french pronunciation october december called old president serving decades death tribal chief worked medical aide union leader elected served ministerial positions french government leading following independence life played significant role politics africa politically moderate leadership prospered economically success uncommon poverty ridden west_africa known miracle combination sound planning maintenance strong ties west particularly france development country significant coffee industries exploitation agricultural sector caused difficulties sharp drop prices coffee presidency maintained close relationship france policy known built close friendship chief adviser african policy governments aided conspirators ousted power took coup suspected involvement coup removed power maintained strong anti communist foreign policy resulted things diplomatic relations soviet_union establishing relations refusing recognise provided assistance united_states supported anti communist rebel movement established relations soviet_union shortly fall confederation west commonly known sage africa grand old man africa moved country capital hometown built world largest church lady peace cost million time death longest serving leader africa history longest serving leader world cuba north_korea created peace prize maintaining seeking peace death conditions quickly deteriorated number état currency economic recession beginning civil war early life birth childhood education according official biography probably born october family hereditary chiefs people unofficial accounts place birth date seven years earlier born tribe named means prophet father great nephew mother village chief murdered named succeed chief young age stepfather ruled regent came age father died descended tribal chiefs mother known died later doubts remain identity father officially native tribe died shortly birth son reliable information death exists uncertainty given rise rumors including widespread father born muslim named elder sisters younger brother french colonial administration recognised tribal leaders arranged school military post far village order prepare future leader despite objections relatives especially great aunt transferred secondary spite family reluctance boarding school year converted christianity considered modern religion obstacle spread islam chose christened class accepted earned teaching degree attended french french came class qualified medical assistant completed studies medicine qualify poorly paid doctor medical career october began career doctor aide hospital founded association indigenous medical personnel undertaking proved short lived colonial administration viewed considering trade union consequence decided lesser hospital april proved considerable talents promoted september post reserved europeans witnessed indigenous farmers colonists decided act leading movement farmers influential white landowners economic policies colonial government favoured farmers december published article titled stolen trait union socialist newspaper published pseudonym following year called tribe assume responsibilities village chief preferring pursue medical career relinquished office younger brother wishing live closer village obtained transfer february june displayed professional qualities attitude result september clinical director demanded choose job doctor involvement local politics choice quickly brother died chef office created colonial administration collect taxes ended medical career year marriage married union controversial practising catholic daughter wealthy muslim families eventually overcame opposition accepted union celebrated couple children died infancy francis marie raised catholics chef union leader chef assumed responsibility administration comprised villages took charge family plantation time important country worked rubber coffee crops soon africa richest farmers september established cooperation colonial administration presidency brought african farmers dissatisfied working conditions worked protect interests european anti anti racist organisation demanded better working conditions higher wages abolition labor union quickly received support nearly plantation workers left wing french administrators placed office success irritated colonists extent took legal action accusing anti french seeking french citizenship befriended inspector minister colonies ordered charges dropped successful obtaining replacement sympathetic governor hostile governor entered electoral politics august elections city council held time french electoral rules established common roll half elected french citizens europeans half non citizens reacted creating multi ethnic african roll non citizens citizens french citizenship result african contenders withdrew large number french protested assuring decisive victory october moved national political scene french government decided represent colonies gave representatives parliament combined represent french citizens represent indigenous population suffrage limited population attempt block governor supported rival provided backing administration despite thanks strong organization running indigenous seat easily came vote majority failed obtain absolute majority large number candidates running emerged victorious second round elections held november narrowly defeated candidate votes total point decided add surname meaning irresistible force role leader french political career member parliament taking seat alongside decide group opted small party composed communist formal members communist_party appointed member commission des time worked implement wishes particular proposing bill abolish forced labor single unpopular feature french rule assembly adopted bill known april greatly enhancing author prestige country april proposed unify labour regulations territories africa eventually completed finally september filed report public health system overseas territories calling reformation parliamentary tenure supported idea union french territories constitution proposed rejected voters new elections held second constituent assembly elections organized april help english communist study groups structure closely followed immediately successful independent african party new party easily swept elections votes opponents obtaining votes helped recall governor predecessor fired overseas minister opposition abolition return assembly appointed commission suffrage secretary commission proposed february reform french west_africa french territories federal council better represent african peoples called creation local assemblies africa learn autonomous foundation communist alliance holding second african representatives witnessed strong reaction colonial