october june born manila filipino general fought philippine american war regarded generals time succeeded chief staff sought apply background military science fledgling army organized professional guerrilla soldiers later known tier defense known gave american troops hard campaign provinces north manila defense line culminated creation military base despite commitment discipline army serve republic attracted admiration people temper caused efforts recognition time awarded member military studies studied literature chemistry family background born october manila youngest seven children spanish father traveling salesman government tobacco monopoly tobacco monopoly formally established family moved manila father merchant siblings older brother juan accomplished painter studied garnered gold medals awarded brother doctor brother fought philippine american war later served governor serve senator siblings education age initially learned reading writing teacher known believed book printed philippines title work literally means christian doctrine primary goal book christian teaching philippine archipelago book consists leaves pages text spanish roman letters original script originally blank contemporary versions bears manuscript inscription dos signed comes basic prayers lord prayer following articles faith seven mortal sins fourteen points education studied received bachelor_of_arts degree went study literature chemistry won prize paper chemistry titled dos studied background fencing military tactics came studies major addition acquired skill invitation elder brother juan sent parents spain acquired doctorate scientific achievements active researcher scientific community receiving doctorate published scientific treatise malaria entitled favorably received scientific community went belgium france worked assistant recognition ability commissioned spanish government study tropical diseases returned philippines took examination determine chief chemist manila came won position spain filipino mounted wrote headed wrote piece titled impressions dealt spanish customs pen like filipino liberals spain joined masonry rose master mason brother juan opened fencing club manila learned underground societies planning revolution asked join idea turned offer like filipino involved favor reform revolution way independence affecting property proponents saw revolution succeed necessary preparations existence leaked august brothers arrested jailed fort participating revolution statement concerning revolution statements laying death sentence months later juan freed exiled spain imprisoned madrid famous controversial brother juan pardoned spanish queen regent austria left spain use influence august soon case dismissed released end phase philippine revolution ended pact prepared second phase release december studied field fortifications guerrilla warfare organization aspects military science later commanding general fortress read extensively discipline second phase revolution began return arriving hong_kong given letter recommendation revolver returned philippines july personal life courted woman courted period reportedly party held drunk remarks prompted challenge duel apologized duel urban legends persist present concerning millions republic treasury particularly hometown alleged sweetheart aunt father wealth rumored entrusted resulting richest women philippines recorded comments printed financial anti figures government immediately philippine american war philippine american war prior war action manila august americans landed troops june manila completely surrounded revolutionary troops colonel san occupied general general colonel general marched taking cleared held thought enter joint occupation walled city advice general commodore later admiral fleet moored manila bay sent trenches ordered troops fire americans chaos following american occupation meeting tried complain american officers conduct soldiers silence appointed chief war operations september assigned rank brigadier general quick succession director assistant secretary war supreme chief september generals fighting phase revolution felt bureaucratic thrown way wanted organize discipline enthusiastic ill fed ill trained troops real army september constituent assembly convened elected representatives narrowly defeated president congress vote seeing need military school october established military academy known precursor present appointed colonel lieutenant serving superintendent recruited fought spanish army revolution training academy suspended indefinitely march outbreak philippine american war score veteran officers teachers military school devised courses instruction planned reorganization battalion cavalry squadron set inventory guns ammunition town halls communication systems built trenches help chief engineer general brother juan design school uniforms filipino insisted strict discipline clan armies regional prevented coordination military units united army republic clan armies regional presented lack national consciousness condition spanish utilized native contingent armed forces check soldiers region fight revolts regions convinced fate infant republic contest minds turned journalism strengthen filipino minds ideas need fight americans decided publish newspaper page daily filled articles short stories patriotic songs poems staff installed coaches train ran manila paper came september instant success feast information humor good writing copies printed newspapers circulation treaty paris spain philippines united_states public december quickly decided military action proposed strategy designed trap americans manila troops land executing surprise attacks guerrilla warfare building strength north american forces penetrated lines determined wage series delaying battles prepare fortress northern particularly turned believed americans grant independence outbreak war americans gained time opportunity start hostilities place time choice night february filipino generals ball celebrate success american anti delaying ratification treaty paris americans staged incident concrete near bridge american patrol fired filipino troops claiming started shooting filipino line returned fire battle filipino american war ensued days later response incident senate voted annexation conflict war conquest occupation annexation predicted warned generals previously receiving orders rushed lines headquarters polo present day led companies engage general forces fighting took place subjected carefully planned attack naval artillery fleet firing filipino casualties high amounting killed wounded personally carry wounded officers men safety rescues dramatic commander hit american bullet managed advance meters seen collapse road americans kept fire road gather escort men save declared equivalent men surviving encounter tried encourage live gave instant promotion lieutenant colonel died february issued detailed order field officers territorial militia containing specific objects began virtue attack army february ended war quarter false americans wish independence death order labeled forces army thieves response continued bombardment towns manila burning looting districts filipino women troops saw american advance halted mainly stabilize lines mobilized troops attack february fierce fighting ensued forced withdraw left american forces control southern terminus manila railway engines passenger coaches freight cars consolidating control obvious objective american forces republic capital general delayed month hopes filipino forces deployed defense superior firepower newly arrived reinforcements