Question: What perk did religious leaders, teachers, and doctors get in the Mongol Empire?

Answer: tax exemptions

Answer: tax exemptions

Answer: tax exemptions


Question: Which of Genghis Khan's mentors practiced Christianity?

Answer: Ong Khan

Answer: Ong Khan

Answer: Ong Khan


Question: How was religion handled in the Mongol Empire?

Answer: a personal concept

Answer: tolerance

Answer: a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference


Question: What are examples of the various religions of Mongol tribes?

Answer: Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian

Answer: Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian

Answer: Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian


Question: Which woman took a leadership role in the Mongol Empire while succession was being determined?

Answer: Töregene Khatun

Answer: Töregene Khatun

Answer: Töregene Khatun


Question: What is the modern term for the Mongolian policies supporting trade and communication?

Answer: the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)

Answer: Pax Mongolica

Answer: Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)


Question: Who is an example of a sedentary people who were not favored by the laws of the Mongol Empire?

Answer: the Chinese

Answer: Chinese

Answer: Chinese


Question: What do some modern historians claim Genghis Khan sought to add his legal code at the end of his reign?

Answer: legal equality of all individuals, including women

Answer: legal equality of all individuals

Answer: Great Yassa


Question: Which Khitan prince became an important administrator in the Mongol Empire?

Answer: Chu'Tsai

Answer: Chu'Tsai

Answer: Chu'Tsai,


Question: Why would Mongols have too little experience to govern cities they conquered?

Answer: they were nomads

Answer: nomads

Answer: nomads and thus had no experience governing cities


Question: Khitan had been overthrown by which dynasty that Genghis Khan later defeated?

Answer: Jin

Answer: Jin

Answer: Jin dynasty


Question: Who were Chu'Tsai's forefathers?

Answer: Khitan rulers

Answer: Khitan rulers

Answer: Khitan rulers,


Question: Who among Genghis Khan's subjects shared similar privileges to his close family members'?

Answer: his generals

Answer: Muqali, Jebe and Subutai

Answer: his generals


Question: What was the capital of the Mongol Empire?

Answer: Karakorum

Answer: Karakorum

Answer: Karakorum


Question: Who was delegated command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty?

Answer: Muqali

Answer: Muqali

Answer: Muqali,


Question: Which two generals raided the Caucasas and Kievan Rus' for Genghis Khan?

Answer: Subutai and Jebe

Answer: Subutai and Jebe

Answer: Subutai and Jebe


Question: What did Genghis Khan expect from his generals alongside the autonomy he granted them?

Answer: unwavering loyalty

Answer: unwavering loyalty

Answer: unwavering loyalty


Question: What would Mongol armies divert in order to cut off the resources of cities they were attacking?

Answer: rivers

Answer: rivers

Answer: rivers


Question: What were the cultural origins of the engineers and technology adopted by the Mongol military?

Answer: Muslim and Chinese

Answer: Muslim and Chinese

Answer: Muslim and Chinese


Question: How did Mongol armies lure enemy groups out of their defensive positions?

Answer: feigned retreat

Answer: feigned retreat

Answer: feigned retreat


Question: How were enemy prisoners used tactically by Mongol armies?

Answer: driving them in front of the army

Answer: driving them in front of the army

Answer: driving them in front of the army


Question: What sea bordered Genghis Khan's empire to the east when he died?

Answer: Sea of Japan

Answer: Sea of Japan

Answer: Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan


Question: What body of water sat to the west of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan died?

Answer: Caspian Sea

Answer: Caspian Sea

Answer: Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan


Question: Who led the most rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire?

Answer: Ögedei Khan

Answer: Ögedei Khan

Answer: Ögedei Khan


Question: What year was the conflict with the Song dynasty concluded?

Answer: 1279

Answer: 1279

Answer: 1279


Question: To which trading route did Genghis Khan bring a stable political climate?

Answer: the Silk Road

Answer: Silk Road

Answer: Silk Road


Question: In which Middle Eastern country is Genghis Khan's title a popular name for male children?

Answer: Turkey

Answer: Turkey

Answer: Turkey,


Question: What was the Genghis Khan's characteristic approach to religious diversity?

Answer: tolerant

Answer: tolerant

Answer: tolerant of religions


Question: What effect did Genghis Khan's career have on communication and trade across Asia?

Answer: increased

Answer: expanding the horizons

Answer: increased communication and trade


Question: What recent decade saw brightening of the perception of Genghis Khan in Mongolia?

Answer: 1990s

Answer: 1990s

Answer: 1990s


Question: What is the key accomplishment of Genghis Khan that modern Mongolians celebrate?

Answer: uniting warring tribes

Answer: uniting warring tribes

Answer: uniting warring tribes


Question: How do Mongolians sometime describe their relationship to Genghis Khan?

Answer: Genghis Khan's children

Answer: Genghis Khan's children

Answer: father of the Mongols


Question: What do some Mongolians feel non-Mongolian historians exaggerate about Genghis Khan?

Answer: his brutality

Answer: butchery

Answer: his butchery


Question: What is the general perception of non-Mongolian histories of Genghis Khan by Mongolians themselves?

Answer: unfairly biased

Answer: unfairly biased

Answer: his positive role is underrated


Question: What is the name of contemporary Mongolian currency?

Answer: tögrög

Answer: tögrög

Answer: tögrög


Question: Whose likeness is on the larger denominations of Mongolian currency?

Answer: Genghis Khan

Answer: Genghis Khan's


Question: What is the name of Mongolia's largest airport?

Answer: Chinggis Khaan International Airport

Answer: Chinggis Khaan International Airport

Answer: Chinggis Khaan International Airport


Question: Why have Mongolian politicians considered regulating the use of Genghis Khan's name?

Answer: to avoid trivialization

Answer: avoid trivialization

Answer: avoid trivialization.


Question: What city is near a major statue of Genghis Khan?

Answer: Ulaanbaatar

Answer: Ulaanbaatar

Answer: Ulaanbaatar


Question: What is the Mongolian name of the first Mongolian laws codified in writing?

Answer: Ikh Zasag

Answer: Ikh Zasag (

Answer: Ikh Zasag


Question: What did Mongolian President Tsakhiagian Elbegdorj note was significantly punished by Genghis Khan's laws?

Answer: corruption and bribery

Answer: corruption and bribery

Answer: corruption and bribery


Question: Which Mongolian president lauded Genghis Khan on the 850th anniversary of the conqueror's birth?

Answer: Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj

Answer: Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj

Answer: Elbegdorj


Question: What innovation in Mongolian language is credited to Genghis Khan?

Answer: traditional Mongolian script

Answer: traditional Mongolian script

Answer: traditional Mongolian script


Question: Where in China is Genghis Khan most favorably viewed today?

Answer: Inner Mongolia region

Answer: Inner Mongolia region

Answer: Inner Mongolia region


Question: What is the population of the Inner Mongolia region of China?

Answer: 5 million

Answer: around 5 million

Answer: around 5 million


Question: Which descendant of Genghis Khan is remembered as having reunified China?

Answer: Kublai Khan

Answer: Kublai Khan

Answer: Kublai Khan


Question: What Chinese dynasty did the Mongols found?

Answer: Yuan

Answer: Yuan

Answer: Yuan dynasty


Question: What was Kublai Khan's relation to Genghis Khan?

Answer: grandson

Answer: grandson

Answer: grandson


Question: Which Middle Eastern nation in particular views Genghis Khan as a contemptible perpetrator of genocide?

Answer: Iran

Answer: Iran

Answer: Iran


Question: What proportion of the general population in the area than became Iran did Genghis Khan kill?

Answer: three-fourths

Answer: three-fourths

Answer: up to three-fourths of the population


Question: How many people do historians estimate Genghis Khan killed in the Iranian Plateau?

Answer: 10 to 15 million

Answer: 10 to 15 million people

Answer: 10 to 15 million people


Question: Which descendant of Genghis Khan sacked Baghdad?

Answer: Hulagu Khan

Answer: Hulagu Khan

Answer: Hulagu Khan


Question: Who halted the advance of Hulagu Khan across the Middle East?

Answer: the Mamluks of Egypt

Answer: Mamluks

Answer: the Mamluks of Egypt


Question: Which of Genghis Khan's descendants pushed the Mamluks out of Palestine?

Answer: Ghazan Khan

Answer: Ghazan Khan

Answer: Ghazan Khan


Question: In which year did Genghis Khan's grandson invade Kievan Rus'?

Answer: 1237

Answer: 1237

Answer: 1237


Question: Which major cities in Eastern Europe were not destroyed by the Mongol invasion?

Answer: Novgorod and Pskov

Answer: Novgorod and Pskov

Answer: Novgorod and Pskov


Question: Which descendants of Genghis Khan tried to dissociate themselves from the Mongol massacres in the Middle East?

Answer: Mughal emperors

Answer: Mughal emperors

Answer: Mughal emperors


Question: Which Mongol conqueror was most celebrated by the Mughal emperors?

Answer: Timur

Answer: Timur

Answer: Timur


Question: From where was the Muslim historical figure Attar, whose murder by the Mongols was long remembered?

Answer: Nishapur

Answer: Nishapur

Answer: Nishapur


Question: Which Mongolian word meaning wide-spreading may have contributed to the appellation Genghis?

Answer: tenggis

Answer: tenggis

Answer: tenggis


Question: Which massive lake did the Mongolians call tenggis?

Answer: Lake Baikal

Answer: Lake Baikal

Answer: Lake Baikal


Question: What does zhèng mean?

Answer: "right", "just", or "true"

Answer: right

Answer: right", "just", or "true",


Question: Jenggis is the adjectival form of what word?

Answer: Zhèng

Answer: Zhèng

Answer: Zhèng


Question: What spelling of Genghis most closely matches its probable pronunciation?

Answer: Chinggis

Answer: Chinggis

Answer: "Jenggis


Question: What is the Mongolian spelling of Genghis Khan?

Answer: Chinggis Khaan

Answer: Chinggis Khaan

Answer: Chinggis Khaan

Answer: Chinggis Khaan


Question: How is Genghis Khan spelled in Turkic?

Answer: Cengiz Han

Answer: Cengiz Han

Answer: Cengiz Han

Answer: Cengiz Han, Çingiz Xan, Çingiz Han, Chingizxon, Çıñğız Xan, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Xaan, Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn


Question: How is Temüjin written in pinyin?

Answer: Tiěmùzhēn

Answer: Tiěmùzhēn

Answer: Tiěmùzhēn

Answer: Tiěmùzhēn


Question: What are alternate English spelling of Genghis?

Answer: Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz

Answer: Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz

Answer: Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz

Answer: Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz


Question: How is Genghis Khan written in pinyin?

Answer: Chéngjísī Hán

Answer: Chéngjísī Hán

Answer: Chéngjísī Hán

Answer: Chéngjísī Hán,


Question: What word is the word pharmacy taken from?

Answer: its root word pharma

Answer: pharma

Answer: pharma

Answer: pharma


Question: What goods were sold in a pharma?

Answer: ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines

Answer: ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines

Answer: ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines

Answer: medicines


Question: What did the Greek root pharmakos imply?

Answer: sorcery or even poison

Answer: sorcery or even poison

Answer: sorcery

Answer: sorcery


Question: How would the word apothecary be viewed by contemporary English speakers?

Answer: outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent

Answer: outdated

Answer: outdated

Answer: outdated


Question: What else was used by pharmas?

Answer: many other herbs not listed

Answer: many other herbs

Answer: other herbs not listed

Answer: other herbs


Question: What type of professionals are pharmacists?

Answer: healthcare professionals

Answer: healthcare

Answer: healthcare professionals with specialised education


Question: What types of health outcomes do pharmacists aim for with their patients?

Answer: optimal health outcomes

Answer: optimal

Answer: optimal health outcomes


Question: What type of treatment are pharmacists important for?

Answer: optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual

Answer: optimisation of a drug treatment

Answer: optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual


Question: What other role do many pharmacists play?

Answer: small-business proprietors

Answer: small-business proprietors

Answer: small-business proprietors


Question: What types of preparation do pharmacists have?

Answer: specialised education and training

Answer: specialised education and training

Answer: specialised education and training


Question: Who oversees a Pharmacy Technician in the UK?

Answer: other senior pharmacy technicians

Answer: senior pharmacy technicians

Answer: other senior pharmacy technicians


Question: With what body must a pharmacy technician register?

Answer: the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register

Answer: General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC)

Answer: General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register


Question: What is a main duty of the GPhC?

Answer: regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians

Answer: governing body for pharmacy health care professionals

Answer: regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians


Question: What type of professional is a Pharmacy Technician considered to be?

Answer: health care professional

Answer: pharmacy health care

Answer: health care professional


Question: What types of responsibilities might a pharmacy technician have?

Answer: manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice

Answer: manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas

Answer: manage the pharmacy department


Question: What is Pedanius Dioscorides known for?

Answer: writing a five volume book in his native Greek

Answer: writing a five volume book

Answer: five volume book in his native Greek


Question: What is the name of the Latin translation of Dioscorides' book?

Answer: De Materia Medica

Answer: De Materia Medica

Answer: De Materia Medica


Question: What term resulted from Dioscorides' book?

Answer: materia medica

Answer: materia medica

Answer: materia medica


Question: Who was a man studying medicinal applicants of plants in Ancient Greece?

Answer: Diocles of Carystus

Answer: Diocles of Carystus

Answer: Diocles of Carystus


Question: Who added to Dioscorides' book in the Islamic Golden Age?

Answer: many middle eastern scientists

Answer: middle eastern scientists

Answer: many middle eastern scientists


Question: How were the men who did tasks like those of today's pharmacists viewed in Japan in the Asuka and Nara periods?

Answer: highly respected

Answer: highly respected

Answer: highly respected


Question: In which two codes were the roles of pharmacists codified?

Answer: the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718)

Answer: Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code

Answer: Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code


Question: What put a hierarchical structure in place?

Answer: the pre-Heian Imperial court

Answer: Taihō Code

Answer: pre-Heian Imperial court


Question: What stature did pharmacists have in the pre-Heian Imperial court?

Answer: status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists

Answer: Ranked positions

Answer: status superior to all others in health-related fields


Question: Where did the pharmacist stand in relation to the Emperor's personal physicians?

Answer: ranked above

Answer: ranked above

Answer: ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor


Question: Developments in which scientists influenced the creation of pharmacology in medieval Islam?

Answer: botany and chemistry

Answer: botany and chemistry

Answer: advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry


Question: Who was influential in promoting the use of chemical compounds as medicines?

Answer: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi

Answer: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi

Answer: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi


Question: Who authored the Liber servitoris?

Answer: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi

Answer: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi

Answer: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi


Question: Who wrote about the distillation of drinking water from sea water?

Answer: Al-Muwaffaq

Answer: Al-Muwaffaq

Answer: Al-Muwaffaq


Question: Which two compounds did Al-Muwaffaq differentiate between?

Answer: sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate

Answer: sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate

Answer: sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate


Question: How far does one pharmacy in Croatia date back to?

Answer: 1317

Answer: 1317

Answer: 1317


Question: Where is the oldest pharmacy stated to be located?

Answer: Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy

Answer: Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy

Answer: Florence, Italy


Question: What is the medieval Esteve Pharmacy used as at present?

Answer: museum

Answer: a museum

Answer: museum


Question: What sorts of items are displayed in the Esteve Pharmacy museum?

Answer: albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs

Answer: albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs

Answer: old prescription books and antique drugs


Question: In what year is the oldest pharmacy said to have been established?

Answer: 1221

Answer: 1221

Answer: 1221


Question: What is the dispensary subject to in a majority of countries?

Answer: pharmacy legislation

Answer: pharmacy legislation

Answer: pharmacy legislation


Question: What responsibilities were pharmacy technicians formerly limited to?

Answer: within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications

Answer: communicating with patients

Answer: compounding/dispensing medications


Question: What do pharmacy technicians depend on more and more?

Answer: automation

Answer: automation

Answer: automation


Question: What are new responsibilities pharmacy technicians now deal with?

Answer: patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues

Answer: patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues

Answer: dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues


Question: What does pharmacy legislation mandate?

Answer: storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.

Answer: storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.

Answer: storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment


Question: Where do pharmacists acquire more preparation following pharmacy school?

Answer: a pharmacy practice residency

Answer: pharmacy practice residency

Answer: pharmacy practice residency


Question: What do clinical pharmacists specialize in?

Answer: various disciplines of pharmacy

Answer: various disciplines of pharmacy

Answer: various disciplines of pharmacy


Question: What is one issue that adds to the complexity of a pharmacist's job?

Answer: effectiveness of treatment regimens

Answer: effectiveness of treatment regimens

Answer: effectiveness of treatment regimens


Question: Which pharmacists are likely to seek additional education following pharmacy school?

Answer: pharmacists practicing in hospitals

Answer: pharmacists practicing in hospitals

Answer: clinical pharmacists


Question: Where are many hospital pharmacies located?

Answer: within the premises of the hospital

Answer: premises of the hospital

Answer: within the premises of the hospital


Question: In what form are most hospital medications?

Answer: unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine

Answer: unit-dose

Answer: unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine


Question: What types of pharmacy functions have begun to be outsourced?

Answer: high risk preparations and some other compounding functions

Answer: high risk preparations and some other compounding functions

Answer: high risk preparations and some other compounding functions


Question: What is one factor that increases the importance of the pharmacy performing at a high level?

Answer: The high cost of medications and drug-related technology

Answer: high cost of medications

Answer: high cost of medications and drug-related technology


Question: What are some advantages of hospital pharmacies?

Answer: Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications

Answer: more specialized medications

Answer: stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications


Question: What do the services given by pharmacists provide?

Answer: optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention

Answer: optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention

Answer: direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention


Question: What is the origin of clinical pharmacy?

Answer: inside hospitals and clinics

Answer: inside hospitals and clinics

Answer: the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics


Question: Who do clinical pharmacists work with much of the time?

Answer: physicians and other healthcare professionals

Answer: physicians

Answer: physicians and other healthcare professionals


Question: What do clinical pharmacists often participate in?

Answer: patient care rounds drug product selection

Answer: interdisciplinary approach

Answer: patient care rounds drug product selection


Question: Where do clinical pharmacists work with patients?

Answer: all health care settings

Answer: drug product selection

Answer: all health care settings


Question: What is one example of what a clinical pharmacist's duties entail?

Answer: creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems

Answer: identifying goals of therapy

Answer: creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems


Question: What is involved in a review of prescribed medications?

Answer: an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy

Answer: an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy

Answer: evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy


Question: What are the components of drug therapy?

Answer: drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy

Answer: drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy

Answer: drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy


Question: What are some other factors a pharmacist must monitor?

Answer: potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions

Answer: potential drug interactions

Answer: potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies


Question: What type of authority are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the U.S. federal health care system?

Answer: full independent prescribing authority

Answer: full independent prescribing authority

Answer: full independent prescribing authority


Question: In what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority?

Answer: North Carolina and New Mexico

Answer: North Carolina and New Mexico

Answer: North Carolina and New Mexico


Question: When was ambulatory care pharmacy approved as its own certification?

Answer: 2011

Answer: 2011

Answer: 2011


Question: What will a pharmacist who passes the ambulatory pharmacist exam be called?

Answer: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

Answer: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

Answer: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist


Question: What entities are included in the federal health care system?

Answer: the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

Answer: the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

Answer: VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH


Question: What is consultant pharmacy mainly concerned with?

Answer: medication regimen review

Answer: medication regimen review

Answer: medication regimen review


Question: Where do a majority of consultant pharmacists tend to work?

Answer: nursing homes

Answer: nursing homes

Answer: nursing homes


Question: What are some large pharmacy management companies?

Answer: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

Answer: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

Answer: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica


Question: What is the main reason consulting pharmacists are increasingly working directly with patients?

Answer: because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

Answer: many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

Answer: many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings


Question: What do some community pharmacies do?

Answer: employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services

Answer: employ consultant pharmacists

Answer: employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services


Question: When did internet pharmacies begin to come into being?

Answer: about the year 2000

Answer: 2000

Answer: 2000


Question: Who often operates internet pharmacies?

Answer: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door

Answer: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies

Answer: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies


Question: What are internet pharmacies also called?

Answer: online pharmacies

Answer: online pharmacies

Answer: online pharmacies


Question: What is one reason a patient might choose an internet pharmacy?

Answer: another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take

Answer: homebound

Answer: more convenient and private method


Question: What is the main difference between online pharmacies and community pharmacies?

Answer: the method by which the medications are requested and received

Answer: method by which the medications are requested and received

Answer: the method by which the medications are requested and received


Question: Why might customers order from internet pharmacies?

Answer: to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe

Answer: avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor

Answer: avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe


Question: Who has criticized ordering from online pharmacies that don't require prescriptions?

Answer: those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.

Answer: by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication

Answer: those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication


Question: What is a criticism of online pharmacies that issue drugs without a prescription?

Answer: dispensing substandard products

Answer: potentially dangerous

Answer: reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products


Question: What practice do some internet pharmacies engage in?

Answer: sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

Answer: sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

Answer: some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription


Question: What do most online pharmacies do?

Answer: sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription

Answer: sell prescription drugs

Answer: sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription


Question: What is one problem with internet pharmacies?

Answer: the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances

Answer: ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances

Answer: the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances


Question: What conditions must be met for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid?

Answer: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship

Answer: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship

Answer: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship


Question: What is one problem with internet pharmacies?

Answer: the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances

Answer: ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances

Answer: the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances


Question: What conditions must be met to prescribe a controlled substance?

Answer: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship

Answer: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship

Answer: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship


Question: What is the obligation of a pharmacy filling a prescription?

Answer: to ensure that the prescription is valid

Answer: ensure that the prescription is valid

Answer: The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid


Question: Who defines what constitutes a patient-doctor relationship?

Answer: individual state laws

Answer: individual state laws

Answer: Often, individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship


Question: What is an example of a controlled substance?

Answer: Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone

Answer: Vicodin

Answer: Vicodin


Question: What is a reason for the movement to legalize importing medicines from other countries?

Answer: to reduce consumer costs

Answer: reduce consumer costs

Answer: in order to reduce consumer costs


Question: What is one country that has been suggested for importation of medicines?

Answer: Canada

Answer: Canada

Answer: Canada


Question: Who are FDA laws against importing medications aimed at?

Answer: international drug suppliers, rather than consumers

Answer: international drug suppliers

Answer: international drug suppliers


Question: Has there ever been anyone charged with importing drugs from Canada for personal medicinal use?

Answer: There is no known case

Answer: no known case

Answer: no


Question: What is there a push for in the U.S. to reduce consumer drug costs?

Answer: to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries

Answer: legalize importation of medications

Answer: legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries


Question: What two things does pharmacy informatics bring together?

Answer: pharmacy practice science and applied information science

Answer: pharmacy practice science and applied information science

Answer: pharmacy practice science and applied information science


Question: What fields may pharmacy informatics also work in?

Answer: information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies

Answer: information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies

Answer: information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies


Question: Whose needs will the growth in pharmacy informatics meet?

Answer: major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals

Answer: major national and international patient information projects

Answer: major national and international patient information projects


Question: What areas are pharmacy informatics prepared to work in?

Answer: medication management system development, deployment and optimization

Answer: medication management system development, deployment and optimization

Answer: medication management system development, deployment and optimization


Question: How fast is pharmacy informatics growing?

Answer: quickly

Answer: growing quickly

Answer: quickly


Question: What is the fastest growing area in the pharmaceutical industry?

Answer: specialty pharmacies

Answer: specialty pharmacies

Answer: specialty pharmacies


Question: How many drugs approved by the FDA in 2013 were specialty drugs?

Answer: 19

Answer: 19

Answer: 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications


Question: What types of diseases are specialty drugs often used against?

