thunderstorm thunderstorm known electrical storm lightning storm storm characterized presence lightning acoustic effect earth atmosphere known thunder thunderstorms occur association type cloud known usually accompanied strong winds heavy rain snow hail contrast precipitation thunderstorms line series known line strong severe thunderstorms known rotate cyclones thunderstorms mean wind flow layer occupy vertical wind shear causes course right angle wind shear direction thunderstorms result rapid upward movement warm moist air warm moist air moves upward forms cloud reach heights kilometres rising air reaches point temperature water water ice reducing pressure locally thunderstorm cell precipitation falls long distance clouds earth surface fall larger falling create pulls cold air cold air spreads earth surface occasionally causing strong winds commonly associated thunderstorms thunderstorms form develop geographic location frequently mid latitude warm moist air tropical latitudes cooler air polar latitudes thunderstorms responsible development formation severe weather phenomena thunderstorms phenomena occur pose great hazards damage results thunderstorms mainly inflicted winds large flash flooding caused heavy precipitation stronger thunderstorm cells capable producing tornadoes types thunderstorms single cell multi cell cluster multi cell lines thunderstorms strongest associated severe weather phenomena convective systems formed favorable vertical wind shear tropics responsible development hurricanes dry thunderstorms precipitation cause outbreak heat generated cloud ground lightning accompanies means study thunderstorms weather radar weather stations video photography past held myths concerning thunderstorms development late 18th century earth atmosphere thunderstorms observed planets saturn neptune venus life cycle warm air lower density cool air warmer air rises upwards cooler air settle effect seen hot air balloon clouds form relatively warmer air carrying moisture rises cooler air moist air rises water rising air moisture releases energy known heat allows rising air cool cooler surrounding air continuing cloud ascension instability present atmosphere process continue long clouds form produce lightning thunder meteorological convective available potential energy cape lifted index assist determining potential upward vertical development clouds generally thunderstorms require conditions form moisture unstable lifting force heat thunderstorms regardless type stages developing stage mature stage dissipation stage average thunderstorm diameter depending conditions present atmosphere stages average minutes stage stage thunderstorm stage developing stage stage masses moisture lifted upwards atmosphere trigger lift solar illumination heating ground produces winds converge forcing air upwards winds blow terrain increasing elevation moisture carried upward liquid drops water lower temperatures high altitude appear clouds water liquid heat released air causing dense surrounding drier air air tends rise process convection term convective precipitation process creates low pressure zone beneath forming thunderstorm typical thunderstorm approximately water lifted earth atmosphere mature stage mature stage thunderstorm warmed air continues rise reaches area warmer air rise farther cap air instead forced spread giving storm characteristic shape resulting cloud called water larger heavier freeze ice particles fall melt rain strong held aloft long large melt completely fall hail present falling rain surrounding air creating simultaneous presence marks mature stage storm produces clouds stage considerable internal occur strong winds severe lightning tornadoes typically little wind shear storm rapidly enter dissipating stage rain sufficient change wind speed direction separated storm mature stage sustain hours dissipating stage dissipation stage thunderstorm dominated atmospheric conditions support super cellular development stage occurs quickly approximately minutes life thunderstorm push thunderstorm hit ground spread phenomenon known cool air carried ground cuts thunderstorm disappears thunderstorm dissipate thunderstorms atmosphere virtually vertical wind shear weaken soon send outflow boundary directions quickly cuts relatively warm moist air kills thunderstorm growth hitting ground creates outflow boundary cause potential hazardous condition aircraft fly substantial change wind speed direction occurs resulting decrease subsequent reduction lift aircraft stronger outflow boundary stronger resultant vertical wind shear classification main types thunderstorms single cell multi cell line called multi cell line type forms depends instability relative wind conditions different layers atmosphere wind shear single cell thunderstorms form environments low vertical wind shear minutes organized thunderstorms thunderstorm clusters lines longer life cycles form environments significant vertical wind shear aids development stronger forms severe weather strongest thunderstorms commonly associated large hail high winds tornado formation single cell term technically applies single thunderstorm main known air mass thunderstorms typical summer thunderstorms temperate occur cool unstable air follows passage cold sea winter cluster thunderstorms term cell refers separate principal thunderstorm cells occasionally form isolation occurrence thunderstorm develop outflow boundary sets new thunderstorm development storms rarely severe result local atmospheric instability term air mass thunderstorm storms brief period severe weather associated known pulse severe storm pulse severe storms poorly organized occur randomly time space making difficult forecast single cell thunderstorms normally minutes multi cell clusters common type thunderstorm development mature thunderstorms found near center cluster dissipating thunderstorms exist storms form clusters storms evolve lines cell cluster minutes cluster persist hours time arise convective near mountain ranges linear weather boundaries strong cold fronts low pressure type storms stronger single cell storm weaker storm hazards cluster include moderate sized hail flash flooding weak tornadoes lines line elongated line severe thunderstorms form ahead cold early 20th century term synonym cold line contains heavy precipitation hail frequent lightning strong straight line winds possibly tornadoes severe weather form strong straight line winds expected areas line shape bow echo portion line bows tornadoes found waves line echo wave pattern low pressure areas present bow echoes summer called fast large sections territory edge rain shield associated mature lines wake low form low pressure area forms high pressure system normally present rain canopy associated heat burst kind storm known wind lake traditional chinese simplified chinese southern china storms large usually severe quasi steady state storms form environment wind speed wind direction varies height wind shear separate associated precipitation falling strong rotating storms normally powerful storm cloud break reach lower levels storms miles wide research shown percent cause severe weather storms produce destructive tornadoes higher extremely large inches centimetres diameter straight line winds excess mph flash floods fact research shown tornadoes occur type thunderstorm strongest type thunderstorm stronger severe thunderstorms severe thunderstorms thunderstorm classed severe winds reach kilometres hour mph hail inch diameter larger funnel clouds tornadoes reported funnel cloud tornado indicates severe thunderstorm tornado warning issued place severe thunderstorm warning severe thunderstorm warning issued thunderstorm severe soon turn severe canada rainfall rate greater millimetres hour millimetres hours indicate severe thunderstorms severe thunderstorms occur type storm cell lines represent common forms thunderstorms produce severe weather convective systems convective system complex thunderstorms organized scale larger individual thunderstorms smaller extratropical cyclones normally hours convective system overall cloud precipitation pattern round linear shape include weather systems tropical cyclones lines lake effect snow events polar lows generally form near weather fronts convective systems develop overnight continue lifespan day type forms warm season land noted north_america europe asia maximum activity noted late afternoon evening hours forms develop tropics found use monsoon generally warm season spring fall intense systems form land water exception lake effect snow bands form cold air moving relatively warm bodies water occurs fall spring polar lows second special class form high latitudes cold season parent dies later thunderstorm development occur connection remnant convective vortex convective systems important united_states rainfall great plains bring region half annual warm season rainfall motion major ways thunderstorms wind propagation outflow boundaries sources greater heat moisture thunderstorms mean wind speed earth lowest kilometres earth atmosphere weaker thunderstorms steered winds closer earth surface stronger thunderstorms weaker thunderstorms tall organized long lived thunderstorm cells complexes right angle direction vertical wind shear gust leading edge outflow boundary races ahead thunderstorm motion accelerate tandem factor thunderstorms heavy precipitation thunderstorms low precipitation thunderstorms merge likely numerous thunderstorms exist proximity motion stronger thunderstorm normally future motion merged cell stronger mean wind likely processes involved storm motion weather radar storms tracked prominent feature tracking scan scan building thunderstorm building thunderstorm commonly referred training thunderstorm thunderstorm new development takes place usually west southwest storm remain stationary backward direction storm appears stationary radar moving illusion storm multi cell storm new vigorous cells form replacing older cells continue drift happens catastrophic flooding possible unusual alignment winds levels atmosphere combined produce continuously training set cells dropped enormous quantity rain area resulting devastating flash flooding similar event occurred august hazards year people killed seriously injured severe thunderstorms despite advance warning severe thunderstorms common spring summer occur time year cloud ground lightning cloud ground lightning frequently occurs phenomena thunderstorms numerous hazards landscapes populations significant hazards lightning pose capable regime low precipitation thunderstorms little precipitation present rainfall prevent fires starting vegetation