known early egyptian monarch ruled second dynasty egypt chronological position dynasty unknown disputed ruled duration reign unknown royal subject curiosity connected deity traditional debate continues chose earlier theories favoured idea egypt split realms time sought start new religion god newer evidence tend egyptian kingdom unified witnessed vast profound reform second dynasty seal impressions tombs era reveal great changes titles held high officials pointing reduction power seal impressions deities theory contemporary inscriptions indicating egyptian grammar perfected reign particular earliest seal impressions complete sentences date reign reign fact time cultural religious advancement existing negative views existence based king lists king list royal canon known nearly years death 4th dynasty tombs priests performing cult uncovered tombs report correctly existence demonstrate seen legitimate subject later historians consider possibility actually forgotten time preserved distorted form discovered preserved showed traces restoration undertaken later periods archaeological evidence found pressed seals clay mud inscriptions sandstone black vessels seals vessels excavated tomb excavation site clay seal found inside tomb large tomb granite found burial site shape unusual appear unfinished rough suspect deliberately reasons unknown cylinder seal unknown shows inside gives epithet beloved gods arrangement leads archaeologists conclusion seal created later use royal began long reign seal material shows royal title king instead unusual patron deity goes egyptian tradition king choosing falcon shaped deity royal patron traditionally king written image facade royal palace beneath falcon representing god instead chose set animal representing like popular deity early period god darkness chaos afterward later late period known set animal king associate examples include 13th dynasty 19th dynasty rulers 20th dynasty king choice patron rule period mid second dynasty led historians search possible explanations troubled times lived following sections discuss theories forth religious theories uniting older theories theory popular mid 20th century supported held sought introduce new state religion egypt god actions thought similar later 18th dynasty required serve proposed priests fought manner war roses second half second dynasty theory based observations excluded later king lists king tomb destroyed plundered antiquity finally tomb displayed set animal badly clear intention image actions religious opponents priest relied theory explain enormous quantity stone vessels inscribed second dynasty kings found beneath pyramid bags bearing seals proposed plundered tombs predecessors followers scattered equipment vessels gathered royal treasury reign following egypt finally beneath step pyramid act pious devotion contemporary theories today theory conclusions widely questioned archaeological evidence entirely found particular appear lower egyptian records surviving time argued ruled egypt authority force change state religion piece evidence argues theory false door priest held office early fourth dynasty inscription false door connects sentence king second dynasty according priests king king temple places implies cult continued fourth dynasty inconsistent assumption allowed mentioned additionally point fourth dynasty priest participating cult possibly brother cousin held title supervisor priests seal impressions found tomb deities ash min suggesting time throne finding argues single god promoting theory devised limited archaeological information available found clay seal impressions time according jean fare religious meaning association deity literally means comes forth heart comes forth egyptian means revealing clear writing convinced animal patron linked true prove equal lifetime meaning religious ambiguity uncommon names early egyptian perceived living incarnation equal measure like predecessors throne actually break sacred tradition added power examples titles early queens patron deities allowed carries similarly unusual king ruler second dynasty shows deities atop wears wears gods depicted facing kissing gesture special meant illustrate dual incarnation king representative power egypt interpreted advanced form remark targeted animals occur tomb attributed activity shortly death theory new discoveries suggested occurred centuries later states plundered antiquity tombs concludes targeted action particular excluded political theories earlier theories said egyptian state suffered civil wars economic political origin held responsible misery past explain later king lists excluded contrast recent theories hold egyptian kingdom divided division happened peacefully point preserved tombs belonging high officials dated reign ruler second dynasty consider archaeological record condition original architecture proof statewide kings successfully took place entire dynasty true preservation inconsistent theory civil wars economic problems reign rice think decided leave divided realm private political reasons split sustained second dynasty kings origin political division unknown happened beginning rule shortly chose deity new throne patron view prince royal house theory based deity origin explain choice changing smart political religious propaganda thought gained throne ruled whilst rulers held throne ruled identity believe known second dynasty ruler connected falcon god evidence clay seals found entrance tomb support hypothesis tomb found theory argue clay seals found entrance area tomb depict names inscription furthermore remark customary bury seal predecessor tomb presence seals line inheritance similar drawn ivory king found entrance king tomb clay seals found entrance tomb convinced discovery seals support view immediately succeeded buried scholars believe related theory based stone vessel inscriptions seal impressions strong similarities grammar vessels tribute people whilst inscriptions tribute desert indication related use syllables names false door inscription indicate identical king means frightening king lists forbidden mention contrast identify think possible sloppy inscription reign archaeological records support view egyptian state divided reign continued debate predecessors decided divide realm ruled egypt proponents divided realm theory believe king ruler second dynasty predecessor ruled egypt suffering overly complex state