known large spotted greater spotted bull species belonging family found northeastern atlantic_ocean generally found rocks algae depth growing long robust body broad rounded head dorsal fins placed far shares range common closely related small spotted resembles appearance distinguished having larger spots nasal skin flaps extend mouth nocturnal habits generally hide inside small holes day members species benthic predator feeds range bony fishes smaller sharks crustaceans cephalopods like reproduction females deposit large thick walled egg cases time march october securing eggs months hatch marketed food european countries names including rock rock salmon valued rough skin called assessed population mediterranean_sea declined substantially taxonomy scientific description published tenth edition gave specific epithet latin type specimen designated moved species genus common came old belief english fishermen shark attends smaller relatives come distortion word nurse time distribution habitat found northeastern atlantic southern norway sweden including british isles mediterranean_sea occur far south mouth west african records represent west african range particularly offshore islands small local populations limited exchange found zone depth common dwelling species prefers quiet water rough rocky terrain including sites cover mediterranean favors algae covered coral description length measure shark broad rounded head stout body tail eyes oval shape thick fold skin lower rim membrane unlike small spotted large flaps skin reach mouth upper jaw tooth rows teeth center lower jaw tooth rows teeth teeth shaped smooth edged anterior teeth single central posterior teeth additional pair lateral rear jaws teeth progressively smaller angled larger lateral pairs gill slits small pectoral fin bases dorsal fins placed far body larger second originates bases pelvic fins pectoral fins large males inner margins pelvic fins merged apron caudal fin broad nearly horizontal indistinct lower lobe skin rough covering large upright dermal denticles small black dots covering sides interspersed brown spots varying shapes larger pupil grayish brownish background pattern highly variable individuals ages white spots brown spots expanded body dark series faint present underside plain white biology ecology primarily nocturnal spend day inside small holes rocks swim deeper water night hunt sharks squeeze hole individuals seek local area tracking study single immature observed use different succession period days consistently returning number days moving occupy hide predators avoid harassment mature facilitate captivity sharks tend rest groups individuals comprising particular group changes frequently species common small spotted feeds variety benthic organisms including bony fishes herring smaller sharks small spotted crustaceans particular crabs crabs large shrimp cephalopods given opportunity shark adults consume relatively bony fish cephalopods fewer crustaceans juveniles known parasites species include major dog eggs piercing case yolk life history like members family known breeding grounds include river estuary england number coastal sites particular adults shallow water spring early summer mate night eggs deposited march october single female produces year estimates actual number eggs laid range eggs mature released time egg enclosed thick dark brown case measuring long wide corners allow female secure egg cases usually eggs north_sea atlantic months hatch southern mediterranean months hatch length hatching britain france newly hatched sharks grow rate day prominent saddle markings sexual maturity attained length corresponds age years growth rates remain constant species lifespan years human interactions generally harmless humans 19th century british naturalist noted formidable teeth sharks fish able defend enemy seized throws body round arm holds reversed action body surface enemy rugged spines skin like animals bear severe surface torn wounds shark displayed public bred captivity rough skin called polish wood smooth arrows barrels raise hairs beaver hats replacement valued pound worth liver source oil cut bait crab traps meat species marketed fresh dried considered coarse quarters united_kingdom species sold names rock rock salmon france sold skinned beheaded resembles salmon species processed fins dried exported asian market european waters commercial production species led france followed portugal caught set fixed nets total catch tons reported northeastern atlantic impact fishing activities difficult assess species specific data generally lacking species susceptible small spotted larger size fragmented distribution limits recovery potential depleted local stocks evidence numbers declined significantly albania upper numbers fallen 1970s declines led list
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