capital alberta canada centre surrounded alberta central region city population census alberta second largest city canada fifth largest municipality population represents percent total population census metropolitan area canada fifth largest population northern north american city metropolitan population million resident known historic growth facilitated absorption adjacent urban municipalities series ending serves northern anchor calgary known gateway north city staging point large scale oil sands projects occurring northern alberta large scale diamond mining operations cultural governmental educational centre hosts year round slate festivals reflected nickname canada home north_america largest mall world largest mall canada largest living history museum history earliest known inhabitants settled area early ice free corridor opened glacial period ended timber water wildlife available region explorer working european enter area expeditions mainly seek contact population purpose establishing fur trade competition fierce hudson bay company established north bank river major trading post new fort suggested london home town deputy governor sir coming southern alberta helped economy building calgary railway resulted emergence railway south south river arrival facilitated arrival settlers eastern canada britain continental europe parts world fertile soil cheap land area helped attract settlers establishing major regional commercial agricultural centre people participating gold rush passed northernmost railway point north_america travel difficult majority took steamship north vancouver incorporated town population city population capital alberta province formed year later september november arrived accelerating growth early 1900s grew rapidly causing speculation real estate amalgamated city south result city extended south time prior world war boom ended city population declined sharply years later impoverished families moved farms outside city fled provinces recruitment canadian army war contributed drop population city slowly recovered population economy 1920s 1930s took world war opened licensed airfield canada originally named field honour mayor pioneering field major base distribution mail food medicine emergence gateway north world war saw major base construction alaska highway geography located sits elevation metres northerly city north_america metropolitan population million latitude hamburg germany dublin ireland manchester united_kingdom russia north south geographic centre alberta located near terrain generally flat gently rolling deep river valleys valley canadian located southwest originates columbia national park city construction near mountains flood river valley notably flood lake runs southwest northeast fed numerous creeks city creates numerous urban surrounds city acts transitional area prairie south forest north woods forests long reduced farming human activities oil natural gas exploration climate humid continental climate climate classification falls city winters regina south latitude average daily temperatures range low january summer peak july average maximum july minimum january annually temperatures exceed average days late april mid september fall average days highest temperature recorded june july record high recorded unusually humid day temperature record high point lowest overall temperature recorded january january temperature recorded wind making lowest temperature including wind recorded typically summer lasts late june early september humidity seldom high winter lasts november march varies greatly length severity spring autumn short highly variable growing season september averages frost free days year summer receives seventeen hours minutes daylight hour minutes civil twilight average receives hours bright sunshine year canada cities summer particularly warm temperatures reached higher times year early mid early september winter particularly warm december till march occasions saw temperatures city centre airport fairly dry climate average receives millimetres precipitation millimetres rain millimetres melt centimetres snowfall precipitation heaviest late spring summer early autumn month july months february march october november july mean precipitation dry spells uncommon occur time year extremes occur rainfall fell july summer thunderstorms frequent occasionally severe produce large hail damaging winds funnel clouds occasionally tornadoes tornadoes recorded tornado struck july killing unusual respects including severity duration damage casualties commonly referred black friday characteristics emotional shock generated mayor cited community response tornado evidence city champions later unofficial slogan city massive cluster thunderstorms occurred july large hail rain reported space hour places year event flooded major intersections damaged residential commercial properties storm caused extensive damage small glass section roof collapsed weight causing water drain mall indoor ice result mall forced undergo evacuation measure environment river valley constitutes longest stretch connected urban north_america highest capita canadian city river valley times larger new_york_city river valley home parks ranging fully serviced urban parks like facilities amenities main ribbon green supplemented numerous neighbourhood parks located city total km2 acres acres river valley park system lakes major parks city accessible bike walking trail connections trails walking trail named parks honour famous streets contain largest remaining concentrations healthy american trees world unaffected dutch disease wiped vast numbers trees eastern north_america jack pine pine white spruce white birch mountain ash maple russian olive green ash flowering tree maple abundant oak silver maple ohio increasingly popular introduced tree species include white ash blue spruce norway maple red oak sugar maple common horse chestnut apple evans cherry species black survived golf courses public private located river valley long summer daylight hours northern city provide extended play early morning evening golf courses park system winter recreation area season cross country skiing skating popular long winter downhill ski slopes located river valley city immediately outside variety volunteer opportunities exist citizens participate river valley volunteer programs include clean partner parks river valley clean engages volunteers pick hundreds bags litter year divided geographic sectors mature area sector includes essentially