april july vietnamese communist politician rose party hierarchy late 1950s general secretary communist_party vietnam continued policy ruling collective leadership mid-1960s health failing death decision maker vietnam born lower class family southern french little known family childhood came contact literature 1920s work railway clerk founding member future communist_party vietnam imprisoned released climbed party ladder time uprising south released jail following successful communist led august revolution war active communist south headed party organ 1950s increasingly aggressive south called war mid late 1950s second powerful policy maker party party secretary officially second powerful party member party chairman 1960s health declined assumed responsibilities september died powerful figure north vietnam war took aggressive posture saw attack key victory north finally won war associates overly optimistic future second year plan failure left vietnamese economy crisis vietnam headed rulers older average adult vietnam internationally isolated rule country invaded ousted fought war china dependent soviet economic aid died succeeded july early life career born village april sources cite little known family youth locals generation parents metal scrap collectors son railway clerk active revolutionary politics young man received french colonial education working clerk 1920s job came contact communists period member imprisoned year released years later advanced party hierarchy 2nd national congress joined imprisoned following year uprising years released shortly august revolution took power following release trusted associate leading vietnamese communist war served secretary reassigned head position south increasingly early mid-1950s replaced deputy moved road south aftermath geneva indirectly split vietnam responsible combatants fought south wrote road south calling non violent revolution achieve thesis blueprint action 11th road south formally accepted implementation waited appointed ordered august guide revolutionary struggle month traveled instructed southern communists stop fighting religious year party split rivalry party boss president supported rivalry focused issue land reform north remained neutral allowing act secretary head communist_party behalf late given seat day parade seated country second powerful figure gradually able place supporters notably positions rivals visited moscow november received approval war plans december told 13th session dual revolution responsible socialist transformation north focused planning offensive south ranked second party hierarchy remained powerful party man held post government brief secret visit writing report path revolution south stated assist southern fighters decided initiate revolution january secretary informally chosen party secretary later known general secretary january elected post original choice secretary according preferred candidate supported influential head picked post considered safe choice time prison french rule thesis road south strong belief vietnamese claimed sent exile party members ambassadors lost seats general political power officially named party leader leaving maintained influence government shared dinner later war remained important figures corresponded south vietnamese president hope achieving negotiated peace head military general tried decision making process evident following death health began fail trusted visibly took day day decision making responsibilities analysts claim split purposes sidelined progressively tried declining health weakened position leadership consulted important decisions dominated party died september collective leadership espoused continued equals resolution following death pledged uphold collective leadership chaired funeral committee gave event final speech beginning party leadership split pro soviet pro chinese moderate factions party followed policy neutrality soviet_union aftermath sino soviet split policy continued aftermath war power struggle began pro soviet rival pro chinese factions rivals formed coalition pro chinese faction victims decisions consensus post general secretary powerful figure able increase power alliance controlled personnel appointments general political vietnam people army strengthen hold power established patronage network instance brother appointed minister communications transport april protégé minister transport brother chairman equivalent mayor relatives appointed offices propaganda culture sector exception figures reached power vietnamese politics vietnam war 3rd national congress called establishment south vietnamese people supported proposal resolution stated common task vietnamese revolution present accelerate socialist revolution whilst time stepping south vietnam december months later better known established claimed rally patriotic forces overthrow government south ensure conditions peaceful sino soviet split vietnamese communist leadership divided pro soviet factions initially labeled policies referred pro soviet played role factions death gulf incident considerably radical chinese continued support war president stating policy best support unlike wanted peaceful resolution far militant wanted words final victory dismissed position majority calling naive called establishment neutral south vietnamese state responded making chinese rejected soviet position peaceful increased involvement united_states military north military strategy forced change noted letter war longer believed conflict changed south vietnamese regime remained heel continued advocate combination guerrilla warfare communist commanders south avoid large attacks army republic vietnam instead focus small attacks enemy believed key victory initiative dismissed possibility attack american forces claiming attack attack entire socialist camp july following cut aid south north vietnamese leadership decided invade instead previously planned believed earlier vietnamese unification vietnam stronger position chinese soviet influence victory speech stated party unique single leader organised controlled governed entire struggle vietnamese people day revolution speech congratulated underground south vietnamese government established ruled south vietnam long vietnam established south vietnamese fought north million people setting mass exodus humanitarian disaster vietnamese boat people annual human rights survey called vietnam single government world economy vietnam developed little war years industry nearly non existent countries dependent foreign donor countries worse country critical agricultural infrastructure badly damaged south roughly bomb million refugees war drug prostitutes million unemployed having won war defeated mood april optimistic member happen problems face compared past promised