arabic january september second president egypt serving death led overthrow monarchy introduced far reaching land reforms following year following attempt life member acting cracked organization president house arrest assumed executive office officially president june popularity egypt arab world suez_canal political victory subsequent crisis calls pan arab unity leadership increased culminating formation syria began series major socialist measures modernization reforms egypt despite setbacks pan cause supporters gained power arab countries embroiled began second presidential term march political opponents banned running following egypt defeat israel day war resigned returned office popular demonstrations called appointed prime minister launched war attrition regain lost territory began process military issued set political reforms conclusion summit suffered heart attack died funeral cairo drew million grief arab world remains iconic figure arab world particularly social justice arab unity modernization policies anti efforts presidency encouraged coincided egyptian cultural boom launched large industrial projects including detractors criticize government human rights violations populist relationship failure establish civil institutions blaming legacy future governance egypt early life born january son father postal worker born raised alexandria mother family came parents married later boys biographers wrote family believed strongly arab notion glory brother translates glory arabs rare egypt family traveled frequently father work moved father ran post office attended primary school children railway employees sent live paternal uncle cairo attend elementary school exchanged letters mother visited holidays stopped receiving messages end april returning learned mother died giving birth brother family kept news later stated losing way shock deep time failed remedy mother injury death deepened father remarried year end went alexandria live maternal grandfather attend city elementary school left private boarding school later returned alexandria enter tin secondary school join father working city postal service alexandria involved political activism witnessing clashes protesters police joined demonstration aware purpose protest organized called end egypt wake egyptian constitution prime minister arrested detained night father father transferred cairo joined attended school took acting school plays brief period wrote articles school paper including piece french philosopher titled november led student demonstration british rule protesting statement days prior foreign minister rejected prospects constitution restoration protesters killed received head policeman bullet incident garnered mention press nationalist newspaper reported led protest wounded december new king issued decree restoring constitution involvement political activity increased school years attended days classes year secondary school despite having unanimous backing egypt political forces strongly objected anglo egyptian treaty stipulated continued presence british military bases country nonetheless political unrest egypt declined significantly resumed studies received leaving certificate later year early influences asserts distressed frequent showed egyptian society class divisions social status wealthy egyptian elite discontent born wealth power grew lifetime spent spare time reading particularly lived near read muhammad lives companions biographies nationalist leaders napoleon autobiography winston_churchill greatly influenced egyptian nationalism espoused politician poet anti instructor expressed gratitude newspaper interview especially influenced egyptian writer novel return spirit wrote egyptian people need man feelings desires represented symbol objective later credited novel inspiration launch revolution military career applied army officer training police record anti government protest initially blocked entry disappointed enrolled law school quit semester readings frequently spoke dignity glory freedom youth enchanted stories national heroic military career chief priority convinced needed influential promote application managed secure meeting secretary war person responsible academy selection board requested help agreed sponsored second application accepted late focused military career little contact family academy met important aides presidency graduating academy july commissioned second lieutenant infantry posted closest comrades including discussed dissatisfaction widespread corruption country desire monarchy later write energy clear thinking balanced judgement emerged group natural leader posted egypt time returned september brief stay egypt secured position instructor cairo royal military academy british ambassador marched king palace ordered dismiss prime minister having pro axis sympathies saw incident blatant violation egyptian sovereignty wrote ashamed army reacted attack wished overtake british accepted general staff college later year began form group young military officers strong nationalist sentiments supported form revolution stayed touch group members primarily continued seek interested officers branches presented complete file arab israeli war battlefield experience palestine arab israeli war initially volunteered serve led met impressed ultimately refused entry forces egyptian government reasons unclear following british withdrawal king sent egyptian army palestine serving 6th infantry battalion war wrote egyptian army saying soldiers fortifications deputy commander egyptian forces secured pocket july lightly wounded fighting august brigade surrounded appeals help jordan went brigade refused surrender