Question: How many invertebrate species are known in Brazil alone?

Answer: 96,660 and 128,843

Answer: between 96,660 and 128,843

Answer: 128,843


Question: The Amazon region is home to how many species of insect?

Answer: 2.5 million

Answer: about 2.5 million

Answer: 2.5 million


Question: How many species of bird and mammals are there in the Amazon region?

Answer: 2,000

Answer: some 2,000

Answer: 2,000


Question: How many plant species are estimated to be in the Amazon region?

Answer: 40,000

Answer: tens of thousands

Answer: tens of thousands


Question: How many reptiles have been discovered in the Amazon region?

Answer: 378

Answer: 378

Answer: 378


Question: What amount of bird species on earth are found in the Amazon rainforest?

Answer: One in five

Answer: 1,294

Answer: One in five of all the bird species in the world


Question: How many kilometers of acres of the Ecuadorian rainforest is supported?

Answer: 62 acres

Answer: quarter square

Answer: quarter square

Answer: 62


Question: How many tree species are in the rainforest?

Answer: 1,100

Answer: more than 1,100

Answer: more than 1,100

Answer: 1,100


Question: How many tons of living plants are in the rainforest?

Answer: 90,790

Answer: about 90,790

Answer: about 90,790

Answer: 90,790


Question: What is the average plant biosmass?

Answer: 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare

Answer: 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare

Answer: 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare

Answer: 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare


Question: What is the number of plant species in economics and social interest?

Answer: 438,000

Answer: 438,000

Answer: 438,000

Answer: 438,000 species


Question: Where does the Amazon region rate among the entire earth for its amount of biodiversity?

Answer: highest on Earth

Answer: the highest

Answer: the highest

Answer: highest


Question: How many tree species were found in one square kilometer of Ecuadorian rainforest in 2001?

Answer: 1,100

Answer: more than 1,100

Answer: more than 1,100

Answer: 1,100


Question: How many tons of live plants were found to live in one square kilometer of the Amazon rainforest in 1999?

Answer: 90,790 tonnes

Answer: about 90,790

Answer: about 90,790

Answer: 90,790 tonnes


Question: What is the average weight of the biomass per hectare in the Amazon?

Answer: 356 ± 47 tonnes

Answer: 356 ± 47 tonnes

Answer: 356 ± 47 tonnes

Answer: 356 ± 47 tonnes


Question: How many plant species are of interest to society and manufacturers exist in the amazon rainforest?

Answer: 438,000

Answer: 438,000

Answer: 438,000

Answer: 438,000


Question: Which animal that lives in the Amazon river may produce a deadly shock?

Answer: electric eels

Answer: electric eels

Answer: electric eels


Question: Large predators of the Amazon rainforest include the jaguar, cougar, and anaconda, what is one other example?

Answer: black caiman

Answer: black caiman

Answer: black caiman


Question: What fish living in the Amazon river is known to bit humans?

Answer: piranha

Answer: piranha

Answer: piranha


Question: What are dart frogs are known to secrete?

Answer: lipophilic alkaloid toxins

Answer: lipophilic alkaloid toxins

Answer: lipophilic alkaloid toxins


Question: What type of bat that lives in the Amazon rainforest can spread rabies?

Answer: Vampire bats

Answer: Vampire

Answer: Vampire


Question: What is the process of removing trees from a forest known as?

Answer: Deforestation

Answer: Deforestation

Answer: Deforestation


Question: Acessing the Amazon rainforest was restricted before what era?

Answer: the early 1960s

Answer: early 1960s

Answer: 1960s


Question: What method was used to clear forest for crop cultivation in the amazon forest?

Answer: slash and burn method

Answer: slash and burn

Answer: slash and burn


Question: What are two factors that made it difficult for colonists to the Amazon forest to survive?

Answer: loss of soil fertility and weed invasion

Answer: loss of soil fertility and weed invasion

Answer: soil fertility and weed invasion


Question: What is notable about the Amazon forest when it is seen from space?

Answer: areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye

Answer: areas cleared of forest

Answer: areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye


Question: How many square kilometres of the Amazon forest was lost by 1991?

Answer: 415,000

Answer: 415,000 to 587,000

Answer: 415,000


Question: In the year 2000 how many square kilometres of the Amazon forest had been lost?

Answer: 587,000

Answer: 587,000

Answer: 587,000


Question: What is most of the cleared land in the Amazon region used for?

Answer: pasture for cattle

Answer: pasture for cattle

Answer: pasture for cattle


Question: Where is Brazil ranked globally in soybean production?

Answer: second-largest global producer

Answer: second

Answer: second-largest


Question: What percentage of the land cleared in the Amazon is used for growing livestock?

Answer: 91%

Answer: 91

Answer: 91%


Question: Highways built in the Amazon rainforest were built primarily for what kind of farmers?

Answer: soy farmers

Answer: soy

Answer: soy


Question: What did creating highways in the Amazon rainforest lead to?

Answer: increased settlement and deforestation

Answer: increased settlement and deforestation

Answer: increased settlement and deforestation


Question: The rate of clearing of forest from 2000 to 2005 was how many square miles per year?

Answer: 8,646 sq mi

Answer: 22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi

Answer: 8,646


Question: What happened to the rate of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil between 2004 and 2014?

Answer: deforestation has declined

Answer: declined significantly

Answer: declined significantly


Question: How much higher was the rate of deforestation in 2000, to 2005 compared to 1995 to 2000?

Answer: 18% higher

Answer: 18%

Answer: 18%


Question: What are environmentalists concerned about losing in the Amazon forest?

Answer: loss of biodiversity

Answer: biodiversity

Answer: biodiversity


Question: The loss of biodiversity may be the result of what, according to environmentalists?

Answer: destruction of the forest

Answer: destruction of the forest

Answer: destruction of the forest


Question: What are environmentalists concerned about having released from the Amazon region?

Answer: carbon contained within the vegetation

Answer: carbon contained within the vegetation

Answer: carbon


Question: What amount of the worlds carbon is stored in the Amazon forest?

Answer: 10% of the carbon stores

Answer: 10%

Answer: 10%


Question: How many metric tons of carbon are believed to be stored in the Amazon forest?

Answer: 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes

Answer: 1.1 × 1011

Answer: 1.1 × 1011


Question: What change in conditions may make the Amazon rainforest unsustainable?

Answer: reduced rainfall and increased temperatures

Answer: severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures

Answer: severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures


Question: A complete loss of rainforest cover may be caused by what type of emissions?

Answer: greenhouse gas emissions

Answer: greenhouse gas

Answer: greenhouse gas


Question: If one computer model turns out correct, by what year would there be a nearly complete loss of rainforest in the Amazon basin?

Answer: 2100

Answer: by 2100

Answer: 2100


Question: How long may the Amazon rainforest be threatened, according to some computer models?

Answer: though the 21st century

Answer: though the 21st century

Answer: though the 21st century


Question: What are the main threats facing the Amazon rainforest in the current century?

Answer: climate change in addition to deforestation

Answer: climate change in addition to deforestation

Answer: climate change in addition to deforestation


Question: What kind of territories are being destroyed by ecocide in the Amazon?

Answer: indigenous territories

Answer: indigenous

Answer: indigenous


Question: What type of conservation effort is gaining attention in the Amazon?

Answer: community-based conservation

Answer: community-based

Answer: community-based


Question: Indigenous territories are largely being destroyed in what two ways?

Answer: deforestation and ecocide

Answer: deforestation and ecocide

Answer: deforestation and ecocide


Question: The Peruvian Amazon indigienous people are one group struggling in the Amazon, what is another group?

Answer: Urarina

Answer: Urarina

Answer: Urarina


Question: There is growing interest in what indigenous group in the Amazon?

Answer: lowland South American

Answer: lowland South American peoples

Answer: South American


Question: What kind of sending technology is being used to protect tribal lands in the Amazon?

Answer: remote sensing

Answer: remote sensing

Answer: remote sensing


Question: What tribe uses GPS devices to map lands?

Answer: Trio Tribe

Answer: Trio

Answer: Trio


Question: Tribal members living in the rainforests of what region are using Google Earth?

Answer: southern Suriname

Answer: southern Suriname

Answer: southern Suriname


Question: What do tribes use Google Earth and GPS for?

Answer: to help strengthen their territorial claims

Answer: map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims

Answer: map out their ancestral lands


Question: Why do some tribes use remote sensing technology?

Answer: to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests

Answer: to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests

Answer: protect their tribal lands from commercial interests


Question: Classifying the stages of what is important to mapping aspects of the Amazon?

Answer: tree growth

Answer: tree growth


Question: The classification of aspects of the Amazon forest is important for mapping what type of emission?

Answer: carbon related emissions

Answer: carbon related

Answer: carbon related


Question: Who organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories?

Answer: Tatiana Kuplich

Answer: Tatiana Kuplich

Answer: Tatiana Kuplich


Question: In what year did one individual suggest classifying the trees of the Amazon into four categories?

Answer: 2006

Answer: 2006

Answer: 2006


Question: What type of radar was used to classify trees into four categories?

Answer: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

Answer: Synthetic aperture

Answer: Synthetic aperture radar


Question: In what year did the Amazon experience its worst drought of recent history?

Answer: 2005

Answer: 2005

Answer: 2005


Question: What organization argued that drought, among other effects, could cause the Amazon forest to reach a "tipping point?"

Answer: Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research

Answer: Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research

Answer: Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research


Question: Along with drought, what is one other factor that is pushing the Amazon rainforest towards a tipping point?

