tropical cyclone observation tropical cyclone observation carried past couple centuries ways passage hurricanes tropical cyclones detected word mouth sailors recently coming port radio ships sea sediment deposits near shore cities near coastline world war advances technology included planes survey ocean basins satellites monitor world oceans outer space variety methods radars monitor progress near coastline recently introduction aerial vehicles penetrate storms recent studies concentrated studying hurricane impacts lying rocks near shore lake sediments branches new field known article details methods employed creation hurricane database necessary past storms projects atlantic hurricane geological markers past activity caves recent studies found belize tropical cyclone events leave markers separated week week basis error rate type error sampling points markers coral rocks contain certain elements known natural describe conditions formed studying calcium coral rock past sea surface temperature hurricane information revealed lighter oxygen left coral periods heavy rainfall hurricanes main source extreme rainfall tropical oceans past hurricane events dated days impact coral looking increased concentration coral sediment deposition coastal lakes professor studying sediment lying coastal lakes marshes order study frequency intensity hurricanes past years storm sweep coastal sands progress inland layer sand left coastal lakes marshes dating date layers newspapers invention telegraph early mid-19th century news fast quickest horse stage ship normally advance warning tropical cyclone impact situation changed 19th century people land based researchers father cuba came systematic methods reading sky appearance sea state tropical cyclone approach couple days advance china abundance historical documentary records form local offers extraordinary opportunity providing high resolution historical frequency typhoon strikes reconstructed year time series typhoon southern china found year interval active period record thirty seven typhoon decade typhoon observed tree rings ice china northern hemisphere remarkably periods frequent typhoon strikes coincide periods northern central china surface observations ship reports centuries people sailed world oceans seas long encountered storms worst cyclones open seas likely took observed depths oceans survive report tales invention wireless telegraph reports storms sea coincided arrival coast ships port came weeks months remote ports ship reports available 1970s real time temperature pressure wind measurements sea surface temperature wave height measurements wind reports ships sea increasingly based scale important note scale winds higher wind speeds indicating ship wind observations taken older storms likely true value point tropical cyclones formed open sea affect coast usually went prior satellite observation 1970s estimated bias zero tropical cyclones year zero year roughly account typical size tropical cyclones density shipping tracks atlantic basin populated coastline land based observations early 20th century track cyclones confined areas greatest surface pressure falls based surface weather observations methods proved cutting edge tropical cyclone mid 20th century land based surface observations remain source real time information locations near coastline inland combined ship observations newspapers formed total information network hurricane detection introduced reconnaissance aircraft began land based observations pressure wind quickly tropical cyclone decaying moves inland rainfall reports significant rainfall occurring alert possible flooding establishment network united_states 1990s locations reporting clock mobile platforms 1990s academic researchers begun deploy mobile weather stations fortified withstand hurricane force winds largest programs landfall compares data reconnaissance aircraft including wind speed data taken flight level gps stepped frequency microwave wind speed data transmitted real time weather stations erected near coast national_hurricane_center uses data evaluate conditions landfall verify forecasts upper air observations reconnaissance aircraft idea aircraft reconnaissance tropical cyclones forth captain early 1930s supported united_states weather bureau passed united_states senate united_states house_of_representatives aircraft flying sea find tropical cyclones regular satellite coverage hit miss affair aircraft flights tropical systems targeted precise hurricane hunter air_force research projects better understand tropical cyclones improve hurricane forecasts implementation observation missions jet investigate tropical cyclone environment led percent reduction track forecast errors missions present historical aircraft weather hurricane tracking include nasa canada track hurricanes aerial vehicles era began flew atlantic tropical cyclone aerial vehicle known mission tropical cyclone typhoon penetrated unlike normal reconnaissance flights stayed near surface hour flight tropical cyclone remote sensing radar world war radar technology developed detect aircraft soon apparent large areas obscured significant weather area national_weather_service established radar network cover coastline act warning impending tropical cyclone upgraded 1990s use technology radar provide rainfall estimates wind estimates possible locations tornadoes system spiral bands center location tropical cyclone united_states operates network radars country satellite beginning launching april satellites look tropical cyclones dvorak technique developed early satellite images tropical cyclones determine real time tropical cyclone strength characteristics seen satellite imagery tropical cyclone basins use satellite based dvorak technique primary method determine tropical cyclone maximum sustained winds extent banding difference temperature eye eyewall technique assign maximum sustained wind pressure mid-1990s microwave imagery able determine center rotation center obscured mid high level cloud temperatures real time estimate rainfall rates cyclone
Tropical cyclone observation