greek away sign coined commonly known context warning coloration describes family adaptations warning signal associated prey item potential predators involves advertising signal warning signal form conspicuous animal coloration sounds characteristics signals beneficial predator prey avoid potential harm exploited species strong defences evolve resemble mimicking similarly coloured species warning signal predators shared causing learn quickly cost species warning signals necessarily require species actually possesses chemical physical defences deter predators california mountain yellow red black bands similar highly eastern coral snake essentially successful model evolution warning signal mimicking species resembles species possesses strong defences known etymology term coined english zoologist book colours animals based term ancient greek words away sign referring signs warn animals away defence mechanism function prevent attack warning potential predators prey animal defences poisonous easily detected warning primary defence mechanism non visible defences secondary signals primarily visual bright colours high contrast patterns stripes warning signals honest indications prey tandem brighter conspicuous organism toxic usually common effective colours red yellow black white colours provide strong contrast green foliage resist changes shadow lighting strong contrast highly provide distance dependent camouflage forms warning provide distance dependent camouflage having effective pattern colour combination allow easy detection predator distance warning like close proximity allowing balance camouflage warning response background light conditions predator vision visible signals accompanied sounds behaviour provide multi signal effectively detected predators broadly understood created variety ways insects tiger contain bitter chemicals produces poison poison frog sting velvet black widow spider dangerous painful attack tiger advertise producing noises warn bats avoid warning expose brightly coloured body parts exposing velvet ants actually parasitic bright colours produce noises grabbed serve reinforce warning mammals predators smaller animal aggressive able defend example honey prevalence terrestrial ecosystems widespread insects confined smaller number fish species numerous poison frogs plants thought employ warn chemicals physical defences leaves insects acquire toxic chemicals host plants mammals advertise foul chemical defences sharply contrasting black white patterns fur brightly coloured birds contrasting patterns females male birds brightly coloured sexual selection edibility unclear significant marine ecosystems existence marine ecosystems controversial marine organisms particularly coral reefs brightly coloured patterned including fishes little connection chemical physical defenses caribbean reef brightly coloured defended relationship factors commonly cited examples marine ecosystems evidence contested examples species species nocturnal cryptic bright colours red end colour spectrum rapidly function water depth example spanish dancer genus largest tropical marine defended brilliantly red white nocturnal known expected weak defences gain measure protection resemblance species studies concluded family coral reefs coloured implicated mediterranean derive defensive chemicals diet crown like conspicuous coloration conspicuous long sharp spines chemical defences form evidence argued sufficient species considered proposed evident marine invertebrates terrestrial insects predation intense selective force insects disperse adults larvae shorter generation times evidence fish predators adapt visual cues rapidly birds making effective blue spend time hiding whilst displaying effective camouflage patterns dermal cells provoked quickly change colour bright yellow rings flashing bright blue second stated warning display pointed statements hypothesis tested behaviour defence mechanism relies memory predator bird experienced foul avoid repetition experience consequence species memory bad experience predator experience reinforced repetition organisms fashion little need speed agility instead morphology frequently tough resistant injury allowing escape predator warned species need hide stay cryptic organisms individuals benefit freedom exposed areas spend time foraging allowing find better quality food individuals similarly use conspicuous mating displays origins theory wallace wallace suggested letter conspicuous colour schemes insects evolved natural selection warning predators darwin proposed conspicuous explained species means sexual selection realised explain bright larvae sexually active wallace replied contrasting coloured bands warned defensive sting bright colours warn darwin enthusiastic idea wallace asked test hypothesis response conducted experiments birds provided experimental evidence warning animals concept warning extended colours animals animal possesses unpleasant attribute advantage advertise fact publicly possible way escapes great deal experimental conspicuous patterns strongly contrasted colours serve signal danger known warning colours warning colours nearly objects protective convenient describe introduced term book words second head includes warning colours recognition markings warn enemy called greek sign evolution evolutionary terms makes individuals conspicuous predators killed trait eliminated predators learn avoid warning puts individuals strong disadvantage species long beneficial supported explanations evidence explanations involving predators avoid new prey unknown quantity long lasting effect demonstrated species birds birds recall avoid objects conspicuous foul longer objects equally foul coloured suggests wallace original view warning helped teach predators avoid prey coloured correct birds inexperienced domestic chicks avoid coloured objects demonstrated painted yellow black resemble dull green controls implies warning works evolution predators meaning warning signal requiring new generation learn signal meaning results idea novel brightly coloured individuals likely eaten attacked predators alternative explanations possible predators fear unfamiliar forms long established likely temporary alternatively prey animals sufficiently form clusters tight enhance warning signal species predators learn avoid cluster protecting individuals new trait assist predators learn avoid prey favoured dense populations possibility gene located predators learn associate colour males trait females carry trait common predators understand signal fed predators ignore preferring prey species explanation females prefer brighter males sexual selection result males having higher reproductive success non males survive long mate sexual selection strong allow seemingly traits persist despite factors working trait individuals reach certain threshold population reason predator learning process spread larger number individuals likely trait warning completely population individuals originated individuals predator learning process result stronger warning signal surviving resulting higher inclusive fitness dead injured individuals selection sufficiently successful strategy significant effects evolution non species non species evolved mimic conspicuous markings counterparts example mimic wasp resembles wasp sting predator avoids wasp degree avoid known british naturalist studied butterflies second half 19th century frequency dependent effective ratio mimic model low predators learn recognise second form occurs organisms share anti predator adaptation mimic benefit species fewer individuals species need attacked predators learn avoid form known german naturalist studied phenomenon amazon late 19th century species bee wasp occur similar teaches predators striped pattern associated predator negative experience species likely avoid resemble future found mimic poison frog natural geographical range looks similar different species poison frog lives area
Aposematism