november march march british military officer colonial administrator military service included time africa europe sent leader troops supporting sir distinguished appointed lieutenant governor dominion news glorious revolution reached colonies overthrown soon caught unrest new_york fled england served lieutenant governor governor virginia maryland supported founding mary selected governor virginia involved colonial military actions queen anne war leading aborted expedition canada led expedition successfully captured port royal october afterward served governor nova_scotia royal governor south_carolina following rebellion rose rank died bachelor london supported public education colonies member influenced american architecture responsible layout design maryland virginia earliest advocates colonial union principally reasons defense common enemies early life military service born village yorkshire england november little known ancestry early life apparently received education served page household later winchester duke patronage career advanced waited daughter jane married patron promoted career military career began january purchased ensign commission saw service french flanders regiment saw combat disbanded end year july purchased staff lieutenant commission newly formed sent english reinforce garrison holding city council headed duke york later king governor colonel distinguished service carrying dispatches enemy camp london addition favorable notice brought attention powerful colonial secretary abandoned regiment returned england service met number people figure prominently north american colonial history including probably regiment rebellion role behaviour troops unknown selected charles_ii governor prospective strongly criticized role rebellion james withdrew nomination dominion governorship instead went sir captain accompanied commander company infantry boston october sent essentially reconnaissance mission french cover delivering letter protesting variety issues governor careful observations port royal defenses impressed service soon appointed dominion council dominion lieutenant governor extended dominion include new_york east commissioned dominion lieutenant governor traveled new_york control colonies rule assisted local council legislative assembly seen new line royal governors arbitrary way ancient privileges justified rule stating colonists conquered people claim rights seen improvement outgoing governor province old guard unhappy removed provincial records boston alarmed protestant population preserving chapel fort james handful new_york catholics worship response rumored dutch invasion england rumor turned true january ordered provincial militias alert protect province king unknown events england changed things rebellion boston james deposed william mary glorious revolution late massachusetts rose rebellion arresting dominion leaders boston revolt rapidly spread dominion new_england colonies quickly restored pre dominion governments news boston revolt reached new_york week later took steps announce news revolution england fear raising prospects rebellion new_york word boston revolt reached long_island politicians militia leaders mid dominion officials ousted number communities time learned france declared war england bringing threat french indian attacks new_york northern frontier attempt panicked rumored indian raids invited militia join army garrison fort james new_york defenses poor condition council voted impose import duties improve met immediate resistance number merchants refusing pay duty particular born german immigrant merchant militia captain vocal opponent dominion regime saw attempt impose province played role regulars council petitioned militia addition seeking rapid improvement city defenses wanted access powder magazine fort request denied concerns city inadequate powder supplies concern exacerbated city leaders began hunting city additional supplies rebellion new_york minor incident remark militia officer open rebellion known temper told officer fire commanded rumors flew town fact prepared burn day summoned officer demanded surrender commission officer commander wealthiest men city engaged heated argument brother militia captain stormed council chamber militia called descended occupied officer sent council demand keys powder magazine eventually surrendered hinder prevent following day council militia officers called command city militia rebels issued declaration hold fort behalf new monarchs sent properly governor point militia controlled fort gave control harbor ships arrived harbor brought passengers captains directly fort cutting outside communications council june decided leave england began gathering use proceedings left city june jersey shore hoped join expected sail england soon june actually managed sail denied passage number ships eventually purchased share order away meantime proclaimed rule william mary june 28th provincial committee safety acting absence legitimate authority chose province commander chief arrival london august outlined situation new_york king urging appointment new governor new_york despite efforts duke patrons william november instead chose colonel governor new_york king acknowledge efforts lieutenant governorship virginia virginia maryland lieutenant governor virginia serving governor lord tenure instrumental creation mary named original trustees worked improve provincial militia approved establishment additional ports trade province opposition larger merchants province saw additional ports competitive threat time high level representatives crown rule colonies eliminated northern colonies southern colonies governed governors recommended king order better establish common social order coordinated defense established colonies quickly possible including conversion colonies crown colonies lord resigned virginia governorship february beginning contest virginia governorship london senior figure awarded post annoyance episode deepened growing dislike men contemporary chronicler wrote especially resented sir particular account earlier dealings lieutenant governorship maryland worked arrived september received sailing london england maryland governor sir died provisions commission request maryland governor council went maryland september organize affairs provincial court services paid appointed governor maryland arrived july found provincial treasury demanded return payment refused appealed ruled october return committed anglican member church_of_england sought reduce roman catholic influence maryland government moved old colonial capital catholic stronghold southern maryland called anne town known briefly providence later renamed honour future monarch princess anne chose site laid plan town placing anglican later episcopal church state house designed public spaces known later state circle church circle use diagonal avenues connect parts town details plan federal city washington district_of_columbia century later architectural historian describes virginia