scottish art scottish art body visual art scotland scottish subjects prehistoric times forms distinctive tradition european art political union england led partial british art earliest examples art scotland highly decorated carved stone balls period bronze age examples carvings including representations objects cup ring marks extensive scottish examples patterned objects gold work found carved stones impressive emerged scotland early middle ages development common style art great_britain ireland influenced elaborate jewellery illuminated manuscripts book isolated examples survive native artwork late middle ages works created strongly influenced artists flemish origin influence renaissance seen stone carving painting fifteenth century sixteenth century crown began employ flemish court painters left portrait record royalty reformation removed major source patronage art limited level public display helped growth secular domestic forms particularly elaborate painting roofs walls loss court result removed major source patronage seventeenth century saw emergence significant native artists names extant figures eighteenth century scotland began produce artists significant internationally influenced brothers john jacob end century began influence artistic production seen portraits artists contributed tradition scottish landscape painting focused highlands formulated figures including created major portrait painters period included emerged significant figures art education united_kingdom beginnings celtic revival seen late nineteenth century art scene dominated work glasgow boys led gained international reputation combination celtic revival art crafts early twentieth century dominated scottish enjoyed popularity period helping develop concept post war period major artists including pursued strand scottish realism influence seen work new glasgow boys late twentieth century century scotland continued produce successful influential artists scotland possess significant collections art scotland edinburgh art gallery museum glasgow significant schools art include major funding body responsibility arts scotland support given local councils independent foundations history prehistoric art oldest known examples art survive scotland carved stone balls date late era uniquely scottish phenomenon known examples modern handful examples known harris lewis found village functions suggested objects indicating prestigious powerful possessions production continued bronze age extensive examples rock art include cup ring marks central depression carved stone surrounded rings completed common found natural rocks isolated stones scotland elaborate sets markings western scotland particularly representations axe boat boat believed oldest known representations real objects survive scotland carved found cover stones burial scotland penetrated wider culture horns impressive relatively finds decoration scotland indicate links ireland southern britain found group gold different styles dating demonstrate common styles found scotland ireland indicate southern france greek roman worlds middle ages early middle ages distinct linguistic political existed scotland produced distinct material cultures east kingdoms eventually stretched west people close links ireland brought scots south british speaking descendants peoples roman influenced kingdoms old north powerful longest surviving finally english angles invaders overrun southern britain held later northern reached south east fragments artifacts survive speaking kingdoms southern scotland art seen extensive survival carved stones particularly north east country display variety recurring images patterns angus silver notably number massive neck chains including unique silver plaques law irish scots art kingdom difficult identify include items items suggest places crossroads cultures style developed early examples art include particularly jewellery survived pagan exceptional items carved thought produced early eighth century combines pagan classical christian motifs christian conversion scotland seventh century artistic styles interacted ireland scotland common style historians identified art given common style developed britain ireland conversion cultural culture scots angles highly influential continental europe contributing development gothic styles seen elaborate making extensive use semi precious stones heavily carved high crosses found frequently highlands islands distributed country particularly highly decorated illustrated manuscripts book begun wholly created key location scotland art finest era style brought end disruption monastic centres aristocratic life viking raids late eighth century later elaborate metal work survived buried finds viking period high middle ages scotland adopted late twelfth century retained revived elements style gothic style dominant thirteenth century best scottish artwork high late middle ages religious nature realised metal survive effect time reformation examples sculpture extant church architecture including evidence elaborate church interiors houses carvings seven deadly sins thirteenth century relatively large numbers monumental elaborate douglas tombs town douglas native seen items widely large number high quality seals survive mid thirteenth century onwards visual illustration seen illumination charters occasional fifteenth century doom painting england monarchy model portraits royalty copies versions native royal portraits survive generally crude continental standards beginning fifteenth century number works produced scotland artists imported continent particularly netherlands generally considered centre painting products connections included fine portrait images brought edinburgh commissioned work flemish master scotland named relatively large number elaborate books late fifteenth early sixteenth centuries usually produced low countries france scottish patrons including prayer book commissioned flemish illustrated book hours known hours james scotland given described finest medieval manuscript commissioned scottish use records indicate scottish palaces adorned rich depicted scenes odyssey set surviving stone wood carvings wall paintings suggest sixteenth century royal art castle stone carvings royal palace reign taken german patterns like surviving carved oak portrait known include contemporary biblical classical figures reformation sixteenth century scotland underwent created predominantly strongly presbyterian outlook scotland ecclesiastical art paid heavy toll result protestant total loss medieval stained glass religious sculpture paintings nature wider effects limiting creation culture public display meaning art forms expression emphasis private domestic restraint loss ecclesiastical patronage created crisis native artists turned secular patrons result painted ceilings walls large numbers private houses lords gaining highly detailed coloured patterns scenes examples survive include ceiling undertaken long gallery painted undertaken unnamed scottish artists continental pattern books led incorporation moral philosophical symbolism elements classical myths tradition royal portrait painting scotland probably disrupted minorities underwent sixteenth century began flourish reformation anonymous portraits important individuals including earl george fifth earl employed flemish artists early left visual record king major figures court removed major source artistic patronage scotland