persian born august december politician statesman cold war born educated started career teacher years occupation went united_states study visit united_states second time moving permanently afghanistan starting career radical politics ran candidate parliamentary election failed secure seat elected parliament parliamentary election increasing standing party leading organisers revolution government short lived presidency marked controversies beginning end came power ordering death predecessor muhammad revolt communist rule begun worsened problem government unable solve soviet_union alleged agent cia intervened afghanistan year treaty friendship afghanistan soviet_union assassinated soviets december operation having ruled slightly longer months early life career born family august father civil servant died young thanks brother primary school teacher able attend primary secondary school turn allowed attend studying mathematics graduated teacher later vice principal principal prestigious left afghanistan columbia_university new_york_city earned education columbia attracted member university returned afghanistan teacher later second time principal period acquainted communist time quit position principal order principal alleged second stay united_states enrolled work study group studied doctoral programme started neglect studies favour politics head students association college returned afghanistan mid-1960s route flew afghanistan way moscow met ambassador soviet_union old friend previous minister education short stay people instance believe travelled moscow west_germany lebanon time returned afghanistan held founding congress ran candidate parliamentary election lost margin votes expanded elected non voting member spring gained membership standing faction increased elected parliament parliamentary election split lines led led joined member parliament tried win support people armed forces according biography position member parliament fight tendencies fought rotten regime monarchy said membership parliament pursue class struggle relations deteriorated period member parliament member parliament cooperate later short stint power mention events bitterness following arrest fellow members party leading members pre eminent party member time release era unification second ruled afghanistan relationship referred disciple following mentor official portrayal situation misleading relationship work oriented needed tactical strategic talents motivations uncertain commonly believed associated protect position attracted enemies career notable according official version events protected party members wanted hurt country ousted monarchy established offered support new regime established national presumably included established alliance beginning regime called dissolution dissolution worsened relations lucky alliance actually hurt standing politics communists armed forces disillusioned government turned apparent independence association government indirectly led led coup popularly referred revolution coup responsible organising party work armed forces according official version met patriotic liaison officers day night desert mountains fields forests basis principles working class ideology success recruiting military officers lay fact betrayed left soon taking power began recruiting military officers difficult find military officers meantime relations deteriorated rumoured major head planned assassinate entire leadership plan true failed found assassination attempt proved blow relations deny planned assassinate leadership historian argues subsequent activities view events assassination attempt pressed seize power majority leadership voted following year officially reconciled unified separate general central committees structures officially unified summer reason unification international communist movement represented called party unification revolution april chief faction killed commonly believed assassinated government assassination initiated chain events led taking power days later april assassin caught believed ordered assassination funeral evolved large anti government demonstration understand significance events began mass arrest members seven days funeral organised subsequent revolution members arrested authorities late arrest considered proof regime lack information leading revolutionary party government lack awareness proven arrest arrest pre arranged signal revolution commence found arrested ordered revolution begin april contrast imprisoned instead house arrest son allowed freedom movement revolution successful thanks overwhelming support military instance supported defence minister commander ground forces chief staff rule break revolution appointed chairman chairman retained post general secretary initially formed government consisted deputy chairman minister foreign affairs deputy prime minister deputy prime minister minister national defence minister public works respectively according appointment deputy prime ministers led establishment military officers conflict arose wanted membership military officers participated revolution previously opposed appointment military officers leadership switched sides supported elevation voted favour giving membership military officers portrayed implying ridden revolutionary wave actually participated revolution matters worse term according word synonymous june months revolution managed meeting meeting decided exclusive rights decide policy policy left exiled able establish network remaining government coup overthrow planned september leading members afghanistan defence minister army chief staff general coup planned september festival soldiers officers duty conspiracy failed ambassador india told leadership plan purge initiated ambassadors recalled