dynasty dynasty simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin officially great chinese pinyin known chinese pinyin empire ruled present day portions northern korea northern china dynasty founded people time collapse china state control immediately founding dynasty began process territorial expansion leading successful conquest later emperors gain sixteen war led collapse later establish tributary relationships song china failing conquer tension traditional social political practices chinese influence customs defining feature dynasty tension led series succession crises emperors favored chinese concept rest elite supported traditional method succession strongest candidate different chinese practices set parallel governments governed areas following traditional practices governed areas large non populations adopting traditional chinese governmental practices differences chinese society included gender roles marital practices took view gender sharp contrast chinese cultural practices segregated men women roles women taught hunt managed family property held military posts marriages arranged women required marriage women right divorce dynasty destroyed people dynasty capture emperor remnant led established western dynasty ruled parts century conquered cultural achievements associated dynasty considerable number artifacts exist museums collections major questions remain exact nature extent influence culture subsequent developments musical theatrical arts dynasty officially known state great began appear country dynasty means iron refers southern traditional homeland state known great reappeared country lasted end dynasty history origins ethnic makeup early history documented historical records earliest reference state found book history completed books written mention active late early fourth centuries book history dynasty refers section covering reign history kingdoms korea mentions raid taking place according generally held emerged branch people following defeat hands branch split tribes called split group remaining group view partially backed book describes origins competing theories origin beginning song dynasty chinese scholars suggested descended people modern historians rejected idea solely origin support claim mixed origin beginning fourteenth century western scholars origin late 19th century western scholars claim origin modern linguistic analysis claim time book written formed state china provinces suffered series military defeats nomadic groups region chinese northern tribes times fell influence tribes chinese influence significantly shape language culture described raiding borders arrogant vol gives following account early residing great desert cold wind livestock tending fishing food source fur dress migrated seasons specialty horses old custom wealth horses strength soldiers horses released open country soldiers spread people matter importance battle arose called arms order given assemble horses followed water grass people relied milk bent powerful bow shot animals daily use dried food fodder way account maintain victory look encounter opposition vol names ancient tribes mentioned ancient tribes tribe tribe tribe tribe tribe tribe black tribe tribe soon increasing population invaded northern lost thousand people captivity pressed turks temporarily resided korea numbering thousand families tribes scattered longer tribes old century influence dynasty arrangement largely clan emperor bestowed chinese surname appointed leader governorship described office specifically created indirect management tribes turn century control north began slip focused attention borders leader launched rebellion led forces rebellion defeated took years able control control strong long lived relations saw clan replace ruling clan forcing governor launch invasions territory defeated invasion successful second led rebellion included troops army marked beginning end dynasty following rebellion simultaneously paying tributes situation lasted fall rise remained tributary dynasty rise later born son chief tribe time tribe largest strongest affiliated tribes great khan overall leader drawn lineage elected chief tribe tribal council named overall military leader subordinate great khan years later great khan ending generations rule acquired prestige needed secure position combination effective diplomacy series successful military campaigns beginning han chinese forces south west east year chinese murdered legitimate emperor dynasty declared named emperor china dynasty dissolved quickly year period known period later client state chinese history position emperor determined position pass father born son father death succession kept families emphasis placed selecting capable option leader brothers sons considered valid choices succession rulers expected hand power paternal relative serving single year term signaled desire permanent ruler accession securing position killing rule went disregarded tradition member family assume position rule came direct challenge members family including brothers attempted armed insurrection discovered defeated pardoned conspirators second brothers pardoned conspirators suffering violent deaths brothers plotted additional rebellions easily crushed end term number changes moving state closer model governance chinese assumed title designated era named oldest son successor commissioned construction temple years later established capital city imitated model chinese capital city death greatly expanded areas controlled height dynasty encompassed modern day parts russian far east chinese provinces succession issues occupation emperor officially designated eldest son successor succession long held standard chinese culture accepted creating friction desires beliefs including wife sensing possibility