article constitution singapore article constitution republic singapore specifically article guarantees singapore citizens rights freedom speech expression peaceful assembly arms association enjoyment rights restricted laws imposed grounds stated article constitution types grounds type shown restricting rights necessary interest grounds grounds security singapore public order applicable rights protected article morality freedom speech freedom association friendly relations countries freedom speech judgment high_court expressed view phrase necessary parliament extremely wide power permits approach achieving purposes specified art constitution unnecessary courts determine legislative restriction right reasonable required objective underlying restrictive law grounds specified article parliament entitled restrict right right free speech limited ground security singapore cap ground public order broadcasting act cap presses act cap public order restrictions free speech assembly imposed act cap public meetings act cap public order act cap restrictions right freedom association imposed societies act cap freedom speech limited basis morality films act cap establishes film censorship classification regimes cap publications banned necessity requirement applies second type grounds appear articles restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence laws relating labour education present appears parliament restrict article rights grounds simply legislation courts entitled assess restrictions appropriate privileges parliament set act cap singapore courts held common law offence court form contempt court violate article courts determined traditional common law rules strike proper balance free speech protection reputation declined apply public figure doctrine responsible journalism additional defences text article article constitution republic singapore designed protect rights freedom speech expression peaceful assembly arms association subject article rights judicial statutory limits read article process deemed necessary rights free speech assembly association exist vacuum competing interests counter values said action invariably ends conflicting rights interests text article entitled freedom speech assembly association follows subject clauses citizen singapore right freedom speech expression citizens singapore right assemble arms citizens singapore right form associations parliament law impose rights conferred clause restrictions considers necessary interest security singapore thereof friendly relations countries public order morality restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence right conferred clause restrictions considers necessary interest security singapore thereof public order right conferred clause restrictions considers necessary interest security singapore thereof public order morality restrictions right form associations conferred clause imposed law relating labour education articles constitution malaysia adopted following singapore independence malaysia articles somewhat similar articles constitution india constitutional right bear arms singapore article provides singapore citizens right assemble arms arms explosives act person possess import export manufacture deal arms explosives licence words arms included article ensure arguments based clause english bill rights stating subjects arms defence suitable conditions allowed law inspired second amendment united_states constitution regulated militia necessary security free state right people bear arms shall raised singapore freedoms speech assembly association guaranteed constitution enjoyed singapore citizens held newspaper company rely constitutional right free speech expression singapore citizen article constitution provides singapore citizens entitled right restrictions rights rights guaranteed citizens singapore article subject restrictions set article justice justification qualifications right freedom expression exercised basis opinions expressed sealed rights advocate views matter entirely inappropriate freedom expression left reach point protest criticism expression law inevitably intervene statement delivered world conference human rights minister foreign affairs took position order stability essential development economic growth requires stable legal environment protective contractual property rights excessive focus civil political liberties early stages national development government appears restrictions political liberties like free speech time manage demands political culture fact citizens urged deputy prime minister passive fate debate issues reason passion conviction wrestling honest differences preferred society view parliament impose restrictions rights guaranteed article types grounds type shown restricting rights necessary interest grounds requirement applies second type grounds appear articles present appears parliament restrict article rights grounds simply legislation courts entitled assess restrictions appropriate law impose article constitution states parliament law impose restrictions rights referred article arguably line singapore adoption westminster system government rests parliamentary supremacy rule law common law principles terms law written law defined article constitution follows constitution provided context requires law includes written law legislation united_kingdom enactment instrument whatsoever operation singapore common law far operation singapore custom usage having force law singapore written law means constitution acts subsidiary legislation time force singapore reading article order restrict rights freedom speech assembly association parliament impose restrictions passing written laws acts parliament exercises legislative power singapore passing bills president case involving law court appeal took broader approach court noted according article law article includes common law far operation singapore enacted malaysia act extended act singapore state act act cap common law rules court held legislature clearly intended common law relating modified act continue apply singapore argument art subject common law modified act said argument suffers fatal flaws evidence existing rules considered malaysian singapore significantly singapore believed rules constitutional treated decisive courts duty independently determine assumption justified similar argument extended legislation passed parliament difficult spell end constitutional law restrictions necessity parliament restrict rights free speech assembly association grounds set table necessary interest chin high_court interpreted phrase necessary parliament extremely wide power permits approach achieving