mole cricket mole members insect family order mole cylindrical bodied insects centimetres long small eyes like highly developed present parts world introduced new regions agricultural mole life stages eggs adults life stages spent underground adults wings disperse breeding season vary diet species vegetarian mainly feeding roots including worms diet largely male mole exceptionally loud song sing sub surface opens air shape horn song pure tone attract females mating indicating favourable habitats lay eggs mole thought bring good fortune latin_america said predict rain florida mole non native considered biological controls species food vietnam philippines description mole vary size appearance moderate size insect typically long adults adapted underground life cylindrical shape covered fine dense hairs head heavily abdomen soft head bears antennae pair eyes pairs wings folded flat abdomen species fore wings short rounded hind wings reach exceed tip abdomen species hind wings reduced size insect unable fly fore legs flattened digging hind legs shaped somewhat like legs true cricket limbs adapted pushing soil rarely poorly resemble adults apart absence wings larger successive taxonomy phylogeny group order analysis mole cricket morphology identifies tribes new existing tribes revised group derived latin cricket mole genera include mole cricket fossils rare stem group fossil known lower cretaceous brazil specimens amber found lower cretaceous france somewhat abundant amber baltic dominican regions impressions found europe american green river formation mole closely related mole cricket groups resemblance form mole family powerful limbs form example evolution developing adaptations behavior adults species mole cricket fly agility males females typically wing soon sunset attracted areas males calling hour sunset order mate influenced habitat egg laying demonstrated number males present calling vicinity life cycle mole meaning undergo incomplete hatch eggs increasingly resemble adult form grow pass series mating period weeks female starts laying eggs soil depth seen laboratory lays clutch eggs females retire sealing entrance passage species female observed remain adjoining chamber tend clutch follow months according species eggs need laid moist ground die insufficient moisture soil eggs hatch weeks grow consume great deal plant material underground surface adults species mole cricket far kilometres breeding season mole active year adults cooler climates resuming activity spring mole live entirely ground digging tunnels different kinds major functions life including feeding escape predators attracting mate singing mating raising young main tunnels feeding escape dig underground rapidly existing tunnels high speed forwards backwards digging technique force soil powerful like broad flattened toothed heavily cuticle hardened males attract mates constructing specially shaped tunnels sing mating takes place male male widen tunnel room female mount species mating tail tail females lay eggs normal specially dug brood chambers sealed complete case genus sealed case genera song male mole sing underground song based pure tone loud ground round fact song unique species somewhat roughly sculpted smooth carefully shaped irregularities larger millimetre species takes form double horn twin openings soil surface end escape tunnel week male positions head head tail near fork tunnel mole like rear edge left forms lower surface right like series teeth acute edges face backwards forwards little resistance moving backwards makes catch tooth setting vibration wings sound producing stroke raising wings resulting song resembles result pure tone wave form regular wing muscle weighs deliver mechanical power deliver produces exceptionally loud song half hour sunset continuing hour heard metres away distance metre sound mean power cycle recorded peak power mouths sound reaches deliver peak sound pressure mean throat horn appears tuned offering low making sound efficiently efficiency increases wet sound mole insects construct sound producing apparatus given known sensitivity cricket hearing night flying female able detect male song range metres compares metres typical cricket construct song size male quality habitat male males attract females evening male attract behaviour enables acoustic trapping females trapped large numbers broadcasting male song loudly food mole vary like mole cricket feeding larvae worms roots grasses like southern mole cricket mainly consuming roots underground mole leave night forage leaves stems drag underground consumption predators parasites birds mammals predators mole include subterranean assassin bugs wolf spiders beetles south american kills mole introducing bacteria bodies causing overwhelming infection native florida attacks native mole genus attack mole female laying egg external surface mole cricket developing externally mole cricket host specialized mole genus fly larvae hatch eggs inside abdomen attracted male mole cricket deposits mole cricket individual comes contact specialist predators mole cricket eggs china japan include beetle south_america include beetle adult beetle lays eggs near mole beetle larvae find way egg chamber eat eggs fungal diseases mole cricket populations winters sudden rises temperature fungus adult mole fungal viral identified mole evade predators living ground vigorously disturbed surface ditch defence foul brown liquid anal captured bite distribution mole relatively common nocturnal spend nearly lives underground extensive tunnel systems rarely seen inhabit agricultural fields grassy areas present continent exception antarctica seven species described species likely discovered especially asia widespread pest species originating south_america spread west_indies new_south_wales australia major pest south_africa species widely distributed europe asia australia native britain western europe population extinct mainland britain surviving invasive mole biological control invasive species cause harm newly occupied area biological control attempted detected invasive mole cricket species south american species reported pest west_indies early major pest agriculture puerto_rico probably slowly expanded range northwards island island south_america biological control program puerto_rico succeeded establishing wasp puerto_rico pest crops turf small scale experimental applications turf survival poor later species reported pest queensland australia presumably arriving ship plane detected invasive species late 19th century hawaii probably ship named probably attacked targeted philippines apparently successfully detection georgia usa time assumed west_indies fact south american species probably arrived ship ballast caused major problems decades spread southeastern mole cricket populations built early decades 20th century damaged playing fields vegetable crops late 1940s choice control banned 1970s left economic effective control method especially aid florida project known initiated multi authored report published accomplishments account published prospects biological control account promising results biological control program ended years running monitoring stations summary publication announced success reduction mole cricket numbers northern florida biological control agents spreading potentially parts florida efforts use biological control agent florida began stock puerto_rico established small area southeastern florida little effect populations stock established northern florida spread widely help rest state neighboring states survival depends availability suitable sources discovered female flies attracted song males south_america path trap flies synthetic mole cricket song opened experimentation led method flies mole cricket hosts allowed releases living fly sites florida far northwest far south mainly golf courses mainly populations established began spread monitored use synthetic mole cricket song eventually discovered flies continuous population degrees north way south miami flies failed survive winter north degrees shipment release flies states north florida wasted effort flies imported degrees south brazil north degrees north florida investigated flies degrees south brazil survive better northern florida biological control agent target florida south american small scale releases proved persist years mole cricket infested sandy florida soils use patented making attractive industry industrial scale production artificial diet allowed large scale trial applications golf courses succeeded establishing populations counties populations spread sales disappointing product withdrawn market main damage mole result activities tunnel centimetres soil push ground little ridges increasing surface moisture disturbing seeds damaging delicate young roots pasture grasses feed roots grasses leaving plants prone drying damage use native lands mole natural enemies control case accidentally introduced parts world florida considered described problem report suggests south american mole entered united_states georgia ship ballast southern south_america time mistakenly believed west_indies possible remedy biological pest control remedy successfully applied use parasitic applied strips grassland spreads pasture months controls mole remains soil future years human culture folklore held bring good fortune sees latin_america mole said predict rain dig ground japan past associated worms corpses bugs announce persons sins heaven belief spirit food mole food vietnam thailand mole thai valued food usually eaten fried sticky rice philippines served called province tourist attraction served parts
Mole cricket