arabic june syrian philosopher arab nationalist ideas played significant role development political movement considered principal founder thought published books lifetime notable battle destiny struggle movement arab revolution born middle class family damascus syria studied met future political companion returned syria began political career communist politics communist activist broke ties communist movement syrian supported france colonial policies later established later renaming arab movement taking group movement proved successful arab movement merged arab organisation establish arab party elected party executive committee elected amid meaning party leader arab party merged establish party elected party leader mid late 1950s party began developing relations president egypt eventually led establishment forced dissolve party consulting party members shortly dissolution reelected secretary general following 8th march revolution position party weakened extent forced resign party leader ousted syrian coup état led party escaped lebanon later went iraq elected secretary general iraqi led party tenure held facto power held post death june theories society economics politics collectively known hold arab world needs unified arab nation order achieve advanced state development critical capitalism communism critical view truth thought placed emphasis liberty arab socialism socialism arab characteristics international socialist movement defined west believed separation state religion strong believer christian believed islam proof arab genius aftermath party split syrian led party accused stealing ideas called thief iraqi led party rejects believe contributed thought early life born damascus middle class greek orthodox christian family father joseph working grain merchant educated schools french mandate syria left syria study philosophy abroad paris stay influenced works met longtime collaborator fellow syrian nationalist founded discovered writings returned syria active communist politics left movement government supported continued france old politics colonies believed followed pro independence policies french colonies helped syrian supported decision saw communist movement tool soviet_union impressed organisation ideology arab movement return syria teachers prestigious secondary school syria taught history taught physics managed set student circle usually met year political party established spare time party showed skills compelling speaker able utilize theatrical pause great effect party changed arab movement radical changes sweeping middle_east prime minister iraq challenged britain domination iraq replacement word revival arabic literally means resurrection rebirth arab revival replaced need arab rebirth change led leader party accuse stealing party men promoting party platform based arab nationalist stance bitter rivals october resigned teaching positions determined devote fully political struggle help iraq established support led british invasion anglo iraqi war leader arab movement skeptical new committee opposed helping ground lose movement began publishing documents arab movement later asked authorities grant movement party license arab movement official party merged arab movement found arab party arab movement led drew supporters 1940s started public eye developed deep distrust according associates paranoid movements merged established arab party subject discussed socialism include movement wanted adopt radical socialist policies early political career founding early years arab party congress held damascus took pre eminent position amid translated leader elected member executive committee constitution adopted congress effective leader party sweeping powers organisation elected secretary general leader given position membership party amid responsible ideological affairs party mentor controlled party day day management merger prove problematic members party left leaning later tenure leader highly critical leadership late 1940s gave free lessons thought established newspaper english rebirth resurrection tested party strength arab israeli war early syrian defeats led demonstrations government led president personally led demonstrations claimed landowner corrupt politician blame army defeat called resignation wrote articles criticising presidency prime minister later arrested orders prime minister government brought coup état led military officer banned parties claiming syria ready establish liberal democracy set free presidency sent notorious rule long august toppled elected took place established national unity government appointed post minister education government post hold held august december presidency long took power military coup extended support new government believing party collaborate shared arab nationalist sentiments analysis proved wrong decisions ruler ban political parties including party party leadership leading members escaped lebanon wake increased government repression lebanon agreed merger arab party led establish party newly formed party worked base operation rule rest opposition forces toppled february power politics following overthrow syria held democratic elections years party led members elected parliament increase influence largely attributed old strongholds voted party presence time losing power supporters majority party proof decision collaborate openly opposed elected party secretary general newly established title equivalent party leader party forced dissolve party disbanded party instead congress matter proved disastrous party party sidelined great extent government movement verge dominant arab nationalist movement found disarray years rule handful given public office government vice president minister culture guidance members young blamed situation dissolved party consulting eventually established save syrian movement party supported decision dissolve party delegate representing unknown reversed decision called party congress decided improve relations faction party led called syria broke members applauded dissolution party captured seats election years convened invited cells stayed active defied orders period invited congress reelected secretary general ordered syrian regional organisation congress contact time committee asked permission initiate coup état supported conspiracy following success february iraqi coup état led party iraqi hastily convened hatch coup presidency 8th march revolution military coup launched proved successful government syria established order establish consisting entirely controlled military personnel civilians beginning struggle beginning relationship best uncomfortable party rise power iraq syria hammer establishment union iraq syria weaken credentials pan arab leader started launching bitter propaganda attacks party dismissed theorist mocked puppet roman emperor accused christian party meetings responded pure anger anti position took falling believed chance good ties break weakened original leaders party turn gave room expand taking power looked theoretical guidance instead going solve problems usual contacted party faction led syrian proved equally traditional leadership moderate social economic policies bent removing position power believing old sixth national congress held october barely able hold post secretary general factions led syria iraq respectively majority group problem facing colleagues elected party office instance reelected seat instead traditional civilian leadership new leadership consisting military officers gradually growing syria iraq elected fact taking control party civilian leadership sensitive criticism stated ideological pamphlet civilian military major importance socialist reconstruction achieved outside world charge newspaper philosopher iraqi syrian month movement running smoothly rest world believed iraqi regional branch starting lose membership iraqi military party militant arm national_guard regional secretary