smith smith april november american physician abolitionist author african american hold medical degree graduated class scotland african american run united_states addition practicing doctor nearly years colored orphan asylum manhattan smith public intellectual contributed articles medical journals participated learned societies wrote numerous essays articles drawing medical statistical training training medicine statistics common race intelligence medicine society general invited founding member promoted new science elected member recently founded admitted local medical associations known leadership abolitionist member american anti slavery society helped start permanent national organization blacks said smith single important influence life smith organized new_york_city resist newly passed fugitive slave law aiding fugitive slaves leading abolitionist activists friends colleagues 1840s race wrote numerous articles racist ideas black capacities smith wife mixed race african european ancestry economically successful built house good neighborhood census family classified neighborhood white classified served nearly years doctor colored orphan asylum new_york burned july mob new york draft riots nearly blacks killed smith moved family practice brooklyn safety parents stressed education children census widow children continued classified white escape racial discrimination children passed white society surviving sons married white unmarried daughter lived brother worked teachers lawyer business people smith unique achievements pioneering african american doctor rediscovered twentieth century historians descendants century times great granddaughter took history class found grandmother family bible smith descendants commissioned new grave brooklyn gathered honor african american ancestry early life education smith born free new_york_city new_york state passed gradual abolition children slave mothers born free serve early adulthood mother believed achieved freedom later life said self woman born slavery south_carolina brought new_york slave father white merchant mother master brought new_york south_carolina boy grew mother adult alluded white ancestry mother family saying south slaves smith attended street manhattan described exceptionally bright student numerous boys went brilliant careers worked abolitionist cause course studies smith graduate ordained second african american priest williams founded new_york_city graduation smith applied columbia_university denied admission racial discrimination williams encouraged smith attend scotland abolitionist provided smith money trip overseas education smith kept journal sea voyage expressed sense mission arriving liverpool walking waterfront thought free abolitionist connections welcomed members according historian smith enjoyed relative racial tolerance scotland england officially abolished slavery new_york finally abolished slavery studied graduated class obtained bachelor degree master degree medical degree completed paris marriage family return new_york getting established early 1840s smith married free woman color graduate children survived adulthood children unknown confused born teacher married independent household december mary called born married teacher living widowed brother queens note census birth reported september consistent age appear census born lawyer married living queens household included older sister siblings late wife widowed brother law edward physician born england sister law emma unmarried teacher born february worked florida orange grove 1880s florida census married children born florida returned family brooklyn worked printer born worked married children worked salesman youngest daughter named senior smith household included older women age mother born south_carolina listed head household likely relatives friends smith wife children james henry amy member household classified mixed ancestry born new_york lived mixed neighborhood fifth ward census nearly neighbors page classified white immigrants england ireland france smith moved street mansion built white total real property worth household included live servant ireland listed separate household address likely mary census ages change census page racial designation conventions time means classified white census totals white persons given page draft riots smith family prominent blacks left new_york moved brooklyn separate city longer felt safe old neighborhood census children living ward brooklyn listed white married white woman living separate household working teacher classified white smith children home john guy attending school smith children survived adulthood james john guy men married white married classified white career medicine returned new_york_city degrees smith greeted hero black community said gathering obtain education sacrifice hazard apply education good common country university trained african american physician united_states practice years black articles published american medical journals admitted local ones established practice general surgery medicine treating black white patients started school evenings teaching children established called black owned operated united_states located near square today friends activists gathered room discuss issues related work smith appointed doctor known 44th street fifth avenue time directors depended pro services doctors worked nearly years asylum founded anna new_york trying protect children smith regularly gave smallpox leading causes death infectious diseases smallpox tuberculosis time addition caring home boarded children temporarily parents unable support jobs scarce free blacks new_york waves immigration ireland germany 1840s 1850s meant new immigrants competing work smith working asylum july presented trustees acres provided friend wealthy white abolitionist land