negotiations israel egypt finally resulted israel according veteran journalist defenders including young army officer national heroes enduring israeli bombardment isolated command egyptian singer hosted public celebration officers return despite reservations royal government pressured british prevent reception apparent difference attitude government general public increased determination monarchy felt bitter brigade relieved despite displayed started writing book philosophy revolution siege war returned role instructor sent forge alliance october soon concluded religious agenda brotherhood compatible nationalism prevented brotherhood influence activities ties organization sent member egyptian delegation rhodes february negotiate formal armistice israel reportedly considered terms particularly able easily occupy region negotiating arabs march revolution free officers return egypt coincided syrian coup état success evident popular support syrian people encouraged revolutionary pursuits soon return summoned interrogated prime minister suspicions forming secret group officers according reports convincingly denied allegations hesitant drastic measures army especially chief staff present interrogation subsequently released interrogation pushed speed group activities group adopted advocated little freedom restoration country dignity organized founding committee eventually comprised fourteen men different social political backgrounds including representation aristocracy unanimously elected chairman organization parliamentary elections gained victory absence elections perceived threat free officers campaigned demands similar accusations corruption politicians began surface breeding atmosphere rumor suspicion consequently brought free officers forefront egyptian politics organization expanded ninety members according knew belonged hierarchy felt free officers ready government nearly years little officer recruitment underground news october government anglo egyptian treaty given british control suez_canal popularity government sponsored guerrilla attacks british pressure act according decided wage large scale assassination campaign january attempted kill royalist general firing guns car drove streets cairo instead killing general attackers wounded innocent female recalled haunted firmly undertaking similar actions future close king nominated presidency officer club normally ceremonial office king backing determined establish independence army monarchy resolved field nominee free officers selected popular general offered resignation british high wounded times palestine war won overwhelmingly connection leading egyptian daily publicized victory praising spirit army revolution january confrontation british forces police resulted deaths egyptian policemen provoking riots cairo day left people dead published simple point program british influence egypt received word knew names free officers intended arrest immediately entrusted free officer task planning government takeover army units loyal association free officers intention install government establish parliamentary democracy believe low ranking officer like lieutenant colonel accepted egyptian people selected general boss lead coup revolution long sought launched july declared success day free officers seized control government buildings radio stations police stations army headquarters cairo rebel officers leading units donned civilian clothing avoid detection moved cairo monitoring situation foreign intervention days revolution notified american british governments intentions agreed aid pressure americans agreed exile deposed king honorary ceremony june monarchy abolished declared president according assuming power free officers expected guardians people interests monarchy class leaving day day tasks government civilians asked prime minister accept previous position form civilian cabinet free officers governed chairman vice chairman relations grew tense viewed schemes reform abolition monarchy reorganization political parties radical culminating resignation september assumed additional role prime minister deputy prime minister september reform law effect eyes law gave identity transformed coup revolution preceding reform law august communist led riots broke textile factories leading clash army left people dead insisted executing riot opposed nonetheless sentences carried supported assumption power demanded ministerial new cabinet turned demands instead hoped opt brotherhood giving members willing serve officially minor ministerial posts road presidency disputes january overcame opposition banned political parties creating party system loosely structured movement chief task organize pro rallies lectures secretary general despite dissolution order member favored holding parliamentary elections according fellow officer advocated holding elections march led egyptian delegation negotiating british withdrawal suez_canal began showing signs independence land reform drawing closer egypt established political forces brotherhood resolved june took control interior ministry post loyalist pressured conclude abolition monarchy february announced resignation held official meeting presence days prior february accepted resignation house arrest proclaimed chairman prime minister intended mutiny immediately followed demanding dissolution visiting striking officers military headquarters mutiny end initially intimidated accepting demands february supporters army launched raid ending mutiny later day hundreds thousands protesters mainly belonging brotherhood called return imprisonment response sizable group led demanded release return presidency delayed march allowing