history public relations textbooks consider establishment founding public relations profession academics found early forms public influence communications management ancient settling new world movement abolish slavery england considered founder public relations united_kingdom establishment academic believes founded britain victorian propaganda united_states united_kingdom germany rally domestic support enemies world wars led sophisticated commercial publicity efforts public relations talent entered private sector historians believe public relations established ivy lee spread internationally american companies departments spread practice europe created european result marshall plan second half twentieth century considered professional development building era public relations trade associations news magazines international agencies academic principles profession established early 2000s press release services began offering social media press releases manifesto predicted impact social media controversial time effect social media new internet technologies broadly accepted ancient origins term public relations developed academics like identified early forms public influence communications management ancient according pioneers main elements public relations practically old society informing people people integrating people people said historic events defined decision quarrel clay tablet found ancient iraq promoted advanced agricultural techniques considered known example public relations egyptian persian leaders created statues promote divine right lead additionally claims magic religious authority persuade public king right rule ancient greek philosophers aristotle created early theories rhetoric greece advocates hire called said public book public relations communication management said largely ethical lot principles communication egypt court advisers consulted speak honestly documented deeds wrote campaign biography promoting military successes commissioned poems support political position medieval europe organized managed collective reputation england lord acted rulers subjects pope urban recruitment referred public relations effort founded term propaganda created congregation faith trained missionaries spread christianity term carry negative associated government publicity world war early created result lobbying english barons insist recognize authority church explorers like columbus exaggerated claims settlers come new world example area virginia described captain follows soil plentiful sweet world colonists wrote europe hardships virginia including death toll caused conflicts indians pamphlets anonymous authors circulated potential settlers criticisms newsletter daily newspaper founded germany respectively cardinal france pamphlets supported policies attacked political opposition government created publicity bureau called information propaganda weekly newspaper originally controlled french government gazette sides english civil war conflict pamphlets attack defend monarchy respectively poet wrote anonymous pamphlets advocating ideas divorce establishment republic importance free speech anonymous pamphlet influential criticizing advocating alliance british dutch austrian governments harvard_university sent england raise money missionary activities indians support fund raising university produced earliest fund raising new_england fruits early version press release columbia_university sent announcement graduation ceremonies newspapers printed information princeton university routine practice supplying newspapers information activities college according professor systematic forms began public started organizing social political movements established england published books posters hosted public lectures england advocating slavery industries relied slavery attempted persuade middle class necessary slaves humane living conditions abolished movement abolish slavery began establishment american anti slavery society tactics adopted british abolitionist movement according abolitionist movement available device communication appeal action petitions pamphlets political lobbying local societies south responded defending slavery basis economics religion constitution cases propaganda promoting abolition slavery forbidden south killed jailed public relations played role abolitionist movements france australia europe called public relations event pseudo event staged event intended influence public pamphlets american crisis spread anti british propaganda united_states slogan taxation representation revolution won disagreements broke united_states_constitution supporters constitution sent letters called papers major news outlets helped persuade public support constitution exaggerated stories persuade public fight war mexico migrate west respectively author said public relations 1800s spontaneous centralized 1920s americans wanted perspective french american democracy run mob sense history sense gratitude served sense meaning virtue combat perception french helped fund american revolution invited tour united_states community visited created committee welcome promote visit founded known circus manipulative techniques example announced museum exhibit year old woman washington nurse produced elderly woman forged birth certificate early environmental campaigning groups like formed late 1800s late 1800s standard practices media relations conducting interviews press conferences emerged industrial firms began promote public image german steel armaments company krupp created corporate press department write articles communications advertising firm corporate department established public relations department created inventor industrialist hired men pet project alternating current electricity scholars believe appearance term public relations year book railway literature origins profession book today public relations introduction says experts disagree public relations origins identify early 1900s beginning paid profession according academic field anchors work historical events order improve perceived validity didn begin professional field said somewhat place beginnings public relations establishment boston explains origins exact date developed time series events textbooks public relations developed united_states expanding globally academic united_kingdom said developed simultaneously claims began professional field 18th 19th century british victorian according academic activities didn begin professional field 1920s according academic efforts time damage control according newspapers virtually mass circulation magazines featured detailed articles describing industry public corrupted politics public abruptly critical big business anti corporate pro reform sentiment reflected newspapers dramatically increasing circulation cost paper decreased public relations founded defend corporate interests sensational hyper critical news articles influential promoting emergence mass production early pioneers agency founded boston journalists including ivy lee ivy lee called father influential establishing professional practice lee published declaration principles said work open accurate cover topics public interest according historian declaration principles marked beginning emphasis informing misleading public ivy lee credited developing modern press release way street philosophy listening communicating public lee helped facilitate positive media coverage inviting press scene railroad accident despite objections executives time secrecy corporate operations common practice lee work identified spin propaganda mining union blaming massacre strike miners families killed state militia family coal mining operation family behalf lee published called facts concerning struggle colorado contained false misleading information lee warned losing public support developed strategy junior followed repair necessary junior overcome personally colorado meet miners families inspect conditions homes factories attend social events especially listen closely grievances novel advice attracted widespread media attention opened way resolve conflict present versions response labor press said lee twisted facts called paid hired public opinion company announced start publicity campaign perceived errors opened new press secretary started publicity programs nephew referred father profession theorist work 1920s took approach audiences carefully understood persuaded