education early modern scotland education early modern scotland includes forms education modern borders scotland end middle ages late fifteenth century beginnings enlightenment mid eighteenth century sixteenth century formal educational institutions grammar schools petty schools schools girls established scotland children nobility studied private scotland universities curriculum limited scottish scholars abroad gain second degrees contacts important ways new ideas brought scottish intellectual life concern education latin culminated education act reformation concern education programme education attempt establish system parish schools administered new university established edinburgh existing universities underwent series reforms associated brought standards scholarship methods teaching institutions seventeenth century attempts organise finance system parish schools successful expansion university system early eighteenth century network parish schools reasonably complete limited highlands supplemented scotland began benefits university system major early figures enlightenment including background schooling surviving sources education extremely limited outside occasional references documents concerned matters handful records monastic episcopal registers highlands indications system education associated poetry medicine taught theology arts lesser status evidence formal schooling largely preserved place names end middle ages large churches probably song schools open boys grammar schools based teaching latin grammar boys found main scottish small towns educational provision probably better towns rural areas petty schools provided elementary education exclusively aimed boys end fifteenth century edinburgh schools girls described schools probably indicates major functions reading taught generally run lay women development private tuition families lords wealthy developed household schools farming neighbours sons household documentary evidence schools different kinds reformation growing inspired emphasis education late middle ages culminated passing education act decreed sons barons substance attend grammar schools endorsed concern learn resulted increase literacy largely concentrated male wealthy elite cent nobility beginning sixteenth century universities end eleventh century universities founded europe developing semi autonomous centres learning teaching theology mathematics law medicine fifteenth century beginning northern italy universities strongly influenced thinking emphasis classical authors questioned accepted established thinking manifested teaching new subjects particularly medium greek language fifteenth century university colleges founded college added glasgow founded added initially designed training increasingly began challenge clerical monopoly administrative posts government law period scottish universities largely latin curriculum designed clergy civil canon lawyers teach greek fundamental new scholarship focusing putting largely faith works aristotle authority challenged renaissance provided basic degrees wanting study advanced degrees common european scholars needed universities countries result large numbers scots continued studies continent english universities international contacts helped integrate scotland wider european scholarly world important ways new ideas brought scottish intellectual life historian born studied paris returned principal new university major figure teacher cologne later tutor young served royal secretary sixteenth century civic values stressed importance order morality began major impact education dominant universities schools end sixteenth century king addition basic arts curriculum offered theology civil canon law medicine founded archbishop led college college academy training stress biblical study abbot later responsible bringing italian teach abbey established impressive library wrote works scottish history biography instrumental organising public lectures established edinburgh law greek latin philosophy patronage queen consort mary guise developed college city eventually mid sixteenth century scotland underwent rejected papal authority aspects catholic theology practice created national church known strongly presbyterian outlook severely reducing powers bishops initially gave considerable power new local control appointment clergy important establishing funding schools shift emphasis ritual word making bible ability read bible fundamental scottish religion reformation schools concern increasing public access education shared protestant saw schools vehicles provision moral religious education society protestant party dominant book discipline set plan school parish proved financially impossible existing schools largely maintained song schools number new foundations reformed grammar schools ordinary parish schools schools supported combination funds contributions local councils parents pay inspected sessions local elders checked quality teaching purity large number private adventure schools informally created parents agreement available buildings chiefly evident historical record complaints attempts suppress sessions took pupils away official parish schools private schools necessary given large populations scale parishes accepted church local authorities particularly important girls children poor outside established schools generally better funded able pay masters combined position employment particularly minor posts clerk immediately reformation short supply evidence expansion university system provided large numbers graduates seventeenth century evidence schools period parish schools schools teaching vernacular taking children age grammar schools took boys best grammar schools curriculum included latin french classical literature sports widespread belief limited intellectual moral capacity women came conflict desire intensified reformation women greater personal moral responsibility particularly wives mothers necessitated ability learn understand able independently read bible commentators period tended encourage education girls thought receive academic education boys girls admitted parish schools insufficient numbers boys pay adequate living lower ranks society girls benefited expansion parish schools system took place reformation usually outnumbered boys taught separately shorter time lower level girls frequently taught reading writing nobility educated women mary queen scots reformation universities reformation scotland universities underwent series reforms associated returned geneva principal distinguished philosopher poet trained paris studied law moving geneva developing interest protestant theology influenced anti placed emphasis simplified logic elevated languages sciences status philosophy allowing accepted ideas areas challenged introduced new specialist teaching staff replacing system tutor took students entire arts curriculum abandoned greek compulsory year followed hebrew launching new fashion ancient biblical languages enrollment rates declining arrival students began arrive large numbers assisted reconstruction founded second university college city 5th order glasgow appointed principal mary college established mid sixteenth century reforms produced scottish universities providing quality education equal higher education institutions europe seventeenth century parish schools act commanded parish establish school convenient means parliament scotland ratified law education act tax local landowners introduced provide necessary scotland underwent second reformation widespread support charles innovations bishop wars scotland virtual independence government westminster education remained fundamental ideas allowed education tax closed education act established solid institutional foundation schools principles role supervision restoration monarchy brought reversal position new legislation restored provisions means enforcement suitable age aim having school parish rural communities acts obliged local landowners provide pay known scotland ministers local oversaw quality education scottish towns schools operated local councils late seventeenth century largely complete network parish schools highlands basic education lacking areas growth universities commonwealth universities saw improvement funding given income defunct allowing completion buildings including college high street glasgow largely seen training schools clergy came control hard line protesters generally favoured regime greater leading principal glasgow restoration purge universities intellectual advances preceding period preserved scottish universities recovered disruption civil war years restoration lecture based curriculum able embrace economics science offering high quality liberal education sons nobility gentry saw establishment establishment chairs mathematics astronomy facilitated building king colleges appointed professor medicine edinburgh founded developments helped universities major centres medical education scotland forefront enlightenment thinking early eighteenth century limitations school system effects extensive network parish schools growth democratic myth nineteenth century created widespread belief able rise system high office literacy widespread scotland neighbouring states particularly england historians accept boys able pursue route social advancement literacy noticeably higher comparable nations education parish schools basic short attendance compulsory eighteenth century poorer girls taught dame schools informally set widow teach reading cooking members aristocracy early eighteenth century girl education expected include basic literacy household management accomplishments emphasised female rates based signatures female servants percent late seventeenth early eighteenth centuries percent women ranks compared cent men overall literacy rates slightly higher england female rates lower english counterparts scottish highlands popular education challenged problems distance physical isolation teachers ministers limited knowledge primary local language parish schools supplemented established promoting christian knowledge aim highlands teach english language end attachment associated rebellious schools eventually taught overall effect contributed erosion highland culture literacy rates lower highlands comparable lowland rural society despite efforts remained prevalent nineteenth century access scottish universities probably open contemporary england germany france attendance expensive student body representative society eighteenth century scotland intellectual benefits system contribution european enlightenment key figures scottish enlightenment mark mid eighteenth century included professor moral philosophy glasgow important link ideas later school scottish common sense realism developing thinking appointed chair mathematics age leading british mathematician era significant intellectual figure early modern scotland essays moral political helped outline parameters philosophical major influence later enlightenment figures including
Education in early modern Scotland