mount mount pronunciation italian latin roman sources italy east naples short distance shore form volcanic arc consists large cone partially encircled steep rim summit caused collapse earlier originally higher structure mount best known eruption led burying destruction roman cities settlements eruption ejected cloud stones ash height rock rate million tons second ultimately releasing thousand times thermal energy released hiroshima bombing people died eruption surviving eyewitness account event consists letters younger historian erupted times volcano european mainland erupted years today regarded dangerous world population people living nearby tendency explosive densely populated volcanic region world mythology long historic literary tradition considered genius type time eruption appears inscribed decorative household surviving inscription indicates power historian relates tradition hercules performance passed country nearby way sicily found place called plain fire hill fire called inhabited sons earth giants assistance gods region went facts tradition remain unknown named poet martial suggests venus hercules region devastated eruption mount regarded romans devoted hero hercules origin volcano frequent use authors late early forms writers ancient greek scholars offered etymology peoples varying ethnicity language occupied roman iron age etymology depends large degree language spoken time naples settled greeks native people lived countryside competed occupation settlements vicinity peoples unknown said time ancient authors theories origin greek root related greek word sense greek violence violence taking advantage form european root shine sense latin european root compare physical appearance distinctive mountain consisting large cone partially encircled steep rim summit caused collapse earlier originally higher structure called produced eruption reason volcano called started forming eruption years ago enlarged later ending structure given term volcano describes volcano summit surrounding newer cone height main cone constantly changed present high separated main cone valley long slopes mountain lava flows heavily forest higher altitudes lower regarded active volcano current activity produces little steam crater boundary beneath plate layers lava volcanic ash mountain variable generally rich potassium produced explosive formation formed result collision plates african beneath deeper earth water saturated sediments oceanic african plate pushed depths earth water boiled caused melting point upper mantle drop create partial melting rocks dense solid rock pushed upward finding weak place earth surface broke producing volcano volcano form volcanic arc include large kilometres north west mount kilometres west island south arc forms southern end larger chain produced process described extends northwest length italy far southern erupted recent history erupted years extinct erupted tens thousands years mount erupted times famous eruption preceded numerous including significantly larger ones best known eruption settlements volcano erupted repeatedly possibly volcano erupted times 18th century times 19th century notably eruption large destructive vary greatly severity characterized explosive kind dubbed younger roman writer published detailed description eruption including uncle death occasion large southern europe ash ash fell kilometres away times landslides crater raised clouds ash dust raising false eruption scientific knowledge history comes core samples taken plus bore hole flanks volcano extending rock dated potassium dating mountain started forming years ago area subject volcanic activity years lowest layer eruption material mountain lies year old produced complex product eruption years ago built series lava flows smaller explosive interspersed style eruption changed years ago sequence large explosive recent named deposits produced turn named location deposits identified base eruption years ago saw original formation eruption followed period violent lava producing eruption years ago eruption known years ago followed smaller explosive eruption years ago called eruption eruption years ago followed smaller explosive years ago eruption vent apparently west current crater eruption destroyed settlements culture carbon dates wood bone offer range possible dates years millennium near italian archaeologists technique filling cavity plaster substitute compound recovered remarkably preserved forms objects fence rails bucket especially vicinity thousands human pointing north settlement goats residents hastily abandoned village leaving buried ash way later preserved surge deposits distributed northwest vent travelling far lie deep area occupied naples volcano entered stage frequent violent recent eruption destroyed earthquakes italy year sun reported dry fog wrote sky fire near naples mentioned epic poem produced flames worthy year authors writing years later greenland ice core samples period relatively high assumed caused atmospheric hydrogen mountain quiet years date previous eruption true described roman writers having covered gardens mountain summit time judging wall painting found house del surviving works written years preceding eruption describe mountain having volcanic nature elder depict mountain way greek historian described mountain book chapter having predominantly flat barren summit covered ash coloured rocks suggested fire suggested fertility surrounding slopes volcanic activity book architect reported fires existed mountain fire surrounding fields went describe having burnt species stone greek writer wrote book plain called fiery mountain flame like showed signs fire burnt ancient history eruption year mount erupted catastrophic famous time historians learned eruption eyewitness account younger roman administrator poet mount spawned deadly cloud stones ash height rock rate ultimately releasing thousand times thermal energy released hiroshima bombing towns destroyed flows ruins buried dozens feet eruption preceded powerful earthquake seventeen years february caused widespread destruction particularly damage repaired volcano erupted deaths sheep air vicinity indicates earthquake related new activity romans grew accustomed minor earth region writer younger wrote particularly frequent small earthquakes started taking place august frequent days warnings recognised scientific analysis eruption eruption effects vary considerably details overall features eruption lasted days morning day perceived normal eyewitness leave surviving document younger middle day explosion threw high altitude column ash began fall area rescues escapes occurred time time night early day flows close vicinity volcano began lights seen mountain interpreted fires people far away fled lives flows rapid moving dense hot knocking wholly partly structures path population remaining altering landscape including coastline accompanied additional light mild evening second day eruption leaving atmosphere sun weakly latest scientific studies ash produced reveals multi phase eruption initial major explosion produced column ash ranging kilometres high southeast chief energy supporting column came escape steam created ground water time deep faults region subsequently cloud collapsed gases expanded lost capability support solid contents releasing surge reached additional explosions column eruption alternated times believed authors destroyed identified deposits cross formations produced fallout study magnetic characteristics samples roof tile plaster fragments collected estimate temperature flow magnetic study revealed day eruption fall white containing fragments centimetres fell hours heated roof tiles period opportunity escape collapse columns second day caused density currents devastated temperature ranged population remaining structural escaped city surrounded gases temperatures lowest temperatures rooms collapsed roofs low surviving eyewitness account event consists letters younger historian younger describes things days life uncle elder observing volcanic activity volcano approximately kilometres elder launched rescue fleet went rescue personal friend nephew declined join party nephew letters relates discover witnesses uncle experiences second letter younger details observations departure uncle men saw dense cloud rising rapidly mountain cloud request messenger evacuation sea prompted elder order rescue operations sailed away participate nephew attempted resume normal life night mother prompting abandon house courtyard near dawn caused population abandon village caused wave action early light obscured black cloud flashes sheet lightning extensive cloud obscured point near hand island bay fearing lives population began coast road rain ash fell causing shake periodically avoid buried later day ash stopped falling sun weakly cloud encouraging mother return home wait news elder uncle elder command roman fleet decided investigate phenomenon close hand light vessel ship preparing leave area messenger came friend wife living coast near foot volcano explaining party away sea asking rescue ordered immediate launching fleet evacuation coast continued light ship rescue party set bay encountered thick showers hot pieces rock advised turn stated fortune favors brave ordered continue elder party saw flames coming parts mountain staying overnight party driven building accumulation material presumably threatened block loud elected fields tied heads protect approached beach wind prevented ships leaving sat sail spread rise assistance friends departed elder died friends ultimately escaped land letter younger suggested uncle death reaction weak lungs cloud poisonous gas group vent roughly modern town situated companions apparently unaffected likely died cause stroke heart attack body found apparent injuries day dispersal casualties eruption elder noble casualties eruption known son jewish princess wife casts impressions bodies ash deposits recovered scattered bones remains bodies found arched discovered percentage numbers total dead percentage dead total number risk remain completely unknown thirty percent found ash fall deposits majority inside buildings thought killed mainly roof collapses smaller number victims found outside buildings probably killed falling roof larger rocks thrown volcano remaining remains found surge deposits probably killed probably combination ash blast debris thrown contrast victims found examination cloth skeletons unlikely high temperatures significant cause closer crater saved falls wind direction buried metres material deposited likely known victims town killed people caught surge died thermal shock boats found indicating earlier escape population rest concentrated arched chambers density high persons square metre metres coast excavated casualties waiting excavated high thousands later 3rd 19th century eruption erupted dozen times erupted lifetime historian ejected volume ash reported far away constantinople severe inhabiting slopes granted exemption taxes great gothic king italy recorded recorded lava flows volcano end 13th century following years covered gardens old inside crater filled entered new phase december major eruption buried villages lava flows killing people boiling water ejected adding devastation activity continuous relatively severe occurring 20th century eruption april killed people ejected lava recorded eruption italian authorities preparing hold summer olympics mount erupted devastating city naples funds diverted reconstruction naples requiring new location olympics found major eruption march destroyed villages march lava flows appeared rim small explosions occurred major explosion took place march time eruption based near italy kilometres eastern base mountain hot ash damaged fabric control surfaces engines gun turrets mitchell medium bombers estimates ranged aircraft destroyed eruption seen naples different perspectives damage caused local villages recorded photographers personnel based nearer volcano future large lava quantities cubic kilometre recent overwhelmed happened periods inactivity thousand years producing cubic kilometres frequent years following eruption years saw comparatively small eruption emitted expelled eruption increases roughly interval previous rate cubic kilometres year gives approximate figure cubic kilometres eruption years inactivity sitting underground chamber years start higher melting point constituents effect increase concentration dissolved gases steam carbon dioxide remaining liquid making subsequent eruption violent gas rich approaches surface eruption huge drop pressure caused reduction weight rock drops zero surface causes gases come solution volume gas increasing times accompanying additionally removal higher melting point material raise concentration components potentially making adding explosive nature eruption government emergency plan eruption assumes worst case eruption similar size type scenario slopes mountain extending kilometres vent exposed flows sweeping whilst surrounding area suffer falls prevailing winds towns south east volcano risk assumed accumulation exceeding point people risk collapsing roofs extend far east south east naples north west fall hazard assumed extend barely past slopes volcano specific areas actually affected ash cloud depend particular circumstances surrounding eruption plan assumes weeks days notice eruption emergency evacuation people entirely comprising living red zone greatest risk flows evacuation trains ferries cars buses planned seven days sent parts country safe areas local region stay away months dilemma face implementing plan start massive evacuation left late thousands killed started early eruption turn false alarm people evacuated area volcanic complex near naples eruption occurred ongoing efforts government levels especially reduce population living red zone illegally constructed buildings establishing national park volcano prevent future construction buildings offering sufficient financial incentives people moving away underlying goals reduce time needed evacuate area years days volcano closely monitored naples extensive networks seismic stations combination gps based array satellite based synthetic radar measure ground movement local surveys chemical analyses gases emitted intended track rising underneath volcano detected surface volcano classified observatory basic today area officially declared national park june summit open visitors small network paths mountain maintained park authorities weekends access road metres summit measured vertically access foot spiral walkway mountain road crater cable car opened later destroyed eruption famous song lyrics journalist set music composer commemorates opening
Mount Vesuvius