madras presidency madras presidency tamil telugu officially presidency fort george known administrative subdivision presidency greatest extent presidency included southern india including indian states parts union territory city madras winter capital presidency summer capital island ceylon madras presidency created crown colony purchased village year later established agency fort george precursor madras presidency company factories early agency upgraded presidency previous status elevated presidency appointed president provisions madras provinces established head area styled governor president subordinate governor general calcutta title persist judicial legislative executive powers rested governor assisted council constitution modified reforms enacted regular elections conducted madras outbreak second world war province comprised districts sub divided villages making smallest unit administration following reforms madras province british india implement system governor ruled alongside prime minister early decades 20th century significant contributors indian independence movement came madras advent indian independence august presidency madras later admitted madras state state inauguration january reorganised origins arrival english discovery portion shows early stone age prominent rulers northern future presidency dynasty following decline tamil country conquered little known race people called country recovered subsequent dynasty attained peak later following conquest brief culture began deteriorate tamil telugu territories recovered founded following empire demise country split numerous european trading companies number kings ruled areas madras presidency early english trading posts december queen elizabeth england granted group english merchants charter establish joint stock company known subsequently reign king james sir sir sent negotiate permit establishment trading factories india behalf company built west coast country eastern oldest english trading post india east coast dating factory established miles south factories came supervision agency based english authorities decided relocate factories farther south shortage cotton cloth main trade item east coast time problem compounded sultan started local officers administrator sent south negotiations obtained land grant set factory village new fort george built agency created govern new settlement factor appointed agent agencies india east coast presidency java fort george company headquarters agency fort george succeeded end term george elevated presidency independent leadership president status fort downgraded agency subject factory control factories given madras english occupied nearby village history expansion george elevated rank madras presidency president period presidency significantly expanded reached extent continued early 19th century early years madras presidency english repeatedly attacked region september passed unify regulate administration territories president madras subordinate india based calcutta september fort george captured french ruled madras french india madras handed british terms treaty previous year company madras ruled quarter 18th century period rapid expansion successful wars ceylon added vast areas land contributed growth presidency newly conquered ceylon formed madras presidency system subsidiary alliances originated lord governor general india brought states area militarily subordinate governor fort george hill tracts places annexed british period witnessed number rebellions starting mutiny rebellion wars notable british rule madras presidency remained relatively mutiny madras presidency annexed kingdom allegations restored grandson heir deposed annexed following death left male heir victorian era terms queen proclamation issued queen_victoria madras presidency rest british india came direct rule british crown period governor lord harris measures taken improve education increase representation indians administration legislative powers given governor council indian councils act council reformed expanded indian councils act indian councils act government india act government india act indian appointed council legal profession specially prized newly emerging corpus educated indians indian judge madras high court despite strong opposition anglo indian media acted chief justice months indian hold post indian appointed advocate general madras presidency number roads railways dams canals constructed period large occurred madras period indian famine result population presidency fell time million million alleged shown government handling case salem riots trial caused discontent population strong sense national awakening emerged madras presidency later half 19th century political organisation province established february organisation long followed madras started delegates participated session bombay december hailed madras presidency delegates members madras session held madras december huge success attended delegates province subsequent sessions took place madras colonel moved headquarters society prominent figure founded organised madras found extensive support province newspapers hindu actively endorsed campaign independence india trade union established madras created madras presidency reforms provisions elections presidency elected governments henceforth share power governor establishment following elections held november organisation established campaign increased representation non administration came power chief minister madras presidency resigned soon declining health replaced minister popularly known party split late resigned primary membership formed splinter group allied opposition motion confidence proposed government november defeated remained power november enactment august communal introduced based communal reservations government jobs remains high points rule following elections lost party able obtain clear majority governor lord set cross party government leadership nominated supporting members election victorious chief minister exclusion ministry split fearing confidence motion resigned november appointed chief minister place eventually lost elections chief minister madras presidency 1920s 1930s anti movement emerged madras presidency launched unhappy principles policies leadership provincial congress left party form alternatively known criticised hindu periodicals newspapers justice participated campaigned right enter temples days british rule elected power presidency madras time chief minister presidency come congress party successfully enacted act introduced prohibition sales taxes madras presidency rule largely remembered use hindi compulsory educational institutions measure highly unpopular politician sparked widespread led violence places men women children jailed participation died protests congressional ministers resigned protest government india declaration war germany consent governor madras sir took administration unpopular law eventually repealed february congressional leadership ministers arrested result participation movement renamed withdrew electoral politics end second world war entered politics absence opposition easily won election elected