voltage voltage electronic circuit charges input voltage switches charges way ideal case exactly twice voltage produced output input simplest circuits form voltage input doubled voltage switching elements simple driven switch state merely alternating voltage input voltage switch way require driving circuit control switching frequently require switching element controlled directly relying voltage switch simple case voltage variety voltage circuit voltage circuits viewed single stage higher order identical stages greater voltage voltage doubling circuit circuit consists simply great benefit simplicity output poor characteristics essentially circuit clamp circuit charged negative half cycles peak voltage output input steady effect circuit shift value negative peaks actually small forward bias voltage positive peaks output peak peak enormous circuit effectively turned sophisticated forms circuit reversed supply negative high voltage microwave oven circuit voltage significant improvement circuit small cost additional components reduced nominally zero open circuit load conditions current drawn depends resistance load value circuit works following cell stage essence peak envelope stage peak cell effect removing preserving peak voltage output circuit commonly known half wave voltage circuit invented published provide needed newly invented supplied power stations time insufficient later extended idea cascade cascade cells referred cascade called particle machine built independently discovered circuit concept extended voltage circuit cells opposite driven source output taken individual bridge circuit impossible simultaneously ground input output circuit bridge circuit circuit uses bridge voltage doubling consequently called wave voltage form circuit time commonly found ray tube television sets provide voltage supply generating excess safety issues terms domestic equipment case black white television sets required colour sets voltage double voltage winding applied line circuit consists half wave peak functioning exactly way peak cell circuit peak cells operates opposite half cycles incoming series output twice peak input voltage switched circuits possible use simple circuits described double voltage source preceding voltage circuit effect converts application voltage efficient circuits built driving switching devices external clock functions achieved simultaneously circuits known switched circuits approach especially useful low voltage battery powered applications integrated circuits require voltage supply greater battery deliver frequently clock signal readily available board integrated circuit little additional needed generate simplest switched configuration shown figure simultaneously charged voltage parallel supply switched switched series output taken series resulting output double supply voltage different switching devices circuit integrated circuits devices frequently employed basic concept charge pump version shown figure charge pump charged input voltage switched charging output series input voltage resulting eventually charged twice input voltage cycles charge pump succeeds fully charging steady state reached necessary pump small charge equivalent supplied load disconnected charge pump partially load resulting output voltage smaller higher clock frequencies discharge time shorter easier filter alternatively smaller given specification practical maximum clock frequency integrated circuits typically hundreds charge pump charge pump consists cascade cells plate driven clock pulse train circuit modification takes input clock trains providing switching signal instead input normally requires alternate cells driven clock opposite phase voltage shown figure requires stage clock signal required frequently employed integrated circuits supply voltage battery instance lower required integrated circuit manufacture components basically type commonly standard logic block integrated circuits reason replaced type wired function arrangement called wired figure shows voltage wired channel type variations improvements basic charge pump concerned reducing effect drain source voltage significant input voltage small low voltage battery ideal switching elements output integral multiple input single cell battery input source switches output far value voltage dropped circuit components better choice switching element extremely low voltage drop state integrated circuit designers prefer use easily available compensate increased circuit complexity example battery cell nominal voltage voltage ideal switching elements zero voltage drop output double drain source voltage drop wired state gate threshold voltage typically voltage succeed raising output voltage drop final taken account circuit able increase voltage multiple stages typical hand state voltage result voltage output cross coupled switched cross coupled switched circuits come low input wireless battery driven equipment devices like require single cell battery continue supply power discharged clock formula low turned time clock formula high turning resulting charged formula goes high plate pushed twice time switch closes voltage appears output time turned allowing charge half cycle roles reversed formula low formula high open close output supplied alternately circuit loss low circuit wired associated threshold voltage problems circuit advantage frequency doubled effectively voltage supplying output phase primary disadvantage circuit stray significant account larger losses circuit
Voltage doubler