romanian pronunciation known september july born romanian liberal statesman lawyer historian publicist prime minister romania october union later served foreign minister times interior minister carol influential romanian intellectuals generation siding moderate liberal current lifetime began political career collaborator serving head issuing publications poet activist editing highly influential magazine serving professor came conflict authorities romantic nationalist inaugural speech abortive revolution main document din following war prince responsible drafting legislation abolish slavery edited magazine played prominent elections hoc successfully promoted lifelong friend throne advanced legislation traditional ranks titles property monasteries efforts land reform resulted vote leading enforce coup état resigned following conflicts monarch decade helped create playing important romania decision enter russo turkish war choice consecrated independence instrumental acquisition later colonization region final years prominent member time president briefly served romanian representative france biography early life born belonged family son great grandson noted having signed document issued mother née according words romanian family author took pride noting family searched origins foreign countries peoples speech gave shortly death commented descendant family settled centuries colony scattered lifetime confusion exact birth year sources erroneously indicating speech acknowledged gave exact birth date present register kept father mentioned married family mother protector foe educated monastery monk belonged associate completed primary education attended boarding school early period met poet studied time passionate student history beginning investigations old chronicles support continued studies abroad originally french city cared tutor later colleagues future philosopher son monarch stay cut short intervention russian officials supervising provisions regime believed influence participant french revolution students infused rebellious ideas students including sons withdrawn school late reassigned prussian education institutions berlin period berlin came contact greatly influenced especially professor ideas necessity politicians acquainted historical science readily adopted pages dedicated influence exercised romanian thought noted certain related principles common attribute berlin faculty stay commented later years politician adopted views notably principle legislation needed adapt individual spirit nations later noted pride romanian students claimed conversations person use modern french language words romanian romania replacing references versions intellectual historian noted played references standard ones introduced relatively close son george cumberland future ruler initially hosted community later guest pastor named residence witnessed gatherings activists favor german unification according group kept close watch addition enlisted help writing work historical christian moral studies summer trips town met novelist befriended recalled land reform carried later studied effects reform visit saw possibility results native country greatly expanding familiarity historical social subjects began work volumes pioneering study people french language des history volume synthesis romanian history published inside repulsed existence slavery country study cited example active western countries addition authored series studies romanian literature signed works version michael slightly erroneous case twice french particle second time romanian based raising suspicions prince apparent sided reform minded youth day opposition regime prevented completing doctorate instead returned adjutant opposition prince following decade published large number works including essays articles editions books articles founding succession short lived periodicals calendar renamed law freeing slaves property articles announced great triumph humanity new ideas edited suppressed authorities considered suspect printed works available time time acquired printing press planned issue complete editions chronicles including associated political choices project fulfilled context sought public interest ranging far romanian tastes published featured themed recipes meant educate local folk european cuisine later claim friend art began expanding romantic ideal national major influence literary figures main goals publications expanding coverage modern romanian culture early stages mainly relied publishing translations western literature according accompanied attack later issued clear criticism proposed version literary romanian relied notably pointing inconsistent additionally evidenced influence foreign poetry work viewing excessive tensions occurred began collaborator having reduced toned contributions period maintained close contacts colleague sister main figures intellectual circle hosted close french teacher involved liberal causes interested work intellectuals day speculated later contributed sections lengthy essay serving prince private secretary director followed monarch decision unite existing theaters city hosted plays french single institution later years venue staged popular comedies based french age popular kind country hosted debut playwright progressively subject censorship gave celebrated inaugural lecture national history newly founded speech greatly influenced ethnic romanian students generation professors originating historical regions introductory speech partly prompted refusal amounted revolutionary project things explicit references common cause living states russian ruled areas view country earth romanian spoken national history history brothers revolution enthusiasm change making suspect authorities lectures history suspended passport revoked traveling vienna secret representative political opposition attempting approach discuss briefly imprisoned returning soon involved political assisting friend february romantic nationalist celebration traveled met members