pronunciation temporarily french french pronunciation known french colonial form capital largest city madagascar larger urban area surrounding city known mother hill capital capital region city located sea level center island island largest population center 18th century historically capital people continue form majority city estimated inhabitants surrounding urban areas total metropolitan population approaching million ethnic groups residents chinese indian european origins represented city political economic educational cultural heart madagascar presidency senate supreme_court located diplomatic missions headquarters national international businesses hosts largest number universities art venues medical services social service institutions city island national local sports teams including championship winning national rugby team basketball football teams based founded king expelled inhabitants village highest meeting point forested ridges rising surrounding highland plains declaring site capital built fortified royal dwelling expanded royal palaces according oral history deployed garrison soldiers capture guard site hill city retained reign king renamed city thousand honor soldiers city served capital founding split declared capital southern quadrant remained captured province restored role capital united kingdom diplomatic military successes extended far traditional borders bringing lands neighboring ethnic groups control conquests continued son control ultimately extended thirds island leading considered european diplomats island capital remained island capital madagascar french remained independence french killed original inhabitants island french native language expanded gradually royal palaces center dominate view location peak curving ridge surrounding plains 17th century plains transformed fields meet population need rice covered housing developments city population grew rapidly 20th century palaces destroyed fire partially reconstructed lies historic district populated members noble class homes preserved valley base ridge site friday market established 18th century discontinued traffic congestion considered largest open air market world neighborhood developed french rule continues serve capital economic heart city managed direction president appointed march limited funds hampered consecutive efforts manage traffic waste management pollution security public water electricity challenges linked explosive population growth major historic landmarks attractions city include reconstructed royal palaces palace tomb stadium lake 19th century martyr etymology originally site town called meaning central highlands dialect language established community island occupants approximately king people migrated region southeast coast seized location site capital city according oral history deployed garrison soldiers successfully capture guard site hill city retained reign king renamed city thousand honor soldiers history kingdom unlike capital cities southern africa major city colonial era inhabited town peak chose site fortified royal compound expanded time royal palaces tombs royalty city established according varying accounts early kings statute labor construct massive system fields city provide adequate rice growing population fields largest called continue produce rice successive ruled king reign sovereign gave growing city current established town square outside town gate successive delivered royal speeches announcements public assigned names numerous locations city based names similar sites nearby village designated specific territories noble neighborhoods countryside surrounding capital territorial divisions strictly enforced members required live designated territories authorized stay extended periods territories reserved numerous including construction wooden houses non nobles presence city limits imposed death split capital southern district year civil war followed eastern district capital rose prominence king successfully conquered reunited provinces ending civil war moved kingdom political capital declared kingdom spiritual capital role maintains created large marketplace establishing city economic center kingdom madagascar time son ascended throne father death largest economically important city island population inhabitants opened city european settlers missionaries arrived opened city public schools introduced island created lake generate hydraulic power industrial manufacturing established military training ground flat plain called base near lake ethnic groups brought nearly thirds island control british diplomats concluded trade treaties recognized ruler madagascar position successors claimed despite managing impose authority larger portion island south declared capital entire island successor invited named construct tomb prime minister built largest palace produced wide range industrial products factories highland village neighborhood oversaw improvements city infrastructure including construction city largest connect middle town central marketplace following series fires capital queen issued royal decree permitted use stone brick construction buildings tombs missionaries brick house built bore blend design served model new style house rapidly spread capital highlands termed house typically story brick building columns support wooden 19th century houses quickly replaced traditional wooden houses city aristocratic class growing number christians prompted construction stone churches highlands memorial key sites early christians reign mid 19th century city remained largely concentrated highest peak area today referred upper town population grew city expanded west late 19th century extended northern neighborhood area low prestige british missionaries preferred residential district built city memorial churches prime minister governed madagascar alongside successive queens policies transformed city reinstated mandatory universal education introduced requiring construction numerous schools colleges including teacher training colleges staffed missionaries nation medical college modern hospital built palace residence office site near royal palace french madagascar french military invaded september prompting queen surrender cannon shell hole building causing major