sanskrit listen physical mental spiritual practice discipline originated ancient india broad variety schools practices goals buddhism known types origins speculated date traditions mentioned likely developed sixth fifth centuries bce ancient india movements chronology earliest texts describing practices unclear credited buddhist probably century bce later date half 1st millennium gained prominence west 20th century texts emerged 11th century origins india later introduced west following success late 19th early 20th century 1980s popular system physical exercise western world indian traditions physical exercise spiritual core major orthodox schools called closely related philosophy studies tried determine effectiveness intervention cancer heart disease results studies mixed inconclusive cancer studies suggesting unclear effectiveness suggesting reduce risk factors aid patient psychological healing process etymology root means add join unite attach common literal sense extension horses word took broader meanings employment use application performance compare uses harness use developments sense word post moods zeal found indian epic poetry compound words containing sanskrit meanings connection contact union method application addition performance simpler words means combined example means contact cord medical sense applying similar instrument means case thigh astronomical sense conjunction moon term expressing connection relation man etc means devoted attachment movement term sense meaning connection compound given technical meaning designating practical aspects philosophy union supreme performance duties everyday life according 6th century term derived roots concentrate context root concentrate considered traditional commentators correct etymology accordance wrote commentary states means concentration according term derived roots concentrate practices follows philosophy high level commitment called applied man woman traditionally denoting woman goals ultimate goal liberation exact definition form takes depends philosophical theological system according principal meanings disciplined method attaining goal techniques controlling body mind schools systems philosophy connection words referring traditions particular techniques goal practice according 5th century onward core principles place variations principles developed forms time means discovering dysfunctional perception overcoming release suffering inner peace salvation illustration principle found hindu texts number buddhist works texts raising expansion consciousness oneself discussed sources literature buddhist texts path consciousness enabling permanent true reality examples found school texts buddhism texts different ways technique entering bodies generating multiple bodies supernatural accomplishments states white described literature buddhism buddhist suggests fringe practices far removed mainstream goal meditation driven means liberation indian religions white principle relates legendary goals practice different practical goals practice viewed south asian thought practice beginning hindu buddhist philosophical schools schools term applied variety practices methods including buddhist practices include called refers limbs practiced attain described term originally referred ultimate goal usually common classical considered philosophical school context schools accept source knowledge influence considered scripture classical status acquired 20th century twentieth century works considered central works prevailed described refers considered central text school hindu philosophy called kings term originally referred ultimate royal goal usually common incorporates ethical practices systematic exercises self development techniques body mind spirit school accept reliable means knowledge perception direct sensory observations testimony experts orthodox schools strongly unlike school pursues non approach school accepts concept personal essentially inactive deity personal god foundations school hindu philosophy incorporates ethical introspective way life focused self physically mentally ultimate goal liberated unified content state existence called kind focusing physical mental strength building exercises described primarily texts 15th century author unknown late 17th century late 17th century scholars include preceding authored 11th century list widely considered responsible know today founded indian series sanskrit parallel unite buddhism buddhist meditation encompasses variety meditation techniques aim develop concentration powers insight core techniques preserved ancient buddhist texts teacher student pursue meditation path enlightenment closest words meditation classical languages buddhism meditation central practice spirituality meditation aims realizing self attain salvation soul complete freedom aims reach remain pure state soul believed pure conscious attachment meditation broadly categorized samuel states contested concept described according samuel practices 9th 10th century buddhist texts included practices elaborate deity drawings fierce male particularly female deities life stage related rituals extensive use sexual techniques aimed help health long life liberation modern health application apart spiritual goals physical alleviate health problems reduce stress spine contemporary times complete exercise program physical therapy routine practice continues rise contemporary american culture sufficient adequate knowledge practice origins according undoubtedly hindu movement spiritual meditation marketed supplement routine scope hindu identity contemporaries hindu faith argue popular gets concerned people origins history contemporaries state practice credit practice achieve benefit custom published results review alternative sought determine suitable covered health insurance practices evaluated clear evidence effectiveness found reviewers limited drawing definite conclusions lack studies clinical conditions lack information reported reviews potentially primary studies history origins matter debate consensus chronology specific origin developed ancient india suggested origins bce period bce movement according exist traditions simplistic undoubtedly found elements traditions played important formation ideal pre philosophical begin emerge texts bce bce philosophical schools buddhism taking form coherent philosophical system began emerge middle ages saw development satellite traditions came attention educated western public mid 19th century topics indian philosophy pre elements state originated marshall scholars suggest seal discovered sites depict figures positions resembling common meditation pose interpretation considered speculative uncertain recent analysis case projecting later practices findings period bce according indian researchers generally favoured linear theory attempts interpret origin early development indian