Answer: cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis

Answer: chronic and complex disease states

Answer: chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis


Question: What types of medications do specialty pharmacies stock?

Answer: novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed

Answer: novel medications

Answer: novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed


Question: Besides drugs, what else do specialty pharmacies provide?

Answer: lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs

Answer: lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies

Answer: lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs


Question: How are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions?

Answer: separately from physicians

Answer: separately from physicians

Answer: separately from physicians


Question: Who do most jurisdictions say can give scheduled drugs to the public?

Answer: only pharmacists

Answer: only pharmacists

Answer: only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public


Question: What body has stated that physicians can also dispense drugs under specific conditions?

Answer: the American Medical Association (AMA)

Answer: American Medical Association

Answer: American Medical Association (AMA)


Question: What is the estimate of how many physicians give out drugs on their own?

Answer: 7 to 10 percent

Answer: 7 to 10 percent

Answer: 7 to 10 percent of American physicians


Question: What are pharmacists forbidden to do?

Answer: form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments

Answer: form business partnerships with physicians

Answer: pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments


Question: What is another country that permits physicians to give out drugs from within their practice?

Answer: Austria

Answer: Austria

Answer: Austria


Question: Where are some physicians permitted to prescribe and give out medications within their practices?

Answer: In some rural areas in the United Kingdom

Answer: rural areas in the United Kingdom

Answer: prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices


Question: What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician to give out medication?

Answer: 1.6 kilometres

Answer: 1.6 kilometres

Answer: 1.6 kilometres


Question: What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician in Austria to give out medicine?

Answer: more than 4 kilometers

Answer: 4 kilometers

Answer: more than 4 kilometers


Question: Why is majority rule used?

Answer: the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers

Answer: high risk of a conflict of interest

Answer: high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers


Question: Why might a physician diagnose a large number of conditions?

Answer: because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient

Answer: sell more medications to the patient

Answer: sell more medications to the patient


Question: What do rules about conflict of interest involving doctors diagnosing patients resemble?

Answer: the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.

Answer: checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments

Answer: similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments


Question: How else might a physician take advantage of self-interest?

Answer: exaggerating their seriousness

Answer: avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects

Answer: because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient


Question: Where might the doctor's self-interest be at odds with the patient's self-interest?

Answer: in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects

Answer: obtaining cost-effective medication

Answer: the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible


Question: What will be the importance of the pharmacist in coming decades?

Answer: expected to become more integral within the health care system

Answer: patient care skills

Answer: pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system


Question: What responsibilities are pharmacists believed to be taking on more in the future?

Answer: increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills

Answer: patient care skills

Answer: pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills


Question: What is included in Medication Therapy Management?

Answer: clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients

Answer: clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients

Answer: the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients


Question: What are examples of clinical services that pharmacists can provide?

Answer: thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual

Answer: thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual.

Answer: the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual


Question: What are outcomes expected with Medication Therapy Management?

Answer: a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system

Answer: increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs

Answer: a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system


Question: Which provinces in Canada limit the rights of pharmacists in prescribing?

Answer: Alberta and British Columbia

Answer: Alberta and British Columbia

Answer: Alberta and British Columbia


Question: Who pays Australian pharmacists for doing Home Medicines Reviews?

Answer: the Australian Government

Answer: Australian Government

Answer: the Australian Government


Question: What are pharmacists in the United Kingdom being increasingly paid for?

Answer: medicine use reviews

Answer: medicine use reviews

Answer: medicine use reviews


Question: What fields have increased in influence on pharmacy in the United States?

Answer: pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy

Answer: pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy

Answer: pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy


Question: What degree is now mandatory in the U.S. in order to be a licensed pharmacist?

Answer: Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)

Answer: Doctor of Pharmacy

Answer: the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree


Question: What are the two symbols that signify pharmacy in English-speaking countries?

Answer: the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character

Answer: mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character

Answer: the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character


Question: What symbol was employed until early in the 20th century?

Answer: The show globe

Answer: show globe

Answer: show globe


Question: What country uses the Bowl of Hygieia as a symbol of pharmacy?

Answer: the Netherlands

Answer: the Netherlands

Answer: the Netherlands


Question: What countries use a red stylized A to signify pharmacy?

Answer: Germany and Austria

Answer: Germany and Austria

Answer: Germany and Austria


Question: Which countries use the green Greek cross as a symbol of pharmacy?

Answer: France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India

Answer: France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India

Answer: France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India


Question: What is the immune system?

Answer: a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease

Answer: system of many biological structures and processes

Answer: a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism

Answer: a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism


Question: What does the immune system protect against?

Answer: a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms

Answer: disease

Answer: disease

Answer: against disease


Question: What are two of its subsystems?

Answer: the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system

Answer: humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system


Question: What is the subsystem that protects the human brain?

Answer: the neuroimmune system

Answer: neuroimmune system

Answer: neuroimmune system

Answer: neuroimmune system


Question: What is the immune system?

Answer: biological structures and processes within an organism

Answer: system of many biological structures and processes

Answer: a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism

Answer: a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism


Question: What does the immune system protect against?

Answer: pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms

Answer: disease

Answer: disease

Answer: against disease


Question: What are two of its subsystems?

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system

Answer: humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system


Question: The immune system protects organisms against what?

Answer: disease

Answer: disease

Answer: disease

Answer: disease


Question: What are the agents the immune system detects known as?

Answer: pathogens

Answer: pathogens

Answer: pathogens

Answer: pathogens


Question: Which part of the immune system protects the brain?

Answer: neuroimmune system

Answer: neuroimmune

Answer: neuroimmune

Answer: neuroimmune system


Question: What separates the neuroimmune system and peripheral immune system in humans?

Answer: blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier

Answer: blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers

Answer: blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers

Answer: fluid–brain barriers


Question: What are the agents detected by the immune system called?

Answer: pathogens

Answer: pathogens

Answer: pathogens

Answer: pathogens


Question: What are the two major subsystems of the immune system?

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system

Answer: innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system


Question: What are the two different types of immunity?

Answer: humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity

Answer: humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity

Answer: humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity

Answer: humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity


Question: What is the immune system of the brained known as?

Answer: neuroimmune system

Answer: neuroimmune

Answer: neuroimmune system

Answer: neuroimmune system


Question: How do pathogens avoid detection?

Answer: Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt

Answer: rapidly evolve and adapt

Answer: rapidly evolve and adapt


Question: What kind of immune system do bacteria have?

Answer: enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections

Answer: rudimentary

Answer: rudimentary


Question: Which other ancient organism formed basic immune mechanisms?

Answer: eukaryotes

Answer: eukaryotes

Answer: bacteria


Question: How does adaptive/acquired immunity help in the future?

Answer: creates immunological memory

Answer: immunological memory

Answer: creates immunological memory


Question: The immune systems of bacteria have enzymes that protect against infection by what kind of cells?

Answer: bacteriophage

Answer: bacteriophage

Answer: bacteriophage infections


Question: What are antimicrobial peptides that evolved as immune defense in eukaryotes called?

Answer: defensins

Answer: defensins

Answer: defensins


Question: The idea of acquired immunity in jawed vertebrates is the basis of what medical treatment?

Answer: vaccination

Answer: vaccination

Answer: vaccination


Question: What is the ability to recognize and adapt to new specific pathogens called?

Answer: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

Answer: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity

Answer: Adaptive (or acquired) immunity


Question: What can result from disorders of the immune system?

Answer: autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer

Answer: autoimmune diseases

Answer: autoimmune diseases


Question: When does immunodeficiency occur?

Answer: when the immune system is less active than normal

Answer: when the immune system is less active than normal

Answer: when the immune system is less active than normal


Question: What does immunodeficiency cause?

Answer: recurring and life-threatening infections

Answer: recurring and life-threatening infections.

Answer: genetic disease


Question: Name one of the causes of immunodeficiency.

Answer: genetic disease

Answer: genetic disease

Answer: HIV/AIDS


Question: Name a common autoimmune disease.

Answer: rheumatoid arthritis

Answer: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer: Hashimoto's thyroiditis


Question: What happens when the immune system less active than normal?

