oil estonia oil strategic energy resource constitutes estonia gross domestic product oil industry estonia developed world country oil industry employed people national workforce oil fired power stations world largest country mined oil electricity generation accounting estonia total electricity production smaller proportion mined oil produce oil type synthetic oil extracted sufficient estonia second largest oil producer world china addition oil products estonia district heating material cement industry kinds oil estonia rocks laid period larger resource organic matter content relatively low mined years expected years end total resource billion tonnes million tonnes deposits estonia account global oil deposits 18th 19th centuries oil described scientists low grade fuel use industry commenced production oil began oil generate electrical power shortly systematic research oil products began department mining established world war oil gas saint_petersburg called northern cities estonia substitute natural gas increased need electricity north west soviet_union led construction large oil fired power stations oil extraction peaked subsequently launch nuclear russia particularly reduced demand electricity produced oil post soviet restructuring industry 1990s led decrease oil mining decreasing decades oil mining started increase beginning 21st century industry continues impact environment produced estonia ordinary waste hazardous waste greenhouse gas emissions activities lower levels alter water circulation water quality water pumped mines oil fired power stations exceeds water estonia waste surface current oil mines cover percent estonia territory resource known oil marine type black belonging type oil widely instead considered fossils rock earlier considered reclassified 1980s members genus formed million years ago early marine environment mainland estonia occurs foot ranging area covering square kilometres findings western islands included extent increases square kilometres thickness layer varies metres maximum metres western estonia depth surface varies metres resources estonia estimated billion tonnes resources exceed attempts use energy source unsuccessful low value high content organic content ranges content value kilogram fischer oil yield resource estonia contains potential billion tonnes oil addition contains million tonnes making main potential sources europe million tonnes million tonnes economical environmentally friendly technology extract metals oil light brown marine type late oil formed million years ago named baltic german mid-19th century russian reflects german oil samples obtained deposits estonia world second highest grade oil deposits australian organic content varies averaging mean value conversion ratio organic content usable energy oil oil gas fischer oil yield principal organic component originated fossil green deposited shallow marine basin lies depths metres significant deposits estonia cover square kilometres deposit extension form baltic deposit covers square kilometres consists exploration mining fields deposit accounted reserve lower value makes extraction economically northern estonia layers lowest form metre thick bed area lies near surface south west lies deeper thickness quality decrease according estonia represents global european oil resources total resources estonia estimated billion tonnes including billion tonnes economically proven probable reserves economically proven probable reserves consist deposits energy ratings square metre values located areas environmental restrictions million tonnes economically proven probable reserves designated history early history reported 18th century naturalist explorer mentioned discovery burning rock near published travel notes mention oil estonia reported earliest documented record oil estonia authored baltic german publicist august dates based german word meaning stone oil likely mean oil context publication second half 18th century started search information minerals replace decreasing stock trees european russia result inquiries society received information mineral found manor near according landlord estate baron burning rock discovered depth meters spring opened slope sandy digging years earlier slope discovery briefly mentioned paper prepared german chemist presented meeting society scientific research rock oil yield samples village manor published baltic german published detailed description deposits thorough experiment oil oil deposit 1850s large scale works undertaken estonia transform excessively wet land land suitable agriculture included digging drainage ditches process previously unknown layers oil discovered locations years territory estonia explored baltic german studied findings oil russian chemist end 1860s studied composition properties oil originating area concluded sense use oil production gas solid fuel considered oil production remainder 19th century oil locally low grade fuel example 1870s landlord started use oil fuel manor failed attempts use 19th century beginning 20th century engineer von studied self near oil geology chemistry analyses conducted 19th century paul alexander beginning oil industry analysis oil resources mining possibilities intensified early 20th century estonia russian_empire industrial development way saint_petersburg known regional fuel resources short supply large oil extraction plant processing oil proposed outbreak world war coupled fuel supply crisis accelerated pace research june russian oversaw mining tonnes oil delivered saint_petersburg large scale experiments events marking beginning oil industry took