promote commander position occupied march security arrested thousands participants uprising ruse rally opposition return order decreed end restrictions monarchy era parties free officers withdrawal politics succeeded provoking revolution workers peasants petty oppose million transport workers launching strike thousands peasants entering cairo protest late march sought crack protesters requests rebuffed heads security forces march announced response impulse street april june hundreds supporters military arrested dismissed informally exiled switzerland represent abroad king saudi_arabia attempted relations avail assuming october member attempted assassinate delivering speech alexandria celebrate british military withdrawal speech broadcast arab world radio feet away fired shots missed panic broke mass audience maintained posture raised voice appeal calm great emotion following blood egypt live sake die sake freedom honor let kill concern long pride honor freedom die shall willing sacrifice life nation crowd approval arab audiences electrified assassination attempt quickly playing hands returning cairo ordered largest political modern history egypt arrests thousands members brotherhood communists dismissal officers loyal brotherhood leaders sentenced death sentence chief year imprisonment removed presidency house arrest tried sentenced army rose defend rivals undisputed leader egypt street following small sustain plans reform secure office promote gave speeches cross country tour imposed controls country press publications approved party prevent leading arab singers era performed songs praising nationalism produced plays political opponents according associates orchestrated campaign arab nationalist terms arab homeland arab nation frequently began appearing speeches prior refer arab peoples arab region january appointed president pending national elections secret contacts israel determined peace israel impossible considering state viewed arabs disdain february israeli troops attacked egyptian held stated aim suppressing palestinian raids feel ready confrontation militarily failure respond israeli military action demonstrated armed forces constituted blow growing popularity subsequently ordered blockade israeli shipping restricted use israeli aircraft early september zone egyptian border september simultaneous israel february raid baghdad pact formed regional allies considered baghdad pact threat efforts eliminate british military influence middle_east mechanism undermine arab western felt maintain egypt regional leadership position needed acquire modern weaponry arm military apparent western countries supply egypt acceptable financial military terms turned concluded armaments agreement czechoslovakia september arms deal balance power egypt israel role arab leader west enhanced adoption conference indonesia late april treated leading representative arab countries popular figures summit paid earlier visits pakistan april india april burma afghanistan way previously cemented treaty friendship india cairo april strengthening egyptian indian relations international policy economic development fronts discussions pro western pro soviet conference factions composition addressing africa asia global peace amid cold war west soviet_union sought proclamation avoidance international defense alliances support independence tunisia algeria morocco french rule support palestinian right return implementation resolutions arab israeli conflict succeeded lobbying attendees pass resolutions issues notably securing strong support china india following officially adopted positive president indian prime minister principal theme egyptian foreign policy cold war welcomed large crowds people lining streets cairo return egypt widely heralded press achievements leadership conference consequently prestige greatly boosted self confidence image constitution presidency domestic position considerably strengthened able secure colleagues gained relatively decision making authority particularly foreign policy january new constitution egypt drafted establishment single party system movement described realize revolution determined failed generating mass public participation new movement attempted incorporate citizens approved local level party committees order popular backing government select nominee presidential election provided public approval nomination post new constitution public referendum june approved overwhelming majority member established elections held july ultimate approval candidates constitution granted women suffrage prohibited gender based discrimination entailed special protection women workplace coinciding new constitution presidency dissolved members resigned military commissions transition civilian rule surrounding establishment new government began process rivals original free officers closest allies high ranking positions cabinet year transition period ended official assumption power domestic independent foreign policies increasingly collided regional interests france condemned strong support independence government agitated campaign baghdad pact addition adherence cold war recognition communist china arms deal eastern alienated united_states july abruptly withdrew offer finance construction citing concerns egypt economy overwhelmed project informed british american withdrawal news statement aboard plane returning cairo belgrade took great offense ideas suez_canal agreed withdraw military egypt british troops left june journalist asserts final decision july later state decided july studying issue advisers dissolved technical specialist beginning july rest members informed decision july bulk cabinet