marshal clarke lieutenant colonel sir marshal october april british colonial administrator officer resident commissioner resident commissioner following resident commissioner work clarke drew praise economist treatise devotion education development native people noted approach fostered goodwill native people britain clarke granted considerable authority special judicial functions hereditary chiefs commended sir governor action face potential famine recommended return exile paramount chief appointed protect interests native people overarching ambitions married daughter major general children died suddenly pneumonia home country ireland early life reverend rector vicar county married april marshal eldest son born october born educated private school dublin studied dublin went study lieutenant february served india lost arm tiger moving africa captain december aide camp sir special commissioner south_africa mission appointed special commissioner south_africa political officer special commissioner boer war clarke twice mentioned despatches major april recognition services operations south_africa promoted major november commissioner cape police sultan turkey army command regiment egyptian retired military march honorary rank lieutenant colonel clarke appointed resident commissioner today took office march preceding years uprising chief led strife partition land cape government sought regain control extending provided natives attempts enforce law resulted gun war unrest continued agreed place territory direct british control clarke demonstrated loyalty seen previous imperial rule returned prosperity supplying neighbouring territories grain livestock labour diamond fields later noted impressions tour clarke combined order inspire goodwill british government suppressed customs native people allow europeans land mineral forbidden whites permitted reside officials missionaries certain traders clarke policy tribal institutions govern recognised chiefs son paramount annual national assembly held debate questions welfare white authorities intervened disturbances occurred natives clarke served study summed clarke work saying administrators like sir lord brought sympathy knowledge establishment careful experiments self government compares approach cape colony noting devoted protecting aiding education development native people policy allows exploitation people lands white colonists honoured appreciation work bring peace good governance sir succeeded sir resident commissioner june sir appointed successor sir governor colony august governor gain responsible government months later conclusion resulted imprisonment king division appealed behalf released restored power chiefs led force july defeated escaped injured died february leaving son inherit throne ultimately succeeded driving help rebelled british defeated fled gave november found guilty high treason april exiled daughter intervened behalf london return august clarke invited residence visited land people great affection daughter persuaded clarke appointment beneficial gave clarke nickname meaning keeper protector sign release number followers prison year office clarke established good order colony unlike treated presence trials clarke took cause recommended london allowed return exile having sufficiently punished supposed offences clarke persuaded argued cause trouble long policy strife discontinued appointed began process return sought harness authority leader administration january received notice return official position departure set february delayed ministers london recommended annexed clarke tenure marked difference policy instead trying divide rule undermine power hereditary chiefs granted considerable authority applied similar approach previous work view native people better able manage affairs need help international matters matters white black gave special judicial functions enabling try certain cases referred according people approved direct rule clarke resident commissioner clarke appointed resident commissioner replaced pressure settlers officials influence people especially second boer war clarke deal natural disasters tenure outbreak smallpox result labour migration men returning working proved costly people waived charge caused damage crops resulted famine government response offer chief tribe reward collected cattle slaughter time clarke bought quick growing given payment families requiring immediate relief measure sir governor approved better unnecessary expenditure run risk exposing people starvation finally outbreak killed cattle government responded programme result winter imperial government determined order council appoint permanent resident commissioner supervise affairs secretary state colonies offered role clarke impressive prior administrative career indication importance placed role imperial secretary wrote recommending role clarke far away best man country clarke post reporting directly high commissioner based turn reported london role safeguard interests natives high commissioner interference saw fit london approved appointment stating annual report rare capacity dealing native communities outset posting clarke deal issues land labour major significance time response questioning chamberlain responded forced labour permitted year later chamberlain concerned chief native commissioner instructing chiefs duty supply labour clarke subsequent report accused officials administration labour pressure short force causing discontent natives clarke view mutually beneficial relationship capital labour possible market forces additional pressure chamberlain agreed favour compulsory labour extent recommending end second boer war gave clarke cause concern requested aid britain defence particularly concerned possibility recent defeat second war joining forces government native commissioners summoned addressed country protected called fight continue pursue peaceful normal time deserted mines keeping options open watching events administration proposed scheme similar grey act imposing tax induce natives work proposed tax chamberlain preferred lower rate sought clarke opinion potential cause trouble clarke argued high disagreed wrote sir company administrator saying embarrassed report form resident commissioner utterly proposed native tax ordinance finally chamberlain successor refused citing clarke reports ordinance limited tax meantime scott native commissioner brought clarke attention work suffering great unable find work businesses short labour clarke took cause indicates necessity organisation association bringing wanting labour seeking employment contact prevent seen gangs natives wandering country proposed clarke critic labour schemes designed attract foreign labour defended rights indigenous labour infringement foreign south_africa early came proposal chinese labour london formed lobby continued press postponed decision saying question concerned southern africa lobbied promised support clarke dismissed demands arguing introduction large numbers subject natives unfair competition forecast labour shortage temporary new bureau satisfy demand clarke argued opposed introduction chinese labour duke permanent secretary state colonies recorded found clarke argument convincing refused proposal serving office extra year clarke retired having helped create better system benefit sought conflicts interest impact varied desire avoid expense preoccupied vision new south_africa incorporating needed support appears respect clarke resented influence denying increase salary official secretary clarke retirement wrote personally hardly think office resident commissioner longer necessary anglican missionary supporter rights natives said end era southern natives surely past years thank succession number sir handed fine tradition honours companion order michael april promoted knight commander granted authority wear insignia class order november conferred egypt authorised sultan ottoman_empire recognition services employ personal life clarke married eldest daughter children june july admiral sir clarke april captain september april friend clarke dedicated swallow story hope accept pages memory past time friendship especially events connected night long ride took duty clarke died suddenly april pneumonia lodge county ireland books london london coal capital labour colonial journal articles clarke marshal august land proceedings monthly record geography duncan patrick april transition africa south reception systems law southern africa journal african law april peasant production april white miners historical perspective southern philip april troubled frontier north eastern pamphlets native question south_africa outlines suggested charter natives british rule south_africa submitted behalf foreign affairs correspondence december january sir foreign question foreign
Marshal Clarke