place half century oil industry emerged scotland leading oil industry decade industry emerged china estonia today leading oil exploiting country total tonnes oil sent saint_petersburg testing tests proved oil suitable solid fuel extraction oil gas oil based promising results plan oil mining estonia presented emperor january february allocated million purchase land start mining activities february revolution appointed special commissioner oil purchasing began preliminary work digging oil scale construction carried workers including war prisoners summer october revolution financing ceased construction stopped private saint_petersburg firms established specially oil mining fall begun surface mining respectively terminated mining activities february area surrounding oil basin northeast estonia occupied german troops occupation mining activities carried german company english international construction consortium including sending oil germany research experimentation work constructed known generator late german forces left estonia time single oil mined sent germany developments interwar estonia estonia gained independence state owned oil enterprise english established department november enterprise later named english oil industry predecessor current oil producers estonia took existing open pit opened new mines private investors including investors abroad initiated oil industries estonia opening mines closed closed tonnes tonnes oil mined annual output exceeded million tonnes annual output reached tonnes initially oil primarily cement industry firing locomotive household fuel major industrial consumers oil cement factories locomotives estonia powered oil oil production started estonia built experimental oil processing vertical method developed later evolve current processing technology oil extraction plant oil research laboratory founded following experimental commercial oil plant operation december german owned company german english stone oil predecessor affiliated established end 1930s largest oil producer estonia company oil plant settlement town formed way settlement district formed owned british investor owned later purchased open pit opened oil extraction plant abandoned technical problems swedish norwegian consortium swedish english oil consortium controlled founded united_kingdom built oil extraction plant facility continued operate new consolidated gold fields established service station chain finland sold oil derived gasoline finland entire conventional gasoline market estonia oil supplied ship fuel oil exported accounting estonia total exports price oil based gasoline triple global gasoline prices high production agreements germany facilitated export estonia produced tonnes oil including tonnes oil suitable gasoline mining oil industry employed persons oil fired electrical power industry started switched oil reached capacity oil fired power stations built beginning world war total capacity oil fired power stations power stations connected grid international discussion took place meeting systematic research oil products began initiated professor independent academic institution established department mining established oil industries conducted tests oil samples australia bulgaria germany south_africa developments german occupied estonia soon soviet occupation entire oil industry later germany invaded soviet_union industry infrastructure largely destroyed retreating soviet forces subsequent german occupation industry merged company named largest industry territory entity company exclusive rights oil production german occupied territories primary purpose industry production oil german_army german troops retreated oil region oil increasingly important march issued secret order stating development oil industry important military economic task territories baltic states june issued order send male jews possible oil mining consisted units partially restored previously existing industries addition started construction new mining oil extraction complex operational prisoners war forced labour thirds work force units soviet troops advancing estonia oil specialists evacuated germany work oil industry operation desert oil extraction plants estonia destroyed mines ignited inundated retreating germans existing oil fired power stations destroyed developments soviet estonia mining industry merged russian english oil ussr oil extraction plants merged oil russian organisations directed moscow new mines opened area open pit closed underground merged closed construction large oil fired power stations demand oil increased consequently new larger mines constructed underground mines estonia open pit mines later named exhausted smaller mines like closed estonia largest oil world success oil based power generation oil mining peaked million tonnes year power generation peaked industry declined subsequent decades demand electric power generated oil decreased following construction nuclear power stations particularly nuclear power station end fire broke estonia largest underground fire estonia continued days caused pollution ground surface waters oil industry redeveloped tunnel restored end 1940s tunnel located restored german prisoners war contributed labour type built pilot built engineering plant unit operation capable processing tonnes oil day modelling generation commercial scale type commercial scale pilot built capacities tonnes oil day respectively closed second annexed operating type tonnes day commissioned started pilot plant process converting commercial scale plant took years oil gas plant operational decades oil gas substitute