certain species short family possess solitary phase phase description solitary phase numbers low pose major economic threat agriculture suitable conditions drought followed rapid vegetation growth brains dramatic set changes start breed nomadic loosely described migratory populations dense form bands later winged adults bands rapidly strip fields cause damage crops adults powerful travel great distances consuming green vegetation formed ancient carved tombs insects mentioned bible devastated crops cause human recently changes agricultural practices better surveillance locations tend originate meant control measures early stage traditional means control based use ground air methods biological control proving effective behaviour decreased twentieth century despite modern surveillance control methods potential form present suitable climatic conditions occur occur large insects convenient use research study classroom edible insects eaten history considered countries word derived vulgar latin meaning phase certain species short family insects usually solitary certain circumstances abundant change behaviour habits taxonomic distinction species basis definition species forms intermittently suitable conditions english term species change forming develop bands immature stages called changes examples phase analysed described instrumental setting discoveries studies desert solitary phases previously thought separate species designated phases referred migratory strictly speaking nomadic migratory involved achieving understanding control behaviour response increased hind legs causes increase levels causes change colour eat breed easily transformation form induced contacts minute hour period large consist spread area thousands square kilometres population eighty million individuals square kilometre million square mile shown desert meet nervous systems release causes mutually attracted initial bands known join larger groups known continuing regional level originating number entirely separate breeding locations known early stages population scattered bands spread large area time goes insects cohesive bands concentrated smaller area desert plague africa middle_east asia lasted number increased thirty billion generations area covered decreased square kilometres square kilometres solitary phases greatest differences solitary phases attracted seen early second soon form bands thousands individuals groups behave like cohesive units landscape downhill making way round barriers merging bands attraction insects largely visual involves cues band navigate sun pause feed intervals resuming march cover tens kilometres weeks differences morphology development desert migratory example darker strongly contrasting yellow black markings grow larger longer developmental period adults larger different body proportions sexual higher rate mature rapidly start earlier lower level mutual attraction individual insects continues adulthood continue act cohesive group individuals detached fly mass left feeding rejoin passes overhead individuals settle feed fly past overhead settle turn acting like rolling unit changing leading edge spend time ground feeding resting moving vegetation exhausted fly considerable distance settling location rainfall caused green flush new growth distribution diversity species including especially following different parts world continents antarctica extinction north_america example australian plague australia desert probably best known species owing wide distribution north_africa middle_east indian ability migrate long distances major covered western africa unusually heavy rain set favourable ecological conditions occurred autumn rain allowed develop north morocco algeria threatening crossed africa appearing egypt jordan israel time countries years cost handling million damage crops billion migratory classified subspecies africa asia australia new_zealand rare europe form migratory formed billion insects reaching plague status covering half country march species african rice display like behaviour change interaction humans ancient times study literature shows course history insects arrived unexpectedly change wind direction weather consequences devastating ancient carved tombs period devastating plague mentioned book exodus bible taking place egypt mentioned ninth century chinese authorities appointed anti officers aristotle studied breeding habits recorded devastating plague mentioned human following associated corpses linking human disease widespread china killed population locally blamed caused increase numbers rats recent times continued appear irregular intervals main recorded desert migratory occurring africa middle_east europe species caused havoc asia period years recorded china bombay major pest india southeastern asia eighteenth nineteenth centuries seldom plague extinction source west united_states parts canada nineteenth century albert estimated cover square miles km2 greater area california weigh million tons insects specimen seen alive canada recent research suggests breeding grounds insect valleys rocky_mountains came sustained agricultural development large influx gold miners destroying underground eggs monitoring early intervention successful means dealing later action built technology control populations available financial political problems difficult overcome monitoring key reducing damage early detection bands objective sufficient proportion nomadic bands treated phase reached reaching objective possible richer countries like morocco saudi_arabia neighbouring poorer countries lack resources act source threaten region organizations world monitor threat provide forecasts detailing regions likely suffer near future australia service provided successful dealing developing great advantage having defined area monitor defend invasions service provided west service executed control agencies belonging country concerned monitors situation million hectares cultivated land threat control historically little people protect crops devastated eating insects early twentieth century efforts disrupt development insects soil eggs laid collecting catching machines killing flame throwers trapping ditches crushing mechanical methods 1950s found extremely effective later banned use countries persistence environment food chain years control needed targeted spring applying water based contact tractor based effective slow labour intensive possible spray concentrated solutions aircraft insects vegetation feed use ultra low volume contact aircraft overlapping effective nomadic bands treat large areas land swiftly modern technologies planning control include gps tools satellite imagery computers provide rapid data management analysis biological control tested africa multinational team dried fungal spores species sprayed breeding areas pierce invade body cavity causing death fungus passed insect insect area making repeated treatments unnecessary approach control treat hectares infested adult outbreak contained elephants present area unharmed ultimate goal control use methods disrupt environment possible extent agricultural production easier secure regions growing crops vital importance survival local people experimental models large easy breed rear experimental model research studies evolutionary biology research discover degree conclusions reached organisms fruit fly applicable insects suitable school laboratory animal ease grown handled food cultures world consume insects considered eaten african middle eastern asian countries food history cooked ways fried smoked dried recorded bible john baptist ate wild honey greek living wilderness attempts explain suitably vegetarian food beans plain meaning insects use insects food permits consumption certain specifically red yellow spotted grey white considered islamic eating considered permits eating permitted dead things dead dead fish permitted consumption muslims work allow consumption dead allowing consumption muslims narrated said permitted dead things liver prophet muhammad reported eaten military raid companions including narrated incident said raiding prophet seven raids ate arabic encouraging eating came medicine came saving medicine appeared medicine eaten saudi_arabia consumption believe healthy eat warned unsafe use led advisory citizens picking ground eating issued eaten kuwait interviewed like eat enter said willing described recipe morocco 19th century european travellers observed arabs egypt morocco selling cooking eating reported egypt palestine consumed reported palestine river jordan egypt morocco arabs ate syrian peasants eat region peasants poverty suffered famine ate removing head wholesale christians arabs reported eaten frequently arab described european traveler different types favored food arabs use anti arab racial arab arabs iranian rap artist released song called arab kill arabs widely reported arab media claimed released approval lyrics song arabs islamic guidance denied gave approval song condemned product sick mind yield times edible protein unit fodder cattle produce lower levels greenhouse gases process feed conversion rate beef typically protein content fresh weight adult larvae compared beef calculated protein efficiency ratio low protein compared standard desert provides fat found abundant varying amounts potassium calcium iron present
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