charles hungary charles known hungarian croatian july king hungary croatia death member son father eldest son charles_ii naples mary hungary laid claim hungary brother hungary died hungarian lords elected cousin king instead abandoning claim hungary transferred son death grandson charles hand husband charles_ii naples son robert heir charles charles came invitation influential croatian lord august died january months charles crowned king provisional crown instead hungary hungarian refused yield elected king charles withdrew southern regions kingdom pope acknowledged charles king charles unable strengthen position opponent favor central government dozen provinces headed powerful nobleman captured imprisoned charles elected king pest november rule remained nominal parts kingdom crowned august charles won decisive victory present day slovakia june troops seized fortresses powerful family decade charles restored royal power primarily assistance lesser regions kingdom death powerful charles undisputed ruler kingdom exception croatia local able preserve autonomous status able hinder development independent defeat charles contemporaries described defeat battle punishment god cruel revenge family attempted slaughter royal family charles rarely perpetual land grants instead introducing system office officials enjoyed significant revenues time held royal office ensured loyalty second half reign charles hold administered kingdom absolute power established secular order knights promoted opening new gold mines hungary largest producer gold europe hungarian gold coins reign congress reconciliation neighboring monarchs john poland treaties signed congress contributed development new commercial routes linking hungary western_europe charles efforts reunite hungary administrative economic reforms established basis achievements successor early years childhood charles son wife born place birth unknown son charles_ii naples charles_ii wife mary daughter stephen hungary death brother hungary queen mary announced claim hungary stating royal family hungary extinct death father cousin andrew laid claim throne father stephen posthumous regarded members royal family hungarian lords preferred andrew mary crowned king hungary july transferred claim hungary january croatian noble families seemingly acknowledged claim fact loyalty died autumn seven year old son charles inherited claim hungary charles heir grandfather charles_ii naples accordance principles charles_ii preferred son robert grandson bestowed rights son robert february pope confirmed charles_ii decision february excluding child charles succeeding grandfather wrote schemes attack family reference robert alleged manoeuvres acquire right inherit naples 14th century historian noted contemporaries opinion robert claim naples weaker nephew setting position legitimacy robert rule struggle hungary hungary maternal uncle duke july stirring croatian revolt powerful croatian baron sent brother george italy early convince charles_ii naples send grandson hungary claim throne person king naples accepted proposal borrowed gold finance charles journey knight french origin accompanied year old charles hungary landed split august split escorted swore loyalty charles charles opponent hungary died january charles archbishop elect crowned provisional crown hungarians considered charles coronation unlawful customary law required performed charles counted years coronation hungary actually dozen independent provinces ruled powerful lord dominated northwestern parts hungary form eastern territories present day slovakia controlled northeastern lands ruled governed lords refused accept charles rule proposed crown son namesake bride daughter crowned legitimacy coronation questionable archbishop crown head customary law authorized perform ceremony coronation charles withdrew domains southern regions kingdom pope sent hungary convinced majority hungarian accept charles reign hungarian lords continued oppose charles according feared free men kingdom lose freedom accepting king appointed church charles laid siege capital kingdom september relieved siege charles charters primarily stayed southern parts kingdom years visited fortress regarded hungary holy declared charles king hungary threatened continued style king hungary left hungary summer taking charles met cousin austria slovakia august signing alliance jointly invaded autumn succeeded father renounced claim hungary favor duke bavaria october crowned december able strengthen position hungary supported charles seized fortresses northern parts hungary slovakia partisans occupied june seized imprisoned assembly charles partisans confirmed charles claim throne october powerful lords absent meeting released left hungary ceased returned country pope sent new papal hungary arrived summer months persuaded powerful lords accept charles rule diet held dominican monastery pest charles unanimously proclaimed king november delegates sent present assembly reign wars papal hungarian declared monarch december urged hand charles refused consecrated new crown charles crowned charles king new crown june hungarians regarded second coronation invalid papal finally agreed charles august archbishop thomas holy crown charles head charles coronation performed accordance customary law rule remained nominal parts kingdom laid siege june declined assist king charles sent army invade domains