july january american economist journalist educator academic administrator military officer union_army walker born prominent boston family son economist politician graduated age received commission join 15th quickly rose ranks assistant adjutant general walker fought wounded battle subsequently participated overland captured confederate forces held infamous july nominated president confirmed united_states senate award honorary grade brigadier general rank march age following war walker served editorial staff springfield republican family military connections gain appointment chief superintendent census published award winning data time joined yale_university professor political economy rose international prominence serving chief member american representative president inaugural president vice president walker led census resulted volume census walker reputation nation economist walker wage fund doctrine engaged prominent scholarly debate land rent taxes walker argued support opponent nascent socialist movement argued obligations existed employer employed published international height presidential election campaign economic issues prominent walker prolific writer books political economy military history recognition contributions economic theory beginning recognized lifetime achievement individual economist medal walker accepted presidency position held years death tenure placed institution stable financial aggressively fund raising securing grants massachusetts government implemented reforms oversaw launch new academic programs expanded size boston campus faculty student mit students original buildings campus dedicated background walker born boston massachusetts youngest son née prominent economist state politician children emma born robert born francis door neighbor holmes junior walker junior holmes young children renewed friendship later life family moved boston massachusetts remained boy noted temper magnetic personality beginning schooling age seven walker studied latin private public schools sent completed college preparation time fourteen spent year studying greek latin future abolitionist entered age planned harvard year father believed son young enter larger college insisted remain entered class walker ill year fell year member societies freshman joined withdrew sophomore account finally joined student walker awarded essay prize hardy prize speaking graduated beta degree law graduation joined law firm worcester massachusetts military service 15th tensions north south increased winter walker equipped began drilling major worcester new_york despite older brother robert serving 34th father objected youngest son wave volunteers walker returned worcester began lobby governor grant commission second lieutenant command 15th massachusetts following 21st birthday july walker secured consent father join war effort assurances receive officer commission instead offered walker appointment sergeant major assumed august previously ordered lieutenant uniform reflect enlisted status september walker recommended reassigned brig assistant adjutant general promoted captain walker remained washington winter combat battle walker served seven seven days battles summer army walker remained promotion august major later saw action battles new command walker corps join winter walker promoted lieutenant colonel january remained fought hand wrist shattered neck exploding shell record census indicated compound fracture bones left hand resulting permanent extension hand later president mit receive country documented extent damage hand return service august walker participated narrowly escaped withdrawing near hill plantation winter spending leave north extensive reorganization winter walker army fought overland campaign june early june took substantial toll ranks walker injured knee battle ensuing walker appointed colonel august rode find second battle station walker surrounded captured august walker able escape marching prisoner column prisoner recaptured 51st trying swim nearly drowning held prisoner transferred infamous richmond older brother held october walker released thirty prisoners exchange walker returned resigned commission january result injuries health end war recommended walker brigadier general recognition services war especially conduct july walker nominated president award honorary grade brigadier general rank march age conduct battle services war confirmed award july war walker companion united_states activity late spring walker regained sufficient strength began assist father political economy assisting preparation science wealth taught latin greek mathematics seminary massachusetts offered editorial position springfield republican republican walker wrote reconstruction era politics railroad regulation representation census editorial career moving forward walker called father political contacts secure appointment chief deputy special commissioner january january previously served army currently secretary interior president grant administration notified year old walker nominated superintendent census confirmed senate walker sought strike moderate position free inefficient methods required legislation passed census proceeded rules governing previous collections problems facing walker included lack authority determine enforce control personnel methods timing regularly manipulated local political interests additionally census occur years civil war african americans fully counted census owing confluence problems census completed months schedule popular criticism led indirectly deterioration walker health spring walker took leave travel england summer return fall despite offer new_york_times join editorial board annual salary accepted secretary offer commissioner november appointment simultaneously continue fund walker federal responsibilities census superintendent despite congress cessation position political opportunity replace scandal ridden predecessor walker continued work census years culminating publication united_states unprecedented use visual statistics maps report results census won praise secretary class medal despite census related efforts walker neglect obligations post war era government efforts issue western land grants settlers miners railroads served tensions native american tribes displaced stripped sovereignty following act congress indian tribes engaged open hostilities 1860s 1870s walker indians lazy battle like expedition meet walker echoed grant recommendation native americans secured reservations limited mineral agricultural value educated reformed november eruption indian violence oregon known war walker position resigned commissioner december faculty position yale walker criticized successors corruption abuse power subsequent years published indian question engagements busy year walker sought recruit walker editor chief failing recruit position spring walker nominated run secretary running platform later embodied movement ultimately lost margin votes cast summer faculty attempted recruit president position went instead conservative trustees walker rise prominence accelerated appointment chief philadelphia previous world europe national awards walker imposed operation replacing judges selective awarding prizes walker won formal international recognition named knight commander sweden norway spain invited serve assistant commissioner general paris exposition affected walker later career greatly increasing interest technical education introducing mit president census walker accepted appointment superintendent census new law spearheaded congressman passed allow appoint trained census free political influence notably results suggested population southern states increased walker census investigation revealed walker publicized effectively accuracy work tenth census resulted publication volumes popularly regarded best census time definitively established walker reputation nation census delayed result size subject praise criticism relevance walker position bully pulpit advocate creation permanent ensure professional trained retained information better popularized following election wide speculation walker secretary interior walker accepted offer president mit spring instead academic career census obligations diminished walker briefly entertained idea shoe manufacturer brother law october unanimously offered fill vacated post yale recently established led served member walker awarded honorary degrees yale harvard columbia dublin edinburgh elected honorary member served vice president death addition elected president helped found launch named president walker served inaugural president took appointments