laid later tenure best designed towns british_empire supporter public education promoting laws support funded construction king william school predecessor ancestor today noted academic liberal arts school classical education great books embroiled dispute colony north deal issue piracy maryland vigorously cracked practices colonists tolerate pirates brought goods hard currency provinces aware penn governor similarly tolerant said taking bribes allow pirates trade pennsylvania ordered ships destined pennsylvania stopped searched maryland waters collected duties carrying european finished goods penn protested dispute subsided tactics rule maryland specifically denied colonists rights writing hampered colonial interests maryland kept able govern feud persisted acquired powerful ally founder mary able gain support anglican establishment england filed long list complaints efforts successful convincing request permission resign december given governorship virginia angrily refused records term lasted largely mercy council dominated small group powerful virginia families rule unpopular virginia instructions gave little acting consent point characterized virginia council mere understand manners number unsuccessful attempts alter balance power including moving provincial capital renamed opposed upper house colonial legislature generally supportive continued favored london government exposed french activities mississippi_river governor maryland warned french working complete designs explorer gain control river dominate indian relations interior fatal consequence english colonies reiterated warning report suggested issue instructions governors encouraging development trade indians afraid wrote god peace french able able king william war observations earliest concerning threat french expansion posed english suggestions ultimately adopted policy actively promoted idea trade frontier colonial governors including new_york following political crisis england accession throne ministry emerged sidelined whig patrons despite best efforts retain post recalled replaced returned london active awarded membership scientific observations north_america acted consultant maintained awareness colonial issues queen anne war king william war asked appropriate money new_york defense threatened new france acted protect virginia refused appealed london queen anne war broke lent new_york money expectation virginia quit publicity scheme increased dislike virginia played role recall virginia militarily affected war efforts gain broader colonial support war followed larger proposals london suggesting example colonies joined single power taxation control standing army according historian people propose uniting north american colonies way course year conflict north_america known war scottish businessman interests new_york new_england came london winter proposed queen major assault new france recruited join effort include sea based attack quebec royal_navy support land based expedition ascend hudson_river descend attack montreal given command land based effort command provincial militia new_england accompany fleet arriving boston april immediately began raising forces supplies needed operations able draw earlier connections new_york aristocracy recruit needed forces additional units coming new_jersey connecticut raised force regulars provincial militia june began construction major north albany southern end awaiting word fleet arrival boston expedition turned disaster men sick died poor conditions camps summer dragged news fleet supplies ran short men began finally october learned circumstances europe fleet participation canceled july time men units destroyed fortifications stores aftermath returned london taking indian chiefs petitioned permission lead limited expedition port royal capital french queen granted petition charge forces captured port royal october battle marked conquest began permanent british control territory called nova scotia published account expedition victorious returned england petition expedition capture center quebec resulting naval expedition led admiral led associated land expedition route taken ships walker fleet rocks near mouth saint lawrence river expedition cancelled anger reported tear wig throw ground heard news nova scotia south_carolina returned london failed expedition began working acquire governorship nova scotia victory governor rule colony controlled port royal somewhat ineffective ministry power disagreed handle affairs especially respect resident french catholic population capitalized complaints dispute marked bitterness extreme accusations example accused sympathies awarded post october commission included governorship authority colonial accounts spent weeks port royal leaving governance lieutenant governor weeks marked sought capitalize change governor gain concessions prepared issued order restricting interaction troops town resulting reduction poor morale port royal garrison cracked open trade british colonial merchants french requiring licensing british merchant wanting trade french ports spent time nova scotia governor boston devoted significant time investigating finances interpreted hostile examination affairs largely partisan attempt called fury madness inspire attempted prevent sailing england better defend forcing flee reach connecticut order ship england accession george throne change whig ministry succeeded clearing recovered post accused province served royal governor south_carolina colonists rebelled rule appointed response request crown governance rebellion prompted inadequate response indian threats brought british troops established council composed primarily supporters rebellion gave significant latitude control colonial affairs posts enforcement means crack political opposition established local governments modeled set maryland virginia including incorporation charleston expended public money education church_of_england introduced ground breaking judicial administration colony negotiated agreements territorial boundaries promoted trade pursuing policies similar advocated maryland virginia introduced commissioner indian affairs colonial government post survived crown assumed duties managing indian affairs like colonies south_carolina suffered chronic shortages currency issued bills credit compensate administration times consequences reach crisis proportions left colony anger merchant interests raise complaints combined long running false accusations supporters engaged smuggling felt need return england defend charges returned london carrying earliest collections later life england promoted lieutenant general married died london march buried parish george square claim cited 19th century biographies turned false discovered early 20th century personality notorious temper according historian subject fits passion story indian said general drunk informed strong drink indian replied mean drunk born drunk points hasty temper led great legacy college william mary named honor
Francis Nicholson