secretive organization legal including august having sold personal library paris western european cities joining romanian student association included presided french poet frequented romanian library joining lodge known des foreigners reform minded paris visited spain wishing witness wedding duke curious assess developments spanish culture end trip authored notes sur notes spain french language volume combining memoir travel writing record concentrated activities reviewing historical sources expanding series printed edited chronicles time renewed contacts helped publish articles revue orient later state come paris learn speak french like french borrow ideas useful things nation free following onset present forefront nationalist politics number reasons failed sign march petition proclamation signaled revolution seen prince ordered arrest police followed capture authored vocal attacks july reward offered dead alive late summer crossed austrian border took refuge brothers property parallel led revolution managed gain power member chief exile manifesto din wishes national party august effect constitutional project listing goals romanian revolutionaries contrasted earlier demands revolutionaries presented called strict adherence end abuse sections articles manifesto called things internal autonomy civil political liberties separation powers abolition privilege end union referring ideal stressed formed national time published explicit project constitution expanded translated reality contributed articles journal voice revolution romanian inhabited austrian lands january cholera epidemic forced leave carried activities support romanian revolution prince reforms april goals revolution fulfilled treaty powers regime ottoman_empire russia appointed supporter liberal cause prince hand confirming defeat revolutionary power allowed events return exile appointed administrative offices measures enforced prince fallout defeat russia war bring introduction virtually liberal comprised din consequently appointed high level government positions continuing cultural contributions main figure loose grouping sought merger single administration reflecting role stated single reform single national act absent major laws inaugurated career legislator prince december legislation drafted abolition slavery passed involved freeing privately owned owned state set free prince january claimed personally inspired measure prompted complete process liberation fate educated cook murdered french wife killed aware going set free masters prince attempted improve peasant situation quit regulating peasants longer removed land working measure produced little lasting effects according cause sought landowners weakness government nature provisional powerless hoc interrupted russian austrian war activity representative successful treaty paris came direct supervision comprising alongside russia austria united_kingdom second french empire prussia later acknowledged members begun consider paris agreements especially convention countries place addition began printing magazine enlisted support encouraged issue magazine danube brussels french language version serve views time correspondence french traveler played minor uprising supported romanian cause native country elected college landowners hoc newly established assembly gained right decide future kept line representatives respective resumed campaign favor union increased autonomy principles neutrality representative government said later rule foreign prince initially presented candidates regency title popular renounced order dismissed ottomans preferred appoint june following elections september entire chose support throne came new carried anti electoral fraud suffrage common verdict queen_victoria august announced world august played decisive decision abolish ranks privileges pieces legislation imposed prince constantine final proposal effectively imposing law universal conscription end rank based tax commission included passed october votes remaining noted pride entire nation accepted great reform princes great low ranking privileged strata received reform special laws derived old regime resembled old regime recorded members class subsequently refused new principles november passed legislation forcing end religious discrimination non orthodox christians specifically roman catholics law initiated efforts centered bringing end peasant question admitted electorate threatened recall pursue path consequently signed moderate proposal prevented new leaving matters discussed future permanent assembly project instantly rejected solid majority assembly view led creation poles national liberal conservative replacing divide causing political conflicts inside majority forming parties opposition group conservative followers new elections able promote january leading election similar position february facto union countries october clear proposal unification noted carried vote opposing voices orthodox vicar publicly acclaimed peasant representative stood hoc rallied support factions camp promoting paris treaty day took throne begin rule welcomed emotional speech monastery estates occasions cabinet leader half prime minister romania responsible reforms associated reign term ended december involved scandal involving opposed monastery estates imposed land freed divided peasants land reform came universal abolition political opposition prevented pushing reform time proposed seen person responsible manner eventually carried changes legislation came end lengthy process inaugurated institution regulating legislative projects conservative dominated refused create basis land reform instead provided end allowing peasants estates control houses parcel pasture known rural law project received instant support premier leader conservatives target vocal criticism june project debated parliament causing conservatives noted historian considered project preserving estates created sizable group dependent peasants provide affordable labor late month mysteriously