formula racing car designed team owned formula season car featured radical design elements obvious use flat panel heat car replace conventional water oil concept work practice removed car race debut seen cars powered engine raced modified nose mounted year driven winning race form scoring sufficient points team finish championship variant car known fan car introduced swedish grand prix counter dominant ground effect lotus generated immense level means fan claimed increased cooling extracted air beneath car car raced configuration formula world championship won swedish grand prix concept withdrawn race ruled remainder season concept romeo engined overweight car initially weighing wide permitted technical regulations difficulties packaging large powerful engine fuel required complete race distance lengthy development competitive won race mid designer started work ambitious design intended compensate weight engine fuel allow team large technical step forward improve safety engine transmission derived engine capacity employed fuel injection electronic engine featured cast engine block aluminium aluminium cylinder heads gear driven cylinder formula form delivered rpm engines teams peak power came expense greater size increased fuel oil consumption weight engine difficult work significant variations dimensions units car revised lighter version speed gearbox designed designed gearbox cast gears chassis suspension aluminium featuring cross section common 1970s designs featured fed external supply compressed air lift ground tyre changes practice employed early version carbon brakes universal use mid-1980s concept taken aircraft industry system developing combined carbon composite brake pads steel disc faced carbon composite radical feature original car use flat plate heat mounted flush surface place conventional water absence standard allowed murray compensate somewhat large engine fuel tanks produce relatively light design low frontal cross section important reduce drag practice heat provide like cooling capacity south african murray rare design failures replaced standard nose car similar aerodynamic efficiency addition question drag nose mounted moved weight car racing history debuted race season south african grand prix march revised nose mounted cars immediately competitive reliability suspect winning debut subsequent withdrawal fan car swedish grand prix team completed season standard winning italian grand prix standard car albeit minute jumping second race start fatal accident start appeared time formula world championship round season hands car qualify race new proving troublesome race new car retired lap multi car collision wrecked fan car concept lotus introduced concept ground effect formula world championship fast reliable type discovered carefully shaping underside car accelerate air passing car reducing air pressure car relative pushing tyres harder track increased gave grip higher speeds ground effect great advantage low drag solution unlike conventional wings meaning increased ability compromised decrease straight line speed lotus reliability problems developed concept relatively simple wing profile tunnels car soon appeared black gold type opposition comfortable margin clear designers wright type early lotus design achieving remarkable levels grip realised romeo engine season wide permit tunnels needed significant ground effect murray went produce engine season ferrari persisted design lacked ground effect disastrous season meantime murray idea use way reducing pressure underneath car car proved significantly faster opposition series fans rear car driven dedicated stroke engine draw large amounts air chassis reducing pressure creating suffered reliability problems second engine banned sporting authorities murray designed version driven complex series running engine large single fan car faster engine ran stronger effect like lotus sliding skirts sealed gap sides cars ground prevented excessive air low pressure area car dissipating ground effect rule banning aerodynamic devices fan drew air horizontally mounted engine fan assist cooling legal small electric fan effect south american races start year claimed primary effect new device claims lent legitimacy cooling system design issues affected original design start year cars modified chassis numbers modifications implement fan concept extensive involving sealing engine bay adding clutch system fan designed tested secrecy lead driver realised adjust driving style found accelerated corners car stick road rails effect exposing driver high lateral acceleration major problem ground effect era autobiography described car unpleasant drive lateral loads reliance driver skill realised early rate ground effect development meant future driver exposed loading wheel car physical effort needed drive cars leave drivers exhausted end races racing history aftermath modified cars prepared june use fan covered lid soon clear modified intended achieve drivers throttle car seen suspension increased lotus driver said like bloody great vacuum cleaner throws rubbish hell rate murray says fan couldn spit fan exit speed mph radial fan sent stones flying sideways legality cars soon protested allowed race qualified second championship leader race watson spun 19th lap marker dropped oil track major runners race remaining class seemingly unaffected slippery surface passed outside corners dropped shortly broken valve went win half minute arrows rival teams saw fan car threat lotus immediately started design work fan version owner team secretary president according biographer heads teams led threatened withdraw support withdrew negotiated deal car continued races voluntarily withdraw commission intervened declare henceforth fan cars allowed car raced formula car considered illegal raced swedish grand prix win stood converted chassis returned standard configuration race competed specification trophy race park event held raise funds originally intended non championship formula race instead run time trial format victory going fastest single lap recorded event car factor drove coming fourth cars competing murray designed car season called type box rear end twin variable geometry fans rear maximize ground effect car built thanks closing regulations season concept variation theme produced later season like removed wing assembly leaving clean aerodynamic wing moving centre gravity standard replaced units golf mounted wheels region positive pressure racing history ran practice austrian drivers complained reduced straight line speed race appear formula results key results bold indicate pole position results indicate fastest lap total includes points scored car races total includes points scored cars rest season
Brabham BT46