vietnamese people family radio set years believe easily integrate south vietnamese consumer society 4th national congress declared vietnam complete socialist transformation years optimism proved instead vietnam economic crisis war capita income stood decreased increased according united_nations figures admitted capita income increased compared years ago physical health declined increased according according estimated vietnamese suffering leading government request aid policies led abrupt decline standard living monthly capita income north declined main goals second year plan initiated follows concentrate forces country achieve leap forward agriculture vigorously develop light industry account existing heavy industry capacity build new industrial installations especially machine industry support primary agriculture light industry complete socialist transformation south vietnamese leadership expected reach targets economic aid loans international agencies capitalist world clear agriculture second year plan measures went badly member chairman claimed impossible meet targets set plan estimated socialist established plan collapsed south member attacked lower level failure socialist agriculture transformation process led abrupt drop food production leading 6th completely overhaul party agricultural policies regard heavy industry leadership position fourth political report stated transition socialism priority given heavy industry basis developing agriculture light industry section report stated light industry ahead heavy industry position chairman head government confused practice heavy industry state investment heavy industry second year plan percent year plan light industry received respectively industry grew industrial production fell substantially second year plan industry grew percent 6th criticised policy state 5th believed vietnam position talk reforms followed beginning acknowledged economic policy mistakes national party state leadership 6th planners prevailed condemned old ways promised economy governed objective laws roles plan market openly discussed time roles family private economy enhanced certain market prices officially supported party endorsed reforms 5th talked need strengthen central planned economy local economy report admitted second year plan failure economically beginning changes little practical effect possibly opposition planners confusion fear agricultural production grew substantially government use opportunity increase production crucial farm fuel consumer goods end rule inflation reached annually economic policy making foreign relations relations visited soviet_union october result visit official stated soviets send qualified experts country educate train economic scientific technical cultural personnel soviet_union gave vietnam economic assistance supported national economic projects favoured terms stated cooperation cooperation socialist countries statement normally meant membership vietnam member wanting establish sovereignty soviet ambassador anniversary october revolution rejected key soviet foreign policies despite continued pressure soviets join vietnam declined instead vietnam joined moves soviet_union opposed vietnam relented seeking economic aid fund second year plan signed year treaty friendship mutual cooperation ussr soviet protection vietnam invaded reaction china invaded vietnam vietnam leased bases soviet_union protect territory china rumored china demands peace ending soviet assistance vietnam played role similar cuba latin_america supported local revolutionary groups headquarters soviet style communism vietnam supported soviet invasion afghanistan received million day military aid 5th national congress reaffirmed vietnam relations ussr stated solidarity operation ussr corner stone external policy party state noted alliance guarantee victory defense socialist people soviet official echoed sentiments said vietnam count solidarity support ussr foreign policy criticised accused sacrificing country sovereignty delegation led visited vietnam national day holiday celebrated establishment august revolution met attended 27th communist party congress later met soviet premier attended funeral relations china vietnam war chinese claimed soviet_union vietnam chinese premier told soviets lie improve relationship united_states according policy enacted following departure vietnam accept view 23rd party congress china referred soviet_union second statement china immediately began cut aid vietnam according secretary soviet embassy china vietnamese saw chinese actions attack 45th anniversary instead happened 44th anniversary offered official signatures level officials relations countries deteriorated following china vietnamese fighting americans felt betrayed meeting july vietnamese agreed chinese policy united_states like torpedo directed vietnam told president richard_nixon upcoming visit china interests vietnam later november asked chinese cancel nixon visit chinese refused vietnamese began doubt china hid information vietnam planned military offensive sino hurt sino vietnamese relations long run soviet_union eventually reconciled chinese vietnamese documents state relations worsened vietnamese document claimed china hindered eventual chinese documents claimed source conflict vietnamese policy core issue chinese minimize vietnam cooperation soviets increasing soviet vietnamese cooperation left china ambivalent china visit june told vietnam adhere following signing stated direction vietnam communism directly linked relations soviet_union chinese opposed immediate end began making economic agreements communist government south vietnam head treated chinese policy damaged relations china vietnam drifted apart eventual chinese aid improve relations unsuccessfully visited china august seek aid september visited china second attempt visit vietnamese wanted assure chinese interested maintaining good relations china soviet_union stated acted sought speech mention soviet_union noted vietnam succeeded help socialist countries meaning agreements signed non aid agreement joint issued left earlier planned according sino vietnamese alliance effectively ended fall relations china deteriorated leading pro chinese communists party visited china november seek aid chairman stated sino vietnamese relations deteriorated held different principles insisted china help vietnam economic difficulties differences principles countered difference viewed soviet_union united_states following visit china condemned china halted economic development projects july period total chinese aid vietnam amounted million chinese invasion february crossed vietnamese border withdrawing march week campaign devastated northern vietnam briefly threatened china vietnam suffered heavy losses peace