assassinated way attended commemorating revolution succeeded interim june passed parliament according conservatives reluctant propose law review knowing destined rejected discussions drifted matter land greek orthodox monasteries romania sizable properties traditional tax subject controversy period late revenues taken state summer following year sum million offered compensation greek monks exchange monasteries land ottoman_empire proposed international took initiative october deposed cabinet instead selection men premier interior minister minister religious affairs order prevent international tensions decided estates greek romanian orthodox monasteries resolution passed parliamentary votes later presented offer million compensation viewed low intended recipients including patriarch iii consequently romanian state considered matter closed direct consequence land fourth available future land reform fifth fourth total land state personal regime spring cabinet introduced bill providing extensive land reform proposed land based peasant status foremost people owned receive land hectares middle people hectares manual laborers hectares peasants plots making yearly payments respective landowner caused parliament represented voices conservatives deemed insane party prepared vote based fact publicized project contradiction endorsed going letter law later justified saying publication necessary order quell rural population agitated alternative project cabinet handed resignation refused tensions mounted carried coup état coinciding moment conservatives imposed vote read parliament monarch decision dissolve introduced new constitution titled statute expanding paris convention law virtually establishing system universal male suffrage submitted gaining support voters new regime passed version effectively imposing land reform putting end accomplished discussions august newly established law advanced measures minister included establishment introduction identity papers establishment national police corps comprising units unification border police reserved members council asked land reform law applied duration years instead presumed april deadline agreed arguing decision condemnation crushing law worried peasants informed future longer persuaded carry threatened resignation ultimately able persuade parties involved including opposition leader accept law application spring proclamation rural inhabitants accompanied resolution described political testament despite measure factors growing population division plots descendants peasant debts enduring reliance revenues working estates widespread speculation estate instances political corruption detrimental allocation land reform completely long term contributed countryside unrest culminated peasants revolt participation authoritarian regime established succeeded series reforms notably introducing napoleonic code public education state alcohol tobacco time regime unstable contested sides especially affair topic scandal early came conflict main ally dismissed soon following months administration went financial collapse longer able provide state salaries came rely relations friend dramatically declared disgusted politics withdrew estate wrote pieces critical political developments carol ascent coalition ultimately ousted coalition conservatives liberals february following period transition maneuvers international objections unified established adoption constitution years later recognition scholarly contributions member newly created november january minister interior capacity regulated design police uniforms investigated murder peasants rogue time involved new diplomatic effort government aiming receive formal recognition romania opposed bid successful ottomans gave approval marked slump romania relationship prussia minister president matter tensions worsened prussian money attracted development romanian railways system later romanian governments confronted affair volatile combination investment scheme failure anti prussian sentiment republic generally depicted prussian friendly conservatives opposed dealings daily referred guilty party overall minister hostile prussia tried help national cause living austria-hungary etc reportedly pitted carol prussian born term confirmed election able persuade accept position deputy roman poet nominated expressing consent cast aside hostility main supporters chamber blocked republican friend acting premier carol threatened leave country let liberals deal subsequent problems gathered party decisive support monarch left country settled relations remained respectful distant summer visiting vienna happened meet exchanging words raised hats form alongside public figures attended funeral speaking later noted committed great errors shall fade hearts peasants romania history carried leader pragmatic romania loose opposition cabinet began talks radical faction liberal trend notably carried residence negotiations resulted creation called coalition signed proclamation voter stated main goals outspoken adversary collaborator leader liberal splinter group rejected politics speech parliament attacked supporters political academic positions approval conservative literary society anti liberal gazette like political career tracts focused condemning austrian ethnic territorial policies issued paris anti austrian romanian cause called les documents rape reused old texts collected propaganda effort won support floor conservatives signed enterprise joined expressing opposition trade convention signed austria-hungary exports claimed leading romanian industry ruin accepted office looked adopting european like patent laws measure encouraging local industries government repeal agreement romanian independence serving foreign affairs minister cabinet spring summer april november responsible romania entering war russian led country independence romanian war independence initially tried obtain diplomatic recognition states european states rejected offer ottoman ignored russian envoy received instructions