architecture architecture developed north_africa combined elements eastern western architecture drawing architecture architecture north african traditions early islamic styles medieval architecture introducing innovations wealth architecture found main cities cairo architectural activity expression rule old city cairo eastern palaces buildings built ruled generally considered extensive builders credited thirteen major landmarks including golden palace cairo mosque fortress bridge public competed rulers byzantine luxurious palace building palaces greatest architectural achievements known written descriptions surviving tombs gates walls mainly cairo retain original elements extensively modified rebuilt later periods notable extant examples architecture include cairo heavily influenced architecture byzantium introduced developed unique features centred keel arch connecting square interior volumes dome followed plan central courtyard surrounded arcades roofs usually supported keel arches initially resting columns capitals typically features wall façade ornamentation inscriptions decorations doors interiors buildings finely carved considerable development building shrine commemorates descendant prophet muhammad characteristic type architecture era gates cairo built orders survived altered centuries byzantine architectural features little trace eastern islamic tradition recently neo style emerged modern claims continuity original architecture background origins originated movement launched western edge claimed generation descendant islamic prophet muhammad prophet daughter grandson known leader movement fled enemies morocco guise merchant supported militant named organized uprising dynasty invited assume position empire grew include sicily stretch north_africa atlantic libya built capital cities occupied order cairo egypt walled city located peninsula projected mediterranean coast tunisia port occupied site founded later port invasion egypt launched built great mosque earliest new city buildings erected nearby time disappeared monumental access gate north mosque preserved original structure near tunisia capital rules din built circular walled city holding elaborate palaces surrounded gardens artificial pools water channels moved city new city cairo continued serve provincial capital abandoned destroyed useful objects materials centuries followed today faint traces remain egypt general built new palace city near conquering egypt called capital tunisia arrived changed cairo new city incorporated elements design rectangular circular plan cities named prophet daughter gates named cities palaces heir opposite facing generally considered extensive builders aided funds generated father tax reforms credited major building works reign death including golden palace cairo mosque fortress bridge public mother widow responsible ordering commencement building projects mainly area ordering construction second mosque cairo similar mosque fourteen gates later destroyed fire leaving green credited ordering construction palace public bath pool royal garden hydraulic pump fortress ordered built courtyard pavilion overlooking called noted builder numerous state architectural projects restoration works rule particularly restoring building built gates fortifications cairo architectural style according public architecture extension ceremonial aspects royal court architecture drew decorative architectural elements east west spanned early islamic period middle ages making difficult architecture developed indigenous form incorporated elements seat byzantine features early buildings period brick 12th century onward stone gradually chief building material combined elements eastern western architecture drawing north african greek indigenous traditions early islamic styles medieval architecture unusually tolerant people different ethnic origins religious views adept exploiting abilities works architecture reflect architectural details imported probably fact employed architects places construct buildings architecture egypt drew earlier styles techniques similar types material consciously architectural concepts architecture influenced mediterranean cultures iranian architecture followed traditional plans aesthetics differed architectural details massive elaborate scholars describe architecture inventive decoration broad architectural concept acknowledges contributed distinct style mosque introduced developed usage keel arch feature connecting square dome complex innovation niche placed niche segments niche possible design iranian inspiration similar system applied window building according horse shoe arch developed egypt rule persian origin commonly thought palaces palaces greatest architectural achievements destroyed known written descriptions architectural activity expression rule outskirts cairo eastern palaces buildings built competed rivals byzantine known palaces extraordinary palaces gold support ceilings typically asked golden throne curtain similar rulers byzantines furniture adorned motifs birds animals said bring good luck depictions hunters musicians dancers court reflected palace life installed palaces cool atmosphere characteristic type shrine commemorates descendant prophet muhammad tombs treated straightforward square structures dome complex included rooms rule rebuilt honour notable female figures history built tombs wives daughters destroyed greatly altered later renovations called exception building prayer hall covered cross dome resting area courtyard tall square clear commemorates important era cairo cemetery descendant ali visited egypt built commemorate similar larger dome decorated plan decoration reflect doctrine royal ceremonial purposes characteristic architectural styles include wall arcades keel shaped arches supported series columns façade ornamentation inscriptions decorations followed plan central courtyard surrounded arcades roofs usually supported keel arches initially resting columns capitals arches held inscription bands style unique architecture later columns bell shaped capital shape mirrored form base prayer niche elaborate features dome architects built modified versions keel arched later extended concept doors interiors buildings finely carved mosque later built egypt incorporated brick probably original designs derived early forms later evolved characteristic shape lower rectangular shaft supported section capped helmet cairo destroyed earthquake floating located shops time façade mosque aligned street decorated decorations wood stone including marble floral patterns byzantine origins decorations complex earlier islamic forms carefully adapted structural constraints imposing