americans expected resistance surprised urgent cable sent general ceylon sri_lanka troops illustrating concern americans telegram stated situation critical manila early arrival great importance short lived unit formed serve february sent secretary war assistant secretary war disarmed americans commissioned regular filipino army seeing desire serve army took group grew emerged famous fierce fighting proved worth usual unit major battle philippine american war april seven remained regular filipino army battle december unknown filipino command general killed general making highest ranking casualty course war formed units similar unit later named commanded unit emerged group men wanting volunteer regular filipino army thinking defeat battle sent men away soon changed mind decided men initiation taking breakfast ordered subordinate colonel prepare arms ammunition men men boarded train destined american held territory giving orders men let watched men succeeding mission eventually returned unharmed bravery organized guerrilla unit members unit action second battle unit man guerrilla unit certain favorites modest brave soldier unit tasked approach enemy surprise quickly return camp admired unit wanted increase size declined offer believed larger force undermine efficiency work chief army engineer aides stated heard unit resignation february operations war filipino counterattack began dawn february plan employ movement battalions north south professionally trained troops crucial points inside manila start great fire signal start assault troops directly command divided west brigade general general general requested battle hardened command general soldiers gave ambiguous answers unable participate battle partly successful main reasons firstly successful filipino sectors ran low ammunition food forced withdraw polo secondly failed relieve militia past prime battalion refused replace saying orders obey instructions directly common filipino forces time troops owed loyalty officers provinces towns districts central command result counterattack soon collapsed proved strict temper alienated ranks common soldiers example occurred ordered general send troops strengthen defenses ignored orders insisting going undertake inspection troops version reasoning emerged probably reached version left visit girlfriend infuriated actions decided major aides tried general anger convincing push case president complied hours returning field americans broken defenses forcing withdraw despite heroic action defend remaining sectors resigned march mainly resentment accepted resignation result absent field weeks filipino forces suffered defeats setbacks defeat battle river march receiving depressing reports field went asked reinstated powers military heads promoted lieutenant general agreed making commander chief filipino forces central planned create series delaying battles republic constructing guerrilla base base planned stand headquarters republic case americans broke american military observers described consisting numerous bamboo trenches stretching town town series trenches allowed withdraw gradually firing cover advancing americans american troops occupied new position subjected series traps set trenches included bamboo spikes poisonous reptiles earlier month fell field battle santo mounted horse charged battlefield leading main force counterattack advanced american forces began firing horse hit fell ground recovered realized shot stomach attempted kill revolver avoid capture saved actions filipino colonel named having seen fall rode general save despite heavily wounded legs arm remaining strength carried away battle filipino rear reaching safety realized wound deep impact bullet taken silk belt gold coins parents given wearing left field wounds tended turned command general filipino commander nearby town recognition work awarded end colonel brothers warned plot old elements republic bent accepting american sovereignty country army officers disarmed arrested insulted threats trust continued building defenses americans planning landing assassination aftermath june received asked help launching counterattack said signed ordered new capital form new cabinet wrote military commander stand firm war set train horseback eventually carriages men journey carriages broke proceeded carriage colonel captain having earlier shed cavalry escort june sent telegram confirming arrival arriving june proceeded headquarters communicate president went stairs ran officer previously disarmed old enemy threatened arrest favoring american autonomy captain commander minister foreign affairs member cabinet told left enraged asked told meeting cancelled exchanged heated words depart rifle shot plaza outraged furious rushed stairs met accompanied elements swung wounding head men fired started stabbing tried fire revolver attackers plaza rushing aid set shot killed severely wounded lay dying assassins received wounds buried churchyard relieved officers men field including general headquarters besieged day assassinated immediately death confusion reigned sides americans thought taken replace death publicly declared june circular providing details event released june investigations supposedly concerning death person convicted later general said verbally ordered conduct assassination sickness time prevented participation assassination firm stand assassination death brilliant capable filipino generals time decisive factor fight american forces despite mixed reactions filipino american sides death people sides developed admiration general received credit capturing stated aggressive leader general general filipino army general remarked death general filipino army lost general prime minister secretary hasty cruel resolution army brought desperate situation soldiers lack action courage extraordinary energy hinder dissolution filipino armed forces organized service army major general commented fine set soldiers far better indians inferior particular equipment supplies men seen impressed statement later subsequently suffered successive disastrous losses field retreated northwards november decided disperse army begin conducting guerrilla war general remaining aides stated memoirs able finish planned military camp shifted guerrilla warfare earlier suggested avoided having run life historian death directly contribute resulting fall republic book crisis republic stated loss showed existence lack discipline regular filipino soldiers major weakness course war soldiers connected result eventually surrendered americans march captured american forces later brought manila pledge allegiance united_states april commemoration famous named general municipalities general general named general lane national road named general stretching manila named stretch integrated renamed american period general named postwar philippine bill featured portrait replaced portrait stamp featuring released birth anniversary anniversary birth president delivered speech general said guerrilla tactics preceded china vietnam second general patrol vessels commissioned named general monument erected plaza manila mayor led commemorative program birth anniversary philippine military base camp named general currently general filipino rock band named popular culture portrayed film portrayed series portrayed film books history filipino people 8th introduction filipino history crisis republic isbn history movie publishing inc rise fall solar pub corporation isbn development philippine politics oriental commercial philippine war isbn philippine war isbn looking publishing inc isbn
Antonio Luna