washington known native american tribes potentially active second highest mountain state washington adams member arc largest located remote wilderness approximately miles east comprises upper western volcano cone eastern mountain nation adams broad body rises miles cascade crest nearly flat summit formed result cone building separated air travelers flying busy routes area confuse nearby similar flat topped shape traverses western flank mountain adams erupted years considered extinct description general stands miles east miles south miles north miles north oregon nearest major cities miles northeast portland metropolitan area miles southwest half thirds adams mount adams wilderness remaining area indian reservation volcanic peaks oregon stand adams active volcano washington east rest washington adams long lived minor activity beginning years ago major cone building activity beginning years ago mountain completely eroded glaciers elevation feet twice lifetime current cone built recent major period years ago standing feet adams towers feet surrounding countryside second highest mountain washington way built largest volcano washington second mount large size reflected miles diameter base prominent north south axis adams major rivers streams glaciers springs base flow major river systems streams north west portions adams feed joins near southward white salmon river source lower flanks west adams gains additional input streams southwest mountain streams east flow streams sides point courses provide essential irrigation water farming rivers nearly completely free flowing small barriers irrigation white salmon flow control downstream flood control power generation purposes second isolated terms access washington isolated major highways pass close highway passes miles north adams crosses comes miles adams follows white valley small town highway generally decent roads closer mountain main access roads paved length roads gravel dirt varying degrees maintenance access way reservation boundary known extremely rough suitable trucks high clearance vehicles small towns trout lake sit valleys miles summit southeast quarter southwest quarter size distance major cities tendency forgotten ignored people familiar pacific_northwest led people mount adams forgotten giant washington clear day summit visible cascade range include mount north sisters south oregon west summit area contrary legend adams current summit area loss volcano peak instead formed result cone building separated false summit rises feet south nearly half mile wide summit area true summit feet higher gently sloping north small lava cone marks highest point long false summit elevation feet structure built repeated lava flows late pleistocene pinnacle forms northwest false summit created erosion adams white salmon glaciers east castle low prominence sits summit crater filled snow open west rim flank terrain features prominent ridges descend mountain sides north named comes point summit ice cap heading north descend pinnacle northwest west respectively ridge descends west southwest point halfway west turns southwest feet south ridge lies gradually broad descends southwesterly tree line south starts tree line lower end descends southerly direction prominent ridges descend east mountain ridge wonders south ends area away mountain called island rugged descends high mountain ridge north east descends lower elevation mountain beneath starting location descends slightly east north rock exist lower flanks adams abrupt rocky prominence near smaller rocky tree line west glaciers glaciers cover total adams surface ice age mountain perennial snow ice features officially named glaciers total ice covered area makes square miles km2 area actual named glaciers km2 largest remaining glaciers including adams originate summit ice cap northwest face mountain steep channel series spreading terminating feet elevation source tributary eastern lobe ends small glacial second size mount pinnacle glaciers west mountain thick generally appearance originate glacial actual summit white salmon originate summit ice cap begin high mountain feet early 1900s portion descended summit ice cap volume loss separated glacial ice feeds southwest rest large cliffs lower section west white salmon feed streams cascade creek flow pinnacle source fork tributary south mountain moderately free glaciers relatively small crescent south perennial slopes crescent source feed directly source creeks drain white salmon river rugged east glaciers wilson ice age carved immense created ridge wonders glaciers east south begins ridge ridge wonders feet near terminus ridge wonders small portion feeds gains area additional ice collects drifting snow ridge turns south terminates feet source flows joins volcano eastern flank originates mile wide fed smaller glaciers summit ice cap terminates feet source tributary start summit ice cap starts feet fed snow ice summit cap enclosed south north terminates feet source flows joining big muddy way wilson like starts fed snow ice starts slightly higher feet fed arm flows summit ice cap wilson terminates feet source little tributary north distinguished major glaciers like characterized deep summit ice cap divided arms rugged ridge feet terminates feet lava originates large summit feet west lava ridge east terminates feet lava source total area decreased square miles km2 square miles km2 greatest loss occurring total area relatively stable small decline 1990s surrounding area surrounded variety volcanic features stands near center north south volcanic field miles wide miles long south vent south field field includes considered flank largest flank volcano shield volcano base called goat structure years old little mount adams symmetrical cone ridge wonders adams southeast flank cone adams north created late pleistocene stands feet lava plain base flowed later modified glaciers feet level adams south flank associated structure younger end ice age relatively young obvious lava flows exist area adams flows north mountain include flow area meadows flow larger north garden obvious flow appears south slopes adams lava bed smaller flows exist