atlantic hurricane season atlantic hurricane season occurred year american_civil_war minor impacts associated events tropical cyclones believed formed season storm developed july final system dissipated november hurricanes attained category hurricane status higher saffir simpson hurricane scale produced hurricane force winds united_states conclusive damage totals available storms people died new_england coast number crew members went ship july hurricane based maximum sustained winds hurricanes tied strongest year typical method determining record central barometric air pressure reliable indicator general lack data observations tropical storms previously identified scholars hurricane experts uncovered modern day known tracks systems presumed incomplete despite efforts reconstruct paths older tropical cyclones systems completely avoided land effect shipping cases inflicting severe damage vessels storm september referred storm east_coast united_states produced rainy conditions coast inland storm season followed similar track affected large union fleet ships sailing south_carolina vessels sunk return home repairs ultimately expedition ended union success timeline prior advent modern tropical cyclone tracking technology notably satellite imagery hurricanes affect land directly went unnoticed storms affect land recognized onslaught result information older hurricane seasons incomplete modern day efforts ongoing reconstruct tracks known hurricanes identify initially storms cases evidence hurricane existed reports ships path judging direction winds experienced ships location relation storm possible roughly storm center circulation given point time manner known storms season identified hurricane expert hurricane seasons extended known tracks tropical cyclones previously identified scholars information colleague uncovered largely adopted atlantic hurricane updates atlantic hurricane database slight adjustments official source hurricane data track intensity available records time storms existed listings storms incomplete peak winds based reports available exist storm estimated minimum barometric air pressure listings present storms directly affected united_states hurricanes year landfall mainland united_states progressed inland information meteorological demise limited result intensity storms landfall dissipation based inland decay model developed predict deterioration inland hurricanes storms hurricane tropical cyclone hurricane season believed formed july immediately east leeward_islands publication documented storm effects guadeloupe given lack prior reports cyclone modern day concluded relatively weak affected islands crossing northern leeward_islands tropical storm broadly curved northwest likely intensifying category hurricane saffir simpson hurricane scale july majority storm track western atlantic unknown reconstructed based reports effects ships vicinity july storm approaching peak intensity winds mph encountered severe hurricane conditions destroyed masts washed entire crew overboard captain able climb aboard survived week food water rescued schooner sustained significant damage crew captain ship rescued began taking water extent damage ships served basis evaluating storm intensity paper hurricane ultimately passed bermuda united_states dissipating july hurricane month dissipation hurricane tropical storm formed north hispaniola august described key west hurricane august determined system fact surpassed threshold hurricane status based wind observations ships storm north coast cuba moved west northwest passed august havana cuba experienced heavy rainfall cyclone directly landfall delivered hurricane force winds southern florida turned northwest entered gulf_of_mexico began gradually weaken listed having dissipated august northern gulf hurricane damaged wrecked numerous vessels ships wrecked grounded bahamas crews rescued steamship left port august began encounter conditions later afternoon heavy seas strong gale inflicted damage vessel ships eastern coast cuba wrecked storm leading great uncertainty concern fate vessels lost grounded florida keys hurricane storm uncovered modern day existed late august ties july hurricane strongest system season terms maximum sustained winds track known august august time progressed generally northeasterly point northeast island bermuda central northern atlantic august harvest queen recorded inhg hpa august report strong indication storm attained hurricane intensity system likely undergoing transition extratropical cyclone time hurricane subsequent hurricane previously contemporary research majority track remains unknown indication tropical cyclone existed ship severe storm september information available hurricane listed atlantic hurricane database single point central atlantic hurricane storm directly strike mainland united_states detected september east coast florida peninsula storm estimated minimal hurricane based observations ship vessels encountered storm track including steamship experienced hours violent winds torrential rainfall frequent thunder lightning hurricane curved north northeast striking north_carolina day speeding northeastward united_states east_coast track known utc september refers hurricane storm describes area impact entire coast aftermath present day west_virginia 23rd camped south battle site wrote cold rain storm september letter wife conditions time characterized leaking tents temperatures getting colder colder wrote yesterday near enemy works caught storm thoroughly soaked hardly expect dry storm strong winds new_jersey area early evening midnight september trees causing damage property north boston massachusetts experienced intense winds light rainfall hours starting midnight initial reports significant destruction tropical storm tropical systems known existed month october originally documented detected based faulty report violent gale ship report said october given arrival date new_york_city days later location time encounter storm probably encountered cyclone earlier month violent south southwesterly gale lasted hours vessel probably located storm initially assigned single set coordinates october attempt reconstruct track lack certain data noted ship north october experienced heavy gale based likely ship reports storm track extended days late october atlantic hurricane database tropical storm seven publication mentioned tropical storm near cape_hatteras north_carolina october date newspaper reports indicate ships mainly north cape area encountered strong northerly days starting october winds new_york_city persisted october october northerly component noted findings support tropical system author decision retaining storm lack solid evidence existence little known system inclusion hurricane database limited single point hurricane final storm season followed generally north northeasterly course gulf_of_mexico northward east_coast november november dissipating new_england storm crossed southern florida based observations north_carolina observations ship honduras believed attained hurricane intensity hurricane landfall eastern north_carolina proceeded coast crossing eastern long_island coming ashore southern new_england demise november marked end atlantic hurricane season tropical storm form atlantic june storm systems affected region week following october influenced civil war expedition largest fleet war ships transports assembled storm recognized tropical cyclone disrupted initial assembly fleet october fleet set sail day mission attack confederate forces destination supposedly military secret november expedition encountered second storm tropical hurricane havoc organization fleet sunk vessels knowledge time series storm systems details condition fate fleet sparking great concern ships forced return home repairs majority rode storm successfully expedition proceeded onward seized port royal sound battle port royal described hurricane known expedition hurricane influence fleet hurricane significant impact land earlier year union forces captured fort guarding battle inlet batteries early morning hours november high seas began completely covering dry land position fort hours water began extremely high tides associated cyclone continued coast far north portland maine storm tides points including new_york_city newport rhode_island boston reached levels unseen years years new_york storm persisted hours starting early november rising waters inundated east hudson rivers flowed blocks inland popular bar located hotel isolated flooding response man transported customers bar private boat cost cents ride strong winds brooklyn brought trees telegraph wires infrastructure tri state area suffered parts line undermined inundated flooding prominent left temporarily impassable east hurricane triggered coastal flooding shores long_island northeasterly winds blew ships ashore northern coast long_island eastern hurricane southeastern new_england coast november november damaging vessels massachusetts running aground water village downtown boston storm began late november lasted late morning highest tides occur conditions cleared occupants ship drowned vessel sank striking rock worst storm time located east
1861 Atlantic hurricane season