royal united_kingdom royal body customary authority privilege immunity recognised united_kingdom sole sovereign source executive powers british government powers exercised monarch acting initiative 19th century convention advice prime minister cabinet parliament decision required order exercised monarch remains empowered exercise royal advice prime minister cabinet practice existing precedent adequately apply circumstances question today royal available conduct government united_kingdom including foreign affairs defence national security monarchy significant constitutional presence matters limited power exercise hands prime minister ministers government officials definition royal called difficult concept define adequately particular type power exists matter common law decided courts final prominent constitutional theorist proposed nineteenth century appears historically matter fact arbitrary authority given time legally left hands crown remaining portion crown original authority act executive government authority act parliament virtue commentators follow view constitutional lawyers prefer definition given word usually understand special pre king persons ordinary course common law right dignity applied rights capacities king enjoys contradiction enjoys common subjects opinion action governance monarch statute simply covers actions person body united_kingdom undertake dissolution parliament case law exists support views notion powers exclusive nature favoured lord case difficulty expressed lord case clear distinction necessary relevant cases courts need settle question cases deal directly history royal originated personal power monarch 13th century england france monarch powerful absolute power checked feudal fourteenth fifteenth centuries early attempt define royal stated judges 16th century began monarch truly independent henry_viii successors king head protestant english church clergy rise parliament period problematic monarch predominant partner english constitution courts stopped short declaring powerful recognizing role parliament played case henry recognised noting far powerful consent parliament apparent matter taxation sir writers period pointed monarch impose taxation parliament consent time henry descendants normally followed courts despite fact theoretically bound judges regularly asking legal officers crown judiciary legal advice consent henry recognised need stable government follow law contends view law supreme view leading lawyers tudor period accepted king discretion limited areas courts imposed conditions use chosen stability came case claimed monarch divine right sit judge interpret common law saw fit led sir judiciary rejected idea stating monarch subject individual subject law gained sufficient knowledge law right interpret pointed knowledge demanded mastery artificial reason requires long study experience man attain similarly case held monarch exercise create new ones glorious revolution king james vii replaced queen husband king time bill rights drafted cemented monarch parliament specifically limited royal article holding power laws execution laws authority consent parliament illegal article confirming money use crown grant parliament longer time manner shall granted illegal bill confirmed parliament right limit use remaining evidenced act required monarch dismiss parliament certain times powers legislature monarch historic dissolution parliament important exercised personally sovereign represents greatest potential controversy normally exercised request parliament prime minister discretion following motion confidence constitutional differing views dissolution parliament possible today sir wrote dissolution involves ministers monarch dissolve parliament ministerial consent ministers refuse advice dismiss believed certain extreme circumstances monarch dissolve parliament single condition occasion arisen fair reason suppose opinion house opinion dissolution necessary wishes legislature fairly presumed different wishes nation monarch force dissolution parliament refusal royal inevitably lead government resigning convention monarch bills time royal given reign mean right refuse died george believed veto irish home rule bill writes assumed king legal power constitutional right refuse royal dissolve parliament fixed term act section act specifically states monarch power parliament affected act appointment prime minister theoretically governed royal technically monarch appoint prime minister wants appoint practice person commands majority house_of_commons usually leader political party returned parliament majority seats general election difficulties result called hung parliament party commands majority support occurred situation constitutional convention previous incumbent right form coalition government seek appointment prime minister decides retire middle parliamentary session monarch discretion usually prime minister waiting commands support majority near automatically appointed judicial system noted power affects judicial system mercy elements granting granting eliminate pains penalties criminal conviction remove convictions power commonly exercised advice secretary state monarch direct involvement use exercises power form limited form pardon sentences reduced certain conditions granting pardon subject judicial review confirmed minister courts chosen application lack thereof secretary state granting attorney general england wales equivalent scotland northern_ireland crown stop legal proceedings individual courts confirmed patents count defendant brought courts charge later date foreign affairs royal use realm foreign affairs monarch recognises foreign states statutes regulate enjoyed heads diplomatic representatives issues war peace forms international treaties monarch power annex territory island territory annexed monarch complete discretion extent government government confirmed west central gold mining company king monarch power alter british territorial waters territory freedom things practice doubtful british citizens rights island ceded germany parliamentary approval sought monarch regulate colonies dependent territories exercising orders council courts long fought monarch use power secretary state foreign court appeal ruled orders council judicial unlawful abuse power ruling later overturned british issued covered statute law common law citizens right freely leave enter united_kingdom foreign secretary courts held right review granting british citizens writ prevent person leaving country right treaties disputed power definition power unique monarch powers monarch power exercise granting honours regulation armed forces ecclesiastical appointments granting honours normally decided executive monarch person technically awards exceptions rule membership order merit royal victorian chain monarch complete discretion grant relation armed forces monarch commander chief members regulated royal statutes apply armed forces areas military discipline governed crown proceedings act monarch sole authority armed forces organisation disposition control questioned courts exercise power gives crown authority recruit members armed forces appoint commissioned officers establish agreements foreign governments station troops territory monarch appoint bishops church_of_england regulate printing licensing authorised church_of_england version bible secretary state recognised includes power reasonable steps preserve queen peace lord advocate house_of_lords took view extended things emergency necessary conduct second world war use today monarch exercises exclusively line advice government notes present queen kept closely touch exercise governmental power means weekly audience prime minister fully affairs government emphasised prime minister obligation account royal opinions simple terms govern realm crown monarch right consulted right encourage right warn role involves exercise discretion today powers directly exercised ministers approval parliament including powers declaring war making peace issue granting honours powers exercised nominally monarch advice prime minister monarch meets weekly cabinet key functions british government executed virtue royal generally usage diminishing functions progressively statutory basis limitations influential decisions house_of_lords determined limited scope use powers appeal appeal case settled appeal withdrawn crown agreed pay compensation appeal unanimous decision crown statutory defence realm regulations royal entitled occupy military purposes wartime commercial airfield south coast government argued action defend invasion courts held exercised government demonstrate threat invasion exists backed appeal held generally exercise power granted statute power government prove court exercise justified decision came attorney general house_of_lords confirmed statutory provision area powers use force extent crown particular thing accordance statutory provisions power thing principle statutory superiority extended concerning commercial airline operator licence december confirmed powers statutory provision situations power statute applied power aim statute extension came secretary state held statute come force alter statute conflict parliament wishes judicial review modern judicial review procedure superseded petition right remedy challenging validity power courts traditionally willing state powers existed appropriately applied tests use illegal constitutional scholars consider appropriate law given king irresistible absolute according forms constitution consequence kingdom parliament advisers severe account 1960s 70s attitude changing lord saying case seeing power exercised public good follows exercise examined courts power executive authoritative case matter minister generally known case house_of_lords confirmed application judicial review dependent nature government powers source foreign policy national security powers considered outside scope judicial review mercy considered secretary state reform abolition royal immediate horizon recent movements abolish role monarchy royal government unsuccessful undertook review executive powers october labour cabinet minister campaigned unsuccessfully abolition royal united_kingdom 1990s arguing governmental powers effect exercised advice prime minister cabinet subject parliamentary scrutiny require parliamentary approval later governments argued breadth topics covered royal requiring parliamentary approval instance currently parliamentary time slow enactment legislation
Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom