english reformation series events 16th century england church_of_england broke away authority pope roman_catholic_church events associated wider process religious political movement affected practice christianity europe period factors contributed process decline rise nationalism rise common law invention printing press increased circulation bible transmission new knowledge ideas scholars upper middle classes readers general phases covered wales ireland largely driven changes government policy public opinion gradually accommodated based henry_viii desire marriage requested vii outset political affair theological dispute reality political differences rome england allowed growing theological disputes come fore break rome pope general councils church decided doctrine church law governed code canon law final jurisdiction rome church taxes paid straight rome pope final word appointment bishops break rome effected series acts parliament passed act supremacy declared henry supreme head earth church_of_england title renounced mary process restoring papal jurisdiction elizabeth royal supremacy title supreme governor final authority legal disputes rested monarch deprived revenue final appointment bishops theology church_of_england markedly protestant reign henry son largely lines laid archbishop mary process reversed church_of_england placed papal jurisdiction soon elizabeth reintroduced protestant faith moderate manner structure theology church matter fierce dispute generations violent aspect disputes manifested english civil wars ended roman catholic monarch deposed parliament asked william mary rule jointly conjunction english bill rights glorious revolution emerged church established church number non churches members suffered civil disabilities removed time legacy past roman catholic establishment remained issue time exists today substantial minority remained roman catholic england effort british systems church organisation remained illegal 19th century background henry_viii marriages desire male heir henry_viii ascended english throne age marriage catherine widow brother arthur june coronation unlike father secretive conservative young henry appeared heard masses day hunting season powerful mind let influenced advisors apart night day susceptible ear contributed state hostility young contemporaries lord chancellor cardinal long ear henry roman catholicism secure defended roman_catholic_church accusations book wrote probably considerable help conservative bishop rochester john fisher entitled defence seven awarded title defender faith pope successive english british monarchs retained title present broke away title conferred parliament split enemies court included influenced lutheran ideas attractive charismatic anne arrived court years france educated france maid honour woman charm style wit match henry late henry wanted marriage catherine produced male heir survived adulthood henry wanted son secure tudor dynasty henry father ascended throne england civil warfare rival claims english crown henry wanted avoid similar uncertainty succession catherine surviving child princess mary henry claimed lack male heir marriage eyes god catherine late brother wife biblical teachings henry married special pope needed allow wedding place henry argued wrong marriage valid henry asked pope vii marriage pope refused according pope marriage basis canonical previously feared wrath catherine nephew holy roman emperor troops earlier year sacked rome briefly taken pope prisoner combination conscience desire rid queen compelling indictment chancellor cardinal taking authority crown subsequent death november way london answer charge high treason left henry open opposing influences supporters queen sanctioned abandonment roman allegiance opportunity parliamentary debate legislation king summoned parliament deal bringing wanted reform disagreed form known common lawyers resented privileges clergy summon courts influenced lutheran hostile theology rome henry chancellor thomas successor wanted reform wanted new laws lawyer member parliament protestant saw parliament advance henry wanted protestant beliefs practices friends wanted closest friends soon archbishop matter progress possible pope afraid emperor charles henry anne allies wished simply ignore pope october meeting clergy lawyers advised parliament archbishop act pope prohibition henry resolved bully priests actions king english clergy having brought chancellor cardinal henry_viii finally resolved charge english clergy secure agreement forbade obedience authority pope foreign rulers enacted individuals ordinary course court proceedings henry having charged queen catherine supporters exeter decided proceed clergy henry claimed church_of_england pardon granted january clergy wanted payment spread years henry refused responded withdrawing payment altogether demanded henry fulfill certain guarantees money henry refused conditions agreed year period payment added articles specified clergy recognise henry sole protector church clergy england king spiritual jurisdiction privileges church upheld royal laws realm king pardoned clergy violating statute pardoned legislative acts parliament championed catherine clergy inserted article phrase far word god allows requested discussion met stunned silence said silent consent clergyman responded silent granted consent king articles payment march year parliament passed breaking power rome proceeded little little brought parliament listed grievances church including abuses power independent legislative power finally king demanded church renounce authority laws submission clergy recognised church longer canon law royal licence king permission law making body parliament subsequently passed day resigned chancellor leaving henry chief minister chancellor power came lost informal relations henry acts parliament followed act restraint proposed clergy pay year revenue rome initially controversial required henry visit house_of_lords times act restraint appeals drafted apart appeals rome ecclesiastical matters declared realm england empire accepted world governed king having dignity royal estate unto body compact sorts degrees people divided terms names spirituality owe bear god natural humble obedience declared england independent country respect english historian called act essential ingredient tudor revolution theory national sovereignty act outlawed rome ordered refused king nomination bishop liable punishment finally acts supremacy henry supreme head earth church_of_england disregarded usage custom foreign laws foreign authority having taken pre honeymoon henry married january easier death strong opponent successor archbishop_of_canterbury prepared grant marriage catherine henry required going far judgement henry marriage catherine law god anne gave birth daughter princess elizabeth september pope responded marriage henry roman_catholic_church july henry december consequently year act fruits tenths transferred taxes ecclesiastical income pope crown act concerning peter outlawed annual payment landowners penny pope act reiterated england superior god grace henry imperial crown diminished pope case resisted parliament passed act high treason death deny following year thomas executed legislation finally parliament passed act pope authority removed papal authority legal rome power england decide disputes concerning scripture theological break rome reformation come ideas views german reformer school widely known disputed england major manifestation theological england movement writings 14th century bible translator stressed scripture execution sir leader rebellion access power 15th century reduced numbers influence especially london essex kent bristol north receptive new ideas came looked reform lifestyle clergy emphasised preaching word altar holding memorial party actions government ideas critical papal supremacy held wished assert supremacy secular state church thomas initially roman catholic including dean warned nearly great danger faith wicked lives clergy impact thinking different order main thinking justification faith good works threatened basis roman catholic system endowed masses prayers dead doctrine faith pious acts prayers masses view secure grace god printing widespread end previous century meant vernacular produced quantity english translation banned impossible prevent copies smuggled widely read church longer effectively interpretation group cambridge met white horse tavern known soon influential members included eventually burned change mind borne partly membership team negotiating finally came stay secretly married niece position complicated fact favour henry felt obliged seek assistance brought contact radical ideas associated programme assisted influence episcopal appointments merely clergy power rome persuaded henry safety political alliances rome attempt bring lay negotiations german lutheran princes possibility act avenge rejected aunt enforce pope came brought ideas baptism henry prepared maintain possibility alliance noticeable programme began abolition feast days occasion vice particularly harvest time immediate effect village life offerings images discouraged issued monasteries dissolved places images burned grounds objects devotion candles lit images prohibited english latin bought reformation begin affect towns villages england places people like initiated monasteries ostensibly examine character fact value assets view crown undergoing financial difficulties wealth church contrast political weakness appropriation church property feasible suppression monasteries raise funds unknown previously thing instructions cardinal raise funds proposed colleges years allowed inventory monasteries possessed visiting commissioners claimed uncovered sexual financial monks justification suppression church owned fifth land england realised gentry nobility selling huge church lands powerful people realm reasons began affecting smaller houses valued year henry revenue help build coastal defences expected invasion land given crown sold aristocracy royal supremacy raised attack affected lay people attacked sent break monastic buildings suppression commissioners attacked local people places series uprisings roman catholics late early autumn great muster number lincolnshire nervous gentry managed difficulty disperse masses tried unsuccessfully negotiate king petition matter revolt spread yorkshire rebels gathered york leader negotiated restoration sixteen northern monasteries actually dissolved promises duke suffolk ignored king orders suffolk instructed rebellion seven lincolnshire rebels executed northern pilgrimage rebellions took place cornwall early norfolk received similar treatment took years complete process moved dissolution larger monasteries escaped earlier houses gave voluntarily sought exemption payment houses closed monks sought transfer larger houses secular priests including eighteen refused killed man henry_viii personally devised plan form thirteen new counties based monastery scheme partly carried new established bristol gloucester oxford westminster chester instance leicester reformation reversed abolition papal authority way orderly change violence destruction disputes communities led violence radical challenge forms faith reported daily developments tried hide king henry knew acted end proclamation issued forbidding free discussion forbidding clerical marriage pain death henry personally presided trial november denying real presence time shared drafting proclamation giving days country parliament passed articles roman catholic practices clerical importance confession priest prescribed penalties denied henry observed year display june henry longtime advisor loyal servant executed different reasons advanced enforce act articles supported barnes responsible henry marriage fourth wife arrests act followed lay low henry began attack free availability bible instructed parish acquire book bible largest volume english instruction largely ignored new version great bible largely english translation