volcanic complex volcanic complex large potentially active north south complex volcano country northwestern british_columbia canada located kilometres southeast small community telegraph creek occupies southeastern portion area plateau lower mountain ranges lying east south east fork volcanic complex consists types including shield lava volcanic complex encompassed large provincial park called named km2 park established preserve volcanic cultural treasures unique northern british_columbia area volcanic complex remote roads accessible trails easiest access highway spur road telegraph creek highway poorly maintained trail extends west kilometres heart complex telegraph creek trail extends east kilometres north slope geology origins volcanic complex began forming million years ago grown steadily like northwestern british_columbia volcanic complex origins continental long plate boundary pulled apart continental crust stretched rate year formed result sliding northward queen way extends southern coastline alaska adjacent waters northeastern siberia coast continental crust stretches near surface rocks fracture cracks parallel rift known faults hot rises create passive lava known rift zone existed million years created line called called stretching alaska border near prince british_columbia presently dormant province potentially active having erupted years witnessed nations miners 18th 19th centuries erupted 18th century southernmost historically active volcano province easternmost central alaska erupted pleistocene period generally considered northernmost structure volcanic complex canada second largest volcano young volcanic activity area km2 exceeded north area km2 central known ice peak lie northerly axis oval composite shield volcano composite shield volcano consists overlapping shields clearly noticeable maps composite shield volcano forms broad lava plateau kilometres long kilometres wide mainly lava flows surrounded steep ridges called expose layers black lava flows rock fragments deposits light coloured mainly little aluminum mainly confined central associated lava dome lava plateau flanked north larger west east elevations lava plateau metres volcanic mountains rising metres sea level sections lava plateau official names big raven history volcanic complex includes periods regional deep ice sheets covered land lesser advances mountain glaciers composition steep sided symmetrical region built repeated thick slow moving lava commonly flowed kilometres vent explosive associated alternating layers volcanic ash blocks rock called volcanic bombs lava bombs added slopes create contain fine rich volcanic rock called erupted thousands years allowing erosion destroy original cone creating ridges rock resistant materials composition circular volcanic complex formed result chamber beneath volcano erupted emptied chamber able support weight volcanic roughly circular fracture ring fault develops edge chamber ring serve fault known ring secondary volcanic form ring fracture chamber centre volcano ring fracture begins collapse collapse occur result single eruption occur stages result series collapses relatively small compared collapses largest volcanic complex kilometres diameter kilometres diameter volcanic accompanying collapses produced white called lava dome composition rounded steep sided lava built thick light coloured including typically thick far vent causing quickly build previous volcanic creating characteristic dome like shape thickness attributed high levels naturally occurring dioxide found forms reach heights metres grew slowly steadily months years sides structures composed unstable rock debris possibility building gas pressure dome experience explosive time lava dome collapses contains rock gases produce flow super heated mix gas ash characteristics lava dome include shallow long period hybrid seismic activity attributed excess fluid pressures contributing vent chamber characteristics lava include spherical dome shape cycles dome growth long periods sudden violent explosive activity average rate dome growth rough indicator supply shows systematic relationship timing characteristic lava dome explosions cone composition steep conical formed lava fountain particles lava single vent gas charged lava blown violently air breaks small fragments fall vent form circular oval cone bowl shaped rise metres surroundings widespread british_columbia volcanic world black cone volcanic complex famous symmetrical best preserved canada reaching height metres prominence metres shield volcano composition shield built entirely fluid lava flows formed result lava flowing directions central summit groups building broad gently sloping cone flat shape built slowly thousands lava flows highly fluid lava spread widely great distances cool thin gently sheets shield volcano lava poured quietly instead central flooding surrounding countryside lava flow lava flow forming broad lava plateau lava similar found north_america including idaho southeastern washington eastern oregon united_states found iceland mound composition volcanic complex unusual type volcano formed began melting glacial ice time region covered glacial ice pleistocene early periods hot melt vertical pipe right glacial ice instead forming volcanic rock volcanic fragments called lava solidified shaped masses called lava deep beneath glacial ice field glaciers retreated revealed unique shape result confinement glacial ice history lava forming volcanic complex constructed phases began dark formed flat lying shield concluded eruption light coloured behavior attributed episodic rise basic mantle derived surface partly light coloured little aluminum created prolonged crystal rich