russian born december prominent soviet movement 1960s 1970s spent total years psychiatric prison hospitals labor camps prisons soviet_union expelled country late remained active vocal opposition soviet system shortcomings successor regimes russia writer activist celebrated campaign expose halt political abuse soviet_union today member international advisory council director set commemorate support member based senior fellow washington received reagan medal freedom awarded annually early life born town today family evacuated world war war parents returned moscow father known soviet journalist year school expelled creating editing unauthorized magazine order meet requirements apply university place completed secondary education evening classes activism imprisonment square september entered study biology friends decided revive informal square poetry readings began statue poet unveiled central moscow contact earlier participants readings editor issued phoenix examples literary year old wrote critical notes later text given title collapse portrayed ussr illegal society facing acute ideological crisis asserted having lost moral spiritual authority called text activities brought attention authorities interrogated twice thrown university autumn arrested june later convicted reason insanity article anti soviet propaganda official charge making possession anti soviet literature copies banned work new class examined soviet declared mentally ill sent treatment remained years february acquainted fellow rally december december helped prepare demonstration square central moscow protest trial writers circulated civic appeal mathematician poet called authorities obey soviet laws requiring judicial process admission public media trial demonstration december constitution day known meeting rally marked beginning openly active soviet civil rights movement unable attend days earlier arrested charged distributing appeal kept hospital july right demonstrate january held demonstration square protesting recent arrests finally prosecuted january trial asserting right protest september new law article introduced classified public gatherings demonstrations crime september trial final words attack regime failure respect law follow legal procedures invoked article current soviet constitution defend right organize demonstrations public protests suggested prosecution repeatedly failed observe revised code criminal procedure conduct case final words court circulated widely collection addresses collection materials demonstration subsequent trials compiled fellow admitted regret actions guilt received suspended sentences released defiant like fellow convicted february given years ordinary regime labour camp sent serve sentence released january campaign 1960s 1970s soviet authorities began widespread use psychiatric treatment form punishment independent minded involved unlimited detention places popularly known conventional psychiatric hospitals psychiatric prison hospitals set special hospital existing institution healthy individuals held mentally ill dangerous patients forced drugs incarcerated prison type institutions overall control managed west pages documenting political abuse psychiatric institutions soviet_union letter addressed western written deliberately restrained tone asked consider evidence justified isolation urged discuss matter international congress documents released press march small french group called letter appeared march later arrested march held custody months trial january information gathered sent west human rights activists worldwide soviet_union struck chord september year european wrote expressing grave doubts people concerned meeting november called members investigate charges defend right free opinion threatened responses carefully documented human rights periodical recorded statements friends fellow rights activists defence person centre unprecedented international row waited total isolation access lawyer tried sent camps special psychiatric hospital responding public pressure finally condemned soviet practices sixth world congress set review committee monitor soviet representatives withdrew face expulsion later characterized reaction important victory form final arrest imprisonment following release documents denounced engaged anti soviet activities arrested march held august spent approximately months time pronounced mentally sound able stand trial trial january accused soviet contacts foreign journalists possession distribution occasion final words court reach wider audience text circulated sentenced years prison labour camp internal exile prison fellow psychiatrist jointly wrote manual published russian english french italian german danish instructed potential victims political behave interrogation order avoid diagnosed mentally ill ussr fate political prisoners soviet_union repeatedly brought world attention western diplomats human rights groups relatively new served sentence handed released camps prison march able live moscow december forcibly deported ussr exchanged airport soviet government imprisoned general secretary autobiography describes brought switzerland widely publicised exchange increased public awareness west soviet march president met white house ussr meeting seen rights activists sign newly elected president willingness stress human rights foreign policy event provoked harsh criticism soviet leaders moved great_britain settled cambridge resumed studies biology disrupted years earlier expulsion life west gained masters degree biology cambridge_university wrote published build castle life title russian biblical allusion book translated english french german published russian following year publishers new_york today russian original available online number websites lived written essays articles criticised soviet regime later exposed western face soviet abuses cases believed western crimes american betrayal sub section late 1970s early 1980s following soviet invasion afghanistan campaigned successfully official boycott summer olympics moscow years voiced concern activities policies western peace movements cuban founded later elected president anti communist organisation run small office paris soviet notably expanded prominent members board body advisory committee foundation aimed coordinating centre democratic movements seeking communism eastern_europe organised protests communist countries west opposed western financial assistance communist governments foundation created goal aiding emergence democratic rule law governments providing assistance writing formation civil institutions march authors caused west soviet_union raised doubts substance sincerity reforms judgment moscow april visited moscow time years run presidential election team considered number potential vice presidential running mates end army officer veteran war afghanistan selected december soviet era convictions decree following year president formally restored russian citizenship deprived soviet citizenship despite country dissolution soviet_union president government invited serve expert witness trial russia communists banning party taking property case unconstitutional organisation prepare testimony requested granted access large number documents archives reorganised contemporary documentation help small hand held computer managed secretly scan documents high security clearance including reports copies smuggled west hoped international tribunal moscow play similar role trial help country begin overcome legacy communism happen trial fell far short goal found unconstitutional organisation communists allowed play leading government post soviet russia communist_party act country main political opposition members russian politician prominent place presidential commission post october victims political repression expressed deep disappointment failure writings interviews having failed finish communist system danger integrating resulting monster world called communism anymore retained dangerous characteristics style tribunal passes judgment crimes committed communism dead war took years team assistants piece fragments half page width hundreds documents