things client perspective wrote textbook taught college course introduced practice groups order protect tobacco interests 1930s started course influenced theories authored books including propaganda engineering consent saw applied social science uses insights psychology disciplines scientifically manage manipulate thinking behavior public helped cigarette brand increase sales female demographic research showed women reluctant carry pack cigarettes brand green color scheme clashed popular fashion choices persuaded fashion designers charity events interior designers color green positioned cigarettes represent rebellion norms male dominated society according lee initial spectacular successes raising art snake oil salesman calling true late careers lee took clients clearly values exposing work public criticism contributor early theory work books public opinion coined term manufacture consent based idea public consent experts support democratic society journalist considered founder founded agency authored world code ethics field clarke wrote look true look complete credit gone suggested selection facts campaigns persuade public considered father corporate public relations work company experiencing resistance public efforts early 1900s assessed percent press coverage negative reduced percent changing business practices information press according business historian page positioned company public utility increased public appreciation contributions society said advertising dollars newspapers manipulate coverage team write feature stories published written independent journalists early campaigns influential growing clan million members years publicity techniques early 1920s formed british government encourage preference goods produced britain folded government cuts pamphlet projection england advocated importance england managing reputation domestically abroad established presidents emphasize use publicity 1930s roosevelt media promote new deal blame corporations country economic problems led companies recruit defend roosevelt anti trust efforts led corporations attempt persuade public bigger corporations necessarily evil wilson media promote government reform program formed 1930s create major campaign promoting capitalism pro business viewpoints lobbied unions new deal hour work day tried unsuccessfully convince public interests public aligned corporate interests create association commerce democratic principles second world war promised man uniform gets bottle cents costs company company persuaded politicians crucial war effort sugar established europe based companies departments created european amid concerns dropping diamond prices sales volume advertising agency adopted strategy strengthen association public mind diamonds romance larger finer diamond greater expression love known america great campaigns successfully public purchase expensive luxury items time financial stress psychological manipulation led development slogan diamond forever influential diamonds marketed world war signs public relations profession began france established marshall plan wartime propaganda world war organized large scale propaganda campaigns world war germany created create pamphlets books communications intended support cause encourage voluntary recruitment enemy persuade america remain neutral conflict response learning germany propaganda british created war propaganda agency called september stories real alleged hatred enemy especially rape belgium france created propaganda agency publicity australia led lift government ban military drafts austria-hungary propaganda tactics attack credibility italy leadership motives war italy turn created led allied propaganda austria-hungary week united_states declared war germany president established propaganda agency alternative demands media censorship army navy spread positive messages present upbeat image war denied fraudulent atrocities anger enemy recruited minute men volunteers spoke war social events minutes result world war propaganda shift theory focus factual emotional appeals psychology crowd term propaganda originally associated religion church widely known concept world war propaganda develop negative nazi propaganda world war germany world war propaganda considered advanced nations adolf_hitler said propaganda utilized claimed superior british propaganda main reason losing war nazi_germany created propaganda march nazis took power nazi party took editorial control newspapers created news organizations established nazi controlled news organizations conquered regions nazi party posters films books public speakers tactics according historian broadcasting important medium propaganda war posters domestically dropped enemy lines air ship regions conquered germany citizens punished death listening foreign broadcasts britain organizations involved propaganda understanding audiences different countries propaganda focused fighting freedom connection war efforts industrial production soviet posters focused industrial production countries citizens subordinate government aggressive propaganda campaigns continued peace time liberal democratic nations primarily use propaganda techniques support war efforts professional development according historian 1940s public relations taught universities professional occupation relied similar way lawyers doctors failed obtain complete recognition profession history author said reputation profession getting worse said progressing true professional status academic said achieved quasi heath said despite field newfound ethics reputation effected history behavior number media outlets increased talent wartime propaganda entered private sector practice public relations reach political activist corporate objectives development press real time media led heightened scrutiny public relations activities represent example richard_nixon criticized office responses scandal trade associations formed followed london similar trade associations created australia europe south_africa italy singapore founded held conference year british book public relations publicity published founded called lady public relations female president today largest firms founded respectively created media tour 1950s touring country twins professional salon home care products period trade magazines like week founded founder known international pioneer major firm create strong international network 1960s 1970s followed establishing operations london 1960s began competing internationally asia europe regions influential companies extend efforts french market convincing french businesses engage activities early 2000s latin_america began developing pace par nations according public relations evolved series press agents manner theory practice 1980s research published academic journals like led industry consensus work step process research planning communication action social digital 1990s communicating certain audiences certain market segments emerged investor relations technology new internet technology social media websites effected strategies tactics april managers created manifesto manifesto established way social media internet technologies going change business concluded markets faster companies getting information manifesto created storm strong detractors supporters year published book permission marketing advocated advertising favor marketing useful educational initially controversial commonly accepted social media important role public relations press releases unchanged century began integrate digital features introduced smart news release incorporated audio video images followed release created shift communications response blog written journalist blogger titled die press release die die die incorporating digital social features norm wire services companies started routinely making company announcements corporate blog according new_york_times corporate communications shifted monologue way communications new media easier consumers learn mix ups example horizon oil spill tried blame parties claim spill significant focused science human interest stories related damage emerging facebook tried spread privacy concerns competitor created communications crisis allegedly repeatedly negative comments facebook page iraq war exposed created false radio personalities spread pro american information paid iraqi newspapers write articles written american troops
History of public relations