casualties damage repaired square feature planted landscaping claiming island colony french administration retained capital chose site french governor general residency independence renamed converted presidential offices french tunnels constructed city largest hills connecting disparate districts town expansion streets laid later paved sewer systems electricity infrastructure introduced water previously obtained springs foot hill brought period saw major expansion spread lower slopes city centered french residency modern urban planning applied lower town expanded base city central hills surrounding rice fields major like avenue planned commercial areas like arcades lining avenue large parks city squares landmark features built railway system connecting station end avenue established planned spaces neighborhoods densely populated working class expanded state oversight control city expanded rapidly world war population grown roads connecting surrounding towns expanded paved international airport constructed outside city replaced approximately city center constructed neighborhood built city plan written created suburban zones large houses gardens established wealthy severe floods prompted building large scale edges rice fields establishment new ministerial complexes newly drained land neighborhood post independence independence pace growth increased city population reached million end 20th century estimated nearly million urban challenged city infrastructure producing shortages clean water electricity public health problems heavy traffic congestion church buildings city suburbs including anglican roman catholic cathedral city madagascar roman catholic city repeatedly site large demonstrations violent political clashes including brought president political crisis resulted replacing head state geography situated approximately sea level central highlands region madagascar south east city located centrally north south axis country east center east west axis east coast west coast city occupies commanding position summit slopes long narrow rocky ridge extending north south rising extensive rice fields west official boundaries city encompass urban area approximately km2 founded sea level apex hill ranges converge form surrounding fields grassy plains city gradually spread central point cover late 19th century expanding flat terrain base hills plains susceptible flooding rainy season drained skirts capital south west western slopes plains best protected cyclone winds originating indian_ocean settled east continuous area spreading city official boundaries north south west east population greater area estimated million people expected rise million climate climate classification system subtropical highland climate characterized mild dry winters warm rainy summers city receives nearly average annual rainfall november april rare city common higher elevations mean temperatures range encompasses ridges intersect highest point royal palace located summit hills visible city surrounding hills largest structures stone remnant royal residences survived fire site years shell dominated skyline west wall collapsed stone fully restored building illuminated night conservation reconstruction work site ongoing city skyline colorful historic houses churches recent residential commercial buildings family rice fields occupy lower terrain capital rice fields surround city city neighborhoods emerge historic ethnic religious divisions assignment certain neighborhoods particular noble sub established divisions highest ranking nobles typically assigned neighborhoods closest royal palace required live higher elevation portions city french colonization expansion city continued reflect divisions today calm quiet mainly residential viewed prestigious area live city wealthiest influential families live closest contains city pre colonial heritage considered historic includes royal palace palace residence prime minister principal town square cathedral near built commemorate early christian city intact historic entrance gate 19th century houses nobles class settled periphery noble districts gradually spreading slopes lower hills late 19th century increasingly populous french colonial authority targeted redesign development today neighborhoods densely populated lively containing residences historic sites businesses neighborhood contains historic numerous shops luxury goods stores administrative offices addition principal neighborhoods eastern hills west largely residential developed lively houses converted restaurants houses tomb prime minister sons later prime ministers buried bordering neighborhoods commercial areas commercial center town located valley floor hill ranges king established city marketplace grounds today occupied market tile constructed 1930s decreed friday market day merchants erect stalls shaded white extended valley forming called largest open air marketplace world market caused traffic congestion safety hazards prompting government officials divide relocate friday merchants districts city main commercial administrative neighborhoods spread extend adjacent plain established french drained filled extant rice fields create area current design infrastructure avenue runs gardens south market city railroad station west lies dense commercial district district built grid center city south asian community east built lake eastern edge city north tunnel built french early 20th century cuts connects residential areas south city pre colonial times lower classes including descended slave class rural migrants occupied flood prone lower districts bordering rice fields west city area connected tunnel constructed french early 20th century tunnel opens national supreme_court buildings provides access residential neighborhood stadium bordering neighborhood developed 1950s house national senate planned residential district abbreviated neighborhood city densely populated crime ridden impoverished neighborhoods approximately percent inhabitants electricity homes obtain illegally city power lines areas houses vulnerable fires flooding landslides triggered annual cyclone season architecture mid-19th century houses madagascar constructed woods grasses plant based materials viewed appropriate structures living family