Answer: deforestation

Answer: deforestation on regional climate

Answer: deforestation


Question: What might the Amazon forest become if it passes the tipping point and starts to die?

Answer: savanna or desert

Answer: desert

Answer: savanna or desert


Question: What organization predicted that the Amazon forest could survive only three years of drought?

Answer: Woods Hole Research Center

Answer: Woods Hole Research Center

Answer: Woods Hole Research Center


Question: In what year did the Amazon experience a drought that may have been more extreme than in 2005?

Answer: 2010

Answer: 2010

Answer: 2010


Question: How many square miles large was the region impacted by the 2010 drought?

Answer: 1,160,000

Answer: 1,160,000

Answer: 1,160,000


Question: How many areas were impacted by the the death of vegetation in the 2010 drought?

Answer: three epicenters

Answer: three epicenters

Answer: three


Question: The southern part of the Amazon forest was mainly impacted by drought in what year?

Answer: 2005

Answer: 2005

Answer: 2005


Question: How many tons of carbon are absorbed the Amazon in a typical year?

Answer: 1.5 gigatons

Answer: 1.5 gigatons

Answer: 1.5 gigatons


Question: What are Ctenophora commonly known as?

Answer: comb jellies

Answer: comb jellies

Answer: comb jellies


Question: Where do Ctenophora live?

Answer: marine waters worldwide.

Answer: marine waters worldwide

Answer: marine waters


Question: What size are adult Ctenophora?

Answer: a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.

Answer: a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size

Answer: a few millimeters to 1.5 m


Question: What is a ctenophora?

Answer: phylum of animals that live in marine waters

Answer: a phylum of animals

Answer: comb jellies


Question: What does the ctenophora use to swim?

Answer: ‘combs’ – groups of cilia

Answer: cilia

Answer: cilia


Question: What does ctenophora use for digestion and respiration?

Answer: water flow through the body cavity

Answer: water flow

Answer: water flow through the body cavity


Question: How large can ctenophora grow?

Answer: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

Answer: a few millimeters to 1.5 m


Question: What is the most distinctive feature of ctenophora?

Answer: ‘combs’ – groups of cilia

Answer: combs

Answer: the ‘combs’


Question: What are ctenophora commonly known as?

Answer: comb jellies

Answer: comb jellies

Answer: comb jellies


Question: How big can ctenophora grow?

Answer: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

Answer: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)

Answer: a few millimeters to 1.5 m


Question: What does ctenophora rely on for digestion and respiration?

Answer: water flow through the body cavity

Answer: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

Answer: water flow through the body cavity


Question: What does ctenophora mean in Greek?

Answer: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

Answer: κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'

Answer: kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'


Question: Where do ctenophora live?

Answer: marine waters

Answer: marine waters worldwide

Answer: marine waters


Question: How much can Ctenophores eat in one day?

Answer: ten times their own weight

Answer: ten times their own weight

Answer: ten times their own weight


Question: How many species of Ctenophores have been validated?

Answer: 100–150

Answer: 100–150

Answer: 100–150


Question: How many species of Ctenophores have not been fully described or named?

Answer: possibly another 25

Answer: 25

Answer: 25


Question: How many species of Ctenophora have been validated?

Answer: 100–150 species

Answer: 100–150

Answer: 100–150


Question: What are the little tentacles that cydippids have called?

Answer: tentilla

Answer: tentilla

Answer: tentilla


Question: How much food does a ctenophora eat in a day?

Answer: ten times their own weight

Answer: ten times their own weight

Answer: ten times their own weight


Question: What do coastal beroids not have that other ctenophora have?

Answer: tentacles

Answer: tentacles

Answer: tentacles


Question: What does coastal beriods use as teeth?

Answer: groups of large, stiffened cilia

Answer: stiffened cilia

Answer: stiffened cilia


Question: How much do ctenophore eat in a day?

Answer: ten times their own weight

Answer: ten times their own weight

Answer: ten times their own weight


Question: What are the small tentacles on Cydippids called?

Answer: tentilla

Answer: tentilla

Answer: tentilla


Question: What do Beriods use as teeth?

Answer: groups of large, stiffened cilia

Answer: stiffened cilia

Answer: stiffened cilia


Question: What do Cydippids use to capture their prey?

Answer: colloblasts

Answer: retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla

Answer: colloblasts


Question: How many different species of ctenohore are there?

Answer: 100–150 species

Answer: 100–150

Answer: 100–150 species have been validated


Question: What gender are most species of Ctenophores?

Answer: Most species are hermaphrodites

Answer: hermaphrodites

Answer: hermaphrodites


Question: What do young Ctenophores generaly look like?

Answer: miniature cydippids

Answer: miniature cydippids

Answer: miniature cydippids


Question: Are juiveniles capable of reproduction?

Answer: In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size

Answer: juveniles are capable of reproduction

Answer: juveniles are capable of reproduction


Question: What is unique about  a hermaphrodite?

Answer: can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg

Answer: it can fertilize its own egg

Answer: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm


Question: What can a simultaneous hermaphrodite do?

Answer: can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

Answer: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time

Answer: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time


Question: What type of hermaphrodite produces egg and sperm at different times?

Answer: sequential

Answer: sequential hermaphrodites

Answer: simultaneous


Question: Which species eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parents body until hatched?

Answer: platyctenids

Answer: platyctenids

Answer: platyctenids


Question: What causes the population of ctenophora to grow at an explosive rate?

Answer: hermaphroditism and early reproduction

Answer: hermaphroditism and early reproduction

Answer: combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction


Question: What is a hermaphrodite?

Answer: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

Answer: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm

Answer: a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm


Question: What is unique about  simultaneous hermaphrodites?

Answer: can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.

Answer: can produce both eggs and sperm

Answer: produce both eggs and sperm at the same time


Question: What is a trait of sequential hermaphrodites?

Answer: the eggs and sperm mature at different times

Answer: eggs and sperm mature at different times

Answer: eggs and sperm mature at different times


Question: Which group keep the eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parent's body until they hatch?

Answer: platyctenids

Answer: platyctenids

Answer: platyctenids


Question: Which group has young that are born with no tentacles and a large mouth?

Answer: beroids

Answer: beroids

Answer: beroids


Question: What sea were Ctenophores accidently introduced?

Answer: the Black Sea

Answer: Black Sea

Answer: Black Sea


Question: What specific type of Ctenophore was introduced into the Black Sea?

Answer: Mnemiopsis

Answer: Mnemiopsis

Answer: Mnemiopsis


Question: What promoted the growrth of Mnemiposis in the Black Sea?

Answer: over-fishing and long-term environmental changes

Answer: over-fishing and long-term environmental changes

Answer: long-term environmental changes


Question: What does the Beroe eat?

Answer: other ctenophores

Answer: ctenophores

Answer: other ctenophores


Question: What was introduces into the Black Sea?

Answer: Mnemiopsis

Answer: Mnemiopsis

Answer: Mnemiopsis


Question: What does  mnemiopsis eat?

Answer: fish larvae and organisms

Answer: fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish

Answer: fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish


Question: Where do ctenophores be found in large numbers?

Answer: In bays

Answer: bays

Answer: bays


Question: Where can ctenophores be found in large amounts?

Answer: In bays

Answer: bays

Answer: bays


Question: What are phytoplankton?

Answer: planktonic plants

Answer: planktonic plants

Answer: a vital part of marine food chains


Question: What ctenophore was accidentally introduced into The Black Sea?

Answer: Mnemiopsis

Answer: Mnemiopsis

Answer: Mnemiopsis


Question: What event was blamed on the introduction of mnemiopsis into The Black Sea?

Answer: causing fish stocks to collapse

Answer: causing fish stocks to collapse

Answer: causing fish stocks to collapse


Question: What was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in The Black Sea?

Answer: introduction of Beroe

Answer: accidental introduction of Beroe


Question: When did the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction happen?

Answer: 66 million years ago

Answer: 515 million years ago

Answer: 66 million years ago


Question: Evidence indicates that Cydippids are not what?

Answer: monophyletic

Answer: monophyletic

Answer: "cydippids" are not monophyletic


Question: How old are the fossils found that represent ctenophhores ?

Answer: 515 million years

Answer: 66 million years ago

Answer: 515 million years


Question: What were the fossils that were found to represent ctenphores missing that current ctenphora have?

Answer: tentacles

Answer: tentacles

Answer: tentacles


Question: Fossils found that were believed to be ctenophores were how old?

Answer: 515 million years

Answer: 66 million years

Answer: 515 million years


Question: What event happened 66 million years ago?

Answer: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction

Answer: the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction

Answer: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction


Question: Cypiddids are not what?

Answer: monophyletic

Answer: monophyletic

Answer: monophyletic


Question: What do current ctenophores have that fossils found did not have?

Answer: tentacles

Answer: tentacles

Answer: tentacles


Question: Jellyfish ans sea anemones belong to what phylum?

Answer: cnidarians

Answer: Ctenophores

Answer: cnidarians


Question: What makes ctenophores different from all other animals?

Answer: by having colloblasts

Answer: having colloblasts

Answer: colloblasts


Question: Ctenophora are less complex than which other phylum?

Answer: bilaterians

Answer: bilaterians

Answer: bilaterians


Question: Which phylum is more complex than sponges?

Answer: Ctenophores

Answer: Ctenophores

Answer: Ctenophores


Question: What does ctenophore use to capture prey?

