hungarian july march king hungary prince death son john king hungary isabella poland john ruled parts support ottoman sultan remaining areas ruled ferdinand claimed hungary kings concluded peace treaty acknowledging ferdinand right reunite hungary john death shortly birth deathbed john bequeathed realm son late king supporters elected infant king crowned hungary invaded hungary pretext protecting ferdinand capital hungary fell ottomans opposition allowed queen isabella retain territory east river behalf isabella moved romania long took residence romania realm administered father treasurer wanted reunite hungary rule ferdinand forced isabella renounce son realm exchange mother settled poland continued negotiate restoration ferdinand enemies ferdinand protect eastern hungary ottomans urged persuaded mother return ruled son realm death wealthy lord rebelled late contributed loss ferdinand counties outside people liberties restricted rose crushed rebellion ensuing war ottomans supported paid homage treaty concluded war confirming eastern territories medieval initiated series theological debates representatives theological schools reformation converted catholicism years later accepting anti views physician court preacher monarch history diet passed romania emphasized faith gift god prohibited persecution people religious reasons expanded limits freedom religion standards late 16th century europe abandoned title elected king hungary treaty styled prince lord parts kingdom hungary died childless succeeded family father wealthiest hungarian lord early 16th century inflicted crushing defeat hungarian army battle majority elected king group influential lords proclaimed ferdinand austria king year hungary fell civil war lasted decades john paid homage secure ottoman support ferdinand john ferdinand win control country years conclude civil war kings envoys signed treaty february confirmed kings right retain lands held john childless acknowledged ferdinand right control realm central eastern death john stipulated fathered son son inherit ancestral domains ferdinand proved unable protect john realm ottoman invasion age john married year old daughter march scholars emphasized isabella educated women age born july learning birth father campaign rode soldiers camp inform good news following day john fell ill died july death persuaded present death bed oath prevent transfer realm ferdinand childhood accession soon died treasurer secure inheritance proposal diet hungary elected king september crowned hungary diet proclaimed powerful lords guardians infant monarch august ferdinand envoys demanded transfer late realm ferdinand accordance treaty commander troops archbishop soon deserted ferdinand wealthy expelled supporters attempt seize province ferdinand envoy informed treaty asking sultan consent unification hungary ferdinand rule instead sultan stated supported arrested ferdinand army seized pest october capture military commander laid siege left istanbul head large army june advantage new civil war hungary command prince captured forced diet swear late july lifted siege reached town august said come protect interests announced wanted infant king heard rumours isabella having actually given birth daughter hungarian lords including accompanied sultan camp august meeting entered saying wanted town turned trick enabled seize capital hungary opposition captured sultan camp declared retain territories east river exchange yearly tribute rule isabella left september taking son settled center old domain family delegates counties realm met october swore acknowledged sultan signed treaty ferdinand representative romania december according treaty hungary reunited rule ferdinand right domains confirmed march nations urged isabella located near ottoman_empire died april diet granted domains royal family isabella moved june taking residence bishops castle diet confirmed treaty august representatives counties war ottoman_empire november army unable recapture pest defeat ottomans came possession realm ferdinand behalf isabella refused december days later diet declared treaty void objections delegates relationship isabella tense continued control state administration finance diet confirmed isabella superior position february tribute realm sent ottoman sultan june month saxon romania adopted participated debate catholic priests presence queen allowed leave bishop wanted bring court charges april diet prescribed travellers respect religious customs settlements visited showing ideas reformation spread province diet delegates present met august diet chief justice counties previously accepted ferdinand rule swore allegiance end ottomans laid claim fortresses serbia early sultan refused include realm peace treaty concluded ferdinand brother emperor actions suggested intended seize kingdom prompting isabella reopen negotiations ferdinand hungary ferdinand envoy signed treaty september according agreement isabella exchange compensation isabella refused execute treaty remained laid siege town forcing resistance october isabella supporters new attempt prevent execution treaty defeated isabella favor ferdinand behalf return july days later surrendered ferdinand representative diet acknowledged swore ferdinand july exile isabella left august accompanied settled slovakia moved march realizing poor left poland end april following years lived warsaw polish towns went hunting regularly visited uncle king poland health delicate suffered chronic disorders contemporaneous historian isabella enemy accused bringing son allowing bad company drink actually scholars hungarian polish aroused interest theological debates ferdinand rule remained fragile eastern territories send mercenaries defend ottomans murdered late ottomans occupied summer march urged isabella return hungary rose ferdinand assembly people declared loyalty uprisings crushed end september deciding april hungary restored allowed control fortresses henry_ii france engaged war urged