persian born january december politician installed president afghanistan ussr invaded born educated formed leading members having introduced imprisonment activities deemed radical government eventually leader faction split faction established ideological nemesis established leadership participated rise power subsequent regime relations good beginning began major purge leftist influence mid-1970s turn led reformation took power revolution appointed deputy chairman synonymous vice head state communist government faction found significant pressure soon taking power june meeting voted favor giving faction exclusive control policy decision followed failed coup initiated purge survived purge exiled prague remained exile december soviet_union intervened afghanistan consent government stabilize country promoted chairman chairman december remained office succeeded term worked establish support base introducing reforms fundamental principles introducing general amnesty people imprisoned rule replaced flag traditional policies failed increase legitimacy eyes people policy failures stalemate ensued soviet intervention led soviet leadership highly critical leadership soviet_union deposed replaced following loss power exiled time moscow allowed return afghanistan government afghanistan associate helped remove government power long died liver cancer early life career born january son major general governor province second siblings family families ethnic background disputed claim represented claim descended hindu ancestors announced brother mother came branch controversial considering lineage afghanistan supposed traced father mother accusation indian muslim ancestry comes fact common indian muslim addition father denied ethnicity father confuse matter spoke persian born village close attended german speaking school graduated applied enter faculty law political science university application turned student union activities studied arrested student union activities released years later amnesty shortly found work english german translator leaving military training graduated found work employee worked mother died left maternal aunt live father leftist views involved controversial conservative society communist politics imprisoned befriended fellow introduced changed means workers background released prison continued activities student union began promote spent rest 1950s early 1960s involved organizations afghanistan time established provisional constitution establishment new political entities introduced prominent agreed establish communist political party communist_party established january muhammad home quickly problem party split led alongside led parliamentary election members elected lower house parliament elected votes short elected victory explained simple fact contribute financially electoral campaign leading figure student movement 1960s prime minister student demonstration called concluded deaths leadership unofficially split formal parties dissolution initiated closing newspaper criticised communist believed leadership hidden orientation instead promoting according official version events majority rejected criticism vote close reported expanded win vote plan resulted new members politically switching half left establish led officially split caused ideological differences party divided different leadership styles plans versus wanted model party norms wanted establish democratic differences majority came rural areas poorer origin urban richer spoke accused having connection monarchy referred retained seats lower house parliament parliamentary election era collaboration radical military officers monarchy instituted seizure power american embassy cable stated new government established soviet style given leading positions given deputy prime minister major minister minister education took control finance agriculture communications border affairs new government quickly suppressed opposition secured power base national government work strengthened position enhancing executive legislative judicial powers presidency dismay parties established illegal shortly ban opposition began massive purge government lost position interior minister demoted government surveillance suddenly anti communist soviet_union elected general secretary second secretary revolution literally april revolution planned august assassination led chain events ended communists seizing power taking power accused ordering assassination rule appointed chairman chairman retaining post general secretary initially formed government consisted deputy chairman minister foreign affairs deputy chairman deputy chairman minister defence minister public works respectively appointment led splits answered led civilian military officers conflict arose wanted membership military officers participated revolution opposed overruled meeting voted favour giving membership officers june months revolution meeting giving exclusive right deciding policy purge initiated supported july fearing safety went hiding soviet friends homes tried contact soviet ambassador afghanistan talk situation refused revealed location noted soviets probably saved life sending exile established network remaining government coup overthrow planned september leading members afghanistan army chief staff general coup planned festival anticipation relaxed military conspiracy failed ambassador india told leadership plan purge initiated ambassadors recalled returned afghanistan stayed respective countries informed soviet decision intervene afghanistan initially supportive assassinated command soviets ascended power december broadcast pre recorded speech people saying today torture machine smashed primitive murderers tens thousand fellow fathers mothers sisters brothers sons daughters children old people speech broadcast protected evening chairman congratulated rise time received official appointment returned december travelled alongside soviet military column days lived villa outskirts protection january general secretary communist_party soviet_union soviet chairman congratulated election leader presidency domestic policies fundamental principles amnesty came power promised end executions establishment democratic institutions free elections creation constitution alternative political parties prisoners incarcerated previous governments freed general amnesty promised creation coalition government socialism time told people negotiated soviet_union economic military political assistance felt government problem remembered said protect private capital promise later proven lie important promises general amnesty prisoners fundamental principles adoption new flag containing traditional black red green flag red government granted concessions religious leaders restoration confiscated property property confiscated earlier land reforms partially restored measures exception general amnesty prisoners introduced gradually prisoners released prison general amnesty greatly publicized government event hailed enthusiasm greeted event disdain loved ones associates died earlier planned introduce general amnesty january coincide sixteenth anniversary work fundamental principles started guaranteed democratic rights freedom speech right security life right peaceful association right demonstrate right accused crime accord provisions law accused right fair trial fundamental principles envisaged democratic state led party permitted law organ supreme power twice year turn elected decisions behalf session consisted members state safeguard kinds property state cooperative private property said state right change economy economy man exploited economy man free clause stated state right families parents children supervision looked democratic outset fundamental principles based contradictions led establishment important state organs specialized court crimes national security