jumping spider family found sri_lanka india burma malaysia singapore java sumatra philippines medium sized jumping spider orange brown brownish conspicuous main eyes provide vision acute cat day times acute essential navigation hunting mating genus called legged cats hunting tactics versatile lion members hunting tactics common prey trial error unfamiliar prey unfamiliar situations remember new approach jumping spiders prey mainly insects active hunting females build catch prey directly join web based spiders females males prefer web spiders prey followed jumping spiders finally insects cases females effective predators males populations philippines slightly different hunting tactics laboratory tests rely trial error finding ways prey web lure distract prey web building jumping spiders abundant sticky prey potential threats round web way makes prey believe threat areas absent local members use combination deception stab test explore ability solve novel problem miniature set spiders find best way cross specimens mountains repeated option tried unsuccessful specimens lake unsuccessful time quarters switched option uses displays individual threatens rival sex females threaten males way females extremely aggressive females trying invade results test showed risk confrontations silk territory marks test showed females recognise powerful fighters prefer near powerful ones females try kill eat mates males use tactics survive females mature mate juvenile females mimic adult females attract males prey hunting mature females signals reduce risk females males juveniles species contend prey body structure appearance species genus bodies female millimetres long millimetres long males bodies millimetres long millimetres long females orange brown slightly lighter eyes streaks violet green certain lights broad white running main eye ridge looks like horn females dark orange brown decorated sparse white hairs form bands near females brown black bear hairs gold white black consisting brown hairs tipped white males orange brown slightly lighter eyes brown black hairs lying surface white wedge shape stripe highest point white bands legs males orange brown brown black markings males brown lighter markings brown black hairs lying surface short band white hairs legs sexes dark brown light markings sections legs nearest body species genus elastic sexes spherical fed females stretch producing eggs senses spiders jump including significantly better vision spiders main eyes acute daylight cat times acute jumping spiders eyes large ones center position anterior median eyes called principal eyes housed tubes head providing acute vision secondary eyes positioned sides acting mainly movement jumping spiders middle pair secondary eyes small known function relatively large function secondary eyes main eyes focus accurately object distances approximately centimetres infinity practice centimetres like jumping spiders small visual field time acute main eye circle millimetres wide centimetres away millimetres wide centimetres away jumping spider main eyes red generally jumping spider subfamily includes genus objects long distances members members vision acute best jumping spiders example distinguish prey millimetres away times body length distinguish millimetres times body length main eyes identify features scenery times body length helps spider find takes relatively long time objects possibly getting good image tiny eyes complex process needs lot scanning makes vulnerable larger predators birds frogs identify predator size spiders like sensors modified smell taste touch vibration protruding cuticle skin unlike insects spiders antennae sense vibrations surfaces use mating hunting spiders total darkness use surface detect prey meets identify members species recognise familiar members determine sex member species hunting tactics tactics jumping spiders genus jumping spiders predators insects spiders common procedure sighting prey stalking silk safety line surface pairs legs jump victim finally biting prey jumping spiders walk day maximize chances catch members genus hunting tactics versatile lion members tactics common prey trial error unfamiliar prey unfamiliar situations remember new approach find best attack angle dangerous prey best takes visual contact prey planned route leads silk thread biting prey hour usually picks best route needs walk past incorrect route makes mistake hunting spider killed jumping spiders prey mainly insects active hunting females build catch prey directly capture funnel shaped widest cubic centimetres volume web initially built hours gradually stronger joins web web based non spider joined spiders female capture web suspended rigid foundations rocks bases stems shrubs web spider web extension web spider senses informing spider vibrations signal arrival prey predators web spider vibrations vary widely depending new web spider species sex experience spider web virtually unlimited range signals lure prey open prey repeating signal walks slowly close bite tactics enable web spiders size hunt types contrast spiders generally difficulty moving web building spiders find difficult unlike build sticky adhere spiders web builders non sticky builders difficulty non vice versa web sparse use moves free leg meets thread hunting spider web slow movement flaps legs resemble leaf caught web blown breeze use disturbances predators approach web spiders quickly revert cautious approach disturbance disappears web spiders run far away sense entering web reaction jackson panic large insect struggling web usually insect waits day insect stops struggling prey thoroughly stuck insect stuck web owned regional variant web spider web web spider enters web pursues catches web spider catching insect outside web uses pick moves slowly contact prey pick ups slowly uses manipulate prey biting occasionally jump insect good catching moving insects ignore genera especially quick perform small insects jumping spider prey generally faces runs away displays member species spiders prey contain dead insects partly eaten queensland corpses corpses obviously decayed typically takes minutes pursue prey pursuits longer extreme cases close hours pursuing web based spider eat eggs spiders including eggs species spiders extract eggs cases ranging ones tough ones queensland captures spiders nests steal eggs nests spiders venom unusually powerful spiders stabs small medium spider weight including prey usually runs away millimetres enters seconds continues seconds minutes slowly approaches prey takes usually needs inflict completely larger spider times weight wait millimetres away minutes seizing prey insects usually quickly continue struggle minutes contact types prey usually recover making sluggish movements minutes stabbing starting normal movement hour spiders narrow gut cope liquid food sets filters spiders pump digestive prey suck tissues prey gut eventually leaving prey grind prey pulp bases flooding