pitcher plant species family endemic neighbouring grows exclusively particularly areas ground water soil loose permanently moist species range considered highland sub alpine plant distribution classified endangered species iucn listed cites appendix species collected described following year named white called striking vegetable productions discovered introduced cultivation sought species long time plant seldom seen private collections rarity price specialised growing requirements recent advances tissue culture technology resulted prices falling dramatically relatively widespread cultivation famous giant shaped traps produces grow high wide capable holding litres water excess litres digestive fluid making probably largest genus volume morphological feature leaf attachment present species plant known occasionally trap small mammals drowned rats having observed pitcher shaped traps species documented having caught prey wild known occasionally trap small frogs birds cases probably involve sick animals certainly represent norm insects particularly ants comprise staple prey aerial terrestrial pitchers famous trapping animals pitchers host large number organisms thought form mutually beneficial association plant animals specialised survive referred taxa named key feature relative ease able wild hybrids species recorded slow growing nature hybrids involving species artificially produced etymology described naming honour sir white past latin written derives proper considered incorrect today accurate seldom common called giant malaysian pitcher plant simply remains far popular way referring species specific epithet means king coupled impressive size pitchers meant referred king plant characteristics like virtually species genus vine stem usually grows ground attempt climb comes contact object support stem relatively thick reach length rarely exceeds produce runners species genus older plants known form basal especially common plants tissue culture numerous form young age leaves leaves produced regular intervals stem connected stem structures known long narrow end leaf tip small activated develops functioning trap pitchers modified leaves specialised flowers believed green structure similar normal leaf specifically known leaf blade leaves distinctive reach large size texture outer margin leaves joins underside apex characteristic pronounced species exception unique taxa mature plants species display slightly leaves inserted leaf apex reach length approximately longitudinal veins run branching veins run margin shaped long wide pitchers pitchers share basic characteristics traps consist main pitcher cup covered lid prevents entering pitcher displacing contents ring hardened tissue known surrounds entrance pitcher aerial pitchers lack pair fringed wings run lower traps presumably serve guide terrestrial insects pitchers mouth accordingly wings greatly reduced completely lacking aerial pitchers flying insects constitute majority prey items like species genus produces distinct types traps lower terrestrial pitchers common large richly coloured shape lower pitchers attachment occurs pitcher cup relative wings exceptional specimens length hold litres water excess litres digestive fluid exceed largest recorded pitcher measuring found march trip organised trap discovered steep nature trail measured son trip collected preservation headquarters trap measuring spotted day previous record pitcher lower pitchers probably largest genus volume giant form traps rest ground leaning surrounding objects support usually red purple outside whilst inside surfaces lime green purple contrasts parts plant yellow green lower pitchers reason easy distinguish species mature plants produce upper aerial pitchers smaller funnel shaped usually colourful attachment upper pitchers normally present rear pitcher cup true upper pitchers seldom seen stems rarely attain lengths greater metres dying replaced shoots main upper lower pitchers differ significantly morphology specialised attracting capturing different prey pitchers fall directly category simply known intermediate pitchers highly distinctive edge greatly expanded forming attractive red lip trap mouth series raised known ribs intersect ending short sharp teeth line inner margin inner portion accounts total cross surface length species fringed wings run attachment lower edge huge vaulted lid largest genus distinguishing characteristic species shape distinct keel running middle prominent lateral veins spur lid approximately long noted having large covering pitchers different easily inner surface pitcher particular wholly flowers flower time year flowers produced large numbers arise apex main stem produces large tall individual flowers produced partial twin called opposed multi flowers reported strong smell brownish yellow colour long like species means individual plants produce flowers single sex fruits orange brown long image study samples taken specimen collected altitude found mean diameter characteristics root system notably extensive relatively shallow species parts plant covered long white hairs young mature plants virtually lacking hair covering hair known colour specimens dark brown varying image little variation observed natural populations consequently forms varieties described furthermore true synonyms unlike species exhibit greater traps plant trap variety famous occasionally trapping small mammals exist records drowned rats found pitchers observation dates accompanied hugh low confirmed record managed observe drowned rats large pitcher discovery drowned mountain montana pitcher reported known occasionally trap small including frogs birds cases probably involve sick animals seeking shelter water pitcher certainly represent norm insects particularly ants comprise majority prey aerial terrestrial pitchers fall prey species reliably documented having caught prey natural habitat frogs found pitchers species remains mice reported september france cultivated photographed containing corpse mouse mammals evolved relationship mountain montana order collect inside lid sweet distance pitcher mouth average body length mountain proportions