built prior surrounding suburban sectors located city mature area inner city surrounding street oliver queen form oliver city populated densely populated respectively mature area sector contains urban municipalities annexed city history larger residential areas suburban sectors comprising multiple include southwest sector west place west sector northwest sector north sector northeast sector meadows southeast sector divided town centre community surrounding communities having transit oriented developments begun appear line future developments planned old town fort road redevelopment project called constructed site heritage mall southern end line eventually house residents planned redeveloped sustainable community people comprising transit oriented mixed use town centre low medium high rise apartments neighbourhood retail service uses major park major industrial districts emerging alberta northwest northeast southeast districts smaller industrial areas city established business zones street area alberta avenue downtown fort road area old plain road metropolitan area centre canada sixth largest census metropolitan area includes municipalities surrounding area larger urban communities include urban service area cities towns devon major employment areas outside include international airport including planned inland port logistics support facility support port alberta initiative row alberta portions alberta extends northeastern boundary portion individual economic development interests costs service delivery certain municipalities region led competition strained relationships overall region attempts city absorb surrounding municipalities annex portions neighbours city absorbed municipality town place joined august city annexed land neighbours january years mounting pressure early 21st century formed april consists member municipalities outside city subsequently announced march intent annex square kilometers land including demographics population city according municipal census change municipal census population census captured detailed demographic information residents including age gender marital status employment status length residency prior residence employment transportation mode citizenship school residency dwellings properties including ownership structure status municipal census policy city municipal census scheduled census city population living total dwellings percent change population land area km2 population density km2 census reported percent population female percent male average age city population years average people household census metropolitan area sixth greatest population canada second greatest alberta largest land area canada population census compared population year population change percent second calgary land area km2 population density km2 latest estimate population july population centre core core includes cities park portion portions population centre fifth largest canada population percent increase population people european formed largest cluster ethnic groups included english scottish german irish ukrainian polish french origin according census percent white percent visible minorities accounted percent population religion according census percent residents protestant percent catholic percent belong christian denominations percent muslim percent jewish percent adherents religions percent religion centre located mosque established canada mosque founded situated mosque city hosts catholic church avenue street services english saturdays arabic sundays community community centre north city dedicated december served north indian temple society alberta south indian temple community served served region served home alberta congregations located calgary red deer economy major economic centre northern central alberta major centre oil gas industry estimated value major projects billion billion oil gas oil sands pipeline sectors traditionally hub industries earning nickname oil capital canada 1940s supply service industries drive energy extraction engine research develops new technologies supports expanded value added processing alberta massive oil gas oil sands reserves reported second largest world saudi_arabia growth technology sectors reputation canada premier research education centres research initiatives anchored educational institutions government initiatives underway campus home 1970s 1980s major financial centre regional offices canada major banks locally based institutions opening turmoil economy radically changed situation locally based operations fail regional offices moved cities 1990s saw economy home publicly traded schedule chartered bank headquarters west toronto major financial centres include financial birthplace companies grown international stature local retail market seen creation successful store concepts brick pizza includes liquor running room juice earl fountain tire cargo geographical location ideal spot distribution logistics north american operational facility located city major facility handles incoming freight port prince british_columbia retail home shopping including canada mall largest mall north_america considered 10th largest mall world include combination centre centre mall centre big box shopping centres power centres major ones include south common north_america largest open air retail development centre meadows corner construction started power centre contrast suburban centres urban retail locations largest old includes independent stores street street avenue area downtown small handful shopping districts previously mentioned mall avenue street street home significant number retail stores canadian testing ground american retailers arts culture events anchored downtown centred churchill square named honour sir winston_churchill south river university district avenue contain theatres concert halls live music venues performing arts francis centre music opened years planning fundraising described perfect concert halls canada home hosts wide variety shows year seats patrons houses million largest concert organ canada avenue named started largest theatre complexes canada halls specializing different kinds productions grounds seat northern alberta jubilee auditorium undertaken year heavy renovations carried province centennial celebrations southern twin calgary constructed province golden jubilee hosted concerts musicals opera uses jubilee base operations building quote found city built brick left built marble old neighbourhood home holds headquarters