lecturer professor economics lecturer harvard_university trustee wages fund theory walker scholarly contributions widely recognized having modernized economic statistical theory contributions wages wealth distribution money social economics arguments economics readily classified professor political economy major scholarly contribution wages question set debunk wage fund doctrine address radical notion obligations employer employed theory wage distribution later came known theory set stage contributions marginal productivity theory despite walker advocacy profit sharing expansion educational opportunities trade industrial schools opponent nascent socialist movement published critiques popular novel debates beginning walker political economist engaged prominent debate economic land money taxes based series lectures delivered published land rent criticism george progress poverty walker position international influenced arguments primary cause economic depressions land speculation money supply walker criticized george assumptions technical progress labor saving land held speculation inefficient august walker represented united_states international monetary conference paris attending exposition attempts united_states establish international silver standard defeated walker scramble complete report exposition days returned october failure conference exhausted obligations exposition trip secured walker commanding national international reputation walker published silver political pressure impact change prices profits worker employment wages walker reputation position issue isolated public figures target press book published midst presidential election pitting populist silver candidate capitalist gold candidate competing interpretations nation leading economist stance issue political football campaign presidential candidate economist close allies walker advocated double standard leading financial nations argued shift silver standard rift heightened east west divide issue walker general political walker position supported conservative like interests edition published widely textbooks 19th century component criticized edition devoid facts figures practices capacities native americans immigrants generally state art economics time walker took interest demographics later career particularly issues immigration birth rates published growth united states arguing increasing restrictions concern diminished industrial intellectual capacity recent wave immigrants walker argued immigration major reason nineteenth century native american fertility decline argument politically popular widely accepted restrictions immigration rested surprisingly statistical analysis later refuted writing immigrants southern italy hungary austria russia atlantic walker claimed entrance political social industrial life vast masses degraded matter intelligent patriot look alarm people history nature encouragement inherited instincts tendencies comparatively easy deal immigration time beaten men beaten races representing worst failures struggle existence centuries centuries came ideas fit men readily easily problem self care self government belong descended tribes met oak trees old germany laws choose based experiences military walker published books describing history biography general walker elected commander united_states president mit presidency established opened mit saw financial stability severely undermined following subsequent long depression seventy year old founder elected interim president stepped rogers wrote walker june offer presidency walker evidently debated opportunity time rogers sent follow inquiries january february requesting committed decision walker ultimately accepted early formally elected president resigning yale appointment june census november assassination attempt president july ensuing illness death september upset walker transition delayed formal introduction faculty mit november walker commencement exercises rogers died mid speech words famously coal mit inability secure stable financial era largely attributed existence harvard given choice funding technological research oldest university nation independent adolescent institution potential indifferent hostile funding mit competing mission earlier harvard president consolidation schools rejected disrupted rogers despite tenure analogous walker remained committed mit independence larger institution walker repeatedly received president new university california walker remained committed mit owing boston upbringing aid expansion light difficulties raising capital expansions despite mit privately endowed status walker members corporation lobbied massachusetts legislature grant aid industrial development commonwealth dollars intensive negotiations called walker extensive connections civic experience legislature grant years institute lead total million grants commonwealth practice discontinued walker sought erect new building address increasingly cramped conditions original campus located near square increasingly fashionable crowded bay neighborhood boston original land grant prevented mit covering current lot walker announced intention build industrial expansion lot directly fully intending expected opposition lead favorable terms selling proposed land funding construction financial health institute beginning recover walker began construction partially funded expansion fully expecting project tool raising funds strategy partially successful building laboratory facilities second lacked outward architectural sister building generally considered surroundings mechanical shops moved original accommodate programs institute began construction square building new programs launched walker tenure engineering geology naval architecture reforms walker continued census related activities began lecture political economy establishing new general course study course emphasizing economics history law english modern languages walker set reform expand institute organization creating smaller apart member corporation handle regular administrative issues walker emphasized importance faculty governance regularly attending meetings seeking advice major decisions walker sought improve state student life alumni relations supporting creation gymnasium served foster stronger identity loyalty largely commuter student body won considerable praise student body reducing required time spent preparation limiting faculty examinations lasting longer hours expanding entrance examinations cities starting summer curriculum launching masters doctoral graduate degree programs reforms largely response walker going defense institute curriculum outside accusations poor writing skills status mere trade school students annual degrees granted increased faculty appointments grew dollars mit private institution walker extensive civic activities president set precedent future presidents use post fulfill civic cultural obligations boston served member trustee walker committed variety reforms public normal schools secular expanding emphasis reducing emphasis home exercises increasing pay training teachers personal life walker married august born october sons daughters june september francis december stuart walker avid spectator supporter college football baseball regular yale annual football game mit presidency following trip dedication wilderness december walker returned exhausted ill died january result funeral service conducted walker buried cemetery massachusetts grave found section lot legacy following walker death alumni students began raise funds construct monument years leader university funds easily raised plans delayed decades mit plans new campus western bank cambridge new campus opened featured neo classical walker memorial building housing gymnasium students club lounge room despite prominence leadership fields economics statistics political economy walker course dissolved shortly death seventy year debate followed appropriate role scope social studies mit graduation requirements changed years included number courses undergraduate students required classes distributed arts receiving degrees address continuing concerns poor communications skills added classes taken designated major communication intensive including substantial instruction practice oral presentation beginning recognized lifetime achievement individual economist medal award discontinued creation nobel memorial prize economic sciences effectively medal awarded principal works indian question wages question treatise wages wages class money money political economy edition land rent history life general making nation international
Francis Amasa Walker