locations mountain encompassed field include north meadow south interspersed located miles north heavily eroded ruins older adams unlike adams goat rocks volcano periodically explosive deposited ash million years ago later solidified foot thick layers area surrounding underground caves formed inactive lava caves usually close surface hundreds feet deep wide known caves include caves largest bore caves near adams diameter feet length feet ice cave sections created ice section feet long feet diameter noted beautiful ice formations entrance tube continues feet west massive network lava tubes complex lava tube cave united_states feet passage caves outside caves area time huge system originated indian heaven volcanic field obscure caves adams southeast near island geology adams overlapping form mile diameter base elongated north south axis covers area square miles km2 volcano volume cubic miles placing second mount category cascade created juan plate located coast pacific_northwest born mid late pleistocene grew lava cycle separated long periods minor activity glaciers eroded mountain feet potassium dating identified periods occurring years ago second years ago years ago volcano consist lava flows little loose material makes core lava flows formed foot thick circle base filled existing depressions valleys volcano handful flows erupted early adams development present main cone built adams capped system ice age lava erupted shattered came contact ice cone interior easily eroded fragments construction constant emissions heat gases transformed rock iron rich compounds present cone feet constructed years ago time volcano erupted times generally feet recent flows issued created mile long mile wide flow looks young year old mount ash meaning old similar age meadows lava flows lowest vent main cone constructed south slope adams lava known erupted adams approximately year old flow emerged vent feet youngest large debris flow adams large end ice age flow covered miles white valley water later formed great slide started close white salmon largest adams historic time slide fell mile debris covered square mile km2 upper area steam reported active slide source years leading speculation event started small steam explosion debris flow recorded history known thermal hot spots gas emissions including hydrogen occurred especially summit plateau indicate adams dormant extinct future adams probably follow patterns set previous events flank lava flows primary products occur adams tend low moderate present hazard violent cascade interior main cone little pile fragmented lava altered rock potential large landslides debris flows adams experienced seven weeks apart largest ignoring catastrophic landslide eruption slide occurred occurred end august consisted mainly snow ice rock fell similar location similar path slide second slide year occurred late october originated high castle consisted mainly rock flowed miles big muddy creek estimated moved million cubic yards million cubic metres material indian heaven volcanic field located indian heaven wilderness principal feature mile long linear zone shield flows volumes cubic miles highest peak shield form backbone volcanic field located northern southern sides field western eastern sides east lies volcanic field area contains small shield mainly intermediate products subordinate secondary products active million thousand years ago seismic activity adams low oregon washington monitored seismic station southwest flank mountain recreation like cascade offers recreational activities including mountain climbing hiking picking camping boating fishing photography wildlife viewing scenic driving things acres mount adams wilderness west slope offers abundance opportunities hiking camping mountain climbing equestrian sports trails wilderness pass dry east moist west forests offering spectacular views adams glaciers streams open alpine forests variety lava flows volcano pass required activities feet june september north midway high lakes area lies outside wilderness area popular areas area large lakes small lake group small lakes chain lakes area offers developed primitive camping good number trails hiking trails open horses outside wilderness open scenery similar encountered mount adams wilderness area offers boating fishing opportunities lakes south adams area provides additional opportunities hiking equestrian sports long loop trails small primitive exist area including creek shelter generally southeast mountain mount adams recreation area popular area offers activities hiking camping fishing area features popular picnic hiking area noted outstanding display exceptional views glaciers mount hood south areas open recreation areas open members tribe climbing year thousands outdoor enthusiasts attempt summit false broad summit plateau inscription rock indicates think summit crab mountain ice axes needed routes glaciers route aside difficult routes biggest hazard loose rocks easily severe hazard falling rocks especially dangerous east faces steep north west sides routes areas climbed early season ideal conditions hazards faced adams include sudden storms clouds altitude sickness inexperience climbing mount adams dangerous variety reasons people died pursuit summit close calls routes main routes summit main routes range difficulty relatively easy non technical south spur south climb route extremely challenging dangerous wilson routes hiking summit main draw visit adams trails pass area visitors find stunning local history displays fantastic lava formations picturesque hidden secrets trail unofficially named round mountain trail approximately miles long called round mountain trail unofficially different named trails area trail miles section trail indian reservation require special permits trails access round mountain trail mount adams wilderness south trail leaves near morrison creek starts cold springs heads popular climbing route summit west trails going ridge trail riley creek trail trails providing access round mountain trail north divide camp trail trail heads mountain north trails round mountain trail generally gain feet feet miles miles trails