federal water management project state california supervision devised order provide irrigation municipal water california regulating storing water water rich northern half state transporting water poor surroundings means series canals pump plants shared water users represented addition water storage regulation system hydroelectric capacity provides recreation provides flood control dams allowed major cities grow valley rivers previously flood spring transformed semi arid desert environment productive farmland freshwater stored released dry periods prevents salt water sacramento san delta high tide divisions project corresponding units operate conjunction independent rest network california agriculture related industries directly account gross state product supplied water half despite benefits project operations resulted disastrous environmental historical consequences salmon population major california rivers declined result natural river environments zones longer exist archaeological historic sites native american tribal lands lie submerged received heavy criticism promoting high water demand industrial farming turn rivers known stretch boundaries state federal regulations operations passed intends alleviate problems associated programs like recent years combination drought regulatory decisions passed based endangered species act forced turn water west order protect fragile ecosystem sacramento san delta alive fish populations rivers overview operations stores acre feet water foothills sierra nevada passes acre feet water annually canals water transported acre feet goes acres agricultural fields acre feet supplies municipal uses acre feet released rivers wetlands order comply state federal ecological standards large trinity lake formed pair dams mountains north water lakes released flows sacramento san delta controlled rates flow pacific_ocean water intercepted diversion channel transported conveys water southwards supplying water shared facility river pool process eventually reaching canals farms valley dam crosses upstream water southwards canals travel area far south finally separate facility stores water flow tributary use dry periods smaller independent facilities exist provide water local irrigation districts history despite rich soils favorable weather square mile km2 inhabitants valley unfamiliar natural rainfall patterns started practice intense agriculture arid land soon found troubled frequent floods general lack water drains northern receives precipitation valley despite sacramento valley covering area larger drained receives rainfall furthermore cities drawing water sacramento san delta faced problems dry summer autumn months water low order continue sustain valley economy needed systems regulate flows rivers equally distribute water north south parts valley completed report attempt creating interested creating water project far involved series related disasters occurred early 1920s passed authorized sell revenue bonds order raise million project unfortunately insufficient money state treasury coincidence great depression california turned national government funding build project resulted transfers project california federal government dams canals project started going late 1930s facilities completed early 1970s features project constructed lie partly finished awaiting authorization facilities consists pair large dams north city dam primary water storage power generating facility form lake store acre feet water generate power dam functions regulate flow downstream diversion dams canals capture flow river efficiently prevent flooding sacramento san delta water pump facilities located dam functions regulating reservoir dam generating power takes water farther downstream diversion dams pumping plants provide municipal water supply irrigation acres dam mile canal mile small reservoir formed dam pump plants water canal feed water distribution grid second large department northern primary purpose division divert water drainage downstream dam order provide flow generating peaking power process forms second largest water storage reservoir half capacity generating capacity downstream water travels reservoir clear creek tributary generating power process formed hill dam turn provides water travels extreme stream flows generating electricity water trinity river spring creek debris dam constructed upstream outlet prevent acid drainage continuing downstream river located north central california east great central valley structures use water drains flows division divided units stores water watershed provide water supply local settlements supply rest system dams important flood control measure generated dams marketed consists primary water storage component dam serves downstream located stores acre feet water reservoir covers acres located inside additional saddle dams required reservoir dam generates generators downstream forming dam generates turbines north river fish located downstream dam compensate dams destruction spawning grounds includes lake diversion tunnels sly park dam sized auxiliary dam form covers acres feeds dam water unit consisting dams tributaries include pipeline supplying water primary component unit concrete thin arch auburn dam located american built significant risk earthquakes area general public opposition project high built preliminary work auburn dam stands miles south built facilities delta canal system important parts water system series pumping plants water sacramento san delta send southwards supply farms cities water travels westwards south series man channels natural marshes water travels bill jones pumping plant raises water turn travels miles southwards san river supplying water midway facility exists entrance pump plant order catch fish end second canal canal captures freshwater near central delta taking miles southwards distributing water process supplying water eventually terminating river dams far average flow sacramento order divert water southern dam completed largest component dam crosses river sierra nevada forming provides water storage providing diversion point pair canals canal canal sends water southwards lake area terminus supplying irrigation water counties takes water northwards major tributary lies relatively independent new unit sole component division unit forming filled capacity holds nearly acre feet water equal storage capacity dam functions store water dry periods release downstream northern according water demand dam generates power peaking capacity storage significant facilities storing transporting water west foothills san unit consist major facilities shared federal dam largest storage facility holding acre feet water called storage reservoir reservoir floods valley primary water source reservoir downstream san reservoir separate facility water pumped canal functions additional water source dry periods water released feeds san canal federally built section carries water terminates connects state built section capacity cubic feet second largest irrigation canals united_states branches area pair separate dams little detention dam provide flood control area separate project attempt contaminated irrigation drainage water water ground environmental concerns system completed operates supply water acres land west stores water diverted travel separate canal carries water santa valley controversy runs fish salmon migrated sacramento spawn great numbers construction dams rivers major tributaries dam dam ended salmon run north south sacramento dam american inaccessible migrating salmon cases dams high large fish bypass fish different fate river dry dam downstream gives river new surge water sacramento san delta irrigation runoff water contaminated caused river heavily matters worse efforts route salmon run 1950s failed salmon realize home stream facilities environmental havoc red bluff diversion dam large dam barrier migration fish original fish passage facilities dam continually experienced problems beginning operation introduced species prey young gather base dam reduced population juvenile salmon pacific red bluff diversion dam replaced fish screen pumping plant allowing passage red bluff upstream dams form total barriers fish migration watershed diversion water dam significantly hurt tributary salmon run quarters river flow diverted away causing river dam warm shallow slow flowing attributes hurt young salmon furthermore trinity dam forms blockade prevents salmon reaching miles spawning grounds early years 21st century finally began steadily increase water flow downstream dam providing water altogether new flow regime allows operations meet line drawn stating river natural flow left untouched order salmon survive lack flow trinity violation authorization congress operation dam legislation required left trinity basin needs including preservation salmon fishery early years 21st century studied feasibility raising dam proposed heights feet greater current size increasing storage capacity acre feet agency proposed smaller raise add acre feet previously raise dam increasing storage acre feet considered deemed dam built actually planned feet higher stopped construction present height shortage materials workers world war raising dam regulate store water dry periods entire operations generating additional power proposed height increase fought reasons raising dam cost million dollars raise price irrigation water lake remaining land belonging tribe percent land lies beneath surface lake flood miles protected status buildings bridges roads structures relocated added capacity reservoir change flow fluctuations lower native fish populations especially salmon suffer subsequent changes ecology river come greater controversy dam mainly project conflicts federal state limits impact watershed original dam submerged underneath source problems disused blocks cold water lake reaching river especially dry years surface lake closer crest old dam results river dam attaining higher temperature usual hurting native fish wildlife solve problem operations dam hydroelectric power plant water levels drastically low results power shortages originally dam constructed filling reservoir hold enormous public opposition inundated limestone canyon dam deepest kind united_states contained hundreds archaeological historic sites california best popular runs reservoir extended maximum limit event filled capacity weeks forced open emergency prompting state federal governments repeal limits imposed reservoir furthermore project allows far smaller sustainable water yield originally expected calls dam case study wrong project response environmental problems congress passed title public law change water management practices order ecological impact actions mandated included release water supply rivers wetlands funding habitat restoration work especially fish spawning water temperature control water conservation fish passage increasing service area canals items
Central Valley Project