practices growth genesis like traditional regards source spiritual knowledge practices concentration described according best evidence date suggests practices developed circles early movements probably sixth fifth centuries bce according philosophy non system includes school hindu philosophy buddhism derive sources reflects older pre upper class northeastern india rooted archaic speculation buddhism systems references use root word hymn dedication rising morning interpreted control earliest evidence tradition found hymn states times left little evidence existence practices achievements evidence survived indirect existence accomplished times doubted describe little evidence practices early references practices later earliest example practice consciously regulating breath mentioned hymn bce practice concentrating senses self mentioned hymn bce practices practices concentration priests conduct sacrifice group mentioned emphasized evolved early contain references group techniques controlling breath vital energies mentioned texts corpus bce rig suggests presence early tradition era bce concepts begin emerge texts bce canon middle known appearance word meaning modern term composed fourth century bce defined steady control senses cessation mental activity leading supreme state early concepts defines levels existence according proximity seen process ascent consciousness earliest literary work highlights white states earliest extant systematic account bridge earlier uses term found hindu scripture dating century bce describes hierarchy mind body constituents senses mind intellect etc comprise categories philosophy system grounds texts schools hymns book late millennium bce text states procedure body held upright posture breath restrained mind inside cave place simple plain silence gently flowing water noises harsh winds likely composed later century mentions method breath control introspective withdrawal senses meditation mind concentration philosophical inquiry creative reasoning absorption intense spiritual union addition discussion principal related texts composed 1st 2nd millennium discuss methods historical texts alexander great reached india 4th century bce army took greek academics later wrote memoirs geography people customs saw alexander companion quoted book sections describes india claims indian practiced different standing sitting lying naked mentions colleague trying meet initially denied audience later invited sent king curious wisdom philosophy learn consider best doctrine life rid spirit pain pleasure man trains body order opinions strengthened shame life fare best place inhabit equipment outfit principles significant history spiritual reflect ancient roots balance later works buddhist respectively states principle non non simple living discussed later early buddhist texts states founder system use experiences previously gained teachers time notes buddhism speak systematic comprehensive integral school practice oldest preserved entirety chronology completion related unclear like ancient hindu texts early known buddhist sources like mention meditation describes resemble early hindu descriptions meditation practices called texts earliest known specific discussion buddhist literature understood modern context fourth century scriptures buddhist school fifth century system buddhist school sources buddhist ones difficult distinguish nature early school elements derived schools contemporary systems alluded lost time early buddhist texts describe practices states borrowed tradition canon contains passages describes pressing tongue purposes controlling hunger mind depending passage mention tongue inserted true posture pressure heel similar modern stimulate uncertainty chronology author origin buddhist meditation observes meditation meditation originated tradition earliest reference meditation oldest describes kinds vital energies concepts later traditions internal sound veins described defines mastery body senses song lord uses term extensively variety ways addition entire chapter dedicated traditional practice including meditation introduces prominent types action devotion knowledge consists chapters verses chapter named different eighteen different scholars divide sections chapters dealing middle containing chapters rough elements found chapters description early form called cessation contained section 12th chapter verses section dated bce emphasizes progressive withdrawal contents consciousness thoughts etc self realized terms like subtle reflection discrimination similar terminology mentioned described uniform goal mentioned separation self matter entering etc described goals verses describe identical describes early practice meditation defines purpose experience uniting individual universal things classical era bce period witnessed texts buddhism discussing systematically compiling methods practices considered key work classical period era bce philosophical schools buddhism taking form coherent philosophical system began emerge philosophy mentioned sanskrit texts dated completed bce verse example states categories traditions india began adopt systematic century probably oldest begin taking systematic form building early works principles appear ideas commentary called commentary exposition philosophy describes relation systems schools differences accepted conception personal god developed non system hindu philosophy system referred parallels close says popular distinguished lord hindu philosophy orthodox accept testimony philosophical schools author indian philosophy believes process began middle culminated numerous parallels concepts ancient buddhist schools thought particularly 2nd century bce 1st century notes synthesis traditions adopt reflective methods gaining reliable knowledge buddhism idea suggests adopt pursuit altered state awareness unlike buddhist concept self soul like believing individual self soul concept philosophy ancient traditions meditation ideas widely regarded compilation formal philosophy verses later indian scholars studied published commentaries referred defines word second definition meaning sanskrit terms translates modifications mind translates mind stuff taking forms explains essentially consists practices culminating attaining state consciousness free modes active thought eventually attaining state consciousness unaware object external aware nature consciousness object meaning understood practice mental control goal state perfection process according context union implies joining things principles result state union lower self higher self state characterized absence described eternal peace pure love self realization liberation writing basis system referred concept derived 29th book non violence non living beings non non stealing fidelity partner non non purity mind speech body acceptance circumstances persistent meditation study self self