snow covered early winter early summer popular trails mount adams wilderness include lake trail trail riley connector trail mount adams recreation area trails geared walks beautiful scenery located bird creek meadows area loop trails including trail flowers main picnic area trails travel meadows past cold mountain streams including access view glacial valley feet viewpoint gaze feet high cliffs glaciers terminus little mount adams symmetrical cone ridge wonders rises northeast end meadow valley offer trail canyon east base peak trail recently abandoned reach traverse rocky terrain exist user trails high lakes trail namesake midway high lakes area crosses relatively flat area north mountain following trail native americans picking like trails adams trail spectacular views mountain trails like meadows trail pass picturesque meadows old lava flows longest trails boundary trail terminus midway high lakes area trails area include council bluff trail long trails pass area south mountain follows eastern edge lava bed lower end miles round mountain trail cold springs trail follows western edge miles trails area include trail camping near open snow free months summer area include offering views lake located lewis rivers lakes midway high lakes area offer scenic views glaciers cat creek located nearer scenic lewis rivers area designated mount adams horse camp creek shelter use cold springs mount adams recreation area located bird lake largest excellent views southeast slope adams bird creek island winter mount adams recreation area require fees lands require discover pass winter recreation winter recreation number washington state parks south popular cross country parks south slope south mountain especially especially popular way snow king parks feet elevation year long money winter budget feet accessible low snow years time road way order dry forest service funds south parks near adams north nearby creek park park provides winter access midway high lakes area parks area require washington state history native american legends native americans area composed legends concerning smoking mountains guard according bridge gods tale east mount adams called native peoples sons great spirit brothers competed love beautiful chose east struck brother hard head flattened east took attempting explain adams appearance versions story state losing caused grief dropped head shame legend chief gods came sons sons settle settle dispute shot arrow west north told sons find settle arrows fallen settled valley area columbia rivers ancestors tribes respectively separate tribes raised created bridge gods way tribes meet easily witch woman lived bridge control fire world wanted tribes fire improve condition pleased offered wanted asked youth beauty granted wish came near far finally decide went war matter finally decided punish creating chaos broke bridge gods lovers death order honor beauty raised mountains hood adams similar legend large inland sea rocky_mountains native americans lived sea year hold large mount spring fall lived settled disputes living things earth including mountains toe adams hood sons great spirit years peace prevailed land beautiful mountain moved valley toe fell love liked toe caused mountains quarrel quickly escalated brawl ignoring calls peace forth smoke ash threw hot rocks time later rest discovered caused forests meadows burnt ground animals living things killed earth shaken severely hole created mountains sea drained away bridge gods formed mountain hid cave battle longer find resume fighting fighting went told happening arrived time stop resuming quarrel decreed mountain remain cave forever bridge gods peace mountains cause fall resumed quarrel placed ugly old woman known wit mountain guard bridge remind brothers beauty permanent years signs great battle evidence inland sea disappeared happiness earth mountain wished come cave grew lonely effort ease loneliness sent bats tribe beautiful birds companions eventually learned bats guardians carried secret communication mountain befriended wit crossed bridge night meet mountain night stayed long hurry proper place caused ground shake large rock fell blocked entrance cave found furious bats punished turning bats seen today allowed mountain remain cave promise good allow married fearing inevitable quarrel start promise look mate toe hoping initiate lasting peace duties forgot promise mountains held check threats eventually world resumed quarrel created chaos violence broke bridge gods destroyed landscape wit attempts stop brothers badly burned bridge collapsed fell finally toe won battle admitted defeat returned late disaster found wit faithful rewarded giving greatest desire youth beauty having received gift moved west remains day toe won battle mountain belonged heart broken took place soon fell feet deep sleep known sleeping beauty toe sad caused deep sleep lowered head remorse legend attempting explain appearance long ago sun man wives mountains goat rocks mountains adams wife greeted sun morning jealous broke left happy greeted wanted crossed columbia took plants animals mountains mountains afraid sisters convinced confront initially tried nice hit head knocked creating garden shared taken rest mountains mean send thunderstorms heavy rain snow valleys great spirit watching time came gave new head form son red eagle reminded daughter promised stop mean legends live adams exception particular named inhabitants land god came day transformed feather waited long feather investigate suspicious feather effect suddenly magic feather let loose terrific volley thunder lightning stunned managed decreed longer people thunder hot days destroy lightning tribes legends involving battles disagreements great peaks legend female mountains adams male mountain different legend man adams wives wives legend terrific battle wives adams hood low badly beaten low escaped injury suffered greatest injury starting battle exploration adams known native americans tribal languages plateau means high high standing high sloping mountain origin comes journey westward columbia lewis recorded seeing mountain noting high mountain covered snow