september achieved year died enabling charles possession deceased lord domains situated present day romania slovakia assassinated september charles envoys agreement sons town prescribed withdraw counties allow inhabiting domains freely join charles soon entered alliance king united forces besieged charles routed slovakia june half served fought charles battle july charles captured fortresses counties including ukraine waged war capturing slovakia unable win decisive victory charles transferred residence early died sons yield charles charles launched campaign half local joined royal troops contributed quick collapse rule southern parts domains alliance charles sons lords offered crown andrew charles troops command supporter defeated rebels united troops end june months fortresses allies fell royal troops counties primary source reference charles bravery heroic acts suggesting rarely fought person battles excellent strategic skills charles appointed fortresses besieged controlled regions southern borders hungary died charles confirmed right son succeed father declared ruler serbia captured invaded charles launched counter campaign river seized fortress charles army suppressed revolt seizing castle present day ukraine charles invaded domains captured slovakia november uncle king robert naples granted domain brother charles younger uncle john charles protested laid claim domains previously held father charles neglected reclaim church property seized force realm alliance early interests demand charles held diet summer refused confirm end year complaint charles taken possession church property charles fell seriously ill pope authorized charles sins died charles recovered year charles launched successful expeditions sons allies charles judge royal seized fortresses summer charles launched expedition retook belgrade restored diet charles reign held following failed yearly public judicial sessions provisions golden bull died march royal army invaded deceased lord province soon yielded resistance charles personally led siege seat slovakia fell august months later charles new seized present day romania fortress sons january towns rebelled son charles time leading partisan towns accepted charles urged venice intervene conflict subjects croatian lords including brother turned coalition defeated september charles marched croatia croatian lords opposed yielded visited charles king powerful lord imprisoned consolidation reforms charters concluded charles taken possession kingdom half year moved capital centre kingdom year austria renounced slovakia controlled decades exchange support received holy roman emperor royal power nominally restored lands united known early willing accept charles peace treaty signed control lands occupied charles attempted royal authority croatia dismissed replacing invaded croatia local lords seized castles king approval croatian lords routed ban troops consequently royal power remained nominal croatia charles reign rose open rebellion defeated retaliation fortresses rebellious lords confiscated victory charles acquired hungarian castles estates belonging set previous land grants enabled reclaim royal estates reign special commissions set detect royal estates acquired owners charles making perpetual grants partisans instead applied system office honors officials entitled enjoy revenues offices time held offices system assured royal power enabling charles rule power emphasized charters ignored customary law instance promoting daughter son entitled inherit father estates instead male cousins charles took control administration church hungary appointed hungarian allowing cathedral chapters elect promoted spread culture realms regularly held tournaments introduced new ranks page royal court knight royal court charles monarch create secular order establishing hungarian king grant helmet faithful followers distinguish means emphasized charters charles reorganized improved administration royal revenues reign new chambers administrative bodies headed german italian hungarian merchants established control collection royal revenues custom duties partially abolished royal monopoly gold mining giving royal revenues gold extracted newly opened owner land discovered years new gold mines opened slovakia present day mare romania romania hungarian mines yielded kilograms gold world total production gold coins began charles auspices lands north alps europe modelled gold coins florence issued internal peace increasing royal revenues strengthened international position hungary february charles john signed alliance present day slovakia occupied summer hungarian bohemian troops invaded austria routed austrian army banks september charles signed peace treaty austria frederick fair renounced croatia following year serbian troops laid siege belgrade charles relieved fortress alliance father law elbow high king poland permanent element charles foreign policy defeated united forces john sent son heir late seek assistance charles stay charles court nineteen year old lady waiting charles wife poland according italian writer april young lady father stormed dining room royal palace sword hand attacked royal family wounded charles queen right hand attempted kill sons louis andrew royal guards killed charles revenge brutal exception claire children tortured death claire lips fingers cut dragged horse streets towns relatives degree including sons