root vegetable closely related plant usually grown annual long root cream colored skin flesh left ground mature flavor winter growing season plant mid green leaves produces flowering stem topped small yellow flowers second growing season time stem woody seeds pale brown flat winged native vegetable antiquity cultivated romans confusion exists literature time arrival europe cane sugar introduced united_states 19th century usually cooked eaten raw high minerals especially potassium contains fiber cultivated deep stone free soils attacked fly insect fungal diseases handling stems foliage cause skin skin exposed sunlight handling description plant roughly leaves odor crushed grown edible cream colored roots generally smooth lateral roots form cylindrical shape generally tends favored food resistant plant produces leaves pairs toothed margins lower leaves short stems upper ones terminal leaves leaves twice broad toothed margins grow long bases floral stem develops second year grow tall hollow sparsely branched single leaves measuring long arranged opposite pairs yellow flowers loose compound measuring diameter straight present measuring support secondary usually upper lower flowers tiny lack entirely measure consist yellow inward fruits oval flat narrow wings short spreading styles colored straw light brown measure long despite slight morphological differences wild taxon cultivated version readily cross number history like native eaten ancient times note archaeological evidence cultivation limited greek roman literary sources major source early use warn difficulties distinguishing roman times white purple classical writings vegetables called vegetable appears cultivation roman times emperor accepted tribute rome germany form europe vegetable source sugar cane available common figures long list enjoyed given milan plant introduced north_america simultaneously french colonists canada british thirteen colonies use root vegetable mid-19th century replaced main source potato consequently widely cultivated new called student developed england crossed cultivated plants wild stock aiming demonstrate native plants improved selective breeding experiment successful student major variety cultivation late 19th century taxonomy officially described work acquired synonyms taxonomic history mill like plants agricultural importance subspecies varieties described longer recognized independent taxa morphological variations taxon mill var var var var var var authorities distinguish cultivated wild versions subspecies species status europe subspecies named based characteristics leaves extent stems angled rounded size shape terminal etymology generic known certainty probably derived latin word meaning prepare ground planting vine meaning food specific epithet means uses resemble similar ways taste especially cooked baked boiled fried steamed rich flavor cases boiled solid portions removed soup leaving subtle flavor root dish considered essential christmas dinner parts english speaking world frequently features traditional sunday fried wine taste similar roman times believed typically feature modern italian cooking instead fed pigs particularly bred traditional chinese medicine root chinese medicine ingredient typical contains energy consist water sugar protein fat fiber rich minerals particularly rich potassium group present levels reduced cooking minerals found close skin lost root finely cooked weather converted sugar root tastes consumption potential health benefits contain potentially anti properties fiber partly partly type comprises high fiber content help prevent reduce blood levels etymology folk etymology assumes actually comes middle english alteration influenced old french latin kind fork word ending changed analogy mistakenly assumed kind cultivation wild modern cultivated varieties derived plant dry rough grassland waste places particularly chalk limestone soils normally grown sandy soils clay ground produces short roots seed significantly viability stored long seeds usually planted early spring soon ground worked fine position plants grow growing plants kept free harvesting begins late fall frost continues winter rows covered straw enable crop lifted weather low soil temperatures cause stored roots converted giving taste cultivation problems leaves larvae fly irregular pale brown passages seen upper lower surfaces leaves effects young plants leaves die treatment removing affected leaves chemical means crop attacked larvae fly pest feeds outer layers root way inside later season killed larger roots damage provides point entry fungal fly attracted smell bruised tissue food plant larvae species including common swift garden ghost larvae native europe accidentally introduced north_america construct feeding flowers partially developed seeds disease crop black orange brown patches occur crown shoulders root accompanied cracking flesh likely occur seed cold wet soil soil low roots damaged fly larvae fungi associated including europe found cause black kills plant early soft caused minor causes soft white buff colored mold grows surface common temperate subtropical regions cool wet season violet root caused fungus affects roots covering mat soil particles adhere leaves distorted spread soil plants harbour fungus prevalent wet acid conditions causes cause significant crop loss causes results leaf loss foliage moderate temperatures high humidity favor development disease known plant including seed borne virus yellow virus virus mosaic mosaic virus causes clearing areas leaf immediately veins appearance mosaic spots leaves infected plants root edible handling shoots leaves plant requires caution toxic like members family contains defense chemicals causes condition known condition type chemical burn reaction similar caused poison ivy symptoms include burning afflicted areas remain years reports experiencing toxic symptoms coming contact foliage small number compared number people grow crop problem likely occur sunny day gathering foliage pulling old plants gone seed symptoms mild moderate toxic properties extracts resistant heating storage period months toxic symptoms affect livestock parts bodies skin exposed found vegetables activities cited literature nancy francis nurse biology canadian related vegetable publishing isbn general profile plants database retrieved profile retrieved duke retrieved
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