sir csi january september british colonial administrator member conducted extensive studies tribes presidency notable formal application system entire hindu population census charge race science ratio width nose height divide indians races seven born england attended oxford_university prior joining initially posted professional duties engaged statistical research soon developed interest decision interests curtailed initial rapid advancement ranks service later appointed census commissioner shortly death permanent secretary london intervening years compiled studies indian communities based ideas considered constitute scientific racism emphasised value studies contrast reliance old texts folklore historically significant approach lifetime aside honoured country including award president early life born england january father rector mother daughter served relatives preceded won scholarship awarded gold medal essay latin continuing education scholarship oxford graduated second class bachelor_of_arts degree law modern history passed competitive examination entered june arrived india october year india initial posting assistant magistrate area inhabited forest tribes soon took studying retained interest tribes remainder life involved statistical survey india began printed edition india published hunter personally conducted survey linguistic accomplishments recognised february appointed assistant directors statistics compiled survey volume covering hill districts literary style subject knowledge shown work prove beneficial career assistant secretary government appointed secretary returned work district level having married june according historian modern german linguistic proficiency helped learn statistics non english sources couple son daughter return work districts personal preference despite unusually rapid rise ranks went charged conducting land tenure arrangements survey appointed conduct project titled survey lieutenant governor presidency time believed sensible exercise come close british rule india disruption led british government administrative control members temple thought discontent avoided necessary obtain better understanding colonial subjects particularly rural areas time went studies resultant embodied numerous official publications essential british administrative mechanism regarded words cement holds units indian society desire studies expressed administrator report census ignorance customs beliefs people surely respects ignorance european science material greatly needs involves distinct loss administrative power survey task aided research papers recently deceased doctor given doctor widow wise researched people agreed accuracy work research incorporated survey results return volumes survey dealing matters dedicated wise assistance came research jungle tribes like wise previously published efforts integrated larger able deal remaining areas making use large staff came disparate backgrounds missionaries native people government officials published paper entitled study india contribution historian studied indian society describes racial theory indian considers leading proponents idea century end settled fact event indian came clash invading fair skinned sanskrit speaking dark skinned notes convergence theories deliberate collaboration year volumes tribes published contained results survey volumes comprising data took advice director edinburgh compiling volumes work received public government alike year elected january companion indian empire recent times use contemporary methods led career described pseudo scientific racism opinion shared theory known scientific racism prevalent century 1840s heart says race principal attitudes capabilities inherent tendencies human beings race determine course human history according believed benefit undertaking quotes saying india relied mere literary accounts ideal misleading picture social surroundings things things ought view particular school light particular tradition slight personal acquaintance single tribe savage men hardly fail infinite service philosopher trace process gradually evolved viewed india laboratory continued practice ensured opinion strict communities consequently viewed identical race considered best defined based occupation believed changes occupation community led instance held sort unconscious fiction equivalent difference race true basis system study opinion period attempt apply systematic way methods analysis people influenced french physical selected techniques including nasal index believed index ratio derived measuring breadth height nose combined measurements enable classification humans purpose said useful application way known true presenting information requires existing beliefs despite comments use literature ancient text interpreted speaking invaders coming india northwest meeting existing peoples native people comprised distinct groups use nasal index intended counter theories showing groups racially identical varied noted appeared succeed proving physical similarity called races identified austro group languages sub branches interpretation nasal index went investigation race theory believed variations shown extremes races india indicative positions system saying generally social position varies nasal index explains found direct relation proportion blood nasal index gradient highest lowest race proved influential saw nasal index definition community tribe hindu believed system basis race occupation saying community race frequently argued community function real determining principle true system methods data collection questioned recent times said maximum sample size cases conclusions racial origins particular tribal groups based measurements individuals like professor clear notion results lead difficulty fitting fewest observations complex racial types india census completing survey work consisted heading following usual administrative tasks imperial governments appointed census commissioner tasked preparing reporting forthcoming census detailed regulations formulated exercise census work involved provincial considerable detailed succeeded held office census adjusted classification system influence according political scientist believed ancient applied modern found india meant identify place million indians outcome census described exceptionally interesting report produced association colleague notes report developed views origin classification indian races largely basis believed measurement enabled indian described belonging seven racial types accepted work indicated types seven believed capable classification iranian went holding support racial theory linguistic differences indian communities opinion frustrated supported publication india officer notes theories surprising armed earlier sir concerning matters language race acquainted theories racial origins followed similar research event occurred related official approval india wide survey intended conducted period years established survey appointed province presidency grants given year period considers results effort included works rarely thorough standards material census later republished amended form work describes production great tradition administrator scholars long extensive experience found activity incompatible scholarship considers census report subsequent book represent grand india paper given exceptionally clear view project state early maturity oxford dictionary national biography says date report new chapter opened indian official literature census volumes regarded dull read reviewed country indian enduring social political effect according studies historical like sir key figures protégé disciples french race theorist european followers discussions theories determined race great rivals material led author widely read provincial tribes surveys influential scholar officials india later years appointed director proposals wide ranging survey subject discussed article study india implementation project hampered economic circumstances related principally series including following year home secretary india administration lord india temporarily member governing council experience administrative matters including regard proved useful government partition communal lines useful knowledge ability term india extended years usual retirement age enable provide negotiation drafting skills necessary ensure success administrative reform successor lord recognised award companion order star india june knight order indian empire notes time work previously resented colonial subjects cultivated intimate knowledge peoples india asserted knowledge facts concerning religions habits peoples india equipped civil servant passport popular regard processes non tribes admitted recognized greatest living authority work completely native indian view inquiry england death england having left february appointed permanent secretary judicial department succeeding january year president according strain overseeing reforms constitution time robust laid seeds fatal disease soon end life died september continuing studies end despite suffering describes illness widow remarried died
Herbert Hope Risley