popular nickname august january roman emperor born confused member house rulers conventionally known dynasty biological father nephew adopted son emperor young earned nickname meaning little soldier boot form nailed military boot father soldiers accompanying campaigns died wife elder returned children rome bitter feud conflict eventually led destruction family sole male survivor untouched deadly accepted invitation join emperor island withdrawn years earlier death succeeded grand uncle adoptive grandfather emperor surviving sources reign emperor described noble moderate ruler months reign sources focus cruelty sexual presenting insane reliability sources questionable known brief reign worked increase personal power emperor opposed powers directed attention ambitious construction projects luxurious dwellings initiated construction rome reign empire annexed province early assassinated result conspiracy officers senators conspirators attempt use opportunity restore thwarted day assassination declared uncle roman emperor early life family family tree named honor famous relative born modern august surviving children born second cousin elder older brothers younger sisters younger julia nephew younger brother future emperor elder daughter marcus julia elder granddaughter mother maternal great grandfather youth early career boy accompanied father campaigns north soldiers dressed miniature soldier outfit including boots armour soon given nickname meaning little soldier boot latin small boots wore reportedly grew dislike nickname claims poisoned syria agent viewed political rival death father lived mother relations deteriorated allow fear husband rival brother banished charges treason adolescent sent live great grandmother mother death sent live grandmother brother imprisoned charges treason brother died exile starvation suicide writes mother brothers sisters prisoners close watch soldiers personal care lived years surprise spared according historians excellent natural actor recognizing danger hid resentment observer said better servant worse master claimed planned kill dagger order avenge mother brother having brought weapon bedroom kill emperor instead threw dagger floor supposedly knew claims cruel vicious writes brought purpose allow live order prove ruin men roman people world gave honorary position held rise emperor mother brother died prison briefly married died following year spent time important ally spoke attempting quell ill suspicion emperor felt named joint heir estate emperor early reign died march estate titles left grandson serve joint heirs death bed ancient historians murdered writes accession joy roman people writes carried killing recorded ancient historian elder wrote reign record dying natural death backed regards grounds insanity carried wishes accepted powers conferred senate entered rome march amid crowd hailed baby star nicknames described emperor admired world rising setting sun loved beloved son popular said animals sacrificed months public usher new reign describes seven months reign completely acts said generous spirit political nature gain support granted bonuses military including city troops army outside italy destroyed treason papers declared treason trials thing past recalled sent exile helped harmed imperial tax system banished certain sexual lavish public including games collected brought bones mother brothers deposited remains tomb october fell seriously ill poisoned soon recovered illness believed illness turned young emperor started kill exile close saw threat illness reminded mortality desire advance place cousin adopted son executed act outraged mutual grandmother minor said committed suicide hints actually poisoned father law marcus brother law executed uncle spared preferred laughing stock favorite sister died fever sisters younger exiled hated grandson repeating mother actually conceived result relationship daughter julia elder public reform focused attention political public reform published accounts public funds public reign aided lost property fires abolished certain taxes gave prizes public events allowed new members equestrian orders significantly restored practice democratic elections said act sensible stopped reflect offices fall hands disasters result year criticized executing people trials forcing supporter commit suicide financial crisis famine according financial crisis emerged places beginning crisis political payments support exhausted state treasury ancient historians state began falsely accusing killing individuals purpose seizing estates historians describe number desperate measures order gain funds asked public lend state money levied taxes lawsuits weddings prostitution began lives shows left items leave items instead acquired property forced turn state current past highway commissioners accused incompetence forced repay money according year reign billion amassed nephew admired fact run vast wealth left short time brief famine unknown extent occurred caused financial crisis claims resulted seizure public carriages according grain imports disturbed grain boats bridge construction despite financial difficulties embarked number construction projects reign public good describes improvements sicily allowing increased grain imports egypt greatest contributions improvements response famine completed temple theatre began expanded imperial palace began elder considered engineering built large known circus egyptian known vatican transported sea erected middle rome syracuse repaired city walls temples gods new roads built pushed roads good condition planned rebuild palace finish temple apollo found city high alps planned dig canal greece sent chief survey work performed spectacular stunt ordering temporary floating bridge built ships stretching miles resort neighboring port said bridge rival persian king crossing swim proceeded ride favorite horse wearing act defiance prediction chance emperor riding horse large ships constructed recovered dictatorship ships largest vessels ancient world smaller ship designed temple dedicated diana larger ship essentially elaborate floating palace marble floors thirteen years raised ships burned attack second world war remains hulls treasures remain intact museum lake rome feud senate relations roman senate deteriorated subject disagreement unknown number factors aggravated feud senate accustomed ruling emperor departure accession additionally treason trials eliminated number pro julian senators reviewed records treason trials decided based actions trials numerous senators ordered new set investigations trials replaced consul senators death reports senators degraded forced wait run soon break senate faced number additional conspiracy involving brother law late soon governor germany executed connections conspiracy western expansion expanded significant attempt expanding challenging neptune campaign conquest fully realized successors client kingdom rome ruled invited rome suddenly executed annexed subsequently divided provinces separated river claims division work states uprising took place subdued division took place confusion mean decided divide province division postponed rebellion known equestrian governor provinces marcus office details events unclear wrote entire chapter annexation lost seemingly strictly personal political motive fear jealousy cousin expansion prompted pressing military economic needs rebellion shown exposed west client kings unable provide protection province possible expansion response potential future threats northern campaign aborted campaign derided ancient historians accounts dressed triumph roman troops ordered collect sea primary sources disagree precisely occurred modern historians forward numerous theories attempt explain actions trip english channel merely training scouting mission mission accept surrender british latin metaphor female troops visited boats captured small british boats claims client kings came rome pay respects argued nobility descent allegedly cried line let lord king began implementing controversial policies introduced religion political role began appearing public dressed gods hercules mercury venus