Answer: colloblasts

Answer: colloblasts

Answer: colloblasts


Question: Jellyfish and sea anemones belong to which group/

Answer: cnidarians

Answer: cnidarians

Answer: cnidarians


Question: What do ctenophores have that no other animals have?

Answer: colloblasts

Answer: colloblasts

Answer: colloblasts


Question: What do ctenophore use to capture their prey?

Answer: colloblasts

Answer: colloblasts

Answer: colloblasts


Question: Which two groups have cells bound by inter-cell connections and membranes, muscles, a nervous system and sensory organs?

Answer: ctenophores and cnidarians

Answer: ctenophores and cnidarians

Answer: ctenophores and cnidarians


Question: Ctenophores are less complex than what other group?

Answer: bilaterians

Answer: bilaterians

Answer: bilaterians


Question: What is the jelly-like susbtance called?

Answer: mesoglea

Answer: mesoglea

Answer: mesoglea


Question: Ctenophores and cnidarians are classified as what?

Answer: diploblastic

Answer: ctenophores

Answer: diploblastic


Question: Which group has two layers of cells with a middle layer of mesoglea?

Answer: sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores

Answer: ctenophores

Answer: cnidarians and ctenophores


Question: Ctenophores, cnidarians and what other group are labelled diploblastic?

Answer: sponges

Answer: sponges

Answer: sponges


Question: What are the hairs on ctenophores called?

Answer: cilia

Answer: cilia

Answer: cilia


Question: What are cilia used for?

Answer: method of locomotion

Answer: their main method of locomotion

Answer: locomotion


Question: Comb like bands of cilia are called what?

Answer: ctenes

Answer: ctenes

Answer: ctenes


Question: What does ctenophore mean in Greek?

Answer: comb-bearing

Answer: "comb" and the Greek suffix -φορος meaning "carrying"

Answer: comb-bearing


Question: Which cidippid is used as a description on ctenophores in most textbooks?

Answer: Pleurobrachia

Answer: Pleurobrachia

Answer: Pleurobrachia


Question: Which group of ctenophore are are hardest to study?

Answer: oceanic species

Answer: oceanic species

Answer: oceanic species


Question: Why are coastal species tough?

Answer: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles

Answer: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles

Answer: to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles


Question: Which ctenophora have been studies the most?

Answer: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

Answer: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis

Answer: Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis


Question: The inside of a ctenophore is lined with what?

Answer: epithelium

Answer: epithelium

Answer: epithelium


Question: What do photocytes produce?

Answer: bioluminescence

Answer: bioluminescence

Answer: bioluminescence


Question: What is the throat called?

Answer: pharynx

Answer: pharynx

Answer: pharynx


Question: What does the internal cavity contain?

Answer: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals.

Answer: a system of internal canals

Answer: the gastrodermis


Question: What are the most active parts of ctenophora?

Answer: the mouth and pharynx;

Answer: the mouth and pharynx

Answer: the mouth and pharynx


Question: What are the eight comb rows on the outer surface called?

Answer: swimming-plates

Answer: swimming-plates

Answer: swimming-plates


Question: Combs are called what?

Answer: also called "ctenes" or "comb plates

Answer: "ctenes" or "comb plates"

Answer: ctenes


Question: What does the 9 +3 pattern of cilia thought to do?

Answer: supporting function

Answer: suspected to have a supporting function

Answer: a supporting function


Question: What direction do ctenophore swim?

Answer: in the direction in which the mouth is pointing,

Answer: the direction in which the mouth is pointing

Answer: direction in which the mouth is pointing


Question: Cilia can g ow up too what length?

Answer: 2 millimeters (0.079 in)

Answer: 2 millimeters

Answer: 2 millimeters


Question: How do ctenophores control buoyancy?

Answer: osmotic pressure

Answer: It is uncertain

Answer: rely on osmotic pressure


Question: Ciliary rosettes pump water into what to control buoyancy?

Answer: the mesoglea

Answer: mesoglea

Answer: mesoglea


Question: What does pumping water into the mesoglea do?

Answer: increase its bulk and decrease its density

Answer: increase its bulk and decrease its density

Answer: increase its bulk and decrease its density


Question: What does the ciliary rosettes do to decease bulk and increase density?

Answer: pump water out of the mesoglea

Answer: pump

Answer: pump water out of the mesoglea


Question: What is the largest sensory feature of the ctenophora?

Answer: aboral organ

Answer: aboral organ

Answer: aboral organ


Question: Where is the aboral organ located?

Answer: at the opposite end from the mouth

Answer: the opposite end from the mouth

Answer: opposite end from the mouth


Question: What protects the statocyst?

Answer: a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia

Answer: a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia

Answer: transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia


Question: What is the main component of the aboral organ?

Answer: a statocyst

Answer: statocyst

Answer: statocyst


Question: What is a statocyst?

Answer: a balance sensor

Answer: a balance sensor consisting of a statolith

Answer: a balance sensor consisting of a statolith


Question: What is the common coastal pleurobrachia called?

Answer: sea gooseberry

Answer: sea gooseberry

Answer: sea gooseberry


Question: What does the pleurobrachia have on opposite sides of its body?

Answer: a pair of long, slender tentacles

Answer: long, slender tentacles

Answer: a pair of long, slender tentacles


Question: Cydippid are typically what shape?

Answer: more or less rounded

Answer: egg-shaped

Answer: more or less rounded


Question: The long tentacles on the pleurbrachia are protected by what?

Answer: a sheath

Answer: a sheath

Answer: a sheath into which it can be withdrawn


Question: Where is the mouth located on the pleuobrachia located?

Answer: at the narrow end

Answer: the narrow end

Answer: at the narrow end


Question: What are the tentacles of cydipped ctenophores are usually fringed with?

Answer: tentilla

Answer: tentilla

Answer: tentilla


Question: What are colloblasts?

Answer: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis

Answer: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis

Answer: specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis


Question: What makes the tentilla of euplokamis different from other cysippids?

Answer: they contain striated muscle,

Answer: they contain striated muscle

Answer: they contain striated muscle


Question: How many types of movements do euplokamis tentilla have?

Answer: three types of movement

Answer: three

Answer: three


Question: What does the euplokamis use the three types of movement for?

Answer: capturing prey

Answer: capturing prey

Answer: capturing prey


Question: How many rows of combs are there?

Answer: eight rows

Answer: eight

Answer: eight


Question: Where are the rows of combs located?

Answer: from near the mouth to the opposite end

Answer: near the mouth to the opposite end

Answer: near the mouth to the opposite end


Question: How are the combs spaced?

Answer: evenly round the body

Answer: evenly

Answer: evenly round the body


Question: What runs from the balancer in the statocyst to the comb rows?

Answer: ciliary groove

Answer: a ciliary groove

Answer: a ciliary groove


Question: What does the lobata have pair of?

Answer: lobes

Answer: lobes

Answer: lobes


Question: What are auricles?

Answer: gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents

Answer: gelatinous projections edged with cilia

Answer: gelatinous projections edged with cilia


Question: How many auricles do most species have?

Answer: four

Answer: four

Answer: four


Question: What do the auricles do?

Answer: help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth

Answer: produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth

Answer: produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth


Question: What do lobates feed on?

Answer: suspended planktonic prey

Answer: suspended planktonic prey

Answer: planktonic prey


Question: What does the bathocyroe and ocyropsis do to escape danger?

Answer: by clapping their lobes

Answer: clapping their lobes

Answer: clapping their lobes


Question: What happens when bathocyroe and ocyropsis clap their lobes together?

Answer: jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.

Answer: jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly

Answer: expelled water drives them backwards very quickly


Question: The movements of the lobates combs are controlled by what?

Answer: nerves

Answer: nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia

Answer: nerves


Question: Cydippids combs are controlled by what?

Answer: water disturbances created by the cilia

Answer: water disturbances created by the cilia

Answer: water disturbances created by the cilia


Question: Beroida are known by what other name?

Answer: Nuda

Answer: Nuda

Answer: Nuda


Question: What group has no feeding appendages?

Answer: The Beroida

Answer: Beroida

Answer: Beroida


Question: Some species of beroe have a pair of strips of adhesive cells on the stomach wall. What does it do?

Answer: zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding,

Answer: "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding

Answer: "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding


Question: What does the beroe do when pursuing prey?

Answer: "zip" the mouth shut

Answer: streamlines the front of the animal

Answer: tight closure streamlines the front of the animal


Question: What does the beroida have instead of feeding appendages?

Answer: large pharynx

Answer: large cilia

Answer: "macrocilia"


Question: Which species are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals?

Answer: The Cestida

Answer: Cestida

Answer: Cestida


Question: What is the largest ctenophore?

Answer: Cestum veneris

Answer: Cestum veneris

Answer: up to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long


Question: What are cestida called?

Answer: belt animals

Answer: belt animals

Answer: "belt animals"


Question: How do cestids swim?

Answer: by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.

Answer: undulating their bodies

Answer: by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows


Question: Which species moves by a darting motion?

Answer: Velamen parallelum

Answer: Velamen parallelum

Answer: Velamen parallelum


Question: What do most platyctenida have on their aboral surface?

Answer: a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles

Answer: tentilla-bearing tentacles

Answer: a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles


Question: What do platyctenida use their pharynx for?

Answer: cling to and creep on surfaces

Answer: as a muscular "foot"

Answer: as a muscular "foot"


Question: What do all but one platycenida species lack?

Answer: comb-rows

Answer: comb-rows

Answer: comb-rows


Question: Where do platycenida live?

Answer: on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates

Answer: rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates

Answer: rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates


Question: How are eggs and sperm released?