base operations theatre companies including shadow theatre die nasty named cultural capital canada ukrainian helps preserve ukrainian musical culture parameters canadian identity festivals plays host large festivals year contributing nickname canada downtown churchill square host numerous festivals summer takes place late june early july showcases canadian international art design known award winning artists emerging student artists festival takes place mid july showcases street performance artists world main summer festival days capital originally exhibition founded exhibition originally annual fair exhibition eventually adopted gold rush theme days 1960s operators renamed festival capital conducted poll festival resulted changing days activities include carnival rides music trade shows daily fireworks popular event later november plays host significant event canada circuit second las_vegas prestige held mid august largest fringe theatre festival north_america second worldwide august host successful popular folk music festivals north_america major summer festival festival takes place heritage day long weekend festivals exist free shakespeare festival dragon boat festival museums galleries museums sizes largest ram known renamed honour alberta centennial visit ram houses million objects collection showcases culture practices diverse tribes region main building overlooking river valley west city centre neighbourhood opened early stages large scale redevelopment located neighbourhood northwest city centre opened expanded times contains permanent galleries additional gallery temporary exhibits theatre observatory amateur radio station river valley southwest city centre located hangar city centre airport built training plan collection includes civilian military aircraft largest boeing missiles canada home museum dedicated preserving military heritage sacrifices people alberta general museum features galleries smaller exhibits collection includes historic firearms uniforms memorabilia military large photographic archival collection spanning pre world war period present museum features exhibit role canada days offensive telephone museum located central addition collection artifacts tracing history telephone museum theatre featuring brief film led robot located rural northeast portion city contains variety locomotives railroad cars different periods includes working steam locomotive exhibits outdoors open victoria day labour day canada largest living history museum located river valley southwest city centre heritage displayed historical buildings originals moved park historical authentic artifacts total covers region history approximately represented followed streets recreation 1920s midway steam train automobiles horse drawn vehicles seen operation utilized public park historical area operates internal museums collections service alberta city largest single gallery housed 1970s building downtown collection pieces art building demolished july way construction new facility designed stout estimated cost million donated construction met controversy officially opened january independent galleries found city especially street avenue corridor known gallery walk music city early days music performed churches community halls history opera classical music performance genres historically supported variety clubs associations major radio station began broadcasting music city centre music instruction began music department opened jazz musical theatre program festivals jazz folk classical music popular entertainment events city existed incarnations amalgamated form member modern version orchestra performs francis centre music city vibrant popular music scene genres including hip hop reggae rock pop metal punk country electronica notable past present local musicians include second epic shout wet secrets numerous key areas city popular avenue avenue strip located street street highest number heritage buildings bars clubs restaurants located west gateway boulevard street heart town annexed february fell disrepair middle 20th century beginning 1970s coordinated effort revive area establishment business zone produced area rich restored historical buildings pleasant proximity led high number establishments ranging restaurants clubs hosting wide variety retail specialty shops day area contains independent movie theatres princess theatres live theatre music comedy venues downtown undergone continual process renewal growth mid-1990s buildings demolished oil boom starting 1960s continuing 1980s way office towers numerous pub type establishments hotel restaurants past decade seen strong resurgence mainstream venues high demand pub crawl tours city clubs found main street avenue city centre mall houses movie theatre featuring screens nonprofit shows variety alternative unreleased films week holds hour establishments addition stores attractions street numerous eating establishments clubs found complex known west end mall theatre features screens sports recreation number professional sports teams including junior sports clubs include venues professional junior sports teams include rogers place oil kings prospects teams rivalries calgary teams games calgary teams referred past notable hockey teams include original junior hockey incarnation multiple league national memorial cup championships playing multiple national past notable sports teams include women basketball team local provincial national international titles world champions years row triple level baseball team multiple division league titles box team league championship local university level sports teams include local amateur teams include flat track roller derby leagues roller derby hosted annual circuit known addition hosts regular sprint car national events facility past sporting events hosted include commonwealth games world university games world championships athletics world world master games women rugby world cup women world cup women world cup shared hosting duties calgary world junior ice hockey championships government incorporated town mayor established school board later municipal police service mayor good relationship federal liberals helped maintain political prominence rival settlement south bank incorporated city capital alberta unions radical organizations struggled progressive social change early years reformer elected followed official labour following year thousands workers participated general strike strong block labour representatives council election labour