architecture modern scotland architecture modern scotland encompasses building scotland beginning twentieth century present day significant architect early twentieth century mixed elements traditional scottish architecture contemporary movements estate house design declined importance twentieth century early decades century traditional materials began way cheaper modern ones world war office block began dominate building major cities attempts began improve quality urban housing poor resulted massive programme council house building style continued twentieth century common forms period plain massive buildings second world war tower blocks adopted solution period saw building new towns including social building problems constructions soon apparent creation new towns council house estates necessitated rapid supply new churches 1980s scottish architecture began recover reputation new buildings like created house glasgow recently edinburgh urban regeneration involving replacement renovation existing buildings landscapes 1980s saw growth speculative house building developers introduction english brick half vernacular styles scotland production state sponsored housing subsided 1970s return church design original post modern designs 1980s glasgow style early twentieth century significant scottish architect early twentieth century having considerable influence european architecture mixed elements scots arts art produce elegant modern buildings major work included street glasgow influence glasgow style seen work architects like designs included heavily glass fronted vincent street hope street early example reinforced concrete construction estate house design declined importance twentieth century exception work undertaken beginning reconstruction undertook series major country house designs important built adam style castle rebuilt industrialist ross english architect designed neo georgian mansion owner moscow department store building world war social change undermined construction rural country houses twentieth century distinctive scottish use stone architecture declined replaced cheaper alternatives portland cement concrete mass production brick stone retained material housing stock edinburgh undergo twentieth century private architecture increasingly client driven son successful competition new libraries constructed glasgow following gift city designs selected seven libraries allowing demonstrate individual interpretation architecture libraries built locally sandstone blended existing landmark buildings greatly enhanced liberal use columns sculpted features noted scottish railway stations extensions railway station spectacular bay railway station early world war miller chief designer adapted growing needs office block glasgow central plan followed practice united_states filling entire blocks building steel framed buildings high fire marshal allow heavily american influenced building mid twentieth century public architecture impulse produce comprehensive welfare state important modernist architects era stepped designs buildings like andrew house edinburgh built tower empire scotland held glasgow building world war social change undermined construction rural country houses isolated examples included houses combined modern traditional elements designed built place world war shortage building materials reduced number large luxury houses isolated examples included logan house designed 1950s 1960s design earl period saw considerable restoration existing houses world war government increasingly aware scotland housing problems particularly glasgow rent strike royal commission reported mining areas badly constructed damp labourers cottages farms unfit human occupation counties islands groups houses older masses great cities result massive programme council house building early council houses built sites away pollution city constructed semi detached homes cottages north west glasgow built piece library social centre seven shopping 1930s schemes tended built like thousand houses built story building schemes designed displaced urban clearance thousands demolished poor land near railways soon notorious survey found half scotland houses inadequate style universal church building late nineteenth century continued twentieth examples including edinburgh common forms period plain massive buildings protestant examples included roman catholic examples included removed need new presbyterian church building replaced tendency nineteenth century churches main tendency church design 1930s isolated large classical protestant commissions edinburgh major buildings form catholic_church movement centred plans movement reached peak 1960s leading figure pursuing style jack later 1920s pursued brick style catholic architecture church utilised engineering techniques architecture resulting broad space narrow arcades monumental facade red brick linear plan subsequent designs including partner temporary open catholic chapel empire exhibition fronted like grid peter walls towers showed influence abstract compositions contemporary swedish architecture pointed future influence post war post war period scotland continued produce important architects including designed flats common london considered landmark development modernist residential planning style profound impact scotland later work outside scotland highly influential international scale main thrust post war planning clearance rebuilding beginning populations districts buildings demolished rebuilding began resulting district george street canal street low flats render reused rubble storey tower end post war desire urban regeneration gained momentum focus tower block championed glasgow city housing committee projects like red road flats originally offered hope new beginning escape nineteenth century city lacked sufficient infrastructure soon deteriorated extensive use fire leading long term health problems builders residents responsible glasgow stark rebuilding new confidence period seen infrastructure projects forth road bridge opened key example solution adopted scotland building new towns like designed excess population cities new low dense pattern community design cottages low flats praised architecture built centre layout town general receiving heavy criticism century modernist architecture described resident fantasy unhappy child tendency comprehensive scottish urban planning derided critics planning architect arrogance creation new towns council house estates necessitated rapid supply new churches shortage materials need rapid building discouraged development innovative design accompanied rejection architects traditional forms favour international characterised simple outlines internal spaces absence colour flat roofs catholic_church traditional membership affected changes housing react situation creating new parishes west country baptist churches followed close particularly new towns congregation clergy expressed domestic 1950s dual use hall churches completed steel framed building clad timber brick flat roof buildings erected basic pattern 1980s present 1980s backlash nature modernist architecture instead form post looked clash styles renewed emphasis visual aesthetics invoked combination private public movement included renewed influence scots inspired designs seen respectively old town edinburgh extended significant figure development architecture scotland 1980s academic secretary treasurer scotland argued motorway expansion production grey early private works influenced ideas included warehouse centre street street glasgow public structures included building house glasgow 1990s return elements particularly major public building projects recent major public buildings include glasgow designed known curving roof striking modern buildings cinema highest scotland important public building early century edinburgh designed opened design recalls fishing boats increasing attempts preserve survives scotland architectural heritage including great buildings monuments influenced houses towns like edinburgh glasgow surviving renovated restored black fronts created pollution original pink sandstone brought modern standards accommodation urban regeneration attempted areas post industrial decline like glasgow returned housing 1980s warehouse conversions recently waterfront edinburgh resulting return resident populations major urban centres 1980s saw growth speculative house building developers introduced english brick half vernacular styles scotland largely unknown period small built minimum standards little regard energy environmental issues sales council houses popular scotland mid-1990s unlike england local authorities use capital receipts development abolished replaced responsibility provide affordable housing environmental improvement turn replaced includes scottish local authority production state sponsored housing subsided 1970s return church design reflected loss confidence churches rapidly declined identified post style emerging period limited number new buildings replacing existing churches tended produced building companies timber beams exposed roofs produce aesthetically constructions late 1980s original designs including catholic church replacement church french design nearby parish church converted farmhouse
Architecture in modern Scotland