known sea palm confused southern sea palm palm species classified brown algae sea palm found western coast north_america rocky shores constant waves algae survive remain erect water fact spends life cycle exposed air annual edible harvesting discouraged species sensitivity history sea palm known natives california europeans entered region scientifically described specimen found near california austro hungarian curator studied specimens collected botanist published paper describing sea palm textbooks campbell biology textbook example example class etymology generic honors born artist worked specific describes superficial similarity appearance true fossil record fossils near originally named previously thought trace fossils later found plants instead given french zoologist type specimen collected italian preserved limestone upper lower slab italian botanist worked specimens close relatives known brown algae lived coastal waters sea renamed species commemorating fossils extreme similarity extant appearance plant fossil stem like stipe centimetres life hung vertically plant submerged high tide stipe plant exposed low tide similar living sea palm specimens deposit collected described actually trace fossils remain assigned specimens assigned fossils original plant trace fossils morphology distinct stage dominant portion life cycle smaller stage like stage consists stem like stipe topped possibly leaf like blades rests root like anchors organism rocks lives sea palm system stipe support organism holds organisms receive light stipe merely firm hollow tube able withstand open air low tide conditions crashing waves high tide blades held grooves stage microscopic consisting cells produce sperm eggs create new like sea use cell walls composed use storage life cycle growth like brown algae goes generations annual species produces spores grooves blades substrate bare rock spores develop small male female male female create sperm eggs respectively sperm male reaches female egg resulting develops new green color juveniles change golden brown age reaching height grows stipe manner tree trunk cells beneath called divide rapidly form rings growth like tree greater flexibility stipe woody tree makes distinct differences thicker tree equal height order support stipe suited coastal habitat allows bend constant wave action environment cause woody tree break blades new grow initial blades splitting tear forms middle blade base continues entire length blade split habitat sea found rocky shores western north_america far north southern central coast california live middle upper zones areas high wave action increase nutrient availability moves blades allowing sunlight reach organism addition constant wave action removes competitors california recent studies shown grows greater numbers competition exists control group competition produced fewer offspring experimental group thought provide protection developing alternatively thought prevent growth competing algae allowing grow freely wave action removes release spores tend fall meters parent reasons spores swim released low tide deposited directly substrate secondly need close order occur sea tend live close large juvenile grow competing organisms like rip rocks waves come gripping incredible strength smaller brown algae family red algae algae harmful merely use larger substrate grow edibility blades certain dishes usually california protected species harvesting illegal range blades low prevents reproduction blades cut removing blades limit ability produce spores contribute subsequent populations danger points illegal harvest british_columbia washington oregon california partially protected species recreational harvesting illegal commercial harvesting legal estimated tons harvested california blades eaten raw dried dried blades sell pound commercial purchase license pay royalty wet ton algae harvested submit monthly harvest log experiment try prove claims gathering methods sustainable yielded results stating recovery collection depended greatly season collection
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