article constitution singapore article constitution republic singapore guarantees freedom religion singapore specifically article states person right religion terms defined constitution cases singapore jurisdictions shed light meaning word relation religion defined singapore case involving constitution meaning declare faith allegiance malaysian decision suggested profession religion encompass religion profession viewpoint regards word held individual right transmit spread religion exposition right convert person holds pre existing religious belief religion issues come singapore courts determination hand attempted draw line religious practices secular facts taking view singing saying national pledge rules compelled teacher engage activities educational institution regarded having right religion freedom religion article absolute qualified article constitution provides rights secured article authorize act contrary general law relating public order public health morality limitations freedom religion important aspect singapore singapore courts interpreted term public order equivalent concepts public peace welfare good order referred section societies act cap taking narrower view public order means freedom unlawful physical violence academic criticism fact courts applied form balancing test determine freedom religion reasonably restricted contrary national security said involved courts deferred government necessity restrictive legislation terms public health morality article interpreted text article article constitution republic singapore entitled freedom religion reads follows person right religion person shall compelled pay tax proceeds specially allocated purposes religion religious group right manage religious affairs establish maintain institutions religious charitable purposes acquire property hold administer accordance law article act contrary general law relating public order public health morality court appeal affirmed constitution generally adopts known removing restrictions choice religious belief article article constitution malaysia adopted following singapore independence malaysia states person right practice religion subject clause article contains similarities article constitution india subject public order morality health provisions persons equally entitled freedom conscience right freely religion meaning word article defined constitution case said deceased provide guidance issue case meaning word muslim defined person religion islam high_court held come definition shown orthodox muslim manifested practiced islam merely having born religion insufficient specifically justice referred noted word means declare faith allegiance religion principle god saint etc determine fact professed religion proper scrutiny entire circumstances necessary facts deceased brought muslim married muslim rites held muslim religious ceremonies house taken strong evidence professed religion islam despite fact engaged practices drinking alcohol eating pork judge held practices religion added born religion held member religion proved adopted religion malaysian interpretation term article malaysian constitution relevant provision similarly article singapore constitution held act exiting religion fall meaning practising religion judge view accept religion religion right practice stretch definition article far hand argued freedom renounce religion religion freedom religion issue come singapore courts determination constitution silent constitutes practising religion purposes article local courts defined word indicating types acts considered religious practices court appeal held singing reciting national pledge religious practices expressions national patriotism secular acts canadian case city hamilton distinguished case singing national anthem held constitute religious practice anthem contained prayer hymn reflected religious character dismissed educational institution refusal participate aforementioned acts central claim submission acts religious practices went belief witness constitutional right practice religion guaranteed article court held religion singapore constitution restricted citizen faith personal god include system belief country acts question religious practices rights court took view interpretation pledge anthem ceremony religious ceremony distortion secular fact religious belief interpretation correct result article losing operative effect constitution guarantee religious freedom asking citizens pledge allegiance country suggests participation religious ceremony absurd interpretation envisaged authors constitution courts malaysia taken similar approach defining meaning religious practice article malaysian constitution furthermore consulted religious texts determine type acts constitute religious practices malaysia claimed dismissed employment refusal comply employment conditions prohibited attire covered female public servant face duty according right religious practice grounds wearing religious practice muslim court disagreed held considered religious practice requirement islam express mention requirement philippines courts accorded individual autonomy decide constitutes religious practice individual decide constitutes religious practice long acts public interest view superintendent schools issue witnesses ought expelled schools refusing salute flag sing national anthem oath allegiance required july legislation held state interpret bible read fit right wrong meaning derive revised reversed acknowledged superiors certainly state matter singapore courts interpreted word article constitution article indian constitution terms article singapore constitution guarantees individuals right freely religions term considered state court adopted dictionary definition transmit spread person person place place accordingly held word article individual right transmit spread religion exposition words individual right spread religion explaining principles beliefs underlying particular religion court opinion article right convert person holds pre existing religious belief religion freedom conscience provided article individual freedom hold consider thought fact viewpoint independent short constitutional right religion protected individual exercises right respects freedom persons following religions indian criticized said overruled argued person religion act violate person free conscience allows person opportunity freely choose religion right religion gives meaning freedom choice choice involves knowledge act person choose know choices open religion knowledge spread widely produce intellectual moral conviction leading action adoption religion successful propagation religion result conversion restrictions freedom religion article constitution person freedom religion restricted general law relating public order public health morality term general law defined constitution refer law applies persons places belonging particular class restrictions freedom religion important reflection singapore constitution express doctrine explicitly report described singapore democratic secular state singapore similar france models seek protect state religion unlike