south french state modern day democratic republic semi independent initially proposed province sought autonomy similar circumstances larger neighbouring state south political turmoil arising independence known crisis unlike explicitly declare independence reject sovereignty south leader main advocate represented faction nationalist movement national exploited ethnic tensions ethnic group create focused state group traditional south eastern parts region violence broke country state declared august government called living rest return homeland appointed president south government claimed form autonomous federal wide state exercised degree regional autonomy produced constitution postage stamps state supported foreign powers particularly belgium funded diamond exports resolved numerous crises including caused large emigration refugees increasingly soon south troops clashed central government ordered offensive offensive planned act offensive accompanied widespread refugee crisis termed genocide contemporaries state rapidly overrun troops violence suppression provided legitimacy deposition office prime minister late later arrest assassination result south remained relatively good terms new government leaders including served south government parliament continued exercise quasi independence united_nations troops able territory conflict south april took royal title king tie state closely pre colonial act divided south authorities majority parliamentary representatives december arrested legal pretext imprisoned troops occupied september shortly escape prison return ousted military coup état forced exile brought end end usually held december date arrest october anti coup état final arrival government troops background colonial rule european colonial rule began late 19th century king belgium frustrated country lack international power prestige attempted persuade belgian government support colonial expansion largely belgian government idea led eventually create colony account support number western countries viewed useful rival colonial powers achieved international recognition personal colony largest regional power region annexed new state turn century violence officials indigenous ruthless system economic extraction led intense diplomatic pressure belgium official control country creating belgian rule based colonial trinity state missionary private company interests belgian commercial interests meant large amounts capital flowed individual regions specialised occasions interests government private enterprise closely tied state helped companies break strikes remove barriers imposed indigenous population country split organised administrative subdivisions run uniformly according set native policy contrast british french generally favoured system indirect rule traditional leaders retained positions authority colonial oversight ethnicity start colonial period region formed federation local kingdoms degree cultural 17th 18th centuries spread large parts savannah river basin eventually developed number ethnic notably united single state groups retained degree emotional attachment based shared origin myths cultural practices groups like long histories region major colonial rule arbitrary population new ethnic groups despite shared language culture groups colonial administrators believed inhabitants river area different dubbed colonists believed intelligent open new ideas believed stupid result 1930s state began treat groups differently applied different policies promoted positions 1950s began fear rise powerful elite threat colonial rule administration began support organisations contributed growing ethnic groups organisation called established campaign socio economic advancement group unofficial representative animosity brought head discovery colonial proposal farmers land fertile land territory result animosity rose violent clashes broke august demonstrations plan violently colonial military police nationalist movement politics nationalism anti colonial nationalist movement developed 1950s primarily class black movement divided number parties groups broadly divided ethnic geographical lines opposed largest united organisation dedicated achieving independence reasonable time created charter signed leading figure end party claimed members found moderate number parties emerged distinguished support affiliation certain ethnic main rival led radical party supported people north strongly party southern split largest african nationalist parties different factions took differing number issues increasingly moderate radical mass membership radical faction headed split away july failed induce mass members faction known majority group split divided party support base endured chiefly region north east backed popular south ethnic group later formed united elections degenerated succeeded obtaining failed control provincial government instead promoted candidate provincial governor refused important ministerial portfolio government refused offer agriculture portfolio felt rejected central government began supporting alternative parties supported party nearby strongly stance opposed conception strong central government based capital supported main local rivals des party led represented favour believed acting behalf created animosity failed gain support racial prejudice supported authentic persecution republic received independence june joint government days previously officials petitioned parliament peacefully divide province lines suggested motion required modification new constitution received parliament divided factions agreement reached aftermath independence ethnic tensions country directed number violent clashes occurred despite rejecting earlier proposals january official return homeland july initially envisaged division order allow creation quasi autonomous dominated provincial government proposed province termed état rapidly realised chaos rest declare local independence decision enforced état led july visited start august shortly august declared divided costs august declared region south eastern new mining state south état état unlike explicitly mean rejection position resembled self declared local governments autonomous state title chosen order enforce impression rejection sovereignty creation federally governed region support journalists intellectuals politicians newspaper calling model new states form new federation practice considerably independence regular province powers effectively despite members party continued sit deputies parliament declared president lived single state able gain broad support chiefs able portray