species bases form cavity holds food processing occasionally killed injured pursuing prey twice size killed pursuits injured killed killed injured killed queensland killed pursuits injured killed especially tough skin prevents injury body caught spider injured lose legs spiders legs break easily attacked legs break exceptionally easily defence mechanism seen missing legs habitat seen missing legs tactics performance statistics result tests laboratory captive specimens following table shows hunting performance adult females addition table shows comparison hunting performances regional variants female hangs capture web stems leaves shrubs lower branches trees rocks tree males build capture female pursues small jumping spiders web spiders larger prey catches small jumping spiders larger ones equally effective sizes web spiders twice size female effective insects twice size insect stuck non web insects size seldom pursues catches larger insect open female seldom pursues catches larger insect web slightly effective smaller insects web situations males efficient cases test showed philippines sri_lanka similar preferences different types prey order preference web spiders jumping spiders insects preferences apply live prey specimens prey days fed prey days specimens prey days extra showed preference different types prey test included prey species web spiders jumping spiders selection prey species showed evidence affecting results insects represented house fly unlike queensland variant special tactics hunting jumping spiders prey ants preyed ants species uncertain approaches translucent nest contain spider usually waits faces prey hours occasionally leaps prey nest ineffective populations philippines slightly different hunting tactics dangerous prey spiders laboratory tests rely trial error finding ways prey web lure distract prey web building jumping spiders abundant members genus spit sticky prey potential threats long wrap silk bite round carrying eggs web way makes believe threat prefers stalk female carrying eggs reluctant drop eggs order spit case uses direct attack areas absent local members use combination spiders prey stab test showed jumping species surface flowers biting flowers spiders fed cycles minutes especially cycle formal test showed juvenile jumping spiders including generally prefer suck soaked solution sugar water paper soaked pure water authors suggest wild frequent convenient way nutrients avoid work risks costs making venom jumping spiders benefit minerals normally found test deliberately artificial environment explored ability solve novel problem trial error little island set middle miniature space filled water gap wide spiders jump way spiders options leap swim swim encouraged specimens small waves spiders chose option preferred leap swim spiders swim discouraged specimens making waves island spiders chose option want words rewarded group successful behaviour group unwanted behaviour specimens repeated option tried unsuccessful specimens unsuccessful time quarters switched option attempt swimming swimming reproduction courtship male spins small web twigs hangs larger females females spider species including volatile air generally attract males distance silk female jumping spiders contain stimulate males court females information female status example female juvenile mature help find jumping spiders nests usually hidden rocks rolled leaves making difficult seen use displays member threatens rival species sex females threaten males way display series sudden quick movements including striking charging leaps laboratory test showed males risk meeting recognising fresh pieces paper containing silk containing male males attracted fresh paper containing females females response fresh paper containing males suggested males usually search females vice versa sex responded week old paper contained males females similar series tests showed queensland showed patterns responses sexes adults species opposite sexes recognise display centimetres males usually wait minutes starting display female starts display female sees male approach slowly wait male walks erect displaying waving legs female run away gives display male stands ground ran away repeat display approaches mature female sub adult maturity male female capture web usually mate web female typically seconds genera minutes hours females try kill eat mates twisting males wait females legs making attack likely males try silk thread approach females manoeuvre higher position female moves male leaps runs away mature mate females mimic adult females attract males prey females extremely aggressive females trying invade results laboratory test showed risk meeting recognising pieces paper containing silk pieces contain females obstacles impossible physically present avoids paper containing moves female act territory marks mammals identify scent marking females avoid rival females higher fighting ability spend time powerful fighters laboratory test collected samples equal sized females pitted contests females avoided spent majority time similar tests showed females australia kenya avoid powerful fighter species contests males usually seconds legs contact contests females violent typically seconds occasionally include breaks leg usually female knocks killed eaten right quickly run way loser nest winner takes eats eggs hunting mature females signals reduce risk females males juveniles species contend prey effect aggressive prey spider prey spider visible prey inhabiting web female male species female males court species behaviour receive signals members species usually lays eggs dead brown leaves millimetres long suspended near capture web cover eggs sheet silk dead leaf available female small horizontal silk platform capture web lay eggs cover eggs females seen eating eggs nature females eggs seen eating eggs females species test females eat eggs female nests showing test females identify eggs possibly chemical means test females eggs restored nests females eggs placed nest test females ate eggs foreign ones nature female unlikely find foreign eggs nest females avoid eggs nests spin horizontal web diameter twice spider body length suspended millimetres leaf spider lies head millimetres spin similar temporary web resting ecology found sri_lanka india burma malaysia singapore java sumatra philippines populations philippines different environments low lying tropical species spiders especially dangerous higher altitude pine forest fewer species spiders dangerous los variant slightly wider repertoire tactics philippines prey ants preyed ants species uncertain solitary seen attacking test usually killed single handed taxonomy species genus species named simon subfamily thought primitive molecular phylogeny technique compares dna organisms reconstruct tree life indicates member clade basal similar ancestors jumping spiders closest relative genus closest
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