dry lightning produces concentrated extreme heat direct damage caused lightning strikes occurs occasion areas high frequency cloud ground lightning like florida lightning causes fatalities year commonly people working outside precipitation low potential hydrogen levels known acid rain frequent risk produced lightning water contains carbon dioxide neutral acidic greater basic clean rain slightly acidic carbon dioxide water air react form acid weak acid water rain contains chemicals present thunderstorm phenomena caused splitting nitrogen molecules result production acid rain forms compounds water molecules precipitation creating acid rain acid rain damage containing solid chemical compounds containing carbon ecosystems acid rain dissolve plant tissues increase process bodies water soil resulting deaths marine terrestrial organisms hail thunderstorm produces hail reaches ground known capable producing seen obtaining green coloration hail common mountain ranges mountains force horizontal winds upwards known lifting intensifying thunderstorms making hail likely common regions large hail mountainous northern india reported highest hail related death tolls record china experiences significant europe croatia experiences frequent occurrences hail north_america hail common area colorado nebraska wyoming meet known hail region occurs months march october afternoon evening hours bulk occurrences september wyoming north_america hail prone city average season south_america areas prone hail cities like colombia hail cause damage notably automobiles aircraft glass structures livestock commonly farmers crops hail significant thunderstorm hazards aircraft hail stones exceed inch diameter planes seriously damaged seconds accumulating ground hazardous landing aircraft wheat corn tobacco sensitive crops hail damage hail canada costly hazards cause costly deadly events history earliest recorded incidents occurred 9th century india largest terms maximum length recorded united_states fell aurora nebraska united_states tornadoes tornado violent rotating column air contact surface earth cloud known rare cases base cloud tornadoes come sizes typically form visible funnel narrow end touches earth encircled cloud debris dust tornadoes wind speeds mph approximately feet travel miles kilometers dissipating attain wind speeds mph stretch mile stay ground dozens miles scale enhanced scale rate tornadoes damage caused tornado weakest category damages trees substantial structures tornado strongest category buildings foundations large similar scale ranges extremely weak tornadoes powerful known tornadoes radar data ground patterns marks analyzed determine intensity award rating similar characteristics tornadoes characterized funnel shaped wind current form bodies water connecting large clouds generally classified forms tornadoes specifically non tornadoes develop large bodies water columns air frequently developed tropical areas close equator common areas high latitude flash flood flash flooding process landscape notably urban environment subjected rapid floods rapid floods occur quickly localized seasonal river flooding flooding frequently associated intense rainfall flash flooding frequently occur slow moving thunderstorms usually caused heavy liquid precipitation accompanies flash floods common densely populated urban environments plants bodies water present absorb contain extra water flash flooding hazardous small infrastructure bridges weakly constructed buildings plants crops agricultural areas destroyed devastated force raging water automobiles parked affected areas displaced soil erosion occur exposing risks landslide phenomena winds produce numerous hazards landscapes experiencing thunderstorms winds generally powerful mistaken wind speeds produced tornadoes concentrated force exerted straight horizontal characteristic winds hazardous unstable incomplete weakly constructed buildings agricultural crops plants nearby environments uprooted damaged aircraft engaged takeoff landing crash automobiles displaced force exerted winds winds usually formed areas high pressure air systems begin sink displace air masses higher density reach surface spread turn destructive straight horizontal winds safety precautions thunderstorms come fairly thunderstorm severe thunderstorms definition present danger lightning thunderstorm safety refers taking steps thunderstorm minimize injury damage refers precautions taken thunderstorm takes form general readiness thunderstorm occur time day year preparing family emergency plan example save valuable time storm arises quickly unexpectedly preparing home removing dead rotting limbs trees blown high winds significantly reduce risk property damage personal injury national_weather_service united_states recommends precautions people thunderstorms likely occur know names local counties cities towns warnings described monitor forecasts weather conditions know thunderstorms likely area alert natural signs approaching storm cancel outdoor events avoid caught outdoors storm hits action early time safe place inside substantial building hard topped metal vehicle threatening weather arrives hear thunder safe place immediately avoid open areas like fields beaches don near tallest objects area thunderstorms occurring don shelter tall isolated trees thunderstorms