purposes specified art constitution court emphasized fact unlike article constitution india provides right freedom speech assembly subject singapore article contain word reasonable despite broad power article indian courts reluctant legislation rights free speech assembly exists strong legislative expressed need judicial self restraint extreme caution determining legislation constitutional right noted indian courts singapore courts government article clause said parliament great power high_court rejected use analysis determining extent parliament powers impose restrictions individual rights analysis enables judiciary assess interference rights legitimate important aim legislation question court relevant sufficient reasons justify statutory interference substitute judgment parliament high_court concluded notion common law relation judicial review exercise legislative administrative power discretion singapore law bearing mind restraints court task law restrictions needs established object law question subjects stipulated article government merely satisfy court factual basis parliament considered necessary restrict individual right freedom speech assembly association determining legislative restrictions interest relevant purposes specified article courts examine statute relevant parliamentary material contemporary speeches documents adopt generous interpretation term interest contrasted maintenance grants wider legislative allows parliament approach includes laws purely designed crafted immediate direct maintenance article grounds friendly relations countries parliament restrict rights freedom speech assembly association necessary interests security singapore thereof courts taken broad approach exception shown considerable government instance case involving official secrets act high_court held security article merely mean protection danger includes protection information government considers vital essential administration government regards official secret necessarily deemed court especially information nature burden proving official information secret lies prosecution freedom speech expression restricted interest friendly relations countries ground restriction considered local courts justified withdrawal certificate issued film effect february film comedy male model played attempting assassinate prime minister malaysia earlier condemned definitely unsuitable impose ban expected film distributors exercise discretion stated film banned view controversial elements gathered feedback ban lifted beginning enabled film released dvd public order article parliament impose restrictions rights guaranteed limbs article ground public order term public order given expansive interpretation highlights importance places social stability dealt sections miscellaneous offences public order act high_court approved following quotation 9th expression public order synonymous public peace safety signifies absence disorder involving local significance national revolution civil strife war affecting security state illustrate state interests public order prohibit punish causing loud noise streets public places means sound instruments regulate hours place public discussions use public streets purpose exercising freedom provide expulsion meetings assemblies punish tending breach peace riot use threatening abusive insulting words behaviour public place public meeting intent cause breach peace breach peace likely caused acts public safety interpretation consistent earlier cases public prosecutor chief justice considered term relation right freedom religion embodied article constitution stated view religious beliefs ought proper protection actions undertaken flowing beliefs conform general law relating public order social protection right freedom religion reconciled right state employ sovereign power ensure peace security orderly living constitutional guarantee civil liberty commissioner sovereignty integrity unity singapore undoubtedly paramount mandate constitution including religious beliefs practices tend run counter objectives restrained chin clarified legislative power rights conferred constitution inter interest public order confined maintenance public order wider legislative allows parliament approach maintenance public order necessarily include laws purely designed crafted immediate direct maintenance public order restrictions freedom speech assembly government power limit circulation local foreign media singapore broadcasting act newspaper printing presses act acts considered imposing restrictions free speech based public order instance section broadcasting act makes mandatory internet content provider register authority thinks individual providing programme body persons engaged propagation promotion discussion political religious issues relating singapore world wide web internet fine suspend cancel licence breached terms licence relevant code practice issued authority provisions broadcasting act direction issued authority minister information communications arts addition offence provide broadcasting service licence convicted person liable fine jail years offence continues conviction fine day imposed minister declare foreign broadcasting service singapore engaging domestic politics singapore declared foreign broadcasting service prohibited minister approval refused revoked reasons granted conditions include restrictions number people permitted receive service service certain periods failing comply rules crime fine similar provisions exist enable circulation foreign newspapers singapore restricted february declared engaged domestic politics circulation limited copies newspaper publisher asia inc applied unsuccessfully high_court minister orders appeal argued minister acted scope powers considering right free speech protected article court dismissed argument ground rely article applied singapore citizens furthermore raise relevant provisions basis singapore citizens indirectly affected evident right free speech included right receive information case argument accepted said right singapore citizens receive information reading impaired copies circulation court interpreted term domestic politics broadly holding singapore context included political system singapore political ideology public institutions manifestation system policies government day life political system words domestic politics singapore relate multitude issues concerning singapore governed interest welfare people addition empowering minister limit circulation foreign newspapers described generally foreign ownership newspaper companies requires permit obtained publication sale distribution newspapers september