muhammad arabic palestinian politician historian educator early career worked ottoman palestine lebanon long arab nationalism activist cause following arab revolt ottoman_empire joining nationalist society campaigned union modern day levant opposed foreign arab lands served educator principal implemented pro arab nationalist educational system promoting ideas arab independence unity particular brand arab nationalism influenced islam beliefs arab unity arabic culture later founded nationalist party palestine principal organizer anti british demonstrations exiled damascus result activities helped support arab revolt mandatory palestine incarcerated damascus french authorities involvement revolt prison began study interpretations released eventually compiled interpretation entitled joined led resigned year methods left syria afterward briefly aided unity talks syria egypt mid-1950s time death written thirty books published numerous articles palestinian question arab history islam biography early life background born middle class muslim family family long involved extensive trade relationships merchants damascus memoirs writes import textile goods outside damascus father paternal grandfather owned store khan recalled remember father grandfather title merchant merchants referred owners commercial textile cloth shops shops confined confined called middle received elementary preparatory education ottoman government run schools city addition arabic learned turkish english basic knowledge french strengthened end formal education left school going istanbul finish education custom generation instead educated according self taught intellectual loyalty ottoman_empire originally supported ottoman_empire based feelings identification islam belonging larger ottoman muslim nation served local ottoman administration clerk assignment department northern palestine northern enthusiastic expecting new ottoman government institute reforms grant arabs autonomy framework empire loyalty ottomans eroded impact new governments policies viewed ideals dissatisfaction driven support arab independence empire joined cup withdrew soon turkish nationalist political agenda played active role establishing branch party originally founded istanbul joined arab members counter policies cup joined anti group based sought prevent sale arab owned land jews submitting petitions ottoman sultan buying land sale purchase jews june helped prepare secretary palestinian congress known arab congress paris congress delegate working established purpose spread arabic culture region establishment arabic schools society succeed outbreak world war appointed commissioner deputy promoted time director postal stamp sales promoting unity syria world war served retained post serving ottoman army joined underground organization high ranking member damascus aim liberate unite arab lands ottoman rule wake arab revolt left ottoman civil service serve king provisional government damascus arab nationalist endorsing concept greater syrian arab state following world war armistice held political posts including secretary general march secretary muslim christian association branch secretary jerusalem spring summer vigorous political campaign waged arab politicians palestine divided younger politicians older politicians campaign centered political future palestine younger politician played central role younger politicians consisted arab nationalists sought unite palestine king syria older politicians consisted palestinian nationalists preferred palestine independent entity leading member lobbied arab groups jerusalem advocate palestinian unity arrival june met party immediately expressed support suggested meet din supporters independence convinced gather older politicians jerusalem meeting house clear leader older politicians favor unity older politicians followed suit commission arrived concluded june favor palestinian unity week july held meeting damascus secretary called immediate independence syria sovereign state constitutional monarchy opposition establishment southern syria palestine founded officer damascus organization urged societies clubs palestine cooperate condemn decision grant great_britain mandate palestine hope younger politicians unity syria curtailed known leaders movement helping arabs paris peace conference afterward believed devote palestine issue deserved attention deposed french july event deteriorated ambitions arab unity confirmation british mandate palestine san conference april experience damascus revealed arab nationalism concrete advocates thought military colonial powers france great_britain overwhelming force contend educator continued political activity representing fourth palestinian congress seventh palestinian congress june served principal later initiated arab nationalist political educational process wrote textbooks educator students later nationalist politician wrote weekly lesson principles nationalism modern society way thought recalls wrote nationalist historical plays students perform leader prominent merchant future associate invited home speak large group students nationalist patriotic education recognition contribution spread arab nationalist sentiments gained influence palestine fight member appointed rival nationalist jerusalem islamic religious trust convinced city change unlike arab politicians time supported combination pan dedication palestinian nationalist ideal began edit newspaper early 1930s december january wrote articles encouraging arabs fight british policies middle_east unite face growing dangers renew drive freedom independence august founded independence party palestine originally operated syria palestine facing disappointing circumstances territories party british rule staging demonstrations political social refused allow participate meetings local palestinian political parties british high commissioner wrote article june attacking palestinian interests argued wealthy arab palestine british willingly leave palestine