tombs built stone material viewed appropriate use dead british missionaries introduced brick making island 1820s french industrialist stone brick build factories decades royal construction materials lifted 1860s stone royal palace inspired royal palace story brick houses wrapped divided interior spaces built british missionaries copied british model large homes model known house rapidly spread central highlands madagascar remains predominant house construction style increasingly sought protect restore city architectural cultural heritage authorities partnered city planners develop plan plan strategy creating classification system architectural areas city legal protection financial support historic cultural heritage plan implemented prevents destruction historic buildings structures establishes construction codes ensure new structures follow historic aesthetics provides awareness raising campaigns favor historic preservation projects restore dilapidated historic buildings sites plan 19th century sites like tribunal second residence renovated demographics largest city island late 18th century population estimated population grown declining dramatically reigns especially combination war forced labor disease harsh measures justice population fell period final years population recovered population slaves largely captured provincial military campaigns population late 1990s population metropolitan area reached million city population suburbs lying outside city limits grown million metropolitan area home percent island residents rural migration capital growth city population exceeds provincial capitals combined historic capital centrally located homeland people comprise percent population largest ethnic group city history island major center politics culture trade ensured cosmopolitan mix ethnic groups island overseas residents strong ties ancestral village extended family typically family tomb burial place located older residents leave city retirement return rural area origin crime despite ongoing efforts crime worsened city average police officers inhabitants large cities typically closer street lights installed repaired city improve night time safety increased number police officers streets leading drop crime city lacks comprehensive strategy reducing crime recent increase crime inadequate response prompted growth private security firms city economy agriculture economy land cultivation rice crops raising livestock bricks traditional access land guaranteed protected law resident city manages requests lease purchase land demand dramatically supply land fails meet criteria land runoff diverted marginal land illegally occupied developed land seeking residents creating pockets lower portions city development poses safety risks residents areas industry accounts percent madagascar gross domestic product largely concentrated key industries include soap production food tobacco processing leather manufacturing providing employment percent workforce city extensive infrastructure role economic center country favorable location large businesses business owners drivers growth city percent new buildings country located built commercial purposes unemployment poverty growing fueled skilled workforce lack comprehensive national strategy economic development formal sector job growth kept pace population growth residents earn informal sector street vendors laborers construction capital increased sharply new constructed years residents urban areas particular hardest hit economic economic policy shifts national economic crisis mid-1970s early 1980s structural adjustment program lowered living standards average resident city end state subsidies rapid inflation higher taxes widespread decline middle class especially evident growing wealth tiny political economic elite city thirds residents access electricity percent households owned car motor vehicle running water installed fewer percent homes small restaurants businesses necessitating collection water household wells neighborhood pumps use outdoor pit toilets detached main building percent households shared public homes use daily cooking stocks rice kept kitchen average city household spends half budget food owing increasingly high cost consumption meat city residents sharply declined 1970s urban poor eat meat holidays twice year culture highlands families practice ancestor ceremony ceremony typically occurs seven years death relative celebrated removing relative wrapped remains family tomb fresh silk returning tomb relatives friends neighbors invited music dancing accompanies event costly families sacrifice higher living standards set aside money ceremony historic sites museums cultural heritage extensive highly significant regional national populations city numerous monuments historic buildings sites significance traditions related customs history central highlands people city skyline dominated destroyed fire undergoing reconstruction nearby palace home 19th century prime minister currently contains museum featuring historic artifacts including items saved fire downhill palaces kings queens delivered speeches public displays island unique animal species complete skeleton extinct elephant bird historic buildings include tribunal judgement second residence indigenous medicinal plant garden recently renovated railroad station late 19th century memorial churches built commemorate early christian tomb prime minister early 20th century market open air markets include market neighborhood features exhibits history cultures madagascar diverse ethnic groups arts arts scene largest vibrant country madagascar diverse music reflected concerts dance clubs musical venues dry season outdoor concerts regularly held venues including concerts night clubs attended mainly young people middle upper classes afford entrance fees affordable performances traditional city outdoor theater alliance performances popular older rural audiences urban youth animated neighborhoods neighborhood country indoor performance space built international standards built regularly hosts concerts dance arts performances novelty events like monster truck rallies city lacks dedicated classical music performance space concerts international artists performances classical jazz foreign