april april newspaper editor real estate businessman based boston massachusetts activist african american civil rights early opponent race policies founded independent african american newspaper vehicle express opposition active protest movements civil rights 1900s 1910s revealed differences african american community contributed formation born family raised massachusetts earned undergraduate graduate degrees harvard_university man color earn beta key seeing increase segregation northern facilities began engage life activism devoted assets joined founding forerunner style divisive ended leaving organization founding protest activities seen cross purposes highly publicized meeting president protested wilson introduction segregation federal workplace boston succeeded shutting productions unsuccessful screenings movie birth nation portrayed favorable terms able influence peace talks end world war later years voice protest alliance roman catholics revival screening banned died 62nd birthday possibly fall boston home early life education william child survive infancy virginia father james born slavery mississippi james mother enslaved father white master son daughters freed master marriage sent cincinnati ohio thriving free black community working teacher enlisted american_civil_war man color promoted lieutenant 55th regiment colored mixed race born free ohio virginia mother ann born slavery daughter granddaughter virginia father tucker free tucker free person color purchased freedom ann virginia mother family moved free state ohio virginia grew thriving black community met married shortly civil war moved ohio settle boston massachusetts children died infancy returned farm virginia parents son born april seven months old family moved boston settled south end far predominantly african american west beacon hill family later moved suburban park white neighborhood children daughters father broke racial obstacles placed frustrated attempts gain equal treatment fair consideration serving union_army protested inequality pay blacks whites boston man color employed job left repeatedly passed promotion republican led federal government policy politically active elder leading african american democrat new_england supported cleveland president rewarded cleveland appointed recorder deeds district columbia highest federal position filled black men time prominent men color era senator held post job lucrative family prospered young usually called middle monroe grew environment introduced politically active african american lived excelled school graduating white president high school class went harvard_university continued distinguish academically awarded merit scholarships father died man color awarded beta key harvard earned bachelor degree cum masters working variety odd jobs help pay tuition years harvard adopted number habits maintained life organized led organization drank alcohol active baptist church considered minister marriage family following graduation participated upper negro society boston number members ancestors free civil war belonged exclusive literary society met home cambridge educator june married october october activist family known childhood assisted career death flu couple children early career career began initial attempts jobs established banking real estate firms unsuccessful leading succession lower paying jobs finally landed job white owned real estate firm decided year open business selling insurance particularly active civil rights years strong opinions racial equality evident paper called african americans seek admission institutions higher learning common practice time direct african americans away higher education opportunities industrial training programs business relatively successful able purchase investment properties increasingly troubled saw policies leading african american figures 1890s founder washington policies atlanta compromise outlined speech gave atlanta georgia said southern african americans political rights right vote equal treatment law long provided economic opportunities basic rights process washington actively promoted idea african americans proven productive members society granted political rights northern disagreed ideas arguing necessary african americans equal treatment constitutional rights bring benefits turn century african americans south effectively violence elections restrictions voting registration rules finally constitutional amendments new southern states boston comparatively compared parts country felt washington stance leading increase typically southern racist attitudes city conviction grew wrote business successes endangered race prejudice persecution public discrimination mere color spread south result fixed color guardian racial activism helped found according biographer forum militant race opinion joined local group promoted political goals equality group october gave major protest speech attacking washington stance boston washington said negro wait franchise got property education character washington attitude member founded guardian weekly newspaper forbes graduate experience publishing driving operational force production funded effort served managing editor paper forum outspoken forceful approach gaining racial equality contributors editorials generally written regularly attacked washington paper editorial stance brought stream criticism mainstream african american publications calling wrote editor makes felt wrote guardian carrying cases fast far suffered mental guardian limited circulation highly influential african american publications country suffered financially poor accounting heavy schedule forbes principally worked librarian city library left business legal assaults newspaper pressure washington supporters employers wife later sister assisted paper publication deliberate transferred guardian offices building housed garrison leading abolitionist civil war studied methods regular correspondent garrison sons william guardian condition exacerbated refusal advertising alcohol tobacco sold boston area properties raise funds newspaper collecting payments subscribers later years quality publication noticeably declined operations local community group fund raising activities attacking african american establishment early 1900s noticed racial segregation spreading boston number hotels restaurants public establishments refusing service african americans increasing came realize order effect real change radical message needed taken boston began organizing protest meetings new_england suggestion went january gave presentation critical january gave spoke support washington replies january february argued thompson paper failed hold ground present talk long term objective effect policy changes national american council national level organization african americans group annual meeting louisville kentucky introduced resolutions calling activism supporters known controlled council saw defeat commentator wrote boston treated delightful fashion guardian described convention dominated death man activities convention bring national press continued criticize washington guardian attacks particularly harsh personal brought bitter disagreement period south north beginning blacks regions dealt different conditions vast majority millions african americans lived south rural areas majority population effectively new electoral rules state utterly closed political process situation continue despite temporarily effective court challenges 1960s washington believed help population constraints environment time secretly funded legal challenges voter registration electoral restrictions tended come north african americans exercised rights daily life including suffrage achieved work education subject discrimination following failure advance radical agenda louisville sought sympathetic forum attack opportunity arrived washington set speak boston july leader