unaware scheme hours publicly announced according decision canal solitary decision taken consultation july gave speech alexandria announcing means fund dam project light british american withdrawal speech denounced british egypt british control canal company profits upheld egyptian people right sovereignty especially died sic building motion technically breach international agreement signed october ensured existing paid announcement greeted emotionally audience arab world thousands entered streets shouting support ambassador stated popularity egypt enemies egyptian political scientist wrote prior consolidated control egypt military civilian canal gained near total popular legitimacy firmly established charismatic leader spokesman masses egypt world according largest pan arab triumph time soon pictures found tents syria official reason given funds canal construction dam day egypt closed canal israeli shipping crisis france largest shareholders saw hostile measure aimed egyptian government aware canal international crisis believed prospect military intervention countries cent likely believed able intervene militarily months announcement dismissed israeli action impossible early october met matter canal adopted resolution recognizing egypt right control canal long continued allow passage foreign ships according agreement estimated danger invasion dropped cent shortly france israel secret agreement suez_canal occupy suez_canal zone october israeli forces crossed overwhelmed egyptian army posts quickly advanced objectives days later british french planes bombarded egyptian airfields canal zone ordered military high command withdraw bolster canal defenses feared armored corps dispatched confront israeli invading force british french subsequently landed canal city egyptian armor cut canal destroyed combined forces strongly disagreed insisting egyptian tanks meet battle heated exchange november conceded ordered canal sinking ships entrance despite commanded withdrawal egyptian troops egyptian soldiers killed engagement israeli forces egyptian soldiers captured salem proposed requesting salem recommending surrender british forces salem vowed going surrender assumed military command despite relative ease occupied prestige home arabs undamaged dismal performance authorized distribution rifles civilian volunteers hundreds militias formed egypt led political opponents port said saw confrontation invading forces strategic psychological focal point egypt defense infantry battalion hundreds national sent city reinforcements regular companies dispatched organize popular resistance traveled canal zone boost morale armed volunteers according memoirs described shattered saw wreckage egyptian military equipment route british french forces landed november local militia stiff resistance resulting street street fighting commander city preparing request terms ordered british french forces managed largely secure city november killed battle administration condemned invasion supported resolutions demanding withdrawal stationed commended stating played greatest decisive role stopping conspiracy end december british french forces totally withdrawn egyptian territory israel completed withdrawal march released egyptian prisoners war result brought set regulations imposing rigorous requirements residency citizenship forced affecting british french nationals jews foreign egyptian jews fighting ended accused provoking unnecessary war blaming military result april canal reopened political position enormously enhanced widely perceived failure invasion attempt british diplomat claimed crisis established finally completely president egypt socialism pan dominant ideology arab world average arab citizen considered undisputed leader credited status charisma bolstered perceived victory cairo based radio station spread ideas united arab action arabic speaking world historian wrote conquered arab world radio egyptian embassy press center arab world bought media outlets ideals enjoyed support arab nationalist civilian paramilitary organizations region followers numerous funded lacked permanent structure organization called despite objection label preferred term arab nationalists january adopted doctrine pledged prevent spread communism perceived agents middle_east opponent communism region promotion pan viewed threat pro western states region tried reduce regional influence attempting transform king january elected prime minister supporter brought jordan military pact egypt syria saudi_arabia relations king deteriorated april implicated coup attempts involvement established dissolved cabinet subsequently slammed cairo radio tool relations king antagonistic began fear increasing popularity saudi_arabia genuine threat royal family survival despite opposition governments jordan saudi_arabia iraq lebanon maintained prestige citizens arab countries end remaining british french assets egypt including tobacco cement industries efforts offer tax incentives attract outside investments yielded results companies economic development organization stopped short total government control thirds economy private hands effort achieved measure success increased agricultural production investment initiated subsequently egypt largest enterprise providing country product tens thousands jobs decided cooperate soviet_union construction dam replace withdrawal funds despite popularity people arab world regional ally syria september turkish troops syrian border giving rumors countries attempting syria leftist government sent contingent force syria symbolic display solidarity prestige arab world particularly political instability grew syria country sent demanding