november april professor physics mit known work manhattan_project world war later work quantum physics nuclear physics high energy graduate morrison interested physics studied supervision joined communist_party world war joined university_of_chicago worked design nuclear moved manhattan_project new_mexico worked development explosive lenses required detonate type nuclear weapon morrison transported core trinity test device test site seat dodge leader pit crew helped load atomic bombs board aircraft participated atomic bombing hiroshima nagasaki war ended traveled hiroshima manhattan_project mission assess damage war champion nuclear wrote helped found communists remain employed academically active 1950s research turned away nuclear physics published papers cosmic rays paper considered mark birth gamma ray astronomy known writing popular science books articles appearing television programs early life education born new_jersey november son moses morrison younger sister family moved pittsburgh contracted result wore leg spent years wheelchair morrison commence school grade graduating high school entered planning major electrical engineering interested physics earned entered earned phd theoretical physics supervision writing thesis problems morrison married girl known high school fellow graduate divorced married remained died manhattan_project finished morrison took position instructor instructor december world war raging globe recruited join university_of_chicago january worked design nuclear concerned danger german nuclear energy project morrison helped persuade director manhattan_project brigadier general initiate mission order gather information work chicago winding morrison moved manhattan_project new_mexico group leader task help determine bomb require calculated kilograms sufficient worked explosive lenses required detonate type nuclear weapon morrison transported core trinity test test site seat dodge eyewitness test july wrote report month later leader pit crew helped load atomic bombs board aircraft participated atomic bombing hiroshima nagasaki war ended morrison traveled hiroshima manhattan_project mission assess damage activism morrison returned remained turned offer return berkeley instead accepted invitation join physics faculty surveying destruction left use bomb hiroshima morrison champion nuclear wrote helped found testified congress need civilian control nuclear energy participated new_york year life magazine included image gallery america eminent fellow travellers morrison joined communist_party berkeley house american activities committee devoted pages report activities called president great pressure board members alumni fire morrison remained supportive declared morrison demonstrated patriotism distinguished role played wartime development atomic bomb president sympathetic instructed morrison activities academic field morrison agreed nonetheless communists remain employed academically active 1950s writer alleged morrison soviet spy charge morrison strongly stone accepted academic work morrison wrote paper calculated gamma rays emitted process electron capture initially war morrison continued working nuclear physics collaborating textbook early treatments relatively new field following political morrison attention began drifting stars published paper explored theory cosmic rays travel galaxy morrison followed review theories origins cosmic rays paper considered mark birth gamma ray astronomy collaboration morrison published paper proposing potential search communications component modern program proposals detecting extraterrestrial intelligence conceded probability success difficult estimate search chance success zero morrison remained went mit remained remainder career institute professor emeritus working collaboration student morrison investigated effect scattering important source cosmic rays gamma rays mit morrison teamed ray group group nearby morrison deeply involved exploration ray gamma ray emissions paper noted similarities returned applying model radio galaxy media work morrison known numerous books television programs produced popular science articles issues provided narration script powers wife turned material coffee table book appeared science documentary film target earth pbs aired miniseries inquiry know know hosted addition columnist reviewer books science starting later life critic strategic defense initiative authored authored number books critical cold war nuclear arms race including winding price defense nuclear reason hope looking glass recognition morrison fellow chairman member lifetime morrison received numerous honors awards delivered laws physics large small awarded presidential award prize science writing award medal william prize scientific achievement wife prize death morrison died sleep respiratory failure home cambridge massachusetts april survived
Philip Morrison