chief minister support served months succeeded chief minister madras state india gained independence august madras presidency independent india geography greatest extent madras presidency included southern india included present day indian state tamil region regions districts southern districts presidency winter capital madras summer capital demographics madras presidency underwent census returned population second census conducted recorded population increase years population took place returned population subsequent population madras presidency tallied organised census india conducted returned population madras presidency census conducted years census held counted population madras presidency languages tamil telugu english languages spoken madras presidency tamil spoken southern districts presidency miles north madras city far west hills western telugu spoken districts north madras city east districts district western districts parts spoken spoken districts south states spoken spoken district parts english spoken anglo indians link language presidency official language british india government proceedings court hearings conducted according census people spoke tamil people spoke telugu people spoke spoke people spoke people spoke census returned speakers tamil telugu speakers speakers speakers spoke spoke spoke languages time indian independence tamil telugu speakers total population presidency speakers making rest religion population breakdown muslims christians time india independence madras estimated population muslims christians predominant religion presidency practised population main hindu denominations doctrine popular worship village gods strong southern districts presidency regarded centres hindu faith hindu temples largest important temple temple temple temple krishna temple temple state islam brought southern india arab traders converts 14th century onwards conquered city muslims madras presidency presidency oldest christian populations india branches syrian church contrary historical evidence popularly believed instituted jesus christ visited coast christians mainly concentrated districts madras presidency native christians forming quarter total population state hill tribes regions tribal gods classified early years 20th century communities regarded allowed inside hindu temples emancipation indian women removal social slowly legislation social reform served premier appointed temple administration boards presidency congress government introduced act removed restrictions entering hindu temples issued similar earlier introduced similar legislation advice sir government passed hindu religious bill established government controlled madras presidency manage hindu temples prevent potential funds introduced reforms administration trust manages hindu temple administration created executive council legislative powers assist governor council initially consisted members indian civil service civil service indian distinction fourth commander chief council reduced members abolished legislative powers council withdrawn government india act reduced status mere advisory body powers restored indian councils act council expanded time time inclusion official non official members served main legislative body till legislative assembly representative nature created legislative powers transferred assembly india independence august member governor executive council abolished origins madras presidency lay village obtained followed david acquired district known obtained district madras presidency salem districts obtained treaty districts fourth war territories kingdom constituted separate district districts created territory ceded districts created territories kingdom district sub division district june remained till august status separate district restored districts created districts reorganised districts district east west districts kingdom annexed constituted separate district madras presidency administrative convenience district split transferred bombay presidency districts madras single district separate carved district madras presidency districts administered districts sub divided divisions deputy collector divisions sub divided union village committees agencies created british india volatile rebellion prone areas presidency important agencies madras presidency subject subject districts including agencies madras newly created province states subordinate madras government states considerable degree internal autonomy foreign policy completely controlled resident represented governor fort george case resident army permitted set garrison guard settlements notable early operations company forces defence city invaders incursions madras forces lieutenant distinguished siege david putting rebellion governor french india began raise native battalions british madras followed suit established native regiments subsequently established british parts india distances separated resulted force developing principles organisations reorganisation army took place madras army following units battalions companies artillery european battalions companies companies regiments regiments battalions second reorganisation took place double battalions abolished existing battalions renumbered time consisted european native brigade horse artillery battalions foot artillery companies companies attached regiments light cavalry corps pioneers battalions european infantry battalions native infantry local battalions bombay armies commander chief subordinate president later governor madras custom commander chief member army troops participated conquest manila expeditions ceylon dutch conquest year took expeditions mauritius java wars wars 18th century british attack second anglo war indian mutiny invasion anglo war mutiny quickly led drastic changes bombay armies effect presidency armies finally merged madras regiments came direct control commander chief relied heavily soldiers time known land tenure revenue land rental income tax based tenant net profits land presidency main source income ancient times land appears held common individual unable sell consent owners cases members community prior arrival british concept individual land emerged india west coast new administration land revenue system markedly different predecessor sold land consent members community property rights system known muslims christians district village single individual called required donate certain money known village administration paid specified sum government return demanded non interference government internal affairs villages system entirely different district states communal ownership land exist instead land individual property owned gentry wit people pay land tax held extensive land rented tenants agricultural return supplied king fighting men times war managed hindu temples somewhat self sufficient police judicial systems personal expenses minimal lost exemption taxes land disposed meaning mortgage land common sale individual land common telugu speaking areas presidency telugu speaking districts maintained independent existence long time sovereign armies equipment times war return right revenues land remained time