embedded rejected constitution drafted previous assembly new text approved voters october reduced african representatives reduced number entitled vote large number colonial topics left executive govern decree supervision colonial administration remained weak reacting felt betrayal promises african deputies concluded needed build permanent coalition independent french parties propose african colleagues obtained support founding congress held october french government sabotage congress particular socialist overseas minister successful african originally promoters attending ultimately convened founded inter territorial political movement pro communist dominated congress new movement goal free africa colonial personality association freely agreed union nations president confirmed times subsequently secretary general bringing territorial parties organization branch small form parliamentary group african deputies compelled join larger parties order sit soon joined openly anti political faction soon organised strikes european imports justified alliance time way voice heard creation alliance served cause march abolition compulsory labour adopted unanimously vote thanks tactical alliance cold war set alliance communists increasingly damaging french colonial administration showed increasingly hostile president administration called tensions reached height beginning following outbreak anti colonial violence entire leadership arrested managed slip away shortly police arrived house saved parliamentary immunity missed arrest popularly attributed influence prestige ensuing chaos riots broke significant clash police killed wounded according official figures total killed wounded arrested numbers according opinion reported journalist certainly order crisis prime minister entrusted france minister overseas territories task fact official alliance party established knowing october agreed break communist alliance asked interview worked communists replied landowner preach class struggle aligned communist_party joining rehabilitation entry government elections number seats reduced won seat candidate garnered votes election party direct opposition captured seat august speaking inauguration president board denied leader communist group believed affiliation 24th month delivered statement assembly result elections declared fraud denounced saw exploitation overseas deputies voting machines political supported colonial government action briefly unsuccessful success renewed year elections party received votes cast relationship communism forgotten embraced moderate named member committees universal suffrage distinct aforementioned committee regulating said suffrage february appointed minister duties presidency council government post held june marked time african elected senior position french government principal achievement role creation organisation regions help ensure counter territorial claims november minister public health population administration attempted reform public health code previously served minister state june november following ministry appointed minister state capacity participated development france african policy notably cultural domain behest created october signatories constitution fifth republic post held france minister government july leading independence mid-1950s french colonies west central africa grouped french west_africa financing roughly thirds budget wishing free country advocated africa nations generate wealth share poverty misery participated actively drafting adoption framework french legal reform addition granting autonomy african colonies break ties bound different territories giving autonomy means local assemblies far unanimously accepted africa leader speak attempted africa arguing colonial territories correspond reality geographical economic ethnic linguistic argued maintaining territories stronger political credibility allow develop emerge genuine people view shared members backed placing minority congress following adoption reform june territorial election held march transformed firm control political machine won seats serving minister france president mayor chose serve vice president remained colony france popularity influence france african colonies french magazine claimed politician photograph coats african women april prime minister visit called colonies africa declare independence experience impressive human relationships french 20th century people considered interesting try new different experience unique franco african community based equality fraternity unlike african leaders immediately demanded independence wished careful transition ensemble according political independence economic independence worthless invited meet years chosen best approach independence september proposed constitutional referendum franco african community territories given choice supporting constitution proclaiming independence cut france choice simple happens enter directly franco african community territories free group joining guinea chose independence leader opposed stating preference freedom poverty wealth slavery referendum produced institution meant association free jurisdiction foreign policy defense currency common ethnic financial policy strategic raw materials determined stop west_africa political confrontation ensued leaders refused participate inter african conference december intended lay foundation federation realised known time french formed political union allowed independence tried sabotage federation efforts political control cooperation france managed convince withdraw collapsed august months referendum seven member states french west_africa including autonomous won victory supporting victory established conditions future miracle possible budget revenues grew reaching president early years second marriage officially head government faced opposition rival parties facto party state confronted opposition government radical nationalists led openly opposed government policies attempt solve problem decided exile september claiming attempted assassinate called chat noir black cat conspiracy began drafting new constitution country independence france august drew heavily united_states_constitution establishing powerful executive branch constitution france limited capacities legislature transformed mere recording house bills budget proposals november elected unopposed presidency republic single list candidates elected marked series alleged plots played decisive role ultimately consolidating power hands clear consensus events fact plot entire series events plan consolidate hold power secret trials held key political figures including president supreme_court implicated discontent army generals grew following