returned example stayed assigned countries break people revolted government government introduced socialist reforms including land reforms early afghanistan provinces unsafe armed resistance government march uprising began uprising turned revolt open war government period shortly uprising crushed convened new year plan soviet friendship treaty vote cabinet enhance power executive chairman official version events said issues voted meeting held meeting following day new year plan discuss reorganisation cabinet soviet ambassador afghanistan able persuade conspiracy men pressure time believed great leader sack office unknown knew conspiracy cabinet reorganisation talked dissatisfaction march approved extension powers executive branch establishment handle security matters analysts day regarded appointment prime minister increase powers expense reorganisation cabinet strengthening position chairman reduced authority prime minister prime minister strengthening executive appointed chairman appoint dismiss new ministers needed consent actually problem responsible chairman individual ministers responsible prime minister responsible planning finance budgetary matters conduct foreign policy order security order security responsibilities taken chaired deputy chairman majority members members anti faction instance membership included minister national defence interior minister president chief general staff commander head secret police order precedence responsible defence responsible assisting defence related matters position given blow decision making process allowed members contribute problem office deputy chairman specific functions powers appointment new defence minister opposed drastically weakened control reorganisation ministers blow position lost control defence ministry interior ministry allies strategically important positions instance brother law security chief later appointed ordinary member april succeeded appointing allies important positions minister planning minister information culture appointed deputy prime minister april political position secure head navy visited met personally april met soviets increasingly worried control military visit position actually strengthened appointed aide camp soon cabinet meetings strengthening executive powers chairman proven prime minister chaired meetings instead presence meetings mentioned clear office chairman chaired problem facing policy tried powers party state decision making organ situation deteriorated personally warned prestige popularity leaders people common aspect personality cult ill prepared handle intensified counter revolutionary activities country tried win support communist government depicting devout muslim blamed different countries helping counter revolutionaries attacked united_kingdom bbc played american chinese involvement blamed american iran pakistan supporting uprising criticism united_kingdom bbc fed traditional anti british sentiments held rural contrast bent backwards avoid making hostile reference china united_states foreign governments cautious behavior deep contrast soviet_union official stance situation according soviet leadership tried force confrontation afghanistan enemies tried communities meeting leaders despite section leadership called continuation resistance subsequently revolt broke populated district sign unrest revolution add government problems ability lead country questioned heavy good health hand characterised period portrayals strong self discipline summer began june member leading decision making body afghanistan rise power mid july soviets view official wrote article situation afghanistan soviets wish leader afghanistan triggered political crisis afghanistan initiated policy extreme repression main reasons soviet intervention later year july vote approved proposal creating collective leadership collective decision making blow supporters replaced members commander soviet visited mid august study situation afghanistan speech days arrival said wanted closer relations afghanistan speech hinted reservations soviet afghanistan likened soviet assistance afghanistan assistance delegate conference held havana met personally soviet minister discuss afghanistan situation september minister foreign affairs supporter participate meeting according suggested plot preparation hours return september convened cabinet ostensibly report instead reporting summit tried dismiss prime minister gang consisting supported retaining prime minister sought power influence requesting serve overseas ambassador turned proposal shouting quit drink old age taken leave senses following day invited presidential palace lunch gang turned offer stating prefer resignation soviet ambassador persuaded visit chief police intelligence officer arriving palace unknown individuals building opened fire visitors killed ali sustained injury escaped unharmed shortly afterward returned palace contingent army officers placed arrest gang disappeared whereabouts remain unknown duration day rule arrest reportedly discussed incident indirectly asked permission kill replied choice believed support soviets ordered death subsequently media report ailing died mention murder presidency domestic policies following fall power elected chairman general secretary election general secretary removal party posts unanimous members cabinet replaced took power gang male saw clear indication ministers support rise power followed policy attempts persuade people regime anti islamic government began invest reconstruction promised people freedom religion religious groups given copies began refer speeches claimed revolution totally based principles islam campaign proved unsuccessful held responsible regime behavior rise power officially endorsed september