similar associated violent earth period phase activity resulted creation seven million years ago today represented eroded remnant small flanked steep sided light coloured secondary lava including thick pile light coloured lava flows flows air fall deposits central central metres summit capped metres fine rich lava flows inside produce lava lake million years ago final stage activity period second phase activity began million years ago metres thick metres long single event activity broad circular lava dome eventually created called spectrum range southernmost central kilometres wide metres thick southwestern flank north named extensive colourful alteration basal shield volcano contains deeply carved circular valleys displaying portions massive rich lava flows comprise lava dome deeply carved circular valleys display faults buried approximately kilometres cubic kilometres erupted spectrum range dome period activity ending years ago ice peak period ice peak metres high overlaps northern flank began form phase activity starting years ago regional ice sheet began retreating constructed large areas lava plateau free glacial ice enclosed glacial deposits additional parts volcanic complex likely covered glacial ice volcanic activity period produced basic intermediate light coloured lava flows rocks mixed produce debris flows ice peak began form basic lava spread flanks cone formed lakes combines forms adjacent shield volcano lava continued flow lakes lava solidified rubble created lava flows compositions erupted surface soil continuous volcanic activity eventually ice peak reach elevation metres intermediate light coloured lava flows built secondary lava parallel western final stage activity years ago develops nearly steep higher flanks volcano light coloured lava flows displayed cliffs broad faces known contain basic rock solidified rubble large fractured lava massive poorly established pillars southern flank called camp hill hill possibly erupted glacial ice existing lava plateau lava flowed glacial ice vent pools created continuous lava flowed pools cooled fractured material interrupted explosions steam water ash rock volcanic bombs called camp hill eventually developed time grew water level inside lake later produced cone original cone erupted nearly glacial ice retreated lava flows hill flowed river valley eventually produce small lake subsequent lava flows traveled lake produce lava solidified rubble long period activity high altitude glaciers developed melted cutting valleys volcano current metres high summit remnant western rim small summit nearly destroyed erosion high altitude near end ice peak activity years ago high altitude glacial ice combined regional ice forming likely tallest mountains visible metres thick small volume intermediate lava erupted compared central period fourth phase activity began million years ago retreated upper flanks adjacent lava plateau creating proper northerly central steep sided largest highest peaks form volcanic complex elevation metres overlapping northern flank fine volcanic rock called associated lava formed lava flows explosive smooth northern western flanks slightly erosion curve circular metre summit ridge surrounds central ice filled kilometres diameter glaciers cover proper including southern flank active eastern flank breached rim exposing remnants numerous lava lakes years ago rest altered main piles lava formed found flanks nearby ice peak surface surrounding shield volcano northwest flank formed lava erupted beneath regional ice sheet close greatest thickness central volcano flank period fifth final phase activity occurred secondary volcanic flanks central starting years ago phase activity began time remnants glacial ice present continued glacial period initial flank glacial formed rings later activity created small primarily composition including mess lake cone camp hill crater preserved formed year based age burnt plant stems rooted soil metres loose fragments built fragments lava fields surrounding lava field southern end areas young lava flows region lava field northern end largest area young lava flows covering area km2 longest lava flow kilometres volcanic activity followed younger including air fall deposit air fall deposit exists southwestern called sheep track sheep track member light volcanic rock air spaces commonly pale colour ranging white cream blue grey green black sheep track mysterious vent origin unknown estimated state preservation younger years deposit emphasizes significant volcanic hazards linked volcanic complex likelihood violent explosive eruption volcano produced covered glacial ice collaborators started work samples collected deposits sheep track current activity volcanic complex canadian associated recent seismic activity volcano volcanic field seismic data suggests contain live systems indicating possible future activity available data allow clear conclusion observations indications canada potentially active associated hazards significant seismic activity canada youthful long lived volcanic centres history significant explosive behavior volcanic complex recent volcanic activity volcanic complex hot springs found volcano western flank including springs springs inactive springs near springs near youngest lava fields volcanic complex likely associated recent activity hot springs highly important adjacent people hot springs closely associated active volcanic area releasing steam hot gases dioxide general water rotating comes contact rocks heated finds openings surface formation springs depends rocks water passed volcanic mixed iron iron substances usually colour pools boiling mud brilliant yellow red brown green hot springs comprising