court moved london result seen shift crown castle nobility local major sources patronage significant native artist successful portrait painters reign charles trained baroque artist growing importance royal art seen post created duties included drawing pictures monarch person successors royal family houses palaces office held members family necessarily connected artistic ability eighteenth century enlightenment period painters early eighteenth century remained largely members family james sons painted houses scottish landscapes italian dutch landscapes painters brothers john jacob began tradition artists european significance spending considerable portions careers outside scotland varying degree influenced forms influence italy particularly significant scottish artists architects known travelled period studied sweden london italy basing edinburgh established leading portrait painter scottish nobility second visit italy moved london ordinary focused royal portraits presented king ambassadors colonial governors work seen anticipating grand manner early portraits particularly women formal intimate studies studied rome brief stay london primarily painting portraits british aristocracy returned rome rest life emerged pioneering neo classical painter historical mythical themes including depictions scenes homer acting early archaeologist antiquarian john gained painters mythological historical themes travelled italy john died alexander returned home gain reputation landscape portrait painter widely known work distributed mythological having trained like friend moved italy chiefly known landscape painter travelled rome studied hamilton produced historical mythical scenes moving england pursued returned edinburgh director master produced famous work illustrations themes scottish life earning title scottish scotland played major origins romantic movement publication cycle proclaimed celtic equivalent classical written translated european languages deep appreciation natural beauty melancholy treatment ancient legend single work bring romantic movement european especially german literature influencing common subject scottish artists works undertaken period saw shift attitudes highlands mountain landscapes general viewing hostile regions occupied backwards marginal people interpreting aesthetically pleasing nature occupied rugged depicted dramatic fashion produced departure italy jacob series paintings falls clyde described art historian treating kind natural national monument seen early work developing romantic sensibility scottish landscape probably artist paint scottish landscapes romantic style emerging end eighteenth century effect seen works late eighteenth early nineteenth century artists including significant artist period pursue entire career scotland born edinburgh returning trip italy famous intimate portraits leading figures scottish life going aristocracy lawyers doctors professors writers ministers adding elements tradition knight king painter marking return post associated production art visited italy worked london returned native edinburgh career produced work large range forms including portrait romantic poet depicts dramatic scottish background chiefly remembered landscapes described founder scottish landscape tradition work continued theme landscape directly linking romantic works scott artists major interest depicting urban landscape glasgow nineteenth century painting successful portrait painters succeeding produced landscapes portraits scottish subjects including scott finally moved london worked mainly london famous paintings scottish english life including reading painting king george highland dress commemorating royal visit scotland set international fashion tour europe influenced renaissance baroque painting known prolific series detailed prints egypt produced 1840s sketches long tours region tradition highland landscape painting continued figures images places including room helped define popular images scotland helped queen_victoria declared affection scotland adoption royal retreat period scottish grand tour developed large number english artists including turner highlands paint draw 1870s major figure interpreting scottish landscapes sheep mobile heated studio order capture conditions life period emerged leading scottish landscape painter compared described scottish free depicting stormy seas moving clouds fashion coastal painting later nineteenth century led establishment artist colonies places borders sculpture early decades century sculpture commissions scotland given english artists undertook work scotland worked careers london rome significant scottish sculptor pursue career scotland work gain significant public attention alexander design statue incorporated author memorial edinburgh marked beginnings national school sculpture based major figures scottish culture scottish british history tradition scottish sculpture taken forward artists patrick park reached fruition generation including apprentice contributed statue exterior wallace monument gallery heroes inside public sculpture boosted anniversary burns death produced statue poet hill produced produced statue new_york versions london statues burns scott produced areas scottish settlement particularly north_america australia early photography early nineteenth century scottish scientists played major development techniques photography pioneering photographers included chemist artist formed photographic studio scotland edinburgh output images years considered finest artistic uses photography pioneers included took portraits landscapes photographs glasgow use medium social record son work worked american photographic pioneer pioneered stable process important figures included architectural photographers pioneered instant photography posed portraits tradition female photography influence ambitious historical work sir scottish wars spear english war bow produced versions progress architecture heavens early death known admired pre brotherhood mainly brother close friend founding member london based rejected painting pre collector famous work iron coal popular victorian images fulfill pre ambition depict modern world figure scottish art associated born befriended young london introduced work man david wilderness contain pre attention detail puts biblical subjects distinctly scottish landscape pre truth things bay october 5th described pre landscape head edinburgh invited london head newly established later ideas formed basis system training highly involved national organisation art studied schools london friend subsequently followed producing pictures stressed detail melodrama influenced work included gloucestershire began series based paintings including arthur sir queen arts crafts beginnings arts crafts movement scotland stained glass revival 1850s pioneered major works included great west window scheme cathedral edinburgh glasgow pioneered probably studied directly influenced key works included baptism christ followers included stephen adam son glasgow born designer theorist important independent designers pivotal figure major contributor allied anglo japanese movement formation included number significant figures arts craft aesthetic movements attempt facilitate similar taking place contemporaneous ireland drawing ancient myths history produce art modern key figures philosopher town writer architect designer stained glass artist established informal