singapore principle france expressed secular government singapore reject religion instead said government adherence criticized principle constitutional protection freedom religion instance controversy arose suspension muslim girls school parents insisted wear islamic national schools section education act minister education regulate schools including prohibiting students wearing forming official school uniform parents took view school uniform policy unconstitutional violated girls freedom religion article parents eventually pursue legal proceedings ministry controversy showed insisting difficulties freedom religion singapore meaning public order public health morality public order term public order defined constitution series important legal cases involving witnesses public prosecutor minister home affairs witnesses order section societies act provision allows dissolution registered organizations considered threats public peace welfare good order minister order order section undesirable publications act prohibiting publications society relating witnesses convicted district court possession prohibited publications appealed sought challenge minister prohibition order witnesses arguing right freedom religion guaranteed article constitution counsel submitted witnesses singapore small non violent group evidence activities public order manner relied malaysian case malaysia considered meaning public order context section emergency public order prevention crime ordinance malaysia expression public order defined danger human life safety disturbance public necessarily fall expression test adopted determining act affects law order public order lead disturbance current life community disturbance public order affect merely individual leaving society chief justice rejected conception public order noted singapore policy compulsory military service known minister taken view continued existence witnesses held belief military service forbidden contrary public peace welfare good order minister formed view witnesses threat national security open court different view matter said judgment concept public order envisaged art notion public peace welfare good order societies act emphasized right religious freedom absolute right subject inherent limitations set article right freedom religion reconciled right state employ sovereign power ensure peace security orderly living constitutional guarantee civil liberty accordingly appeal dismissed minister information arts order banning materials published organization associated witnesses minister information arts sought leave apply order order alleging ultra things article constitution presiding case high_court justice referred holding concerning meaning public order commentary professor noted jurisdictions lack public order includes notion human life safety disruption public argued establish public order threatened appears degree violence unlawful physical violence shown point reference criticized equation public order public peace welfare good order public health morality singapore courts interpreted meaning terms public health morality article case interesting purposes comparison orthodox hindu applied local authority land dedicated traditional open air funeral local authority refused request relying subsidiary legislation offence burn human remains applied judicial review submitting decision right manifest religion belief protected article high_court found statutory interference right justified necessary protection public morals rights freedoms reversed judgment grounds unrelated article holding open air proper construction legislation test determining restriction right appropriate singapore counsel argued clear immediate danger public order right freedom religion restricted case restriction threat said attempt apply clear immediate danger test said beliefs especially propagated religion stop scenario exists probability late damage sought prevented articulate alternative test determining restriction freedom religion appropriate quoting malaysian chief justice judgment case minister malaysia agreed freedom religion turned licence commit unlawful acts acts tending prejudice threaten security country considered sovereignty integrity unity singapore undoubtedly paramount mandate constitution religious beliefs practices tended run counter objectives restrained appeal judgment called minister information arts counsel argued restriction placed minister sale distribution witnesses publications wide applying approach similar taken court appeal noted essentially seeking challenge view taken minister witnesses refusal carry threat national security court regarded non issue declined allow bring application judicial review order professor argued article general statement principle guarantees freedom religion article exception general principle assertion actions undertaken flowing religious beliefs conform general law relating public order social protection incorrect making case judicial judicial balancing interests says judicial role constitutional tests like object act art test ensure sufficient relationship exists means end act end art ground interpretation runs risk exception general constitutional liberty view courts adopt step approach interpreting constitutional fundamental liberties judge identify interests competing rights value religious liberty source private public virtue aspect free conscience value having public order stable environment secondly factors placed like balancing scales justice merits assessed things considered judge deliver judgment balance lie light approach acceptance minister view conclusive refusing question basis wanting legal merits resulted failure balance interest state jurisdictions situation singapore contrasted application analysis jurisdictions constitutional protection freedom religion section canadian charter rights freedoms states freedom conscience religion fundamental freedom enjoyed everybody subject section rights freedoms set canadian charter subject reasonable limits prescribed law justified free democratic society important decision held test satisfied limitation right saved section limitation objective related concerns pressing substantial free democratic society second shown means chosen reasonable justified second described test requires party measures adopted carefully designed achieve objective question arbitrary unfair based considerations short connected objective second means connected objective sense little possible right freedom question effects measures responsible limiting charter right freedom objective identified sufficient importance commission issue ban public school students carrying ceremonial religious purposes justice delivered court majority opinion applied test section charter held school discharge burden proving prohibiting reasonable limit student constitutional freedom religion human rights act makes article protects freedom religion domestic law article states freedom religion restricted freedom manifest religion beliefs shall subject limitations prescribed law necessary democratic society interests public safety protection public order