italian expedition italian expedition undertaken aid ally ferdinand naples threatened dynasty ruler albania latin leading rebellion ottoman_empire allied western european monarchs order consolidate domains ruler sicily naples important ally died leaving illegitimate son ferdinand throne french duke laid claim throne conflict ferdinand supporters soon erupted civil war pope spanish background little secure ferdinand turned aid achieved famous victory ottoman_empire received great enthusiasm italy order repay financial military assistance given years took pope pleas help son sending military expedition italy leaving tried negotiate constantinople ensure domain safety declared truce sending armies bosnia conquest serbia declared truce year gave opportunity send men italy fears approaching ottoman army sent nephew constantine cavalry incorporated ferdinand forces combat rivals held enemy year gain ground arrived september reaching italy visited convince help fund campaign men landed italy forces lifted siege arriving continued pursue ally enemies great success ferdinand adversaries began retreat territories went albania troop men stayed ferdinand managed finally defeat throne battle known men participated background ally died son crowned advocate offensive war ottoman_empire hungarian nobility son promoted defensive war year defeated sizable ottoman force battle rome desperately waiting victory siege belgrade pope wanted assure feasibility crusade declaring named secure pope interests sent turkish prisoners war captured rome despite seeing forces defeated year prepared force sent albania country ambitions empire west grew restless defeat sent western european states convince stop fighting unite crusade italian situation september important helpful ally stipulation treaty died gesture friendship sent detachment troops commanded general quell rebellion year men allowed settle villages sicily controlled hearing ally death sent new king naples ferdinand father death accession throne naples succession laid claim throne family controlled naples taken control ferdinand illegitimate son southern italian nobility background supported ferdinand del famed invited duke milan wary french presence italy sided ferdinand sent nephew command army southern italy pope wished control naples position help weak ferdinand turned help time men conquered southern italy naples ferdinand besieged received aid ferdinand father vassal crown felt need repay crown accepted pope pleas italy aid ferdinand stated reasoning wanted remain loyal ally wanted prevent takeover naples maintained friendly relations turks feared took naples turn albania previously maintained kingdom hand undertaking action took measures relations venice seeing locked conflict venice longer feared alliance senate decided approach venetian relations pope died succeeded pope sensing war soon begin tried convince ferdinand main rival settle differences king french king took stance hopes convincing allow french takeover naples proposed repeal undermined pope power declared willing lend men planned papal crusade wary disregarded proposals effort deter landing lord italy feared petty tried invite italy detailed map adriatic ferdinand sent manuscript reached sultan fell hands situation constant news ottoman campaigns bosnia albania suggest considering armistice took advantage fighting preparing voyage italy securing northern possible attack elusive ally northern albania trying expand realm reaching agreement turks order curb ambitions seized fortress presented gift venice established alliance venice strengthening turkish alliance new pope issued bull giving days break alliance ottomans reconcile subject conceded chose option alliance venice accepted losses continued support provide financial aid believed military skill soldiers battle hold turkish armies pope considered assistance essential plans anti ottoman crusade completed conquest serbia ottoman envoys appealed year armistice albania ottoman_empire sultan purpose distance pope crusade believed crusade hope success order albania break years continuous ottoman invasion considered accepting proposal pope approval allow agreement began doubt loyalty ottomans operating feared ottoman soldiers break truce pour albania order regain pope trust agree peace disappointed rome response responded participating held plan future crusade council ended failure signifying receive help west sent ambassadors pope saying willing land italy turks arranged rome soon allowed sending men italy receive envoy june requested city support transport warriors southern italy adriatic venice consulted pursued interests italy held close economic relations crown sent rome presented plans turn notified ferdinand ordered venice guard coastline decided send troop men remained albania mid june agreed time finally conquer northeastern modern turkey truce agreed years landings september sent cavalry command nephew constantine time years old battles point minor thousand troops ferdinand army stood men addition cavalry like italian counterparts increased force effectiveness time ferdinand lost territory left fortresses area surrounding naples swiftly approaching naples ferdinand prepared secured putting command incompetence held army time men arrived ferdinand commenced offensive light cavalry warfare noted effectiveness reported travel miles day opposed italian cavalry travel miles encouraged ferdinand fight traditional manner raid territory ferdinand informed devastating taking events worried prompted try stop pouring men italy particularly surprised action believed offended correspondence ferdinand rival faithful ally developed admiration campaigns albania sided rival allied refused recognize ferdinand king naples sent letter convince pull men italy arguing ferdinand fortunes