Answer: via pores in the epidermis

Answer: pores in the epidermis

Answer: via pores in the epidermis


Question: How do platyctenids reproduce?

Answer: internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.

Answer: internal fertilization

Answer: internal fertilization


Question: What genus has self-fertilization been seen?

Answer: Mnemiopsis

Answer: Mnemiopsis

Answer: Mnemiopsis


Question: Where are the gonads located?

Answer: in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows

Answer: the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows

Answer: internal canal network under the comb rows


Question: Is fertilization  internal or exeternal in most species?

Answer: external

Answer: external

Answer: external


Question: Juvenile and adult  beroe lack what?

Answer: tentacles and tentacle sheaths

Answer: tentacles and tentacle sheaths

Answer: tentacles and tentacle sheaths


Question: Where do juvenile platyctenids live?

Answer: among the plankton

Answer: among the plankton

Answer: among the plankton


Question: When do juvenile develop into adults?

Answer: after dropping to the sea-floor

Answer: after dropping to the sea-floor

Answer: after dropping to the sea-floor


Question: Juvenile platyctenids act like what?

Answer: more like true larvae

Answer: true larvae

Answer: like true larvae


Question: Which genus lack tentacles and sheaths?

Answer: Beroe

Answer: Beroe

Answer: Beroe


Question: What do bathyctena chuni, euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera have in common?

Answer: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce

Answer: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies

Answer: they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce


Question: When do bathyctena chuni, euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera  excrete secretions?

Answer: are disturbed,

Answer: disturbed

Answer: are disturbed


Question: What are the secretions commonly called?

Answer: ink

Answer: ink

Answer: ink


Question: Do adults or juveniles secretions luminesce brighter?

Answer: Juveniles will luminesce more brightly

Answer: Juveniles

Answer: Juveniles


Question: Are ctenophores predators, vegetarian or parasitic?

Answer: Almost all ctenophores are predators

Answer: predators

Answer: predators


Question: Haeckelia prey mostly on what animal?

Answer: jellyfish

Answer: jellyfish

Answer: jellyfish


Question: What happens to the jellyfish nematocysts when they are eaten by the haeckelia?

Answer: incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts

Answer: incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles

Answer: incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles


Question: What does the bolinopsis generally eat?

Answer: smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae.

Answer: smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae

Answer: rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae


Question: What is the name of the two-tentacled cydippid that feedsentirely on salps called?

Answer: Lampea

Answer: Lampea

Answer: Lampea


Question: Why was it thought that  ctenophores were a poor diet for other animals?

Answer: their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water

Answer: their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water

Answer: low ratio of organic matter to salt and water


Question: What is the oncorhynchus also called?

Answer: chum salmon

Answer: chum salmon

Answer: chum salmon


Question: What do beroids typically eat?

Answer: ctenophores

Answer: other ctenophores

Answer: other ctenophores


Question: Where have herbivorous fishes been seen feeding on gelatinous zooplankton?

Answer: the Red Sea

Answer: the Red Sea

Answer: blooms in the Red Sea


Question: Turtles and jellyfish can eat large quantities of what?

Answer: ctenophores,

Answer: ctenophores

Answer: ctenophores


Question: What is blamed for causing the sharp drop in fish catches in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov?

Answer: ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi

Answer: Mnemiopsis leidyi

Answer: the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced


Question: How was the ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov?

Answer: via the ballast tanks of ships

Answer: via the ballast tanks of ships

Answer: the ballast tanks of ships


Question: How was the population of mnemiopsis in The black Sea and the Sea of Azov brought under control?

Answer: by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata,

Answer: the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata

Answer: the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993


Question: When was ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov?

Answer: in the late 1980s

Answer: the late 1980s

Answer: late 1980s


Question: How does cooling of the local environment affect the mnemiopsis?

Answer: significantly slowed the animal's metabolism

Answer: slowed the animal's metabolism

Answer: significantly slowed the animal's metabolism


Question: Why are ctenophores extremely rare as fossils?

Answer: Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies

Answer: their soft, gelatinous bodies

Answer: their soft, gelatinous bodies


Question: Ediacaran eoandromeda can be regarded to represent what?

Answer: comb jelly.

Answer: comb jelly

Answer: a comb jelly


Question: What was the period called that was 505 million years ago?

Answer: Cambrian period.

Answer: mid-Cambrian period

Answer: mid-Cambrian period


Question: How many species were found in the Burgess Shale?

Answer: Three additional putative species

Answer: Three

Answer: Three


Question: What did the  fossils found in the Burgess Shale lack?

Answer: lacked tentacles

Answer: tentacles

Answer: tentacles


Question: How old were the fossils found in China?

Answer: 515 million years

Answer: about 515 million years

Answer: 515 million years


Question: What type of fossils were found in China?

Answer: Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris

Answer: Stromatoveris

Answer: sessile frond-like


Question: Which genus is considered the "aunt" of ctenophores?

Answer: Stromatoveris

Answer: Stromatoveris

Answer: Stromatoveris


Question: Stromatoveris is similair to which genus?

Answer: Vendobionta

Answer: ctenophores

Answer: Vendobionta


Question: Vendobionta lived during which period?

Answer: Ediacaran period

Answer: Ediacaran period

Answer: Ediacaran period


Question: Recent studies believe  that ctenophores are the sister lineage to what?

Answer: all other animals

Answer: Bilateria

Answer: Bilateria


Question: What do some researchers believe is the earliest-diverging animal phylum is?

Answer: Porifera

Answer: Porifera

Answer: Porifera


Question: Which genus of ctenophores does not have cydipped-like larvae?

Answer: beroids

Answer: beroids

Answer: beroids


Question: A molecular phylogeny analysis confirmed that cydippid are not what?

Answer: monophyletic

Answer: monophyletic

Answer: monophyletic


Question: When was the Cretaceous-Paleogen extinction occur?

Answer: 65.5 million years ago

Answer: 65.5 million years ago

Answer: 65.5 million years ago


Question: Who did a morphologically analysis in 1985 that concluded cydippids are not monophyletic?

Answer: Richard Harbison

Answer: Richard Harbison

Answer: Richard Harbison


Question: Which city is the fifth-largest city in California?

Answer: Fresno

Answer: Fresno

Answer: Fresno


Question: How far is Fresno from Los Angeles?

Answer: 220 miles (350 km)

Answer: 220 miles (350 km)

Answer: 220 miles (350 km)


Question: What does the name Fresno mean in Spanish?

Answer: ash tree

Answer: ash tree

Answer: ash tree


Question: What is featured on the city of Fresno's city flag?

Answer: ash leaf

Answer: ash leaf

Answer: an ash leaf


Question: How do you pronounce Fresno?

Answer: (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh)

Answer: FREZ-noh

Answer: FREZ-noh


Question: The Central Pacific Railroad established a station for its new line in what year?

Answer: 1872

Answer: 1872

Answer: 1872


Question: What were the reasons why residents moved to the town of Fresno Station?

Answer: the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding

Answer: drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding

Answer: the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding


Question: In what year did Fresno become an incorporated city?

Answer: 1885

Answer: 1885

Answer: 1885


Question: How many streetcars did the Fresno Traction Company operate in 1931?

Answer: 47 streetcars

Answer: 47

Answer: 47


Question: What entity sparked the growth of Fresno Station?

Answer: store

Answer: store

Answer: store


Question: In 1940, what percentage of the population in Fresno was Asian?

Answer: 2.7%

Answer: 2.7%

Answer: 2.7%


Question: What ethnic neighborhood in Fresno had primarily Japanese residents in 1940?

Answer: Chinatown

Answer: Chinatown

Answer: Chinatown


Question: In 1942, what was North Fresno previously called?

Answer: Pinedale

Answer: Pinedale

Answer: Pinedale


Question: What was the Pinedale Assembly Center?

Answer: an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps

Answer: an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps

Answer: an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps


Question: What was the Fresno Fairgrounds used as?

Answer: an assembly center

Answer: an assembly center

Answer: an assembly center


Question: What new product did Bank of America introduce in 1958?

Answer: BankAmericard

Answer: BankAmericard

Answer: BankAmericard


Question: What was the name of the first successful credit card?

Answer: BankAmericard

Answer: BankAmericard

Answer: BankAmericard


Question: What did the BankAmericard allow customers do to that they couldn't do with previous financial instruments?

Answer: to revolve a balance

Answer: a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance

Answer: revolve a balance


Question: In what year did BankAmericard change its name?

Answer: 1976

Answer: 1976

Answer: 1976


Question: What present-day company did BankAmericard turn into?

Answer: Visa Inc.

Answer: Visa Inc.

Answer: Visa Inc.


Question: Who wrote "Walking in Fresno?"

Answer: Bill Aken

Answer: Bill Aken

Answer: Bill Aken


Question: Who recorded "Walking in Fresno?"

Answer: Bob Gallion

Answer: Bob Gallion

Answer: Bob Gallion


Question: In what town did Bill Aiken grow up?

Answer: Madera

Answer: Madera

Answer: Madera


Question: On what show did Bill Aiken make is television debut?

Answer: The Fresno Barn

Answer: The Fresno Barn

Answer: the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn


Question: Who was Bill Aiken's adopted mother?

Answer: Lupe Mayorga

Answer: Lupe Mayorga

Answer: Lupe Mayorga


Question: How many large public parks does Fresno have?

Answer: three

Answer: three

Answer: three


Question: Which park is home to the Fresno Chafffee Zoo?

