affair affair known massacre riot aftermath bombing took place labor demonstration tuesday square chicago began peaceful rally support workers striking hour day reaction killing workers previous day police unknown person threw dynamite bomb police acted disperse public meeting bomb blast ensuing gunfire resulted deaths seven police officers civilians scores wounded internationally publicized legal proceedings followed convicted conspiracy evidence defendants built bomb trial thrown seven sentenced death term years prison death sentences defendants illinois governor terms life prison committed suicide jail face hanged november illinois new governor pardoned remaining defendants criticized trial affair generally considered significant origin international day workers site incident designated chicago landmark public sculpture dedicated addition defendants burial site nearby designated single event influenced history labor illinois united_states world began rally consequences felt today rally included american history textbooks present event accurately point significance according labor studies professor background following civil war particularly following depression rapid expansion industrial production united_states chicago major industrial center tens thousands german bohemian immigrants employed day american workers worked average slightly hours day work week city center attempts organize labor demands better working conditions employers responded anti union measures firing union members locking workers recruiting employing spies private security forces ethnic tensions order divide workers mainstream newspapers supported business interests opposed labor immigrant press economic socialist organizations active membership rejected socialism supported hour work day grew chicago movement thousand immigrant workers centered german language newspaper workers times edited operated militant revolutionary force armed section equipped guns explosives revolutionary strategy centered belief successful operations police seizure major industrial centers result massive public support workers revolution destroy capitalism establish socialist economy day parade strikes october convention held unanimously set date hour work day standard chosen date approached labor unions prepared general strike support hour day saturday thousands workers went strike rallies held united_states cry hour day cut pay estimates number striking workers range half million new_york_city number estimated detroit milwaukee wisconsin workers turned chicago movement center estimated workers gone strike twice people streets participating demonstrations marches example march men employed chicago lumber yards participants events added disputed march number michigan avenue led founder wife children striking workers chicago met near plant union plant locked early february predominantly irish american workers come attack earlier strike action event hour workers gained respect notoriety city time general strike entering plant protection garrison police officers half replacement workers defected general strike workers continued harass crossed picket lines speaking rally outside plant august spies advised striking workers hold stand union succeed planned coordinated general strike point remained largely end bell sounded group workers gates confront despite calls calm spies police fired crowd workers killed newspaper accounts said fatalities spies later testify knew experience past people express purpose defeating hour movement outraged act police violence local quickly printed distributed calling rally following day square called commercial center near corner street street printed german english claimed police murdered behalf business interests urged workers seek justice batch contain words spies saw line said speak rally words removed destroyed new printed words copies revised distributed rally began peacefully light rain evening spoke crowd estimated variously standing open wagon adjacent square large number duty police officers watched nearby historian specializing study quotes spies saying prevail opinion quarters meeting called purpose riot preparations called law order let tell beginning meeting called purpose object meeting explain general situation hour movement throw light incidents connection following spies speech crowd addressed parsons alabama born editor radical english language weekly alarm crowd calm mayor stopped watch walked home early parsons spoke hour standing favor speaker evening british socialist delivered brief minute address crowd left weather deteriorating new_york_times article headlined rioting streets chicago policemen dead dying reported spoke minutes alleging words grew violent proceeded new_york_times article headlined anarchy red hand dated opens villainous teachings bore bloody fruit chicago tonight daylight dozen men laid lives tribute doctrine refers mob uses quotation marks term bombing gunfire finishing speech police arrived marching formation speakers wagon ordered rally disperse insisted meeting peaceful police inspector proclaimed command addressing speaker law addressing crowd disperse home bomb metal filled dynamite ignited fuse thrown path advancing police fuse briefly bomb exploded killing policeman flying metal fragments mortally wounding officers witnesses maintained immediately bomb blast exchange police accounts vary widely fired crowd fired police maintains police fired fleeing fired killing wounding people disputed minutes square casualties according new_york_times began firing police returned fire report incident wrote gave order cease firing fearing men darkness fire anonymous police official told chicago_tribune large number police wounded man got squares away rest emptied mainly seven policemen workers killed policeman died years incident complications related injuries received day policemen wounded incident carried wounded people nearby police station police captain later wrote number wounded workers largely excess police chicago herald described scene wild estimated dead wounded civilians lay streets unclear civilians wounded afraid seek medical attention fearing arrest found aid aftermath red scare harsh anti union followed incident massive community business support police thousands dollars donated funds medical care assist efforts entire labor immigrant community particularly germans came suspicion police raids carried homes offices suspected scores suspects remotely related affair arrested casting legal requirements search aside chicago police squads subjected labor activists chicago week meeting halls places business emphasis speakers rally newspaper small group discovered engaged making bombs day incident including round ones like square newspaper reports declared blame riot view adopted alarmed public time passed press reports illustrations incident elaborate coverage national international property owners press elements society consensus developed suppression necessary union organizations craft unions quick movement violent tactics self defeating workers hand believed men responsible agency tactic secretly labor groups violent