mary england mary february november queen england ireland july death executions led posthumous bloody mary child henry_viii wife catherine survive adulthood younger half brother son henry succeeded father edward mortally ill attempted remove mary line succession religious differences death cousin removed proclaimed queen mary assembled force deposed jane ultimately beheaded mary excluding disputed reigns jane queen england mary married queen consort accession fourth crowned monarch tudor dynasty mary remembered restoration half brother short lived protestant reign year reign religious burned stake death establishment reversed younger half sister successor elizabeth daughter henry birth family mary born february palace london child king henry viii wife catherine survive infancy mother mary birth previous resulted daughter short lived sons including henry duke cornwall baptised catholic faith days birth included great aunt devon lord chancellor henry_viii cousin removed salisbury stood sponsor mary confirmation held immediately baptism following year mary named sponsors cousin appointed mary sir later lord chamberlain wife daughter kent mary education early marriage plans mary child july scarcely half years old entertained visiting french delegation performance type great early education came mother consulted spanish advice commissioned write treatise education girls age mary read write latin studied french spanish music dance greek henry_viii daughter boasted venetian ambassador girl cries miniature portrait shows mary like parents fair pale blue eyes red reddish golden hair trait inherited father despite affection mary henry deeply disappointed marriage produced sons time mary years old apparent henry catherine children leaving henry legitimate male heir henry sent mary border wales presumably marches given court based castle royal normally reserved prince wales called princess wales technically invested title appears spent years making regular visits father court returning permanently home counties london mary childhood henry negotiated potential future marriages years old promised infant son king francis france contract years age instead contracted marry year old cousin holy roman emperor engagement broken years charles henry agreement henry chief adviser resumed marriage negotiations french henry suggested mary marry father king francis eager alliance england marriage treaty signed provided mary marry francis second son henry duke secured alliance france marriage according venetian mary developing pretty young lady fine marriage mary parents jeopardy disappointed lack male heir eager henry attempted marriage catherine pope vii refused requests henry claimed citing biblical passages marriage catherine widow brother mary uncle arthur catherine claimed marriage arthur valid marriage marriage previous pope basis reluctant act influenced catherine nephew mary troops surrounded occupied rome war league mary sick irregular depression clear caused stress deep seated disease permitted mother sent live away court henry early henry married pregnant child archbishop_of_canterbury formally declared marriage catherine void marriage anne valid henry broke roman_catholic_church declared church_of_england catherine demoted princess wales title held widow arthur mary deemed illegitimate styled lady mary princess place line succession transferred newborn half sister elizabeth anne daughter mary household dissolved servants including dismissed december sent join household infant elizabeth mary refused acknowledge anne queen elizabeth princess king henry strain movements restricted mary frequently ill royal physician attributed ill treatment imperial ambassador close adviser unsuccessfully behalf court relationship mary father worsened speak years mother ill mary refused permission visit catherine catherine died mary catherine interred mary semi adulthood queen anne fell king favour beheaded elizabeth like mary downgraded status lady removed line succession weeks anne execution henry married urged husband peace mary henry insisted mary recognise head church_of_england papal authority acknowledge marriage parents unlawful accept attempted reconcile submitting authority far god conscience permitted eventually bullied signing document agreeing henry demands reconciled father mary resumed place court henry granted household included mary favourite mary purse expenses period called richmond principal places residence henry palaces expenses included fine clothes gambling cards favourite rebels including lord mary chamberlain campaigned henry religious reforms demands mary legitimate rebellion known suppressed rebels executed suggestion mary directly involved following year jane died giving birth son edward mary half brother acted chief queen funeral mary courted bavaria late philip lutheran suit hand unsuccessful king chief minister negotiated potential alliance suggestions mary marry duke age came match henry duke sister anne agreed king saw anne time late december week scheduled wedding find attractive unable diplomatic reasons absence suitable pretext cancel marriage fell favour arrested treason june unlikely charges plotted marry mary anne marriage beheaded henry mary old executed pretext catholic plot son pole implicated youth literally head shoulders pieces following execution henry fifth wife unmarried henry invited mary attend royal christmas festivities court father marriages consort mary acted henry married sixth wife able bring family closer henry returned mary elizabeth line succession act succession placing edward remained legally illegitimate henry died edward succeeded mary inherited estates norfolk suffolk essex granted edward child rule