Answer: Immunodeficiency

Answer: Immunodeficiency

Answer: Immunodeficiency occurs


Question: What is the term for a hyperactive immune system that attacks normal tissues?

Answer: autoimmunity

Answer: autoimmunity

Answer: autoimmunity


Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?

Answer: Immunology

Answer: Immunology

Answer: Immunology


Question: What acquired condition results in immunodeficiency in humans?

Answer: HIV/AIDS

Answer: HIV/AIDS

Answer: HIV/AIDS


Question: What even is the earliest known reference to immunity?

Answer: plague of Athens in 430 BC

Answer: plague of Athens in 430 BC

Answer: during the plague of Athens in 430 BC


Question: Which animal's venom did Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis work with?

Answer: scorpion

Answer: scorpion

Answer: scorpion venom


Question: Who came up with germ theory?

Answer: Louis Pasteur

Answer: Louis Pasteur

Answer: Louis Pasteur


Question: Who discovered the Yellow Fever virus?

Answer: Walter Reed

Answer: Walter Reed

Answer: Walter Reed.


Question: Who won the Nobel Prize in 1905?

Answer: Robert Koch

Answer: Robert Koch

Answer: Robert Koch


Question: What did Robert Koch prove was the cause of infectious disease?

Answer: microorganisms

Answer: microorganisms

Answer: microorganisms


Question: What virus did Walter Reed discover?

Answer: yellow fever virus

Answer: yellow fever

Answer: yellow fever virus


Question: When was the first known historical reference to immunity?

Answer: Athens in 430 BC

Answer: 430 BC

Answer: 430 BC.


Question: What is another name for an immune system's improved response?

Answer: immunological memory

Answer: immunological memory

Answer: immunological memory


Question: Which system comes after an organism's physical barriers?

Answer: the innate immune system

Answer: innate immune system

Answer: the innate immune system


Question: What protection comes after the innate response?

Answer: the adaptive immune system

Answer: adaptive immune system

Answer: the adaptive immune system


Question: What type of immune systems are found in all plants and animals?

Answer: Innate immune systems

Answer: Innate

Answer: Innate immune systems


Question: What immune system is activated by the innate response?

Answer: adaptive immune system

Answer: adaptive

Answer: the adaptive immune system


Question: What allows the adaptive immune system to react faster and more strongly each subsequent time a pathogen is encountered?

Answer: immunological memory

Answer: immunological memory

Answer: immunological memory


Question: What is the first line of defense against pathogens that prevents them from entering an organism?

Answer: physical barriers

Answer: physical barriers

Answer: physical barriers


Question: The adaptive immune system must distinguish between what types of molecules?

Answer: self and non-self

Answer: self and non-self

Answer: self and non-self molecules


Question: What molecules are parts of the body of an organism in immunology?

Answer: self molecules

Answer: self

Answer: self molecules


Question: What molecules are recognized as foreign by the immune system?

Answer: non-self molecules

Answer: non-self

Answer: non-self molecules


Question: What term is shorthand for antibody generators?

Answer: antigens

Answer: antigens

Answer: antigens


Question: Antigens bind to what in order to elicit a response of the immune system?

Answer: specific immune receptors

Answer: receptors

Answer: specific immune receptors


Question: What part of the innate immune system identifies microbes and triggers immune response?

Answer: pattern recognition receptors

Answer: receptors

Answer: cells


Question: For most organisms, what is the dominant system of defense?

Answer: innate immune system

Answer: innate immune system

Answer: The innate immune


Question: Pattern recognition receptors recognize components present in broad groups of what?

Answer: microorganisms

Answer: microorganisms

Answer: microorganisms


Question: The innate immune system responds in a generic way, meaning it is what?

Answer: non-specific

Answer: non-specific

Answer: non-specific


Question: What is a mechanical barrier in insects that protects the insect?

Answer: exoskeleton

Answer: exoskeleton

Answer: exoskeleton


Question: What is an example of a mechanical barrier on leaves?

Answer: The waxy cuticle

Answer: waxy cuticle

Answer: waxy cuticle


Question: What responses protect the lungs by mechanically ejecting pathogens from the respiratory system?

Answer: coughing and sneezing

Answer: coughing and sneezing

Answer: coughing and sneezing


Question: What is secreted by the respiratory tract to trap microorganisms?

Answer: mucus

Answer: mucus

Answer: mucus


Question: The flushing action of what expels pathogens from the eyes?

Answer: tears

Answer: tears

Answer: tears


Question: What are the anitmicrobial peptides secreted by the skin called?

Answer: β-defensins

Answer: β-defensins

Answer: β-defensins


Question: What enzymes in saliva are antibacterial in nature?

Answer: lysozyme and phospholipase A2

Answer: lysozyme and phospholipase A2

Answer: lysozyme


Question: Semen contains what in order to kill pathogens?

Answer: defensins and zinc

Answer: defensins and zinc

Answer: defensins


Question: What compounds in the stomach protect against ingested pathogens?

Answer: gastric acid and proteases

Answer: gastric acid and proteases

Answer: gastric acid


Question: Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical protective barrier following what?

Answer: menarche

Answer: menarche

Answer: menarche


Question: What serves as a biological barrier by competing for space and food in the GI tract?

Answer: commensal flora

Answer: commensal flora

Answer: commensal flora


Question: Most antibiotics target bacteria and don't affect what class of organisms?

Answer: fungi

Answer: fungi

Answer: fungi


Question: What probiotic flora is found in unpasteurized yogurt?

Answer: lactobacilli

Answer: lactobacilli

Answer: lactobacilli


Question: Commensal flora can change what specific conditions of their environment in the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer: pH or available iron

Answer: pH or available iron

Answer: balance of microbial populations


Question: What is one of the first responses the immune system has to infection?

Answer: Inflammation

Answer: Inflammation

Answer: Inflammation


Question: What causes the symptoms of inflammation?

Answer: increased blood flow into tissue

Answer: increased blood flow into tissue

Answer: increased blood flow into tissue


Question: What compounds are released by injured or infected cells, triggering inflammation?

Answer: eicosanoids and cytokines

Answer: eicosanoids and cytokines

Answer: eicosanoids


Question: Eicosanoids include what compounds that result in fever and blood vessel dilation?

Answer: prostaglandins

Answer: prostaglandins

Answer: prostaglandins


Question: What cytokines are responsible for communication between white blood cells?

Answer: interleukins

Answer: interleukins

Answer: interleukins


Question: What type of cells engulf or eat pathogens and foreign particles?

Answer: phagocytes

Answer: phagocytes

Answer: phagocytes


Question: Phagocytes can be called to a specific location by what?

Answer: cytokines

Answer: cytokines

Answer: cytokines


Question: When a pathogen has been eaten by a phagocyte it becomes trapped in what vesicle?

Answer: phagosome

Answer: phagosome

Answer: phagosome


Question: What is formed when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome?

Answer: phagolysosome

Answer: phagolysosome

Answer: phagolysosome


Question: Phagocytosis first evolved as means of doing what?

Answer: acquiring nutrients

Answer: acquiring nutrients

Answer: acquiring nutrients


Question: What are two types of phagocytes that travel through the body to find invading pathogens?

Answer: Neutrophils and macrophages

Answer: Neutrophils and macrophages

Answer: Neutrophils and macrophages


Question: What are the most abundant kind of phagocyte?

Answer: Neutrophils

Answer: Neutrophils

Answer: Neutrophils


Question: What percentage of leukocytes do neutrophils represent?

Answer: 50% to 60%

Answer: 50% to 60%

Answer: 50% to 60%


Question: What is the process in which neutrophils move towards the site of inflammation called?

Answer: chemotaxis

Answer: chemotaxis

Answer: chemotaxis


Question: What is a regulatory factor produced by macrophages?

Answer: interleukin 1

Answer: interleukin 1

Answer: interleukin 1


Question: What are white blood cells known as?

Answer: Leukocytes

Answer: Leukocytes

Answer: Leukocytes


Question: What cells are the second arm of the innate immune system?

Answer: Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Answer: white blood cells

Answer: white blood cells


Question: Innate cells can act as mediators in the activation of what branch of the immune system?