available online documents extensively quoted cited judgment moscow described analysed uncovered recent soviet history relations ussr west book translated languages published time english bought rights manuscript publisher words tried author rewrite book liberal left political perspective resisted explaining editor political censorship certain biography contract subsequently cancelled french edition appeared book published russian certain slavic languages notably polish edition time bestseller length translation book updated material archive appear english east west british european assessing documents psychiatric abuse released characterized information suggests sort person embarrassing authorities country unwilling compromise convenience personal comfort believes saying thinks situations clearly knows people contribute deserve considerable respect favour russian authorities supported russian constitutional crisis october year criticised new constitution russia approved months later designed ensure continuation power according hostage security agencies onwards restoration rule inevitable publication judgment moscow french russian denied entry russia october run presidential elections moscow mayor president russia group liberal deputies proposed candidacy elections new mayor moscow following resignation previous mayor refused offer stating mayor duties need large team intellectuals committed radical reform lack people country deputy mayor took ran city early group moscow academics journalists intellectuals suggested run president russia alternative candidate incumbent president main challenger communist_party formal nomination process initiated elected president pro florence italian organisation promoted annual memorial day devoted november anniversary revolution held rome berlin sur paris contacts deputy prime minister russia elected member leader paid visit cambridge wanted discuss strategy russian opposition told russian liberals adopt stand saw authoritarian government president journalist frequent visits britain interviewed provide comparative analysis different waves political emigration patriarch called published version article discussed position gained political asylum britain attitudes government situation talk expressed disapproval way brought tribunal january founder committee umbrella organisation russian democratic opposition formed ensure free fair elections successor elected prominent 1960s 1970s took documentary series chose freedom featured documentary series events people joined council new coalition brought wide range extra parliamentary opposition forces criticism torture prison iraq revelations mounted sanctioned torture captives detention camp cia secret prisons entered discussion attack official covert torture december washington_post recounted experience torture prison commenced warned torture difficult control carried torture wrote historically instrument oppression instrument investigation intelligence gathering explained investigation subtle process requiring patience fine ability skill sources torture rare talented people leave service having gifted colleagues quick fix methods service playground president barack_obama january days taking office fatal defects european_union february interview said read confidential documents secret soviet files confirmed existence conspiracy turn european_union socialist organisation european_union monster argued destroyed sooner better develops fledged state introducing ideology soviet_union state run ideology today ideology european_union social democratic big political watch carefully political spreads oppressive ideology mention fact smoking certain parallels warned interview formation soviet_union european_union described ussr model ethnic groups dissolved create new soviet nation soviet ideology state eventually away pointed reality different state paramount expression position vice president united_kingdom patron following similar line argument suggested russia big broken smaller countries opinion quickly reported audiences world new state funded english language broadcaster russia today american betrayal september entered controversy american betrayal secret assault nation character book dismissed historian professor mccarthy responding rejected criticisms condemned attempt portray west historically conspiracy supported conclusions roosevelt government agents fellow travellers establishment governed cold war west reached conclusion merely examining chapters sad story sure mountains recent evidence support conclusions course evidence consensus guilty try judicial seat turn taken task carried review hero anti communist struggle join character assassins mobilized attack posted bad review book goes way defend claims division europe soviet plot knows division drawn winston_churchill hardly soviet dozens hundreds like west page book gave bad review years earlier numerous ways western secured recruited soviet agents consciously worked ussr explained judgment moscow men women classified agents influence confidential contacts majority agents influence literal sense agents distributed soviet reasons paying old debt contrary expected new reward service simply know examples varied applied equally cautioned post generations specialists ussr eastern_europe subjected similar pressures 1970s 1980s majority experts russia soviet_union dependent regime permission visit ussr time time specialist secure place reputation current academic world contact accuse having lost touch longer retaining expertise chance travel ussr closely monitored years candidate russian presidency announced plans run candidate president russian presidential election december officially nominated run candidates group nominated candidate included activists authors commentators favoured responding politicians commentators expressed doubt electoral prospects rejected number frequently repeated allegations moscow citizens nominated president december secured required number signatures register submitted application time december support candidacy denied claims pro government media failed campaign president appeals december turned application grounds failed information activities writer submitting documents holding british residence permit living russia past years appealed decision december subsequently board january march requested arrest british authorities submitting westminster court materials crimes humanity soviet leader allegedly committed late 1980s early 1990s ukraine signatories online manifesto published march began term president serving years country prime minister following year published collection interviews russia described team heirs notorious secret police chief following winter olympics russian federation annexed west responded sanctions targeted immediate entourage expressed hope prove end regime october russian authorities declined issue new foreign travel passport stated confirm citizenship response met surprise human rights march long delayed inquiry fatal poisoning gave views man murdered interviewed years expressed doubt russian authorities responsible london death november prohibited images prosecution early reported undergone hour heart operation private german clinic given artificial kept medically induced coma days improve chances recovery announced prosecution prohibited images found computer described accusations absurd pointed tip images likely planted computer program passed russian security services noted original announcement accused possession making prosecution materials passed court mentioned possession partial recovery lengthy heart surgery responded charges brought earlier year issuing high court writ libel said claimed damages build castle new_york russian publication memoirs given biblical title wind returns build castle periodical judgment moscow isbn golden isbn wind returns build castle isbn periodical letters russian traveler moscow history heirs team isbn secret empire palace coup isbn edge russia faces hard choice isbn documentaries chose freedom parts documentary russia voices dissent documentary events people parts documentary series
Vladimir Bukovsky