pronounced march june scottish physical medium reported ability variety heights speak dead produce rapping knocks houses biographer famous men era described conspicuous lauded type generation forerunner public home conducted hundreds attended eminent eyewitness accounts describing methods fraud home employed family mother elizabeth home née known scotland predecessors like great uncle uncle gift second sight seen curse instances tragedy death home father illegitimate son alexander 10th earl home evidence supports elder home payments meant william 10th earl elizabeth william married years old found employment paper mill homes moved small houses built mill workforce miles south west edinburgh william described bitter unhappy man drank aggressive wife elizabeth children living mill house sons daughters lives fully recorded eldest john later worked mill eventually managed paper mill philadelphia mary drowned stream age years adam died sea age route greenland home says saw vision reportedly confirmed months later early life elizabeth child born march baptised reverend weeks birth april year old home deemed delicate child having nervous temperament passed elizabeth childless sister lived husband coastal town miles east edinburgh according home cradle house vision cousin death lived west edinburgh america home aunt uncle decided united_states adopted son sailing class afford cabin landing new_york travelled near connecticut red haired home attended school known students year old home join sports games boys preferring walks local woods friend called boys read bible told stories pact stating die try contact death home aunt soon moved miles home book stated miles away home lost contact night home according saw brightly lit vision standing foot bed gave home feeling friend dead circles air disappearing days later letter arrived stating died days home vision years later home aunt returned emigrated scotland america surviving members family live connecticut miles away cook house home mother reunion short lived elizabeth appeared death home said saw mother vision saying dan clock time death elizabeth death home turned religion aunt presbyterian held view fate decided home embraced faith believed soul saved home aunt resented forced home change liking line religion house reportedly disturbed knocking similar occurred years earlier home fox sisters ministers called house baptist minister believed home possessed devil home believed gift god according home knocking stop table started home aunt bible placed body weight according noises stop attracting unwanted attention cook neighbours home told leave house fame year old home stayed friend connecticut later lebanon connecticut home held march reported newspaper managed wrote table moved touching kept moving physically tried stop newspaper report home known new_england travelling healing sick communicating dead wrote prepared sudden change life supposed home directly asked money lived gifts donations lodging wealthy felt mission demonstrate wished interact clients gentleman employee home guest house springfield massachusetts giving seven times day visited crowds people including harvard professor poet editor convinced home credibility wrote springfield republican newspaper stating room lit allowed said know imposed reported home demonstrations men heavy build combined weight pounds sat table moved saw light walls home investigated numerous people professor inventor hydrogen supreme_court judge later said believed home fraudulent book incidents life home claims august connecticut house successful silk manufacturer reportedly seen twice rise ceiling knocking aggressive table movements sounds ship sea storm persons present said room badly lit spirit lights new_york interested home abilities moved apartment 42nd street verbal critic new_york author vanity_fair dismissed home abilities dire impressed saw table turning home thought met thoughts public home faced public scrutiny home travelled springfield boston months settled hudson_river summer resided took theological discussions held wanted course medicine hull funded home studies offered pay home dollars day home refused idea fund work legitimate salary practicing medicine ill early stopped studies home diagnosed tuberculosis doctors recommended europe america march connecticut travelled boston sailed england board africa end march europe home originally time arrived europe lengthened reference scottish house home father claimed london home found believer owned large hotel street london cox home abilities let stay hotel payment year old social reformer staying hotel introduced home friends london society time home described tall thin blue eyes auburn hair dressed seriously ill consumption held notable people daylight moving objects distance away early guests home included scientist sir remained sir james fellow scientists prominent contemporary critics home claims poet proved home adamant critics attending home wrote letter times display hands spirit etc cheat gave impression home poem medium wife convinced phenomena witnessed genuine discussions home constant source disagreement writes hand account experiencing home home fame grew feats claimed home seven feet floor wrote saw rise ground slowly height inches remain seconds slowly descend following years home travelled continental europe guest wealthy patrons paris summoned perform napoleon iii performed netherlands wrote saw times felt hand finger saw heavy golden bell moving person saw return knot pale handsome young man look wonderful glad seen wealthy widow adopted home son giving attempt gain introduction high society finding adoption change social situation changed mind brought suit return money home grounds obtained spiritual influence british law defendant bears burden proof case proof impossible physical evidence case decided money returned