species fungus genus family described science given current species commonly known loving cup dwarf cup cup cup small shaped fungus reddish brown whitish fringe measure short tapered stalk commonly found soil brush recently burned great numbers fungus distributed temperate regions found europe turkey north_america primarily species feeding organic matter remaining fire forms associations roots norway spruce taxonomy fungus described scientifically illustrated spores work figures fungi parts world transferred fungus genus giving species current published synonym proposed variety var referring forms producing stalk taxon considered independent taxonomic significance moses described species collections japan taxon taxonomic opinion decade later specific epithet derives latin word common names given fungus include loving cup dwarf cup cup british society approved cup description cup shaped wide fringed whitish margins inner spore bearing surface cup hymenium brick red smooth exterior surface dull yellow smooth like spots stipe small long wide whitish color expands abruptly cup brownish flesh fungus thin distinctive taste unpleasant smell crushed water edibility fungus known unlikely harvested eating microscopic characteristics mass spores whitish spores elliptical smooth hyaline devoid oil dimensions thin walled grow rapidly absence external slightly club shaped irregular orange brown tips wide layer cells hymenium densely packed small irregular cells similar species closely related vulcan cup pale orange yellowish deeply cup shaped maturity crushed flesh odor distinguished lack orange brown characteristic larger spores measuring unlike grows burned wood including needle grows habitats similar distinguished spores contain oil genera similar species confused field include habitat distribution widespread burned soil spring growing season common pioneer species found burned ground litter forest floor increases underlying soil availability minerals produced weeks forest fire areas coniferous trees produced year burn fungus prefers fruiting thin near standing burned tree found post fire stands usually abundant cup fruits earlier serve indicator imminent fruiting cup fungi found fruiting area include genera fungus found europe originally described widespread north_america north american distribution extends north alaska reported time turkey ecology primarily fungus involved post fire breakdown coniferous roots shown capable forming norway spruce demonstrated earlier laboratory experiments fungus interaction pine hyphae able tree penetrate traits suggest fungus moderate limited ability cause reductions seed additionally fungus produces break complex organic features characteristic fungi formation rudimentary net characteristic mycorrhizal fungi indicated capable forming relationships right conditions colleagues suggest ground association spruce roots protects physical damage event fire extensive production fire reflect successful fungal escape dying host fungus longer maintain association large fungus associated damage host tree occurs burning field study conducted norway demonstrated fruit bodies likely found areas heavily burned compared locations light moderate burning trees remained viable areas fruiting spruce forests square meter pine forests sporadic grew millions year following fires
Geopyxis carbonaria