commonly known bloody milk cap species fungus family described france species given current transferred found asia europe fruit bodies mushrooms grow scattered groups ground conifers especially douglas fir bruised cut fruit bodies blood red purple latex slowly turns greenish exposure air caps reddish brown funnel shaped age gills pinkish different forms described italy universally accepted distinct mushrooms edible sold rural markets europe asia fruit bodies grown soil including subject heavy traffic toxic heavy metals pigment isolated identified mushrooms taxonomy fungus described french mycologist given current transferred work called genus considered synonym type illustration species represent typical morphology fruit bodies designated described forms italy whitish cap clearly cap lacks green tones gills pinkish form originally described variety var invalid illegitimate synonym species named later authors agree forms distinct taxa suggesting appearance represent normal morphological variations brought differences age environmental factors levels sunlight humidity considered variety morphological especially characters spore ornamentation molecular evidence based internal confirmed separate species classified section genus section includes popular edible species popular characterized mushrooms orange red latex greenish stain flesh gills sticky cap association conifers specific epithet derived latin words blood flowing description fruit bodies convex caps central depression reaching diameter cap surface smooth sticky margins curved downward mushroom matures color pinkish buff patches grayish pale greenish gray especially surface bruised somewhat crowded gills slightly attachment stipe pale pale pinkish buff edge cylindrical stipe measures long thick smooth surface colored pale pinkish buff pale buff brownish irregular dots flesh ranges firm fragile stipe soft pale pinkish buff cap cuticle brick colored brownish red gills taste ranges mild slightly bitter lacks significant odor spores roughly spherical measuring feature surface high complete comprising broad rounded ridges basidia spore bearing cells somewhat cylindrical spored measure cap cuticle gelatinous hyphae run parallel cap surface thick hyphae wide usually branched interwoven similar species considered variety similar appearance general distinguished red color lacking orange tones cap stipe gills distinctly downwards tapered stipe intense latex cap tissue species distinguished differences ornamentation spore surfaces incomplete spore surface ridges wider degree variation thickness potential characteristic orange latex turns wine red minutes exposure air compared fruit bodies smaller violet cap develop greenish age habitat distribution species fruit bodies grow ground association pine trees soils widely distributed india noted grow mixed coniferous forests usually widespread fruits september november extending december southernmost regions continent netherlands found dunes growing warm sunny sheltered place edge woods dominated pine species europe recorded belgium estonia greece cyprus france germany italy netherlands poland russia spain slovakia sweden switzerland africa species collected morocco asia occurs vietnam china listed appeared draft red list spain endangered edible species considered vulnerable commercial picking illustrate september newspaper report cited reported mushrooms picked seized van edibility fruit bodies edible choice noted original description species wrote fungus highly prized use acquainted keeps kept year takes taste best way eat cook pan oil butter salt long cook mushrooms sold rural markets france spain turkey china collected locals upper valley central italy spain mushroom cuisine known cyprus known meaning bloody widely collected locals considered inferior milk cap india young specimens consumed consider better flavor known relative english common bloody fruit bodies heavy metals including toxic ones soil reason consuming mushrooms harvested potentially contaminated sites near subject heavy traffic recommended turkish study edible mushroom species collected near roads inner parts forests fruit bodies determined accumulated high levels lead compounds contains mixture predominant total lesser amounts derivatives including latex contains skeletons include compounds given common names chemicals thought undergo conversions fruit body injured fruit body extracts shown activity positive negative bacteria cited literature world minnesota isbn genus denmark isbn morphology taxonomy european species sect
Lactarius sanguifluus