younger sir baptised march june son henry elder referred distinguish father english politician statesman colonial governor briefly present north_america serving term governor massachusetts bay colony supported creation rhode_island colony proponent religious tolerance returned england following controversy led banning massachusetts leading english civil war worked closely played execution king charles refused expressed approval act served functioned government executive split issues governance removed power dissolved parliament returned power short lived commonwealth period arrested orders king charles_ii following restoration throne long debate act denied amnesty granted people roles civil war formally granted charles_ii charged high treason parliament court proceeding denied counsel opportunity properly prepare defence convicted partisan jury charles withdrew earlier beheaded tower hill june recognised political peers competent administrator politician politics driven desire religious tolerance era governments establish official churches suppress views views small minority able successfully build advance agenda actions ultimately divisive contributed rise downfall books pamphlets written political religious subjects analyzed today remembered massachusetts rhode_island early champion religious freedom early life baptised essex eldest child sir elder came landed gentry came minor nobility elder family money purchase positions court rising educated classmates included men figure prominently english politics friend biographer wrote ignorant god temperament acceptable good religious awakening company came parting blow enrolled hall oxford studied spite refusal necessary traveled europe reported studying possibly france geneva father upset open adoption views fearing opportunities advancement court sent young vienna assistant english ambassador apparently privileged role writings time include messages written french trip elder sent negotiate swedish alliance king charles act matter meant effort vain introduced king returning england encouraged father seek position chamber father engaged numerous attempts views success order worship chose decided new world joining migration new_england left arriving boston october ship carrying younger elder described young gentleman excellent parts following month admitted freeman colony began playing role judicial administration deciding legal disputes sufficient merit heard court instrumental resolution dispute elder concerning matters judicial conduct spring elected governor colony succeeding situation faced complex issues religious political military fronts biographers describe term office disastrous colony split actions beliefs come husband children colony began holding bible sessions home gaining wide audience sharing opinions colonial leaders labeled view existing laws practices necessary salvation older colonial leadership including espoused view supporter influential pastor faction propelled governor seat immediately alienated colonists insisting flying english flag boston fort flag recently subject controversy depiction seen colonists symbol cut cross salem militia flag popularity went learned december issues england requiring presence attempted resign court assistants accepted resignation withdrew request congregation boston church tenure dispute tribe present day southeastern connecticut boiled war boat massachusetts trader named found near overrun indians examination indians fled uncovered body board attackers time believed tribes affiliated leaders claimed responsible fled protection aggressively dealings surrounding native tribes including generally kept peace nearby english colonists massachusetts authorities angry failed turn men implicated killing trader led calls action despite fact warned likely responsible governor august placed head man force extract justice heavy handed expedition little destroy settlements sparked military backlash struck settlements recently established colonists massachusetts colony younger april ostensibly called session general court authorized colonial militia assist new_england colonies continuing war resulted destruction tribal entity lost position elder election contentious election marked sharp disagreement treatment supporter won location vote moved cambridge reducing power boston support aftermath election trial eventually banished colony followers seriously considered leaving election urging people including founded settlement portsmouth later named rhode_island joined providence form colony rhode_island decided return england apparently notion acquire royal governorship colonial administration departure published brief answer certain declaration response defense act exclusion act passed election restrict immigration people views colony religious despite political differences developed relationship following years legacy time new world includes colonial legislation establishment institute higher learning known harvard_university support acquisition local indians resulted formal beginnings rhode_island surviving accounts provide funds acquisition williams credits instrument hand god island according historian experiences massachusetts significantly religious views came believe clergy types including ministers second beast revelations pretending visible conviction drove political activities england sought minimize power influence types clergy writes guiding principles religious policy rooted distrust clerical power bishops belief state interference church matters altogether stance seen way rhode_island patent drafted sat parliamentary committee charged colonial affairs unique early english colonial charters contains provisions freedom religion assisted sought confirmation rhode_island charter conflicting charter issued return england return england assistance earl northumberland father position treasurer royal_navy position personally highly profitable task collecting hated ship money tax support navy imposed charles parliamentary approval june awarded married daughter sir july father settled family holdings included kent home according biographers relationship anchored shared spiritual goals intimacy happy fulfilling connection admiralty secured election short representing hull formed renewed associations prominent opponents charles policies including noted capable managing great affairs penetrating judgment easy graceful manner speaking like represented younger generation leadership effectively managed affairs identified history included earl lords instrumental execution earl member discovered confidential notes father council meeting passed wording notes interpreted mean proposed charles use england evidence weak failed consequently orchestrated passage bill executed illicit means acquired notes caused rift healed elder eventually came oppose king root branch petition debate december supported radical reforms church_of_england position opposition father amid sea complaints church governance february added committee established previous november draft report state kingdom efforts led introduce root debate bill resulted clear indication parliamentary support church reform wake invaded churches removing images signs speech brought faction claiming governing structure church_of_england corrupt doctrine rome bill died vote august critical matters arose occupy parliament charles went scotland rally scottish forces royalist cause began drafting known historians claimed role drafting language matter disputed way participate debate narrowly passed november document grievances king church served political affairs king refused enact requested reforms return scotland king deprived father son administrative posts revenge roles execution civil war early years months relations king parliament broke completely factions supporting sides took arms parliament returned post treasurer navy connections bring significant naval support parliamentary charles attempted arrest mps charges high treason december june charles rejected nineteen substantive set demands parliament prior outbreak english civil war hostilities began june siege hull given seat oversaw parliamentary military activities failure root parliament called body lay politicians lords clergy purpose reform church governance sat body met periodically lay representatives independent faction long meeting july sent head parliamentary commission seeking military assistance scots scots opposed charles bishop wars religious issues willing assist willing allow extension presbyterian system church england opposed found way agreement proposed agreement covered combination religious political topics called introduced slippery language agreement concerning example best reformed churches language permitted scots believe ideas adopted english interpret mean english independent practices adopted league eventually approved authorities scotland england ireland paved way scottish entry war following success negotiating scottish agreement death end propelled leadership parliament promoted chief member established february point english scottish authorities coordinate war activities sent york june besieged parliament armies urge sir earl manchester divert forces face prince rhine recently taken liverpool properties parliamentary supporters lancashire proposed generals establishment government king idea rejected old guard generals believed charles accommodated found support rising star september acted set grand committee accommodation designed find compromise religious issues dividing sought debate identify religious tolerance behalf exposed opposition created rift pro war led pro peace scots supporters included earl essex failures west england reduced popular support cause military success raised profile realization parliamentary despite previous claims support scots wrote sir solicitor john regard saved nation brought persons height power enjoy use prejudice parliamentary victory peace talks begun november king parliament sent failed attempt negotiate peace seen principal reason failure talks scots charles prepared agree issues church doctrine talks lasted late january february overshadowed execution parliament began discussing reorganization military early november remove poorly performing commanders eliminate regional character existing forces debate principally divided lords supported passage self denying ordinance forbidding military officers serving parliament establishment capable fighting country provisions self denying ordinance extended individuals like held civil service posts included exceptions like turned office charles restored parliament began drawing fees previously refused failed pay half treasurer fees parliament required law following decisive parliamentary victory june phase civil war effectively dragged year charles surrendered scottish army commanders time new political faction began rise military known led populist force favour greater press freedoms opposed privileges aristocracy including existence house_of_lords january amid ongoing peace negotiations charles attempted separate factions proposing letters alliance faction responded pointing preferred rights tender granted parliament king papers exposing king negotiating positions captured largely royalist elements parliament estates spared war father reported visited times suffering damages september succeeded getting parliamentary approval interwar politics end war presbyterian group led sir slightly stronger proceeded introduce legislation hostile views religious tolerance held army apparently came realize presbyterian actions posed threat equal military action having sidelined work mutual distrust held somewhat aristocratic view voting rights reserved gentry attempted negotiate terms favourable charles unsuccessful leader army came work closely presbyterian majority sought army reduce threat issues pay grievances prompted enter negotiations army bitter debate army petition led charge attempting people wanting hold power year forever eventually able army parliamentary purge independent officers followed army ordered parliamentary leaders began negotiating scots return army time oppose english army parliament army orders possibly prompted warning detachment troops seized charles placed comfortable house arrest forced presbyterian leadership meet army demands pay established commission treat army placed