mushroom genus family edible mushroom found european pine forests mushroom reddish chestnut brown cap reaches diameter yellow stem measuring tall thick underside cap small angular pores initially bright yellow turning greenish brown age characteristic feature helps distinguish similar species pinkish base stem molecular analysis shown species related typical mediterranean species mycorrhizal species forms associations species pine notably pine tree species commonly schemes soil conservation erosion mediterranean region beneficial help young trees better survive typically harsh soil conditions taxonomy phylogeny naming species described transferred genus dutch mycologist described variety var var synonym based collection switzerland variety described colleagues italian collections molecular analysis different species sequences internal phylogenetic relationships clarify taxonomy genus results indicated closely related specimen collected according authors probably represents species distinct north american european based morphology host tree association phylogenetic analysis collected spain showed closely related species typical mediterranean area specific epithet derived latin means british botanist called mushroom yellow publication description fruit body medium large cap initially rounded convex finally flat reaching diameter cap covered brown cuticle variable shade decorated radial obvious fully expanded specimens especially dry weather cap shaped irregularly sticky damp tubes short stem attachment usually slightly small angular pores yellow age young fresh specimens bear clear fluid collect surface cylindrical stem short typically tall thick coloured yellowish sparse reddish brown ring base stem bears pink overtones attached pink threads visible fruit body uprooted flesh yellowish thick soft colour reaction test solution flesh turns reddish spores seen brown mass pale yellow viewed light microscope tapered end sized basidia spore bearing cells hymenium spored especially characteristic cap pink fungus aspects resembles common species european pine forests brown cap white varieties varieties described var golden yellow cap var originally found italy growing poor acidic soil association pine distinguished brown veil base stem slender white cap margin similar species found habitat species including especially mediterranean basin common species occur europe associate include edibility authors regard edible sour odor taste species pick young specimens cuticle preparation mushroom contains class chemical compounds collectively known activity contain organic predominantly pairs acid respectively total organic composition concentration organic mushrooms major factors influencing flavour organic contribute activity distribution habitat ecology found europe fungus forming mutually beneficial relationships species pine include european species pine pine european black pine stone pine scots pine fungus limestone soils commonly occurring southern europe rarely seen northern regions british isles poland red listed denmark near threatened estonia endangered collected iran frequent fungus pine hardy tree utilised schemes soil conservation erosion mediterranean region study performed south france discovered multi stage fungi young mature stands pine species play key role survival adaptation species pine disturbed sites roots mycorrhizal found capable surviving successive disturbances fire fungus retained viability network helped effort newly introduced trees fungus shown improve growth mediterranean grown unlike species grow wet climates typically produce fruit bodies young plantations fruiting behaviour attributed typically nutrient poor mediterranean environment combination lack tree canopy absence ground fungal presence makes analysis underground populations difficult molecular markers developed assist monitoring fungal growth formation persistence young plantations formed species pine studied conditions laboratory tree shoots tended grow better showed superior mycorrhizal development tested species suggesting tree publication reported fungal hyphae covered crystals acid addition reducing soil reduces grazing soil
Suillus collinitus