london royal viii fifth century manuscript containing majority great earliest complete manuscripts bible assigned capital latin letter designation maintained system standardized held position manuscript list derives alexandria resided number years brought eastern orthodox patriarch alexandria constantinople given 17th century later purchase best manuscript deposited britain today rests showcases gallery photographic reproduction volume viii available website text came different traditions different parts equal value text edited times 18th century contents consists new testament bound volumes volumes contain greek version complete loss leaves fourth volume contains leaves lost fourth volume missing leaves contains nearly complete copy including books attributed summary inserted book contains books pages contained matthew extant addition contains lacking known books distributed genesis chronicles volume second volume volume fourth volume books follow order acts general placed book revelation appendix marked index lists solomon probably contained books torn pages containing books lost damage lost passages missing defects lacking sam leaf leaves matt leaves john leaves leaves leaf fin leaves damaged lower portion torn leaf lost defects torn leaves genesis edges page apocalypse cut description manuscript measures inches originally gathered leaves modern times rebound sets leaves material thin fine beautiful edges damaged age ignorance modern spared text especially upper inner margin noted fallen holes places ink age leaf touched little roughly allowed handle manuscript good reasons text written columns script lines column letters line beginning lines book written red ink sections book marked larger letter set margin words written continuously large round formed hand accents breathing marks added later hand written hand letters larger division words observed places dot words books written old testament quotations text marked margin sign decorations manuscript decorative tail pieces end book illustration shows tendency increase size letter sentence capitals beginning sections stand margin oldest manuscript use capital letters indicate new sections interchange similar sounds frequent manuscript letters occasionally confused cluster substituted argument points egypt universally conceded lot errors occur text example exchanged manuscripts date text beginning luke differs rest parts manuscript letters shapes letters widely spaced little larger delta extended base extended cross stroke expressed letters apocalypse past judged written errors later hands instances original altered written corrected form text agrees majority manuscripts letters elegant shape little simple letters end line small writing pale faint frequent usually level preceding letter vacant space break sense follows end end book pretty found references stand margin text contains divisions larger sections sections stand pages places sections commence indicated luke john numbers placed margin column matthew table table contents sections acts apocalypse divided indicated manuscript cross appears occasionally separation book acts larger letter margin new testament marks beginning number disputed past according opinion new iii subsequently argued possibly present scholars agreed case manuscript original majority later hands corrected form text agrees great majority manuscripts observed extensively corrected books sentences erased new text substituted kings corrected books book revelation singular readings corrected stark contrast apocalypse singular readings corrected 7th century leaf arabic set lower margin surviving leaf matthew number leaves lost extant note written features critics challenging task classifying exact relationship known texts families disputed greek text mixed text types representative byzantine text type oldest examples type rest books text type western readings placed category rest books byzantine text number features family associated text pure member family according earliest greek manuscript gives approximately text martyr small proportion readings earlier follows readings rest text goes closely resembling closely resembling text number formula acts formula apocalypse text acts frequently agrees biblical quotations cited consistently cited witness order critical apparatus rest order closer general represents different book revelation agrees book revelation books best text manuscripts text agrees old testament genesis reads years reads years reads pillar cloud reads took struck reads judges reads reads reads reads work pain new testament mark preserved traditional form luke variant opened manuscripts variant supported manuscripts john unique reading sixth hour instead tenth hour found manuscripts acts instead spirit lord unusual variant holy spirit fell angel lord caught philip supported manuscripts acts manuscript variant greeks manuscripts formula supported rest manuscripts acts variant supported formula acts reads lord instead god manuscripts formula romans reads reward revelation romans reads reading manuscript supported byzantine manuscripts read reads formula manuscripts read reads prayer formula formula cop arm manuscripts read prayer prayer reads reads variant manifested supported god manifested reads john variant water blood spirit manuscripts identified orthodox corrupt reading revelation unique reading instead revelation god variant supported manuscripts greek manuscript verses include mark christ luke john acts romans important witness absence john gregory asserted