presumably influence military negotiations army parliament presbyterian dominated london threatened independent mps fled city august protection army army marched london head seated parliament parliament debated army fixing term powers parliament church governance key terms interest effectively stripped church powers sent charles indicated agreement terms opposition proposed negotiations king proposal split willing negotiate king reverend spoke favor non addresses longer negotiating king particularly critical saying clearly designs poor people slavery november debate continued charles escaped confinement way recaptured imprisoned castle offered proposals scots chose alliance scots violence spread country army maintained peace london war renewed violence country factions armed organized mutiny royal_navy thrust attempts prevent spreading regain support declared charles mid july army regained control england defeated scottish army august battle preston appeared times opposition independent factions having falling quickly healed factions came distrust despite parliamentary representatives negotiations september widely blamed failure negotiations insistence liberty conscience debates late concerning king fate argued parliament constitute government king nation people world forceful speech december suggesting king need eliminated political force opposed including claimed concessions king date sufficient agreement reached suggested dividing house opposition king divided separating gained war financial contributions group speech parliament finally voted december king concessions sufficient opponents abused positions power war profit walker compiled long list mps claimed acted instead walker charged buying sleeping debts owed public purse individuals pursuing payment today substantive way assess validity walker charges december military stepped control matters troops led surrounded systematically arrested arriving mps supportive negotiation king appear day aware going happen stayed away lost vote action known pride purge resulted exclusion mps parliament sat known main order business trial execution process refused attend parliament present spectator trial began january later claimed oppose putting king trial blood continued fulfill duties government posts signing admiralty papers day charles executed commonwealth oliver execution charles house_of_commons voted abolish crown house_of_lords replace executive functions crown established appointed refused seated taking oath particular required expression approval served council committees role committees overseeing military directed supplies conquest ireland leading member committee overseeing navy joined directed affairs naval navy disastrous performance dutch headed committee reformed navy drafting new formally naval law reforms instrumental navy successes later war involved foreign diplomacy going mission france purpose unknown meet traveling scotland organize government victories english civil war active domestic affairs sat committee disposed charles art collection enemies role committees committees sat responsible distribution assets seized government opponents negotiating failed pay taxes government charges enemies engaged work day sit judgment process parliament carried duties executive issue army sought ability act decisively attitude drove wedge pressure new elections parliament began consider proposals electoral reform january committee headed proposal called suffrage allowed basis property ownership specifically sought eliminate number called rotten small numbers voters controlled wealthy patrons proposal called current members republican credentials deemed suitable retain seats fledgling commonwealth mother brought forth clause specifically proposed urging army realised charged implementation able retain power seeking general election opposed scheme sides unable reconcile parliamentary leaders promised april delay action election bill likely sought bill enacted day react alerted supporter interrupted proceedings passed bill bringing troops chamber end debate saying parliament parliament end sitting protested honest morality common honesty shouted response sir sir lord deliver sir ended commonwealth began rule lord protector daily missed courted assistance invited sit council refused effectively retirement wrote retired man published amid rumors rebellion principally work laden religious treatise literal symbolic interpretation biblical scriptures treated contemporaries later analysts including absolutely formed year called fast day consider methods government improved wrote healing question carefully structured political work proposed new form government insisting parliament supreme army encouraged publish shown work wrote words good old cause rallying cry years group republicans healing question seen secretary state attack publication prompted number opposition political groups step activities rumors circulated protests raised fringe religious groups like involvement prompting council issue order july appear ordered post bond prejudice present government peace commonwealth refused arrested shortly afterward imprisoned castle addressed letter extra parliamentary authority assumed released december retirement established religious teaching group resulted group known pastor classified religious wild men cultivated promote political views introduced westminster head supporter defended essay defence good old cause death september son richard succeeded lord protector younger lacked political military skills father political earlier commonwealth began elections called new parliament december attempted prevent election republicans leader republican faction specifically targeted managed win election representing parliament session republicans questioned claim power argued favour limiting spoke veto power packed supporters protector republicans unsuccessful substantive changes formed alliance group republican military officers known party met secretly violation laws enacted limit military participation political matters factions parliament attempts control republican sentiment military forced dissolve parliament april little support military days