spelled given spelled peasant leader led peasants revolt area drove area nobility feudal lords declared peasants republic reputation members clergy european popular figure christian considered guardian interests view promoted following victory fighters launched intermittent raids villages nearby regions defending rights local christians assaults repercussions served mount lebanon civil war particularly battle local principal claimed raise army combat forces feudal lords participate war following war end defeated struggle political influence affairs subsequently relinquished republic worked judiciary home village early life character according historian sparse biographical details available born christian family village district according thompson indicated early career entrepreneur historian describes half prior leading peasant revolt transported goods tall muscular build according thompson man spoken word pen famous powerful sermon like speeches village meetings violent temper according acted local leader young men title carried honor typically denoted village derived power following armed men admired respected peasants considered according local chronicler residents prepared grand amid joy celebrations entered local village european diplomats described character regarded leadership peasants revolt uprising peasant anger building mid-19th century number factors including unpaid labor landlord imposed rule general economic decreasing availability land family traditionally served chiefs power significantly diminished rule opposed creation double mount lebanon 1840s divided christian run sectors appointment mixed family deputy governor section feared appointment formally subordinate following death successor attempted reduce influence prompting stir peasants revolt revolt soon turned feudal allies peasant subjects long wary rule excessive taxes imposed additional gifts peasants virtually peasants considered early group peasants lodged formal complaint ottoman governor later march held summit people garner support nomination new instead peasants participating summit voiced dissent october villages entered alliance chosen alliance peasants leader december declared delegate january intensified armed revolt peasant fighters besieged summit holding siege prompted flee village peasants subsequently plundered estates men proceeded attack villages little blood process exception wife daughter killed july raid home peasants patriarch condemned killing horrific crime silk wheat warehouses belonging plundered goods peasants july routed family members fled impoverished state peasants main demands tax relief illegal payments previously paid include political legal reforms cited mandated equality ottoman citizens establishment republic following victory peasants formed government declaring republic known general delegate fall moved headquarters rebellion coastal village hometown mountains revolts relatively commonplace noble family peasant subjects unprecedented government consisted member council representatives villages half representatives peasants land relatively farmers merchants point oversaw strong militia exercised power seizing arms ensured law established security roads disciplined suspected government issued public entered negotiations reached stalemate main villages supported government representatives villages able gain solidarity villages inhabitants peaceful means christians single community united purpose leaders villages opposed revolt popularity christian peasants mount lebanon grew came viewed nobles traditional reputation solidified men backed christian residents clash residents mixed village august demanded restoration rule lodged complaints ottoman government property stolen damaged ottomans launched investigation interviews peasants claimed unaware looting crimes representatives denied rebels insisting sought implementation reforms restoration law order petitions peasants demanded compensation taxes illegally abolition traditional gift giving required peasants abolition marriage taxes levied end practice beating peasants demands nominally recognized ultimate disputes consistently urged honor obligations incident men fired shots patriarch headquarters hosting number seeking refuge march rebuffed church request agreement citing need consult villages rise generally confused ottoman government revolt ottomans consider religious equality called reforms translate class equality interpreted ottomans semi arabic speaking peasant rural region serve representative reacted revolt negatively provincial ottoman authorities generally felt powerless act peasant rebels lack funds forces ground letter accused lead minds people seduce following evil ways principal focus ottoman authorities lebanon containing revolt later historians lebanon accused supporting order break communal solidarity dispatched family peasant rebels sent letter warning intervene affairs christians united claimed christians syria common cause condemned ousted relatives accused attempting christians achieved freedom threatened return delay desires fight eager afraid confidence support received christian parts challenge populist approach alarmed church ottoman authorities response priest complaints harassment muslims christians men attacked plundered villages travelers demanded villages convert christianity avoid assault residents protested assaults june actions frustrated local christian muslim alike reputation defender christian rights bolstered popular level civil war mount lebanon increased peasants result revolt confidence demographic majority alarmed feudal lords began peasant fighters likewise peasants despite general confidence wary growing muslim hostility christians ottoman syria armed particular bishop tensions violence march killings attacks nature christians occurring mount lebanon immediate late men entered village mixed district seize silk owned noble family instead returning proceeded enter nearby village considered feared presence fighters village threatened residents christians turn viewed deployment troops suspected allied signal beginning counter attack stated purpose entering protect christian based village requested men withdraw vicinity avoid conflict clashes occurred village christian residents led participation respective villages vicinity defeated fighters fighting subsequently spread christian villages burned according historian fighters proved ineffective experienced unified better organized forces fighting spread mount lebanon surrounding area civil war mainly christians later parts syria claimed raise fighters fight christians areas outside appealed intervention men halted ottoman forces militia leaders largely restricted operations guarding areas origin mid june christian stronghold besieged send reinforcements town fell consolidated victory july pressure agreed openly declare obedience ottoman sultan peasants revolt directly ottoman state declaration served virtual revolt legitimacy declaration asserted forced revolt men corruption later life death french led international intervention ended civil war order restored movement state war aftermath financially support impoverished peasant partisans clergy disillusioned ottoman local nobility ottomans clergy nobility resolved bring end movement represented obstacle political reorganization mount lebanon threatened convert partisans restored patriarch prepared supporters leader acquired degree popularity war backing french government appointed acting christian areas war end opposed bid reconcile community issued orders directed peasants restore properties seized compensate losses backed sought replace tensions late march culminated battle forces area defeated fled subsequently raided home imprisoned supporters posted number troops villages supported movement advised pursue capture british consul communicated desire restore position ultimately reconciled april french general agreed submit authority conditions later relinquished republic established subsequent retirement politics served judicial official died relative obscurity left memoirs role civil war
Tanyus Shahin