Answer: Roeding Park

Answer: Roeding Park

Answer: Roeding Park


Question: Which park is home to the Kearney Mansion?

Answer: Kearney Park

Answer: Kearney Park

Answer: Kearney Park


Question: Which is one of the park features located in North Fresno?

Answer: Shinzen Japanese Gardens

Answer: Shinzen Japanese Gardens


Question: Which park hosts the largest Civil War reenactment on the west coast?

Answer: Kearney Park

Answer: Kearney Park

Answer: Kearney Park


Question: During what period did downtown Fresno thrive?

Answer: Between the 1880s and World War II

Answer: Between the 1880s and World War II

Answer: Between the 1880s and World War II


Question: What were two of Fresno's most beautiful architectural buildings that are now demolished?

Answer: Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library

Answer: Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library

Answer: the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished)


Question: What former building is currently known as Grand 1401?

Answer: San Joaquin Light & Power Building

Answer: San Joaquin Light & Power Building

Answer: San Joaquin Light & Power Building


Question: Which one of Fresno's hotels burned down?

Answer: Hughes Hotel

Answer: Hughes Hotel

Answer: Hughes Hotel


Question: In what year did Fresno get its first pedestrian mall?

Answer: 1964

Answer: 1964

Answer: 1964


Question: What was the pedestrian mall renamed?

Answer: Fulton Mall

Answer: Fulton Mall

Answer: Fulton Mall


Question: Which artist has a piece of his artwork located at the Fulton Mall?

Answer: Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Answer: Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Answer: Pierre-Auguste Renoir


Question: After reopening, where will the art pieces be located after restoration?

Answer: near their current locations

Answer: near their current locations

Answer: near their current locations


Question: What feature will enrich the the pedestrian friendly environment after restoration?

Answer: wide sidewalks

Answer: wide sidewalks

Answer: wide sidewalks


Question: Where is the neighborhood of Sunnyside located in Fresno?

Answer: Fresno's far southeast side

Answer: far southeast side

Answer: far southeast side


Question: What are the two major thoroughfares of Sunnyside?

Answer: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue

Answer: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue

Answer: Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue


Question: When was most of Sunnside developed?

Answer: 1950s through the 1970s

Answer: 1950s through the 1970s

Answer: 1950s through the 1970s


Question: Where is the home of the Sunnyside Country Club?

Answer: Sunnyside

Answer: Sunnyside

Answer: Sunnyside


Question: Who designed the golf course located at the Sunnyside Country Club?

Answer: William P. Bell

Answer: William P. Bell

Answer: William P. Bell


Question: The Tower District is centered around which historic theatre?

Answer: Tower Theatre

Answer: Tower Theatre

Answer: Tower Theatre


Question: When was the Tower Theatre built?

Answer: 1939

Answer: 1939

Answer: 1939


Question: From what landmark within Fresno does the Tower Theatre get its name?

Answer: water tower

Answer: water tower

Answer: water tower


Question: What was the original name of California State University at Fresno?

Answer: Fresno Normal School

Answer: Fresno Normal School

Answer: Fresno Normal School


Question: How far is Fresno City College from the Tower District?

Answer: one-half mile

Answer: one-half mile

Answer: one-half mile


Question: During what period did the Tower Theatre re-open?

Answer: late 1970s

Answer: late 1970s

Answer: late 1970s


Question: After its re-opening, which types of movies did the Tower Theatre show?

Answer: second and third run movies, along with classic films

Answer: second and third run movies

Answer: second and third run


Question: In what year did Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players open?

Answer: 1978

Answer: 1978

Answer: 1978


Question: Where is Audra McDonald from?

Answer: Fresno

Answer: Fresno

Answer: Fresno


Question: Which two leading roles did Audra McDonald perform when she was in high school?

Answer: Evita and The Wiz

Answer: Evita and The Wiz

Answer: Evita and The Wiz


Question: What type of theater do the neighborhoods feature?

Answer: live theater

Answer: live

Answer: live


Question: How far apart are some of the neighborhood's features?

Answer: all within a few hundred feet of each other

Answer: few hundred feet

Answer: within a few hundred feet of each other


Question: What area has become attractive for restaurants?

Answer: Tower District

Answer: Tower District

Answer: the Tower District


Question: Which Fresno district is the center for the LGBT community?

Answer: Tower District

Answer: Tower District

Answer: Tower District


Question: Which district in Fresno is known as the center for the heavy metal community?

Answer: Tower District

Answer: Tower District

Answer: Tower District


Question: What type of homes is Fresno known for?

Answer: early twentieth century homes

Answer: early twentieth century homes

Answer: early twentieth century


Question: What types of houses are designed by Fresno architects?

Answer: Storybook houses

Answer: Storybook


Question: Does the residential architecture of the Tower District compare or contrast with other part of Fresno?

Answer: contrasts

Answer: contrasts

Answer: contrasts


Question: How recently has the homes in Fresno been restored?

Answer: in recent decades

Answer: recent decades

Answer: recent decades


Question: Which boulevard can you find many majestic homes in the area?

Answer: Huntington Boulevard

Answer: Huntington Boulevard

Answer: Huntington Boulevard


Question: Who mapped the Alta Vista Tract?

Answer: William Stranahan

Answer: William Stranahan

Answer: William Stranahan


Question: In what year did developers Billings & Meyering acquire the Alta Vista Tract?

Answer: 1914

Answer: 1914

Answer: 1914


Question: How many homes did the Alta Vista Tract have five years after Billings & Meyering acquired it?

Answer: 267

Answer: 267

Answer: 267


Question: Which company provided streetcar connections between downtown and the hospital?

Answer: Fresno Traction Company

Answer: Fresno Traction Company

Answer: Fresno Traction Company


Question: What is another name for the west side of Fresno?

Answer: "Southwest Fresno"

Answer: Southwest Fresno

Answer: Southwest Fresno


Question: In which direction does the west side of Fresno neighborhood lie to the 99 freeway?

Answer: southwest

Answer: southwest

Answer: southwest


Question: The west side of Fresno is the center of which ethnic community?

Answer: African-American

Answer: African-American

Answer: African-American


Question: What are the two principal Asian-American groups living in the west side neighborhood of Fresno?

Answer: Hmong or Laotian

Answer: Hmong or Laotian

Answer: Hmong or Laotian


Question: Which neighborhood lies west of the 41 freeway?

Answer: "West Side"

Answer: West Side

Answer: West Side


Question: Who is Kearney Boulevard named after?

Answer: M. Theo Kearney

Answer: M. Theo Kearney

Answer: M. Theo Kearney


Question: What kinds of trees is Kearney Boulevard lined with?

Answer: tall palm trees

Answer: tall palm trees

Answer: palm


Question: Between which two streets along Kearney Boulevard were wealthy African-Americans at one time residing?

Answer: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave

Answer: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave

Answer: Fresno Street and Thorne Ave


Question: What was the name given to a section of Kearney Boulevard in efforts to change the areas image?

Answer: Brookhaven

Answer: Brookhaven

Answer: Brookhaven


Question: What area of Brookhaven is still known for its high levels of crime?

Answer: The isolated subdivision

Answer: Dogg Pound


Question: When were the public housing developments built in the neighborhood?

Answer: between the 1960s and 1990s

Answer: between the 1960s and 1990s

Answer: between the 1960s and 1990s


Question: On which corner is the shopping center located?

Answer: Fresno and B streets

Answer: Fresno and B streets

Answer: Fresno and B streets


Question: What are the two processing facilities in the neighborhood?

Answer: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms

Answer: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms

Answer: Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms


Question: Where is the airport located?

Answer: the West Side

Answer: West Side

Answer: on the West Side


Question: How much retail activity does the neighborhood have?

Answer: very little

Answer: very little

Answer: very little


Question: Who founded Woodward Park?

Answer: Ralph Woodward

Answer: Ralph Woodward

Answer: Ralph Woodward


Question: How many total acres is Woodward Park?

Answer: 300 acres

Answer: 300

Answer: 300


Question: How many seats does the amphitheatre at Woodward park have?

Answer: 2,500

Answer: 2,500

Answer: 2,500


Question: How many miles, once completed, will the the Lewis S. Eaton trail cover?

Answer: 22 miles

Answer: 22

Answer: 22


Question: What months out of the year is Woodward Park open?

Answer: April through October

Answer: April through October

Answer: April through October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm


Question: When was the Sierra Sky Park Airport formed?

Answer: 1946

Answer: 1946

Answer: 1946


Question: Who created the nation's first aviation community?

Answer: William Smilie

Answer: William Smilie

Answer: William Smilie


Question: What is the name of the first aviation community built?

Answer: Sierra Sky Park

Answer: Sierra Sky Park

Answer: Sierra Sky Park


Question: The transportation law allows personal aircraft to share the roadways with what?

Answer: automobiles

Answer: automobiles

Answer: automobiles


Question: Are there any other aviation communities such as Sierra Sky Park in the United States?

Answer: there are now numerous such communities across the United States

Answer: numerous


Question: How would one describe the summers in Fresno?

Answer: hot and dry

Answer: hot and dry

Answer: hot and dry


Question: What month is the warmest in Fresno?

Answer: July

Answer: July

Answer: July


Question: How much rain per year does Fresno get on average?

Answer: around 11.5 inches

Answer: 11.5 inches (292.1 mm)

Answer: 11.5 inches


Question: In which direction does most of the wind in Fresno originate from?

Answer: northwest

Answer: northwest

Answer: northwest


Question: In which months does Fresno experience increased wind coming from the southeastern direction?