press home reputation home high society acquaintances thought behaved like complete gentleman ordeal lose single important friend sir supported home stated unusual different types direct voice ability let spirits speak trance speaker ability let spirits speak oneself ability things view physical medium moving objects distance etc type equal according lady acted medium help home attended alleged home met future closest friends young lord later 4th earl fascinated home began documenting held following year home said storey window room window adjoining room witnesses captain lord lord stated home swung window horizontal position pointed witnesses gave contradictory information specific details incident took place buckingham gate place westminster victoria street westminster inches wide windows inches wide feet apart windows feet street feet feet home floor floor dark bright home asleep room witnesses went home left witnesses room went researched case detail established took place place westminster height feet suggested home stepped gap feet iron noted gap feet making passing entirely feasible wrote alleged seen home carried window window home told men present going set state nervous expectation lord lord warned lord says saw shadow wall home entering room horizontally moon light seen shadow days old testimony absolutely worthless lord claims saw home dark standing upright outside window dark december night matter fact positively home outside inside case acknowledges nineteen inch window outside window home stand days lord home opened window stepped stood outside presence witnesses argued home provide rough sketch picture aimed producing possible natural explanation home famous proposed researcher suggested attached rope chimneys roof building hung rope unseen floor alleged home swung room double rope maneuver rope hypothesis supported said cases record home assert alleged occurred conditions susceptible science historian stated possible explanation home alleged phenomena revealed twentieth century revealed technique members demonstrated add inches height stretching according likely home similar technique decades later author asserted french stage refused admission home opposition said unable explain phenomena home claims noted probably worth noting avoid confusion claims like unable explain phenomena example claimed unable explain happened home critics claimed home refused invitation perform evidence claims suggested home magic trick influenced critical reception allegations fraud claimed books home caught fraud stated claim hold scrutiny home caught utilizing tricks different witnesses different occasions noted statement home caught fraud times simply true simply home publicly exposed fraud privately caught fraud times addition natural explanations possible likely phenomena house solicitor july observed spirit hand fact false limb attached end home arm claimed observed home use foot room poet wife elizabeth attended july alleged spirit face home claimed son died infancy seized discovered bare foot home deception worse lost son infancy son robert letter december referred incident home detected vulgar fraud allegation fraud supported disputed allegation stating contradictory information wife writing journal count described letter physician court claimed caught home foot fake supposed spirit effects home wore thin shoes easy draw cut left toes free appropriate moment takes shoes foot pulls dress dress rings bell knocks way thing quickly puts shoe home positioned empress napoleon iii known suspected home utilizing asked leave returned watch door home saw home slip foot shoe touch arm empress believed dead children observer stepped forward revealed fraud home conducted country order incident secret allegations described second hand caused dispute researchers journalist attended home london claimed home trick hands observed host told logan seen home place small bottle mantle piece host slipped bottle pocket examined day found contain oil sculptor convinced attended home wrote letter claiming home faked table turning movements researchers convinced home fraud provided source speculation ways criticized lighting conditions home home followers claimed took place light candles glow fireplace open window home adjust lighting needs objections example report witness room dark home hands visible faint white home selected sat hands feet controlled according precautions taken home searched science historian wrote glowing light hands easily explained oil hands suggested spirit hands home gloves stuffed substance believed attached home feet home sculptor studio rome contained sculpted hands speculated substituted sculptor hands leaving real hands free perform phenomena room home known alleged feat handling heated coal taken fire speculated trick performed hidden piece platinum described evans hypothesis certainly ingenious pointed experienced chemist present whilst home performed feat known distinguish difference coal platinum wrote fire feats easily performed tricks hand sense deception explained claim observing flames home fingers investigation chemist physicist conducted experiments determine validity phenomena produced home final report concluded phenomena produced genuine result derided scientific establishment recorded controlled secured home placing feet home feet method foot control later proved inadequate merely slipped foot shoe addition motives methods conclusions regard called question time subsequently casting doubt conclusions home series experiments london house february medium managed fool believing genuine psychic powers later confessed fraud revealed tricks home investigated self built laboratory rear house road north london plans laboratory found contemporary description wrote board spring balance experiment success home proven doubt existence psychic force experiment easily dismissed