apollo reportedly began referring god meeting politicians referred occasion public documents sacred set apart worship province asia temples erected worship rome temple forum linked directly imperial residence dedicated appear occasion present god public heads removed statues gods replaced temples said wished new sun represented sun god egyptian coins religious policy departure predecessors according living emperors divine east dead emperors divine rome public worship spirit occasion describes extreme act emperors generally away took things step rome including senators worship living god eastern policy needed quell riots eastern territories reign aiding actions good friend governor territories emperor cause tensions east complicated involving spread greek culture rights jews empire trust egypt loyal mother connections egyptian sent alexandria check according visit met greek population saw king jews tried greek population having statues emperor placed jewish result riots broke city responded removing position executing accused planning rebellion roman rule help confessed exiled rewarded territories riots erupted alexandria jews greeks jews accused honoring emperor disputes occurred city jews angered erection clay altar destroyed response ordered erection statue jewish temple jerusalem demand conflict jewish context wrote regarded jews suspicion persons wishes opposed governor syria fearing civil war order carried delayed implementing nearly year finally convinced reverse order scandals younger describe insane emperor self absorbed angry killed spending sex accused sleeping men wives killing mere amusement deliberately money bridge causing starvation wanting statue erected worship games presiding ordered guards throw entire section crowd arena eaten animals criminals prosecuted bored repeating earlier stories later sources provide additional tales insanity accuse sisters younger men state sent troops military exercises turned palace famously planned promised horse consul actually appointed priest validity accounts roman political culture insanity sexual presented hand hand poor government assassination aftermath actions emperor described especially harsh senate nobility equestrian order according actions led failed eventually officers led succeeded murdering emperor plot described having planned men senate army equestrian order said informed involved situation escalated announced senate planned leave rome permanently alexandria egypt hoped living god prospect rome losing emperor political power final straw left senate powerless stop repression mind convinced fellow conspirators plot action quickly according political motivations assassination sees motive calling names considered weak voice firm tax collection mock names like venus january gives date january addressed acting troupe young men series games held divine details recorded events vary somewhat source source agree stabbed followed number conspirators records death resembled states elder younger stabbed times conspirators led man named time loyal guard responded emperor dead guard stricken grief rage responded attack assassins conspirators innocent senators alike underground corridor beneath imperial palaces hill event took place discovered archaeologists senate attempted use death opportunity restore republic tried persuade military support senate military remained loyal idea imperial monarchy roman people assembled demanded murderers brought justice uncomfortable lingering imperial support assassins sought stabbed wife killed young daughter smashing head wall unable reach uncle soldier found hiding palace curtain spirited city sympathetic faction nearby camp emperor support ordered execution known conspirators involved death according body placed turf burned sisters buried sack rome ashes tomb scattered legacy historiography history reign extremely problematic sources contemporary survived works works embassy details early reign focus events surrounding jewish population egypt works scattered anecdotes personality death likely associations conspirators time detailed contemporaneous histories lost additionally historians wrote described biased overly critical praising nonetheless lost primary sources works basis surviving secondary histories written generations historians contemporaneous historians known wrote condemning histories lost friend known historical senator involved assassination sister younger wrote autobiography certainly included detailed explanation reign lost banished connection inheritance son future emperor seized poet produced number writings lost bulk known comes wrote history years death wrote history years death work gives loose chronology reign handful sources add limited perspective gives detailed description assassination provides information life lost portion annals gave detailed history brief references surviving sources surviving source favorable light sources resulted significant gaps modern knowledge reign little written years reign additionally limited details later significant events annexation military actions feud health surviving sources elder characterize insane known speaking literally additionally given surviving sources difficult separate fact fiction recent sources divided attempting medical reason behavior citing possibilities question insane especially illness early reign remains unanswered state insane describe madness personality trait came experience states arrogant angry insulting emperor uses personality flaws examples readers learn according power incredibly led think god alexandria reports ruthless nearly dying illness eighth month reign reports given magic drove insane said suffered falling sickness young modern historians lived daily fear despite swimming imperial education swim discouraged swimming open waters unexpected fits difficult rescue circumstances fatal additionally reportedly talked moon long associated moon modern historians think suffered diagnosis mainly attributed described elder possible burial site january police italy announced believed discovered site burial arresting thief caught smuggling statue believed emperor claim met cambridge historian ancestry gallery popular culture film welsh actor cast completed film american actor famously portrayed sinister scene stealing epic films 1950s sequel feature length historical film completed played lead role film alienated audiences explicit sex violence reviews overwhelmingly negative performance title character praised film considered cult classic portrayed italian exploitation film emperor directed appeared fake trailer ostensibly remake film actually short film conceptual artist portrayed film literature theatre french author play returns palace days nights following death beloved sister young emperor uses power bring impossible realm likely novel english writer presented childhood insane early reign age seven drove father despair death secretly graves commits sisters implied murdered bbc series based graves novel role played early childhood dangerously apparent seizure awakens believing god kills trying birth cutting child wrote story pitched free translation memoirs fictional character created slave early childhood till death character novel references climactic speech stating remember roman emperor said wished humanity single neck cut people laughed centuries laugh accomplished couldn accomplish taught men unite makes neck ready play kit little boots examines lives playwright fictional working play time murder emphasizes similarities characters stabbed death result controversial religious perspectives play focuses love sister deep rooted received world premiere new_york_city june play features young pinnacle characters portrayed believes happy dead music canadian death metal band released album called styled band video features members court important rule album second coming includes song relates origins reign terror television portrayed number television series itv television series bbc television series miniseries episode season warrior princess horrible histories miniseries miniseries bible continues
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