commonly known wine cap pine spike species mushroom family found north_america dominican_republic mushrooms grow ground pine trees fruit bodies reddish brown shiny caps wide atop tapered stems long gills thick initially pale orange turning extend short way length stem mushroom edible sold local markets mexico highly rated distinguishing species similar species difficult morphology similar cap coloration variable reliable characteristic differentiated thickness walls taxonomy species described american mycologist based specimens collected near lake new_york noted resemblance thought closely related transferred newly created genus molecular analysis internal dna sequences shows groups clade closely related species feature flesh thick walled cystidia based analysis miller considered distinct genetically warrant designation separate species index list valid species specific epithet means wine colored commonly known wine cap pine spike description fruit body caps initially conical convex later developing small central depression caps measure wide color highly variable ranging wine red reddish brown orange brown yellow brown wine red develop surface dried rotten smooth cap surface shiny somewhat sticky wet flesh thick color taste odor variously described distinctive pleasant thick gills attached extending short ways stem spaced buff pale orange young turning spores mature original description noted gills viewed hand lens appear abundant spores fruit bodies initially covered thin web like partial veil soon disappears cap expands cylindrical stem measures long thick base wine red reddish brown dry smooth surface partial veil leaves indistinct thin ring upper stem spore print black spores narrowly elliptical shaped smooth measure cystidia somewhat shaped narrowly club shaped measure thick walls wide middle portion mushroom edible free insect damage highly recommended include species flavor improve drying mushrooms sold local markets del state mexico report species causing contact sensitivity individual handled mushroom developed burning sensation eyes eyes similar species species morphology coloration similar include reliably distinguished basis having thick walled cystidia widest species separated basis color having brighter colors yellowish orange molecular analyses european north american collections suggest restricted europe occurs north_america cap coloration reliably species determination nearly identical species found dominican_republic jamaica distinguished slightly smaller spores measuring cystidia uniformly walls thick hyphae measure wide fruit bodies robust reddish stems thick species tends produce spore prints habitat distribution mycorrhizal fungus fruits singly scattered groups ground conifers fruiting usually occurs cooler weather later summer autumn coastal california fruiting occurs winter found near known like species widespread range north_america extending south mexico recorded dominican_republic
Chroogomphus vinicolor