college flats artists garden castle hill edinburgh 1890s figures involved movement commissioned union paint murals chapel hospital sick children edinburgh worked metal illumination illustration book binding significant born influenced art french symbolism influential works paintings celtic subjects included duncan major contributor magazine major contributors included japanese influenced duncan student glasgow school late nineteenth century developments scottish art associated term number loose groups based city largest group active glasgow boys including reacted earlier artists particularly represented influenced french painting incorporated elements realism credited scottish art making glasgow major cultural centre slightly later grouping active known composed acclaimed architect wife painter glass artist sister artist husband artist teacher produced distinctive blend influences including arts found favour modern art world continental europe helped define art style early twentieth century scottish significant group artists emerge scottish 1920s later given artists knew exhibited form cohesive group spent time france looked paris particularly techniques combined painting traditions scotland described scottish modern artists major mechanism post reached scotland group artists connected edinburgh studied soon world war known influenced french painters art characterised use vivid non colour use bold technique form members included focused landscapes life created landscapes studies imaginative subjects best known oil water colour landscape paintings particularly highlands edinburgh landscapes created glowing colours landscapes hampshire noted landscapes east france norway best known dimensional depictions everyday objects coined phrase arguing technological development needed paralleled arts ideas taken new generation led poet argued science art introduction art creation distinctive national art ideas expressed art inter war period figures including british artists claim played creation interest machine imagery seen paintings influenced celtic revival post seen rain princess street early work bold post style world war increasingly abstract influenced seen women elevator engineer wife studied new american art moved attempting aspects landscape poetry celtic art significant work point time described art historian important scottish pictures century artists strongly influenced included trained glasgow spent careers respective native cities influenced work focused landscape seen overtly birth venus success painting gained reputation leading figures field inter war period included longest surviving member scottish returned scotland france outbreak second world war leading figure group glasgow artists members group formed opposition established held exhibition exhibiting society president group single style shared left wing tendencies included artists strongly influenced trends contemporary continental art painters involved included influenced strongly influenced influenced post born influenced seen influence work included vivid colours reminiscent urban scenes contain element social commentary realism influenced polish refugees resident glasgow influenced husband wife born painter born formed aimed promoting political art work included industrial urban landscapes contemporary art post war artists notable post war artists included influenced pop art neo graduates influenced neo english born moved glasgow explored landscapes created depictions glasgow children streets scottish artists continued tradition landscape painting joined new generation modernist artists highly influential school graham paris continued major destination scottish artists encountering linear abstract painting avant garde cobra group 1940s work highly coloured violent execution visitor paris born influenced jazz buddhism moved abstract work explored boundaries sculpture print making literature especially concrete poetry landscape architecture ambitious work garden little opened scottish realism glasgow pups mainly focusing coastal communities birth born concentrated grouped description scottish realism leading scottish intellectuals 1960s artists associated came prominence 1980s known new glasgow boys glasgow pups included born born born work comic book like quality puts emphasis social commentary campbell post modern painting adopts approach history campbell employs figures reminiscent characters 1930s novels confronted disorder confusion real world young men search simplicity revived historical painting devoted socialist history glasgow series paintings approached problems historical painting series prints heads contemporary sculpture worked existing tradition modelling carving sculptor artist pioneer pop art varied career produced works examined fantasy modern world produced works social political commentary including event raised questions decline heavy industry nature new sources direct government arts funding encouraged greater experimentation new generation incorporated aspects including born born born contrast born works primarily nationalist sculpture clay tradition best known civic monuments including feet bronze statues philosophers edinburgh photographic renaissance late twentieth century photography scotland enjoyed renaissance encouraged figures including founded photography edinburgh director important practitioners scotland included american born recent received acclaim include born born contemporary artists 1990s commercially successful artist born work usually consists figure compositions famous painting singing butler cited best selling print britain received little acclaim critics contemporary artists emerging glasgow include born working medium installation art born noted intricate wall paintings born colourful installations born works sound installations group emerged glasgow early 1990s later described includes born works installations film photography born working video art work focuses forensic science sculptor born generation recent artists born painting sexually explicit born produced installation art combines video landscape art art museums galleries major art galleries edinburgh include collection national international art formed merger includes items decorative arts portraits major national figures houses national collection twentieth century scottish international art houses collection surreal art rice gallery houses old masters contemporary scottish works major gallery devoted scottish photography glasgow galleries include housing extensive eclectic collection art left city shipping magnate sir museum houses collection international art products houses works works international collection masters seventeenth century onwards major collections include houses major collection british international art houses contemporary art galleries art schools colleges scotland schools art eighteenth century continue exist different forms today developed founded city established long independent history grew city founded founded duncan college art design founded smaller private institutions founded lutheran church organisations national agency development arts scotland superseded formed following restructuring existed autonomous body royal charter addition local authorities private interests supported arts limited local government reorganisation independent arts foundations promote visual arts include founded granted royal charter
Scottish art