july december norwegian historian politician representing labour_party born north norway fairly distinguished family soon interested politics history starting political career switched labour_party turn 20th century represented party municipal council parts interwar period elected member parliament served nonetheless norwegian minister foreign affairs capacity sought preserve norway neutrality second world war action garnered political growing political decisions ultimately led exit cabinet war returned academic career track wrote major works 1950s 1960s academic professor history having research fellow honors held honorary degree university_of_oxford prolific writer touched numerous subjects long academic career wrote biographies works spanned volumes known norwegian history emphasised roles peasants wage labourers historical agents found place expanding notion norwegian nation interested united_states history pioneer norway respect views norwegian language garnered nationwide academic recognition championed language reform declared aim consolidate standards written norwegian reform pushing formal written language direction implemented historical events led failure policy advocate international peace founding member ordinary member activist politician described strong strong belief taking academic legal perspective political problems background born august larger cities second children born educator politician time teacher penchant singing languages drawing betty mixed descended father norwegian origin distinguished great grandfather civil servant offspring maternal grand uncle cousin lineage distant ancestor stems german immigrants norway 17th century intended stopped request voiced dislike christened changed years later family lived mayor family moved years old father immersed politics served mayor finished school taking father teachers norwegian greek year death father family moved borough studied september married essay writer women rights activist half years senior bore children child died infancy remaining distinguished careers née child psychologist ambassador father law literary scholar grandfather politician academic psychologist politician leader late 1920s karen declining health work placed strain relationship union entered friendships following decade pen friends second world war rumors romantic relationship secretary relationship karen strength education graduated degree studied history geography minor subject main history teacher examination different languages classical modern choice classical latin norwegian german including norse chose norwegian german finishing history studies spent months mediterranean travelling ships norway venice second venice constantinople norway studied german literature travels december finally examined earned degree students examined norwegian german late candidate history previous year break studies came second half father death afford attend university semester worked briefly private tutor district paid write newspaper returning studies worked correspondent newspaper eventually worked took anniversary writer years contribute extensively publications den liberal norwegian nationalist publications months graduating worked unpaid volunteer continuing attend university lectures given scholarship nok award nok studied abroad fellowship studied paris des des especially influenced leipzig worked substitute time school teacher engaged help publishing source text years work completed volumes biographical dictionary norwegian writers posthumous work principal author having died academic career appointments doctorate appointed research fellow rarely responsibility teaching students busy remained research fellow took degree thesis die und opponents hired internal opponents university designated cover cultural history instead history later university changed history cabinet changed cultural history parliament finally decided history going start tenure argued deserved travel abroad travelled united_states england sweden visiting peace conferences london chicago stockholm years wife daughter lived returned norway university remained promoted professor remained professor served dean faculty fields research faced considerable skepticism academics announcing intentions study social history farmers perspective claimed farmers norway effort person wanted study farmer politician given nok research professor replied wish study social history yes socialist completed developed theories role farmers history published journal featured theory class nation according community nation expanded democratic way movement labour movement rose political demand place political national sphere wrote article book published compilation presented material university lectures represented culmination work topic class conflict urban population argued peasant movement abandoned cause class interest favour universal rights social reforms perspective applied struggle labour movement maintained economic background farmers rising presented originally lecture second norwegian conference historians lecture historical came fruition stated thought theories political social uprising stay united_states impact historical views adaptation historical tried encourage study american history norway american culture particularly high standing norway time school learn proper english embarked historian colleagues country barely history worth visiting writing subject came lecture genesis american independence followed monetary power labor america based people academy lectures american culture den american nation return briefly american career instance autumn hold course harvard_university wishing unite interested psychology role individuals history focus led words biographer greatest biographers 20th century inspired work wrote life author later published biographies foreigners volumes volumes vii norway wrote pieces edition biographical dictionary source important figures norwegian history published letters original writings chaired institutions dealt publishing source texts chaired honorary positions fellow learned society vice held honorary degrees university_of_oxford