hopeless fame die supposed alliance rewarding alliance ferdinand letter response dated october stated looking fortune mature man looking help ally furthermore sent letter ferdinand assuring loyalty letter sent assuring fit battle italy italian rulers believe letters political motives italian expedition presenting noble ally illustrate influence renaissance court served psychological purpose ferdinand rivals compared antiquity marched italy defend greek city states roman expansion october ferdinand able recapture western territories eastern frontier enemies remained large dangerous undertaken task blocking papal troops route man left charge east brother remained loyal ferdinand deemed incompetent ferdinand invited constantine naples offering leading role operation constantine cavalry duke remained loyal ferdinand managed defeat control custom duties gathered brought annually pay came fighting continued months constantine ferdinand able regain lost territory prepared men laying siege main castles fierce battle soon erupted cavalry took ferdinand abandoned city fled near met ambassador informed ready land italy soon proper provided expedition preparations voyage leaving italy needed accumulate appropriate finances ordered diocese raised forthcoming crusade pope ordered given vatican funds banks held threat ottoman invasion refused continue funding crusade warned ottomans soon albania reluctant fund expedition italy issues finance lack large ships received smaller ships transport troops arrival delayed ferdinand siege siege began sent shores men waiting sent unnamed captain eastern guard ottoman attack left wife charge affairs venetian ambassador way constantinople reported assembled cavalry infantry papal ships near modern day awaiting supply grain ships continued wait august sent ferdinand arrived boarded soon send entire force directly sent returned italy cavalry infantry besieged ferdinand went convince needed funds men landed august forces feared leader force lifted siege immediately informed ferdinand arrive voyage ferdinand felt personal involvement essential began worry come days promised reached august men stayed ships anchored harbor went city papal pressure requests fame visible walked city gates population poured streets greeted ceremony tour city walls weaponry received financial sum come men supplied food coming campaign popularity allowed kept largest community outside albania present august set storm forced anchor island september finally reached italy lifted siege seeing approaching men week forces remained active arrived ferdinand command fortress king went left command fortress moved ferdinand rivals duke stationed assaults continued cavalry light armament swift horses loose ranks allowed quickly overcome heavily armed italian cavalry fought tight formations operations warrior captured lord imprisoned years later ferdinand present castle token gratitude ferdinand opponents main command tried open battle combined strength forces withdrew fields news retreat reached venice sent message marched taranto prince tried dissuade marching ferdinand wary continued raiding territory split army parts command led attacks ferdinand enemies directions halt thoroughly exhausting month october continued territory bases present ferdinand recaptured point asked truce rejected october reported captured town asked campaign accepted believing peace near seek maintain agreement reported learning decided open battle men feeding men preparing horses set camp found place men informed intentions returned reinforced ferdinand men split army command approached stationed miles knowing battle come set night capture mountain lying cities stationed men protect men find refuge case defeat objective mind set capture mountain instead met men kept men order coming battle day armies met battle lasted dusk jean men suffered defeat forced flee retreated campaigns went northwards joined men launch assaults papal state task recapture second important point aside succeeded capturing commander garrison rebelled ferdinand outside walls sixteen men saw surrounded tried convince abandon refused reasons morning december pleas vice commander garrison surrendered refused hand garrison munitions threatened surrender asked forcing hand stores weeks colleagues joined men yielded fortresses recaptured ferdinand aftermath seeing fortunes ferdinand rivals tried settle peace ferdinand sent offered peace paid respectively ferdinand refused personal actions italy stayed month january returned albania leaving soldiers italy reason leaving italy clear believed time preparing campaign hungary turned albania return route visited likewise welcomed hero wanted set albania immediately bad weather forced stay offered supplies suggesting wished continue albania land instead days sailed ship albania leaving purchased grain sicily soldiers war crown naples continued months left known warriors fought ensuing battles august ferdinand achieved decisive victory expedition famous italy book english war sees landing essential ferdinand victory quick maneuvering swift assaults virtually italian warriors expedition succeeded lifting capturing ruse forcing turn offensive defensive strategy devastating land point inhabitants forced submit ferdinand allowing ferdinand safely attend wedding nephew campaign instrumental securing kingdom ferdinand services ferdinand awarded men soon settled settled villages rolling landscapes east taranto return albania greeted triumph followers despite began prepare war july turkish army resumed campaigns albania major engagement july following campaign august year defeated ottoman armies month april signed new peace treaty later september signed alliance venice preparing war ottomans october grew confident declare crusade joined
Skanderbeg's Italian expedition