known nineteen line poetic form consisting followed repeating rhymes line repeated alternately stanza includes repeated lines example fixed verse form word derives latin italian related initial subject form pastoral form started simple ballad like song fixed form fixed quality come later poem point evolution fixed form present day debated despite french origins majority written english trend began late nineteenth century noted form frequently treats subject appeals outsiders defining feature repetition prevents having conventional tone etymology word derives italian referring song dance comes meaning peasant derives medieval latin meaning etymology word relates fact form initial distinguishing feature pastoral subject history originated simple ballad like song imitation peasant songs oral tradition fixed poetic form poems pastoral subject matter contained prior nineteenth century term simply meant country song particular form implied meaning retains vocabulary early music according refrain stanza indicates form descended choral dance song vocal frequently female semi improvised unique lyrics stanza ring dancers female male female mixed repetitive words refrain danced circle fixed form containing nineteen line dual refrain derives poem published suggests standard based definitions form poem conclusion refuted kane argues instead additions fixed form followed century later poet creation parody lead think antique form despite classification origin french poetic form far majority written english subsequent publication treatise form england english practitioners theirs works published chants royal selected contained thirty english language composed nineteen poets associated formal 1890s movement england novel portrait artist young man includes written protagonist revived seriously 1930s contemporaries friends picked form gentle good night renowned wrote 1950s 1960s wrote particularly famous influential art reached unprecedented level popularity 1980s 1990s rise new contemporary poets written varied form innovative ways anthology devote section entitled variations innovations form consists lines followed single stanza lines total nineteen lines structured repeating rhymes line stanza serves line second fourth line stanza serves line fifth rhyme refrain pattern letters indicate rhyme sounds upper case indicates refrain indicate pattern set gentle good night established meter 19th century 20th century slight alteration refrain line effect reference form repetition lines suggests properly deal degree obsession citing mad girl love song examples notes possibility form evoke relationship repeated lines feeling repetition lines considered prevent possessing conventional tone instead closer form song lyric poetry form appeal outsiders cause consider having playful suits ironic pain spite light verse instance relationship form content notes introduction poem middle way point use strict form help concentrate technical difficulties mastering form allow content poem unconscious release introduction form entitled missing dates suggests rigid form nonetheless long poem sea mirror sound absolutely natural like innocent girl talking examples gentle good night probably best known english waking love song art tell poem house hill published globe september written protagonist novel portrait artist young man subject critical analyses hate song giants performed howard june
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