held trust later sold benefit july day new york draft riots participants ethnic irish attacked burned orphan asylum children saved staff union troops city nearly years orphan asylum admitted children typically residence time riots smith moved family business manhattan prominent blacks numerous buildings destroyed old neighborhoods estimates blacks killed rioting longer feeling safe lower moved brooklyn abolitionist movement scotland smith joined glasgow emancipation society met people scottish english abolitionist movement great_britain abolished slavery smith returned new_york quickly joined american anti slavery society worked cause united_states worked effectively black white instance maintaining friendship correspondence spanned years publishing articles quickly brought attention national abolitionist movement destiny people color freedom slavery lecture revolution note established new force field directed colored people educational movement memory abraham_lincoln member smith key organizers resistance new_york_city newly passed fugitive slave act required states aid federal law enforcement capturing escaped slaves similar groups boston committee aided fugitive slaves escape capture helped connect people escape routes smith worked establish permanent black national organizations beginning day convention rochester new_york convention rochester emphasized importance education race urged founding schools black youth smith wanted choices available industrial classical education valued rational approach said smith single important influence life smith tempered radical people abolitionist movement insisted arguing facts analysis wrote regular column paper published pseudonym opposing emigration american free blacks countries smith believed native born americans right live united_states claim labor birth land gathered supporters albany testify state legislature proposed plans support supported sending free blacks colony africa smith contributed money revive weekly anglo african anti newspaper writings important commonly held racist assumptions time noted smith prominent leader battle civil rights northern black minority joined black leaders establishing new_york_city pioneering minority rights association waged nearly year campaign segregated public transportation new_york_city organization successfully defeated segregation new_york served model later rights organizations including professional associations writings smith prolific writer historian harvard_university says leaders movement abolish slavery original innovative writers time wrote case report black doctor associate read meeting acknowledged smith qualified admit racial discrimination soon smith published article black doctor drew medical training discredit popular ideas differences races gave lecture series comparative anatomy physiology races demonstrate called scientific practice time applied way draw racist conclusions attribute negative characteristics ethnic rejected practice alternative scientific medicine taught universities successful medical career admitted local associations racial discrimination glasgow smith trained emerging science statistics published numerous articles applying statistical training example statistics arguments slave owners wrote blacks inferior slaves better free blacks white urban laborers drew statistical tables data census secretary state senator south_carolina claimed freedom bad blacks showed blacks north high rates insanity mortality smith responded paper influence climate longevity published hunt merchants magazine smith analyzed census conclusions correct way analyze data showed blacks north lived longer slaves attended church achieving rate similar whites smith started publishing work quickly accepted newer scientific organizations smith invited founding member elected member founded new_york scientists wealthy interested exploration society recognized giving award articles joined numerous works supporting dealing issues related race smith known introduction second autobiography freedom expressed new independence african american accounts slavery compared earlier works seek approval white readers rejected harsh accounts conditions slavery smith wrote worst institutions worst aspect energy earnest struggle right published article scientific findings analysis president theories race expressed known notes medical doctor historian noted early said race biological social category commented positive ways ethnic influence culture society music dance food elements collected essays speeches letters published works james smith black intellectual abolitionist edited later years smith appointed professor ohio founded collaboration church college students color american_civil_war numerous mixed race students south tuition paid wealthy white fathers war caused withdrawal southern students threatening survival school college purchased established african american owned operated college united_states time smith ill position died years later november heart failure long_island new_york age nineteen days ratification thirteenth amendment constitution united states abolished slavery country buried hills cemetery brooklyn smith survived widow children classified white census married white woman children siblings marry white families trying escape racial prejudice appeared pass stories father achievements later generations learn century connection descendants learned african american ancestors legacy honors achievements forgotten family sons worked escape racial prejudice new_york discuss african american ancestry works smith lecture revolutions new_york smith destiny people color new_york smith influence climate longevity office merchants magazine new_york smith new_york new_york_times smith john smith black intellectual abolitionist new_york isbn
James McCune Smith