hebrew greek scriptures authorised august henry announced desire corrected referred universities undertake parishes case reluctant use english mood expressed fear bible reading led place removed act henry restricted bible reading men women noble birth expressed fears parliament word god disputed sung house tavern contrary true meaning doctrine conservatives duke norfolk king members regency council death time died earl brother henry wife uncle future managed number alliances influential gain control persuaded henry change replace norfolk supporters edward reformation henry died year old son inherited throne edward child brought protestant initially little account politically lord protector commissioned virtual regent near sovereign powers duke somerset proceeded partly powers acted saw political advantage images tightly drawn version fiercely enforced informally instruction images churches dismantled stained glass statues destroyed screens cut bells taken prohibited burned sold melted sold requirement clergy lifted banned ashes prohibited provide masses dead abolished completely received disputed modern historian contends people ceased believe masses souls argue demolition removal images coincided activity royal visitors evidence ambiguous introduced book common prayer english appearances kept structure mass altered theology holy gifts consecrated bread wine offered god sacrifice stone replaced wooden communion tables public break past changed look focus church interiors visible influential new provided protestant ministers roman catholic priests conservative adaptation draft preface explicitly mentions historic succession described case adoption medieval forms new purposes appointment bench removed refusal bishops enforce regulations obstacle change henceforth reformation proceeded prayer book conservative approved prison cell patient catholic interpretation replaced second radical prayer book altered service remove sense material sacrifice offered god keeping belief sacrifice thanksgiving praise word edward parliament repealed father articles enforcement new place struggle order day devon rebellions cornwall parishes sent young men considerable loss life places causes rebellions easy pin july southern england quiet burst places significantly rebellion apart spectacular pieces resistance places priests continued prayers landowners pay opposition removal images widespread commonwealth commissioned task image breaking suffolk task records enormous kent southeast compliance willing sale plate opportunity money true london kent reformation ideas deeply popular thinking effect resistance somerset lord protector feared reformation cease prayer book point earl lord president died public roman catholic saw implementation reforming policy means defeating rivals destruction sale changed church forever churches concealed silver buried stone disputes government parishes church property edward died july duke northumberland attempted protestant lady queen gave mary opportunity proclaimed queen suffolk london crowds mary reign henry roman catholic daughter mary reformation legislation repealed mary sought achieve reunion rome act parliament henry marriage mother claim throne achieving objective straightforward pope prepared accept reunion church property disputes settled practice meant letting bought church property cardinal pole arrive archbishop_of_canterbury place mary imprisoned tried executed treason supported claims resolved tried major coup unexpectedly withdrew minute burned stake government propaganda victory mary secure needed heir advice married son spain needed prevent protestant half sister elizabeth crown returning england opposition rebellion kent led sir provided philip inherit kingdom heir received estates coronation provide heir pregnant likely suffered cancer ironically blow fell pope died successor pope declared war philip recalled pole rome tried mary refused let support expected grateful pope denied initial tone regime began medieval laws restored ensued burnt stake resulted queen known influence fled recorded executions detail mary subsequently ordered book placed cathedral land fact executed revolts david rebellion unknown number monks died refusing submit tried certainly exceeded number heroism example witnessed places set people regime slow consolidation roman catholic strength mary years reconciled roman catholic produced collection printing presses produced materials recruitment english clergy began rise decade repairs long neglected churches began parishes restoration repair continued new bells bought churches produced profits commissioners visited ensure restored rebuilt plate purchased pole determined remake past insisted scripture teaching education improving clergy moral standards difficult determine far previous reigns broken roman catholic devotion belief saints especially drew public financial support shaken church return significantly trust clergy changed minds willing leave new wives required bound weakened monasteries reinstated parish religion marked religious cultural observed enthusiasm marred poor produced poverty want restoration faith england state time consequently secretly underground congregations planning long haul ministry survival mary death november childless having provision roman catholic succeed consolidation following mary childless death half sister elizabeth inherited throne important concerns elizabeth early reign religion elizabeth roman catholic church considered illegitimate time observed turmoil brought edward introduction radical protestant reforms communion roman_catholic_church severed elizabeth relied primarily chief advisors sir secretary state sir lord keeper great seal direction matter chiefly supported father idea reforming church minor adjustments way elizabeth advisors aimed church included opinions groups excluded remained loyal pope tolerated fact regarded pope refused accept elizabeth queen england roman catholics given hard choice loyal church country priests meant