later following purge supporters military widespread campaign council recalled appointed new council state served commissioner appointment army officers managed foreign affairs examined state government finances found dismal condition work general sent quell booth rebellion royalist uprising august support non mainstream religious views like ensured political downfall officers stripped command parliament october rallied troops marched parliament forcibly committee safety formed composed army including agreed serve feared republican cause destined fail army support committee served december advance general army scotland led melting away military support restoration long parliament taking committee safety expelled vocal objections allies like ordered house arrest castle went february stayed briefly eventually returned house tumultuous year late proposals government structured powers balanced widely debated private public debates parliament publication pamphlets methods promote ideas published balance popular government open letter essentially response treatise describing view government included limitations property ownership legislature elected upper chamber thesis power arose property ownership concentrated land ownership led forms government disagreed arguing instead power came presented somewhat apocalyptic argument support idea supporter stated openly october permanent senators required proposals caused terminal split alliance followers deserted restoration march finally dissolved elections held sat body dominated formally proclaimed charles_ii king restored throne order minimize acts vengeance acts taken parliament passed act terms actions specific exceptions directly involved long debate named exception act passed august arrested july orders king imprisoned tower london parliament passing act petitioned charles grant asking life spared petition granted despite remained tower income estates seized suffered prison unable discharge debts ran transferred isles october order limit access potential conspirators free continued write principally religious themes seeking come terms political state affairs condition according written time power originated god resided primarily people power directive states morality rule obedience hand god original power arises free gift people power hand king people bound fundamental constitution compact king violated people return original right freedom following passed resolution november demanding return tower trial charles january parliament renewed demand moved tower april june charges high treason charles_ii trial began june bench judges headed lord chief justice presiding king attorney general sir typical accused treason denied legal representation defended charges making war king civil war asserting sovereign power parliament accused imagining death king argued possible commit treason king possession crown prosecution argued king possession pointed rendered invalid charges charles_ii exercising power judges stepped point irrelevant jury packed convicted thirty minutes debate attempted appeal conviction tried sign bill exclusion problems saw trial refused informed conduct trial charles_ii felt dangerous man left alive retracted unlike trial thrown mercy court consequently exiled conviction sentenced death hanged drawn charles persuaded grant gentleman death june taken tower hill beheaded noted recorded event long speech times interrupted sheriff taken paper hand let caused books writ given sheriff brought heard prayed fitted received blow crowded issue neck desired hurt changed colour speech died cause stood spoke presently right hand christ things appeared resolved man died manner showed heat gravity asked pray king answered says shall pray king pray god final days peace god carefully prepared speech intended execution order preserve speech gave copies close friends visited days later printed viewed martyr continuing cause thought king lost gained having executed body returned family interred church near family estate kent family wife children sons christopher children succeeded father estates created baron works number speeches parliament bodies printed lifetime shortly including speech intended spoken published printed works include brief answer certain declaration retired man healing question love god union god proceeds protector sir knight balance popular government general face times written title intended case instead cause pilgrimage land promise trial sir knight work contains addition speech details relating trial people case stated valley concerning man life contemporary works incorrectly attributed history rebellion assigns credit speech support later historians find speech probably composition later writer light shining darkness written reputation widely recognized contemporary gifted administrator forceful royalist good words wrote follows unusual aspect men think extraordinary life good imagination credited having possessed extraordinary parts pleasant wit great understanding temper moved debate quick conception sharp expression biography life death sir younger chaplain included written praise presented year religious writings unusual found difficult understand readers varied continue seen today civil war historian comments political ideas religious beliefs barely biographer writes presented witness light advanced setting imminent apocalyptic age spirit reputation height nineteenth century especially united_states english historian wrote acquired dazzling reputation granted public spirit referenced great men included exchange end child history england published early 1850s placed list historical english modern british notes vanguard issues religious freedom small easily defeated minority successors years later responsible solid civil religious freedom adopted constitution marked demolished house blue plaque editing journal wrote heroic life death services freedom significant figure present moment regarded character touches early new_england history personal contact america brief space life american ideas government people principle english speaking men feel especially bound maintain life death contributed cause idea prevail
Henry Vane the Younger