isabella return hungary promising daughters marriage sent messages lords demanding obey resistance end year representatives nations petitioned ferdinand send reinforcements oath stormed early diet swore oath march referring son king john envoys diet departed poland june persuade isabella son return weeks later ferdinand informed ready withdraw troops realm return representatives nations received isabella ceremony romania october diet confirmed right administer state affairs son minor following months counties outside including acknowledged rule isabella adopted tolerant religious policy enabling spread especially started new negotiations ferdinand proposing renounce son title king ferdinand agree marry daughters confirm rule lands east queen died age september king elect start personal rule rule began mother death adopting new title continued style king elect christopher mother advisors continued participate state administration sent envoys ferdinand propose marriage ferdinand daughters announce claim parts hungary ferdinand rule demands rejected peace preserved showed particular interest religious matters initiated debates representatives diverse theological schools debate held lutheran priests romania january year half later sent letters theological centers germany seek advice main points protestant schools thought wealthiest lords realm deserted ferdinand december moved seize domains army routed romania march stirred rose restore ancient liberties including exemption taxes restricted army routed leaders mutilated diet adopted new laws restrict privileges including ban employment new royal castles named assault regret erected revolt counties outside changed allegiance ferdinand persuade ferdinand renounce counties offered style king rejected july originally roman catholic converted end debates lutheran continued appointed court physician anti share lutheran view head reconcile lutheran differences proved april diet acknowledged existence separate june adopted court preacher wars debates ferdinand died july son succeeded diet declared war counties lost army seized mare romania romania end counter invasion reached river march envoys concluded treaty march renounced title king return recognition hereditary rule marry sister ottomans forced declare treaty void april joined forces recaptured romania intended sultan istanbul explanation treaty informed personally come hungary began include anti ideas infuriated bishop organized open debate doctrine trinity held april debate granted funds publishing house sponsored establishment protestant colleges present day romania letters leading scholars reformation wanted develop royal college academy anthology italian poems published venice hailed patron renaissance came danube preparation campaign territories summer sultan camp accompanied lords principal advisors sultan tent confirmed position hereditary ruler according eyewitness sultan addressed beloved son invaded sultan order july died september ordered return letter written time duke florence mercenary described extremely subtle thought wise level headed brave mentioned spoke latin italian german polish hungarian romanian speak greek turkish medium height slender blond silky hair extremely fine white skin blue eyes gaze mildly arms hands long finely articulated powerful enjoys kind hunting large game hare enjoys training horses strong battle lance equal runs jumps better average loves wrestling superior loves music plays surpassing tends melancholy opposed suffering great difficulty bring punishment recognized fine qualities mode life appointed bishop religious leader realm november diet ordered romanian priests refused convert expelled decision carried influenced receptive anti ideas early support published books promote views accepted trinity stormed march taken seriously ill summer lords pledged respect successor ottoman sultan granted lords right freely elect monarch preserving right approve decision long recovered freedom religion diet met early authorized teach gospel according understanding diet declared suffer hands religious reasons stating faith gift god expanded limits religious freedom far standard 16th century europe decree complete end discrimination official status granted catholic lutheran orthodox armenian jewish muslim believers freely religions treaty signed february concluded war ottoman_empire according treaty retained territories conquered previous years envoy ottoman sultan paris suggested marry margaret proposal ignored theological discussions trinity organized taking place presence march growing influence anti obvious complained bias accused bishop having persecuted non priests stating play pope largest debate anti took place october declared winner debate accepted ideas monarch history wish country freedom shall reign know furthermore faith gift god conscience constrained peter words conversion adhered according historian political factors contributed conversion found anti means express adherence christian world distance says simplicity idea god contributed spread especially villagers townspeople religious stirred peasants wage holy war ottomans marched neighboring routed near town early prince negotiations concluded treaty signed august acknowledged sole king hungary abandoned royal title instead adopted new title prince lord parts kingdom hungary confirming realm revert heir death ill ratified treaty december diet meet reign confirmed previous enhancing religious freedom died march days ratified treaty lords kept death secret days buried accordance rite testament presence chancellor earlier illness summer despite recovery alter text following years wealth uncle poland anna catherine bequeathed library protestant school married left heir member family assured diet right choose new monarch representatives nations elected roman catholic stephen adopted title supported contested election emerged victorious resulting civil war consolidated rule ancestors
John Sigismund Zápolya