internationally result persecution failure government sufficiently protect rest height numbered million inhabitants square kilometres territory state capital currently known governance established power positioned personally big man patron state power originated tribal leaders ethnic groups enjoyed close client like relationship received treatment exchange services particular reliant tribal leaders support south army immediate internal problems faced south large number unsettled refugees internal dissent non minorities state able direct money diamond foreign support fund public services allowed refugees settled employment social services relatively run july state adopted constitution turning état declaring state sovereign democratic hypothetical federal republic state flag published official journal état produced postage stamps south army grew members inception nearly military led campaign expand size state territory expense neighbouring ethnic groups despite receiving support belgium poorly equipped constantly low supplies ammunition government authority consolidated government increasingly authoritarian groups increasingly political opponents killed driven exile including groups region especially fought constant low level south government international support went great lengths secure international recognition support state colonial power belgium central government supported governments like important mineral deposits including diamond fields belgian companies large sums money tied mines area belgian company state principal supporter received concessions exchange financial support comparatively large income companies meant able support significant public services cope large numbers internally displaced refugees context cold war supported western powers government viewed moderate supported south_africa france state received form official diplomatic recognition coup état removed power tried good relations government particular able use execution political opponents including importance ethnicity support traditional tribal authorities declared title usually translated king emperor extremely symbolic title employed rulers pre colonial disused 1880s taking extra homeland able closely tie south state increase legitimacy eyes order avoid accusations title bestowed father april immediately favour son accession title july state title changed accession position heavily criticised south remained popular groups lost support south saw elevation soon elevation publicly condemned south representatives parliament beginning state collapse campaign august september government troops fighting troops region south held important railway junctions needed army campaign soon important objective important mineral wealth central government anxious return central government misunderstood south position believing like region declared independence rejected sovereignty initially hoped united_nations sent multi national force july help central government suppress south reluctant considering internal political matters mission maintaining basic law order rejected united_states sought military support communist soviet_union days soviet logistical support troops launched major offensive attack extremely successful august soldiers arrived course offensive involved ethnic violence result number large civilians september secretary general recently deployed large force referred case genocide attacked south ensuring troops participated killed violence advance caused exodus thousands civilians fled homes flee fighting left refugee camps capital sought refuge diseases notably malaria smallpox widespread reached epidemic proportions refugees october december allegations genocide brutality provide legitimacy dismissal support september aftermath campaign south state able provide substantial aid refugees homes jobs attempted reconciliation despite occupation south state dismantled existed rest delegates troops generally able territory conflict south authorities sporadic campaign forces continued period south fought militias region local ethnic violence continued conferences held modern day later madagascar attempt broker peaceful reconciliation factions central government face rebel government led believed dead possible create federal constitution reconcile parties agreements instead led uncertainty arrest december accused deputy communist having ordered corporal punishment political prisoner parliament voted remove political immunity taken custody delegation tribal elders sent protest briefly arrested visited soon march recently convened agreed modify constitution gave south official provincial status april troops ordered occupy new aggressive stance following death sentenced years imprisonment september escaped prison returned hoped regain official position local elections head government regain immunity coup état dissatisfaction grew south plotted overthrow regime september government appointed special commissioner giving military civil power local state approached lead mutiny coup état night september military commanders led led coup état regime coup état followed calls fully integrated october central government troops arrived support help suppress loyalists marking end escaped capture coup fled exile barcelona spain aftermath october returned state continued hold central government collapsed january forces began aggressive stance compromise provinces formally established constitution regime launched restructuring state provinces retained order discourage sentiment province later include new territory districts renamed majority south soldiers integrated dissolution state nearly loyalists went hiding await possible restoration rebels led general fought guerrilla war new provincial government accepted integration soon end city renamed end crisis launched second coup état central government took personal emergency powers established sole source political power gradually consolidated control number provinces reduced autonomy curtailed resulting highly state increasingly placed supporters remaining positions importance illustrate legitimacy created party nation legal political party revised constitution state renamed efforts remove colonial influences remaining foreign owned economic assets country time characterised widespread corruption economic issues ethnicity politics state resolved crisis partly contributed decline support concept state people strongly favour acts provinces abolish independent legislative capacity subsequent loss faith central government reasons labeled failed state contributed violence factions advocating ethnic
South Kasai