law sisters executed seventh degree condemned perpetual active foreign policy september charles launched military expedition attempted rid seizing fortress present day romania refused peace marched seat applied earth tactics compelling charles truce withdraw troops royal troops marching narrow pass southern november ambushed days royal army charles escape battlefield changing clothes knights sacrificed life enable king escape charles attempt new invasion subsequently developed independent september charles alliance duke austria sent reinforcements poland fight signed peace treaty john truce poland charles allowed collection papal tenth church revenues realms holy agreed money collected years negotiations charles visited uncle robert naples july months later charles son andrew robert granddaughter grandfather heir charles returned hungary early retaliation previous serbian raid invaded serbia captured fortress serbia summer delegates john new king poland entered negotiations end conflicts countries charles compromise reached august john renounced claim poland poland acknowledged john september charles signed alliance john primarily formed austria charles invitation john poland met november rulers confirmed compromise delegates worked promised pay john finally paid charles instead brother law rulers agreed mutual defence union new commercial route set enable merchants travelling hungary bypass vienna alliance january john claimed invaded austria february poland came austria assist late june charles soon joined sought reconciliation signed peace treaty john july charles signed truce december launched new expedition austria early year forced yield compelled hand fortresses frontier exchange castles charles peace treaty albert austria signed september forbade charles shelter party rebellious subjects charles continued reform late abolished compulsory exchange old coins newly issued coins villagers introduced new tax chamber profit compensate loss royal revenues years later charles ordered new silver penny prohibited payments foreign coins silver bars john heir visited charles early acknowledged right charles son louis inherit poland died son exchange charles promise persuade invade leading polish lords chancellor supported plan persuaded lost wife start negotiations charles july came hungary designated sister charles wife elizabeth sons heirs sons behalf charles promised effort lands poland lost refrain employing foreigners poland years charles obliged renounce fortresses western borders kingdom divided large slovakia dominated powerful local lord smaller counties following year charles forced renounce fortresses exchange castle distant present day romania time serbia invaded captured belgrade charles ailing years life died july corpse delivered mass said soul corpse taken buried month death brother law poland present funeral indication charles international prestige family anonymous description eastern europe wrote half daughter duke leo recently married charles stated charter travelled order bring wife hungary charter issued june referred charles wife says documents charles married daughter late early historian accepts interpretation writes mary probably died marriage polish scholar rejects interpretation stating leo born according hardly fathered charles wife accordance previous academic consensus says charles wife branch dynasty stated charles consort maria polish nation daughter proposes mary married charles writes marriage probably took place half recorded died december royal charter issued july stated husband land grant consent charles second wife daughter holy roman emperor sister john king marriage took place end february died early november year charles wife daughter king poland born marriage took place july 14th century hungarian write charles poland sons son charles born died year according charter june states child died month second son charles born marriage anne daughter king john planned parents died charles son louis born survived father succeeded king hungary younger brothers andrew stephen born respectively survived charles contemporaneous nearly contemporaneous sources mention children charles fathered daughters according historians writes born mary nearly contemporaneous wrote died childless proposes miniature depicts poland children implies gave birth charles daughters identifies children standing right daughters elder charles possible daughters catherine born early wife henry_ii duke daughter anne grew hungarian royal court parents death implying charles poland grandparents says wife charles daughter actually charles daughter born according charles fathered illegitimate son born early mother daughter elected legacy charles declared principal aim restoration ancient good conditions kingdom coat arms united stripes motives coat arms paternal family emphasized royal house hungary reign charles reunited hungary introduced administrative fiscal reforms bequeathed son effective system taxation according scholar louis great achievements overshadowed charles reputation contemporaneous record charles deeds hostile monarch instead emphasizing charles achievements country described detail negative episodes charles reign particular unusual cruelty king showed assassination attempt royal family contributed negative picture charles personality attributed charles defeat punishment god king revenge
Charles I of Hungary