Answer: December, January and February

Answer: December, January and February

Answer: December, January and February


Question: What is the hottest temperature record for Fresno?

Answer: 115 °F

Answer: 115 °F (46.1 °C)

Answer: 115 °F


Question: On what date was the record low temperature in Fresno?

Answer: January 6, 1913

Answer: January 6, 1913

Answer: January 6, 1913


Question: In what year did Fresno experience the most rainfall?

Answer: 1885

Answer: July 1982 to June 1983


Question: What is the most snow Fresno has ever had?

Answer: 2.2 inches

Answer: 2.2 inches (0.06 m)

Answer: 2.2 inches


Question: What is the most rainfall recorded in a 24 hour period in Fresno?

Answer: 3.55 inches

Answer: 3.55 inches (90.2 mm)

Answer: 3.55 inches


Question: what was Fresno's population in 2010?

Answer: 494,665

Answer: 494,665

Answer: 494,665


Question: What was the percentage of whit people in Fresno in 2010?

Answer: 49.6%

Answer: 49.6%

Answer: 49.6%


Question: How many Native American people resided in Fresno in 2010?

Answer: 8,525

Answer: 62,528

Answer: 8,525


Question: What was the percentage of Non-Hispanic Whites in 2010?

Answer: 30.0%

Answer: 30.0%

Answer: 30.0%


Question: How many people per square mile lived in Fresno in 2010?

Answer: 4,404.5 people

Answer: 4,404.5

Answer: 4,404.5


Question: How many households has kids under the age of 18 living in them?

Answer: 68,511

Answer: 68,511

Answer: 68,511


Question: What was the percentage of a female householder with no husband present?

Answer: 19.3%

Answer: 19.3%

Answer: 19.3%


Question: How many same-sex married couples or partnerships were there?

Answer: 1,388

Answer: 1,388

Answer: 1,388


Question: What was the average family size?

Answer: 3.62

Answer: 3.62

Answer: 3.62


Question: What was the average household size?

Answer: 3.07

Answer: 3.07

Answer: 3.07


Question: How many people lived in Fresno in 2000, according to the Census Bureau?

Answer: 427,652

Answer: 427,652

Answer: 427,652


Question: How many housing units were there in 2000?

Answer: 149,025

Answer: 149,025

Answer: 149,025


Question: What was the percentage of Black or African-Americans living in the city?

Answer: 8.4%

Answer: 8.4%

Answer: 8.4%


Question: About how many of the Asian population was Hmong?

Answer: a third

Answer: about a third

Answer: a third


Question: What was the population density in 2000?

Answer: 4,097.9 people per square mile

Answer: 4,097.9 people per square mile

Answer: 4,097.9


Question: Why does Fresno only have UHF television stations?

Answer: To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations

Answer: To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations

Answer: To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations


Question: What was the very first television station to broadcast in Fresno?

Answer: KMJ-TV

Answer: KMJ-TV

Answer: KMJ-TV


Question: When did the KMJ-TV first broadcast?

Answer: June 1, 1953

Answer: June 1, 1953

Answer: June 1, 1953


Question: What is KMJ now referred to?

Answer: NBC affiliate KSEE

Answer: NBC affiliate KSEE

Answer: KSEE


Question: What is the name of the CBS affiliate in Fresno?

Answer: KGPE

Answer: KGPE

Answer: KGPE


Question: What route connects Fresno with the California Central Valley?

Answer: State Route 99

Answer: State Route 99

Answer: State Route 99


Question: What is another name for State Route 168?

Answer: the Sierra Freeway

Answer: Sierra Freeway

Answer: Sierra Freeway


Question: What is another name for the Yosemite Freeway?

Answer: State Route 41

Answer: State Route 41


Question: State Route 180 comes from which direction via Mendota?

Answer: west

Answer: west

Answer: west


Question: Which is the largest city not connected to an interstate highway?

Answer: Fresno

Answer: Fresno

Answer: Fresno


Question: In what year was the Interstate Highway System created?

Answer: 1950s

Answer: in the 1950s


Question: Which State Route has been in discussion to upgrade to interstate standards?

Answer: 99

Answer: State Route 99

Answer: State Route 99


Question: What are the factors that are contributing to the desire to have SR 99 improved to be of interstate standards?

Answer: rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99

Answer: rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding

Answer: rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding


Question: Which company provides train service in Fresno?

Answer: Amtrak San Joaquins

Answer: Amtrak San Joaquins

Answer: Amtrak San Joaquins


Question: Where is the Santa Fe Railroad Depot located?

Answer: Downtown Fresno

Answer: Downtown Fresno

Answer: Downtown Fresno


Question: What two railroads have railyards in the city of Fresno?

Answer: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad

Answer: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad

Answer: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad


Question: If you were to take a train west or south out of the city of Fresno, which railroad would you take?

Answer: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

Answer: San Joaquin Valley Railroad

Answer: San Joaquin Valley Railroad


Question: Which city is planned to be a part of the California High Speed Rail?

Answer: Fresno

Answer: Fresno

Answer: Fresno


Question: What did Paul Baran develop

Answer: Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching

Answer: the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching

Answer: Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching


Question: What did Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching do

Answer: provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages

Answer: provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages

Answer: fault-tolerant, efficient routing method


Question: What did this concept contradict

Answer: This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth

Answer: theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth

Answer: principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth


Question: What is Donald Davies credited with

Answer: Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe

Answer: coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks

Answer: coining the modern name packet switching


Question: What did Paul Baran develop in the late 1950's

Answer: the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching

Answer: the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching

Answer: Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching


Question: What was the goal of the system

Answer: to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages

Answer: provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages


Question: Who is credited with the modern name for this system

Answer: Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe

Answer: Donald Davies

Answer: Donald Davies


Question: Packet Switching contrast with what other principal

Answer: circuit switching

Answer: circuit switching

Answer: circuit switching


Question: What is circuit switching characterized by

Answer: circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time

Answer: a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session

Answer: fee per unit of connection time


Question: How is packet switching charecterized

Answer: by a fee per unit of information transmitted

Answer: a fee per unit of information transmitted

Answer: fee per unit of information transmitted


Question: What does Packet switching contrast with

Answer: circuit switching

Answer: circuit switching

Answer: circuit switching


Question: How is circuit switching allocated

Answer: a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth

Answer: pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session

Answer: pre-allocates


Question: How is circuit switching charecterized

Answer: by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred

Answer: a fee per unit of connection time

Answer: fee per unit of connection time


Question: How is packet switching characterized

Answer: by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages

Answer: a fee per unit of information transmitted

Answer: fee per unit of information transmitted


Question: How is packet mode communication implemented

Answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

Answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

Answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes


Question: How are packets normally forwarded

Answer: asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing

Answer: asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering

Answer: intermediate network nodes


Question: In cases of shared physical medium how are they delivered

Answer: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme

Answer: according to a multiple access scheme

Answer: multiple access scheme


Question: How is packet mode communication implemented

Answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

Answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes

Answer: with or without intermediate forwarding nodes


Question: How are packets normally forwarded

Answer: by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing

Answer: intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering

Answer: asynchronously


Question: In cases with shared medium how is it delivered

Answer: the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme

Answer: according to a multiple access scheme

Answer: multiple access scheme


Question: What did Baran develop during research at RAND

Answer: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

Answer: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

Answer: concept of distributed adaptive message block switching


Question: What was developed for the Air Force

Answer: survivable communications networks

Answer: the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching

Answer: survivable communications networks


Question: What 3 things does the Air Force work key on

Answer: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks

Answer: ideas


Question: How are Air force messages delivered

Answer: delivery of these messages by store and forward switching

Answer: decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points

Answer: store and forward switching


Question: What was report P-2626

Answer: a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

Answer: a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

Answer: briefing B-265


Question: What delivery message was used

Answer: by store and forward switching

Answer: packets

Answer: store and forward switching


Question: What concept was developed by Baran while researching at RAND

Answer: distributed adaptive message block switching

Answer: distributed adaptive message block switching

Answer: distributed adaptive message block switching


Question: What  things did the network concentrate on

Answer: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets

Answer: large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network

Answer: multiple paths between any two points


Question: What did Donald Davies Develop

Answer: independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran

Answer: the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran

Answer: message routing methodology


Question: What did Davies call his system

Answer: packet switching

Answer: packet switching

Answer: packet switching


Question: What did Davies want to build

Answer: proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK

Answer: a nationwide network

Answer: nationwide network


Question: What use was suggested for the system

Answer: use in the ARPANET

Answer: ARPANET

Answer: ARPANET


Question: Who developed the same technology as Baran

Answer: Donald Davies

Answer: Donald Davies

Answer: Donald Davies


Question: What did Davies call the System

Answer: packet switching

Answer: packet switching

Answer: packet switching


Question: What was suggested at the Symposium in 1967

Answer: suggested it for use in the ARPANET

Answer: use in the ARPANET

Answer: use in the ARPANET


Question: What does each packet includ in connectionless mode

Answer: each packet includes complete addressing information

Answer: complete addressing information

Answer: complete addressing information


Question: How are the packets routed

Answer: individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery

Answer: individually

Answer: individually


Question: What is included with each packet label

Answer: Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet

Answer: destination address, source address, and port numbers

Answer: destination address, source address, and port numbers


Question: What happens to the packet at the destination

Answer: the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number

Answer: the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order

Answer: reassembled


Question: Is the packet header long

Answer: The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number

Answer: The packet header can be small

Answer: small


Question: Why is the node requiered to look up

Answer: Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table

Answer: the connection id in a table

Answer: connection id


Question: What is a connection identifier

Answer: a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking

Answer: negotiated between endpoints


Question: What does connection orientation require

Answer: a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication

Answer: a setup phase in each involved node

Answer: setup phase


Question: WHat do x.25 and Frame Relay both require

Answer: connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer

Answer: a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted

Answer: connection-oriented operations


Question: What supplanted Frame Relay and X.25

Answer: supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching

Answer: Internet Protocol (IP)

Answer: Internet Protocol


Question: What were X.25 and Frame relay used for

Answer: Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted

Answer: provide connection-oriented operations

Answer: standardized interface


Question: What is a typical configuration

Answer: A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS

Answer: run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS

Answer: run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS


Question: WHen did ARPNET and SITA become operational

Answer: 1969

Answer: 1969

Answer: 1969


Question: 2 differences betwen X.25 and ARPNET CITA technologies

Answer: Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core

Answer: the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core.