significantly deposit form comprising calcium deposit looking rock called overflow springs build masses stepped human history indigenous people early years ago people live volcanic complex tools weapons trading material occurs relatively high elevations metres main source found northwestern british_columbia traded far away alaska northern alberta type naturally occurring glass highly valued cutting qualities produced rapid cooling lava like glass types naturally occurring rocks breaks characteristic fracture creating razor sharp edges knife possibly years old recovered area exposed formations exist volcanic complex eagle meeting rivers significant spiritual cultural importance people correct cultural significance people unknown studies area long lived volcanic activity studied mapped detail years detail studying mapping volcanic complex accomplished early 1970s geological survey canada society led canadian scientist significant study area mapping looked mineral tenure map surprised small area maintained mineral investigation completed construction designed provide ready source weight railway bed agreed support series canada wide lectures establish protect volcanic complex coincidentally opportunity examine red dog spectrum property gold veins accomplished section studies specimens intention include park near surface older rocks parks established covering km2 july park proclamation providing wide zone park area march km2 recreation area covering spectrum gold property margin merged provincial park doubling size square kilometres studies highlighted importance size region proposed numerous lava sub ice ice contact environment recent studies worked contributions detailed studies funded colleges universities colleges universities started studying volcanic complex extremely important volcano ice contact record evidence ice existence thickness area little data ice conditions preceded glacial wisconsin period areas possible ice contact products studied detail western flank volcanic complex order approve ice contact nature eventually better ice existence thickness lava plateau important cultural resource student pennsylvania united_states focused region surrounding located immediately west ice peak formed early period area remnants glacial ice ice age studies focused sampling studies aimed determining ice eruption describing sediments immediately underlying end lava flows worked describing sediments immediately underlying lava flows adjacent preserve record million year old ice sheet student focused lava flows analyzed patterns series lava flows western lava plateau volcanic complex examined lava flows triangle dome lava dome erupted pleistocene period studies determined criteria understanding lava flow thickness indication progress lava flow ice barrier resulting unusually thick lava flow student pennsylvania united_states focused section sediments immediately beneath ice peak lava flow sampled described studies determine sediments deposited immediately lava flow likely older sand sized particles samples sediment determined similar lava flow including minerals found small lenses glass derived mound near student focused cooling rates lloyd studied detail variation crystal sizes edge lava derived nearby ridge erupted pleistocene period student focused mathematics monitoring currently volcanic complex monitored closely active volcano system existing network established monitor earthquakes far away provide good indication happening beneath volcanic complex network sense increase activity volcano restless provide warning large eruption detect activity volcano started possible way detect eruption studying geological history volcano pattern behavior terms eruption style magnitude frequency future eruption expected similar previous likelihood canada critically affected local close volcanic argues kind improvement program required benefit cost thoughts critical dealing natural hazards benefit cost examination needs correct data hazard types occurrences exist british_columbia canada detail required volcanic techniques hazard mapping displays volcano history detail speculates understanding hazardous activity possibly expected future large volcanic hazard program existed information collected lengthy separate way support employees scientists current knowledge best established southwestern british_columbia likely rise considerably temporary mapping monitoring project knowledge volcanic complex established certain contributions volcano intensive program exposure near young canadian quick hazard assessments individual volcanic associated recent seismic activity advance produce quick productive determination priority areas efforts existing network monitor earthquakes existed remained small population apart short term seismic monitoring experiments volcano monitoring accomplished volcanic complex canada level approaching established countries historically active active restless usually monitored approximately kilometres frequently kilometres better sensitivity detection reduced location errors particularly earthquake depth monitoring risk eruption offering capability important volcanic risk currently volcanic complex closer kilometres increasing distance declining numbers indicate seismic activity prediction capability reduced earthquake location accuracy depth decreases network accurate carefully monitored located noticed events recorded surveyed immediately improve understanding future eruption countries like canada possible small precursor earthquake particularly events observed significant events larger detected minor subdivision events complex clarify confidence volcanic nature associate individual volcanic
Mount Edziza volcanic complex