woods distance trees thunderstorms group spread increase chances survivors come aid victims lightning strike safety safety overlap thunderstorm safety generally refers people storm recommends people follow precautions storm imminent progress action immediately hearing thunder close storm hear thunder struck lightning avoid electrical including wireless safe use thunderstorm close stay away windows doors glass hazard high wind shower conducts electricity driving safely exit roadway turn hazard lights park remain vehicle avoid touching metal stopped recommending lightning doesn provide significant level protection significantly lower risk killed injured nearby lightning strike frequent occurrences thunderstorms occur world polar regions greatest frequency tropical areas occur nearly daily given time approximately thunderstorms occurring earth mentioned places earth claim java indonesia singapore cities known frequent storm activity include darwin manila mumbai thunderstorms associated monsoon seasons globe rainbands tropical cyclones temperate regions frequent spring summer occur ahead cold fronts time year occur cooler air mass following passage cold relatively warmer body water thunderstorms rare polar regions cold surface temperatures powerful thunderstorms united_states occur midwest southern states storms produce large hail powerful tornadoes thunderstorms relatively uncommon west_coast united_states occur greater frequency inland areas particularly sacramento california spring summer occur nearly daily certain areas rocky_mountains regime northeast storms similar characteristics patterns midwest frequency severity summer air mass thunderstorms daily occurrence central southern parts florida types lightning lightning electrical discharge occurs thunderstorm seen form bright streak bolt sky lightning occurs electrical charge built cloud static electricity generated water ice crystals near freezing level large charge built large discharge occur seen lightning temperature lightning bolt times surface sun lightning extremely hot duration short strike victims survive contrary popular idea lightning strike twice spot people struck lightning times like empire state building struck numerous times storm loud bang heard super heated air lightning bolt expanding speed sound sound travels slowly light flash seen bang occur moment types lightning cloud lightning common lightning cloud called cloud sheet lightning cloud ground lightning bolt lightning cloud strikes ground form poses greatest threat life property ground cloud lightning lightning bolt induced ground cloud cloud cloud lightning rarely seen bolt lightning arcs cloud ball lightning extremely rare explanations seen form centimeter radius ball cloud air lightning lightning cloud hits air different charge dry lightning refers thunderstorm precipitation reach ground heat lightning refers lightning flash seen horizon accompanying thunder upper atmospheric lightning occurs clear air lightning widely describe lightning occurs apparent cloud close produced canadian thunderstorm adjacent valley visually valley lightning bolt strikes european asian mountainous areas experience similar events clear areas storm cell near horizon strike occur storm far away strike referred clear air energy quantity water condensed subsequently precipitated cloud known total energy thunderstorm calculated typical thunderstorm approximately water lifted energy released order magnitude energy released tropical cyclone energy released atomic bomb blast hiroshima japan gamma ray burst monitor results gamma rays particles generated powerful thunderstorms suggested formed terrestrial gamma ray flashes brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms associated lightning streams higher atmosphere generate gamma rays occur day worldwide studies contemporary times thunderstorms taken role scientific curiosity spring storm head great plains united states explore scientific aspects storms tornadoes use radio produced cosmic rays study electric charges develop thunderstorms organized meteorological projects use array sensors wheels vehicles mounted automated weather stations weather balloons aircraft investigate thunderstorms expected produce severe weather lightning detected remotely sensors detect cloud ground lightning strokes percent accuracy detection metres point origin mythology religion thunderstorms strongly influenced early greeks believed battles waged lightning bolts forged american indian tribes associated thunderstorms believed servant great spirit norse considered thunderstorms occur went fight thunder lightning effect strikes hammer recognizes god rain thunderstorms christian doctrine accepted ideas aristotle original work called winds caused earth fierce storms work god ideas mainstream late 18th century walking thunderstorm began causing pray god saved promising monk outside earth clouds venus capable producing lightning like clouds earth lightning rate half earth thin layer water clouds appears layer atmosphere thunderstorms evidenced flashes lightning detected water polar carry charge capable creating charge separation needed produce lightning electrical thousand times powerful lightning earth water clouds form thunderstorms driven heat rising interior
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