order comprises families storm diving called called english referred collectively term applied commonly families exclusively feeding open ocean cosmopolitan distribution world oceans highest diversity new_zealand colonial nesting remote predator free islands larger species nest surface smaller species nest natural exhibit strong returning colony breed returning nesting site years form long term pair bonds formed years life pair single egg laid nesting attempt usually single nesting attempt year larger nest years parents participate chick times long compared birds periods chick fledged parental care long relationship humans important food sources people continue hunted parts world particular subject numerous cultural depictions endangered bird taxa species threatened extinction introduced predators breeding colonies marine pollution danger fisheries catch scientists fishermen governments world working reduce threats posed efforts led signing agreement conservation legally binding international treaty signed biology distribution movements cosmopolitan distribution world oceans seas levels family genus clear patterns antarctica fly ocean breeding colonies antarctica northern breed northeastern tip greenland north piece land cosmopolitan family found tropical temperate polar zones northern majority breed tropics half species restricted southern temperate polar regions generally tropical temperate distribution polar temperate species majority confined storm widespread fall distinct distribution found majority family restricted feeding nesting cool temperate areas genus ranges north pacific family absent north atlantic fossil records indicate bred finally diving restricted migration species order variety migration strategies species undertake regular trans annually breeding grounds new_zealand chile japan alaska california annual round trip longest measured annual migration bird number species undertake trans including wilson storm providence cross equator rely wind assisted flight long distant migrants order storm breed western pacific western indian_ocean nesting hawaii migrate coast japan non breeding season navigation species order travel long distances open water return nest site year raising question navigate accurately welsh naturalist carried early research animal navigation island release experiments flew boston distance miles kilometres days showed released clear sky sun stars visible oriented flew direct line making journey rapidly flown straight line sky overcast time release flew circles lost returned slowly implying astronomical cues morphology flight range size large wandering metre foot wingspan tiny birds like storm inch wingspan smallest fairy wingspan nostrils enclosed tubes straight deeply bills hooked tips plates wings long narrow feet hind toe undeveloped non existent adult plumage predominantly black white grey order characteristics starting tubular nasal passage ability smell helps locate distributed prey sea help locate nests nesting colonies structure bill contains seven distinct plates feature differences order plate called forms hook smaller members order like plate feeding members order unable walk land species visit remote breeding islands night exceptions huge disable large predatory birds stomach oil project distance stomach oil stored digestive created diving mainly storage energy rich food long flights oil fed young defence drink excess salt birds enlarged nasal base bill eyes active general terms salt removes salt system forms percent solution nostrils forcibly ejected processes involve high levels blood salt water absorbed essentially generates salt free water uses high efficiency absorption attributed type use techniques flying dynamic soaring slope soaring giant share morphological adaptation aid flight sheet locks wing fully extended allowing wing kept muscle effort storm unique flight patterns surface water surface holding moving feet water surface holding steady water remaining stationary rapid wind anchor place similar flight method thought extinct family white faced storm possesses unique variation holding wings angle wind pushes water surface succession jumps diet feeding exclusively marine exception rule species giant regularly feed land species diet species dominated fish squid marine importance food sources varies species species family family example species found hawaii black takes fish feeds mainly squid general feed fish squid concentrate small fish little squid consume mainly squid storm small oil surface water small crustaceans fish obtain food prey swimming surface prey wing diving water pursue prey flight commonly storm records wedge tailed flying fish air rule technique rare diving birds aid diving beginning air active divers use wings water depths achieved species determined 1990s came surprise scientists short tailed recorded diving light breeding behaviour breeding behaviour breeding colonies colonial predominantly breeding offshore oceanic islands species nest continents environments dry antarctica colonies vary widely spaced colonies giant dense million strong colonies storm species need breed reason return land larger nest locations require wind forage food colonies pairs defend usually small territories giant large territories small area nest competition pairs intense competition species particularly larger species kill chicks adults smaller species disputes natural commonly smaller species storm diving cavity tropical surface high levels site fidelity tendency individual bird return colony breed years leaving colony chick tendency shown ringing studies mitochondrial dna studies birds chicks recaptured close original nests extremely close average distance hatching site site bird established territory study nesting near found male chicks returned breed colony actually bred raised mitochondrial dna provides evidence restricted gene flow different colonies strongly suggesting type exhibited site fidelity pairs birds return nesting site number years extreme examples known tendency fidelity northern returned nest site years average number birds returning nest sites high species studied percent percent males percent females successful breeding attempt pair bonds life history breeders form long term pair bonds pair bonds years develop species particularly formed breeding seasons cases life pair courtship elaborate reaches extreme pairs spend years elaborate mating dances dances composed performances actions pointing calling bill staring combinations like sky particular pair develop individual version dance breeding behaviour elaborate similar bonding involved particularly surface nesting species involve flights mutual calling calls important helping birds locate potential mates distinguishing species help individuals assess quality potential mates pairs formed calls serve help reunite ability individuals recognise mate demonstrated species selected long lived caring extensively offspring breeding