immediate unification egypt initially turned request citing countries incompatible political economic systems lack syrian military record intervention politics deep syria political forces january second syrian delegation managed convince impending communist takeover consequent slide civil strife subsequently opted union albeit condition total political merger president delegates syrian president agreed february proclaimed according arab world reacted stunned quickly turned ordered crackdown syrian communists dismissing governmental posts surprise visit damascus celebrate union february welcomed crowds hundreds thousands north dispatched damascus proposals include country new republic agreed establish loose federal union place total integration syria king planned assassinated return flight cairo march addressed masses damascus check given syrian security chief unbeknownst ardent supporter shoot plane consequence plot forced senior members royal family informally powers brother major opponent advocated pan islamic unity pan day announcing attempt life established new provisional constitution proclaiming member egypt syria dissolution political parties gave provinces vice presidents egypt syria left moscow meet meeting pressed lift ban communist_party refused stating internal matter subject discussion outside powers reportedly taken denied meant interfere affairs matter settled leaders sought prevent rift countries influence arab world lebanon clashes factions supporters staunch opponent president culminated civil strife sought unite sought lebanon continued independence delegated oversight issue provided limited aid supporters money light arms officer training short large scale support alleged lebanon seeing special case sought prevent second presidential term july iraqi army officers iraqi monarchy day iraqi prime minister chief arab antagonist killed recognized new government stated attack iraq attack july marines landed lebanon british special forces jordan request countries governments prevent falling forces felt revolution iraq left road pan arab unity july time declared opting arab union plan merge iraq members favored unity sought iraq independent resented large popular base country fall formed committee consisting oversee developments syria moving cairo important political figures ideas syria run syria effectively reduced province police state objected introduction egyptian agricultural reform syria communists following election september relations lebanon improved considerably march met syrian border compromised end crisis relations grew increasingly bitter march forces suppressed rebellion launched day earlier iraqi officer backed authorities considered troops aid iraqi decided egyptian communist activity key backing iraqi communists provided influential communists arrested including old allowed enter egypt december political situation syria responded appointing governor general alongside syria leaders opposed appointment resigned government posts later met opposition leaders heated moment elected president accept authority walk away collapse union aftermath opposition union mounted syria key elements political military response syria economy attributed control july decreed socialist measures wide ranging sectors syrian economy dismissed september curb growing political crisis states fully capable addressing syrian problems foreign egypt economic situation positive growth percent rapid growth industry egyptian press government order steer coverage country issues public support socialist measures september army units launched coup damascus declaring syria response pro union army units northern syria revolted protests occurred major syrian cities sent egyptian special forces bolster allies withdrew days later citing refusal allow inter arab fighting addressing breakup october accepted personal responsibility declared egypt recognize elected syrian government privately blamed interference hostile arab governments according suffered resembling nervous breakdown dissolution union began smoke heavily health began deteriorate revival regional stage regional position changed unexpectedly officers led supporter north september tribal partisans began receiving increasing support saudi_arabia help kingdom subsequently accepted request militarily aid new government september consequently egypt increasingly embroiled drawn civil war withdrew forces old colleagues questioned wisdom continuing war coming victory later remarked intervention july algeria independent france staunch political financial supporter independence movement considered country independence personal victory amid developments royal family led defected egypt chief staff early february military coup iraq led alliance toppled subsequently shot dead chosen new president similar alliance toppled syrian government march march new iraqi syrian governments sent push new arab union meeting syria split asserted leader arabs transitional unity agreement federal system signed parties april new union set established agreement fell apart weeks later syria supporters officers corps failed counter coup colonel followed condemned january called summit cairo establish unified arab response israel plans divert jordan river waters economic purposes syria jordan deemed act war blamed arab divisions deemed disastrous situation discouraged syria palestinian provoking conceding plans war israel summit developed relations ties rulers saudi_arabia syria morocco moved formally share leadership position palestine issue initiating creation practice control palestinian head personal nominee years foreign policy coordination developing ties president