statement arts justified existence stating provided help ensure media operating singapore play responsible role publishers content publish prevent local newspapers manipulated foreign interests divisive effect social considerations valid today freedom report compromised act public meetings act public order act statutes arguably impose restrictions freedom speech expression freedom assembly interests public order act restrict propagation opinions tendency includes tendency promote feelings ill hostility different races classes singapore population public prosecutor accused convicted act posting anti muslim remarks blog forum internet public prosecutor married couple similarly convicted distributing religious tracts considered muslims meetings act renders offence provide public entertainment hold meetings licence upheld courts cases concerning political activities organized opposition parties restrictions freedom association right freedom association guaranteed article curtailed public order grounds societies act act requires clubs companies partnerships associations persons registered registered statutes refuse register certain specified societies satisfied things likely purposes public peace welfare good order singapore contrary national interest society political association rules require members singapore citizens affiliated foreign organization considers contrary national interest list specified societies includes following society representing promoting cause interest discussing issue relating clan ethnic group religion class persons defined reference gender sexual orientation political association society representing people advocate promote discuss issue relating civil political right including animal rights environmental rights human rights society discussing matter relating singapore society governed society registered deemed unlawful society regards society involved management member attending meetings offences minister home affairs power order registered society dissolved appears things unlawful purposes purposes public peace welfare good order singapore order society unlawful society january witnesses dissolved minister stating existence society public welfare good order members refused generally compulsory male citizens second generation permanent residents attempt challenge ban grounds freedom religion protected article constitution proved unsuccessful morality parliament constitution rely ground morality impose restrictions constitutional freedoms embodied article right freedom speech expression right freedom association currently cases specifically discussed meaning morality legislation films act establishes film censorship classification regimes undesirable publications act publications banned regarded restrictions free expression ground public prosecutor issue sentence imposed person convicted distributing films contrary films act high_court held control film distribution films act purpose maintaining public order morality accused undermined public morality films distributing regard issue censorship said responsibility guide control increasingly borne individual public particularly parents industry define regulate sensitive areas like race religion areas morality responsibility public citizen advisory committees response stated government continue remain concerns values majority meaning morality dependent views majority singapore citizens expressed public channels citizen advisory committees censorship applied content moral values pornography sexual practices sexual violence child pornography etc public morality static idea societal norms values example endorsed flexible approach homosexual content censorship issues violence sexual content nudity coarse language media restrictions necessity unique article stating right freedom speech expression curtailed restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence constitution require parliament necessary restrict free speech interest grounds protection privileges parliament article constitution provides legislature determine regulate privileges powers parliament law act act contempt parliament perform certain acts instance insult speaker member parliament coming going parliament account conduct parliament said parliament publish statement writing falsely reflects character speaker touching conduct parliament said parliament presumably open person charged offences argue article right freedom speech expression case law addressing provision little guidance courts interpret restriction contempt court offence court article constitution provides parliament restrict right freedom speech expression provide contempt court prominent uses court contempt power attorney general charge persons common law offence court high court case attorney general established section supreme_court act cap section cap states high court shall power punish contempt court parliament conferred courts power act persons court furthermore article relied require offence read conform right freedom speech expression article states subject article existing laws shall continue force commencement constitution laws brought force date commencement constitution subject brought force commencement laws shall subject article commencement constitution modifications adaptations qualifications exceptions necessary bring constitution court reasoned article application existing law date commencement constitution august having enacted court consider effect article constitution offence article states constitution supreme law law enacted legislature commencement constitution inconsistent constitution shall extent void subsequently attorney general high_court held offence court regarded unconstitutional article clearly empowered parliament restrict free speech order punish acts amounting contempt court parliament section elements offence classic definition contempt court gray lord chief justice england wales lord said act writing published calculated bring court judge court contempt lower authority contempt court attorney general high_court adopted inherent tendency test determine liability offence contrast real risk test adopted common law countries inherent tendency test characterized act words complained possessing inherent tendency interfere administration justice act statement inherent tendency conveyed average reasonable reader viewer allegations bias lack wrongdoing concerning judge court exercise judicial function justice suggested distinction tests truth expressed view purely question court adopt real risk test precisely conveys lawyers law concerned stated inherent tendency formula shown susceptible controversy misunderstanding