Answer: adaptive immune system

Answer: adaptive

Answer: adaptive immune system.


Question: What are three kinds of phagocytes?

Answer: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

Answer: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

Answer: macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells


Question: What are the phagocytes that are located in tissues in contact with the external environment called?

Answer: Dendritic cells

Answer: Dendritic cells

Answer: Dendritic cells


Question: Dendritic cells are named that because they resemble what?

Answer: neuronal dendrites

Answer: neuronal dendrites

Answer: neuronal dendrites


Question: What are one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system?

Answer: T cells

Answer: T cells

Answer: T cells


Question: Dendritic cells present antigens to what cells of the adaptive nervous system?

Answer: T cells

Answer: T cells

Answer: T cells


Question: Natural killer cells recognize cells that should be targeted by a condition known as what?

Answer: missing self

Answer: missing self

Answer: missing self


Question: What is one part of the innate immune system that doesn't attack microbes directly?

Answer: Natural killer cells

Answer: Natural killer cells

Answer: Natural killer cells


Question: Missing self desribes cells that only have small amounts of what cell-surface marker?

Answer: MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)

Answer: MHC I

Answer: MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)


Question: MHC antigens on normal body cells are recognized by what receptor on NK cells?

Answer: killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR

Answer: killer cell immunoglobulin

Answer: killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR)


Question: In what types of organisms did the adaptive immune system first evolve?

Answer: vertebrates

Answer: vertebrates

Answer: early vertebrates


Question: The adaptive immune system recognizes non-self antigens during a process called what?

Answer: antigen presentation

Answer: antigen presentation

Answer: antigen presentation


Question: Antigen specificity  allows responses that are specific to certain types of what?

Answer: pathogens or pathogen-infected cells

Answer: pathogens

Answer: pathogen-infected cells


Question: What are the two major subtypes of T cells?

Answer: killer T cell and the helper T cell

Answer: killer T cell and the helper T cell

Answer: the killer T cell and the helper T cell


Question: What kind of T cells have the purpose of modulating the immune response?

Answer: regulatory T cells

Answer: regulatory

Answer: regulatory T cells


Question: Killer T cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules?

Answer: Class I MHC molecules

Answer: Class I MHC

Answer: Class I MHC molecules


Question: Helper and regulatory T cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules?

Answer: Class II MHC molecules

Answer: Class II MHC

Answer: Class II MHC molecules


Question: What class of T cells recognizes intact antigens that are not associated with MHC receptors?

Answer: γδ T cells

Answer: γδ

Answer: γδ T cells


Question: What kind of T cells kill cells that are infected with pathogens?

Answer: Killer T cells

Answer: Killer T

Answer: Killer T cells


Question: What co-receptor on the T cell helps in recognizing the MHC-antigen complex?

Answer: CD8

Answer: CD8

Answer: CD8


Question: What is the receptor that killer T cells use to bind to specific antigens that are complexed with the MHC Class 1 receptor of another cell?

Answer: T cell receptor (TCR)

Answer: T cell receptor

Answer: T cell receptor (TCR)


Question: What toxin induces apoptosis in the target cell?

Answer: granulysin

Answer: granulysin

Answer: granulysin (a protease)


Question: When an activated killer T cell finds cells where the MHC 1 receptor has specific antigens, it releases cytotoxins such as what?

Answer: perforin

Answer: perforin

Answer: perforin


Question: What co-receptor recruits molecules inside the T cell that are responsible for cell activation?

Answer: CD4 co-receptor

Answer: CD4

Answer: CD4 co-receptor


Question: How many receptors on a helper T cell must be bound to a MHC:antigen complex in order for the cell to be activated?

Answer: around 200–300

Answer: around 200–300

Answer: around 200–300


Question: The receptors on a killer T cell must bind to how many MHC: antigen complexes in order to activate the cell?

Answer: a single MHC:antigen molecule

Answer: single

Answer: a single MHC:antigen molecule


Question: Activation of a helper T cell causes it to release what chemicals that influence cell activity?

Answer: cytokines

Answer: cytokines

Answer: cytokines


Question: What is a ligand on the cell surface that is upregulated after helper T cell activation?

Answer: CD40 ligand

Answer: CD40

Answer: CD40 ligand


Question: Gamma delta T cells share the characteristics of what other types of T cells?

Answer: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells

Answer: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells

Answer: helper T cells


Question: Gamma delta T cells have a different version of what receptor?

Answer: alternative T cell receptor (TCR)

Answer: T cell

Answer: T cell receptor (TCR)


Question: What type of T cells help with both innnate and adaptive immunity?

Answer: γδ T cells

Answer: γδ

Answer: γδ T cells


Question: Gamma delta T cells rearrange TCR genes to produce what?

Answer: receptor diversity

Answer: receptor diversity

Answer: receptor diversity


Question: What kind of human T cells respond to common molecules produced by microbes?

Answer: Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells

Answer: Vγ9/Vδ2

Answer: Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells


Question: What kind of cell identifies pathogens when the antibodies on its surface complex with a specific foreign antigen?

Answer: B cell

Answer: B

Answer: A B cell


Question: What is the process by which the antigen/antibody complex is processed in to peptides?

Answer: proteolysis

Answer: proteolysis

Answer: proteolysis


Question: What does the matching helper T cell release when it binds with the MHC:antigen complex of the B cell?

Answer: lymphokines

Answer: lymphokines

Answer: lymphokines


Question: When B cells and T cells begin to replicate, what do some of their offspring cells become?

Answer: long-lived memory cells

Answer: long-lived memory cells

Answer: long-lived memory cells


Question: The function of long-lived memory cells is an example of what kind of immune response?

Answer: adaptive

Answer: adaptive

Answer: strong response


Question: Immunological memory can take what two forms?

Answer: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory

Answer: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory

Answer: passive short-term memory or active long-term memory


Question: Long-lived memory cells can remember previous encounters with what?

Answer: specific pathogen

Answer: pathogen

Answer: each specific pathogen


Question: Newborns are vulnerable to infection because they have no previous exposure to what?

Answer: microbes

Answer: microbes

Answer: microbes


Question: What antibody is transported from the mother to baby across the placenta?

Answer: IgG

Answer: IgG

Answer: IgG


Question: Antibodies are transferred to the gut of the infant through what means?

Answer: Breast milk or colostrum

Answer: Breast milk

Answer: Breast milk or colostrum


Question: Antibodies transported from the mother to an infant via the placenta is an example of what type of short-lived immunity?

Answer: passive immunity

Answer: passive

Answer: passive immunity


Question: Hormones can alter the sensitivity of the immune system, so they can be referred to as what?

Answer: immunomodulators

Answer: immunomodulators

Answer: immunomodulators


Question: Female sex hormones are immunostimulators of which immune responses?

Answer: adaptive and innate immune responses

Answer: both adaptive and innate

Answer: adaptive and innate immune responses


Question: What is an autoimmune disease that affects women preferentially?

Answer: lupus erythematosus

Answer: lupus erythematosus

Answer: lupus erythematosus


Question: What is the effect of testosterone on the male immune system?

Answer: immunosuppressive

Answer: immunosuppressive

Answer: immunosuppressive


Question: What is a protein that is closely intertwined with circadian rhythms?

Answer: NFIL3

Answer: NFIL3

Answer: NFIL3


Question: Disruptions in sleep can lead to increase in what chronic conditions?

Answer: heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma

Answer: heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma

Answer: chronic pain


Question: What kind of deprivation results in diminished immune response and lower antibody production?

Answer: sleep deprivation

Answer: sleep

Answer: sleep deprivation


Question: What is partially responsible for weakened immune response in older individuals?

Answer: decline in hormone levels with age

Answer: decline in hormone levels

Answer: decline in hormone levels


Question: As a person gets older, what does the skin produce less of?

Answer: vitamin D

Answer: vitamin D

Answer: vitamin D.


Question: The production of what signalling molecules is regulated by the immune system?

Answer: hormones

Answer: hormones

Answer: hormones


Question: Older people get less sun and produce less of what chemical via UVB radiation?