iraqi regional branch eventually exiled madrid spain november military officers moderate anxious hastily traveled syria dissolved regional branch rule iraq place new elected greeted warmly majority iraqi military officers idea christian rule muslim country considered situation iraq improve president iraq plotted coup party november succeeded dream pan arab project instead movement hearing news fled iraq syria falling member told committee secret plans civilian leadership led party shortly sent exile ambassador spain supporting faction responded threat posed leadership office secretary general calling dissolve forced withdraw request majority party members proved oppose contest power ensued open struggle losing plain beginning initiative lay anti forces counter military threat invoked party rules regulations counter befriended anti civilian faction calling group dissolved party organisations ordered 1950s regional branch march power center regional secretary considered syria head state regional secretary power appoint prime minister cabinet chief staff military commanders unsettled way things moving convened showdown followers came fruition civilian members advised caution believing pressed hard military syrian regional branch party happened iraq following iraqi regional branch concerns kept quiet keeping quiet caused lose post secretary general succeeded secretary general syrian origin power camps unexpectedly defected camp contrast military officers little influence outside party led resurgence activity faction brought spain form new government downfall successor secretary general came pro faction ordered ruling body party appointed prime minister defence minister chairman retained post president syria responded arresting supporters responded dismissing handful pro officials important removal post head country military intelligence head february coup état led party leadership exiled syria ordered return homeland members party factions fled captured detained pro supporters government guest house new rulers launched purge august year managed escape help closely trusted friends colleagues able flee lebanon later brazil downfall caused split party party facto dissolved parties established iraqi led party syrian led party syrian led party led supporters hailed founder arab father thought iraqi led party led proclaimed founder thought february ninth national congress held coup ousted pro faction iraqi delegation split syrian iraqi held true ninth national congress february elected secretary general election secretary proved final break congress convened announced left party given movement iraqi led party moved baghdad following reelection secretary february stayed jordan palestine war broke criticised leadership little help palestine conflict conflict lobbied extensively wanted iraqi intervention refused iraq involved conflict returned lebanon self imposed exile government president syria condemned death death years self imposed exile returned iraq year civil war broke taking iraqi politics published works period notable struggle movement arab revolution regained influence befriended president iraq iran iraq war iranian leadership accused control christian labelled christian effectively tenure secretary general iraq given honour founder movement policy making ignored died june paris undergoing heart surgery disputed conversion islam claimed converted islam prior death according western diplomats claim later disputed members family son confirmed father thought conversion disputed conversion taken according german conversion happened given islamic funeral disputed conversion considered anonymous members family tool christianity tomb constructed orders later american soldiers american invasion iraq military barracks troops stationed according family tomb badly damaged invasion memory legacy death given state funeral large tomb erected form shrine tomb widely regarded work great artistic merit designed iraqi architect located western grounds party intersection street expressway currently army base rumors accusations tomb destroyed iraq war burial chamber building left untouched blue dome seen concrete walls surrounding camp perimeter thought unity liberty socialism party slogan unity liberty socialism key thought unity meant unification arab people nation creation arab nation direct implications arab development establishment new state lead arab literally meaning renaissance arab nations time progressively decline unified nations intellectual way cure arab nations according revolutionary movement influenced saw need vanguard party rule indefinite period time period transition old new need liberty defining features liberty sense liberal strong believer thought form votes theory party rule guide people transitional period time consulting people party knew right socialism mean socialism defined west unique form arab socialism coined word arab socialism variant socialism socialism original form arab world according come rule muhammad point arab socialism answer questions state control necessary economic equality instead arab socialism system freed arab people oppression turn created independent individuals opposed view truth believed importance material economic conditions life greatest discoveries modern history critical capitalism communism want power collapse cold war believing cold war sort check balance power role islam saw islam revolutionary movement contrast arab awakening expansion attributed religious message believed arab spirituality directly linked islam islam equation essentially essentially arab arab nationalism islam lifetime muhammad spiritual revolutionary movement leading arabs new renaissance arab nationalism second revolution appear arab world arab religious communities according respect worship spirituality islam worship islam religious sense christian islam believe necessary worship muhammad believed arabs emulate muhammad words arabs belong nation gave birth muhammad arab individual member community muhammad efforts creating muhammad arabs let today arabs muhammad muslim muhammad days according synonymous arabs arabs ones preach message islam muhammad lifetime contrast jesus religious leader political leader muhammad leader islam arab world shape arab world west called arabs muslim non muslim alike admire role islam played creating arab character view islam purely spiritual emphasised islam imposed state society time emphasised party equally represented shallow false faith according ideology religions equal despite anti stance strong supporter secular government stated state replace religion state based foundation arab nationalism moral freedom legacy criticised lack real substance stating nearly pages text yield insight went wrong needed visible words summons party renounce power pure essence truth critique spent time energy writing future past arab world unified author notes reality confined inner world party contrast philosophers ideological view world makes clear stand behavior humanity philosophers real real descriptive analysis rule define ought thought category contrast longtime friend colleague practical came politics visionary political life described associates shy intense figure living simple life accused seeking help people instead fulfilling goal led collaborated finally 1970s syrian led party believe stole ideology original founder individuals denounced labelled thief writings favor free speech human rights aid lower classes gradual power syria rallied saw establishment military dictatorship instead democracy planned ideals realized governments ideology scholars government syria government iraq employed ideology dictatorship selected works english way resurrection published english unity syria egypt published english battle destiny published english published english arab unity published english socialism published english struggle movement arab revolution published
Michel Aflaq