administration decided split egypt leave chosen successors rule separate kingdoms hope state administration improve archaeological evidence clay seals inscribed appear support claim ruled great number found single clay seal bearing found historians think realm extended rest egypt controlled different ruler supports theory famous stone concerning year events king twelfth year event onward king appears amended king appears sees strong indication power egypt diminished compare situation king rulers dynasty died obscure appeared battled throne egypt struggles reached apex royal cemetery cemetery abandoned new royal burial site conflict ended ascension king founder second dynasty scholar believes economic famine long lasting drought affected egypt better address problem feeding egyptian population split realm successors founded independent realms intent reunite famine bell points inscriptions stone opinion records annual floods constantly low levels period bell theory refuted today asserts calculations incorrect shown annual floods usual levels time period bell overlooked heights floods stone inscription account measurements memphis river state wide drought unlikely opponents divided realm theory scholars believe inscription famous stone fifth dynasty black displaying detailed king list argues division realm stone kings 1st 7th dynasty listed gold end royal mother lists contain rectangular windows presenting year events day king coronation death famous fragments stone called cairo stone line years king preserved year windows date death followed new king recent investigations reveal new king legged animal falcon legged animal early egypt god despite passionate disagreement indicated ruler likely edwards agree king year events increasing references suggesting tradition sole kings evolved rise king allied edwards think addition rulers kings surely true direct successor comparatively large archaeological finds reign brief estimated length years presented stone stone gives absolutely indication division egyptian realm edwards argue theory state division administrative reorganization split likely political accomplishments time throne founded administrative center called white house treasury new royal residence called protection located near ancient egyptian administrative titles seal adjusted correspond divided bureaucratic state administration example titles like king changed king upper egypt bureaucratic reform indicate attempt limit power officials evidence state administration administration system clear defined hierarchy example highest lowest rank treasury house royal highest ranking pension office property private property citizens lowest ranking ruler second dynasty able unify state administration egypt unite brought treasury houses egypt control bringing new single administration centre founded royal house house meetings created cities economic importance names city makers protector city city red granite city mentioned numerous clay seals alongside preceded phrase visit king inscriptions stone vessels mention tribute people indicate founded cult centre deity suggest ruled egypt accepted king egypt official reign beautiful priest king known highlight appearance popularity royal deity tomb clay seals found demonstrate complete written sentence recorded egyptian history inscription reads golden unified handed realms son king lower title golden read considered religious form address deity religious changes despite alignment numerous deities populace numerous clay seal impressions inscriptions mention gods ash min depictions deities followed place town principal cult center cairo stone statue ash credited clay seal impressions seal impressions sun disc atop royal ancient symbol god proof sun god egyptian early date appearance disc evidence evolving sun cult change sun disc appears connection state patrons example predecessor sun connected connected king sun finally received time throne change follower priests officials connected rulers lower egyptian historians convinced ruler investigation rulers ongoing king lists differ order royal names king onward royal table royal canon reflect traditions allowed rulers mentioned king list reflects instead traditions rulers appear list king king lists agreement list list mention kings successors king list jumps forward calling considered result division egypt second dynasty additional contradictory findings names kings discovered dynasty king stone vessel inscriptions mention kings mentioned times suggesting reigns short king identical king successor king identical kings bird remain mystery appear number objects surviving limited bird contemporaries ruled whilst ruled tomb buried tomb royal cemetery near excavation tomb started supervision french archaeologist foray followed excavations supervision british archaeologist sir exploration tomb undertaken swiss tomb construction straightforward compared size royal tombs area surprisingly small design model tomb king dynasty thought tomb architecture tomb similar residential palace tomb measures metres metres comprises independent structures center main burial chamber measuring metres metres mud bricks wood north east west sides burial chamber surrounded small storage rooms leading south face long runs inner structures outer wall excavations supervision revealed tomb erected completed great hurry building works took place single phase walls roughly monument collapsed times centuries tomb restored twice tomb thought findings tomb extensively plundered tomb antiquity numerous stone vessels remained stone vessels copper coated similar better known finds tomb vessels preceding rulers found tools copper excavated special findings include silver needle engraved king clay seal fragments king stone entrance common burial chambers second display different museums royal enclosure royal enclosure mud bricks found close tomb clay seals located near eastern entrance inside destroyed offering shrine findings support view building burial site enclosure commonly known discovered supervision canadian archaeologist british enclosure wall located north west site enclosure barn measures metres metres housed cult buildings enclosure entrances east south north small shrine measuring metres metres located south east corner enclosure comprised small subsidiary tombs found tradition burying family court king died abandoned time rulers dynasty
Seth-Peribsen