endorsement led official announcement pious muslim scored point counter revolutionary propaganda claimed communist regime tried increase popularity tribal groups feat unable unwilling achieve speech tribal elders defensive western way dressed official biography published depicted traditional clothes short stay power committed establishing collective leadership ousted promised man government attempting population released list people executed blamed executions total number arrested combined reign number liked people rule opposition communist regime increased government lost control countryside state military deteriorated number military personnel army decreased immediate aftermath revolution problem faced penetration military government bureaucracy position afghanistan day enemies exiled soviet_union removal leader met leading figures period wanted exact revenge foreign policy leader tried reduce afghanistan dependence soviet_union accomplish aimed balance afghanistan relations soviet_union strengthening relations pakistan iran soviets concerned received reports met personally leading anti communists afghanistan general difficult find new foreign patrons involvement death american ambassador afghanistan strained relations united_states tried improve relations contact met different american interviewed american correspondent improve afghanistan standing eyes meeting american ambassador afghanistan believed thing maintain low profile trying avoid issues waiting happens early december proposed joint summit meeting president pakistan accepting modified version offer agreed send pakistani foreign minister talks pakistani secret police continued train fighters opposed communist regime soviet relations contrary popular belief soviet leadership headed eager send troops afghanistan soviet decisions guided afghanistan consisted chairman minister foreign affairs defence minister head opposed removal subsequent murder according general secretary communist_party soviet_union events developed swiftly afghanistan essentially little opportunity interfere right mission determine actions preserve position afghanistan secure influence soviet relations deteriorated short stint power invited official visit moscow soviet ambassador afghanistan soviet leadership satisfaction party state building policy went planned talked undesirable turn events taking place afghanistan rule brought ongoing political shift afghanistan soviets afraid afghanistan foreign policy pro soviet position position early mid december soviet leadership established alliance turned relationship broke started campaign discredit turn led assassination attempt participated situation worsened accusing soviet position afghanistan noted increase anti soviet government rule harassment soviet citizens increased group senior politicians reported necessary possible prevent change political orientation afghanistan soviet leadership advocate intervention time instead called increasing influence leadership expose true intentions soviet assessment referred power hungry leader distinguished brutality sins alleged dealing soviet_union creating fictitious accusations members opposed policy tendency conduct balanced policy world countries end october afghanistan consisted wanted end impression soviet government supported leadership policy orders afghanistan personnel assembled deal task fought hard soviet intervention saying policies destroyed military government capabilities handle crisis use mass repression plan according assemble small force intervene remove power replace soviet_union declared plan intervene afghanistan december soviet leadership initiated operation phase intervention december death trusted soviet_union end despite deterioration official relations intelligence service handed report soviet_union invade country claimed report product view explained fact soviet_union months finally gave demands sent troops afghanistan secure government contrary common western belief informed soviet decision send troops afghanistan general commander met talk soviet troop movements soviet army intervention december issued formal order stating state frontier crossed ground air forces air_force december formal beginning soviet intervention afghanistan concerned safety moved centre palace previously headquarters military palace formidable walls strong withstand artillery fire according defences carefully organised roads palace mined exception heavy machine guns artillery positioned defend matters worse soviets established second line defence consisted seven posts manned armed machine gun mortar automatic rifles external defences palace handled consisted troops tanks soviet commanders involved assassination thought plan attack palace crazy soldiers claiming contradiction commanders told turn informed soviet leadership strange leader government american accused cia agent soviets betrayed revolution despite objections plan assassinate went ahead killing force soviets tried poison nearly killed nephew instead kill sniper shot way work proved impossible improved security measures tried poison hours assault organised lunch party members guests palace celebrate return moscow return improved mood boasted soviet divisions crossed border kept contact meal guests lost consciousness poisoned unfortunately soviets survived encounter death agent given responsibility assault palace began shortly afterward attack believed soviet_union told adjutant soviets help adjutant replied soviets attacking initially replied lie tried failed contact chief general staff true accounts died exact details confirmed killed deliberate attack died random burst fire son fatally wounded died shortly daughter wounded survived given orders kill later confirmed death
Hafizullah Amin