succession process run difficulty forced leadership swear allegiance installed heir apparent considered radical friction succession strongest candidate lead repeated succession crises occurred sudden unexpected death years old time father death exemplified values chinese aristocracy expert music medicine fortune telling painting writing chinese accomplished warrior leading troops battle father conquest campaign ended victory emperor gave command conquered territory known title prince empress known empress following death husband exceptionally powerful figure death alive commanded army horsemen tasked maintaining order led military campaigns abroad led campaigns following death husband empress rejected traditional custom buried elected cut right hand bury emperor instead seized military civil authority order oversee imperial succession terms empress refusal kill buried effectively ended longstanding custom precisely prince exemplified chinese values objected assuming role emperor empress believed chinese culture leadership ability instead favored second son enjoyed support mother nobility realizing assume throne dangerous try campaigned favor allowing younger brother assume throne end formally stated mother qualifications superior ending ability challenge ascension throne despite voluntarily claim assumed title emperor viewed threat held role prince moved imperial claim order break potential power base form emperor ordered capital people placed surveillance emperor prince fled later honored guest emperor went far prince emperor surname conflicting accounts death assassinated emperor later retaliation support replacing later emperor later loyalty emperor emperor died later began succession crisis son successor ruled months killed coup led adoptive brother emperor later honored guest court time wrote brother emperor advising invade instead lent military support rebellion led governor son law emperor help succeeded replacing later later negotiation powerful ceded sixteen border stretching modern day province coast east beijing contained numerous strategic passes fortifications access plains northern china agreed treat emperor father symbolically elevated superior position relationship later death elevation throne known emperor later new emperor surrounded anti advisers expelled envoy capital seized property owned merchants city end following year emperor launched invasion invasion took years faced setbacks end emperor secured surrender head later forces able march unopposed emperor celebrated victory adoption invading forces brought adequate supplies invasion began looting newly conquered territory imposed high taxes ethnic chinese population lands sparked series rebellions culminated establishment later han governor occupying months emperor forced retreat north retreat emperor died sudden illness south modern day death set second succession crisis instigated fueled conflict chinese succession customs oldest son prince nephew emperor proclaimed emperor emperor raised following departure later relationship uncle nephew close accompanied emperor invasion later earned reputation capable warrior commander noble minded disposition empress supported emperor younger brother throne instead empress sent successive armies face defeated ultimately nobility viewed cruel unable gain support challenge peace cousin clan formally assumed role emperor title emperor emperor promptly exiled empress capital ending political ambitions emperor rule characterized series rebellions extended family rule years killed rebellion led emperor oversaw grandfather dual system government brought structure closer model dynasty emperor succeeded emperor son known emperor emperor died second emperors succeed direct descendant emperor height power reign emperor represented height dynasty power oversaw successful military campaigns dynasty campaigns secured long term peace agreements terms favorable emperor recognizes king wars conquered state population relocated china groups remained territory formed state despite launching invasions forces unable defeat unable eliminate threat weary groups inhabiting region established forts military colonies valley area military action close proximity territory coupled cancelled invasion strong diplomatic cultural relationship song relations poor saw posing military threat feared attempt rebellions population territory feared invasion invade sending force commander claimed strong demanding territories appealed assistance song dynasty military alliance song assistance came steady southward progress reaching river point called negotiations military leaders initially demanded total surrender initially appeared willing consider korean eventually able convince accept resolution dynasty tributary state dynasty regular diplomatic exchanges began relationship song peace decades general murdered king king throne intention serving boy regent immediately sent army men punish initial period military success breakdown attempts peace negotiations entered decade continuous warfare faced significant military defeat dynasty history assembled large army march point sides realized defeat militarily king resumed sending tribute officially recognized legitimacy king reign remain vassal relationship remain peaceful end dynasty song dynasty later emerged short lived making kingdoms period founding emperor later died succeeded adopted son rule emperor later believed dynasty invade launched military campaign aiming sixteen ceded emperor later emperor died army met forces commander chief later palace guard throne occupied emperor seven year old son proclaimed founder song dynasty relations song initially peaceful exchanging following collapse dynasty territories formed small independent states kingdoms period additionally additional