countries poor middle class arabs remain fight die battle british oppression helped organize demonstrations protested british policy palestine continued jewish immigration principal organizers arab revolt palestine erupted hometown launch palestinian general strike arrested british authorities june imprisoned military camp sent delegation consisting baghdad discuss situation return january revealed advice given cease hostilities revolt exiled palestine british authorities damascus later year held meetings iraq explore solutions help arabs avoid appearing despite attempts calm situation damascus established headed palestine echoed holy war british encounters describing man lacking arrogance self love open available people people loved lived life worked closely house arrest garner support supplies revolt supervise arab rebels palestine late accused french military authorities helping palestinian rebels revolt tried military court sentenced years imprisonment exile british abruptly curtailed political life imprisonment marked beginning new life major concern years released november release unable return british authorities issued order preventing entering palestine result left turkey staying end established late joined member council request served delegates september convention lebanon support representative prime minister iraq openly criticized delegates questioned right send delegates convention later year resigned attitude wider representation later life resigning spent rest life modern state syria left politics concentrate literature writing 1930s 1940s works published 1960s pan arab intellectual aided establishing union syria egypt forming short lived egypt adopted constitution declaring arab country people arab nation concluded egypt syria position unite unity negotiations underwent suggested forms federation american soviet indian models recommend specific model arab state suggest institution federation egypt syria step realization comprehensive union granted palestinian historian day interview allowed photo copy memoirs entirety noted failing health time died damascus age daughters son literary works modern histories arab nation contrast history individual arab country composed late 1920s title book begins describing origins semitic peoples rise islam end arab rule middle_east groups foreign rule arabs western powers book intended textbook primary secondary schools later iraq simplified direct language nonetheless played pioneering role development pan published widely read story angel land broker reflecting popular arab sentiments growing threat attacking tempted palestinian land owners sell land jews story describes methods arab landowners sell land main characters story farmer jewish girl encourages spend deep debt forcing sell land price far value later lifetime leaving politics published memoirs discussed detail city late 19th early 20th centuries according gives graphic description hometown residential quarters industries inhabitants length social composition town reveal open conflict feudal families new generation middle traders civil servants teachers studies interpretations imprisoned damascus provided opportunity read reflect states considered opportunity act divine favor started reading books studies accessible compiled books dealing conceived idea writing modern interpretation time turkey exposed libraries wrote rough draft entitled states uncover wisdom revelation fundamental concepts range subject matter present new style new order generally aimed muslim youth alienated traditional interpretations placed emphasis close relationship text environment revealed rejected states originally preserved tablet seventh heaven sent lowest heaven gradually muhammad completion rough draft wrote volume chapters served introduction stresses close connection biography muhammad states fully reflects stages career muhammad emphasizes angels spoken sake reinforce muhammad missions goals contends presentation dictated muhammad task collect covers copy task fix unify prevent variant readings expresses doubts ali alleged arranged collection critical modern certain verses support scientific theories argues people harm islam sacred character convinced interpretations possible basis renewal development islamic religious political social thought resource muslim traditional norms islam islamic thinking uncommon follow chronological order justify position seeking damascus legacy life arab nationalist supported unity syria palestine particular brand arab nationalism influenced islam belief arab unity arabic culture according perspective ideology main points arabic language arab homeland shared arab history common arab interests believed arab nationalism pre dated islam maintained islam expanded arab territory stamped eternal mark arab nationalism according meant islam provided arabs spiritual cultural legal unity framework unity arab individual formed moral social beliefs lived arabs able preserve national identity maintain culture face foreign invaders including ottomans contends arab nationalism new concept borrowed west asserts constituents arab nationalism stronger modern forms nationalism world ideas helped spread word secular pan religious nationalists believed separate syrian palestinian mid-1950s asserted stage arab union based merger egypt syria opinion union northern arabs syria southern arabs egypt facilitate adherence arab states believed egypt capabilities human resources compelled fill role arab prussia remarked egyptian president founder short lived union saying arab revolt turks arab leader level events emerged vanished like shooting star states moved civilization arabs evoked distant arab past obvious reasons islam central past case islam important binding substance nation culture civilization words culture language history religious solidarity hold arab nation according contributed arab nationalism practical intellectual domains greatly list works history min arab min min min min islamic
Izzat Darwaza