methods strike breaking legal proceedings investigation police assumed thrown bomb planned conspiracy problem prove morning raided offices arresting editor brother charged arrested editorial assistant search premises resulted discovery evidence considered prosecution police searched premises found number bombs bomb making materials landlord arrested police identified bomb maker charged associate spies suspected bomber traced brought chicago interrogation offered cooperate police alleged defendants experimented dynamite bombs accused having published said code word peace arms square defendants police lead suspect bomb arrested twice early released apparent played significant role event fled country turned state evidence testified prosecution charged june seven suspects indicted grand jury stood trial accessories murder present bomb exploded newspaper editor spoken peaceful rally stepping speaker wagon compliance police orders disperse bomb went present beginning rally left hall rendezvous time explosion known activist spoken hour rally going parsons believed evidence weak subsequently voluntarily turned solidarity accused man spies assistant editor brother law arrested speaking rally time bombing later pardoned directly tied rally arrested notorious militant home playing cards day hot headed bomb maker denounced associate defendant present day american born citizen german descent associated attempted revive aftermath riot defendants spies fischer german born immigrants sixth citizen german descent remaining parsons born england respectively british heritage trial trial illinois began june went august trial conducted atmosphere extreme prejudice public media defendants presided judge judge displayed open hostility defendants consistently ruled prosecution failed maintain motion try defendants separately denied defense counsel included moses selection jury difficult lasting weeks nearly thousand people called union members expressed sympathy socialism dismissed end jury seated confessed prejudice defendants despite prejudice judge seated declared despite evidence supported refusing dismiss prejudice eventually challenges defense exhausted frustrated hundreds dismissed appointed selected calling random proved selected likely convict based social position attitudes defendants prosecution led argued defendants actively discouraged person thrown bomb equally responsible conspirators jury heard testimony people including members defendants spies parsons brother claimed evidence linking bomb reflected widespread belief police investigators captain lead fragment removed policeman wounds analyzed reported lead matched bombs found home metal fragments taken wound roughly matched bombs concluded basis interviews experimenting years dynamite explosives design bombs coming effective minute discovered instructions included submitted instructions jury called instructions given verdict contemporary reactions jury returned guilty defendants sentenced told court officers city worst gangs houses stealing money watches laughed need laugh captain understand sense word judge sentenced seven defendants death hanging years prison sentencing provoked outrage labor workers movements supporters resulting protests world defendants status especially abroad portrayals foreign press publication captain sensational account hand inspired widespread public fear general anti immigrant feeling public opinion article entitled anarchy red hand new_york_times described incident bloody fruit villainous teachings described defendants arch riot murder reporters described bloody red bloody monsters thieves assassins journalist wrote piece identified fears middle class americans concerning labor asserted workers blame troubles remarked men ultimately hanged chicago_tribune led investigation dismissed police force allegedly having fabricated evidence case reinstated appeals case appealed defendants represented general petition denied suicide appeals exhausted illinois governor sentences life prison november eve scheduled execution committed suicide cell smuggled blasting cap reportedly held mouth like cigar blast blew half face survived hours executions day november defendants fischer parsons spies taken white robes sang anthem international revolutionary movement family members including attempted time arrested searched bombs found according witnesses moments men hanged spies shouted time come silence powerful voices today words fischer called parsons requested speak cut signal given open trap door witnesses reported condemned men die immediately dropped death slowly sight left spectators visibly shaken identity bomber notwithstanding convictions conspiracy actual bomber brought trial explanation conspiracy trial main conspiracy completely legitimate historians evidence points brother law likely people history united states pointed suggesting posing threw bomb police pretext arrest leaders chicago movement disputes claim sheer speculation utterly foundation argues appearance match description bomber behavior inconsistent culprit mole documents extensive collection documents relating affair legal proceedings related created pardon historical characterization supporters labor movement united_states abroad trial widely believed unfair justice prominent people novelist celebrated attorney poet playwright playwright strongly condemned june illinois governor progressive governor illinois german immigrant signed calling victims packed biased judge noting state discovered threw bomb killed policeman evidence connection whatsoever defendants man threw city chicago failing hold responsible repeated use lethal violence striking workers actions concerning labor defeat reelection soon trial wrote history trial critical prosecution police captain wrote accounts opposite perspective awaiting sentencing defendants wrote edited published later activist published biography condemned husband years event wrote history superseded scholarly treatment social history era labor historian wrote popular history writes lacking credible evidence bombing prosecution focused writings speeches defendants notes conspiracy charge legally unprecedented judge partisan admitted prejudice defendants writes feelings fear anger surrounding trial ruled justice right outset smith notes scholars long considered trial notorious justice review somewhat critical defendants historian concludes tragedy american justice system protect damn needed protection damn talk wildly need protection state labor historian published history based examination trial archival material concludes abundant evidence connecting defendants advocacy violence preparations argues chicago international terrorist network hatch conspiracy attack police bombs guns day weekend calls evidence establishing guilt defendants overwhelming trial fair standards age jury representative according tragic end story product hang largely combination incompetence defendant lawyers willingness use trial save clients late 20th century scholars research affair surprised learn primary source documentation relating incident materials concerning trial chicago transferred communist