university_of_chicago decorated france knight legion honour received medal member political career early involvement local politics father introduced son politics taking national convention allowed enter studied university political arena argued flag norway contain union badge flag case left forum founded new students association called students association collectively entered board member local party branch continued fight union badge union union dissolved altogether agitated establishment republic decided monarchy adhered christianity adolescent adult life valued faith human beings prompted greatest religions started feel solidarity labour movement working classes leading views voted years prior began consider socialist living united_states developed form historical led fusion history scholarship political views viewed important agent norwegian history pronounced rights farmers viewed working class class included political life specifically period radical members later join labour_party joined labour_party returned united_states moved lived family commissioned house house designed architect dubbed university offered office conduct research home served member municipal council terms wrote year history foreign affairs politician internationally tried prop institutions maintained public international law participated denmark norway disposition sovereignty claimed denmark teamed conservative politician edited contributed negotiations led agreement norwegian trade rights area question sovereignty remained forces outside government annexed red land 1930s foremost international politician labour_party positioned labour_party prospective minister foreign affairs party form government fellow historian minister foreign affairs died making foreign minister designate labour_party polled norwegian parliamentary election leading prepare office labour government formed march minister foreign affairs cabinet actions minister persuade labour_party pull norway party declared recently foreign policy matters usually decisions consulting ministers merely informing rest cabinet decisions failed effective international body favoured strict neutrality policy norway adhered membership years reluctant expansion norwegian military defense capacity principally oppose expansion friendly principle national defense past neutrality policy nonetheless defense skeptical cabinet defense friendly cabinet minister defense expressed great concern consequences arms race taking place europe felt easily lead war following outbreak spanish civil war followed policy non intervention conflict spanish government rebels led general franco view matter norway involved conflict way policy government duration civil war government soon banned sale transfer norwegian arms aircraft ships spain promoted ban use norwegian ships transport arms ammunition aircraft foreign countries general ensure norwegian connection items delivered spain strict non intervention policy promoted prime minister heavily criticised forces labour_party central figure apparatus labour_party editor party newspaper led critics policy conflict spain critics saw non intervention policy government giving equal standing elected government spain rebels went great lengths avoid direct norwegian involvement conflict especially trying block travelling spain join september attempted impose spain followed popular referendum country constitution proposal received little support failed personally civil war spain came close ending cabinet career occasions april following series incidents warships intercepted norwegian vessels sailing spanish ports confiscated ships norwegian protests failing gain results formal proposal dispatch norwegian spain protect norwegian shipping proposal met opposition parliament set fail offered resign prime minister refused accept resignation stating shot lose case came close causing cabinet fall parliament agreed dropped attempted establish trade agreement franco blocked party requesting allowed resign stayed months debating ended party giving cabinet free saw best regards trade franco october negotiated trade agreement franco formal norwegian recognition franco government representative spain followed march days fall madrid nationalist forces second world war pre war phase outbreak second world war september norwegian government declared country neutral conflict sides subsequently stated respect norway neutrality provided protect neutrality clear early norway remain neutral event forced enter war critical british months second world war norwegian neutrality violated repeatedly air sea parties dramatically february incident incidents lack firm norwegian response led parties impression norway effectively protect neutrality initially german view norwegian neutrality positive german war effort allowing german merchant ships transport cargo norwegian territorial waters interference british april allies sent notes norway sweden warning action necessary germans allowed use neutral countries territory advantage responded speech said allies gain interfering norwegian shipping lanes british significant trade norway germans day allies decided launch mining operation norwegian coast land troops case germans responded mining landing norway shortly mining carried warned british neutrality violations tolerated future respond force germans repeatedly violated norwegian neutrality following visit norwegian fascist leader hitler december began planning possible occupation norway following incident hitler ordered invasion norway response british mining operation april norwegian government lodged formal protests british french governments secretly remaining set avoiding war allies cost told norwegian parliament believed allies trying bring norway war allied mining norwegian coast coincidentally distracted norwegian government realising large german forces way invade norway days prior german invasion war advent nazi german invasion norway april germany sent envoy present demands capitulation personally met rejected demands threats war stating war started cabinet fled norway capital morning april rejected initial