territories controlled military governors dynasty fallen control local following collapse focus land dynasty title emperor song focused smaller break territories die having control territories northern han kingdom despite northern han status dynasty launched invasion kingdom months death northern han received assistance invasion repelled emperor song brother founding emperor second emperor song dynasty launched second invasion northern han received assistance invasion successful song able assume control territory emperor song immediately followed victory attempted invasion sixteen song troops thoroughly routed battle river decades relationship song continued deteriorate continuously informed song attempts create military alliances groups sharing border minor border skirmishes common beginning emperor led series campaigns song generally successful battlefield failed secure value song changed emperor led campaign rapidly worked way right outside song capital conquering cities quickly folded army avoiding protracted cities resisted heavily emperor song marched met small city january signed treaty stipulated song bolts silk silver year emperors address equals location disputed border resume relations sums referred gifts song tributes later increased bolts silk silver year song fears form military alliance major wars fought song century following signing treaty signing treaty song dynasty ceded claim sixteen imperial emperor died leaving instructions named son heir known historically emperor emperor dynasty age reign immediately plagued emperor mother low ranking consort raised emperor wife empress quickly moved supporters coup justify executing supporters months eventually sent assassins kill instead committed suicide rival power dead declared regent began personally conducting duties normally emperor clear emperor unhappy mother grab power plotted replace emperor sons raised informed emperor mother plans emperor promptly exiled remainder reign emperor compete power mother supporters held key influence great eventually allowed return capital undergo ceremony symbolically exile rewarded revealing mother plot given succession higher ranking positions culminating governorship outside capital explains importance relation dynasty downfall stating shows extent succession issue imperial clan source weakness leadership state wasted people diverted energies attention rulers tasks governing emperor died eldest son later known emperor assumed throne having gained experience governing father alive unlike father emperor face succession crisis remained alive political influence interfere succession process emperor reign started strong eventually plagued aggravated emperor general weakness emperor major error ordering execution loyal minister close friend emperor emperor nonetheless convinced execute rival minister 14th century history speculates killed major incidents came dominate emperor reign avoided incidents rebellion high ranking members clan led grandson emperor attempted assassinate emperor hunting trip saved assistance troops led mother empress executing people involved plot immediate families major change leadership solidified power chancellor ally chancellor military leader died began view emperor son heir apparent possible threat power set motion plans eliminate prince eliminated prince mother emperor wife evidence affair palace musician trap emperor ordered wife commit suicide fabricated coup enemies court planning emperor place prince throne emperor initially eventually convinced exile son creating false confession prince immediately exiled point sent assassins eliminate prince wife preventing prince returned power plot discovered eventually discovered attempted convince emperor leave new heir palace hunting trip members court protested young boy mortal left emperor finally saw stripped rank sent low ranking post outside capital shortly executed aside event note emperor rule war fought possibly tribe group known located northwest border territory fought wars tried expand direction attacked tribes northwest attacked striking deep territory took capture kill years fight remaining forces war successful military campaign waged dynasty rise fall 12th century saw rapid rise people culminated foundation dynasty led captured dynasty supreme capital central capital emperor fled southern capital today beijing western region uncle prince formed short lived southern capital died soon captured emperor ended dynasty final conquest dynasty group led fled northwest border area military garrison modern day northern convinced people cavalry families follow attempt restore dynasty proclaimed emperor moved west modern occupied city modern failed attempt reclaim territory held decided instead stay establish permanent state state known dynasty controlled key trading cities showed evidence religious tolerance state survived nearly century conquered analysis concluded time dynasty fall state remained strong capable functioning reasonable levels possessing greater resources war enemies find signs economic fiscal breakdown impoverished crippled ability respond concluded lead replacement traditional values chinese culture able willing fight pointed evidence society remained strong instead attributes fall leadership ability actions clans early defeats hand pretext plotting overthrow emperor writing middle eleventh century lost spirit adopted defensive attitude neighbors building walls towns fortified posts attributes change influence buddhism violence chinese wealth culture general like attributes ultimate downfall interference ruling clans additionally credits series floods attacks tribes north east edge territory weakening critical level government height dynasty controlled provinces china portions korean peninsula portions