Answer: division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core


Question: WHat does UserDatagram Protocol gaurentee

Answer: In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host

Answer: sequenced delivery of data to the host

Answer: sequenced delivery of data


Question: X.25 uses what type network type

Answer: User Datagram Protocol

Answer: the datagram model

Answer: UDP


Question: What was Apple Talk

Answer: a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985

Answer: a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc

Answer: proprietary suite of networking protocols


Question: WHat were features of Apple Talk

Answer: that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server

Answer: allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server

Answer: allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server


Question: What did the Apple system assign automatically

Answer: automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing

Answer: addresses

Answer: addresses


Question: This type of system is known as

Answer: a plug-n-play system

Answer: plug-n-play

Answer: plug-n-play


Question: What network was designed by the french

Answer: CYCLADES packet switching network

Answer: CYCLADES

Answer: CYCLADES


Question: What was a first for this network

Answer: to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself

Answer: the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data

Answer: hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data


Question: How was this possible

Answer: using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms

Answer: using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms

Answer: unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms


Question: This network influenced  later models of

Answer: later ARPANET architecture

Answer: ARPANET

Answer: ARPANET


Question: What is  DECnet

Answer: a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation

Answer: a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation

Answer: suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation


Question: What did DECnet originally do

Answer: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

Answer: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers

Answer: connect two PDP-11 minicomputers


Question: DEC originally had 3 layers but evolved into how many layers

Answer: Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol

Answer: seven

Answer: seven


Question: What did DECnet phase 2 become

Answer: were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux

Answer: Linux

Answer: open standards


Question: What was Warner Sinback

Answer: a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers

Answer: a data network

Answer: a data network


Question: The 4 sales and service centers are viewed as

Answer: the world's first commercial online service

Answer: the world's first commercial online service

Answer: world's first commercial online service


Question: Were the centers profitable

Answer: They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around

Answer: They lost money

Answer: lost money


Question: What did Warner Sinback decide

Answer: that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable

Answer: a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable

Answer: could be profitable


Question: WHy was the Merit network formed in Michigan

Answer: as a means to help the state's educational and economic development

Answer: to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities

Answer: explore computer networking


Question: What completed the triad

Answer: an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State

Answer: the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing

Answer: 1972 connections


Question: What set the stage for Merits role in NSFNET

Answer: Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network

Answer: the network was enhanced

Answer: TCP/IP


Question: What was telenet

Answer: the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States

Answer: the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States

Answer: first FCC-licensed public data network


Question: Who founded Telnet

Answer: Larry Roberts

Answer: ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts

Answer: Larry Roberts


Question: Purpose of Telnet

Answer: making ARPANET technology public

Answer: a means of making ARPANET technology public

Answer: making ARPANET technology public


Question: Telnet Used what  Interface technology

Answer: host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29

Answer: X.25

Answer: ARPANET


Question: Telnet was sold to

Answer: Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE

Answer: GTE

Answer: GTE


Question: What was Tymnet

Answer: an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA

Answer: an international data communications network

Answer: international data communications network


Question: What did Tymnet connect

Answer: connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies

Answer: host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies

Answer: host computers


Question: How did user of Tymnet connect

Answer: connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections

Answer: dial-up connections or dedicated async connections

Answer: dial-up


Question: The business allowed for private companies to do what

Answer: government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks

Answer: build their own dedicated networks

Answer: build their own dedicated networks


Question: Gateways allowed private companies to do what

Answer: private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network

Answer: reach locations not on the private network

Answer: reach locations not on the private network


Question: How many types of X.25 networks were there originally

Answer: There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC

Answer: two

Answer: two


Question: Who developed DATAPAC

Answer: DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research

Answer: Bell Northern Research

Answer: Bell Northern Research


Question: WHat did foreign clones of DATAPAC allow for

Answer: A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address

Answer: the interconnection of national X.25 networks

Answer: interconnection of national X.25 networks


Question: What was AUSTPAC

Answer: AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra

Answer: an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra

Answer: an Australian public X.25 network


Question: What did AUSTPAC support

Answer: supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications

Answer: applications such as on-line betting, financial applications

Answer: applications such as on-line betting, financial applications


Question: How are AUSTPAC connections made

Answer: Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network

Answer: dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node

Answer: dial-up terminal


Question: What was DATANET 1

Answer: was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom

Answer: the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom

Answer: public switched data network


Question: Strictly speaking who was included in DATANET 1

Answer: Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines

Answer: the network

Answer: the network and the connected users


Question: Who else did DATNET 1 refer to

Answer: public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049

Answer: the public PAD service Telepad

Answer: public PAD service Telepad


Question: Was the Use of the DATANET 1 name correct

Answer: use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion

Answer: the name was incorrect

Answer: Dutch PTT Telecom


Question: What is CSNET

Answer: The Computer Science Network

Answer: a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)

Answer: Computer Science Network


Question: What was the purpose of CSNET

Answer: to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET

Answer: to extend networking benefits

Answer: extend networking benefits


Question: Funding limitations allowed CSNET to be what

Answer: role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet

Answer: not be directly connected to ARPANET

Answer: not be directly connected to ARPANET


Question: what is Internet2

Answer: a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government

Answer: a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government

Answer: not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium


Question: Who did internet2 partner with

Answer: The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest

Answer: Qwest

Answer: Qwest


Question: What was the first internet2 network named

Answer: Abilene

Answer: Abilene

Answer: Abilene


Question: Who did internet2 partner with

Answer: a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network

Answer: Level 3 Communications

Answer: Qwest


Question: ableine was retired and the new platform is called

Answer: Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network

Answer: Internet2 Network

Answer: Internet2 Network


Question: What is NSFNET

Answer: The National Science Foundation Network

Answer: National Science Foundation Network

Answer: National Science Foundation Network


Question: What did NSFNET promote

Answer: advanced research and education networking in the United States

Answer: advanced research and education networking

Answer: advanced research and education networking


Question: What did NSFNET eventually provide

Answer: it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone

Answer: a major part of the Internet backbone

Answer: major part of the Internet backbone


Question: what does vBNS stand for

Answer: The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

Answer: Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

Answer: Very high-speed Backbone Network Service


Question: What did vBNS do

Answer: provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States

Answer: provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States

Answer: high-speed interconnection


Question: Who operated the vBSN network

Answer: The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF

Answer: MCI Telecommunications

Answer: National Science Foundation


Question: By 199 how many universities were connected

Answer: By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3

Answer: more than 100 universities

Answer: 100


Question: What did the network install in 1999

Answer: vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c

Answer: one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links

Answer: OC-48c


Question: Where did the black death originate?

Answer: the arid plains of Central Asia

Answer: Central Asia

Answer: Central Asia


Question: How did the black death make it to the Mediterranean and Europe?

Answer: merchant ships.

Answer: merchant ships

Answer: Silk Road


Question: How much of the European population did the black death kill?

Answer: 30–60% of Europe's total population

Answer: 30–60% of Europe's total population

Answer: 30–60%


Question: When did the world's population finally recover from the black death?

Answer: the 17th century

Answer: 17th century

Answer: 17th century


Question: For how long did the plague stick around?

Answer: until the 19th century

Answer: until the 19th century

Answer: 19th century


Question: What does it mean for a disease to be enzootic?

Answer: commonly present

Answer: commonly present

Answer: commonly present


Question: How old are the gravestones that reference the plague?

Answer: dating to 1338–39

Answer: 1338–39

Answer: 1338–39


Question: Where do scientists think all of the plagues originated from?

Answer: China

Answer: China

Answer: China


Question: When did the Chinese famine begin?

Answer: 1331

Answer: 1331

Answer: 1331


Question: How many did this epidemic in China kill?

Answer: an estimated 25 million

Answer: 25 million

Answer: 25 million


Question: Who introduced plague to Europe?

Answer: Genoese traders

Answer: Genoese traders

Answer: Genoese traders


Question: Who did the army siege belong to?

Answer: Jani Beg

Answer: Jani Beg

Answer: Jani Beg


Question: What did the Mongol army throw in their catapults?

Answer: infected corpses

Answer: infected corpses

Answer: infected corpses


Question: Where did the genoese traders bring the plague?

Answer: Sicily

Answer: Sicily and the south of Europe

Answer: Sicily


Question: What contributed to the severity of the plague?

Answer: war, famine, and weather

Answer: war, famine, and weather

Answer: war, famine, and weather


Question: Which direction did the disease first move in?

