new_york_city draft riots new_york_city draft riots july known time draft week violent disturbances new_york_city culmination working class discontent new laws passed congress year draft men fight ongoing american civil war riots remain largest civil racial insurrection american history aside civil war president abraham_lincoln diverted regiments militia volunteer troops following control city overwhelmingly working class men primarily ethnic irish particularly men afford pay equivalent fee hire substitute spared draft initially intended express anger draft protests turned race riot white mainly exclusively irish immigrants attacking blacks find official death toll listed conditions city major general commander said july martial law ought proclaimed sufficient force enforce military reach city day rioting destroyed numerous public buildings protestant churches homes black homes colored orphan asylum 44th street fifth avenue burned ground demographics city changed result riot blacks left manhattan permanently moving brooklyn population fell number background new_york economy tied south nearly half exports cotton shipments addition upstate textile mills processed cotton manufacturing new_york strong business connections south january mayor democrat called city declare city independence albany washington said united support union entered war new_york_city south city continuing destination immigrants 1840s ireland germany nearly percent new_york_city population german born speak english 1840s 1850s journalists published sensational accounts directed working class relationships marriages joined effort newspapers carried portrayals blacks ridiculed black aspirations equal rights voting education employment pseudo scientific lectures popular countered doctors time areas city mixed populations residents political machine working immigrants citizens vote local elections strongly recruited irish spoke english march war continuing congress passed enrollment act establish draft time troops needed new_york_city locations new citizens learned expected register draft fight new country black men excluded draft largely considered citizens white men pay free blacks immigrants competed low wage jobs city new_york political offices including mayor held democrats election abraham_lincoln president demonstrated rise republican political power nationally january alarmed working class new_york feared freed slaves migrate city add competition labor market tensions black white workers 1850s particularly docks march white refused work blacks attacking black men area city variety venues bars neighborhoods mixed terms residents men competed carriage drivers jobs riots monday reports rioting buffalo new_york certain cities drawing draft numbers july occurred new_york_city second drawing held monday july days union victory southern pennsylvania furious crowd led volunteer known black joke attacked assistant marshal office avenue 47th street draft taking place crowd threw large paving stones windows burst doors set building fire department responded broke vehicles killed horses pulling smashed cars prevent parts city notified riot cut telegraph lines irish laborers feared having compete slaves jobs sent assist union troops pennsylvania force try suppress riots police superintendent arrived site monday check situation uniform people mob recognized attacked kennedy left nearly unconscious face bruised cut eye injured lips swollen hand cut knife beaten mass blood body police drew clubs charged crowd police forces badly outnumbered unable quell riots kept rioting immigrants bloody sixth ward points area involvement rioting bull head hotel 44th street refused provide alcohol mob burned mayor residence fifth avenue eighth fifth district police stations buildings attacked set fire targets included office new_york_times mob turned times office staff manning guns including times founder fire engine companies responded firefighters sympathetic drafted saturday later afternoon authorities shot killed man crowd attacked second avenue 21st street mob broke windows paving stones ripped street turned black people primary target anger immigrants poor people viewed free black men competition scarce jobs worried slaves coming new_york work mob beat tortured killed numerous black people including man attacked crowd clubs paving stones hanged tree set 44th street fifth avenue symbol white charity blacks black upward mobility provided shelter children attacked mob mob thousand including women children looted building food supplies police able secure time allow escape building burned areas rioting attacked killed black people destroyed known homes businesses smith believed owned black man united_states near docks tensions boiled recently march white employers hired blacks irish men refused work irish mob attacked blacks working docks went streets search negro laborers attempt remove evidence black social life area near docks white attacked destroyed dance halls boarding houses blacks stripped clothing white owners businesses tuesday heavy rain fell monday night helping fires sending home crowd returned day burned home prison reformer daughter abolitionist attacked white white women married black men white prostitute black men women escaped personal physical harm governor arrived tuesday spoke city hall attempted crowd proclaiming conscription act unconstitutional commander brought approximately soldiers marines forts west_point ordered militias return new_york wednesday thursday order restored situation improved wednesday assistant marshal general received word superior officer colonel postpone draft news appeared newspapers stayed home militias began return harsh measures remaining order began restored thursday federal troops returned new_york including new york volunteers 26th michigan volunteers 27th 7th frederick maryland forced march addition governor sent regiments federal service section 20th new_york units arrive july thousand federal troops city final confrontation occurred thursday evening near according analysis people died day riots skirmishes police army including african american soldiers women new_york_times reported thursday gang members baltimore rangers sic philadelphia come new_york unrest participate riots alongside dead rabbits times afford miss golden opportunity brutal time serving colleagues aftermath exact death toll new_york draft riots unknown according historian people killed black men days riots forced hundreds blacks flee city violence black men especially fierce docks area reliable estimates indicate people injured author book film based puts figure higher killed wounded figure widely accepted total property damage million million million adjusted inflation city treasury later quarter historian wrote riots equivalent confederate victory buildings including protestant churches colored orphan asylum burned ground riots fearing mob destroy buildings driven blacks residences result violence blacks hundreds left new_york including moving brooklyn separate city new_jersey white elite new_york organized provide relief black riot victims helping find new work homes relief colored people provided nearly victims riots black population dropped lowest white working class riots changed demographics city whites exerted control workplace divided blacks august government resumed draft new_york completed days incident fewer men drafted feared working class selected nationwide conscription went service rioting mainly involved working class middle upper class new split sentiments draft use federal power martial law enforce wealthy democratic businessmen sought draft declared unconstitutional democrats seek draft declared unconstitutional helped pay fees drafted december recruited black soldiers outfitted trained honoring sending men parade city hudson_river docks march crowd watched procession led police members new_york_city support union cause continued gradually southern sympathies declined city new_york banks eventually financed civil war state industries productive entire confederacy end war soldiers sailors militia enlisted populous state time total military men died war disease wounds order battle command superintendent commissioners took command kennedy seriously injured mob early stages riots 1st division major general union_army general headquartered new_york_city brigadier general brown overall command military fortresses new_york city time volunteered services wool instructed brown serve command militia general brown initially refused eventually offered serve capacity needed brig general artillery captain 12th tasked overseeing initial enforcement draft marshal general colonel marshal general new_york_city colonel day rioting july command secretary war authorized regiments state militia volunteer units army reinforce end riots soldiers garrisoned new_york_city fiction novel civil war new york new york novel alternate history novel theatre film short lived broadway musical starring set black children modeled colored orphan asylum film directed includes fictionalized portrayal
New York City draft riots