closet closet room disposal human system system waste removal closet small contained seat underneath portable placed bucket user removed emptied local authority regular basis contents advanced water closet flush toilet popular wealthy homes lack adequate water supply poor meant 19th century england working class towns cities chose dry methods waste disposal closet evolution closet closet impractical considered public health system popular france england particularly historic lancashire town system commonly took closet problems emptied regular basis overflowed manufacturers lined materials designs dry earth ash disguise smell improved water supplies systems england led directly replacement closet early 20th century municipal collection toilets continued australia second half twentieth century western world completely replaced flush toilet closet dispose human dirty water general household waste kitchen refuse closet system methods waste disposal common use 19th century system system dry earth system manchester population people served water flush toilets investigation condition city sewer network revealed accumulation solid caused overflow refer ash pits refuse problems forced city authorities consider methods dealing human water closet wealthy homes concerns river pollution costs available water supplies meant towns cities chose labour intensive dry systems manchester city authorities replaced rising soil surrounding old cleared connections drains removed dry erected site contemporary estimate stated installation removed imperial gallons accompanying city drains rivers closet development evolved primitive ditch 19th century rapidly falling favour speech said closet represented standard utterly wrong constructed materials permitting free surrounding soil capable containing entire house block houses months years rivers pollution commission reported years later continually seen cleaned notice given need probably half yearly average staff night men attendant generally difficult clean later improvements closet built nottingham brick raised seat concave direct centre pit lined cement prevent surrounding soil closet designed special opening material scattered pit special ventilation shaft installed design offered significant improvement advanced problems cleaning pits remained system easily container popular system geographic spread system europe french cities english towns cities leeds birmingham manchester popular town system collection took widespread australia system system wooden half petroleum barrel placed closet seat circular aid cleaning designed easily handled size encouraged regular collections carried cast iron rim inches deep receive tight fitting inner lid collected weekly basis day secured lid loaded sealed bay wagon taken depot emptied cleaned returned removed closet replacement installed place employed wagons time service collecting spread town contrast larger population employed wagons use number separate cart accompanied wagon collect household refuse collected separate chamber closet long tons night soil collected year population roughly person depot night soil emptied storage tank washed large trough mixture lime water night soil dried revolving cylinders heat borough refuse transferred called drying plates gases burnt escaping foot chimney remains burnt refuse mortar works environment filled dust paid general labourers transported works railway local plots disposal supplied iron attempted remove smell fine ash poured system invented 1860s landowner near paris widely france overcame common problems associated lining material experimented design months settled instead system smaller system find home halifax wooden halifax oval cross section inches inches deep lined sides mixture refuse straw grass street wool hair lining formed special mould lime added designed help remove smell slow dry collected members public occasionally complained smell usually occurred left overflow winter severe weather conditions prevented horse pulled collection wagons reaching systems areas earth closet invented system metal container system small amounts mixture dry earth ashes cover removing immediately applied small elaborate systems existed powder kept box near seat small handle control deposited obtained street good effect process expensive simpler system mixture earth dried fear spread bacteria meant instead garden earth usually housed separate building main structure system earth closet containers designed emptied frequently earth closet popular private houses military camps hospitals extensively india remained use 1930s perspective system waste removal imperfect general waste left ground hours days time report system commented instance use days capacity absorption liquid claimed material exceeded days week use filled extent thirds cavity liquid solid floating closet contained important design considerations essay author described commonly encountered problems provided handles held place guide pieces nailed floor mention specifications wooden boxes unsatisfactory soon heavy handle hold long permit breeding flies flies away difficult matter door rear exposed weather soon leaving openings edges self closing seat cover fails operate properly door seldom kept closed lack proper attention regard cleaning principal style makes practically failure general use towns difficult find willing kind work rural districts usually neglected popularity following successes seen northern towns introduced leicester implementation water hindered refusal water company provide adequate supplies use reduced demand placed area inadequate system town suffered difficulties collection treatment night soil initially night soil collected contractors local authority responsible authority found dealing night soil expensive difficult business following legal proceedings corporation transport night soil transferred railway system canal barges led complaints canal authority found badly sewage built sewage farm end 19th century construction new sewer system enabled phased replaced water manchester faced phenomenal population growth council attempted retain closet system following exposure dumping long tons human rivers town sewage works council forced change plans originally intended build public objections dumping waste rivers forced council instead purchase developed refuse disposal sites 1930s site receiving night soil water closet having replaced dry manchester decline end number use declined toilets municipal collection persisted australia second half twentieth century brisbane populous city relied 1950s source says 1970s population dispersed difficult install tar kept smell academic claimed typical australian yard cities country towns half twentieth century fence pan collected lane trap door
Pail closet