scottish art eighteenth century scottish art eighteenth century body visual art scotland scots scottish subjects eighteenth century period saw development art established edinburgh glasgow art increasingly influenced enlightenment end century italy major centre scottish art origins tradition scottish landscape painting italian dutch landscapes undertaken sons developed jacob added romantic sensibility scottish landscape helped found scottish landscape tradition highly influential teacher edinburgh subsequent generation artists linked romantic works artists interest urban landscape glasgow born leading portrait artists half century emerged leading portrait painter mid century royal family noted intimate representations end century emerged leading artists spend majority career scotland extending range leading figures enlightenment famous depiction skating minister pioneered brothers john pioneered historical painting helped develop genre art taken scottish artists century little patronage large expensive works art scotland growth civic development increasing demand public portrait bust popular commissions new tended relatively cheap lead economical painted plaster late eighteenth century handful examples work scottish artists background scottish painters early eighteenth century remained largely painting shows artist ironically produced letter board commentary union living house working closely architects including trained sons james robert painted houses scottish landscapes italian dutch landscapes artists credited inception tradition scottish landscape painting come fruition late eighteenth century painters brothers john jacob began tradition artists european significance spending considerable portions careers outside scotland significant artist period pursue entire career scotland born edinburgh returning trip italy attempt found school painting edinburgh named rome sponsors elder poet president painter lives portraits treasurer members included cooper student younger portrait painters son poet success group limited associations strange printing bank notes rebels founded glasgow brothers robert improvements scotland established indicating art civic life aristocratic patronage growing importance art seen post created duties included drawing pictures monarch person successors royal family houses palaces office held members family necessarily connected artistic ability intellectual trends major painters period varying degrees influenced forms revived greek roman form artistic expression italy important point reference scottish artists artists architects known travelled period grand tour paint sample art learn italian masters artists visiting resident rome academy scots second half century scots major figures trade antique sculpture particularly making british taste area major scottish collection marble nineteenth century 2nd scottish artists later eighteenth century strongly influenced enlightenment stressed human inquiry scotland major centre influence artists like formed philosophers produced dialogue taste major contribution study aesthetics scotland played major origins romantic movement publication cycle proclaimed celtic equivalent classical written translated european languages deep appreciation natural beauty melancholy treatment ancient legend single work bring romantic movement european especially german literature influencing forms landscape origins scottish landscape painting tradition italian dutch landscapes jacob having trained moved italy chiefly known landscape painter period saw shift attitudes highlands mountain landscapes general viewing hostile regions occupied backwards marginal people interpreting aesthetically pleasing nature occupied rugged depicted dramatic fashion produced departure italy series falls clyde paintings described art historian treating kind natural national monument seen early work developing romantic sensibility scottish landscape visited italy worked london returned native edinburgh career produced work large range forms including portrait romantic poet depicts dramatic scottish background chiefly remembered landscapes described founder scottish landscape tradition highly influential teacher edinburgh work continued theme landscape directly linking romantic works artists major interest depicting urban landscape glasgow probably artist paint scottish landscapes romantic style emerging end century born leading portrait artists half century born great grandson portrait painter studied london rome returning scotland younger contemporary studied rome worked north east home city painted figures early enlightenment edinburgh alexander best known work included portrait lord edinburgh responsible creation new town edinburgh shown background painting work included portrait bank chief whig depicted recently forbidden sympathies alexander forced leave continent rebellion rome living painting return years later studied sweden london italy basing edinburgh established leading portrait painter scottish nobility undertook portraits major figures scottish enlightenment including friend philosopher visiting second visit italy moved london ordinary focused royal portraits presented king ambassadors colonial governors work seen anticipating grand manner early portraits particularly women formal intimate studies leading portrait painter second half century significant artist pursue entire career scotland born edinburgh returning trip italy famous intimate portraits leading figures scottish life going aristocracy lawyers doctors professors writers ministers adding elements tradition famous painting attributed reverend skating known skating minister knight king painter marking return post associated production art genre painting spent entire career italy emerged pioneering painter historical mythical themes including depictions scenes homer having informal tutor british artists early archaeologist antiquarian works seen enlightenment origins society politics including death event thought critical birth major influence french artist john gained painters mythological historical themes travelled italy worked hamilton john died alexander returned home widely known work distributed mythological version origin painting depicting story young woman outlining shadow wall hand guided suggesting ultimate motivation art love theme painted hamilton years later late eighteenth century common subject scottish artists works undertaken alexander produced earliest examples scottish historical painting showing escape mary queen scots major form nineteenth century returned edinburgh director master produced famous work illustrations themes scottish life earning title scottish included highland wedding blair illustrations elder themes taken noted founder british tradition genre painting sculpture acts union royal family spent little time money scottish palaces scottish nobles followed royal court england tending invest sculpture residences london estates scotland growth civic development increasing demand public patronage public institution lead figure newly founded edinburgh figure judge portrait bust designed interior display popular middle century preferred painted portraits aristocracy england commissions new tended relatively cheap lead economical painted plaster yard london particularly demand important work yard produced monument bacon partner artificial stone london produced buff coloured provide fine detail fired sections frost fire cheaper carved stone stone capitals coat arms ornamental church monuments extensively adam brothers particularly houses built scotland castle castle east edinburgh east supplying sculpture adam family supplied designs founded produced wide range iron products including late eighteenth century handful examples work scottish artists included statues carved marble bust obscure bronze figure roman armour edinburgh represent born glasgow trained attended moving dublin london developed formula making casts paste manufactured casts antique carved gems produced portrait leading figures scottish intellectual life popular produced cast iron
Scottish art in the eighteenth century