thought highest pinnacle america initially mount previously discovered named return journey recorded seeing adams calling high mountain earliest recorded sighting volcano european explorers decades lewis clark sighted mountain people continued adams confused somewhat similar appearance similar latitude 1830s led campaign cascade range president range major cascade mountain president united_states known plan fact designated renamed president renamed george_washington mistake deliberate change proponent plan names hood likely confusion mountain placed north miles east sheer coincidence fact large mountain receive mountain official time stuck rest plan failed official direction governor determined location described surrounding countryside placed map discovery explorers height adams debate naturalist expedition thought height large uneven size apparently contributed survey listed adams having elevation feet later coast survey gave elevation feet height closely determined members club professor boiling point determined elevation feet respectively numbers map year geological survey method measured height mountains measured adams having elevation feet refined measurement late early feet feet release mount adams east current elevation feet generated new method calculating altitudes local familiar adams instrumental names given places mountain mother sister completed circuit mountain explored extent principle glaciers recorded circuit adams woman likely recorded circuit east named later completed ascent adams went ridge wonders mother scene named detailed descriptions adams glaciers existed professor published descriptions glaciers features southern flanks mountain white salmon described adams source flows thought adams originally enormous miles southern boundary enormous ridge forms southern border modern geology dismissed theory information collected outing professor expanded descriptions glaciers adams finally properly surveyed led noted adams remote location conducted systematic study volcano named significant glaciers pinnacle adams lava suggestions named castle rock castle noted apparent glaciers adams significantly larger history adams wait years fully explored expedition peaks attempted success party mount hood able communicate forth party parties baker jefferson successful mainly dense smoke logistical problems ascent sources list aforementioned names colonel route likely summer improving newly designated military road passes north adams north south faces adams climbed easily west east faces mountain deemed impossible climb steep cliffs ice assumption challenge years searched way climb east face named trip decided castle held easiest route years ascent adams group club led completed ascent east face mountain route took castle vast heavily eastern summit ice cap party said route thrilling point extreme danger party wayne years later group men finally climbed west face adams route straightforward difficult mud slips easily started rock caves adams subject commercial ventures 1860s ice gathered ice cave shipped portland years short supply oddly claim cave mining laws order gain exclusive access ice potato storage 1930s later home produced number years 1950s cheese similar produced sur france legend formation caves involves man wife gigantic stature man left wife took married mouse woman wife furious threatened kill man mouse wife hid mountain lake man wife assumed underground began digging process dug caves area eventually reached place man allowed kill mouse wife save life blood colored rocks lake red place known native american word mouse eventually wife killed man lived mountains adams feature documentary mountains film documented journey portland summit showed sights way adams lands surrounding initially set aside mount forest reserve years later later created forest reserves transferred new agency forest reserves renamed divided forests southern half changed honor chief forest lands set aside wilderness adams home oldest building south lava bed built served administrative headquarters built major grazing trail allow easy monitoring thousands sheep lower slopes later 1940s grazing decreased station housed responsible area wrapped protective foil method shield large fire come near burn cascade creek fire required precaution came close began preparations establish highest fire pacific_northwest adams endeavor began idea far low lying hills mountains immense area observation feet new highest world building materials moved base mountain packed building materials lumber lower portion following summer spent hauling building materials men assigned job arthur art jones difficult task ahead engineered way quickly safely bring building materials slope rope technique construction standard building second story began summer completed year later art manned year construction abandoned difficulties operating high lower level clouds smoke frequently effectively blocked view lower elevations likely person involved project spending seasons mountain worked project staffed include johnson summit abandoned changed strategies high lower peaks placed adams including southwest slopes places mountain eventually obsolete cheaper method spot fires abandoned removed left staffed summer restored decisions future pending remain nearby indian reservation staffed season staffed periods high fire danger formed filed mining claims adams acre summit plateau beginning assessment work initial test pits dug hand proved dangerous work alternative needed drill feet thick ice cap safely answer diamond tipped drilling machine heavy machine carried newly completed horse trail like supplies mountain series anchors pack string trips led course mining activities crew stayed abandoned tight fit usual men equipment problem somewhat later years project enclosed feet lean added cabin smaller lean added later conditions weather feet incredibly variable highest temperature recorded hours lowest temperature preliminary mining continued years crew worked summit years dean attempted periodically restart venture landings airplane summit ice cap found ore able mined season cost getting mountain competitive