october july american social reformer minister journalist associated founder short lived community massachusetts born massachusetts pushed attend father completed studies went graduate year married shortly ordained minister boston massachusetts began question traditional beliefs founding members hosted official meeting home shortly resigned church beliefs practice founding experimental called community later converted model based work community financially stable format failure hired published financially successful built national reputation taste literature death biography early life education ancestors lived massachusetts years moved family town western state moderately successful owner general store tavern prominent member community son born october ninth child family early life heavily influenced women nearest brother thirteen years older raised primarily conservative mother related sisters sent private academy run massachusetts prepare college going college spent months lincoln distant relative stepfather wanted attend conservative yale_university father pushed attend known liberal good dedicated student popular students trust establishment early time harvard sided administration student led protest poor food attempts sides prompted ridicule peers seeking socially useful role found work teacher winter vacation senior year graduated time school father home town admitting particular attachment hoped father convinced stay cambridge attend influenced professor natural religion largely interested moral philosophy termed science principles obligations duty interested liberal religious views wrote mother simple reasonable graduated year later august married fact originally kept secret parents asked sister inform shortly early career officially minister boston november influential developing religion years tenure quiet uneventful march published long article titled theologian praised attempt create religion heart based personal communion god later year published review british theologian publication review charged church elders religious forced literal acceptance requirement membership church leading theologian day responded publicly insisted disbelief ultimately denied truth christianity teacher labeled hard headed pope began public battle november open letter charging academic professional incompetence contended insist reality demand material proof spiritual matters faith needed external confirmation mainstream found dispute laid separation extreme liberal roots debate earned allies sides continued met cambridge massachusetts september discuss formation new club days later september hosted official meeting house group meeting known included francis future members include jones female members included group planned meetings times visiting maine leading early nickname club given group public participants wrote club strict sense occasional meetings like minded men women earning nickname brotherhood like minded beginning edited fourteen volumes translations meant demonstrate breadth thoughts separation church amid panic began criticize social institutions year gave sermon titled times suggesting major problem country pursuit extravagant worship wealth asked church avoid controversial topics said minister expected speak subjects mind fear charge interests congregation justice people truth bound declare offered resignation convinced stay soon decided leave ministry altogether october read word lecture purchase street expressing dissatisfaction experience specimens translations chosen managing editor publication inception working alongside editor addition overseeing distribution printing finances contributed essays reviews october resigned post prepared experiment communal living told happy seeing thoughts print truly happy attempt realize late 1830s increasingly engaged early socialist movement october announced plan form community based plans goals wrote executed light country age sunrise morning star wife formed joint stock company initial investors shares company sold apiece promise percent profits investor founding membership original community included chose massachusetts site experiment named acres km2 miles boston pamphlet described land place great natural beauty combining convenient city degree retirement freedom unfavorable influences unusual country land turned difficult farm community struggled financial difficulties built craft shops initially based ideals founders believed labor sustain community time literary scientific pursuits experiment meant serve example rest world established principles industry true equality community wrote enjoyed experience participant man named joined community age wrote life greatest far infinitely far looked gates life saw charming visions hopes free time members enjoyed music dancing card games drama costume parties skating eventually elected treasurer community enjoy experience wrote wife labor curse world outside community critical especially press example suggested desire promote order morals design overthrow marriage institution place divine law substitute proper intercourse sexes concluding secretly aiming destroy foundation society community struggling financially drafted entirely new constitution committed following closely model community supported transition left disappointed new structured daily routine emphasized leisure time trademark celebrity proponent organized conventions new_england discuss community troubled financial difficulties informal split community closure year later amassed total debt devastated failure experiment told friend understand man feel attend funeral personal life wife converted catholicism encouraged doubtful politics relationship strained 1850s writing began work freelance journalist employed taking role left vacant proponent conversion started role week wage able pay debt critic believed high moral standards literature offered good praise majority reviews took advantage cheerful style writing boost circulation amid significant competition wrote column articles discussing local personalities notable public events including speeches stayed away philosophy theology despite efforts persuade write subject told friend long lost immediate interest line speculation edited compiled handbook literature edited volume reissued sold millions immediate earnings amounted continued critical work reviewed contemporary critics sympathetic darwin reluctant convinced theories later years died remarried literary scene remainder life nature careful avoid city rampant literary feuds time public figure national reputation known taste helped establish science later years began suffering frequent illnesses including bout prevented traveling germany suffered found dead desk july work funeral included time death financially successful earned royalties nearly million biography written critical assessment built wide reputation critic contemporary publications rated important critics day including springfield republican commended scholar aesthetic technical critic knows public taste laws literature
George Ripley (transcendentalist)