british land northern districts presidency petty islamic invasions caused minor changes land system taxes hindu land owners raised private ownership property came british took administration centuries old system land left intact new rulers appointed collect revenue lands control local cases ignored welfare farmers exploited established solve issue avail time settlement established lord proved highly successful later implemented madras presidency onwards successful company reach expected profit levels new system known implemented districts involved land principal turn leased land peasant farmers village settlement differences compared permanent settlement eventually discarded place came implemented sir according new system land handed directly paid rent directly government land assessed paid revenue fixed government system number advantages lord implemented new system called village system entered contract government greater land held paid rent directly government estates occupied million acres km2 quarter presidency tribute government year revenue free quit rent grants lands religious services rendered state occupied aggregate area nearly million acres km2 acres km2 estates yielding revenues acres km2 lands produced madras forest coverage square miles km2 land estates act passed order protect exploitation act permanent occupants land far protecting legislation proved detrimental interests speaking northern districts presidency intended tied land landlord chains eternal amendment act introduced curb rights safeguard exploitation act passed legislative council despite strong opposition agriculture irrigation population madras presidency engaged agriculture agricultural year usually commencing july crops cultivated madras presidency included rice corn indian vegetables including sweet potato ladies fingers beans pepper vegetable beans fruits cultivated included lime banana nuts addition pepper seed introduced asia africa europe introduced australia total cultivated area food crops cash crops gross area rice occupied percent percent percent percent cotton occupied acres km2 million million million madras produced million tons food grains acres km2 crops grown acres km2 lands supported population million rice yield cwt acre yields cwt acre cwt acre cwt acre average gross turnout food crops cwt acre irrigation east coast carried means dams rivers lakes irrigation tanks main source water agriculture district tanks loan act passed provided funds construction wells projects early 20th century madras government established drill electric pumps dam project canal biggest irrigation projects launched constructed madras border dam supplied water western districts presidency known constructed river near border project diverted waters river basin order arid lands east similarly launched waters river scheme acres km2 land brought irrigation british constructed number dams canals irrigation upper dam constructed river near island dam river canal krishna dam examples major irrigation works carried british total area irrigation acres km2 acres yielded return capital trade industry commerce trade madras presidency comprised presidency provinces overseas trade external trade percent total internal trade making remainder foreign trade accounted percent total percent inter provincial imports provinces amounted exports provinces amounted year exports countries reached imports valued million time india independence imports presidency amounted year exports valued million trade united_kingdom total trade presidency madras chief port accounting total trade cotton piece goods cotton twist metals oil main items import animal hides skins raw cotton coffee piece goods chief exports raw cotton animal hides oil seeds grains coffee tea cotton main items sea trade sea trade carried presidency principal port madras important ports madras east coast western port taken august madras april madras chambers nominated member cotton weaving main industries madras presidency cotton produced large quantities district pressed georgetown madras cotton lancashire caused decline trade american_civil_war gave impetus cotton textile production led cotton presses established presidency early years 20th century emerged important centre cotton earned epithet manchester south india northern districts known cotton weaving centres sugar factory run district run telugu speaking northern districts presidency large quantities tobacco cultivated subsequently rolled madras main producing areas discovery artificial madras possessed thriving vegetable manufacturing industry city imported large quantities aluminium manufacture aluminium early 20th century government established manufactured high quality leather brewery presidency founded hills coffee cultivated region kingdoms tea grown slopes hills coffee plantations established severe end 19th century destroyed coffee cultivation kingdom wiped coffee plantations neighbouring coffee works located madras factories presidency fishing industry shark fins fish fish operations main sources income fishermen southern port centre fishing madras ceylon mainly known pearl fisheries pearl fisheries harvested lucrative profession total revenue presidency follows land revenue income tax stamp revenue forests taxes extraordinary receipts revenue fund total expenditure million electricity generated end government ownership total power generated million units established madras city strength members gradually faded away membership reduced closed successfully revived september incorporated largest private owned business corporations turn 20th century manufactured sold chemical sugar marketed cotton uniforms manufactured spinning weaving facility buckingham mills owned family largest bank presidency crash reduced disillusioned indian investors established funds donated madras companies city led establishment registered factories employed total productive capital western style banking institution india established june capital thousand pounds sterling followed opening banks merged form branches presidency major cities states including ceylon merged form 19th century largest privately owned banks presidency leading banks headquartered presidency transport communication early days agency means transportation known roads connecting madras calcutta north kingdom south served lines communication wars early 20th century onwards horses gradually replaced motor vehicles motor buses main means private road transportation presidency transport pioneers operating buses manufactured early organised bus system madras city operated motor imposed restrictions public owned bus motor services early bus services operated private agencies organised initiative construction new roads maintenance existing roads presidency initiated appointment special officer maintenance main roads principal roads officer madras road road road road road initiated lord subsequently east_coast canal constructed purpose easy navigation roadways handled control member principal highways presidency madras calcutta road madras road madras road madras presidency miles roads miles roads miles canals railway line laid madras opened traffic