indonesia president yugoslavia prime minister india founded declared purpose international non alignment promote world peace amid cold war end colonization increase economic cooperation developing countries president held second conference organization cairo played significant strengthening african solidarity late 1950s early 1960s continental leadership role increasingly passed algeria period egypt refuge anti colonial leaders african countries allowed broadcast anti colonial propaganda cairo beginning key role discussions african leaders led establishment modernization efforts internal dissent sought firmly establish egypt leader arab world promote second revolution egypt purpose merging islamic socialist thinking achieve initiated reforms serves facto leading authority islam ensure prominence conservative promoted saudi_arabia willing scholars brotherhood islamic influence starting instructed create changes lower levels egyptian education consequently allowing establishment schools introduction evolution school curriculum reforms included merger religious civil courts forced issue admitting muslims mainstream islam centuries prior deemed rivalry following syria grew concerned inability train army state state created military command intelligence apparatus late established decreed authority approve senior military appointments instead leaving responsibility solely instructed primary criterion promotion merit personal retracted initiative allies officers corps threatened early attempted control military command responded directly confronting time secretly rallying loyalist officers ultimately backed wary possible violent confrontation military civilian government according stress caused collapse increasing autonomy forced diabetes practically live national charter second term october embarked major program egypt believing total adoption socialism answer country problems prevented syria order organize popular base egypt citizens counter army influence introduced national charter new constitution charter called universal health care affordable housing schools greater women rights family planning program widening suez_canal attempted maintain oversight country civil service prevent consequently burden state new laws provided workers minimum wage profit shares free education free health care reduced working hours encouragement participate management land reforms guaranteed security tenant farmers promoted agricultural growth reduced rural poverty result measures government ownership egyptian business reached percent renamed measures came domestic repression thousands imprisoned including dozens military officers tilt soviet style system led aides submit protest presidential referendum egypt elected second term president took oath march candidate position virtually political opponents forbidden law running office fellow party members reduced mere followers year chief imprisoned charged found guilty court plotting assassinate executed beginning egypt economy slowed government debt increasingly began ease state control private sector encouraging state owned bank loans private business introducing incentives increase exports egyptian economy went verge collapse society free appeal waned considerably day war mid soviet_union issued warnings impending israeli attack syria chief staff considered warnings according authorization soviet warnings pretext dispatch troops subsequently demanded withdrawal earlier day received warning king israeli american drag egypt war message originally received withheld deployment preceding months accusing avoiding fight israel nonetheless wary egyptian israeli war risk occupation israel felt israel attacking assurances received soviet_union turn powers egypt act defensively asked order straits blockaded believed israel use army prepared confrontation doubted assessment military readiness according vice president absolute authority armed forces ways knowing going anticipated impending israeli attack advocated strike refused determination air force lacked pilots officers incompetent concluded israel attacked egypt advantage manpower arms israeli forces weeks allowing diplomacy end increasingly exchanged positions war increased pressure act general arab populace arab governments declared basic objective destroy israel committed jordan alliance egypt syria morning june struck egyptian air fields destroying day ended israeli armored units cut egyptian defense lines captured town day ordered immediate withdrawal egyptian troops causing majority egyptian casualties war israel quickly captured egypt jordan syria according cut egyptian garrison aware situation gravity hearing attack rushed army headquarters military situation conflict subsequently came fore officers present reported pair burst nonstop shouting match set oversee conduct war attributed repeated egyptian defeats rivalry overall incompetence according egyptian diplomat foreign minister presidency israeli invasion egypt consequent defeat result dismissal rational analysis situation undertaking series decisions resignation aftermath days war general population arab world believed arab radio station imminent arab victory june appeared television inform egypt citizens country defeat announced resignation television later day ceded presidential powers vice president prior information decision refused accept post hundreds thousands poured streets mass demonstrations egypt arab world rejecting resignation chanting soldiers retracted decision day july replaced general commander loyalists military marched army headquarters demanded sacked thirty loyalists response allies devised plan august tipped activities convinced