contact convince cabinet listen german proposals negotiations later day norwegian negotiations germans ended failed attempt capture norwegian king government early april willing fight invaders wrote key speeches delivered convey staunch resistance german demands vital norwegian effort try halt german advance assistance allies requested early hours april skeptical potential allied aid rest government fled landing minister defense continued cruiser london negotiated british government representatives lord halifax chamberlain admiral british aid norway radio speech london bbc broadcasting norway speech american radio met paris norwegian ministers departed london arriving norway talks allies resulted concrete promises plans large french reinforcements norwegian plans abandoned allies following situation allies france evacuation decided informed british minister norway sir june decided retreat norway owing difficult situation western response allied decision evacuate cabinet sent sweden try previously rejected plan create line germans norwegian swedish troops planned occupy plan named plan prime minister meeting swedish minister foreign affairs act middle man germans relation plan revealed allies evacuate norway revealed evacuation plans germans heavily criticised colleagues return norway exile cabinet eventually fled country june landed london june heading exile norway close ally united_kingdom seen somewhat neutrality policy embracing alliance united_kingdom autumn championed change policy meant seeking lasting allies western world viewed distrust rest cabinet grew known received reports possible forthcoming assault norway having informed cabinet thoroughly furthermore discontent decision establish headquarters exile miles west cabinet headquarters granted leave absence november ultimately left post minister foreign affairs february succeeded decided travel canada united_states lived daughter family returning norway end second world war political legacy war secretary general united_nations characterised memoirs expert foreign affairs relatively little contact politicians kept study peace spent time extensive writing reportedly preferred solve problem instead involving workers employees experts way thinking logical rational allegedly exaggerated belief belief international law thought countries obey formal regulations times alternatives neutrality policy ways based entire career foreign affairs policy claimed second world war neutrality policy religion role weak defense debated occupation world war commission named scrutiny commission set actions norwegian government concluded partial criticism receiving analysis volunteered undergo trial parliament norway find necessary trial took place lived wanted honor naming street street named controversial street named professor professor road emphasise academic political career language views spoke northern norwegian dialect early life dialect provoked negative reactions peers inspired surroundings wrote rural language form strong dialect attempted write stuck early publications norwegian language controversy board member based publishing house edited periodical chaired association propagation renamed spoke language social context general class struggle particular eventually labour_party vehicle language activism especially asked party write class struggle language struggle norway wanted popular gathering written language member labour_party agreed language reform carried moving language forms closer language reforms took place promoted ideal reforms reversed nazi rule original changes reinstated end occupation norway nazi_germany according historian hated language reforms routinely perceived attacks preferred language ideals dubbed knot contrasted definite article formally substituted titles publications peace activism travel abroad accompanied father peace conference london founding member board member serving chairman edited monthly periodical named peace times dominated politicians perspective people noted active peace movement prominent sons meant capable asserting ship owners county governors board followed goals period chairman wanted tie peace movement closer labour movement create economic justice employ use arbitration labour conflicts goals embraced members particularly wanted politically neutral larger problem rated norwegian nationalism higher carried compulsory military service notes demanded resist armed defense national convention refused acknowledge principle resigned membership followed result pragmatic peace activists assessed ineffective leader defense question solved swedish norwegian union peacefully dissolved later returned serve board member member consultant task examining proposed candidates nobel peace prize served gave award ceremony speech absent decisive meeting awarded nobel peace prize absent serving minister foreign affairs wishing combine roles returned briefly leaving reason inactivity lived norway way prize awarded years academic writing encompassed peace issue books subject include history peace movement norway notion peace history norway post political life having stepped exiled cabinet lived united_states remainder war continued literary production books invaded released london book dealt directly advent war norway released swedish year second book written son law dealt older history literature norway released swedish norwegian returned norway end war returning norway published books war time events norway fred released memoir like books analysed putting self message forth political career effectively ended ideas prevailed instance analysis class situation norway general social democratic ideology post war years despite holding professor chair longer continued academic writing principal work post war volume volumes describe decisive moment norwegian history volume released centers second volume describes norway descent denmark fourth volumes released medieval kings fifth volume focuses sixth final volume chronicles years denmark norway transitioned absolute monarchy died december buried oslo works released posthumously memoirs diary son law wrote biography man
Halvdan Koht