natural gas saint_petersburg known northern cities time history synthetic gas oil households enable delivery gas kilometre pipeline built followed kilometre pipeline 1950s unsuccessful tests oil underground conducted conversion oil gas tested industrial production oil gas replaced natural gas gas production continued expanded peaking million cubic metres ceased total generators operated gas production power station world use oil industrial scale commissioned followed ensure sufficient electricity supply estonia north west russia built stations collectively known world largest oil fired power stations moscow based authorities planned oil fired power station capacity new plan disclosed time war singing revolution met strong local opposition implemented compounds extracted locally mined processing plant tonnes compounds corresponding tonnes produced sources note produced construction soviet atomic bomb information confirmed archive materials oil research institute department founded preliminary research oil based chemical production began year exploring potential use oil synthetic construction materials synthetic synthetic billion cubic metres mineral wool produced oil solid oil branch established scientific technical journal founded estonia developments independent estonia 1990s estonia regained independence country underwent restructuring economy causing collapse large heavy industry sector collapse led decrease consumption electricity decrease need oil mined produce electricity oil export soviet markets largely ceased decrease demand mines closed closed state owned oil producers merged single company named year later declared factories sold separately new oil producers emerged government estonia started negotiations american company create joint venture basis largest consumer oil estonia deal government owned shares oil mining company transferred proposed deal met strong public political opposition cancelled failed deadline secure financing project consequently government transferred remained shares state owned company parent company fully owned subsidiary oil production started increase beginning 21st century open pit mines merged single open pit new mines opened open pit open pit underground years major mining estonia total mined oil reached billion tonnes exhausted open pit closed followed year later underground power units circulating bed boilers operation construction power station located existing power station began end closed established joint venture finnish technology company venture sought develop modified process process enhance existing technology circulating beds opened testing plant frankfurt began test type opened new generation type plant technology opened new type oil plants called december october november january company announced low oil price close old oil plants technology lay workers economic impact national development plan oil describes oil strategic energy resource mineral resources estonia mined currently limestone sand gravel potentially resources include granite iron ore oil industry estonia developed world estonia country world uses oil primary energy source oil supplied estonia total primary energy accounted estonia gross domestic product people workforce estonia directly employed oil industry state revenue oil production million including million duty labour taxes million environmental charges royalties operating profit oil producers million public research development demonstration expenditures million went oil sector new development plan preparatory stage mining estonia adopted national development plan limits annual mining oil million tonnes rate reserves years million tonnes oil mined mining losses million tonnes oil mines operation open pit mines underground mines mines owned companies plans opening new mines preparatory phase historically ratio underground mining open pit mining approximately usable deposits close surface underground mining probably increase estonia underground operated state owned largest oil world underground operated privately owned located mines use room pillar mining method oil mined transported processing plant unique kilometre belt similar operation countries unusually challenging installation path contains curves sharp turns open pit operated open pit operated privately owned mines use highly selective extraction layers uses technology involves breaking targeted deposits blasting stripping rock relatively large bucket cubic metres cubic feet open pit operated belongs group located mined oil electricity production oil production thermal energy cement chemical products electricity heat generation national development plan oil oil resource ensuring estonia electricity supply energy security share oil estonia electricity heat production set decrease european_union climate policy country recognition environmental impact oil fired power stations need national energy balance estonia right gradually decreasing limited number free charge phased according estonia adopt energy strategy order reduce share oil primary energy supply improving efficiency fired power stations increasing use energy sources energy natural gas oil mined estonia power generation estonia electricity generated oil produced electricity exported finland lithuania owns largest oil power stations world addition new station use circulating bed boiler technology construction heat supply estonia generated direct oil oil oil fuel boiler houses estonia heat produced generation district heating largest city estonia inhabitants generation plants burn oil produce electrical power supply district heating nearby