meet home august confronted coup plot denied arrested committed suicide september despite relationship spoke losing person closest began process armed forces arresting dozens leading military intelligence figures loyal august summit usual commanding position attending heads state expected lead war declared summit concluded soviet_union soon egyptian military half broke diplomatic relations israel cut relations following war according policy playing ended november accepted resolution called israel withdrawal territories acquired war supporters claimed meant buy time prepare confrontation israel detractors believed acceptance resolution signaled interest palestinian independence final years presidency domestic reforms governmental changes appointed additional roles prime minister supreme commander armed forces june angry military court perceived air force officers charged war workers students launched protests calling major political reforms late february responded demonstrations significant public challenge rule workers protests march removing military figures cabinet appointing civilians place high ranking members march directed egypt intelligence apparatus focus external domestic espionage declared fall state march proclaimed manifesto restoration civil liberties greater parliamentary independence executive major structural changes campaign rid government corrupt elements public referendum approved proposed measures held subsequent elections highest decision making body observers noted declaration signaled important shift political repression promises largely appointed vice presidents december relations original military comrades vice president strained replacing war attrition regional diplomatic initiatives january commenced war attrition reclaim territory captured israel ordering attacks israeli positions east blockaded suez_canal march offered movement arms funds performance israeli forces battle month advised think peace israel establishment palestinian state comprising effectively ceded leadership palestine issue israel egyptian commando raids artillery air strikes resulted exodus civilians egyptian cities suez_canal western bank ceased military activities began program build network internal defenses receiving financial backing arab states war resumed march november agreement military granted palestinian right use territory attack israel june accepted sponsored called end hostilities israeli withdrawal egyptian territory rejected israel arab states jordan initially rejected plan conceded pressure soviet_union feared escalating regional conflict drag war determined serve tactical step strategic goal suez_canal movement direct negotiations israel dozens speeches statements equation direct peace talks israel surrender following acceptance israel agreed fighting sam missiles canal zone tensions jordan increasingly autonomous king government following field military campaign launched rout forces offensive elevated risks regional war prompted hold emergency summit september cairo forged death funeral summit closed september hours escorting arab leader leave suffered heart attack immediately transported house physicians tended died hours later wife deathbed according doctor likely cause death veins complications long standing diabetes heavy family history heart disease brothers died fifties condition state health known public prior death previously suffered heart attacks september following announcement death egypt arab world state shock funeral procession cairo october attended million kilometer procession burial site began old headquarters jets flag coffin attached gun carriage pulled horses led column arab heads state attended exception king king cried openly libya emotional distress twice major non arab dignitaries present including soviet premier french prime minister immediately procession began coffin chanting god god beloved police unsuccessfully attempted quell crowds result foreign dignitaries evacuated final destination mosque renamed buried ability men women children streets hearing death according general arab reaction mourning thousands people pouring streets major cities arab world dozen people killed result chaos jerusalem roughly arabs marched old city chanting die testament leadership arab people following death headline read million human beings arabs political prisoner later member said greatest achievement funeral world million people crying legacy egypt fully independent british influence country major power developing world leadership main domestic efforts establish social justice deemed liberal democracy presidency ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access housing education jobs health services forms social welfare influence waned end presidency employment working conditions improved considerably poverty high country substantial resources allocated social welfare diverted war effort national economy grew significantly reform major modernization projects steel works dam schemes suez_canal marked economic growth early 1960s took remainder decade recovering egypt experienced golden age culture presidency according historian particularly film television theater radio literature fine arts comedy poetry music egypt dominated arab world fields producing cultural icons presidency political parties began emerge egypt party carried minor political influence splits members beginning resulted gradual establishment splinter parties including founding came place presidential election activists founders major opposition force rule september parties merged form image known intimate relationship ordinary availability public despite assassination attempts