delayed years long years largest species begin breeding single breeding attempt nesting season egg lost early season seldom lay effort placed laying single large egg raising single chick long lived longest living known survived years probably older tiny storm known survived years nesting chick majority nest year tropical like christmas able nest cycles slightly shorter year large great genus nest alternate years successful temperate polar species nest spring summer nest winter tropics species found breeding year nest periods return nesting colonies months laying attend nest sites regularly prior laying females embark lengthy pre laying exodus build energy reserves order lay exceptionally large egg stormy small egg percent body weight female grey faced female spend days feeding sea courtship laying egg female returns lays shared sexes male taking stint female returning sea duration individual varies days weeks bird lose considerable weight period varies species species days smallest storm longer largest species span days longest period bird hatching chicks semi having open eyes dense covering white grey feathers ability nesting site hatching adult remains chick number days period known guard phase case nesting species chick able usually days diving chicks longer longer guard phase surface nesting species deal greater range weather contend predators like consequently longer guard phase long weeks weeks chick fed parents chicks fed fish squid stomach oil stomach oil oil composed neutral created prey items energy source chicks advantages prey value slightly lower value diesel oil real advantage species range huge distances provide food hungry chicks oil defence create stomach oil diving chick months hatching twice long body mass reasons length time associated distance breeding site food predators nesting colonies pressure quickly second time long distance nest site adults forage chick higher growth rate stand better chance death duration vary species stages development small feeds frequent guard phase afterward frequent feed deliver large energy chicks recorded double weight single night probably fed parents relationship humans role culture important family culturally described author legendary birds featured poetry form famous poem ancient turn gave rise usage metaphor burden generally believed good kill bring bad luck instances culture sailors legends storm considered warn oncoming storms general considered soul birds representing souls drowned sailors considered touch russian language species families order known literally means announcer storm russian writer turned imagery describe russian society attitudes coming revolution storm announcing lead character poem soon popular revolutionary circles battle anthem revolution species called stormy english applied russian fact known russian entirely romantic english uniformly stormy image translations poem usually known english song stormy exploitation important food sources humans long people able reach remote breeding colonies earliest known examples remains year old chile likely exploited prior marine cultures industrial exploited cases extinction cultures continue harvest practice known example use sustainable traditional method known alaska residents short tailed late 1980s residents indian_ocean harvested eggs yellow tourist draws locations head exploitation non effects need careful management protect birds tourism english naturalist wrote years ago exhibited storm large dish evening meetings wrote pennant speaking birds breed inhabit says bird use supplies oil lamps beds tables wounds medicine photograph taken shows view men women beach dividing catch author calculated person consumed year meat staple food caught birds annually human population left population suddenly grow threats conservation severely threatened taxa worldwide face variety threats severity varies greatly species species species common including wilson storm estimated million individuals short tailed million individuals total population species breeding amsterdam species thought extinct storm mexico number species died numerous species poorly known example fiji rarely seen discovery breeding colony new_zealand storm located february thought extinct years bermuda considered extinct nearly years principal threat larger species long line fishing bait set hooks attractive foraging birds hooked lines set hooked year lines set long line fisheries ban drift net fisheries estimated year died result caused steep declines species extremely slow breeders replace numbers fast losses estimated percent percent year species sustain long exotic species introduced remote breeding colonies threaten types principally form predators species clumsy land unable defend mammals rats feral cats pigs phenomenon ecological resulted declines species implicated extinction storm wrote owing introduction small mammals breeding species completely appear danger extinction introduced ecology islands introduced rabbits destroyed forest new_south_wales increased vulnerability nesting island natural predators left vulnerable sticky fruits native tree natural state fruits lodge forest removed fruits fall ground sticking feathers making flight impossible exploitation decreased importance threat threats include plastic plastic cause general decline fitness bird cases lodge gut cause leading death starvation picked foraging adults fed chicks development reducing chances successfully vulnerable marine pollution oil species nest high large developed islands victims light pollution chicks attracted unable reach sea estimated percent percent attracted respectively taxonomy comes latin word means violent wind storm order order named german beginning 20th century family named family called rendered order called major early work group figures taxonomy included greatly enlarged order taxonomic treatment certainly erroneous assumption close evolutionary relationship higher appears correct considered closely related having diverged million years ago living species worldwide order traditionally divided extant families extinct family early early extinct group narrow feet wide flat especially fourth toe family varied group small medium sized largest giant heavy size high wing loading need fly fast giant weak legs nearly helpless land family large large strong hooked bill strong legs enabling walk land family storm smallest flight long weak legs dark white underside family diving small short bills wings flight low water wave probably better treated distinct families traditional view correctly represent phylogeny storm separate clade diving clade larger clade true contains fossil species broadly resemble living including oldest confirmed record belgium dna evidence confirmed common ancestry taxonomy order complex fluctuating fossils bird similar found london clay louisiana diving occurred species family described numerous fossils extinct family fossils found iran
Procellariiformes