes main eyes focus accurately object distances approximately centimetres infinity practice centimetres like jumping spiders small visual field time acute main eye circle millimeters wide centimeters away millimeters wide centimeters away generally jumping spider subfamily includes genus objects long distances members main eyes vision acute best jumping spiders distinguish prey millimetres away times body length distinguish millimetres times body length main eyes identify features scenery times body length helps spider find takes relatively long time objects possibly getting good image tiny eyes complex process needs lot scanning makes vulnerable larger predators birds frogs identify predator size spiders like sensors modified smell taste touch vibration protruding cuticle skin sense vibrations surfaces use mating hunting spiders total darkness use surface detect prey meets identify members species recognise familiar members determine sex member species hunting feeding hunting tactics genus members genus called legged cats hunting tactics versatile lion members tactics common prey trial error unfamiliar prey unfamiliar situations remember new approach find best attack angle dangerous prey best takes visual contact prey planned route leads silk thread biting prey hour usually picks best route needs walk past incorrect route jumping spiders prey mainly insects active hunting females build catch prey directly capture funnel shaped widest cubic centimetres volume builds web web based non spider joined spiders female capture web generally suspended rigid foundations rocks males build capture spider web virtually unlimited range signals lure prey open prey repeating signal walks slowly close bite tactics enable species web spiders size species hunt types contrast spiders generally difficulty moving web building spiders find difficult unlike build hunting spider web slow movements flaps legs resemble leaf caught web blown breeze species use disturbances predators approach web spiders quickly revert cautious approach disturbance disappears web spiders run far away sense entering web reaction jackson panic large insect struggling web usually waits day insect stops struggling prey thoroughly stuck insect stuck web owned regional variant web spider web web spider enters web pursues catches web spider spiders species prey contain dead insects partly eaten queensland species corpses corpses obviously decayed web catch species conspicuous stalking web spider occasionally moving fly species eat eggs spiders including eggs species spiders extract eggs cases ranging ones tough ones queensland captures spiders nests species steal eggs nests spiders venom unusually powerful spiders stabs small medium spider weight including prey usually runs away millimetres enters seconds continues seconds minutes slowly approaches prey takes usually needs inflict completely larger spider times weight wait millimetres away minutes seizing prey insects usually quickly continue struggle minutes occasionally killed injured pursuing prey twice size tests killed pursuits injured killed killed injured killed queensland killed pursuits injured killed especially tough skin prevents injury body caught spider injured lose legs spiders legs break easily attacked legs break exceptionally easily defence mechanism species seen missing legs habitat seen missing legs specimen collection lost limb days hunting tactics performance statistics result tests laboratory captive specimens tactics performance regional differences populations queensland sri_lanka table includes females kenya sri_lanka comparison regions fix solid surfaces rocks tree species fix stems leaves lower branches trees test showed jumping species free surface flowers biting flowers spiders fed cycles minutes bodies especially cycle formal test showed juvenile jumping spiders including generally prefer suck soaked solution sugar paper soaked water authors suggest wild frequent convenient way nutrients avoid work risks costs making venom predation jumping spiders benefit minerals normally found tactics queensland queensland thoroughly studied spider eating robinson said varied prey capture techniques animal world humans web mainly genera generally special tactic called cryptic stalking adult males ready pursue efficient catching adult females especially larger prey males effective small web spiders reluctant tackle large ones catch attempts jumping spiders males pursue large ones pursue small ones catching pursue males build large catching prey capture test showed preferences different types prey order web spiders jumping spiders insects preferences apply live prey specimens prey days fed prey days specimens prey days extra showed preference different types prey test included prey species web spiders jumping spiders selection prey species showed evidence affecting results insects represented house fly hunting queensland normal called holds retracted cryptic rest pose prey faces prey turns away cryptic stalking appears unique queensland jumping spiders fail recognize disguised stalking predator animal queensland uses cryptic stalking native queensland imported defend species outside queensland cryptic stalking regional adaptation abundant dangerous prey especially local uses cryptic stalking oddly shaped flattened elongated like prey pair large forward facing principal eyes feature use distinguish spiders jumping spider queensland partly overlapping range abundant common range adult large juvenile hunt adopting specific tactics unlike jumping spiders makes nest dead rolled leaf silk lines vegetation catches females mimicking vibrations males courtship deception females nests tests range recognises predator defends specimens outside range seldom recognise threat finds easier catch outside predator home range capture species range example evolutionary arms race stalk species mimic jumping spider genus uses cryptic stalking time mimicking beetle mimicking use cryptic stalking females subfamily females unusually translucent translucent cuticle makes anterior median eyes center light dark regions viewed head males translucent produce uses cryptic stalking consistently males suggests anterior median eyes females reduce ability identify females jumping spiders encountering notices chemical cues safety lines looks prey smell makes quicker prey possibly lowering visual system prey camouflage hunts speculation jumping high air turning looking disturbance turns waves appears queensland way species areas queensland way chemical warnings stalking non use cryptic stalking consistently pull consistently freeze faced prey adopts cryptic stalking recognizing prey jumping spider queensland reluctant jump prey spiders species opportunity queensland web spider web violently shake finds allows prey web spider busy wrapping prey aware predators uses activity type approach web spider uses non cryptic stalking spiders flies stalk beetles ants unlike species queensland readily nests spiders cutting nest resident spider eventually leaves nest resident spider tries counterattack nest attack spider enters nest wait prey exits stabbed prey spider nest queensland enters nest waits prey kills test deliberately artificial environment explored ability solve novel problem trial error little island set middle miniature space filled water gap wide spiders jump way spiders options leap swim swim encouraged specimens tiny waves spiders chose option preferred leap swim swim discouraged specimens making waves island spiders chose option want words rewarded group successful behaviour group unwanted behaviour queensland specimens generally repeated successful behaviour switched try unsuccessful option leap swim swim chose good specimen tactics northern territory special tactics jumping spiders tries treat web spiders tries jump gives variant poor catching jumping spiders variant good queensland catching web spiders better sri_lanka variant species enthusiastic pursuing insects good catching pursues performance table shows pursuits queensland variant typically minutes variant typically minutes like species tactics sri_lanka sri_lanka variant enthusiastically pursues jumping spiders slightly better species tests half effective queensland variant sri_lanka prolific hunter web spiders insects efficiently catches pursues like species typically minutes pursuit reproduction courtship male spins small web twigs hangs takes laboratory test showed males queensland risk meeting recognising fresh pieces paper containing silk containing male males attracted fresh paper containing females females respond fresh paper containing males suggested males usually search females vice versa sex responded week old paper contained males females similar series tests showed showed patterns responses sexes meeting species stalk displays moving quickly smoothly displays centimetres away raises legs body lowered different stalking uses encountering different species despite receiving visual sight large anterior median eyes influenced usual visual cues start displays distinguish members species partner moves fringed legs species identify members species spiders species queensland species contests males usually seconds legs contact contests females usually long violent queensland including breaks leg victor loser eat loser eggs loser web unlike species victorious females queensland kill eat female sees male approach slowly wait male walks erect displays waving legs female run away gives display male stands ground run away repeat display approaches mature male tip female opening contact female sub adult maturity male sub adult male female capture web species usually mate web female typically seconds genera minutes hours unlike species females queensland eat mates hunting mature females signals reduce risk females males juveniles species contend prey effect aggressive prey spider prey spider visible prey inhabiting web female male species female males court species behaviour receive signals members species laboratory tests species including mate species females produce eggs queensland prefers lay eggs dead brown leaves millimetres long suspended near capture web cover eggs sheet silk dead leaf available female small horizontal silk platform capture web lay eggs cover eggs occasionally lays eggs dead leaf usually silk egg sac small horizontal web suspended main web like spiders hatching life stage called specimens mature experiment queensland fed spiders survived maturity fed mixture spiders insects survived fed solely insects died reaching 6th species spin horizontal web diameter twice spider body length suspended millimetres leaf spider lies head millimetres species spin similar temporary web resting queensland cases remaining web days series ecology found rain forests india sri_lanka hong_kong taiwan new_guinea malaysia including indonesia australia queensland lives foliage tree rock walls range common species genus queensland specimens live near running water moderate light specimens live caves light varies dark brighter mouths populations live higher light levels queensland members populations found exposed direct sunlight day queensland shares environment common prey abundant large populations non web building spiders ants prey stalk ants poisonous unpleasant preyed birds frogs difficult find wild shape movements disguised queensland variety easy raise variety troublesome maintain taxonomy species genus divided genus species groups group males fixed group males joint separated membrane group includes species originally described species named according jackson currently defined probably includes distinct species particular probably distinct species groups subfamily thought primitive molecular phylogeny technique compares dna organisms reconstruct tree life indicates member clade basal similar ancestors jumping spiders closest relatives genera
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