arrest defense minister president intervene personally years power centered reelected unopposed successive year terms years single list candidates returned purposes appointed president capacity leader approved candidates adult citizens required members media tightly controlled served mainly outlets government propaganda regime authoritarian somewhat harsh african regimes time consolidated power freed political prisoners unique brand subdued dissent offering government positions instead critics result according author continuity change semi democracy seriously challenged order foil plans coup état president took control military police reducing numbers defence entrusted french armed forces treaty defence cooperation april stationed port intervene request considered french interests threatened subsequently intervened attempts political group formed accused leader wishing married younger having divorced wife couple children adopted legally recognized father came court witnesses sisters cousin chief court session opened public madame granddaughter mother madame died marriage scandal went romantic italy fathered child florence mistress leadership africa following example refused proposals integrated europe opposed proposed united_states africa called question recently acquired national sovereignty opposed collective african institutions subject influence control cooperation upper created english council accord regional organisation founded order designed major functions allow shared management certain public services port railway line provide solidarity fund accessible member countries provided provide funding development projects low interest loans member states loans supplied offered grant dual citizenship nationals member countries proposition quickly abandoned following popular protests ambitious leader greater plans french speaking africa intended rally different nations large organisation objective mutual assistance member states project reality september signing charter giving birth union english african comprising french speaking countries including agreements signed sectors economic military telecommunications strengthened solidarity states creation affected plans supporters demanded dissolution regional reluctantly ceded transformed organisation english african economic cultural cooperation considering dead end organisation particularly paris opposed group decided create organisation english african french organization competition organisation included members countries aim break revolutionary ambitions africa years organisation france resulting departure half countries mid-1970s times economic prosperity aside differences joined forces nigeria attempt establish west_africa created countered creating superseded old trade partnerships french speaking regions assurances nigeria function manner earlier organisations decided merge organization presidency surrounded french advisers chief staff secretary general government influence extended areas type diplomacy labelled allowed maintain close ties colonial power making france primary african ally country enter agreement african nation support arrangement built close friendship chief adviser african policy governments revolutionary regimes claiming independence guinea september french constitutional referendum defied fellow african distanced officials excluded tensions began rise french intelligence agency regime january delivered small arms rebels council agree taking attempt overthrow promoted creation english reserve men ready plot downfall relationship leader neighboring degraded considerably following guinea independence financial political support convinced support began campaign discredit regime accused trying called states boycott conference scheduled place ousted power military coup allowed conspirators use base coordinate arrival departure missions collaboration took attempted coup january led famed french mercenary revolutionary regime order fight power lent support party feud party led despite reputation regimes granted refuge exiled central african republic dictator overthrown french september met international criticism having political financial burden expelled alignment france participant november crisis period political conflict leader supported president opponent followed france supporting controversial prime minister disliked africa defended invited overthrow november president supported plan proposed french secret service aimed bring deposed leader power operation failure response decided boycott fourth annual summit held september major contributor political tensions considering nigeria potential danger french influenced african states sent lieutenant colonel mission monitor political developments country opportunity weaken british colony presented led undertook nigeria french aligned african countries supported provided mercenaries weapons began civil war end 1960s french supported nations suddenly openly distanced france position civil war isolated international scene countries decided suspend assistance eventually went exile request paris began relations south_africa october attitude stating problems racial discrimination painful dignity resolved believe force proposed june follow lead spite receiving support proposal rejected refusal prevent continuing attempts approach regime attempts bore fruit october year semi official meeting delegation high level officials south african prime minister held capital south_africa communist influence africa met geneva soviet_union cuba tried collectively spread influence relations south_africa continued official basis end presidency leader highly turbulent relationship tensions reached climax accused authorities involved conspiracy forcibly recruit young students training camps libya responded inviting refuge organise opposition regime overthrown assassinated coup coup french involvement regime fallen france suspected involvement coup november asked government ban sale following allegations participation president greatly benefited divisions government contacted second powerful man regime generally believed worked conjunction overthrow regime supporting policies pursued france influenced actions africa pushed france support provide arms rebels hopes receiving country assets resources war opposition soviet_union china time independence considered soviet_union china influences developing countries establish diplomatic relations moscow severed following allegations direct soviet support student protest countries restore ties february time embraced active foreign policy reflecting quest greater international recognition outspoken criticism voiced fears invasion chinese subsequent africa especially concerned problems