Answer: northwest across Europe

Answer: northwest

Answer: northwest


Question: Which country was the last to receive the disease?

Answer: northwestern Russia

Answer: Russia

Answer: Russia


Question: What types of European groups were able to avoid the plague?

Answer: parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours

Answer: smaller trade relations with their neighbours

Answer: smaller trade relations with their neighbours


Question: Where was the disease spreading between 1348 and 1350?

Answer: Germany and Scandinavia

Answer: Germany and Scandinavia

Answer: Germany and Scandinavia


Question: When did a plague-ridden ship land in Norway?

Answer: 1349

Answer: 1349

Answer: 1349


Question: What effect did the plague have on the Middle East?

Answer: serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures

Answer: depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures

Answer: depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures


Question: When had the plague reached Alexandria?

Answer: autumn 1347

Answer: 1347

Answer: 1347


Question: How did the plague infiltrate Alexandria?

Answer: y through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea

Answer: port's trade

Answer: trade with Constantinople


Question: Where did the residents of Antioch flee to?

Answer: The city's residents fled to the north

Answer: the north

Answer: north


Question: Who claimed that the name Black Death first appeared in 1631?

Answer: Gasquet

Answer: Gasquet

Answer: Gasquet


Question: What is the Latin name for Black Death?

Answer: atra mors

Answer: atra mors

Answer: atra mors


Question: Who allegedly coined the name Black Death?

Answer: J.I. Pontanus

Answer: J.I. Pontanus

Answer: J.I. Pontanus


Question: When did the name black death officially take root in England?

Answer: 1823

Answer: 1823

Answer: 1823


Question: Did the plague spread in Scandinavia or Germany first?

Answer: Scandinavia

Answer: Scandinavia

Answer: Scandinavia


Question: What was the black death originally blamed on?

Answer: the heavens

Answer: the heavens

Answer: the heavens


Question: Who was the medical report written for?

Answer: the king of France

Answer: king of France

Answer: king of France


Question: What is the newer, more widely accepted theory behind the spread of the plague?

Answer: That the plague was caused by bad air

Answer: bad air

Answer: great pestilence in the air


Question: What is the bad air theory officially known as?

Answer: Miasma theory

Answer: Miasma theory.

Answer: Miasma theory


Question: What was considered responsible for the black death as well as the epidemic in southern China?

Answer: Yersinia pestis

Answer: Yersinia pestis

Answer: Yersinia pestis


Question: Where and when did the investigation of the plague pathogen begin?

Answer: Hong Kong in 1894

Answer: Hong Kong

Answer: Hong Kong in 1894


Question: Who was yersinia pestis named for?

Answer: French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin

Answer: Alexandre Yersin

Answer: Alexandre Yersin


Question: What did Paul-Louis Simond establish in 1898?

Answer: The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted

Answer: mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted

Answer: The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted


Question: What was the bubonic plague mechanism reliant on?

Answer: two populations of rodents

Answer: two populations of rodents

Answer: two populations of rodents


Question: Who wrote about the great pestilence in 1893?

Answer: Francis Aidan Gasquet

Answer: Francis Aidan Gasquet

Answer: Francis Aidan Gasquet


Question: What did Gasquet think the plague was?

Answer: some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague

Answer: bubonic plague

Answer: ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague


Question: When did the second edition of Gasquet's book come out?

Answer: 1908

Answer: 1908

Answer: 1908


Question: What did Gasquet's book blame the plague on?

Answer: rats and fleas

Answer: rats and fleas

Answer: rats and fleas


Question: What is another plague thought to have spread the same way?

Answer: the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.

Answer: Justinian plague

Answer: Justinian plague


Question: What is the mortality rate of the modern bubonic plague?

Answer: 30–75%

Answer: 30–75%

Answer: 30–75%


Question: How high do plague fevers run?

Answer: 100–106 °F

Answer: 38–41 °C

Answer: 41 °C


Question: What percent of untreated victims of the plague die within 8 days?

Answer: 80 percent

Answer: 80

Answer: 80


Question: What is the mortality rate of pneumonic plague?

Answer: 90 to 95 percent

Answer: 90 to 95

Answer: 90 to 95 percent


Question: What skin-related symptom appears from the pneumonic plague?

Answer: purple skin patches

Answer: purple skin patches

Answer: purple skin patches


Question: When did the Plos Pathogens paper come out?

Answer: In October 2010

Answer: October 2010

Answer: October 2010


Question: What was the Plos Pathogens paper about?

Answer: a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death

Answer: role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death

Answer: the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death


Question: How did scientists assess the DNA/RNA of yersinia pestis?

Answer: with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques

Answer: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques


Question: Where did scientists find their Y. pestis sample?

Answer: from the tooth sockets in human skeletons

Answer: mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe

Answer: tooth sockets in human skeletons


Question: What does the plos pathogen paper claim?

Answer: unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague

Answer: Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague

Answer: Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages


Question: What are clades?

Answer: genetic branches

Answer: genetic branches

Answer: genetic branches


Question: What strains of y. pestis were found in the mass graves?

Answer: Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis

Answer: Y. pestis

Answer: Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis


Question: What do the strains of y. pestis suggest abut the plague?

Answer: the plague may have entered Europe in two waves

Answer: the plague may have entered Europe in two waves

Answer: may have entered Europe in two waves


Question: How and when did the first variant of y. pestis enter Europe?

Answer: through the port of Marseille around November 1347

Answer: the port of Marseille around November 1347

Answer: 1347


Question: When did the y. pestis reach England?

Answer: spring of 1349

Answer: 1349

Answer: 1349


Question: What is the current status of the Haensch study?

Answer: confirmed and amended

Answer: confirmed and amended

Answer: confirmed and amended


Question: Where was the burial site used for testing located?

Answer: East Smithfield

Answer: England

Answer: East Smithfield


Question: What is thought to have happened to the y. pestis that caused the black death?

Answer: may no longer exist

Answer: may no longer exist

Answer: may no longer exist


Question: When was the study on sequenced Y genomes published?

Answer: October 2011

Answer: October 2011

Answer: October 2011


Question: Who challenged the plague theory first?

Answer: British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury

Answer: J. F. D. Shrewsbury

Answer: J. F. D. Shrewsbury


Question: What did Shrewsbury note about the plague?

Answer: rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague

Answer: the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague

Answer: reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague


Question: What was Shrewsbury's conclusion?

Answer: contemporary accounts were exaggerations

Answer: contemporary accounts were exaggerations

Answer: contemporary accounts were exaggerations


Question: What did Graham Twigg publish in 1984?

Answer: the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly

Answer: the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly

Answer: first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly,


Question: Who discussed Twigg's study in 2002?

Answer: Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.

Answer: Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.

Answer: Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.


Question: What is as important as identifying plague symptoms?

Answer: epidemiological account of the plague

Answer: an epidemiological account

Answer: epidemiological account of the plague


Question: Why are researchers struggling to identify the history of the plague?

Answer: the lack of reliable statistics from this period

Answer: the lack of reliable statistics

Answer: lack of reliable statistics


Question: How much do estimations of the population during the plague vary?

Answer: by over 100%

Answer: by over 100%

Answer: over 100%


Question: Where can population estimates be extrapolated from?

Answer: the clergy

Answer: figures from the clergy

Answer: figures from the clergy


Question: During which years was no census taken?

Answer: between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377

Answer: 1377

Answer: between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377


Question: Why might rats not be responsible for the plague?

Answer: the rat population was insufficient

Answer: rat population was insufficient

Answer: rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic


Question: How significant was the transfer of disease through fleas?

Answer: of marginal significance

Answer: marginal

Answer: marginal


Question: Why  might the temperature affect the theory of plague spreading?

Answer: temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas

Answer: too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas

Answer: too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas


Question: Was the bubonic plague spread faster or slower than modern bubonic plague?

Answer: the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague

Answer: faster

Answer: faster


Question: How many years could separate outbreaks of the black death?

Answer: 5 to 15 years

Answer: 5 to 15

Answer: 5 to 15


Question: What does Graham Twigg propose about the spread of disease?

Answer: a form of anthrax

Answer: was a form of anthrax

Answer: the cause was a form of anthrax


Question: What was Norman Cantor's theory about the plague?

Answer: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics

Answer: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics

Answer: a combination of anthrax and other pandemics


Question: Which diseases do many scientists believe contributed to plague pandemic?

Answer: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections

Answer: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections

Answer: typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections


Question: What is septicemia?

Answer: (a type of "blood poisoning"

Answer: a type of "blood poisoning"

Answer: a type of "blood poisoning"


Question: How many bodies did Public Health England exhume?

Answer: 25

Answer: 25

Answer: 25


Question: How much of the population in the Middle East died of the plague?

Answer: about a third.

Answer: about a third

Answer: about a third


Question: How much of Paris' population was killed by the plague?

Answer: Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people

Answer: 100,000

Answer: Half


Question: What do isolated, spaced out graves of plague victims indicate?

Answer: at least some pre-planning and Christian burials

Answer: some pre-planning and Christian burials

Answer: some pre-planning and Christian burials


Question: How many people would die of plague in largely populated cities?

Answer: as much as 50%

Answer: 50%

Answer: 50%


Question: Which areas were least vulnerable to disease?

Answer: most isolated areas

Answer: isolated areas

Answer: isolated


Question: When did the plague return to Europe?

Answer: throughout the 14th to 17th centuries

Answer: 14th to 17th centuries

Answer: 14th to 17th centuries