musical genres modern contemporary dance theater arts occur cultural arts centers funded foreign governments private entities best known centre alliance funded french government branch funded german government funded united_states government dedicated cinemas built colonial era venues international releases occasionally screen films private events religious services sports considered national sport madagascar national rugby team nicknamed local word indigenous ring tailed team trains plays domestic matches stadium constructed stadium capacity houses gym administrative offices team replaces home capacity approximately regularly exceeded number attendees soccer teams based associated region associated affiliated historic secondary school teams train play local games largest sporting venue country men basketball teams challenger based play des sports government capital madagascar federal governance structures including senate supreme_court presidential office housed main presidential offices located south city nationwide beginning mid-1990s produced laws including april march provided distinctive status defined additional governance roles city making administrative seat region district city proper city hosts diplomatic missions countries divided numbered administrative sub districts historically administered elected mayor associated staff political crisis mayor seized power head state administered special delegation composed president facto mayor support vice presidents appointed president position president held march mayoral administration empowered govern city autonomy wide range mechanisms established facilitate governance limited effectiveness urban master plan guides major policies city management personnel mayoral office commonly lack urban planning management ability effectively implement plan response long term immediate needs challenge compounded high turnover rate staff frequently initiatives begun previous mayor president created red zones areas public gathering protests prohibited june abolished areas freedom assembly suffered debt estimated cost running city international standards reach million annually annual revenues average million good years able reserve million spend city improvement projects city treasury accumulated billion approximately million debts previous water cut public pumps regular city street lights million unpaid debts public utilities company city response mayor undertook identified sought address long standing procedural irregularities corruption city administration continues challenged shortage revenues relative expenses caused high cost retaining large number personnel weak structures managing revenues public inadequate collection tax revenues city residents businesses twin towns sister cities established sister city agreements cities city armenia city russia china montreal canada sister city relationship france established currently active education madagascar public private universities located includes country oldest higher education institute established monarchy established french colonial administration city hosts private pre primary primary secondary schools national network public schools city houses french international school american school russian school nation prestigious dance school art located major dance schools based city include madagascar arts space health general availability quality health care better madagascar remains inadequate country relative developed countries madagascar medical schools located medical technicians specialists trained care significantly better island despite presence facilities trained personnel high cost health care places reach residents imported making particularly traditional remain popular readily available local markets frequented population large population high density residential zones pose challenges public health access clean drinking water processing disposal industrial residential waste inadequate waste water discharged directly city waterways air pollution vehicle residential coal burning sources city set clean water pumps remain inadequate distributed according population density access populous parts city urban areas madagascar plague endemic problems diminished eliminated mayoral administration security public administration obtained funds international donors establish garbage collection disposal systems restore dilapidated infrastructure roads public gardens improve city constructed public densely populated highly frequented areas transport communications majority city residents foot sets rules govern system private running eighty numbered routes city additional managed run lines neighboring suburbs bus systems served passengers day fail meet safety standards air quality requirements typically passengers cargo police assist regulating traffic peak periods morning evening special events holidays private licensed common vehicles older newer vehicles near hotels frequented foreigners willing able pay higher prices better services city encircled ring road connected direct routes national highways branches roads major highways connect city national road network connected train east southeast city principal railway station centrally located end avenue international airport located approximately kilometres miles center city connecting national airports hub national airline air madagascar airport island hosting long haul carriers direct flights connect cities south_africa europe asia government television radio broadcasting centers headquarters numerous private stations located eighty percent households radio medium popular social classes stations like appeal listeners ages playing traditional contemporary music highlands region youth oriented stations play blend western artists performers western genres fusion coastal musical styles evangelical broadcasts daily international local news available french english percent residents television receiver major newspapers printed city widely available communications services best country internet mobile telephone networks readily available affordable service occur periodically national postal service headquartered private international shipping companies like provide services city
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