commonly known knight fungus genus produces medium sized fruit bodies mushrooms distinctive reddish brown cap margin young cap reach diameter wide breaks flattened scales maturity cream buff pinkish gills brown spots hollow stipe white reddish brown measures long young fruit bodies partial veil leave ring stipe widely distributed found northern asia europe north_america fungus grows mycorrhizal association spruce pine trees mushrooms found ground growing groups clusters late summer autumn consider mushroom edible poor quality recommended consumption subject considerable research taxonomy naming species described german mycologist according synonyms include august var described variety var minute scales arranged concentric fashion cap published taxon form according classification proposed placed section subgenus genus includes species dry cap cuticle texture ranges resembling smooth specific epithet derives latin word means cow colored mushroom common names include knight description cap initially broadly conical convex finally flattened diameter usually cap margin initially curved hanging remnants partial veil partial veil cotton like leave ring stipe cap surface ranges color reddish brownish orange tan gills attachment stipe crowded closely tiers short gills extend completely cap edge stipe gills white frequently stain reddish brown stipe long thick hollow age roughly equal width length ranges color whitish color cap lighter reddish brown lighter color near apex like cap stipe surface odor fruit bodies unpleasant mushrooms produce white spore print spores broadly elliptical smooth hyaline translucent measuring basidia spore bearing cells spored measure hymenium lacks cystidia arrangement hyphae cap cuticle ranges hyphae run parallel cap surface hyphae perpendicular cap surface hyphae roughly cylindrical measure wide roughly cylindrical club shaped ends wide clamp connections hyphae fruit bodies considered edible low quality generally recommended consumption resemblance potential confusion toxic brown considers bitter edible fruit bodies create yellow color wool fibers similar species reddish brown cap white gills hollow stipe fairly distinct mushroom unlikely confused somewhat resembles brown colors robust stature solid hollow stalk cap texture flesh turns bright pinkish red injured associates solely pine species prefers soil brownish species include cap surface confused species genus distinguished brown spore prints habitat distribution mycorrhizal species grows association coniferous trees especially pine spruce forms called medium distance fringe exploration type indicative ecological role space occupation soil possible reach nutrient acquisition demand invested trees fungal partners fruit bodies usually appear groups clusters ground moss fungus fruits late summer autumn found northern asia europe north_america widely distributed united_states canada recorded mexico common species found large groups spruce forests rare united_kingdom records scotland fungus extinct netherlands subject considerable research species vary considerably species genus differences structure hyphae resembling root key species formed norway spruce numerous hyphae hyphae partly densely pigment outer membrane hyphae lack contact fully developed simple contact hyphae vary markedly diameter net network hyphae extend root formed grows deeply composed rows hyphae cells close proximity consequently fewer cells position closest contact mantle meaning constituent hyphae loosely organized spaces combination techniques including freeze scanning electron probe including inner mantle thickness nature interface net host cells fungal genes specifically expressed interaction identified including involved plant response nutrient exchange growth plant signal stress response characterized fungal helps stress critical function mycorrhizal habitats
Tricholoma vaccinum