genus tooth fungi family species medium sized white spines underside spores released short stalk stipe genus falls group known fungi tough flesh usually pleasant odor develops like texture dry neighboring fuse producing large joined caps species produce white spore print individual spores roughly spherical ellipsoid shape surfaces genus described species distribution includes asia europe north_america south_america australia new_zealand half species found southeastern united_states including species added genus species placed preliminary red list threatened british fungi general decline genus europe species grow mycorrhizal association trees families oaks accurate dna based methods developed determine presence species soil extended absence visible considered flesh type species mushroom taxonomy finnish mycologist contain white toothed fungi included species type originally published epithet originally described species early authors consider distinct separate genus folded species assigned genus classified family original family concept included genera species produce hyaline translucent spores covered small spines noted species lacked clamp connections clamp connections discovered spore ornamentation presence small spores found thought family placed family taxonomic rejected showed spores result immature specimen investigated spore ornamentation north american species scanning electron rejected placement preferring leave modern molecular phylogenetic analysis places clade roughly equivalent order related genera status fully clarified molecular genetic techniques classified family authorities fungal taxonomy generic derived meaning meaning tooth north_america species commonly known recommended list common names fungi united_kingdom species form word plus tooth fused tooth grey tooth black tooth tooth description fruit bodies species caps stipe fall general category fungi cap surfaces initially eventually surface rough pits ridges zones color texture color vary considerably cream yellowish brownish greenish black neighboring fuse forming caps partially fused wrote occurs large fused caps producing ceiling large areas moss conifers nearby grass twigs stipe smooth typically color cap darker outer covering stipe thick layer water like fertile spore bearing surface underside cap spines grey maturity conditions high humidity form striking drops black liquid actively growing caps flesh single double layered results differences alignment constituent hyphae tough fresh flesh develops texture dry dried state odor powder species free insect damage suggesting defensive chemicals deter predation considered edible flesh system containing hyphae hyphae diameter european species lack clamp connections present north american species basidia spore bearing cells spored cystidia absent present differentiated sterile cells size immature mass spores white spores broadly ellipsoid roughly spherical covered small spines hyaline habitat distribution fruit bodies grow ground species like members order thought mycorrhizal forming relationships trees usual hosts include species families oaks forms norway spruce described distinguished species unique shape stable ratio analysis abundance stable shows signature close fungi indicating able obtain carbon sources tree host species known southeastern united_states extensively researched according colleagues distinct species surrounding southern additional species area added genus conservation species like members family sensitive air pollution soil pollution general decline western europe preliminary assessment red list threatened considered vulnerable rare conservation efforts fungi hampered information basic ecology molecular genetic techniques increasingly employed attempts better understand fungi case example little appearance ground making hard determine distribution rarity fungus standard surveying techniques included scottish study develop species specific detect soil dna testing collections labelled united_kingdom revealed additional cryptic species analysis determine presence species years appearance allowing accurate determination possible decline threat extinction chemistry species contain acid acid acid positions substituted groups derivative acid found acid exhibits activity bacteria fungi compound reported member order total synthesis described acid starting material compound reported occur confirmed later analysis source compounds type derivative acid mushroom produces gray blue green colors species originally species included species monograph tenth edition dictionary fungi indicated species genus september index lists species including eastern united_states species added california united_states china mexico north_carolina united_states florida united_states india australia europe north_america mississippi united_states europe banker japan finland brazil banker europe north_america
Phellodon