hold true feeds apparently method marking feeding territory thought exchange providing provide majority nitrogen requires colour lower lid surface corresponds visual sensitivity mountain green blue making lid underside stand adjacent parts pitcher species shows fit particularly green reported similar relationship summit rat mountain visits pitchers daylight hours summit rat primarily active night example resource daily deposition rates found similar species interactions animals pitcher famous trapping animals pitchers play host large number organisms known include fly larvae spiders notably crab spider ants species crab common conspicuous predators found pitchers larvae consume large numbers larvae development animals specialised survive referred complex relationships organisms fully understood question animals steal food hosts involved mutually beneficial association investigated source considerable debate clarke suggests likely situation receives protection food plant return helps break prey increase rate numbers low species specific size shape pitchers vary greatly species little given taxon surprising organisms specially adapted life traps particular species exception fact taxa named described based larvae collected pitchers years earlier species found live association larvae taxon concerning noted body surface larvae covered like present known species regards adult biology habitat medical importance diseases true known biology adults species recorded organism past original record based collection plant growing notes light new information species likely conclude species new species long time think living pitchers interactions fauna beneficial plant attacked insects feed leaves damage substantial portions known occasionally rip pitchers open feed contents history popularity timeline natural hybrids size unusual morphology striking popular highly sought plant despite popularity pitcher plant enthusiasts remains little known species outside field plants specialised growing requirements suitable candidate cultivated relatively small number professional worldwide case nonetheless probably famous pitcher plants reputation producing magnificent pitchers genus dates late 19th century collected described following year named white description published transactions society london low cum ore borneo north coast feet low wonderful plant certainly striking vegetable productions hitherto discovered respect worthy taking place bears title friend services native place commemorative specimens leaves pitchers similar twice large leaf larger inches long exclusive thick thumb broad indistinct nerves pitcher given apex leaf inches long thick finger broad pitcher inches diameter long wings covered long hairs wholly broad inch diameter shortly inches long broad hardly proportion male inches long occupied flowers upper flowers clothed short slender simple fruiting stout inches long capsule inch long broad densely covered wrote following account encounter far_east published steep climb feet brought spur spot ground covered magnificent pitcher plants come search called plant feet length broad leaves stretching having great pitchers resting ground circle shape size remarkable measurement indicate form length nearly fourteen inches base column inches lid foot long fourteen inches broad oval shape mouth surrounded pile near column inches broad quarters inch pile mouth broad waves near stem pitcher inches deep mouth situated triangular manner colour old deep purple generally outside dark lower lighter rim inside colour kind shiny appearance lid centre green edges stems female flowers found foot shorter male far numerous astonishing productions nature pitchers observed rest ground circle young plants cups form old ones men cooking rice sat tent enjoying chocolate observing followers carrying water splendid specimen desired bring found held exactly bottles inches saw apparently larger low wandering search flowers came drowned rat collected second trip borneo shortly introduced cultivation proved popular wealthy victorian sought species note mentions plant follows present young illustrated columns year later young plants displayed annual time specimen exhibited species cultivated europe won class certificate catalogue priced plant time interest reached peak garden reported propagated thousands european demand interest turn century saw demise consequently loss species hybrids cultivation including final specimens gone cultural requirements plants proved difficult reproduce surviving cultivation time located ireland soon perished years reintroduced cultivation recent popularity recent years renewed interest worldwide plants current popularity probably attributed book mount featured best colour photography date bring attention unusual plants surprisingly relatively known plant malaysia especially native species promote specifically national park tourist destination features prominently region appeared covers popular publications including clarke published malaysia april malaysia issued series postage stamps depicting famous species stamps featuring stamps depicting released stamp assigned unique identification number popular stamp numbering systems scott leaf attachment characteristic species shown featured episode natural history documentary series presented classification generally considered closely related species unusual pitcher leaf morphology attempts natural genus grouped species thought share certain traits split published monograph genus titled distinguished taxa based seeds lack typical placed subgenus species second subgenus second attempt establish natural subdivision genus und die kept created divided formed latin taxonomy revised monograph oddly groups distinguished revision generally considered natural division genus published seminal monograph netherlands indies divided based observations material placed latin royal clade proposed shown table right species clade large plants leaves coarse reddish brown hairs like funnel shaped upper pitchers bear characteristic lower surface lid near apex exception flattened expanded majority species comprising endemic borneo based current understanding genus appears reflect relationships members said despite classification undoubtedly great improvement previous attempts work revised divided latin middle middle species found differ placed included subgenus great majority subgenus contained species created additional clade book presented detailed photographs lid digestive trap interior divided lower upper middle parts analysis recently analysis means determine relationships species suggested link chemical properties certain morphological based theory similar plants produce chemical constituents similar effects screening study presence compounds naturally occurring hybrids parental species including research based leaf material dry specimens spots containing unknown identified profiles hybrid parental species shown table left specimen grown tissue culture tested concentrations found weak patterns samples studied showed parental species found absent studied taxa agrees findings previous authors suggests absence widely distributed compound like examined provide additional information species proteins partially completely follows gene gene gene gene related species striking new species discovered philippines temporarily dubbed bears close resemblance terms pitcher leaf morphology species described ecology distribution restricted neighbouring located national park massive dome structure young formed intrusion far tallest mountain island borneo highest peaks southeast_asia lower slopes mountain mainly composed sandstone transformed marine sand mud million years ago rock core forms collar mountain soils flora exhibits greatest levels area species found substrate grow exclusively soils containing high concentrations toxic plant species tolerance means grow ecological niche faces competition space nutrients root systems known resistant heavy metals present soils rich slightly result form relatively thin layer base rock known soils soils thought cover approximately national park soils high levels taxonomic groups species genus including found boundaries park usually grows open grassy old land slips flat ridge tops particularly areas ground water soil loose permanently moist sites receive high rainfall excess water drains away quickly preventing soil found growing grassy especially climate distribution considered ultra highland plant upper limit range night time temperatures approach freezing day time rarely exceed night time temperature drop relative air humidity increases significantly rising vegetation height slow growing extreme environmental conditions prevail plants subjected fierce winds driving rain exposure intense direct sunlight relatively open vegetation upper forest experiences greater fluctuations temperature humidity compared lower altitudes changes largely governed extent cloud cover absence clouds temperatures rise rapidly humidity drops light levels high cloud cover returns temperatures light levels fall humidity levels increase average annual precipitation region conservation status endangered species classified endangered iucn red list threatened species listed schedule wildlife conservation enactment cites appendix prohibits international trade plants collected wild popularity collectors plants removed wild illegally species distribution lies entirely bounds park led populations severely depleted collection 1970s eventually resulted species inclusion cites appendix species genus feature list species covered case short term future relatively secure accurately classified vulnerable taking account protected populations conservation dependent agrees conservation status according world conservation monitoring centre considered vulnerable furthermore species originally treated vulnerable iucn prior introduction threat categories restricted distribution quoted plant rare areas grow populations limits visitors lie remote parts national park furthermore distinctive leaf shape making difficult illegally ship abroad pitchers removed informed customs official able identify recent advent artificial tissue culture specifically technology europe united_states meant plants produced large numbers sold relatively low prices case propagation refers production plants cell cultures derived generally seeds technology large extent removed incentive collectors travel collect plant illegally demand wild collected plants fallen considerably recent years prominent artificial plants current status plants wild follows species grows distinct sub populations protected populations grows area public access strictly prohibited permit decline population mature individuals better known patrolled site largely damage habitat plants visitors organised collection plants common cultivation recent years result availability inexpensive clones tissue culture believe days commercial collection species wild case appears genetic cultivated plants small commercially available tissue plants thought belong clones originating london england illegal collection threat facing plants wild climatic phenomenon catastrophic effect species dry period followed severely depleted natural populations forest fires broke locations park covering total area square kilometres generating large amounts period plants temporarily transferred park nursery save individuals later garden spite affected species relatively plants perished result established nursery close base park protect endangered species area including restricted distribution newly opened nature resort lies near golf course village place regular visitors hope species natural habitat dozen plants grow near steep landslide young mature plants present sizable pitchers occasionally exceed height image daily guided tours organised garden plants located nature trail subject fee operates daily natural populations species occur remote parts national park limits tourists visitors park display nursery adjoining park headquarters known wild populations include plateau near upper river eastern slope grows natural hybrid natural hybrids known species flower time year reason relatively easily notes species appears successful having transported considerable distances consequently number hybrids exist parent plant growing nearby appears limit far transported approximately hybrids species recorded slow growing nature hybrids involving artificially produced present following natural hybrids known mountain garden national park contains number grown including rare hybrid plant leaves resembling lid wings typical strongly influenced present border lid unique characteristic hybrid occurs altitude single example grows nature trail hybrids formally described given specific names listed cites appendix considered endangered current iucn criteria originally published named honour director known remote national park grows open vegetation soils sea level populations plant notable combining best characters parent species size pitchers rival volume high wide hybrids involving exhibit impressive proportions pitchers distinguished broader larger lid simply sheer size hybrid differs parent lid structure short brown hairs narrower cylindrical pitcher colour usually yellow green red brown reason lamb gave common rarely green dark red striped purple bands leaves slightly plant climbs aerial pitchers frequently produced closely resembles difficult confuse plant mistake previously occasion pitcher illustrated fact impressive plant pitchers large compare known natural hybrid consider spectacular species borneo found nearby parent species occur specifically plants known near places route south east ridge lies west accessible location hybrid known summit trail grows clearing dominated trees distribution grows open areas cloud forest hybrid distinguished presence raised ribs line inner edge end elongated teeth prominent found clue hybrid highly developed ribs coarse expanded margin like lid flat general pitchers larger joins apex leaf tip feature characteristic older plants woody hairs covering pitchers leaf margins approximately intermediate parents lower pitchers fringed wings upper pitchers usually lack colour pitcher varies yellow scarlet produce upper pitchers readily parents respects intermediate parent species easy distinguish borneo confused hybrid labelled plants world cheers collected near later mentioned formally plant noted available morphological details suggest hybrid published book mount time lacked adequate description information type specimen subsequently published hybrid species fertile breed writes speak hybrids developed morphological genetic set characters longer strictly related parents hybrid independent self producing unit facto separate species examples species hybrid origin sufficiently species status discussed described species nature hybrid involving pair species represent possible crosses depending species female male cross known female pod parent usually referred followed male parent important distinction hybrid usually display different morphological features according type cross pod parent thought dominant cases hybrid offspring usually resemble parent wild plants example greater affinity thought represent cross specimens found similar suggesting reverse cross true hybrids involving cultivation cultivation considered difficult species recent years apparent plant reputation environmental factors species growing altitudes ranging requires warm days temperatures ranging approximately cool nights temperatures important note temperatures vital kept reasonable limits temperature drop needs considerably cooler nights drop failure observe requirement certainly doom plant long term best limit small specimen addition like plant needs fairly humid environment grow values region generally considered optimal increased humidity night tolerate fluctuations humidity especially young provided air dry humidity easily controlled conjunction natural habitat grows open areas exposed direct sunlight needs provided significant light cultivation meet need metal lamps range considerable success plant situated fair distance light source recommended depending location natural sunlight source illumination recommended living regions light intensity sufficient satisfy needs plant hours comparable experienced nature borneo lies equator pure long moss excellent medium combinations involving following sand lava rock bark equal success medium drained moss useful moisture retention near roots mix thoroughly soaked water prior plant noted produces extensive root system reason recommended wide pot allow proper development root system need frequent lead shock eventual death plant water purposes hard water tolerated build minerals chemicals soil water purity greater total dissolved quoted ideal reverse unit filter water alternatively water purchased regularly plants allowed sit water lead root feeding plant nutrients gained soil captured prey especially insects alleviate deficiencies important elements nitrogen potassium nature cultivated plant diet include insects prey items necessary successful cultivation recommended size low cost purchased online specialist pet stores simply dropped pitchers hand placed inside metal similar dead alive trials carried commercial nursery appears solutions beneficial effect plants improved leaf effects far seen research required verify results actual containing hand found cause damage plants promote benefits use chemical usually advised slow growing optimal conditions reach flowering size years seed common known highly sought species century result stories woven plant example famous legend grows exclusively spray zones soils true certainly found solely spray zones statement little basis fact likely book states fond wet places like swamps surroundings case certain plants fact grow vicinity noted providing humid source particular myth surrounding species occasionally catches small large animals pitchers tales persisted long time probably explained mistaken species interesting note common plants monkey cups refers fact observed drinking plants timeline general focus german images photographs natural habitat natural habitat tissue culture cultivation cultivation notes cultivation notes colorado plant society growth plant cultivation years large plants cultivation index entry monograph iucn red list threatened species
Nepenthes rajah