towns addition raw oil uses oil gas product oil production purposes oil extraction estonia second largest oil producer world china production tonnes oil produced oil exported mainly european countries bunker fuel remainder mainly district heating oil producers estonia subsidiary produced tonnes oil subsidiary produced tonnes subsidiary produced tonnes processes process process use oil extraction uses process use processes cement production spent solid oil portland cement production factory tonnes spent cement production subsidiary produces building blocks oil ash spent plans construct cement factory mined waste rock road construction environmental impact land usage mining processing billion tonnes oil estonia created million tonnes solid waste ashes largest component million tonnes followed mining waste million tonnes spent mainly semi million tonnes according european_union waste list oil ash spent classified hazardous waste addition approximately million tonnes deposit mined waste process ore mining near oil industry produced estonia ordinary waste hazardous waste million tonnes mining waste million tonnes oil ash million tonnes semi generated oil industry estonia ranks european_union countries generated waste capita million tonnes oil lost year mining combined losses incurred process resource lost oil development plan sets efficient use oil goal mining losses decreased oil waste pose spontaneous risk remaining organic content waste material particularly semi contains including heavy metals toxic result decades mining activity topography oil region changed includes greater range altitudes mined area current oil mines occupy estonia territory square kilometres territory use open pit mines waste additional square kilometres sunk unstable underground mining semi near covered hectares acres ash near covered hectares acres protruding flat landscape regarded landmarks monuments area industrial heritage biodiversity mined area particular reclaimed areas biodiversity areas undergone natural succession water usage pollution surface water flows mines water pumped order mining proceed water pumped mines water oil fired power stations combined exceeds water estonia cubic meter oil mined estonia cubic metres water pumped mines amounting million cubic metres acre pumped mines annually comprises water pumped underground mines annually pumped open pit mines circulation quality levels releases water surface water bodies rivers lakes mining activities contributed lower water levels lakes release water environment changed natural movement surface water result mining activities moves excavation kilometre square mile underground water body holds million cubic metres acre water formed abandoned underground mines process pumping water mines introduces oxygen rock contains consequence introduction significant amounts water negative impact water quality lakes lakes levels increased tens times compared pre mining period suspended mineral matter water pumped lakes changed composition lakes sediments found disturbance time studies iron mining water decrease levels meet drinking water quality standards years closure process waste waters oil extraction contain tar environmentally toxic products power stations use water hydraulic transportation oil ash ash power stations use million cubic metres acre water annually cooling ash transportation generated oil ash mixed water ratio resulted mixture known ash pulp pumped consequently transportation water highly total volume formed water million cubic metres acre source water pollution oil ash spent cubic metres acre toxic ash annually closure old semi additional cubic metres acre reached rivers baltic_sea annually mainly caused includes oil products heavy metals air emissions oil fired power stations air fly ash gases like carbon dioxide nitrogen dioxide hydrogen addition estonia pollution affects finland russia industry atmosphere annually tonnes fly ash including heavy metals mainly calcium harmful organic substances including fly ash portion atmospheric fly ash raised value lake water caused invasion plants area oil industry leading degradation source air pollution dust arises deposition oil ash semi according study concentration matter fly ash cubic metre hazardous particles diameter particles associated increase mortality number premature deaths estonia oil releases atmosphere primary fuel generating electricity modern oil fired boilers creates tonnes oil industry chief source greenhouse gas emissions estonia oil based electricity generation estonia second highest greenhouse gas emissions relative fifth highest emissions capita countries energy sector estonia emitted equivalent million tonnes greenhouse gases order reduce country emissions meet emissions reduction targets use oil electricity generation needs scaled emissions estonia reduced thirds oil production lighter oil products instead burning electricity generation achieved raising taxes oil use tax rates fossil according content efforts reduced industry environmental impact bed generates fewer fly ash emissions including earlier technologies burned oil exhausted mining areas carried 1970s million project implemented environmentally safe closing hectares acres semi ash accordance european_union waste framework directive covered material new metre semi highest artificial hill baltic countries converted ski centre open pit converted rowing course open pit military training area recent research monetary health damage environmental impacts caused oil industry oil sector health impact survey carried
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