common names white large great white white wake robin french species flowering plant family perennial native eastern north_america northern quebec southern parts united_states northernmost georgia west minnesota british_columbia isolated populations nova_scotia iowa common rich mixed forests easily recognised attractive white flowers opening late spring early summer rise leaf like example spring plant life cycle deciduous woodland description perennial grows short produces single white flower atop leaves leaves egg shaped outline pointed tips lack extremely short ones measure long wide long width prominently engraved leaves stem share dark green color persist autumn leaves somewhat margins leaves strongly individuals grow tall inches single form colonies large dense erect flowers large especially compared species long depending age shaped like leaves curve outward visible near marked leaves overlapping bases curve flower distinctive funnel shape ending long point visible usually paler shade green leaves flowers flower stalk raising leaf grow age flowers persist fruiting styles white short compared pale yellow brighter shade color sided greenish white weakly attached fuse higher fruit green moist sided like taxonomy originally described var work synonym closely related species treated species years later species traditionally placed subgenus recent work shown phylogeny grouping phylogeny genus garnered agreement subgenus includes species alongside western closer relatives members form plant opens light pink instead common white generally found rarely range blue ridge mountains virginia found somewhat frequently mixed pure colonies noted white flowers common pure white variety turn distinctive pink remain days prior flowers plants bearing pink flowers mistaken pink variety variants green markings extra highly deformed characteristics forms given taxonomic names shown like bacteria responsible altered morphology individuals genetic variation occasionally produce double forms invariably sterile sought appearance species produces double flowers frequently hand unlike species fairly easily known form hybrids ecology favors drained neutral slightly acid soils usually young growth forests northern parts range shows affinity maple beech forests known spread nearby open areas depending geographical factors flowers late april early june like forest slow growing plant seeds require double meaning normally years fully like species flowering age determined largely surface leaf volume plant reached instead age growth slow nature typically requires seven years optimal conditions reach flowering size corresponds minimum cm2 leaf surface area volume cultivation wide flowering ages observed conservation concerns forms species pink instead white extra called double forms naturally common species especially popular fact species popular genus cultivation led conservation concerns majority commercially available plants collected wild regional governments canada united_states declared plant vulnerable result popularity garden specimen conservation concerns raised vast majority plants sold commercial believed collected wild little indication commercial nursery growth frederick wrote knowledge true commercial quantity propagation takes place present time heavy collecting combined pressures habitat destruction grazing effectively plants areas legally listed vulnerable quebec primarily habitat destruction plant found forests neighboring province populous regions listed vulnerable state new_york meaning threatened certain factors maine listed endangered entirely seed dispersal long thought self based fact rarely observed visiting plants low variation banding patterns strongly challenged studies shown high rates low success self controlled experiments implying fact self incompatible given individual fail produce seeds contributing factor limitation study showed open plants produce seeds hand individuals figure plants reduced exposure likely produce fruits hand individuals showed fruit set fruits contain seed set plant resources shown limiting factor seed production abundance larger plants significantly greater seed ratio smaller ones overall seed suggest evolved maximize reproductive success face highly plants visited single season studied extensively number unique features possesses representative example plant seeds spread dispersal effective increasing plant ability ineffective bringing plant far led question similar plants able survive events ice ages height species shown effective index intense foraging deer particular area fruits released summer containing seeds average seeds typically dispersed ants called yellow jackets order observed seeds lower frequencies insect dispersal aided presence conspicuous oil rich body attached seed high acid acid corpse carrying behavior ants causing bring seeds nesting sites food ants visit colonies plant bring genetically variable seeds single location results new population relatively high genetic diversity ultimate effect increasing biological fitness far common dispersal method white tailed deer shown disperse seeds rare occasions ants seeds meters deer observed transport seeds kilometer helps explain post agricultural colonization forest sites long distance gene flow detected studies furthermore helps resolve called states migration events impossible plants dispersal rates meters year occasional long distance dispersal events deer probably helped save species short distance dispersal ability extinction ice ages furthermore clade analysis shown likely persisted glacial period sites refuge southeastern united_states long distance dispersal responsible post glacial northern areas addition lateral invertebrates deer importance fact burial vertical ants increases survival new plants mechanisms vertical ensures sufficient depth preserve seeds seeds normally dormant year second vertical ensures adequate anchorage particularly important young plants small short roots easily frost erosion factors interaction deer favored food white tailed deer available deer seek plants preference exclusion course normal deer consume larger individuals leaving shorter ones information assess deer density effect growth general foraging intensity increases individuals shorter growing season reduction energy reserves production study determined ideal deer density northeastern illinois based indicator overall health animals square kilometer based stem height acceptable healthy height practice deer high deer square kilometers known occur restricted fractured habitat natural control mechanisms predators like wolves lacking maintained years damaging lead extinction local plant populations cultivation popular cultivation primarily size flowers relative ease cultivation particularly demanding cultivation slow uncertain process usually slow growth wide variations growth speed rates result vast majority plants commerce collected wild heavy collecting combined pressures habitat destruction grazing effectively plants areas creates tensions enthusiasts conservation proponents non wild plants delicate process cases results death plant cultivation flower little years compared usual wild cases appear exceptions rule study revealed individuals performing seeds planted year barring plant destruction continue flowering year begun plant gained cultural usage particularly conspicuous forest flower designated provincial emblem ontario flora emblem act state wild flower ohio symbol ontario stylized flower features prominently official flag province french speaking community frequently represent ontario grants arms network laws picking illegal province crown owned land unlike widely believed specifically illegal necessarily harmful pick species ontario
Trillium grandiflorum