result vibrations caused passage trains large railway cutting near house london experiment failed produce phenomena experiment rejected ridiculed scientific community lack scientific controls experiment home refused near draw attention room conversation signals stewart article nature noted experiments conducted broad daylight large audience results inconclusive stewart suspected phenomena observed objective occurring present outward physical world year wrote science review heavily criticized experiments poor design concluding according truth opposite scientific strong clumsy futile nearer truth engineer questioned origin weight board balance spring apparatus sellers wrote standard board weighs thirteen half pounds experiment fault pounds responded sellers claiming board weighed pounds mistake stated board sixteen years originally cut lumber yard noted believer psychic powers obtained results experiments stated spring balance experiment unreliable easy manipulate deception suggested repeat experiment chemical balance according board spring balance experiment home refused sit near occupied writing notes suspected home finger tips apparatus managed fool believing psychic force displayed wrote doubt mind man confidence betrayed called tested powers observation blinded reasoning prejudice favor psychic resist influence article noted wife daughter laboratory assistant present experiments home written published report experiments mention names observers present room stated females present experiments brother original report refer spirits years later revealed notes home names observers claimed home communication spirits assistant glass built experimental apparatus suspected worked secret accomplice experiments noted free open access laboratory frequently worked trust criticized experiments lack scientific controls wrote home daily laboratory appears closely watched development tests prepared advance experiments present home whilst changed dress noted prevented home slipping pocket apparatus cheat experiments wrote home chose test experiments suggested imposed conditions physicist commented experiments poorly controlled gave example home requesting hands removed table whilst present complied noted allowed home shots desire believe blinded psychic subjects experiment experiment home sat table observer foot home feet home inserted hand inside wire cage pushed table home hands placed table inside cage held non key end hanging downwards reported played musical sounds light room stated observed good light according evidence played keys observed moved suggested musical sounds come automatic instrument home concealed wrote critical evaluation experiments home quarterly review carpenter wrote assistant claimed observed float cage testify information given keys seen according carpenter solid explanation given experiment repeated suggested feat home performed trick achieved hand carpenter concluded repeat experiment open daylight cage presence witnesses heavily criticized design experiment took place dining room table read report noted reason strange positions hinted wrote occurred notice keys depressed obvious keys pressed impossible music come true source looked criticized design experiment taking place table psychologist wrote experiment scientific questioned experiment table instead convenient position experiment performed feat years conditions control reported home played pieces home sweet home contain octave researcher claimed experiment result deliberate fraud opposition skeptical researchers evaluated reports experiment suggested feat home playing musical box attached leg wrote home placed musical box pocket floor according opening shutting hooks loops black silk miracle home withdrew hand seen suspended air moving cage dark table probably hooked table 19th century british medium caught music box hidden trousers fraudulent medium played held hand table writer suggested false keyboard trick repeated explained medium key board light material concealed coat sleeve person holds hand learned professor taking notes public press false keyboard means small hook attached basket having real keyboard hand able produce musical sounds afterward floated basket table contact home hand subsequent phenomenon given avoid immediate examination keeping professor suspense giving medium time reverse instrument conceal clothing false key board instrument suspended means small hook dark thread invisible gas light researcher book table rappers suggested loop attached home turn round wrote loop obtain similar effect researchers suspected secret accomplice involved claimed replicated feat home suggested trick performed accomplice playing hidden considered possibility accomplice playing home playing hidden music box dismissed accomplice hypothesis unlikely stated home caught cheating occasions episodes public feat octave mouth organ home concealed large writes octave mouth organs found home belongings death according told seen mouth organs home collection wrote home easily produced sound use small harmonica concealed mouth movement easily produced catching loop black thread hook claim feat performed home small harmonica originally suggested researcher home collection arrival record presence mouth organs speculates unlikely missed public collection actual home display duplicate personal life home married twice married year old daughter noble russian family saint_petersburg best man writer son alexandria fell ill tuberculosis died october home married second time wealthy russian met process converted greek orthodox faith lord revealed diaries title experiences home slept bed home diary entries contain erotic homosexual overtones home death age home retired ill health tuberculosis suffered life advancing said powers failing died june buried russian cemetery paris
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