literal meaning inherent tendency tends obscure fact analysis actually required given word inherent commonly understood indicate inherent tendency test appear consideration factors holding publication post real risk public confidence administration justice held elements real risk test follows real risk grave risk merely remote risk real risk posed objective question fact determined light circumstances case law concerned effect publication potential effect public confidence administration justice counsel argued right free speech compelled adoption real risk test court declined consider matter decided adopt test arguments point nonetheless said courts define offence consistently words structure spirit clearly demand kind balance struck freedom speech rule offence contempt exception rule minimum defined way renders noted counsel argued offence inherently unconstitutional majority cases concluded real risk test coupled right fair criticism reasonable limitation free speech appeal attorney general held apparent difference inherent tendency test real risk test legal red herring inherent tendency test caused confusion affirmed high_court ruling real risk test applicable test court felt trying elaborate meaning real risk helpful court simply ask having regard facts surrounding context real risk public confidence administration justice undermined result statement fair criticism treated defence court cases preferred view element liability cautioned precise characterisation concept fair criticism fully accordingly views point necessarily taken extent provisional nature court said adopting approach ensures alleged regard burden proof concept fair criticism relates liability burden party relying legal burden hand prove reasonable doubt statement constitute fair criticism presents real risk public confidence administration justice concept fair criticism constitutes defence legal burden shift alleged balance statement amounts fair criticism court approved factors set high_court attorney general john relevant establishing criticism courts fair criticism supported argument evidence criticism generally expressed temperate manner allows rational debate issues raised contribute improvement strengthening administration justice courts consideration party attitude court number instances condemning conduct justice stated closed list court entitled account circumstances case view showing bad faith noted english authorities impose limit content criticism acts words question improper motives integrity judges courts declined follow authorities impose limit unnecessary potentially restrictive legitimate criticism regards relationship offence court right free speech court appeal commented law relating contempt court operates broader legal sic canvas right freedom speech embodied constitution republic singapore common law issue final analysis balance law relating contempt court ought right freedom speech token right absolute abuse right court pointed mentioned point embodied article noted parliament provided courts jurisdiction punish contempt section held real risk test strikes appropriate balance free speech abuse declined apply clear present danger test applicable amendment constitution free speech gained paramount status different commonwealth jurisdictions nation unique cultural constitutional heritage article constitution provides parliament power impose restrictions designed provide law functions restriction person right freedom speech law roots common law existed enactment constitution courts article constitution consideration deciding common law fundamental liberty freedom speech expression article provides existing laws shall continue force commencement constitution subject modifications adaptations qualifications exceptions necessary bring court appeal held common law modified act right free speech case pointed ordinance existence common law enacted constitution state singapore law enacted right free speech guaranteed article applicable singapore state september court disagreed holding article state constitution predecessor article effect laws existing september including article express restriction right free speech case state constitution came force laws restricted article unconstitutional result court regarded astonishing conclusion defence qualified privilege public figure doctrine article constitution raised point contention relation defence qualified privilege discussed article cases concerning prominent government figures justice delivering judgment court held holding public office politicians equally entitled protected persons case counsel argued qualified privilege publications concerning public officials candidates public office relating official conduct performance public duties honest legitimate interest matter corresponding legitimate interest citizens potentially affected conduct public officials fact statements political rally run elections meant requirement legitimate interest met austria relied support premise limits acceptable criticism accordingly wider regards politician regards private individual opinion politician inevitably lays open close scrutiny word deed journalists public large consequently display greater degree tolerance reasoning line public figure doctrine sullivan decided favour defendant newspaper making key decisions supporting freedom press dismissed cases ground terms article constitution differ article european convention human rights relied court amendment fourteenth amendment united_states_constitution relied court new_york_times public figure doctrine rejected court said criticisms attacks opinion respect bounds set law accept publication false allegations absence actual publisher allowed pass circumstances general election sufficient rise occasion privilege court relied section act time provided statement published behalf candidate election parliament elected partially elected body shall deemed published privileged occasion ground material question issue election person published qualified vote election court unwilling extend traditional defence qualified privilege opinion parliament intention section clear wholly speech election rally privileged speech published behalf candidate election reasoning subject academic criticism criticized distinction drawn court article constitution american european counterparts overly literal current interpretation law gives legislature discretion limiting freedom speech singapore enactment amendment relevant legislation applicable singapore constitutional responsibility judiciary ensure basic commitment freedom speech undermined giving legislature specified exceptions courts assume task prevailing