halt initiatives eastern question return office personally organized meetings russian diplomat approved russian demands exchange supported transit russian troops persuaded carol accept russian alliance contrary initial advice sought advice matter french republic powers supervising romania louis french foreign minister declined answer pointed romania join russia powers cease offering protection making note expressed hope france support country decisive moment end russian declaration war came surprise carol informed exact date april start moving tended regard invasion official russian proclamation addressed empire tensions somewhat russian later ottoman pledge annex romania addressing parliament asserted russian road country choice speech parliament romania acknowledged ottoman rewarded carol received minister negotiated terms join war effort bulgaria specifically demanding russian following year coordinated efforts act recognized european states stated government policies centered rapid possible transformation foreign diplomatic agencies late traveled austria-hungary met austrian foreign minister recorded mood opposition romanian military effort received guarantees border security main challenge convincing chancellor reserved issue romanian independence war end headed romanian delegation capacity protested russia offer exchange previously ottoman ruled portion southern romania received treaty paris came months tension romania russia generated territorial issue russian claim representing romania berlin envoy threatened russians romanian alliance romanian soldiers prepared defense conference ultimate decision favor russia proposal largely support french minister foreign affairs additional pressures came russians register setbacks end conference demands romania allow indefinite military transit opposition european states able obtain effect intervention romania agreed resolve issue government pledged non christian residents history jews romania efforts decision bitter germans refused compromise resolution debated inside romania following year measure respect jews introduced outcome subject controversy romania territorial exchange generally considered unfair voices arguing country accept ottoman means state affairs secretly agreed early subordinates diplomatic corps privately noted fully agreed regarded new province splendid acquisition april explicitly assured parliament real threat point time germans austrians begun fact favorite agent influence russians reportedly encouraged rumor spread reportedly commented prince carol unfortunate people like service opposition came conservative legislators viewed non romanian territory proclamation peoples standard patriotic narrative events asserted region united romania romanian land people wishes sacrifices heated parliamentary sessions late september helped swing vote favor annexation speeches helped transform public mood promised swift process addresses credited having romanian claim briefly held head began organizing administration supported distinct legal regime transition ottoman administration period rebuilding effect colonial rule aiming locals romanian mainstream respectful islam unlike partisans colonization including scientist saw new territory open ethnic romanian played ethnic policies reported personally urged romanian abandon traditional lifestyle homes offering option purchasing land widely available partition ottoman estates land owned appropriation plots advised local administration existing romanian communities decision making process final years subsequently represented country france romanian envoy paris having staff french state awarded rank grand january oversaw diplomatic contacts romania china exchange correspondence france chinese ambassador united_kingdom return newly proclaimed played prominent opposing concessions austria issue international danube navigation known speaker liberal conservative faction group supporters criticized pushed universal male suffrage argued romania fragile international standing permit electoral withdrawing political life served president having fallen severely ill spent final years editing historical documents fund roman finds collecting foreign documents related romanian history speeches held academy witnessed carol wife summary entire career politician intellectual civil servant august traveling austrian region troubled news died home writing wife asked present funeral allow lady unable kiss alive dead kiss grave died undergoing surgery paris succeeded seat buried native cemetery views contributions leader opinion statesman won acclaim role shaping development modern romania major historian 20th century celebrated founder modern romanian culture seen clarity free complete romania peasants thrown reference person understanding secretive connections linking life people moral quality energy soul democratic nationalist politician combined conservative principles acquired education taking inspiration policies prussian baron und german consider took granted rumors agent russians alleged romanian land reform supportive civil liberties liberal positions nation approach tendencies fellow revolutionaries maturity respect french revolution legacy arguing civilization stops revolutions begin time connections conviction affiliation revolutionaries important factor ensuring success romanian causes abroad arguably played election member secretive organization inside romanian liberal faction contrast topics tie modernization democracy need improve situation peasants notable politicians died late advocated strict adherence praised activism favor indicating formed precedent accomplishments uprising failure advance definitive land reform faced negative response census elected parliament prior coup defended land reform project words thousand nation truth late life notions patriotism having provided love romanian liberal spirit emphasis original stressed lengthy actions grim exercised means crush eyes beautiful words prince indicated strongest means