pronunciation arabic march december prominent opposition leaders writer poet born village preacher finishing primary school age began islamic studies later religious institute iraq remained years returned elected newly formed parliament parliament dissolved years later rejected state security law appointed judge held position briefly arrested criticism government notable role 1990s uprising lead figure opposition succeeded bringing liberals monarchy events began form petitions calling restoration parliament suspended constitution led widespread violence death individuals civil rights activity imprisoned april september arrested january imprisoned july followed year half house arrest january released opposition activists new proposed reform plan national action charter accepted opposition later gained widespread popular support year later issued new constitution said fell short opposition demands disappointed soon fell ill suffering series strokes eventually dying multiple organ failure early life islamic studies born village northern march arabic known arabic father known teacher owner textile workshop head devout family father taught basics islamic prayer died years later finished formal education primary school preacher learning known village cousin obtained job working married cousin granddaughter time book story life devoted section speak marriage described happy praised wife patience loyalty children sons daughters sons editor chief newspaper began religious studies taught died following death mentor traveled iraq study islamic theology law religious institute years reached stage independent research arabic highest level study religious wrote religious articles published iraqi newspapers magazines country pseudonym order avoid trouble passing customs saudi_arabia kuwait iraq believed prefix god pseudonym helped evade iraq regime following anti speech gave spending years iraq returned frequent host giving religious talks islamic occasions founded small mosque house member parliament independent united_kingdom drafted new constitution like study colleague initially wanted complete religious studies care politics mentor iraq issued binding participation parliamentary election formed religious adopted wide program including supporting labor union demands forbidding trade alcoholic separating men women education called prohibiting male doctors treating female patients especially pregnancy demands connected traditional islamic customs elected ranking second august constitution suspended assembly dissolved rejected state security law act known law proposed british adviser gave police wide powers arrest allowed individuals held prison trial charge years suspicion threat state member foreign relations committee outspoken critic period ruled decree human rights activists opposition leaders repeated allegations systematic torture arbitrary arrest thousands denied authorities population widely claimed government treated second class citizens judge government offered opportunity serve judge branch agreed issued religious permit decision controversial refused participate government run judiciary foundation 1920s held position june suspended criticism government political activism following iranian revolution continuing 1980s intensity political situation sharply increased participating petitions questioned multiple times strict surveillance institution associated closed government government closed places meeting prohibited public opened house daily meetings offering weekly space public debates continued despite government attempts stop situation came head ignored final warning government june dismissed job judge august son law arrested sentenced seven years imprisonment september elder son arrested sentenced years authorities ordered arrest september colonel number security forces arrived house wife rushed nearby mosque called people speakers amid neighbors protests security forces decided let hour detention role 1990s uprising background time civil strife liberals joined forces demand democratic reforms uprising largest country history included widespread demonstrations violence petition signed leading figures civil society demanding restoration parliament suspended constitution release political prisoners start reconciliation dialogue government rejected demands instead set thirty member appointed council assigned commenting government proposed legislation petition launched demands time open citizens organizers said collected signatures violence broke june riot police tear gas organized sit protesters campaigning increasing rate unemployment reached percent following years opposition leaders arrested exiled protesters attack police stations banks commercial properties riot police tear gas rubber bullets fired crowd police helicopters reported police live ammunition cases overall people killed including police custody allegedly torture policemen uprising rose prominence lead figure opposition saw father figure spiritual mentor spiritual leader chief architect petitions informal leader good relations secular liberal opposition forces united effective opposition movement civil rights activity pro democracy arrested placed house arrest years arrest following clashes security forces students government accused having links iran seeking establish islamic republic denied accusations april government imposed blockade home placing members family house arrest man killed injured clashes police day known locally black saturday weeks later transferred detention center opposition figures released september following deal government calm situation return opening talks restoration parliament tens thousands gathered welcome following release gave speech promised stay loyal hopes people second arrest trial conviction october released opposition activists began day hunger strike house protest called government failure fulfill tens thousands gathered solidarity activists final day hunger strike november january detained opposition leaders including following collapse talks arrests provoked unrest activists denied charges forming militia group called receiving support iran spent half years prison allegedly spent months solitary confinement closely observed remaining period february years arrest trial began july court convicted charges unrest royal family sentenced years imprisonment fined million million british politician human rights watch led campaigns solidarity named prisoner conscience release reconciliation disappointment died suddenly march succeeded eldest son new pardoned released day conviction july placed house arrest january getting pardoned appear read letter apology repeated meetings commissioners held house arrest period subsequent days saw release political prisoners allowed return february opposition leaders met discuss reform plans national action charter charter called introduction constitutional monarchy independent judiciary legislature composed lower house elected representatives upper house appointed legislators charter granted equal rights men women recognised citizens having equal political rights including elections political candidacy february meeting government promised new political arrangements constitution upper appointed house consultation day leading friday prayer delivered famous speech starting witness missed jacob missed announced opposition decided accept reform plan national action charter voted referendum february gaining massive popular support november political society founded seen mentor february introduced new constitution gave wide ranging powers gave upper appointed house powers elected lower house including right honeymoon period opposition government stated disappointment new constitution stating fell short opposition demands type parliament demanded said illness death house arrest suffered heart attack taken underwent surgery stay hospital visited king prime minister traveled germany spinal surgery undergoing medical discovered eye developed prison following surgery suffered stroke developing kidney problems blood infection soon falling coma coma june shortly suffered second stroke resulting internal bleeding rest life january transferred germany sultan saudi_arabia medical condition improved slightly returned july welcomed hundreds supporters medical condition deteriorated suffered repeated respiratory problems stroke end lost ability speak early morning december rushed ambulance home announced dead cause death heart kidney failure aftermath funeral death announced morning mourning began sunset prayer funeral course changed times ultimately began village moving west highway buried weather extremely cold thousands showed wearing black mourning clothes carrying black flags according number writers funeral largest modern history successor following deterioration health position political religious leader opposition taken lifelong friend revolutionary having opposed petitions views kept private sign respect role leader opposition remained opposition fragmented publications wrote books poems arabic kept writing poems books include women islam story life
Abdul Amir al-Jamri