territorial integrity supreme legislative organ state body amend draft laws introduce regulations behalf government introduction soviet style institutions led people distrust communist government separation power ascension power began settle old scores revolutionary created arrest sentence execute people guard victims terror ensued commanders stayed loyal arrested filling prisons soviets protested replied long hands bound let deal faction unity government strong tortured killed hate enemies party daughter baby imprisoned years leader released took power leading posts party government bureaucracy taken faction removed power individuals soviets trusted appointed higher government remained control given control secret police controlled equal share military deputy controlled interior ministry hand controlled addition changes government held clear majority member rule march held party conference instead party congress party congress given faction majority led takeover rules holding party conference different majority infuriated threat expulsion anger conference successful portrayed official media conference broke half days day long program inter party struggle power program action introduced party rules given minor changes explanation low party membership official media hard member party base took power began expanding support base tried persuade certain groups referred class enemies revolution rule support appointed non communists positions march people appointed government posts members reintroduced old custom having islamic invocation time government issued proclamation live speech people called establishment founding congress held june unfortunately policies lead notable increase support regime help saw soviet intervention invasion government gave political solutions conflict fifth june resigned replaced given bigger role seen base previous weight given non members positions ceased important matter media june significant considering members non members end previous contenders heavily presented media gone given ceased active politics continued advisor government changed sides began work opposition national policy reconciliation continued january land reform introduced drastically modified limits increased win support middle class peasants literacy programme continued concessions women followed tribal september non member elected elections said percent elected officials non members end rule non members high level government positions civil war military march military budget million percent government budget gross national product soviet intervention defence budget increased million million reported government spent percent total expenditure political solution failed base section government soviet military decided solve conflict militarily change political military solution come suddenly began january doubled wages military personnel issued promotions decorated general thirteen draft age lowered length arms duty extended age increased thirty years age june lost seat replaced tank commander minister communications major general defence appointed chairman measures introduced collapse army soviet intervention invasion army field troops invasion recruitment campaigns young people drove opposition better organize military seven military zones established established national provincial district level local estimated government spent percent government revenue defense economy civil war ensuing soviet war afghanistan country infrastructure destroyed normal patterns economic activity disrupted gross national product fell substantially rule conflict trade transport disrupted loss labor capital stood billion drop billion capita decreased dominant form economic activity agricultural sector agriculture accounted percent gross domestic product percent labor force working agriculture industry accounted percent employed percent labor force industrial enterprises government owned service sector smallest accounted percent employed estimated labour force balance payments grown pre communist administration decreased turning negative million economic activity grew substantially rule export import foreign policy observed spring soviet intervention unknown destiny revolution clearly realize store lie trials losses difficulties weeks statement chairman lamented fact half schools quarters communications destroyed soviet_union rejected western peace plans plan consideration government western peace plans collaboration opposition forces 26th congress communist_party soviet_union general secretary stated object questions connected afghanistan discussed conjunction question security naturally international aspects problem discussed internal affairs sovereignty afghanistan fully protected status stance pakistani government clear demanding complete soviet withdrawal afghanistan establishment non government discussions iran pakistan said iran pakistan far opted concrete positions rule pakistani relations remained hostile soviet intervention afghanistan catalyst hostile relationship increasing numbers refugees pakistan challenged legitimacy rule soviet_union threatened support movement pakistan pakistani government continued aid afghanistan soviets want soviet withdrawal hampered attempts improve relations pakistan pakistani government refused recognise government fall power succession general secretary communist_party soviet_union said main reason national consolidation far hoping continue sitting help position secure soviet leadership began blaming failures afghanistan worried situation told soviet don change approaches evacuate afghanistan fighting years clear soviet leadership began campaign dismissal discussed possibility resignation secretary general united_nations dismiss consensus soviet leadership resign plan replace joined creation thought highly negotiations succession started soviet leadership choice succession report noted majority leadership support ascension leadership according better candidate balance nationalist viable candidate participant revolution appointed november march visit soviet_union soviets tried persuade ill govern resign soviet doctor attending told good health asked return home said understood listen soviet recommendations leaving promised step general secretary soviets trust sent head intelligence afghanistan meeting confessed love soviet_union comparing muslim faith concluding persuade resign left meeting left room defence minister state security minister visited office telling resign posts understanding soviet support eliminated resigned office general secretary 18th succeeded post support party base curb powers began spreading rumors general secretary power base equivalent party considering fact soviet_union supported years soviet leadership wanted ease power gradually soviet ambassador afghanistan told begin power slowly complained soviet leadership spare time looking errors speaking national reconciliation programme meeting november decided remove motion supported meeting november relieved exiled moscow given state owned apartment succeeded chairman member later life death unknown reasons invited equally obscure reasons accepted plan strengthen position renamed pro failed apartment center opposition government toppled powerful politician leadership negotiations rebels collapsed quickly april rebels led took fall government based alleged time trying establish new party advising people join leader supporter rule unknown control little evidence commanding position influence appeared indirect associates supported spoke period noted lack interest politics june reported died plane crash reports later proved false early december died moscow liver cancer date death reported sources december december summed rule follows committed kinds crimes illegitimate rule god inflicted kinds pain eventually died cancer hospital belonging russians
Babrak Karmal