health morals protection rights freedoms governors house_of_lords case involving female muslim student wished wear long coat like comply understanding requirements faith lord said article restriction justified prescribed law necessary democratic society purpose directed legitimate purpose scope effect end majority law lords hearing appeal including lord held rights interfered court held unanimously grounds interference need protect rights female students school wish pressured adopting extreme form muslim dress prince president challenged things drug trafficking act claimed religion movement required use argued act prohibited possession drug right freedom religion protected section chapter constitution south africa similar section canadian charter section south african constitution provides rights bill rights limited terms law general application extent limitation reasonable open democratic society based human dignity equality freedom taking account relevant factors including nature right importance purpose limitation extent limitation relation limitation purpose restrictive means achieve purpose justice writing minority said limitation analysis involves weighing competing values ultimately assessment based weighing competing interests evaluating necessary examine relation complete ban use possession purpose limitation existence restrictive means achieve purpose ultimately majority court held freedom religion infringement restriction war drugs policy state general exemption religious purposes virtually impossible police interfere government ability enforce drug control legislation proposed control schemes key distinction bills rights commonwealth jurisdictions referred document grounds set article restricting freedom religion subject requirement necessity democratic society sufficient justification singapore court decline apply analysis article burden proof burden proving legislative restriction freedom speech public order public health morality substance complaint government immediate duty justify making decision right freedom speech simply complains alleged infringement article instances restrictions right propagation propagation religion protected amounts act contrary general law relating public order public health morality article constitution public prosecutor held right opinion right right person freedom expression balanced right freedom offence tempered wider public interest considerations appropriate social behaviour independent legal duty singapore citizen resident respect races view multi racial society individual living racial origin owes country said people country racial strife violence basic ground rules public prosecutor said statement referred opinions race applied equal force opinions religious beliefs case involved accused persons convicted act undesirable publications act distributing religious literature considered muslims section act defines tendency including tendency promote feelings ill hostility different races classes population singapore course spreading faith accused persons offended public order distributing religious materials muslims court regarded bounds constitutional right religion court view person free choose religion religious spread faith constrained considerations sensitivity tolerance mutual respect faith religious beliefs individuals claim ignorant sensitivity race religion singapore multi racial multi religious society greece points grounds right religion reasonably restricted singapore case accepted right try persuade religious beliefs included right manifest religion belief provided article right void limitations article convention limitations freedom manifest religion interests public safety protection public order health morals protection rights freedoms court clarified article protect improper offers material social advantages adopt certain religious beliefs applies improper pressure view gaining new members religious group facts case court found article prosecution air force officers subordinates nature military life meant difficult subordinate approaches persons superior rank conversation regarded harmless exchange ideas civilian context seen military setting harassment pressure abuse power constitutional provisions addition article provisions constitution protect religious freedom article prohibits discrimination singapore citizens ground religion law appointment office employment public authority administration law relating acquisition holding disposition property establishing carrying trade business profession employment related article prohibits discrimination citizens singapore ground religion administration public educational institutions particular regards admission students payment fees providing financial aid public funds maintenance education students educational institution constitution declares religious groups right establish maintain institutions education children provide religious instruction institutions provides people ground religion laws relating institutions administration laws furthermore person compelled receive instruction ceremony act worship religion apart government constitutional responsibility constantly care interests racial religious minorities singapore particular government exercise functions way recognize special position indigenous people singapore accordingly responsibility protect safeguard support foster promote political educational religious economic social cultural interests language constitution requires legislature enact legislation regulate muslim religious affairs establish council advise president concerning matters relating islam legislation question cases said deceased law journal high_court singapore public prosecutor singapore law reports reissue archived original october high_court singapore minister information arts singapore minister information arts singapore singapore prince president public prosecutor singapore works constitution republic singapore reprint secular sacred constitutional issues arising archived original october articles exception norm law regimes exception policy journal archived original november tan limited empowerment hard singapore law policy tan iconic target public policy regulation religious singapore terrorism political violence december armageddon navigating religion politics singapore constitutional soft law order declaration religious harmony control operation managing religious harmony singapore quasi secular state hastings constitutional law quarterly archived original october cooperation religion state singapore partnership service welfare review faith international affairs religion judge god asian courts archived original november books tan fundamental liberties iii freedom expression association assembly religion introduction singapore constitution singapore isbn tan freedom religion constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn freedom religion treatise singapore constitutional law singapore isbn religion public sphere singapore wall division public square turner religious civil society comparative analysis oxford isbn
Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore