july july november american statesman diplomat democratic republican selected fifth vice president united_states serving known best namesake process electoral districts drawn aim aiding party power initial hard born wealthy merchant family vocally opposed british colonial policy active early stages organizing resistance american revolutionary war elected signed declaration independence articles confederation men attended refused sign united states constitution include bill rights ratification elected inaugural united_states congress actively involved drafting passage bill rights advocate individual state liberties opposed idea political parties cultivated enduring friendships sides political divide democratic republicans member diplomatic delegation france treated poorly affair held responsible breakdown negotiations democratic republican running unsuccessfully governor massachusetts times winning office second term legislature approved new state senate districts led word lost election state senate remained republican chosen madison vice presidential candidate elected died year half term declaration independence buried washington early life born july massachusetts father merchant operating ships mother elizabeth daughter successful boston merchant came mother ancestors parents children survived adulthood educated private entered shortly turning fourteen receiving entered father merchant business numbered wealthiest massachusetts merchants trading connections spain west_indies north american coast father migrated england active local politics leading role local militia early political career early time vocal opponent parliamentary efforts tax colonies french indian war ended sat committee sought enforce british goods frequently communicated massachusetts opponents british policy including mercy warren won election legislative assembly worked closely advance colonial opposition parliamentary colonial policies responsible establishing committee correspondence set boston incident mob action prompted resign committee year prominent established hospital performing smallpox means transmission disease known time fears local population led protests escalated violence wrecked facilities threatened properties politics closed city port port relief supplies colonies delivered town leading merchants patriots played major role ensuring storage delivery supplies boston activities care dying father elected representative september refused loss father congress revolution elected provincial assembly governor dissolved body october assigned committee safety responsible assuring province limited supplies weapons gunpowder remained british_army hands actions partly responsible storage weapons ammunition concord stores target british raiding expedition sparked start american revolutionary war battles lexington concord april staying inn arlington british marched night april siege boston followed continued leading role supplying nascent continental_army continue war progressed business contacts france spain acquire munitions supplies types involved transfer financial subsidies spain congress sent ships ports american coast financing operations unlike merchants evidence activity spoke favor price controls war related merchant activities notably increased family wealth gains tempered extent decline value paper held large quantities speculated served february matters ongoing war occupied body attention influential convincing number delegates support passage united_states declaration independence debates held summer wrote man safe gates earth hell implicated member called conway group military officers dissatisfied performance general george_washington military campaign took pennsylvania leader washington critics task early episode specifically denied knowledge sort conspiracy washington february political philosophy limited central government regularly advocated maintenance civilian control military held positions fairly consistently political career principally need stronger central government wake rebellion known personal integrity later years idea political parties remaining somewhat distant developing democratic republican parties later career formally associate democratic republicans opposition saw attempts power national government resigned issue refused offers state legislature return congress refused appointment state senate claiming effective state lower chamber refused appointment county judge comparing offer governor appointed governors benefit political allies elected fellow convinced rejoin state legislature agreed support needed reforms served body september time met new_york_city following year married daughter wealthy new_york merchant years junior best man good friend couple children ann health war sufficiently wealthy ended sold merchant interests began investing land purchased cambridge massachusetts estate royal lieutenant governor massachusetts confiscated state acre property known family home rest life continued property bought number properties massachusetts communities owned shares prompting political opponents characterize owner vast tracts western lands constitutional convention played major role held philadelphia summer consistently advocated strong state federal government powers state shaping membership federal government positions opposition popular election representatives rooted events rebellion populist uprising western massachusetts year preceding convention despite position sought maintain individual liberties providing checks government power abuse limit freedoms supported idea senate composition determined population view instead composed equal numbers members state prevailed connecticut compromise compromise adopted narrow vote massachusetts delegation divided voting favor proposed senators state casting single vote behalf state instead vote individuals vocal opposing compromise counted slaves person purposes house_of_representatives gave southern states decided advantage advocating indirect elections fear belief people united_states easily advocated indirect elections unsuccessful obtaining lower house congress obtain indirect elections members elected state advanced numerous proposals indirect elections president united_states involving limiting right vote state governors voting proposed constitution unhappy lack expression sort individual liberties proposed constitution generally opposed proposals strengthened central government delegates voted proposed constitution convention citing concern convention lack authority enact major changes nation system government constitution lack federal features state ratification ratification debates took place states following convention continued opposition publishing widely circulated letter documenting objections proposed constitution document cited lack bill rights primary objection expressed qualified approval constitution indicating accept amendment strong pro constitution forces attacked press comparing particularly vicious injury country infamous letter able life convention delegate connecticut charged deliberately faction consequence letter selected delegate massachusetts convention later invited attend convention leadership convention leadership dominated given formal opportunity speak left convention shouting match convention chair state ratified constitution vote debate result number previously friendly politicians including