pronounced abbreviated literally vernacular writing known write variants southern min chinese particularly southern min developed western missionaries working chinese southeast_asia 19th century refined missionaries working uses modified latin alphabet represent spoken language initial success widespread taiwan mid-20th century people large printed material religious secular produced script including taiwan newspaper taiwan japanese rule use suppressed faced martial law period use declined establishment early 21st century system general use christians non native native speaker enthusiasts taiwan continue use native computer support developed users input methods extensive online rival writing systems evolved ongoing debate mother tongue movement system versions devised chinese varieties including southern min chinese pinyin means vernacular writing written characters representing everyday spoken language vernacular writing applied kinds writing character based term commonly restricted system developed presbyterian missionaries 19th century missionaries invented refined system instead terms vernacular origins system extensive use christian community led known modern writers church abbreviated debate church appropriate objections refer system literary register appear system describing vernacular writing inaccurate objections church non christians secular writing use commentator observes today largely religious purposes term disliked status identifying system instead fully fledged sources disagree commonly history history heavily influenced official attitudes southern min christian organizations propagated early documents point purpose creation nature closely allied christian converts early development people use script write spanish missionaries manila 16th century mainly teaching aid spanish influence development early 19th century china closed christian missionaries instead overseas chinese communities earliest origins system found small vocabulary printed went publish dictionary dialect chinese language according dictionary represents major reference work different modern system dubbed early church scholar subject stationed influenced chinese areas reflect major differences southern min important developments occurred work especially application consistent tone markings influenced contemporary linguistic studies sanskrit mainstream interest western scholars convinced accurate representation reproduction structure vital tones chinese language difference opinion obtained considered importance paid little intention author decidedly opinion having found uniform experience strict attention tones impossible person understood system influenced later dictionary regard initials complicated system emphasis literary register dropped later writers following work chief proponent major changes devised morrison adapted personal communication letters articles printed chinese consensus arrived new version williams suggestions largely followed major work represent new anglo chinese manual published manual regarded presentation pre modern significant step onwards different today system details point authors adjusted system tone marks manual survives intact modern traditionally regarded founder community uses early promoter system inventor treaty concluded included provisions creation treaty ports christian missionaries free preach known treaty ports british canadian american missionaries moved start preaching local inhabitants missionaries housed created reference works religious tracts including bible translation naturally based pronunciation speech facto standard eventually moved areas notably taiwan treaty officially opened taiwan western missionaries missionary societies quick send men work field usually acquire language maturity major varieties combined form fusion known taiwan mixture migrants linguistic situation similar resulting blend southern city differed blend close missionaries ignore differences import system wholesale fact religious tracts teaching guides existed tongue meant missionaries taiwan begin immediately intervening time needed write materials missionary opinion divided desirable end fledged means literacy chinese characters described step road reading writing characters claiming promote independent writing system nationalist china characters considered sacred chinese culture taking believed literacy goal soon arrival firmly convinced things years experience strengthened conviction healthy living church necessary members men women read scriptures second end attained use chinese character attained use script great promotion taiwan came medical missionary based donated small printing press local church learned operate founding subsequently appeared produced printed newspaper taiwan authors alterations conventions laid evolved eventually settled current form pocket dictionary reference work reflect modern spelling dictionary time number works published chart change time competition introduced japanese era taiwan form system designed teaching aid pronunciation guide independent like 1930s onwards increasing japan movement encouraging people measures taken native languages including moves resulted suppression logical consequence increasing education japanese explicit attempt ban particular favor second sino japanese war beginning brought measures force publications prohibited style chinese pinyin private schools taught classical chinese literary pronunciation closed japanese authorities came perceive obstacle suspected hide concealed codes secret revolutionary messages climate ongoing war government banned written world war initially government taiwan liberal attitude local non varieties chinese produced outlining versions writing tongue intended newly arrived government officials outside taiwan local government action native languages came use japanese instruction forbidden suppress movement came use outlawed point time people taiwan southeast asia years later missionaries banned use native languages non languages church work illegal ban overturned churches encouraged use character instead government activities intensified late 1960s early 1970s publications banned seized effort prevent spread use schools official settings forbidden schools punished fines humiliation printed banned allowed return year later publishers agreed