reflection study literally means seat refers seated position meditation breath breath stop interpreted control life force withdrawal sense organs external objects concentration fixing attention single object meditation intense nature object meditation liberation merging consciousness object meditation largest surviving schools hindu traditions share thematic principles concepts belief self soul degree style methods school accepts means reliable knowledge accepts ways disputes school believes state individual discovers sense independent identity contrast believes state individual discovers sense universal self hold free conscience liberated self aware school use practices reading seeking supreme good ultimate freedom classical treatise attributed sage takes form dialogue renowned philosopher text contains chapters origin traced period second century bce fourth century texts like borrowed verses frequent references discusses numerous breathing exercises body meditation according 2nd century text sum activities mind speech body calls cause influx path liberation describes devotion path liberation highest form devotion mention major vows minor vows led certain like essentially system thinking grew fledged religion constraints bear resemblance major vows indicating history strong cross traditions mainstream influence noticed founded aligned school late phase indian antiquity eve development movement arises period 4th 5th centuries received provided framework engaging practices lead path sect teaches way reach enlightenment middle ages middle ages saw development satellite traditions emerged period movement movement development medieval advocated concept personal god supreme personality movement initiated 6th 9th centuries started gaining influence india 12th 15th centuries traditions integrated aspects practical exercises devotion practice form called separation emphasizes pointed concentration krishna genre arose india later 5th century states contested term considered school practices appeared complete form buddhist hindu texts 10th century history ideas school influenced hindu buddhist traditions elements rituals adopted influenced state functions medieval buddhist hindu kingdoms east southeast_asia turn millennium emerged buddhism known buddhism texts compiled starting 7th century translations completed 8th century texts main source buddhist knowledge imported later translated chinese asian languages helping spread ideas buddhist text introduced significant practice earliest references buddhist works dating eighth century earliest definition found 11th century buddhist text defines relation center channel etc basic formulated elements posture breathing exercises referred elaborated 15th century differs substantially focuses physical body leading mind vital energy compared seated sitting meditation posture marks development body popular usage modern variations style people associate word today similar diving board preparing body ready receive higher techniques meditation word comes means sun means moon groups prominent 15th 16th century nascent stage compositions guru founder describe dialogues hindu community practiced rejected rites rituals connected path meditation instead guru states listen tells truth discipline mind word divine grace brings union understands sees good deeds help merge modern history reception west came attention educated western public mid-19th century topics indian philosophy context interest published treatise hindu teacher actively advocate aspects western audience toured europe united_states 1890s reception received built active interest intellectuals particular drew german interest philosophers scholars like brothers august varying degrees interests things indian large influence american public view views current end 19th century provided basis reception theory practice correspondence spiritual physical reception based currents religious philosophical reform transformation 19th early 20th centuries rooted romanian currents traditions brought new element reception strong emphasis seminal book freedom introduction traditions philosophy conception attained practice shifted experiencing theory mind body american born travels lands founded teachings gave glimpse practices modern scientific study began works major late 19th century continued 20th century western medical researchers came starting study science west early 21st century typically associates term form exercise 1910s 1920s usa suffered period bad publicity largely backlash immigration rise values number scandals 1930s 1940s began gain public acceptance result celebrity endorsement 1950s united_states saw period paranoia 1960s western interest hindu spirituality reached peak giving rise great number schools specifically advocated western public period influential indian teachers came teachers active west period included brought united_states comprehensive classical teachings subtle body theory elements included teachers training united_states canada second boom followed 1980s follower connected heart health purely physical system health exercises outside counter culture circles unconnected religious numerous modern origin strongly overlapped 19th century western exercise traditions popularity usa risen constantly number people practiced form grown million million drawn support world leaders barack_obama stated universal language spiritual exercise united_states crossing lines religion cultures day millions people practice improve health overall encouraging presidential active lifestyle award support answer challenge supports integration exercise healthy individuals long properly trained professionals deliver instruction college cites promotion profound mental physical spiritual awareness benefits form stretching breath control core strength medicine potential benefits adults medical community regards results research significant point flaws undermine results research taken form preliminary studies clinical trials low quality including small sample sizes inadequate lack high risk bias long term users united_states reported mental health improvements reduced symptoms evidence suggest regular practice increases brain levels shown improve mood anxiety matched exercises walking main focuses exercise breathing meditation beneficial suffering heart disease overall studies effects heart disease suggest reduce high blood pressure improve symptoms heart failure enhance cardiac rehabilitation lower risk factors chronic low pain specialist found beneficial usual care clinical trial smaller studies support finding healthy lower backs programme dominant treatment society cheaper effective usual care fewer days work year research group tested effects lower pain weeks group volunteers practiced control group continued standard treatment pain reported pain participants decreased standard treatment group