architecture decoration buildings mosque provided backdrop supported dual role religious political leader great mosque built tunisia islamic calendar artificial platform reclaimed sea mentioned founding city internally great mosque layout similar region transverse aisle paralleled wall right angles transverse original wall destroyed sea erosion rebuilt reducing size prayer hall like region orientation differs significantly true great circle route unlike north african great mosque single imposing entrance known example projecting monumental porch mosque derived architecture secular buildings mosque libya similar plan monumental entrance like mosque ideological reasons mosque mosque commissioned din newly established capital city cairo tribute daughter prophet commander army started construction mosque mosque established city prayers held mosque authorities hired scholars making teaching centre theology mosque established mosque cairo similar projecting entrance great mosque original building open central courtyard arcades layout similar round arches pre islamic columns capitals indicative location prayer hall corners wall prayer niche small brick main entrance gallery courtyard series columns prayer hall built rows pillars minor alterations significant changes adding fourth arcade keel arches dome elaborate carved decorations mosque greatly enlarged modified years original building little remains arcades decoration mosque unusually detailed description mosque cairo built left historian died said mosque lovely garden west door enters large middle mosque high iron sheets runs door right fourteen square doors baked brick doors row arches arch rests marble columns interior carved relief decorated blue red green colors certain places painted uniform tone ceilings entirely painted arcades supported columns covered paintings different colors probable description mosque portal projected wall earlier respects resembled mosque layout architecture decoration praised mosque left specific descriptions mosque says distinguished court construction ceilings named rule egypt construction mosque started ordered completion building southern inscription date significant changes mosque outside city walls rebuilt walls enclosed larger area north wall mosque new stone city wall mosque badly damaged earthquake suffered damage later years nineteenth century ruined reconstructed mosque irregular arcades surround courtyard ibn mosque arches pointed rest brick piers resembles mosque having wall corner like prayer hall crossed right angles wide tall central aisle leading prayer niche mosque design mosque differs having stone corners stone façade monumental projecting portal like cairo mosque located southern cemetery hills built reign mosque built limestone consisted originally storey tower like structure built rectangular plan exhibited typical aspects architectural style slight walls triple arches keel shaped arches mosque partially collapsed later refurbished built commander forces mosque completed patronage built end ensure view cairo city built mosque located north street notable façade decorated inscriptions geometric carving mosque cairo decoration façade follows line street built angle rectangular hall orientation dictated direction cairo fortifications new city wall built cairo orders cairo expanded original city walls city faced threats east notably commander army fact fortifications test gates new walls survived built northern southern ends main axis armenian origin said employed north extensive building works gate said built different architect gates byzantine architectural features little trace islamic tradition according gates built christian monks fled surviving structures similar gates near armenia stylistic evidence indicates byzantine origins design entirely plausible preferred stone medium building works introducing new style cairo architecture gates massive towers linked curtain walls introduced architectural features new egypt including support gates intersecting barrel use semi circular horizontal arches lack pointed arches represented departure normal architecture probably taken syrian examples widely period use stone reflects syrian tastes gates metres long vaulted ceilings hidden openings ceilings lower tower solid stone upper vaulted room unusual feature wall near stone appears like balcony wall contains inscription texts characters gate north wall old city built stands northern end street means conquest gate rounded towers incorporating design parallel carved lines loops earlier use decorative style known common period carved entrance arch head ram appears survival pre islamic symbolism massive fortified gate built rectangular stone towers means gate victory entrance cross vaulted shallow upper levels towers walls decorated shields swords possibly byzantine design french inscriptions indicate use fort napoleon soldiers including tour tour medieval gate built remaining southern gate walls gate today commonly called comes meaning door north african tribe towers semi circular inner flanks arches decorations north african motif introduced egypt right contains half carved arches corner gates massive weighing tons gates today open visitors area viewed additions 15th century modern buildings gone renovations different styles early period modern times mosque process built period suspended mosque shops underneath high basement earthquake rebuilt basin added early ottoman period built ordered major reconstruction original building replaced apart doors finely carved doors registered historical monument committee conservation building registered group million trace faith converts hindu faith time engaged cairo 1970s aside heritage purpose campaign restore architecture cairo encourage pilgrimage aims increase community internationally activities drawn negative comments critics europe america believe preserved current state november newsletter wrote scathing report renovation mosque saying method financing project intriguing concrete arcades mosque opened year later egyptian gazette complimentary transformation run building achieved resort public aid significantly changed buildings prior state marble extensively interior exterior surfaces inscriptions interior motifs designs copied mosque bay mosque damaged replaced version marble mosque mosque ruin rebuilt story building somewhat like decorative elements silver gold tombs arches particularly groups considered regardless shape result termed neo architecture found new world sir leader sect buried built neo style cases style incorporates elements clearly different period destroyed earthquake later rebuilt read vision gallery
Fatimid architecture