country peak population estimated million ethnic chinese law administration employed separate governments operating parallel northern administration charge nomadic peoples lived northern territory charge chinese populace lived predominantly southern established system governments strict territorial boundaries emperor established formally boundaries early reign newly large chinese populations given set parallel northern southern governments governments operated differently operated system called essentially great tribal leader personal governmental appointments dealt tribal affairs serving imperial house powerful high ranking positions dealt military affairs overwhelming majority mainly imperial clan consort clan heavily structured calling designed imitation model unlike medium ranked officials chinese dynasty divided circuits capital city general idea system taken captured cities circuit capitals capital cities meaning located modern day meaning located near modern day beijing meaning located near modern day meaning located modern day near river meaning located near modern day circuit headed powerful autonomy tailor policies meet needs population circuit circuits subdivided called metropolitan areas surrounding capital cities outside metropolitan areas divided called divided counties called despite administrative systems important state decisions emperor emperor met officials northern twice year aside emperor spent time attending tribal affairs outside capital cities society culture spoken written languages spoken language closely related language family broader definitions family include member broadly language scholars divided question true language family linguistic area originally distinct languages influenced long period shares terms spoken peoples shared years prior conquest north china establishment dynasty written language scripts large script developed second script small script developed scripts based spoken language contain mix despite similarities chinese characters scripts different chinese documents written large small script survive day surviving specimens scripts inscriptions stone number inscriptions coins mirrors seals single manuscript text large script known nova manuscripts small script known emperors read chinese chinese works translated dynasty classics served core guide administration government china known translated status women status women dynasty varied greatly like nomadic societies having view women han chinese han chinese living dynasty forced adopt practices han chinese unlike han society strict separation responsibilities gender lines placed women role men women dynasty performed functions men women taught hunt managed family flocks finances property husbands war upper class women able hold governmental military posts sexual freedoms stood stark contrast han chinese women upper classes like han chinese upper classes arranged marriages cases political purposes women lower classes arranged marriages attract singing dancing streets songs served self advertisements women telling beauty status domestic skills requirement marriage women sexually marriage stood sharp contrast beliefs han chinese women right divorce husbands able divorced abduction marriage age women common dynasty men social classes participated activity han cases step courtship process woman agree abduction resulting sexual intercourse return woman home announce intention marry process known cases abduction non result rape marriage practices custom seen equally marriage difficult groom pledge work years bride family pay bride price lavish bride family gifts years groom allowed bride home bride usually cut ties family marriage practices differed han chinese ways men elite classes tended marry women generation senior necessarily mean large gap ages husband wife case ruling clan average age boys married sixteen average age girls married sixteen rare ages young recorded boys girls special variety known man marry women sisters practiced elite restricted men having wives sisters continued length dynasty despite laws banning practice course dynasty elite moved away han chinese system having wife largely smooth process inheritance religion time assumed control early tenth century majority population adopted buddhism buddhism practiced length dynasty monasteries constructed reign emperor buddhism especially prominent reigns buddhist scholars living time dynasty predicted age treasures buddhism destroyed begin year previous including concerned predictions start different selected early dynasty efforts preserve buddhist teachings carving stone burying efforts continued dynasty emperor funding projects years immediately preceding evidence excavated burial sites indicates practices fused buddhism practices marriage burial ceremonies animal human sacrifices found tombs alongside indications buddhist practice indications influences found burial sites reign dynasty designed son local cultural legacy influence dynasty subsequent culture includes large legacy art works important surviving examples painted wood metal color music songs dynasty known indirectly directly influenced chinese musical traditions rhythmic pattern form poetry important song dynasty poetry uses set poetic meters based certain definitive musical song tunes specific origin original tunes musical modes known influence dynasty lyrics directly indirectly music lyrics dynasty appears likely han chinese source considered music vigorous powerful music horse mounted warriors border warfare influence cultural tradition seen dynasty theater associated orchestration forms classical chinese poetry documented way influence occurred incorporation officers men service forces invasion northern route cultural transmission legacy culture returned china dynasty
Liao dynasty