development china analogous africa china solutions appropriate sub africa accordingly countries relations china march principle demanded beijing china recognition effectively diplomatic relations taiwan economic policies 1960s 1970s adopted system economic order obtain trust confidence foreign investors notably french advantages granted investment laws established allowed foreign business profits country origin remaining developed agenda country infrastructure example building american style business district star hotels resorts welcomed tourists businessmen experienced economic growth country gross domestic product grew billion trade balance continued record surplus origin economic success stemmed president decision focus primary sector economy secondary sector result agricultural sector experienced significant development production tonnes coffee production rose nearly tonnes result economic prosperity saw influx immigrants west african countries foreign workforce maintained indigenous plantations represented quarter population foreigners began referring sage africa performing known miracle nicknamed old economic system developed cooperation france far perfect described economy experienced growth development growth economy depended capital initiatives financial framework investors abroad independent self sustaining crisis economy brink collapse beginning economy experienced decline sharp international market prices coffee decline perceived impact agricultural marketing board ensured income year order contain sudden drop prices exported goods raised prices resist international raw materials applying solution lost billion fell victim drought ravaged nearly hectares forest hectares coffee plants address problem travelled london negotiate agreement coffee prices traders agreement fallen apart major financial crisis production offshore oil drilling industries developed supply affected worldwide economic recession bought double market price fell heavy debt foreign debt reached billion prompting suspend payments debt refusing sell supply country shut exports july forced world rates increase failed november enormous stock big businesses jump start economy ill time named prime minister post established series belt economic measures bring country debt social tensions general atmosphere satisfaction period economic growth possible maintain control internal political tensions authoritarian regime political prisoners accepted population economic crisis began 1980s caused sharp decline living conditions middle class urban populations according population living poverty threshold went despite implementation certain measures reduction number young french workers worked abroad serving military allowing jobs young graduates government failed control rising rates unemployment bankruptcy companies strong social shook country creating army march protesters organized mass demonstrations streets thief corrupt popular demonstrations prompted president launch system authorised political trade unions opposition gained recognition principal student demonstrations protests government february led closing universities educational institutions shortly wife formed went exile france later year promoted political platforms similar french socialist government tried ignore party lengthy appeal process obtained status political refugee france french government attempted pressure returning begun worry developing network contacts believed stirring opponent threat paris returned exile granted forgiveness declaring tree angry bird opposition parties october presidential election held time actually faced opponent highlighted president age suggesting old seventh year term countered broadcasting television footage youth elected seventh term votes percent vote displays wealth presidency benefited greatly wealth time death personal wealth estimated billion regards large fortune said people surprised like gold born leader acquired dozen properties metropolitan area paris including street 7th paris property italy house switzerland owned real estate companies shares prestigious jewelry companies placed fortune switzerland asking man earth parts fortune switzerland moved capital expense state built buildings international airport luxurious project currently largest church world area square metres height metres personally financed construction carried architect total cost million offered pope personal gift having unsuccessfully requested shorter rome consecrated september collapse national economy coupled lavish amounts spent construction criticized called bush western news agencies death legacy succession death political social economic crises touched issue succeed head state ties political heir president entitled exercise functions president republic head state absent delayed officially designating successor president health increasingly fragile prime minister country onwards president hospitalised france struggle power ended rejected favour president december ill cancer flown die kept life support ensure concerning succession defined family disconnected life support december time death longest serving leader africa world cuba north_korea left written legacy report death recognised heirs especially led battle government recover vast fortune left claimed private belong state funeral following death country stability maintained seen impressive funeral february funeral africa held guests inside building tens thousands outside month delay funeral common members ethnic group allowed ceremonies preceding burial president funeral featured traditional african customs including large chorus dressed bright dresses singing lord things village chiefs displaying strips cloth traditionally buried objects enjoyed alive family state bury countries international organisations sent delegates funeral according new_york_times disappointed poor attendance key allies notably united_states small united_states delegation led secretary energy assistant secretary state african affairs contrast close personal ties france reflected large french delegation included president prime minister presidents senate president friend prime ministers according new_york_times death end political era end close french african relationship came symbolize establish legacy man peace created award sponsored funded entirely extra budgetary resources provided foundation honor search peace prize named president advocate peace concord fellowship dialogue solve conflicts states awarded annually check international jury composed persons continents led united_states secretary state nobel peace prize winner prize awarded president president awarded year exception positions government france
Félix Houphouët-Boigny