life run cases death treason group tolerated people wanted reform finally gave church_of_england longer true church believed refused obey bible formed small groups convinced believers outside church government responded imprisonment exile try crush church_of_england contained groups believed form church included leaders like second group looked opportunities roman catholic practices stuart kings chance group came called wanted remove remaining traces old ways stuart kings rough passage end elizabeth reign church_of_england firmly place held seeds future conflict parliament summoned consider reformation bill create new church reformation bill defined communion celebration opposed celebration included abuse pope ordered ministers wear roman catholic allowed ministers marry banned images churches confirmed elizabeth supreme governor church_of_england bill met heavy resistance house_of_lords roman catholic bishops lay peers voted reworked bill changed allow belief communion refused grant elizabeth title church parliament easter resumed government entered new bills houses act supremacy act act supremacy act void certain specific exceptions act repealed henry_viii legislation onwards denied authority rome confirmed elizabeth supreme governor church_of_england supreme governor suitably title elizabeth head church saying important reasons satisfied felt woman rule church acted way english roman catholics clergy elizabeth changes wholesale half brother edward bishops lost posts oxford colleges deprived dignitaries resigned oath bishops removed ecclesiastical bench replaced agree reforms question images elizabeth initial reaction allow restoration new bishops elevated protested allowed enforce demolition london queen ordered demolition determination prevent restoration evidenced destruction stone statues ornaments queen appointed new removing roman catholic elizabeth council conflicts court greatly diminished act supremacy passed difficulty act act forced people attend sunday service anglican church new version book common prayer passed votes bill cautious initial reformation bill revoked harsh laws proposed roman catholics removed abuse pope kept wording allowed beliefs presence christ parliament dismissed elizabeth cecil drafted additions settlement largely stressed continuity catholic past clergy ordered wear use cope allowed collegiate ornaments states ornaments church ministers thereof shall remain second year reign mass celebrated 19th century interpreted permission wear opposed ordinary baker bread bread communion opposition settlement rural england largely roman catholic changes aimed acceptance settlement succeeded sheer length elizabeth reign mary able impose programme mere years elizabeth delayed looking new day restoration commanded defeated passing years roman catholics elizabeth reign saw emergence encompassed whilst agreed national church felt church partially reformed ranged hostility content prayer book ceremony desire church governance radically reformed archbishop_of_canterbury chose oppose queen desire forward agenda ended word bear choose majesty heavenly majesty god placed house arrest trouble deprived death end hopes supporters successor archbishop reflected queen determination discipline unprepared accept settlement imposed degree obedience clergy apparently alarmed queen ministers lord cause helped friends martin tracts attacked clergy humorous tone outraged senior clergy set government unsuccessful attempt run writer earth defeat spanish incidentally difficult resist conclusion god blew wind scattered offended religious establishment land huge numbers roman catholics bending times hoping fresh reverse hidden golden bequeathed kept mass celebrated places alongside new communion service difficult roman catholic priests lived double life apparently avoiding taking oath time passed refusal attend protestant services common seminary priests trained rome good losses english priests encouraged underground church growing fast church_of_england protestant roman catholics minority public attempt restore old religion occurred rising northern attempt spite tumultuous crowds greeted rebels durham rebellion spread assistance sought communication allies court poor came near freeing presence rallied support imprisonment roman_catholic_church refusal occasional attendance protestant services elizabeth pope presented choice roman catholics arrival seminary priests roman catholics brought trouble elizabeth ministers took steps stem tide fines refusal attend church raised service month times wage treason reconciled rome execution priests began seventy roman catholic priest ordained abroad enter country called queen choice moderate roman catholics lay treason list catholic extensive distance legislation enforcement governmental attacks gentry actually fined fines imposed reduced rates persecution eased priests came recognise refuse communion occasional faith tested huge number roman catholics north disappeared general population priests largely served great roman catholic houses hide mass pastoral care fell supported foreign priests came seen legacy time elizabeth death party emerged perfectly hostile rome preferred revised book common prayer matters offensive roman catholics removed centre stage new dispute wished end prayer book party considerable body people looked rejected spirituality prayer book preferred governance bishops groups elizabeth death new savage episode reformation process gestation reigns stuart kings james charles battle lines defined leading ultimately english civil war english soil parts civilian population war partly religion abolition prayer book element causes conflict historian noted legacy tumultuous events recognised commonwealth restoration followed party core restored church_of_england price division historiography christopher recent historiography english reformation historical journal vol marshall peter defining july vol john english catholic historians history memory historical journal
English Reformation