representation city council near majority great depression majority city female mayor elected municipal politics represented mayor july city council adopted electoral system divides instead previous system came effect following election october recent election held october elected members year term provincial politics capital province alberta holds main provincial areas government region represented provincial electoral district boundaries changed adjusted renamed city grown current 29th alberta legislature districts represented members governing members cabinet ministers premier alberta crime city police force founded approximately officers experienced decrease crime 1990s increase early 2000s end decade census metropolitan area crime severity index higher national average crime severity index fifth highest canada regina vancouver fourth military home army brigade group units include lord horse combat engineer regiment regular force battalions princess headquarters service support elements tactical helicopter squadron field ambulance located brigade group units located lancaster park immediately north city major air force base fixed wing aviation units transferred cold lake located city 1980s component units calgary occurred described cost saving measure brigade existed calgary 1950s lord horse traditionally calgary garrison unit dating world war large army reserve element including princess 20th field squadron south alberta light horse alberta oldest army reserve units despite far canada coasts home naval reserve division numerous cadet corps different elements naval army air force infrastructure transportation aviation major air transportation gateway northern alberta northern canada main airport serving city provides passenger service destinations united_states europe mexico caribbean located adjacent direct air distances places london europe shorter main airports western north_america working establish major container shipping hub called port alberta rail serves major transportation hub north american operations management centre located offices tied network provides service calgary south extends northeast serve alberta inter city rail passenger rail service provided rail premier train canadian travels vancouver british_columbia toronto ontario passenger trains stop railway station days week directions train connects multiple stops british_columbia alberta ontario public transit city public transit agency operating line fleet buses approximately people proper use day approximately bus riders average day 1990s early cities canada operating buses vancouver june city_council decided abandon bus system bus ran scheduled service began april extensions single line completed original line considered modern light rail line north_america built scratch upgrade old system introduced use german designed rolling stock subsequently standard light rail vehicle united_states proof payment fare collection system adopted modelled european ticket systems north american transit industry preferred approach subsequent light rail projects year south extension opened april sees trains travelling located avenue street making stops centre way line north central high floor technology existing system opened september expanding southeast west low floor technology roads largely system forms street road network address system numbered streets running south north avenues running east west built areas built 1950s local streets major roadways generally conform grid system major roadways include highway city connected communities alberta british_columbia highway west east queen alberta highway south trail system extensive multi use trail system pedestrians city river valley system electricity water power company established installed city main avenue avenue power company bought town remains municipal ownership today charge water treatment installed world largest water treatment system waste disposal largest type world largest steel building north_america city divert percent city household waste innovative uses city waste includes christmas tree recycling program trees collected january material addition process addition wood chips absorb produced providing element trap causing results process treatment plant known research partners include health care main hospitals serving area hospitals include health centre dedicated psychiatric care provided alberta hospital offers hour emergency room ward services centre larger complex hospitals located adjacent university campus comprises children hospital health research including located site similar set evident connected hospitals administration run separately education secondary publicly funded school boards districts provide grades vast majority students attend schools large english language boards separate minority community school board based includes surrounding communities city number public charter schools independent board school boards public charter schools funded provincial grants property taxes private schools exist including private schools alternative programs public schools provide support resources wishing children post secondary post secondary institutions based publicly funded include alberta publicly funded campuses board governed institution annual revenue billion dollars university students enrolled nearly undergraduate graduate professional programs students enrolled faculty extension home second largest research library system canada total student population students including nearly time students enrolled programs offering bachelor degrees university transfers certificates approximate total students enrolled programs approximately students enrolled time time continuing education programs post secondary institutions include seminary nations college media seven local broadcast television stations shown basic cable air oldest broadcasters city conventional television stations switch air digital broadcasting cable television providers radio stations based large circulation daily newspapers journal established owned daily circulation sun established owned circulation journal longer publishes sunday edition july free daily newspaper city metro magazine published weekly basis focuses alternative news city wide community based paper published weekly number smaller weekly community newspapers sister cities sister cities american city listed quebec canada china nashville tennessee united_states south_korea bergen netherlands
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