Answer: cholecalciferol

Answer: cholecalciferol

Answer: cholecalciferol


Question: What type of immune cells help to destroy abnormal cells in tumors?

Answer: killer T cells

Answer: killer T cells

Answer: killer T cells


Question: Lots of tumor cells have fewer of what type of molecule on their surface?

Answer: MHC class I molecules

Answer: MHC class I

Answer: MHC class I molecules


Question: Tumor antigens are complexed with MHC class I molecules in the same way as what antigens?

Answer: viral antigens

Answer: viral

Answer: viral antigens


Question: The immune system also produces what molecules in order to allow for tumor destruction by the complement system?

Answer: antibodies

Answer: antibodies

Answer: antibodies


Question: Plants lack what kind of immune cells?

Answer: phagocytic cells

Answer: phagocytic

Answer: phagocytic cells


Question: Plant cells respond to the molecules associated with pathogens known as what?

Answer: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Answer: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Answer: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs


Question: Cells of the site of an infection in a plant undergo what process to prevent spread of the disease?

Answer: apoptosis

Answer: apoptosis

Answer: rapid apoptosis


Question: What is a kind of defense response that makes the entire plant resistant to a particular agent?

Answer: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

Answer: Systemic acquired resistance

Answer: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)


Question: What is a mechanism that can help plants block virus replication?

Answer: RNA silencing mechanisms

Answer: RNA silencing mechanisms

Answer: RNA silencing mechanisms


Question: What kind of disorders are the result of an overactive immune response?

Answer: autoimmune disorders

Answer: autoimmune

Answer: autoimmune disorders


Question: In autoimmune disorders, the immune system doesn't distinguish between what types of cells?

Answer: self and non-self

Answer: self and non-self

Answer: self and non-self


Question: Where are the specialized cells that eliminate cells that recognize self-antigens located?

Answer: thymus and bone marrow

Answer: thymus and bone marrow

Answer: thymus and bone marrow


Question: Under normal conditions, T cells and antibodies produce what kind of peptides?

Answer: "self" peptides

Answer: self

Answer: self" peptides


Question: What kind of disorders occur when part of the immune system isn't active?

Answer: Immunodeficiencies

Answer: Immunodeficiencies

Answer: Immunodeficiencies


Question: In what two age groups is the strength of the immune system reduced?

Answer: the young and the elderly

Answer: the young and the elderly

Answer: young and the elderly


Question: At what age do immune responses typically begin to decline?

Answer: around 50 years of age

Answer: 50

Answer: around 50 years of age


Question: What are some causes of reduced immune function in developed countries?

Answer: obesity, alcoholism, and drug use

Answer: obesity, alcoholism, and drug use

Answer: obesity, alcoholism, and drug use


Question: What is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing nations?

Answer: malnutrition

Answer: malnutrition

Answer: malnutrition


Question: By what process can active immunity be generated in an artificial manner?

Answer: vaccination

Answer: vaccination

Answer: vaccination


Question: What is the process of vaccination also known as?

Answer: immunization

Answer: immunization

Answer: immunization


Question: In the process of vaccination, what is introduced in order to develop a specific immunity?

Answer: an antigen from a pathogen

Answer: antigen

Answer: antigen from a pathogen


Question: Vaccination exploits what feature of the human immune system in order to be successful?

Answer: natural specificity of the immune system

Answer: natural specificity

Answer: the natural specificity


Question: Bacteria often secrete what kind of proteins to ingest a physical barrier?

Answer: enzymes

Answer: enzymes

Answer: enzymes


Question: What kind of system of infection involves inserting a hollow tube into a host cell?

Answer: type III secretion system

Answer: type III secretion system

Answer: type III secretion system


Question: In a type III secretion system, proteins are transported to the host cell in order to do what?

Answer: shut down host defenses

Answer: shut down host defenses

Answer: shut down host defenses.


Question: The success of pathogens is predicated on their ability to do what?

Answer: elude host immune responses

Answer: elude host immune responses

Answer: ability to elude host immune responses


Question: Who formulated the idea of clonal selection theory of immunity?

Answer: Frank Burnet

Answer: Frank Burnet

Answer: Frank Burnet


Question: What are two examples of nonself entities in accordance with Frank Burnet's theory?

Answer: pathogens, an allograft

Answer: pathogens, an allograft

Answer: pathogens, an allograft


Question: What is the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells referred to?

Answer: histocompatibility

Answer: histocompatibility

Answer: histocompatibility


Question: What other scientist influence Frank Burnet when he was formulating his theory of immunity?

Answer: Niels Jerne

Answer: Niels Jerne

Answer: Niels Jerne


Question: What are the most powerful class of anti-inflammatory drugs?

Answer: Glucocorticoids

Answer: Glucocorticoids

Answer: Glucocorticoids


Question: Low doses of anti-inflammatories are sometimes used with what classes of drugs?

Answer: cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs

Answer: cytotoxic or immunosuppressive

Answer: Cytotoxic drugs


Question: What are two examples of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs?

Answer: methotrexate or azathioprine

Answer: methotrexate or azathioprine

Answer: methotrexate or azathioprine


Question: What is an example of an immunosuppressive drug that prevents T cell activity by altering signal transduction pathways?

Answer: cyclosporin

Answer: cyclosporin

Answer: cyclosporin


Question: What are examples of differentiated effector cells that peak during wake periods?

Answer: cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)

Answer: cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs

Answer: cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)


Question: What are two anti-inflammatory molecules that peak during awake hours?

Answer: cortisol and catecholamines

Answer: cortisol and catecholamines

Answer: cortisol and catecholamines


Question: Inflammation occurs during sleep times because of the presence of what molecule?

Answer: melatonin

Answer: melatonin

Answer: melatonin


Question: Melatonin during sleep can actively counteract the production of what?

Answer: free radical production

Answer: free radical

Answer: free radical production


Question: What does a T cell extend when it encounters a foreign pathogen?

Answer: a vitamin D receptor

Answer: extends a vitamin D receptor

Answer: vitamin D receptor


Question: What is the active form of vitamin D known as?

Answer: calcitriol

Answer: calcitriol

Answer: steroid hormone calcitriol


Question: What is the nature of the relationship between T-cells and vitamin D?

Answer: symbiotic relationship

Answer: symbiotic

Answer: symbiotic relationship


Question: What gene is responsible for converting calcidiol into calcitriol?

Answer: gene CYP27B1

Answer: CYP27B1

Answer: gene CYP27B1


Question: Other than T cells, what other immune cells express CYP27B1?

Answer: dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages

Answer: dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages

Answer: dendritic cells


Question: What are the proteins that organisms use to identify molecules associated with pathogens?

Answer: Pattern recognition receptors

Answer: Pattern recognition receptors

Answer: Pattern recognition receptors


Question: What are the antimicrobial peptides that are the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity called?

Answer: defensins

Answer: defensins

Answer: defensins


Question: What cell type is also used for immune response in most types of invertebrate life?

Answer: phagocytic cells

Answer: phagocytic

Answer: phagocytic cells


Question: What pathway that plays a role in immune response to viruses is present in all eukaryotes?

Answer: RNA interference pathway

Answer: RNA interference

Answer: RNA interference pathway


Question: What molecules of the adaptive immune system only exist in jawed vertebrates?

Answer: immunoglobulins and T cell receptors

Answer: immunoglobulins and T cell receptors

Answer: immunoglobulins


Question: What are two examples of primitive jawless vertebrates?

Answer: the lamprey and hagfish

Answer: lamprey and hagfish

Answer: the lamprey and hagfish


Question: Primitive jawless vertebrates possess an array of receptors referred to as what?

Answer: Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)

Answer: Variable lymphocyte receptors

Answer: Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)


Question: Evolution of what part of the immune system occurred in the evolutionary ancestor of jawed vertebrates?

Answer: adaptive immune system

Answer: adaptive

Answer: the adaptive immune system


Question: Invertebrates do not generate what type of cells that are a part of the vertebrate adaptive immune system?

Answer: lymphocytes

Answer: lymphocytes

Answer: lymphocytes


Question: What is the main defense mechanism of bacteria known as?

