biography american general associated normal school written published biography kind book portrays armstrong complex politician administrator period balanced needs opposed parties surrounding virginia school african american students southern white neighbors northern philanthropist previous works presented armstrong fashion handicap book emphasizes armstrong upbringing missionary hawaii development educational philosophy reviewers complimented book balanced presentation armstrong grounded use period thought contribution historiography industrial education felt book lacked community state historical context recent scholarship native americans summary institute biography general founder book published challenges long standing ideas period system adherents progress african americans ideology opposed historically black historically white colleges positions opposed writes armstrong symbol america conflicts race class religion gender armstrong paternal arrogance believed higher status best determine improve lots suppressed lack opportunity discrimination african americans american indians knowing best influenced experience missionary work parents treated indigenous children behavior corrected biography armstrong philosophy demeanor understanding african americans experiences missionary student leader american_civil_war dismisses interpretations armstrong legacy handicap blacks instead armstrong portrayed complex man believes black improve lives lessons armstrong born raised hawaii father secular minister public instruction schools practiced manual labor principle education wrote armstrong hawaiian childhood racist sentiment mainland armstrong attended private schools moving study mainland away ministry believing father shorter creed better armstrong experience civil war including prisoner war leader general led lifelong pursuit noble strife helping fellow man joined served principal task prepare african americans teach people ways white men christian teachings strict code conduct manual labor teacher training schools armstrong left year legacy introduced school manual industrial teaching methods late 1860s despite increased cost distinguishes vision industrial education armstrong industry signifying self discipline self reliance labor proceeds supported black students school school months armstrong sought best graduates ascend higher education originally envisioned whites famous student virtual son spiritual heir opened style armstrong later expanded scope include native americans kept apart blacks school school notes missionaries struggled reconcile task peoples society defined active discrimination portrays armstrong natural politician administrator risk sought broad based support opposed parties including african americans anti negro white south white north armstrong master armstrong adopted patrons open confuse african americans promoting equality whites curriculum ultimately set federal donor money time armstrong goals school increased costs school northern industrialist manual labor education focus end curriculum means concludes armstrong black graduates lived better circumstances peers teachers south grateful opportunities native american graduates suffered health school little job opportunity west concluded armstrong work limited reliance elite emphasis white men deciding black lives inability change philosophy assumptions outdated thought armstrong succeeded intent students little wrote white society unprepared accept matter reception found book arguments convincing written wanted know armstrong background financial administration forming ties northern successful students apart history education quarterly noted armstrong intentions portrayed comparable leaders inner civil war saw work extension founding fathers wrote provided grounded biography handles armstrong contradictions use historiography understanding era emphasized biography balance contrast prior partisan writing armstrong noted schooling new slavery book generation examples work associates armstrong african american aspirations wrote work controversial claim abolitionist legacy armstrong fundamentally dedicated advancement opportunity african americans races wrote book particularly valuable historiography industrial education praised late nineteenth century american political racial educational thought criticized treatment relationship school community particularly stories students interacting community felt missed relevant recent literature armstrong impact native americans described tone mild continuous critical bite marked book reliance armstrong records consequent distance larger history virginia
Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited