modern migration traditional area region facto ethnic religion converts region historic homeland largely starting point commonly accepted begun fall empire subsequent annexation british famous emperor lifetime exile british exile rate migration remained high destination migrants changed ensuing years development concept given conscious political cultural identity forms reference point approximately million worldwide adherents fifth largest organized religion world world population approximately live india indian community million indian live northern indian state india form majority population substantial communities greater live territories delhi historical migration patterns political entity distinct indian traditions said begun fifth distinction enhanced establishment pure brotherhood gives organized political grouping relatively recent history years era limited boundaries modern day india pakistan particular restricted tribal development confederacy development led migrating conquered parts empire limited depending empire fluctuating boundaries time net cultural immigration napoleonic british influences ear respect important political aspect period historical establishment homeland idea powerful state reality annexation migration began earnest second half 19th century british successfully completed annexation pivotal action british annexation lifetime exile year old making unwilling member largely secular figure little body argues exile major impact says tragic hero figure culture king kingdom separated people contrast strong ruler father makes exile results strong sense communal injustice later trait development having annexed british recruited particular led migration different parts british india british_empire transported british help building railways found australia working labourers cane plantations 20th century tremendous contributions founded city agricultural skills brought prosperity capital undivided thriving neighborhoods era peace prosperity turned nightmare partition india pakistan seminal tragedy communities practically wiped districts west birthplace split away west millions fled freedom safety india hand east took revenge slaughtered great number muslim population months cities large casualties muslims muslims wiped middle converted stay alive intense violence east caused villages cities construction 1960s migrated north_america search economic opportunities settled eastern africa expelled leader primarily community pressures having limited land high birth rates desire better living male offspring farmers encouraged migrate foreign countries subsequently main push factor migration economic significant communities found canada united_kingdom united_states malaysia australia thailand homeland argues community having established foreign countries begin past designs lost imaginary empire comes fruition certain degree establishment indian majority state argues sense indian facing heavy handed tactics subsequently especially canada willing suppliers logistical financial support organic separate nation began late 1970s actions taken indian government counter movement seismic effect argues shrine following thousands led resurgence strengthening ties felt betrayed india events defined distinct shared describes certainly case main watch horror events played minister short lived government saw alignment like minded placed half page advertisement new_york_times october making claims homeland won little sympathy ordinary change community leaders post painful transition self confident community discourse self defensive strategies vulnerable minority organisations emerged agencies rallied hindu indian nationalism lobbied join cause ethnic groups seeking freedom citing cases jews argues history violence inflicted means notion community today inevitably notion addition points nightmare scenario facing indian state demands unity diversity model national integration contends denial difference surrender integration formation defined differentiated physically indian religious communities process threat weakening painful means corresponding weakness real imaginary place today identity today whilst rate migration remained high traditional patterns migration favored english speaking countries particularly united_kingdom changed past decade factors immigration procedures states consequence fact migration virtually impossible late 1970s migration patterns altered continental europe italy emerged fast growing area migration province areas significant population clusters italian generally involved areas agriculture processing machine tools canada maintained liberal immigration policy community second largest proportion country population india times size american community largest north american community thought located british_columbia nearby surrey british_columbia large population migration increased large extent decade 21st century era europe north_america stand visible minority confused radical islamic groups numerous hate crimes targeted france banned wearing students publicly funded schools broader policy originally intended muslim head western security think tanks quote bombing justify travellers airports soft influences popular culture need fitting peers driving young shed symbols beard second generation growing west proficiency language hand small groups converted churches temples scattered europe north_america australia malaysia combination factors creates new complex identity slowly emerge 21st century progresses india economies continue expand question focus shift inward looking identity issues looking global trade homeland investment like successful jewish chinese
Sikh diaspora