successors skilled gave speeches record egyptian head state wrote constant theme image ability represent egyptian authenticity triumph defeat national press helped foster popularity profile state media wrote phenomenon genuine expression popular feeling state sponsored propaganda hard lies vital historical fact signifies truly egyptian developmental project country history fall sic state projects different origin meaning impact man egyptian soil overthrown middle_east established sophisticated monarchy swift acclaim millions poor oppressed programme social justice progress development dignity increasingly criticized egyptian intellectuals following day war death general public sympathetic life according political scientist writing nostalgia easily egypt arab countries today general egyptian society particularly era augmented nostalgia presidency increasingly associated ideals national purpose hope social vibrant culture present day serves iconic figure arab world symbol arab unity dignity figure modern history considered champion social justice egypt time writes despite mistakes shortcomings sense personal worth national pride egypt arabs known years balance flaws failures historian wrote july represents time egypt felt united leaders espoused principles met needs ordinary arab spring resulted revolution egypt photographs raised cairo arab capitals anti government demonstrations according journalist symbol arab dignity mass demonstrations criticism declared intention continue path october presidential inauguration speech began depart policies domestic position improved following october war president policy sought open egypt economy private investment according ensuing developments present day led egypt half war half war egyptian detractors considered dictator thwarted democratic progress imprisoned thousands led administration responsible numerous human rights violations egypt particularly members politically persecuted brotherhood viewed oppressive demonic liberal writer described confused sultan employed stirring rhetoric actual plan achieve stated goals liberal critics egypt including founding members writer dismissed popular appeal egyptian masses presidency product successful manipulation egyptian political scientist blamed revolution shortcomings concentration power egypt lack democracy political style government limitations freedom expression political participation american political scientist asserted charisma direct relationship egyptian people rendered organizations individuals unnecessary opined legacy guarantee instability reliance personal power absence strong political institutions rule wrote irresponsible leader blaming solitary decision making egypt losses war events described closest western adviser said barriers outside world grown thick information filtered vice president said gradually changed reign ceased consulting colleagues decisions repeatedly said war israel start time arab choosing started game successful bluff means opponent know cards holding case opponent hand mirror knew holding pair knew army prepared character tendencies regard diabetes rational explanation actions told east german newspaper person simple takes seriously lie million jews murdered holocaust known publicly called figure million question advisors east german contacts corrected subject regional leadership actions speeches able symbolize popular arab inspired nationalist revolutions arab world defined politics generation communicated directly public masses arab world bypassing heads states countries accomplishment repeated arab leaders extent region priority incoming arab nationalist heads state seek good relations egypt order gain popular legitimacy citizens varying degrees system government continued egypt emulated virtually arab algeria syria iraq tunisia libya algeria president staunch drove king influenced included occurred iraq july syria monarchy considered hero sought succeed leader arabs colonel supporter took power helped spread pan ideas arab world particularly iraq regional heads state tried emulate opined successive arab leaders transformed imitation parody portrayal film egyptian director produced film victorious intentionally drew parallels considered hero arab world pan policies played film set egyptian box office record time focused crisis considered milestone egyptian arab cinema film role modern day arab leader syrian biopic films marked biographical movies contemporary public figures produced arab world personal life married year old daughter wealthy iranian father egyptian mother died young introduced brother merchant friend wedding couple moved house suburb cairo live rest lives entry officer corps secured relatively paid employment society people lived poverty discuss politics home kept career separate family life preferred spend free time children daughters sons proponent secular politics muslim pilgrimage known personally characteristic enhanced reputation citizens egypt arab world personal included playing chess american films reading arabic english french magazines listening classical music personal chain smoking maintained hour rarely took time combination smoking working long hours contributed poor health diagnosed diabetes early 1960s time death heart disease high blood pressure suffered major heart attacks bed rest weeks second episode state media reported absence public view time result writings wrote following books published lifetime memoirs palestine war arabic memoirs palestine war win english translation file egypt liberation philosophy revolution arabic freedom arabic honour foreign honour malaysia honorary recipient order crown realm
Gamal Abdel Nasser