character german people order liberate foreign raise increase germany democratic principles government like fellow romanian liberals advocated series policies position minister executive resume jewish community members countryside denying sources income faced official protests european states replied matter business romania usually referred jewish community general insulting term accepted presence romanian soil concession alleged numerous powerful presence europe 1930s attitudes involvement peasant causes cited precedent politicians fascist promoting rural advocated restricting civil rights jewish community discourse nuanced violent contemporaries according historian stood complicated balance dealing jewish question concessions radical expressed criticism moderate stance believed represented party claimed secret faithful strongly objected cabinet decision expel moses renowned jewish scholar stating man works country later celebrate man romanian literature owes years later issues conferred citizenship russian born jewish immigrant shortly death reportedly endorsed similar measure jewish scholar expressing condemnation party efforts block cultural history tracing development literary criticism role romanian culture 20th century author ample mention role nationalist particular attempts intellectuals change fabric romanian language introducing strong influences latin modern romance languages illustrate view cited notably states shall find romanian point contribute increasing calling romans passion currently reigning foremost writers additionally credited faction included having helped introduce spoken romanian literary language time successors use dialect prevalent orthodox greek catholic religious culture connection advocacy pragmatic civilization national ideas habits improves benefit nation particular humanity general adverse fast cultural reforms stressing required generation younger noted contrast predecessors sets intellectuals contrast mission knew translate positive terms historian notably introduced influential romantic nationalist noted stressing image 17th century romania view present earlier essays proposed romanian folk european peoples record history national language earliest romanian language chronicles date 17th century additionally argued second bulgarian empire romanian state works claimed traditionally practiced preserve purity study people sur les des sketch history language seen groundbreaking work field according historian reach standards scientific research book genuine contribution work reference early urging writers seek inspiration work romanian folklore creating literature revolution defeated leaders went exile noted lighter toll russian intervention contributed preservation literature alongside similar statements allowed conclude played bigger shaping cultural landscape romania writing half century critic historian noted stressed national unity discourse tended place emphasis according set foundation local school literary criticism announced cultural advocated 1860s conclusion partly shared literary researcher reaction generation especially main figure tended ignore outright dismiss causes attitudes expressed commenting differences literature gave reserved assessment position arguing emphasis placed national taste occasionally result acclaim mediocre writers observed prose works imitated style friend carrying artistic weight noting works autobiography featured pages good melancholy attributed author traditional upbringing writings physiology man closely based french model echoing series texts popular generation deemed age romanian realism researcher pieces comedy plays written director women man happy blind man notes sur published decades death received critical acclaim legacy descendants married widow colonel children boys eldest son studied law career diplomacy author unfinished work romanian history brother born died male children heirs line surviving son named established published magazine named aimed new series published 1840s projects rendered outbreak world war youngest son noted involvement left wing politics early 20th century founder served inspiration collaborator campaigning universal suffrage sunday rest manifesto peasants issued peasants revolt interpreted authorities rebellion led imprisonment duration months member served executive debates extensive land reform sister studied boarding school dresden late 1860s early 1870s husband local leader conservatives according exercising real control organization branch faded politics result world war came support later speculated intelligent children claimed acknowledged quoting saying bad boy mother daughters married family nephew local leader major landowner married member family died leaving wife large fortune spent large collection fortune telling robbed murdered october rumor killed son path pursued authorities quick cancel investigation time faced major strikes landmarks portrayals residence kept memorial house public museum vacation house city located area known locally turn house tower residence composer purchased novelist museum dedicated memory property sold divided early 20th century chronicles edited source inspiration historical beginning relationship peasant representative hoc briefly mentioned authored subject short writing published poet father acquainted authored memoir detailing fluctuating relationship political figures detailing premier speeches subject paintings features prominently shown alongside handing deed peasant host bronze statue purported recast sculptor older works commissioned create monument dedicated erected year actors portrayed romanian films notably stages romanian communist regime image present official propaganda alongside historical figures considered progressive historian given places landmarks include downtown square near metro station housing han sculpture international airport situated northwest serving city airport houses base private university founded plaque dedicated french state
Mihail Kogălniceanu