passed regency council dominated attempted establish faith country example act prescribed protestant rites church services use new book common prayer mary remained faithful celebrated traditional mass chapel appealed cousin apply diplomatic pressure demanding allowed practice religion edward reign mary remained estates rarely attended court plan july england safety european mainland came religious differences mary edward continued mary attended reunion edward elizabeth christmas year old edward embarrassed mary reduced tears court publicly ignoring laws worship mary repeatedly refused edward demands abandon catholicism edward repeatedly refused drop demands accession july age died lung infection possibly tuberculosis want crown mary feared restore catholicism reforms henry_viii planned exclude line succession advisers told sisters elizabeth protestant guided 1st duke northumberland edward excluded sisters line succession succession act restored mary elizabeth line succession edward named daughter law granddaughter henry_viii younger sister mary successor mother mary cousin death mary summoned london visit dying brother warned summons pretext capture facilitate accession throne instead heading london residence mary fled owned extensive estates rebellion adherents catholic faith opponents lived july wrote council orders proclamation edward successor july proclaimed queen supporters day mary letter council arrived london july mary supporters assembled military force castle suffolk support collapsed mary grew jane deposed july imprisoned tower london mary rode london august wave popular support accompanied half sister elizabeth procession nobles gentlemen mary actions queen order release roman catholic duke norfolk imprisonment tower london mary understood young essentially scheme rank executed high treason immediate aftermath coup husband lord found guilty kept guard tower immediately executed father 1st duke suffolk released mary left difficult position implicated plot throne appointed council bishop winchester lord chancellor offices held death november mistress robes october crowned mary westminster abbey spanish marriage age mary turned attention finding husband producing heir preventing protestant elizabeth line terms henry_viii act succession succeeding throne mentioned prospective cousin suggested marry son prince philip spain philip son previous marriage heir apparent vast territories new world marriage negotiations portrait philip sent september lord chancellor house_of_commons unsuccessfully petitioned consider marrying englishman fearing england relegated marriage unpopular english allies opposed basis patriotism motivated fear catholicism mary insisted marrying philip broke younger led force kent mary favour elizabeth wider conspiracy known rebellion involved duke suffolk father mary declared publicly summon parliament discuss marriage parliament decided marriage advantage kingdom refrain pursuing reaching london defeated captured duke suffolk daughter husband executed implicated plot imprisoned exiled elizabeth protesting innocence affair imprisoned tower london months house arrest palace mary excluding brief disputed reigns england queen english common law doctrine property titles belonging woman husband marriage feared man married fact mary grandparents ferdinand isabella retained sovereignty realms marriage precedent follow england terms queen mary marriage act philip styled king england official documents including acts parliament dated names parliament called joint authority couple mary lifetime england obliged provide military support philip father war philip act wife consent appoint foreigners office england philip unhappy conditions imposed ready agree sake securing marriage feelings mary sought marriage political strategic gains philip aide wrote correspondent brussels marriage concluded consideration order remedy disorders kingdom preserve low countries elevate son mary rank emperor charles ceded philip crown naples claim mary queen naples titular queen jerusalem marriage wedding july took place days meeting philip speak english spoke mixture spanish french latin false pregnancy september mary stopped gained weight felt reasons entirety court including doctors believed pregnant parliament passed act making philip regent event mary death week april elizabeth released house arrest called court witness birth expected according venetian ambassador philip planned marry elizabeth event mary death letter brother law austria philip expressed uncertainty wife pregnant thanksgiving services diocese london held end april false rumours mary given birth son spread europe june apparent delay delivery fed gossip mary pregnant revealed doubts french ambassador mary continued exhibit signs pregnancy july abdomen baby ridiculed pregnancy likely end wind likely false pregnancy induced mary overwhelming desire child august soon disgrace false pregnancy mary considered god punishment having tolerated realm philip left england command armies france flanders mary fell deep depression touched queen grief wrote love husband departure elizabeth remained court october apparently restored favour absence children philip concerned mary elizabeth english throne queen scots france philip persuaded mary elizabeth marry cousin duke secure catholic succession preserve interest england elizabeth refused comply parliamentary consent unlikely religious policy month following accession mary issued proclamation subjects follow religion end september leading protestant including imprisoned mary parliament assembled early october declared marriage parents valid abolished edward religious laws church doctrine restored form taken articles things affirmed