july line constructed formed railway station built served headquarters great southern indian railway company set united_kingdom headquarters constructed railway line operated standard broad gauge railway lines great south indian railway company operated metre gauge railway lines great southern indian railway company merged established renamed merged railway company merged form madras south railway company new terminus built madras south railway company shifted headquarters company operated suburban electric train service madras city onwards april madras south railway company taken miles railway presidency addition miles district board lines madras connected indian cities like bombay calcutta ceylon foot railway bridge connecting indian mainland island opened traffic inaugurated promoted madras city began operating london system routes madras linking distant parts madras city covered total miles chief waterways presidency canals buckingham canal cut cost silver connect city madras delta river ships frequently docked madras provided frequent services bombay calcutta arranged test flight madras flying club established mount golf club grounds near pilot named october site later madras early members club sir went establish native october royal_air_force pilot piloted plane carrying air mail bombay madras beginning sons regular domestic passenger service madras flight later routed weekly november started experimental weekly service bombay february onwards division renamed began service madras march bombay air service extended organised postal service established madras calcutta governor reform new postal system started sir introduced june presidency divided postal divisions madras south west year link bombay established madras bombay calcutta mail services integrated form october stamps issued madras established sir sea mail service began madras followed commencement sea mail service madras ports eastern coast madras linked rest world civilian telegraph service introduced february soon telegraph lines linked madras cities india telegraph department set deputy superintendent stationed madras city telegraph line established extended madras connecting city ceylon introduced presidency november telephone exchange connections established street madras wireless service established madras port blair burma radio telephone service established madras education schools offering western style education presidency established madras 18th century created based recommendations sir schools teaching students vernacular language established central training school set madras scheme system appeared failure policy altered order promote european literature science superseded january lord established joint director public instruction central school converted high school april students presidency college addition college department september established examining body model examinations held february ceylon graduate university sir indian vice chancellor university similarly established established state established educational institutions outside madras oldest engineering college presidency established upgraded initially taught disciplines added electrical engineering highways emphasis leather technology founded introduced courses automobile engineering established medical school presidency established followed government teacher college established private institutions established oldest hindu educational institution presidency established sir university presidency facilities christian missionaries pioneers promoting education region madras educational institutions established christian missionaries madras presidency highest literacy rate provinces british india madras male literacy rate percent female literacy rate percent madras presidency literacy rate slightly higher national average percent public private institutions scholars male female number educational institutions increased number scholars apart colleges public elementary schools secondary schools boys elementary secondary schools girls early graduates universities civic administration main causes growth anti movement presidency madras province british india based communal reservations introduced passed introduction education minister bill provisions governing body completely reorganised democratic lines bill asserted governing body henceforth headed chancellor assisted pro chancellor usually minister education apart chancellor pro chancellor elected vice chancellor appointed chancellor culture society muslims christians generally followed joint family system society largely eldest male member leader family presidency followed system inheritance exceptions district states practised system women expected indoor activities maintenance household muslims high hindu women observed daughter family rarely received education usually helped mother household marrying moved house laws expected serve husband elder members family recorded instances torture ill treatment daughter laws widow expected head subjected numerous rural society comprised villages people different communities lived lived separate streets called lived outside village limits small called strictly forbidden having houses village forbidden entering important hindu temples approaching high practised non agricultural labourers non payment debt law commission report slavery contains indicative figures number slaves based population specific proposed regulations prevent child labour house_of_commons proposed immediate slavery india decreed legal recognition permit civil status slavery withdrawn act selling slaves criminal offence new indian code spite regulations continued slave population formed total population districts presidency influx western education starting middle 19th century social reforms introduced remove problems traditional indian society recognised contracts legal marriages system abolished law numerous measures taken improve lot act included administration aimed status low position equal high established madras advocated system regulated completely abolished november widow movement spearheaded district pioneers social reform indian nationalists traditional forms recreation rural areas fighting bull fighting village plays men urban areas social activities recreational clubs music concerts dramas welfare organisations music especially upper upper middle class madras society sports introduced british presidency cricket tennis football hockey popular annual cricket tournament known madras presidency matches held indians europeans presidency newspaper madras started october printer employed indian owned english language newspaper established freedom fighter october credited foundation forerunner number newspapers periodicals published presidency totalled popular english language newspapers hindu established mail established family regular radio service presidency commenced established station madras cinemas popular 1930s 1940s film south indian language tamil film released sound films tamil telugu film studios salem madras early films salem 1940s onwards madras began emerge principal centre film production 1950s films telugu madras
Madras Presidency