cuba social movement cuba held great influence working classes 19th early 20th century movement particularly strong following abolition slavery president finally government following cuban revolution late 1950s cuban mainly took form based works later latin american labor extension cuban labor movement influenced history colonial era mid-19th century cuban society highly consisting spanish ruling class tobacco sugar coffee plantation owners middle class black spanish plantation workers black slaves upper society deeply divided known greatly colonial regime cuba colony spain movements independence integration integration spain roots seen society founded introduced ideas immigrant cuba founded periodical directed tobacco workers included earliest cooperative societies cuba years war insurgents spain included influenced including early development movement 1880s explicitly influence manifested established links cuba spanish operating barcelona pamphlets newspapers time spanish emigrated cuba common workers read literature aloud tobacco factories greatly helping ideas workers 1880s early 1890s cuban favored method organizing action similar spain workers federation spanish region following contribution line opposed need line communists san founded advocate organization labor distribute literature spain strict policy accepting regardless social position political tendency differences color year founded following san statement guild working class organization tied feet capital wrote explicitly periodical cuba founded republican democrats quickly turned took editor founded addition writers cuban cities cities tampa florida published reprinted articles french language barcelona founded organization concentrated educational cultural activities hosting secular school poor students meetings workers groups year leaders head formed aid committee raise funds legal troubles chicago charged murder connection affair month half committee raised approximately cause addition days prior executions organized demonstration people havana protest state decision execute americans fined paper editorial written executions displaying painting commemorated execution colonial government prohibited demonstrations held year anniversary execution strengthening organization action explicitly organization workers alliance founded organization participated cuba congress took place october congress attended tobacco workers exclusively issued encompassing points opposition authority unity workers organizations pact complete freedom action groups mutual cooperation solidarity groups prohibition federation political religious doctrines looked outcome congress favoring ideas organizing led rivalry splitting unions camps soon congress tobacco workers initiated series strikes factories lasted end november later summer strikes tobacco workers led factory owners factories organized collection drive support locked workers going far send representatives florida donations american tobacco workers october ended factory owners agreeing meet workers negotiations outcome situation favorable union saw membership jump subsequent months making powerful union cuba following year died age days release jail spanish colonial government funeral reportedly attended months later response strike tobacco industry colonial head closed manufacturer union schools maintained allowed remain open allowed reopen following year new administration government response war independence day demonstration cuba held consisted march followed meeting addressed speakers following days strikes workers industries led colonial government closing decision faced manifesto issued protest workers later year tried murder director moderate workers union found innocent captain general situation pretext shutting production repression general labor congress held principles expressing solidarity women working class new idea predominantly male working class felt competed women workplace declaring urgent necessity forget women beginning fill workshops industries driven necessity greed compete oppose let help outcome government suppression movement means imprisonment suspension right free assembly closing organizations headquarters quell organizing efforts war independence spain joined labor movement distributing propaganda spanish soldiers urging oppose join cause years previously embraced ideas espoused spanish organizing unions forming groups educate people commit violent anti state acts known propaganda deed carried war independence placed bombs blew bridges gas contributed failed attempt assassinate colonial head captain general led government closing general grew mass activists forbidding workplace early 20th century following spanish american war gave cuba independence spain dissatisfied conditions persisted independence cited conditions new government like suppression labor movements dissatisfaction school systems workers reorganized alliance september year groups organizers arrested following mason strike spread construction trade time organizer visited cuba giving speeches interviews periodicals soon barred speaking engagements civil governor labor organizers began attempt organize sugar industry largest industry cuba owners responded quickly workers murdered crimes solved activists energy preparing society social revolution education ran schools children run counter catholic schools public schools believing religious schools ideas freedom public schools ideas patriotic nationalism discourage free thought children issues weekly newspaper published putting issues writers denounced public school requirement pay allegiance cuban flag encouraged teaching children flag symbol closed claimed students enrolled schooling cannon fodder conflict leaders caused intervene occupy cuba running schools wasn schools began traditional flavor included manifesto issues del calling establishment schools modeled repression activity following unsuccessful strike tobacco workers supported new governmental secretary spanish deported cuban jailed policies instituted time continue years seized control cuban government general strikes met violence state organizers killed state including responded kind violent acts time group government labeled mob deported spain publications outlawed having shut worker center forced close following congress havana bombings took place including performing earning times yearly salary average cuban worker single performance following year lost control government leading activity group began publish books pamphlets regular periodicals publishing time head labor movement cuba despite maritime railway restaurant tobacco industries controlled organized wasn major federation successfully organized workers similar spain non members eventually formed august time including swept excitement russian revolution party authoritarian forms organizing strikes occurred fall government leadership quick suppress labor movement labor leaders shot spanish deported month stated right don know socialism communism bad patriots secretary general arrested october encouraged join government followed second arrest july disappeared point body found fall government reorganization departure gone control fought communists taken communists turned police control spanish involved decided spain following new government passage law half employer employees cuban born large number cuba spanish born forced economic necessity return spain greatly diminished movement cuba soon youth founded younger generation start spanish civil war cuban founded help send money arms cuban born went spain join fight alongside spanish born exiled cuba rights guaranteed constitution organize risk death dissolved thousands members forming held national congress secretary general organizational secretary followed second congress featured german delivering opening address official propaganda organ chosen published monthly shut government december congress held heavy focus keeping labor movement free interference politicians mid-1950s power successful coup état joined guerrilla groups fighting government including 26th july movement led fleeing cuba day key figure 26th july movement spanish family fled civil war chosen fight account blows intelligence devotion practiced loyalty like religion post revolutionary period days taking power expelled known general suspicion governments national council issued manifesto denouncing government actions periodical announced displeasure government saying impossible government revolutionary january convened assembly calling support cuban revolution declaring opposition end year group journal shut government final issue journal commemorated death spanish contained editorial declaring impossible opining dictatorship dominate summer year german invited government survey sector impressed found declared pamphlet system close soviet model days departed cuba entire print run seized government destroyed publisher republished pamphlet following december time alarmed movement government form rule issued declaration prevent reaction membership document declared opposition authoritarian tendencies new government document secretary general failed search printer publish reaction publication published edition summer following actions chose underground clandestine direct action means struggle according cuban infinity written denouncing false revolution calling populace oppose plans effect sabotage basic things sustaining state founders issued manifesto support government declaring opposing government arrested havana freed immediately went accepted eventually way mexico miami florida reunite cuban associates exile beginning mid greatly accelerating summer great numbers cuban migrated united_states summer new_york exile formed making contact spanish exiled following spanish civil war living new_york contact new_york based quickly donations exiled cuban collected world donations soon dried following publishing manifesto countries arguments document response widespread effect manifesto issued support paper argentina printed essay titled stated differences cuban saw revolution capitalist enterprises handing workers technicians revolution convert state right producer obey counter revolution exiled trying raise money support imprisoned cuba denounced countries cia mere anti communists periodical liberation printed articles leading protest offices sent italy present case convinced published italian periodicals nova collected signatures condemnation argentina despite organizations periodicals world opinion began change published book cuban revolution critical perspective began publishing new magazine titled article cuban supported mass evacuation cuba cuban occupied embassy havana left cuba time joined editorial collective collective world including mexico hawaii spain venezuela magazine reached press run copies making largest circulation periodical collective ceased publication members continued publish writings structured affinity group coordinating network cuban diverse tendencies
Anarchism in Cuba