introduced visibly hostile crowd small riot broke arrived prepared provocative questions ask washington attempted read din melee arrested boston riot received national press coverage later claimed plan break meeting pressed charges disrupting meeting defended convicted spent thirty days hoped discredit trial gained wider publicity trial founded new england suffrage league founded elected president washington countered attacks variety tactics took legal actions including libel suit criminal charges addition network apply pressure supporters cases government academic positions addition secretly infiltrate report activist meetings organized washington provided financial support expertise start publications boston counter radical voice result activities printer dropped activist newspaper client found printer continued publishing guardian despite setback early months sought create umbrella organization represent major african american leaders day radical leaders invited early organizational meetings eventually refused ally washington saw dominating group organized meeting nation western new_york meeting july canadian border ontario founded organized man dominate group espoused radical declaration principles authored calling equal economic opportunity exercise civil rights african americans organization soon divided internally political personal disagreements washington worked outside growth early months friction began develop admission women organization supported idea opposed eventually relented matter meeting division significant split longtime supporter movement member massachusetts politics control local movement chapter sided morgan movement met boston morgan leading position organization attempts heal rift failed resigned movement difficulties organization effectively collapsed break permanent worked directly wrote utterly impossible work despite failure goals appealed white supporters racial equality participated founding drew inter racial coalition support present meetings foundation laid proposals accepted address segregated transportation proposal bill federal crime invited organization executive committee effort played significant role early years actively competed group held rallies boston mark centennial abolitionist birth involved years approve white involvement group feud ran deep rarely contributed organization national level troubled attitudes expressed boston chapter told leader needed radical courageous activity eventually drifted away split helped organize conference like minded activists held philadelphia april served conference chair capacity excluded attendees racial ideology opposed supported republican upcoming presidential election opposed tired considered republican_party policies race conference led formation eventually known described group colored people colored people led colored people biographer fox describes personal unable attract high profile membership want white members unable work effectively african american leaders working similar goals regularly feuded matters public personal attracted money talent center anti civil rights activity increasingly left prominent role civil rights dialogue league reduced handful supporters opposition placed odds republican presidents relied washington adviser enjoyed widespread african american support supported southern democrat election wilson brief meeting members vague statements fair treatment african americans succumbed pressure cabinet agreed federal offices known protested secured meeting wilson white_house november wilson said policies characterized wilson denial continued protests eventually gaining second invitation white_house november meeting wilson ended heated exchange men wilson claimed dealing human problem politics left suggested group vote election continued argue policy african americans wilson responded humiliation intended seed impression country consequences said insult wilson angrily ordered leave saying organization wishes approach choose spokesman tone sir second meeting president widely covered press featured page new_york_times leading newspapers white texas newspaper described merely type colored man northern papers criticized president observing wilson policy divisive pointed basically correct color african americans divided response incident claimed represent notably admired wrote wilson insulting meeting publicity series speaking engagements denied language manner tone respect degree insulting president continued protest policies wilson administration country began large scale recruiting military world war opposed establishment segregated officer training facilities influence recruitment blacks boston area lower expected world war military integrated officer corps president afterward completed integration armed services great war ended sought use paris peace conference vehicle raise international awareness government policy african americans viewed reality segregation incompatible wilson war vision world safe democracy organized meeting washington related peace conference african american delegates chosen attend peace conference refused issue delegates african americans planning attend organizing held concurrently peace conference paris african americans supporting african colonies desire independence europe posed seeking work new_york got job cook gain passage france arrived paris little cook clothing find principal peace negotiations taken place powers include statement racial equality attracted french press accounts racial united_states gain access official peace conference missed held february seeking passage returned united_states july learn ongoing race riots major cities country postwar economic social tensions erupted blacks fought white violence cities chicago quickly supported active resistance white black violence writing white american find teaching boys fight starting able stop writings prompted calls congress censorship negro press south_carolina congressman accused riots massachusetts senator gave chance testify senate ratification treaty versailles lodge opposed grounds lodge opposition successful senate ratified treaty protests later years mounted campaign play opened boston portrayed heroic terms reconstruction protests succeeded closing production speaking tour early learned movie adapted opening boston rushed lead protests film april denied group african americans tickets showing refused leave lobby police moved sparking arrested protests took place inside outside theater united factions african american community tried film banned boston united death later reduced time internal hostilities boston african american community revival decade especially industrial cities midwest successful shutting new screenings boston allied roman catholic organizations objected anti catholic stance 20th century strong city result extensive irish italian immigration wife died partner activities missed greatly 1920s 1930s subsided poverty guardian ongoing voice protest lobbied anti bills congress limited success house overwhelmingly passed bill senate effectively killed passage bill years running white democrats effectively controlled nearly congressional seats total population south having blacks controlled numerous important committees established eventually came uneasy truce attempts promote style activism eclipsed activities younger leaders jamaican immigrant new_york_city leader years routinely wrote guardian incidents racial injustice including trials boys accused convicted white women alabama historians concluded innocent morning april 62nd birthday died fall roof home boston cause uncertain known depressed troubled time committed suicide legacy honors schools academic institutions named research institute study black history black culture aka university_of_michigan home designated recognition significance civil rights cause scholar listed greatest african americans
William Monroe Trotter