effects labor movement day affair setback american labor movement fight hour day seen strengthening resistance especially chicago historian points trade union activities continued signs growth culminating later establishment fine observes fact despite police repression newspaper organization possessing classes followed throwing bomb chicago wage united forces resistance conservative radical central bodies trade unions single native born foreign born germans got time political field summer following affair doubled membership reaching fall labor day number chicago workers parade led country anniversary event published interview senator addressed consensus conflict capital labor intensifying articulated vision advocated industrial system worker owned strategies pursued advance conditions laborers interview republished pamphlet include bill stanford introduced senate foster popular pressure continued establishment hour day convention union decided campaign shorter agreed date workers strike hour work day president wrote congress second international meeting paris informed world plans proposed international fight universal hour work day response letter adopted resolution calling great international demonstration single date workers demand hour work day light americans plan international adopted date demonstration secondary purpose adoption resolution honor memory workers killed association strikes writes little doubt associated resolution passed knew demonstrations strikes hour day united_states events associated tragedy international day spectacular success page devoted coverage event headlines parade trade centers world join demands normal day times london listed dozen european cities demonstrations taken place noting rallies cuba peru chile commemoration day annual event following year association day remained strong mexico mother jones mexico wrote day marked killing workers chicago demanding hour day new_york_times referred day parade mexico_city annual demonstration memory killed chicago new_york_times described demonstration commemoration death chicago grandson attended day parade mexico_city shown host told world shows respect grandfather influence affair limited celebration day activist political theorist attracted reading incident executions later described events inspired spiritual birth growth considered decisive influence existence associate described potent vital inspiration commitment result affair included big bill founding member wrote historian affair awakened social consciousness hundreds thousands people suspected bombers admitting defendants involved bombing prosecution argument built bomb prosecution witnesses tried imply bomb helped spies fischer defendants claimed knowledge bomber activists including close associate defendants wrote account case later hinted knew bomber writers commentators speculated possible suspects activist brother law bomb exploded indicted defendants fled city later country brought trial detectives lead suspect state witness testified saw throw bomb identifying photograph court later sent letters london responsibility writing thrown bomb surely ashamed truth thought generally accepted widely known suspect figured bomb bomb tragedy written point view story opens deathbed harris description fictional knew criticized book german died german claimed learned bomber correspondence activists proof emerged suspected noted chicago arrived days contradicted statements bomber known figure chicago german owned small farm outside chicago settled bavaria like parsons spies delegate member granddaughter wrote letter said mother time bombing told father bomber died saloon fire based correspondence concluded strong possibility little known bomber agent suggested members movement believed bomber member police trying undermine labor movement statements activists said bomber rejected notion said bomb worker widely suspected asked knew threw bomb answered suppose excited said governor speculated bomb worker associated defendants movement personal police statement said record police brutality workers invited revenge adding man responsible deaths police officers identified bomber new_york claimed admitted throwing bomb august attorney sent telegram new_york defense attorney captain day executions claiming knowledge bomber identity black tried delay execution telegram governor refused later learned primary witness trial insurance fraud regarded credible historians carpenter pennsylvania severely injured accident week executions owen reportedly confessed bombing deathbed saying riot threw bomb riot apparently chicago time accounts note long accident said saw bomb owen trying save condemned men big killed police melee bombing separate disturbance day named suspect supporting evidence mysterious outsider reported saloon keeper indianapolis claimed encountered stranger saloon day bombing man carrying way new_york chicago according stranger interested labor situation chicago repeatedly pointed said hear trouble soon parsons testimony suggest bomb sent eastern learned claim burial monument parsons buried german later merged illinois suburb chicago buried died reuniting sculptor raised century later designated interior 20th century activists chose buried near graves memorials commemorative foot meter bronze statue chicago policeman sculptor erected middle private funds raised statue unveiled son officer 41st anniversary affair jumped tracks crashed monument said sick seeing policeman arm raised city restored statue moved 1950s construction kennedy expressway erased half old run market square statue moved special platform built overlooking freeway near original location statue black paint anniversary affair following confrontation police protest vietnam war october shortly days rage protests statue destroyed bomb placed legs took credit blast broke nearly windows neighborhood scattered pieces statue kennedy expressway statue rebuilt unveiled blown october statue rebuilt mayor posted hour police guard statue guard cost year moved lobby enclosed courtyard chicago police academy decades statue graffiti marked pedestal stood platform run remains square known landmark june statue new pedestal unveiled officer great granddaughter site speakers wagon marked bronze plaque set reading decade strife labor industry culminated confrontation resulted tragic death workers policemen spectators labor rally gathered mouth crane alley contingent police approaching met bomb thrown south alley resultant trial activists gained worldwide attention labor movement initiated tradition day labor rallies cities designated march mayor september union leaders including president chicago police union unveiled monument chicago artist foot speakers wagon sculpture echoing wagon labor leaders stood square champion hour day bronze sculpture intended centerpiece proposed labor park meant symbolize rally free speech planned site include international commemoration wall plaques cultural seating area banners construction begun feature motion picture produced affair events leading aftermath encyclopedia chicago day riot monument monument cemetery memorial
Haymarket affair