rules ensure strike balance freedom speech need protect individual reputation said court approach fails provide adequate account future politicians holders public office honourable singapore courts start assumption common law necessarily constitutional putting cart horse constitution ought interpreted consistently common law defence responsible journalism chief justice delivering judgment behalf declined common law singapore defence responsible journalism privilege developed house_of_lords citizens sued seeking rely defence natural development common law principles right freedom expression protected article european convention privilege adopted singapore basis right free speech guaranteed article constitution singapore citizens rely provision court discussed basis privilege singapore citizens held key question context publication matters public interest rationale privilege ought apply constitutional free speech rule restrictions right exception considering factors relevant key question stated whilst court power direction common law adopted enactment constitution parliament powers limit freedom speech expression publications statements courts extent decide constitutional free speech prevail protection reputation art singapore constitution act courts developing common law common convenience welfare society keeping singapore prevailing political social cultural values save provisions statutes impose restriction art provides parliament final balance constitutional free speech protection reputation struck secondly striking balance freedom expression protection reputation court need value judgment dependent local political social conditions court said following factors relevant making value judgment opinion balance constitutional free speech protection reputation struck current law singapore appropriate circumstances present day singapore law recognize material relates matters public interest having particular importance room political context media engage investigative journalism carries political agenda honesty integrity public discourse matters public interest particularly way country governed greatly emphasized political culture singapore finally court expressed view free speech favoured protection reputation applying type defence issue considered balance struck competing interests connection said court decide freedom expression given preference protection reputation fundamental right protection reputation shown statement equal protection reputation chief justice suggested rationale case given effect continuing find defendant liable reducing damages depending care took ensure accuracy information published noted reason defendant published statement allowed free injuring reputation simply satisfied responsible journalism test offence article constitution provides right freedom speech expression restricted provide offence ground considered singapore case number statutory provisions prohibit section code person said thing thing person offence result act committed person punished punishment provided offence offence committed imprisonment imprisoned quarter maximum jail term offence receive fine person public servant duty prevent offence happening imprisoned half maximum jail term offence fined receive penalties offence committed death life imprisonment liable penalty seven years imprisonment fine hurt caused result jailed years fined section code offence publish statement report written electronic media intent likely class community persons commit offence class community persons penalty imprisonment years fine offence committed person published circulated statement reasonable grounds believing true intend community laws relating labour education article provides right form associations restricted law relating labour education trade unions act labour organizations schools generally required registered education act private education act education act offence pupils persons assemble premises school registration cancelled statutes governing universities provide student bodies created university constituent documents registered societies act minister home affairs bodies restrictions article constitution act action taken threatened substantial body persons inside outside singapore cause cause substantial number citizens fear organized violence persons property president government promote feelings ill hostility different races classes population likely cause violence alteration means law established security singapore provision law designed stop prevent action amendment law valid inconsistent specified fundamental liberties including rights freedom speech assembly association guaranteed article article shields internal security act things act detention trial prevent persons acting manner singapore security maintenance public order essential services provisions section parliament privileges powers act enacted article constitution specifically provides freedom expression parliament following terms shall freedom speech debate proceedings parliament freedom speech debate proceedings shall liable questioned court commission inquiry committee inquiry tribunal place whatsoever parliament provision based rights stated english bill rights reads speech debates proceedings ought questioned cases asia attorney general singapore law reports reissue court appeal singapore singapore archived original july public prosecutor archived original october high_court singapore singapore singapore public prosecutor singapore attorney general singapore attorney general singapore legislation constitution republic singapore reprint cap newspaper printing presses act cap parliament act cap code cap cap works michael freedom speech articles websites breaking singapore comparative law review archived original october cameron singapore political rule law pacific rim law policy journal archived original november tan singapore hang november freedom press singapore pragmatic press nation building human rights quarterly hang singapore triple impact political speech public law singapore regulating political speech commitment icon virtual real article political speech singapore racial religious hate speech singapore management democracy victim perspective books freedom speech 2nd oxford isbn james media singapore singapore article isbn tan fundamental liberties iii freedom expression association assembly religion introduction singapore constitution singapore isbn tan freedom speech assembly association constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn human rights media singapore robert human rights media malaysia singapore isbn
Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore