captain spelled contemporary sources died portuguese merchant official diplomat explorer portuguese governor encounter china initial contacts respectively marked resumption direct european commercial diplomatic contact china europeans medieval china notably period contact interrupted fall dynasty mission initially success allowed portuguese embassy proceed way beijing relations soon culminating events led extremely negative impression portuguese china included acts brother enraged chinese false reports portuguese kidnapped chinese children true reports conquest loyal tributary state normalized trade relations portugal dynasty resume late establishment portuguese rule referred archives comes generic muslims called europeans spawned indian southeast asian term chinese adopted convention thought portuguese related muslim guides encounter europeans directly convened chinese abroad india sumatra commanded vessel naval venture portuguese explorer india conquer portuguese historian wrote violent storm arose fleet entered vast waters sri_lanka ship commanded sunk entire crew rescued taken aboard ship loss portuguese captured ships sailing sumatra small fleet engaged enemy ship near island according fought ship days enemy crew employed tactics lighting fire ship means burn ships employed techniques close range artillery ship surrendered portuguese gained admiration crew nicknamed brave portuguese crew pleaded convince crew spared viewed portugal simply unaware actually fighting eventually agreed writing ventures sumatra noted chinese control trade sumatra india noted presence chinese people living sumatra noted loading southeast asian ship kingdom sumatra order sell present gifts china different kings killed position apparently kings caused little crisis state noted leader believed locals divine right rule able killed royal notes related story writing adding muslim society acceptable replacement ruler initial contact china conquest portuguese european trade met traded chinese merchants portuguese earlier arrived open trade relations supported local chinese merchants tamil merchants sent explore northward expedition sailed coast hoisted flag island mission followed later year later traded chinese merchants provided report portuguese lucrative trade china prompted speed course mission stalled debate crew china mission china choosing ambassadors king authorized trade mission set sail cannon armed merchant vessels muslim interpreter june chosen mission lisbon investigate types drugs benefit portuguese europe merchant written report trade china stationed india chosen mission chief commercial agent portuguese chinese die china early mission october ship accidentally caught fire royal traveled india written landmark work asian trade chosen chief ambassador mission contact mission stalled lost ship nonetheless landed estuary august ships negotiated chinese officials possible silk trade chinese naval commander jurisdiction located mouth stalled small fleet ships entire month waited permission sail threatened sail permission naval commander finally decided let pass granting pilots assist travel ships sailed port alarmed chinese residents officials cannon fire believed friendly salute chinese merchants portuguese earlier arrived chinese officials cautious dealing portuguese deposed king loyal tributary imperial court portuguese explained king helping chinese merchants oppressed rule eyes officials added negative portuguese visitors private chinese overseas trade banned current laws stated chinese government conduct foreign trade local officials watched portuguese ships closely provincial authorities arrived greeted portuguese warm reception providing comfortable trade goods brought ashore chinese suspicious time spy sent ship coast look trade prospects left good impression gave order locals harmed portuguese seek exploring sent captains named explore heard beauty stationed brother relations brother sailed china small crew august immediately bad impression chinese built fort center island designated foreigners trade soon executed portuguese barred foreigners trading island drew attention chinese official visited island began authority aggressive hit knocking official hat greatest offense chinese supposed kidnapping children portuguese eat reality earned portuguese bad reputation buying young chinese slaves presumably kidnapped offered local chinese huge sums money child slaves fact boys girls wealthy chinese families later found portuguese authorities western india official reports abuses stayed september rumors behavior associated portuguese doubt reached far court beijing soon condemn portuguese reasons left landed establishing settlements continued local chinese laws men cheated trade deal chinese man sent band armed men town took local women young girls captives outraged locals banded slaughtered portuguese similar episode occurred later seized house wealthy foreign resident led authorities cut supplies portuguese portuguese attacked nearby village supplies prompted chinese authorities destroy thirteen ships thirty portuguese survivors settlement fled portuguese settlement end mission embassy party left proceeded north january rest portuguese embassy reached touring granting portuguese embassy quick audience diplomatic negotiations resumed emperor returned beijing portuguese embassy sent wait emperor return chinese sources detail event portuguese sources tell portuguese summoned fifteenth days lunar month wall seek audience emperor beijing portuguese embassy heard reports emperor reached january rebel prince executed portuguese embassy aware ambassadors exiled king sent beijing seeking assistance chinese emperor conquering portuguese king portuguese knew officials sent memorials throne condemned portuguese conquest embassy rejected reports sent beijing officials stating portuguese foreigners sought build trading post death april mourning ceremonies initiated cancelled ceremonies including reception foreign newly appointed grand secretary soon turned powerful influence court grown powerful officials opinion foreign tributary states listed beginning dynasty accepted court wanted expand commercial ties new foreign countries desires given free intrigued desired learn foreign exotic peoples death influence court challenged announced rejection portuguese embassy day emperor death embassy forced leave arrived september open hostility reopening relations earlier april portuguese ships docked begin trading ordered leave officials came region announce emperor death portuguese refused demand chinese sent naval squadron drive sinking ship killing taking rest prisoners battle portuguese vessels arrived june attacked chinese ships able fend chinese attack portuguese ships barely attack september month arrived authorities permit prisoners captured sea battles goods goods captured portuguese ships august arrived ships unaware conflict expecting meet chinese officials establishing consent portuguese trade base china ships captured surprise chinese attack survivors escaped portugal ship second battle encounters portuguese brought breech loading china mentioned philosopher scholar official suppressed rebellion prisoners sea battles eventually executed crimes robbery high seas kept prisoner write letters portuguese india governor conveying new emperor message portuguese leave restore rightful rule deposed king accounts simply died imprisoned beheaded crime false credentials placed court examined embassy legitimate negative accounts portuguese acts committed brother died living prisoner china speculation died survivors embassy alive sent letters detailing plans portuguese capture force survivors missions retired nearby trade post exist decades written records portuguese having warehouses initially allowed excuse drying goods storm despite initial hostilities good relations portuguese chinese resume annual portuguese trade missions following event portuguese helped authorities eliminate coastal pirates later governor established positive relations agreement authorities court finally gave consent permanent official portuguese trade base portuguese comrades open china west significant diplomatic mission reaching way beijing carried italian ventured
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