annual family plant found small island growing rocky altitudes species endemic hawaiian species genus discovered expedition botanist differs hawaiian species leaf linear leaves fruits plants indigenous alien endemic including fan palm considered plant directly observed island past expeditions collected plant samples seeds specimens managed survive conservation efforts outside native habitat known plants seeds botanical gardens conservation recovery plans proposed united_states island plant listed endangered species designated island critical habitat plant classified critically endangered iucn red list plant endangered threatened plants listed endangered species act taxonomy species collected day visit island expedition botanist collected specimen june second collected june forest botanist helped provide descriptions comments species described named brown publication paper plants leeward_islands hawaii paper originally described plant species island recognize common description endemic species annual plant grows height narrow linear leaves small green flowers fruit holds single dark red seed male female flowers found plant differs hawaiian species leaf linear leaves fruits fruit open release seeds fruits long wide plant thought wind distribution habitat limited range found km2 island located northwest thought endemic plant probably rare restricted habitat managed united_states protected endemic endangered species found fan palm native plant species found habitat including hawaiian goat foot nelson plant grows moist winter season december july coastal dry habitat shallow soil rocky exposed areas time discovery observed plant growing great quantity ridges eastern ridges island expeditions early mid-1960s failed identify specimens collected specimens near collected known specimen july visited endemic species observed expedition visited returned twice later visited island found growing island time populations plants thought exist plants found near plants plant populations separated distance approximately prehistoric initially led decrease plant population major threats plant include invasive species fire species threat small plant population reproduce circle resulting genetic defects forced compete non native plant main alien species threat invasive gray bird presented larger threat recorded island increasing population density gray bird led massive island leaving greater risk predation estimated gray bird destroyed vegetation conservation according zoologist important hawaiian endemic large genus contains economically important species decade field surveys living plants identified wildlife refuge staff visited island dry season times absence plant recent field surveys explained time visit winter surveys tend difficult dangerous poor landing conditions surveys conducted moist winter growing season december march plant easiest find surveys completed summer months easiest visit time stems dry distinguished plants seven day visit island april find specimens optimistic species survived additional winter surveys required accurately assess conservation status plant conservation efforts seed botanical gardens unsuccessful expedition seeds collected presented hawaiian island london england seeds grew plants survived stage development information outcome seeds sent unavailable proposal listing originally submitted june withdrawn december date incomplete proposed march federally listed endangered species august designated acres island critical habitat species found hawaiian islands year internationally classified critically endangered iucn red list hawaiian plant species listed endangered threatened endangered species act
Amaranthus brownii