stemmed desire operations expanded ore passenger transport system needed desire adams significantly operation project fully abandoned adams large cascade volcano summit exploited commercial miners climate remote location relative climate records poor nearest weather station measuring precipitation temperatures temperature precipitation records trout lake considerably lower elevation mountain complete snowfall records snow stations adams cover number years limited northwest potato hill station monitored monthly replaced automated precipitation upgraded report snow water equivalent upgraded report snow depth council pass station monitored monthly divide meadow station monitored monthly divide meadow representative snow depth west adams highest station flanks mountain like rest high cascade mountains adams receives large snow lies east washington receives expect mountain height snowfall measured directly estimated snow depth potato hill station upgraded report daily snow depth average inches snow year snow fall day inches month inches year inches april average inches snow ground potato hill average monthly snow depth potato hill changed records collected small decrease january february small increase march april records depth increasing winter peaking april stations average greater snow average inches inches divide meadow april divide meadow generally receives snow record depth inches potato hill starts building late october early november snow generally beginning june occasionally july temperatures precipitation highly variable adams geographic location gives continental influence neighbors potato hill december month average high average low july hottest month average high average low highest recorded temperature lowest average annual precipitation inches january month inches slightly november december averages precipitation days snow days month january average high average low july hottest month average high average low highest recorded temperature lowest average annual precipitation inches january month inches month december average high average low august hottest month average high average low highest recorded temperature lowest average annual precipitation inches december month inches climate adams places immediate area different level regions region slopes foothills region regions level regions cascade crest forest alpine region slopes grand fir mixed forest slopes foothills region adams unique washington level regions flora fauna flora climate adams gives large diversity forests west lower valleys grand fir douglas fir dominate forest western western red cedar east douglas fir pine dominant patches dense pine western western red cedar occur limited creek river bottoms grand fir present sites better moisture retention middle elevations west grand fir increasingly replaced pacific silver fir noble fir east prevalent certain elevation pine appears areas west elevation increases forest changes fir spruce mountain dominant tree species sides mountain eventually trees disappear highly cold tolerant pine mountain conifers species play lesser role dominant species western white pine spruce western alaska cedar mountain adams home including tree species big leaf maple oregon white oak black red large shrubs small trees include dwarf birch california bitter cherry vine maple douglas maple blue contribute vibrant fall display known massive pine tree majestic old growth pine fir forests southern base tree rises feet diameter feet largest known pine trees world tree stressed attacks pine beetles large diversity flora adams apparent including tree species previously mentioned totals species mountain pacific_northwest extensive list flora area mount adams published listed species taken catalogue species adams list result extraordinary collection efforts complete list century finally updated current species hundreds additional species listed adams home rare plants including tall northern mountain blue eyed grass plant diversity evident meadows wetlands flanks adams notable includes famous display mountain wetlands generally lower elevations find purple addition rushes alpine meadows prolific meadows wetlands lower elevations beautiful display cascade alpine false elegant ladder prominent players fauna adams home fairly wide variety animal species mammals mountain home mountain goats roosevelt black tailed deer deer large include black bear cascade mountain fox endemic subspecies red fox sightings unconfirmed reports wolves small mammals adams home numerous forest douglas live forest golden ground california ground occupying drier areas preyed elusive secretive pine adams home home open rocky areas altitude elusive hare lives forest attracts large number including butterflies painted ladies garden whites blues birds adams home migration routes include species unique high elevations gray crowned found far mountain tree line live forest meadows include red tailed hawks golden bald eagles great mountain provide forage nesting habitat species live including white headed stellar jay gray jay common gray jay especially familiar character investigate familiar character higher elevation forests clark distinctive frequently seen flying water lakes larger streams common species water birds found lakes american unique way streams water common sight species spruce white tailed forests lower slopes mountain home streams lakes adams offer number fish seek common species eastern brook trout rainbow trout trout nearly lake stream brown trout trout appear lakes lakes home tiger trout lakes periodically varying species trout bull trout found upper reaches trout found trout found upper reaches found lewis barriers fish passage dams lewis falls white salmon river river fishes reach streams adams salmon salmon different runs upper reaches including adams year lies base refuge covers acres contains forests shallow wetlands protected wildlife includes deer beaver small bald eagle greater crane oregon spotted frog lands nearby home rare threatened species plants animals including previously mentioned oregon spotted frog greater crane milk owl oregon falcon western gray
Mount Adams (Washington)