chairman united_states house_of_representatives forces nominated governor defeated popular incumbent following ratification opposition constitution noting number state conventions called amendments supported nominated friends opposition idea seat inaugural house_of_representatives served terms june proposed congress consider proposed constitutional amendments state conventions called notably rhode_island north_carolina time ratified constitution debate followed led opposition proposals arguing far ensuring individual liberties successfully lobbied inclusion freedom assembly amendment leading architect fourth amendment search seizure sought unsuccessfully insert word tenth amendment significantly limited federal government power successful efforts severely limit federal government ability control state militias tandem protection argued idea federal government controlling large standing army comparing standing excellent assurance domestic dangerous foreign adventure vigorously supported reports public credit including assumption value state debts supported hamilton new positions consistent earlier calls economic speculated continental bills credit issue evidence participated large scale speculation attended debate took place major investor new bank floor house speak aristocratic tendencies saw threats republican ideals generally opposed laws provisions perceived limiting individual state liberties opposed attempt officers executive significant powers specifically opposing establishment head gain power president opposed measures strengthened presidency ability fire cabinet officers seeking instead legislature power appointments stand election returning home raise children care wife agreed serve presidential election adams term office maintained good relations adams vice president hoping divided executive lead friction hopes realized split adams democratic republicans jefferson widened president adams appointed member special diplomatic commission sent tensions risen nations ratification jay treaty great_britain seen french leaders signs anglo american alliance france consequently stepped american ships adams chose cabinet opposition political grounds long standing relationship adams described men america adams joined commissioners france october met briefly foreign minister days meeting delegation approached french agents identified published papers leading controversy called affair demanded substantial bribes commissioners negotiations continue commissioners refused sought unsuccessfully engage formal negotiations commissioners marshall informal negotiations left france april sought leave stayed threatened war left refused significant negotiations afterward left paris august dispatches describing commission reception published united_states raising calls war naval quasi war followed notably secretary state accused supporting french breakdown talks adams republicans supported negative press damaged reputation burned home later correspondence published response attacks perception led military buildup threatened republican values formally joined democratic republican party early standing election governor massachusetts governor massachusetts years unsuccessfully sought governorship massachusetts opponent races popular moderate party dominated state politics despite national shift republicans republicans state divided regional support party decided run returning semi retirement deal personal financial crisis brother business affairs loan matter ultimately ruined finances remaining years republican won governor seat strong successor unable hold seat election went stood election gore won narrow victory republicans cast gore british loving wanted restore monarchy parents remained loyal revolution patriotic american described french gore honest man devoted government foreign influence temporary threat war britain aided battled victorious highly campaign year governor controversial second controlled state senate preached political discourse noting important nation present unified dealings foreign powers second term republican control legislature notably partisan state government legislature enacted reforms court system resulted increase number judicial appointments filled republican partisans party shortage qualified candidates played scored points complaining vocally partisan nature reforms legislation passed second year included bill membership harvard religious membership religious taxes harvard bill significant political slant recent split orthodox divided state extent party lines recently gained control harvard board state adopted new mandated electoral district boundaries republican controlled legislature created district boundaries designed enhance party control state national offices leading oddly shaped legislative districts unhappy highly partisan according son law thought highly signed legislation shape state senate districts resembled leading local newspaper print political cartoon calling creation districts called engaged partisan investigations potential libel elements press damaging popularity controversy libel investigation impending war contributed defeat hands brought retirement state senate notable success election body thoroughly dominated republicans house governor seat went substantial margins vice presidency death financial difficulties prompted ask president federal position loss election held early year chosen democratic republican party congress madison vice presidential running mate presidential election nomination offered viewed relatively safe choice attract northern votes pose threat thought likely succeed madison madison easily won reelection took oath office march time office vice president largely duties included advancing administration agenda congress patronage positions new_england actions support war partisan edge expressed concerns possible seizure boston fort independence known prelude cooperation sought arrest newspapers november fell seriously ill visiting treasury department died long returning home seven buildings buried washington memorial declaration buried nation capital estate left wife children rich land poor cash managed repay brother debts pay vice president legacy generally remembered use word refusal sign united states constitution role affair path politics age difficult characterize early biographers including son law struggled explain apparent changes position biographer consistent advocate originally envisioned role significant impact document eventually produced children seven survived adulthood son commanded uss albany united_states navy war sloop went hands ann left west_point father death commander war sloop uss albany sloop disappeared hands september near west_indies grandson member maine grandson thomas distinguished lawyer philanthropist new_york great grandson member united_states senator rhode_island depicted declaration independence painting reproduced reverse dollar bill beginning upstate new_york town believed named honor western new_york town town massachusetts originally incorporated honor changed present town submitted petition citing democratic republican support war landing road cambridge massachusetts located near bridge far 19th century area known landing known sir richard landing relative short time landing supposed house birth uncertain born house currently standing site earlier structure stands town named honor
Elbridge Gerry