regard lost leaves john counting lines prove book room similar counting involving missing leaves analysis referenced gregory falls short proof absence gregory discuss possibilities like text added margin writing condensed section extant place origin manuscript original unknown considered place origin probable hypothesis pointed alexandria place origin popular view based arabic note 13th 14th century reads bound cell fortress alexandria removes shall cut written humble humble identified patriarch alexandria questioned popular view according note reads bound cell fortress alexandria lets shall cursed ruined humble wrote manuscript found manuscript taken egypt arabic writing manuscript inserted date elected patriarch constantinople humble person staff charge library according view found written constantinople represents text known byzantine text hypothesis supported opposed view argued firmly believed egyptian origin examined note gave opinion grounds dated 13th 14th century 17th century excluded published catalogue library patriarch alexandria printed greek notes 10th century manuscripts inserted patriarch iii notes written note entirely arabic identity hand greek notes expected similarity wording leaves doubt work proposed reasons contains represents eclectic text acts suggests place influence alexandria met text appears non text heavily revised old testament quotations new testament agree according note indicated manuscript previously alexandria manuscript carried constantinople alexandria mentioned manuscripts remained alexandria removed constantinople originally written constantinople alexandria question try answer question future scholar claim origin open view supported proposes 17th century latin note binding royal library states manuscript given alexandria merely inaccurate attempt arabic note possibly patriarch authority statement unknown date according arabic note reverse volume manuscript manuscript written hand martyr notable lady egypt little later suggestion volume long mutilated begins fifth chapter matthew chapter lesson day stands sure story arose manuscript written monastery dedicated thought account written margin cut imagined written believed authorship older late 4th century contains considered earlier terminus post acts find chapter divisions authorship ascribed come vogue middle fifth century terminus presence read churches recalls period canon scripture settled certain writing manuscript appears somewhat advanced especially initial letters decorated found earlier manuscripts written generation belong fourth century later beginning fifth currently dated 5th century britain brought constantinople patriarch alexandria later patriarch constantinople involved complex struggle turkish government catholic_church subordinates supported english government presented james gratitude help presented hands english ambassador court sultan king james died manuscript started england offer transferred charles saved fire house cotton library october librarian editions published wells text manuscript cited edited wooden type line line intervals words precisely original unfortunately mistakes tim edits opinion maintained original reading stroke lights seen arose letter visible leaf insert errors errors corrected manuscripts old testament portion published volumes entire manuscript issued photographic supervision edited photographic reduced size text followed parts criticism according manuscript oldest best world assumed manuscript readings manuscripts latin single presumed existed time highly changed opinion longer great admirer came conviction place origin alexandria esteem highly account internal excellence value readings principal charge produced manuscript urged having altered latin version countered lived egypt altered greek text latin version egypt belonged greek diocese latin understood defended greek manuscripts general particular charge having corrupted latin hands agreed expanded point view manuscript corrupted version reasonable suspect version country written manuscript versions remarkable coincidence according manuscript follows different editions byzantine western acts general designated letter explained origin arabic inscription statement appears rest remarking text manuscript begins lesson matthew appointed festival importance manuscript great importance antiquity extensive use critics value differently appreciated different writers past created modern system manuscripts received symbol opened list manuscripts announced oldest best manuscript basis reconstruction text basis criticizing text london london edition reduced photographic london edition thompson london london introductions gregory des german leipzig retrieved march gregory canon text new testament edinburgh retrieved december bible 4th london text new testament transmission corruption restoration 4th oxford plain introduction criticism new testament 4th london study origins manuscripts tradition sources authorship dates oxford works oxford middle ages new_york early readers juan habits theological influences apocalypse singular readings dangers named manuscript bible book transmission greek text london isbn lake family text according mark london london den der und des der lectures text contain bell cambridge london oxford introduction old testament greek cambridge images volume website volume 1880s edition articles information image website robert introduction new testament criticism site inspired encyclopedia new testament criticism retrieved december
Codex Alexandrinus