talks broke december china vietnam began major build forces border sporadic fighting border occurred 1980s china threatened force vietnam exit vietnamese invasion occupation independent established alongside vietnamese parties following dissolution movement weakest vietnamese began formal military aid leadership remained skeptical orders regiments sent promised leader vietnamese troops withdraw conflict won communists entry vietnamese troops led vietnamese officials believe officials begun fear conversation told despite differences opinions authentic attitude sides strengthen party party relations reading reports probably concluded authentic trouble time vietnamese leadership hoped situation change privately understood situation different situation supporters seized control relations deteriorated sharply north vietnamese formations active civil war regularly attacked allies appeared vietnam relations private suspicions respective grew sent messages ascension premier president president respectively turn sent message seventh anniversary september vietnamese women delegation visited sent public 4th national congress vietnamese leadership hoped pro vietnamese elements develop radio announced resignation vietnamese leadership took seriously meeting soviet ambassador told removed leadership change welcome vietnam pro chinese sect conducting crude severe policy added bad people leadership headed man personal friend confrontation planned believed state state relations improve noted eventually like socialist state value relationship vietnam soviet_union april democratic attacked vietnamese villages notably massacre vietnamese leadership shocked attack vietnam sought improved relations september announced existence vietnam sent note conversation soviet ambassador october explanation actions described leadership strongly strong influence china called claiming fierce nationalist pro chinese erroneously believed pro vietnamese views december broke relations vietnam stating forces vietnam sent withdrawn needed restore friendly atmosphere countries accused vietnam aggression real problem vietnamese leadership plan ideal establishing vietnamese dominated vietnamese troops withdrew country january taking thousands prisoners civilian refugees point vietnamese attack leadership aggressive stance opposite effect leadership treated major victory vietnam matching victory americans respond diplomatic began attack response vietnam began promote uprising rule invaded june sent request soviet_union allow delegation headed meet soviet leadership general meeting soviet ambassador september said vietnam intended solve fully question beginning believe china send forces sea china attack chose vietnam target claimed vietnam little time waiting benefit china claimed vietnam established battalions seeking lead dead months believed friend vietnam despite largely speech remained staunch supporters 1990s vietnam sent divisions country december estimated soldiers supported heavy artillery air power attempted conventional defense tactic led loss half army weeks defeats prompted leadership evacuate western region country january entered following day pro vietnamese state known established head state general secretary struggle ended vietnam withdrawal years death time 5th national congress party leadership turned powerful members age believed bad health period travelled soviet_union occasions medical treatment early 1980s reported lead party delegates 5th national congress deteriorating health looked old problems reading report congress 5th national congress amassed considerable power 5th 5th supporters old companions pro chinese communists labelled followers removed prominent commander battle removal signaled defeat rival ideological tendency removed moderate removed alignment place appointed military men including general appointment strengthened clear majority 5th report 5th national congress biting self criticism leadership party management criticised political economic corruption 5th contained member period disrupted conservatives struggle lead economic reform supporters began effort open economy apparently suffered heart attack congress hospitalized soviet_union remained general secretary july age died natural causes temporarily succeeded deposed replaced december 6th political beliefs nationalist war claimed nation socialism stressed importance building socialism politically economically culturally defending socialist referred broke stress vietnam notably agriculture view socialism highly managerial works talked right collective mastery practice opposed instance party presented peasants demands higher prices products criticised ideas collective mastery management state aims ensuring right masses collective masters country state manage affairs ensure right collective mastery answer problem managerial concept collective mastery featured vietnamese constitution concept collective mastery society concept version popular sovereignty advocated active role people masters masters society nature nation stated people collective mastery fields assured state implemented permitting participation state affairs mass organisations paper organisations citizens belong play active role government right introduce bills said land ownership entailed struggle roads collective production private production large scale socialist production small scattered production quote easily taken radical years views direct impact vietnam believed collective ownership alternative capitalism introduced controversy country leadership peasants norm conservatives policy similar new economic policy temporary break socialist development supported reforms saw way implementing socialism agriculture justified ideological interests important ideological innovation broke roads theory departed came practical policy stated country carry agricultural cooperation immediately having built large industry acknowledged view insisted vietnam unique situation country far history situation lead agriculture immediately socialism waiting developed industry know strong impact industry agriculture achieve large scale production new relations agriculture consolidated proceed small scale production large scale production new according key socialism new division labour believed need connected process production state economic sector vietnam achieve state intervention control saw economy directed state parts victory speech parliamentary election talked socialism north eliminating private ownership capitalism need initiate socialist transformation south according focus remnants feudal landlord classes term classes living financial dealings transactions reveal addition removing feudal landlord classes south intended entire class
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