clerical married priests deprived mary rejected break rome instituted father establishment brother philip persuaded parliament repeal henry religious laws returning english church roman jurisdiction reaching agreement took months mary pope iii major concession monastery lands confiscated henry returned church remained hands influential new owners end pope approved deal acts revived numerous executed rich including chose exile instead executions occurred period days early february february february taylor february imprisoned archbishop canterbury forced watch burned stake protestant theology rejoined catholic faith normal process law mary refused day burning dramatically withdrew total executed burning proved unpopular philip ecclesiastical staff condemned adviser warned cruel enforcement cause revolt mary policy continued death exacerbated anti catholic anti spanish feeling english people victims lauded son mary executed considered arrived papal november ordained priest appointed archbishop_of_canterbury immediately death march foreign policy tudor conquest ireland mary reign english colonists settled queen counties founded plantation began principal towns respectively named january mary father law philip king spain mary consort apart philip declared king brussels mary stayed england philip negotiated truce french february following month french ambassador england implicated plot mary sir second cousin executed attempted assemble invasion force france plot known conspiracy betrayed conspirators england rounded remained exile france left britain philip returned england march july persuade mary support spain renewed war france mary favour declaring war opposed french trade marriage treaty bad economic legacy reign series poor meant england lacked supplies finances war declared june nephew invaded england seized castle french help failed attempt mary result war relations england strained pope allied henry_ii france january french forces took england sole remaining possession european mainland territory financially ideological loss damaged mary prestige according chronicles mary later lamented dead opened shall find lying heart commerce revenue years mary reign consistently wet persistent rain subsequent flooding led famine problem decline antwerp cloth trade despite mary marriage benefit spain enormously lucrative trade spanish guarded trade routes mary illicit trade piracy husband attempt increase trade rescue english economy mary continued northumberland policy seeking new commercial opportunities granted royal charter governor commissioned world sailed south attempt develop links coast africa financially mary regime tried reconcile modern form government higher spending medieval system collecting taxation 1st winchester lord high treasurer assigned oversee revenue collection system failure apply new new forms imports meant key source revenue neglected solve problem mary government published revised book rates listed duties import publication extensively reviewed english henry_viii mary drafted plans currency reform implemented death death philip visit mary thought pregnant baby march decreed husband regent minority child child born mary forced accept elizabeth successor mary weak ill pain possibly cancer died november aged james palace epidemic claimed life later day succeeded half sister philip brussels wrote sister joan felt reasonable regret death mary stated wished buried mother interred december tomb eventually share elizabeth latin inscription tomb maria james succeeded elizabeth translates realm tomb sisters elizabeth mary lie sleep hope resurrection legacy funeral service bishop winchester praised mary king daughter king sister king wife queen title king woman succeed claiming throne england despite competing claims determined opposition enjoyed popular support sympathy earliest parts reign especially england catholic historians thought mary policies failed wrong short reign establish natural disasters control marriage philip unpopular subjects religious policies resulted deep seated resentment military losses france poor weather failed increased public discontent philip spent time abroad wife remained england leaving depressed absence undermined inability children mary death sought marry elizabeth refused thirty years later sent spanish overthrow success seventeenth century mary persecution led attacked blast trumpet prominently featured monuments published years death subsequent editions book remained popular following centuries helped shape enduring perceptions mary mid twentieth century attempted tradition mary authoritarian writing scholarship tended view older simpler partisan assessments mary greater mary rule ultimately unpopular policies fiscal reform naval expansion colonial exploration later lauded accomplishments started mary reign titles style arms mary ascended throne proclaimed official style henry_viii mary france ireland defender faith church_of_england ireland earth supreme head title church mary catholicism omitted christmas mary marriage treaty philip official joint style reflected mary philip claims philip mary grace god king queen england france naples jerusalem ireland defenders faith princes spain sicily austria milan flanders style use replaced philip inherited spanish crown philip mary queen england spain france jerusalem ireland defenders faith austria milan flanders mary coat arms predecessors quarterly france lions pale england arms depicted husband adopted truth daughter time latin personal motto ancestry mary philip descended legitimate children john 1st duke lancaster wives relationship portray philip english king mary descended duke lancaster wives lancaster family tree pedigree
Mary I of England