print chinese characters banned dictionary southern min government official saying objection dictionary foreigners use form don want published book sold publicly contains chinese learning chinese 1970s translation known red cover bible confiscated banned nationalist regime official moves native languages continued 1980s decided missionaries use local work ending martial law restrictions local languages quietly lifted resulting growing interest writing 1990s time 1950s language literature discussed debated openly newspapers journals support opposition party writing language total documented including defunct systems invented including different adaptations like systems commentators believe steering clear outright banning native language movements end martial law took divide conquer approach promoting language alphabet alternative time choice majority inside movement native language education remained fiercely debated topic taiwan 21st century subject political current system current system stable 1930s minor exceptions detailed fair degree similarity vietnamese alphabet including distinction use vietnamese compared uses following letters combinations chinese traditionally divides syllables chinese parts firstly initial blend appears beginning secondly final consisting optional nucleus optional ending finally tone applied terms non features nucleus required chinese varieties unlike like southern varieties chinese final stop release feature preserved middle chinese debate stops feature authorities distinguishing feature features southern min optional nasal property written usually identified legitimate takes form initial nucleus stop tone items indicate optional components initials coda endings limited legitimate syllables sources disagree particular instances syllables following table contains syllables based number sources tone markings standard seven distinct tones convention numbered number omitted tone distinct tone long merged tone tones represented distinguished ending tone tone southern min undergo considerable tone changes tone depending position given sentence like pinyin chinese marks citation tone original pre tone tone actually spoken means reading aloud reader adjust tone markings page account textbooks mark citation tone tone assist debate correct placement tone marks case particularly include modern writers follow rules tone marked contains tone mark goes includes mark final letters mark second rules apply occurs mark mark nasal single indicate compound constitutes compound controversial authors word english willing limit english concept word examples include circus recover illness rule based behaviour tones compounds clearly defined double deployed system indicate following pronounced neutral tone marks reader preceding undergo tone following non neutral following double function words audio examples regional differences addition standard syllables detailed regional variations speech represented non standard semi standard dialect spoken parts taiwan close particularly northeastern coast final replaced example egg cooked rice texts origins church material script religious nature including bible translations books hymns guides morality established printing materials periods quiet suppressed early 1940s period million volumes books printed study different texts existence version teaching materials religious texts books medicine geography sin translation chinese english dictionary vernacular spoken language translation king computing initially supported word processing applications special needed write support improved sufficient resources enter display correctly input methods exist enter including microsoft windows cross platform released add allows input word processing applications fully supported standard necessitating work employed necessary characters private use section required writer reader correct custom font installed solution replace troublesome characters near example standard followed represent introduction combining character combining dot right necessary characters present write regular need addition characters relatively able properly render script including combining characters han mixed script popular modern ways writing mixed called simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin literally chinese roman han mixed script style unlike written japanese historically korean fact term describe specific system covers kind writing features chinese characters usually recently texts begun appearing problem chinese characters write southern min estimated percent running text definitively associated particular character strategies developed deal issue including creating new characters chinese characters written similar meanings etymology represent missing characters missing mixed writing different aims allow native speakers write chinese characters use knowledge characters replacing missing second character gradually replaced eventually fully text examples modern texts include religious scholarly literary works principles adaptations chinese varieties adapted varieties chinese varying degrees success missionaries produced bible translation hymn book textbooks materials produced called include sin today bible society thai everybody learn isbn fat isbn hymns isbn modified version created current status native speakers taiwan unfamiliar writing system variety commonly asserting writing aware considering low form writing contrast high form chinese characters introduced alongside han completely chinese character based systems clear preference shown character systems systems preference list likely familiarity readers chinese characters remains richest inventory written work including textbooks literature publications areas estimate number users secular organizations formed promote use speakers outside taiwan rarely example university uses known based pinyin areas spoken singapore underway actively discourage people speaking non varieties favour switching instead taiwan chose official use teaching state school system candidate systems compromise system chosen end retains standards including tone marks changing troublesome character replacing supporters writing general deeply suspicious government involvement given history official suppression native languages making unclear dominant system future
Pe̍h-ōe-jī