percent drop participants drop use pain medication emergence studies investigating intervention cancer patients treatment cancer patients decrease depression pain fatigue increase anxiety control based stress reduction programs include mind body technique reduce stress study found seven weeks group treated reported significantly mood disturbance reduced stress compared control group study found showed positive effects sleep anxiety quality life spiritual growth cancer patients studied treatment encouraging inconclusive evidence suggests treatment help alleviate symptoms improve health related quality life implementation lifestyle shown help substance abuse increase quality life according psychological like behavior quality recovery index shown study functioning executive functioning including control acute benefit physical injuries small percentage practitioners year suffer physical injuries analogous sports injuries caution common sense recommended criticized potentially dangerous cause range medical conditions including outlet syndrome spine spinal tears damage common nerve foot drop etc problems published january resulted controversy international community broad science writer author science risks rewards suffered injury performing posture torn muscles knee injuries common result practice extensive survey practitioners australia showed suffered physical injury practicing previous months respondents suffered injury producing prolonged pain requiring medical treatment shoulder stands lotus half lotus seated cross legged position forward bends backward bends produced greatest number injuries practitioners recommend certain exercises women pregnant women nursing mothers meditation breathing exercises certain safe beneficial women categories encouraged main reasons experts cite causing negative effects instructors lack qualification demand classes grows people certified instructors relatively little training newly certified instructor evaluate condition new class recommend certain poses appropriate props avoid injuries turn beginning student abilities body advanced poses body flexible strong perform tear neck provide blood brain result rotation neck neck extended occur variety contexts event occur practices condition result stroke tears damage structure joining hip reported resulted practice claimed excellent training children form physical exercise breathing focus stress relief school districts considered incorporating programs california school district gained judge approval use holding parents claimed practice religious state funded program physiology time extended physiology developed especially tradition pictures humans composed bodies cover bodies described adds fourth state described integrated gross body comprising subtle body composed vital breath energy mind intellect body comprising bliss subtle body energy flows channels concentrated specialized meditation buddhism derives sanskrit chinese form school buddhism noted proximity west set alongside schools meditation display obvious family segregation deserves attention practices exist buddhist school certain essential elements important buddhism general particular buddhism tradition path meditation practice divided vehicles said increasingly profound described ultimate practice traditions include called class practices include system practiced breath heart rhythm tradition practices discipline includes breath work precise dynamic movements centre body ancient depicted walls summer temple semi popular account refers generation heat body foundation claims involves reconciliation apparent mind relating theoretical implications reception religions christianity christians integrate aspects eastern spirituality prayer meditation attributed desire experience god complete way congregation doctrine faith having worked years cardinal pope said meditation christian learn religious traditions controlled quoting meditation catholic_church rejects true holy religions ways rejected hand simply christian contrary useful long christian conception prayer logic requirements obscured context bits pieces taken expressed previously roman_catholic_church christian organizations expressed concerns disapproval respect eastern new age practices include meditation vatican issued documents aspects christian meditation christian reflection new age critical eastern new age practices document published page handbook detailing vatican position vatican warned concentration physical aspects meditation cult body states lead psychic disturbance times moral compared early days christianity church opposed belief salvation came faith mystical inner knowledge letter says prayer enriched meditation methods developed religions cultures maintains idea fit nature approaches prayer christian beliefs ultimate reality christian organizations consider incompatible religious background considering new age movement inconsistent christianity view holds christian meditation lead religious held association christians practice ritual simultaneously operates anchor maintains promotes activity sail allows institutional boundaries crossed islam early 11th century persian scholar visited india lived years help translated significant sanskrit works arabic persian languages translation preserved core themes philosophy certain commentaries making consistent islamic theology version reached persia arabian peninsula later 16th century text translated arabic persian accepted mainstream islam minority islamic mystic movement particularly adopted indian including breath control text 16th century drew controversy interest persecuted beliefs malaysia islamic body passed prohibiting muslims practicing saying elements practice muslims malaysia practicing years criticized decision insulting sisters islam women rights group malaysia expressed disappointment said form exercise legally malaysia prime minister clarified physical exercise chanting religious prohibited islamic body indonesia passed banning grounds contains hindu elements turn criticized islamic seminary india similar banning link issued grand egypt islamic singapore earlier iran according approximately centres country quarter capital groups seen practising parks met opposition conservatives turkey head discounted personal development techniques commercial ventures lead comments context possibly form expense islam international day december member approved consensus resolution establishing june international day declaration day came adoption june international day indian prime minister address september suggesting june international day said date longest day year special significance parts world international day observed world june people including indian prime minister large number dignitaries performed minutes day devoted observed millions world event established records largest class people record participating eighty
Yoga