architecture early modern scotland architecture early modern scotland encompasses building borders kingdom scotland early sixteenth century mid eighteenth century time period roughly corresponds early modern era europe beginning renaissance reformation ending start enlightenment vernacular architecture use local materials stone turf available wood population housed small isolated dwellings common form dwelling scotland long house shared humans animals cent population lived mixture half stone houses impact renaissance scottish architecture began reign late fifteenth century rebuilding royal palaces reached peak major impact ecclesiastical architecture mid sixteenth century onward resulting simple church buildings devoid ornamentation great private houses built distinctive style known houses combined renaissance features scottish castles tower houses resulting larger comfortable residences restoration fashion grand private houses designs influenced style associated architects sir act union threat led building military defences fort george near scotland produced significant architects eighteenth century including major influence georgian architecture britain influence led churches employed classical elements rectangular plan vernacular architecture vernacular architecture scotland use local materials methods homes poor usually simple construction built groups family friends stone plentiful scotland common building material employed dry stone construction english vernacular architecture wood available pairs curved support roof lack long span structural timber raised supported walls walls built stone gaps filled turf clay regions walls filled turf employed stone base turf filled walls long lasting rebuilt years regions including south west solid clay walls combinations clay turf straw rendered clay lime different regions heather straw early modern population highlands housed small isolated dwellings population expanded settlements sub divided create new marginal land settled clusters occupied summer pasture grazing permanent settlements standard layout house scotland agricultural improvement dwelling long house humans livestock sharing common roof separated partition wall contemporaries noted cottages highlands islands tended single rooms windows floors shared large family contrast lowland cottages distinct rooms chambers clad plaster paint windows cent population lived grown later medieval period mainly east south country characteristic scottish long main street tall buildings leading survive today towns traditional half houses interspersed larger stone slate town houses merchants urban gentry wooden houses survived stone houses period seen edinburgh house storey land early example tendency build upward increasingly crowded towns producing horizontally divided acquired period acted town halls courts prisons bells clock towers aspect fortress old edinburgh rebuilt orders scots housed parliament end examples seen showing influences low countries crow stepped renaissance extensive building rebuilding royal palaces probably began accelerated reached peak influence renaissance architecture reflected buildings constructed james direction master work referred palace apparently use term country extended resembled corner italian palace castle style palace combining classical symmetry neo imagery evidence italian employed reign completed palaces rebuilt proportions james visited france marriage come contact architecture second marriage mary guise years later resulted longer term connections influences architecture reign largely disregarded style england henry_viii adopted forms european copying continental forms scottish architecture incorporated elements styles traditional local patterns adapting scottish materials particularly stone building followed rebuilding palace described finest examples renaissance architecture britain building programs planned financed steward master works responsible architectural works castle house cathedral lodging abbey ailing work undertaken demonstrated continued renaissance influences classical entrance built built uses classical similar themes seen private houses built earl reformation reformation church architecture scotland rejected ornamentation places worship seeing need elaborate buildings divided purpose ritual resulted widespread destruction medieval church ornaments decoration new churches built existent churches adapted reformed services particularly placing pulpit centrally church preaching centre worship earliest buildings simple style continued seventeenth century castle churches windows south wall north characteristic reformation materials churches rubble walls employed dressed stone added wooden church edinburgh built rectangular layout largely gothic form sophisticated classical style variation rectangular church developed adapting existing churches plan allowed maximum number near pulpit examples seen plan continued seventeenth century seventeenth century greek cross plan churches cases arm cross closed aisle meaning effect churches scots unique style great private houses scotland later known originated influenced french brought scotland work royal palaces kept features high walled medieval castles largely obsolete gunpowder weapons drew tower houses towers built hundreds local lords fourteenth century particularly borders houses abandoned curtain walls castles fortified designed raid sustained siege usually stories typically crowned projecting continuing circular corner new houses built late sixteenth century nobles primarily designed comfort defence retained external features associated nobility larger ground plan plan rectangular block towers castle king master mason death particularly influential worked rebuilding collapsed 3rd earl began work edinburgh adopted distinctive style applied elements scottish fortification flemish influences renaissance plan similar style seen lords houses built edinburgh highly influential style gave way english forms associated later seventeenth century turbulent era civil wars incorporation scotland scotland ireland significant building scotland largely confined military architecture fortresses triangular style trace built house english soldiers perth smaller forts built far apart control highlands secured new universities saw improvement funding given income defunct allowing completion buildings including college high street glasgow restoration large scale building began influenced growing interest palaces estate houses sir considered effective founder classical architecture scotland key figure introducing style country influential architect worked region venice sixteenth century buildings characterised symmetry fine proportion formal elements drawn architecture england introduction style associated bruce architectural style incorporated elements influenced jones borrowed italian baroque strongly influenced sir interpretation bruce style country house scottish nobility encouraged leisure oriented architecture adopted continental europe built country houses including house significant work mansion built estate purchased bruce houses predominantly built cut masonry rubble stonework internal walls surveyor royal works bruce undertook rebuilding royal palace giving palace present appearance death charles_ii bruce lost political favour following glorious revolution imprisoned suspected worked mason bruce rebuilding palace appointed surveyor royal works responsible palace maintenance father law master mason smith worked caroline park edinburgh smith country houses followed pattern established roofs fronts plain handsome style fronted giant columns entrance restrained modelled palace netherlands churches later seventeenth century presbyterian wings church adopted sized plain form churches emerged reformation plan arms rectangular planned arrangement continued major feature centrally long axis end case churches result little baroque church building seen continent england minor innovations indicate restoration era built bruce duke championed bishops reign charles_ii gothic windows emphasised antiquity basic greek cross plan remained existing common framework new churches major exceptions common greek cross plan work smith jesuit youth included rebuilding undertaken outfitted elaborate style smith designed sir circular structure modelled designed drive forms worship resulted linear patterns including rectangular plans pulpit end opposite entrance latin cross form increasingly popular smith presbyterian revolution occurred completion chancel blocked effectively transforming plan early eighteenth century act union growing prosperity scotland led new building public private threat insurrection invasion meant scotland saw military building england period military structures relied strength inclined angled engineered masonry absorb artillery fire military building culminated construction fort george near projecting country houses scotland produced significant architects early eighteenth century including influenced classical architecture campbell influenced style credited founding georgian architecture architectural historian speculated associated pupil spent career italy england developed rivalry fellow trained rome practised mainly england campbell architectural style incorporated elements forms italian baroque strongly influenced sir interpretation baroque foremost scottish architect time designed built numerous country houses public buildings best known works near edinburgh individual style built style baroque motifs inspired work continental architecture death sons robert john took family business leading british architects second half century neo classical churches eighteenth century established patterns church building continued shaped plans long greek cross plan inscribed circle octagonal scots born architect highly influential british ecclesiastical architecture introduced consciously antique style rebuilding london massive rectangular plan similar patterns scotland seen andrew square designed built master mason smaller chapel completed designed design rectangular plan nave barrel vaulted layout superimposed act began building limited number new including chapel meeting house designed edinburgh chapel opened glasgow adopted simpler version rectangular plan
Architecture in early modern Scotland