Answer: the restriction modification system

Answer: restriction modification system

Answer: restriction modification system


Question: The restriction modification system is used by bacteria for protection from what pathogens?

Answer: bacteriophages

Answer: viral

Answer: bacteriophages


Question: What is the system by which prokaryotes retain phage gene fragments that they have previously come in contact with?

Answer: CRISPR

Answer: CRISPR sequences

Answer: CRISPR


Question: What were the two main theories of immunity at the end of the 19th century?

Answer: "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity

Answer: "cellular" and "humoral"

Answer: "cellular" and "humoral" theories


Question: Who was the main proponent of the cellular theory of immunity?

Answer: Elie Metchnikoff

Answer: Elie Metchnikoff

Answer: Elie Metchnikoff


Question: Under Elie Metchnikoff's cellular theory, what cells were responsible for immune response?

Answer: phagocytes

Answer: phagocytes

Answer: phagocytes


Question: What two scientists were proponents of the humoral theory of immunity?

Answer: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring

Answer: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring

Answer: Robert Koch and Emil von Behring,


Question: According to the humoral theory of immunity, what were the bodies immune agents?

Answer: soluble components (molecules)

Answer: soluble components

Answer: soluble components (molecules)


Question: Tumors that are able to evade the body's immune response can become what?

Answer: cancers

Answer: cancers

Answer: cancers


Question: What receptors do tumor cells often have reduced concentrations of?

Answer: MHC class I molecules

Answer: MHC class I

Answer: MHC class I molecules


Question: What is a chemical secreted by tumors that suppresses the immune response?

Answer: cytokine TGF-β

Answer: cytokine TGF-β

Answer: cytokine TGF-β


Question: Cytokine TBF-B suppresses the activity of what cell types?

Answer: macrophages and lymphocytes

Answer: macrophages and lymphocytes

Answer: macrophages and lymphocytes


Question: What is the name for a response of the immune system that damages the body's native tissues?

Answer: Hypersensitivity

Answer: Hypersensitivity

Answer: Hypersensitivity


Question: How many classes of immune hypersensitivity are there?

Answer: four classes (Type I – IV)

Answer: four

Answer: four classes


Question: What type of hypersensitivity is associated with allergies?

Answer: Type I

Answer: Type I

Answer: Type I hypersensitivity


Question: What is the chemical that mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer: IgE

Answer: IgE

Answer: IgE


Question: Antibody-dependent hypersensitivity belongs to what class of hypersensitivity?

Answer: Type II hypersensitivity

Answer: Type II

Answer: Type II hypersensitivity


Question: What is the process by which pathogens evade the immune system by hiding inside the host cells called?

Answer: intracellular pathogenesis

Answer: intracellular pathogenesis

Answer: intracellular pathogenesis


Question: What food bacteria is an example of intracellular pathogenesis?

Answer: Salmonella

Answer: Salmonella

Answer: Salmonella


Question: What is the eukaryotic parasite responsible for malaria known as?

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum


Question: What bacteria lives inside a protective capsule that serves to prevent cell lysis?

Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis


Question: What protein does Staphylococcus aureus produce to make antibodies ineffective?

Answer: protein A

Answer: G

Answer: Streptococcus (protein G)


Question: What is the process by which the adaptive immune system is evaded by the chainging of non-essential epitopes called?

Answer: antigenic variation

Answer: antigenic variation

Answer: antigenic variation


Question: What is an example of a virus that uses antigenic variation?

Answer: HIV

Answer: HIV

Answer: HIV


Question: What is an example of a parasite that used the antigenic variation strategy to evade destruction?

Answer: Trypanosoma brucei

Answer: Trypanosoma brucei

Answer: Trypanosoma brucei


Question: What compounds can be masked with the molecules of the host cell in order for a virus to evade detection?

Answer: antigens

Answer: antigens

Answer: antigens


Question: What is the process by which the immune system identifies tumors called?

Answer: immune surveillance

Answer: immune surveillance

Answer: immune surveillance


Question: What is the virus in humans that causes cervical cancer?

Answer: human papillomavirus

Answer: human papillomavirus

Answer: human papillomavirus


Question: What is an example of an enzyme that can transform skin cells into tumors when expressed at high levels?

Answer: tyrosinase

Answer: tyrosinase

Answer: tyrosinase


Question: What are cancerous tumors of the skin known as?

Answer: melanomas

Answer: melanomas

Answer: melanomas


Question: What are the skin cells that can be transformed into tumors known as?

Answer: melanocytes

Answer: melanocytes

Answer: melanocytes


Question: At what size and larger can drugs elicit a neutralizing immune response?

Answer: >500 Da

Answer: >500 Da

Answer: >500 Da


Question: What kind of amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions?

Answer: hydrophilic amino acids

Answer: hydrophilic

Answer: hydrophilic amino acids


Question: What is the study of proteins involved in immune response known as?

Answer: Immunoproteomics

Answer: Immunoproteomics

Answer: Immunoproteomics


Question: There is a public database of epitopes for pathogens known to be recognizable by what cells?

Answer: B cells

Answer: B

Answer: B cells


Question: What is the field of studying immunogenicity through bioinformatics known as?

Answer: immunoinformatics

Answer: immunoinformatics

Answer: immunoinformatics


Question: Drop in the blood levels of cortisol and epinephrine results in increase levels of what hormones?

Answer: leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin

Answer: leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin

Answer: leptin


Question: Hormones released during sleep support the interaction of T-cells and what species?

Answer: APCs

Answer: APCs

Answer: APCs


Question: Sleep hormones shift the cytokine balance to which cytokine?

Answer: Th1

Answer: one that supports Th1


Question: Sleep hormone release supports formation of immune memory by initiating what immune response?

Answer: Th1 immune responses

Answer: Th1

Answer: Th1 immune responses


Question: Complement proteins bind to what kind of molecules on the surface of microbes in order to elicit an immune response?

Answer: carbohydrates

Answer: carbohydrates

Answer: carbohydrates


Question: How can the deposition of compliment kill invader cells directly?

Answer: disrupting their plasma membrane

Answer: disrupting their plasma membrane

Answer: disrupting their plasma membrane.


Question: The speed of the killing response of the human immune system is a product of what process?

Answer: signal amplification

Answer: signal amplification

Answer: signal amplification


Question: What type of cascade results when complement proteins bind to microbes and activate their protease activity?

Answer: catalytic cascade

Answer: catalytic

Answer: catalytic


Question: What is it called when people in society rebel against laws they think are unfair?

Answer: Civil disobedience

Answer: Civil disobedience

Answer: Civil disobedience

Answer: Civil disobedience

Answer: Civil disobedience


Question: What is an example of major civil disobedience in South Africa?

Answer: apartheid

Answer: fight against apartheid

Answer: the fight against apartheid

Answer: the fight against apartheid

Answer: Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries


Question: What was the the movement called that brought Baltic countries independence from the Soviet Union?

Answer: Singing Revolution

Answer: Singing Revolution

Answer: the Singing Revolution

Answer: Singing Revolution

Answer: Singing Revolution


Question: In 2004 the Orange revolution occurred in what country?

Answer: Ukraine

Answer: Ukraine

Answer: Ukraine

Answer: Ukraine

Answer: Ukraine


Question: Where was the location of the 2003 Rose revolution?

Answer: Georgia

Answer: Georgia

Answer: Georgia

Answer: Georgia

Answer: Georgia


Question: Which people brought forward one of the earliest examples of Civil Disobedience?

Answer: Egyptians

Answer: Egyptians

Answer: Egyptians

Answer: Egyptians

Answer: India


Question: Who was one of the earliest examples of Civil Disobedience against?

Answer: the British

Answer: British

Answer: Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919 Revolution.

Answer: British occupation

Answer: communist governments


Question: Why do people chose civil disobedience to protest?

Answer: nonviolent resistance

Answer: unfair laws

Answer: nonviolent resistance movements

Answer: rebelled against what they deem to be unfair


Question: What does civil disobedience protest against?

Answer: unfair laws

Answer: unfair laws

Answer: unfair laws.

Answer: unfair laws

Answer: what they deem to be unfair


Question: What civil rights movement in the US was known for it's disobedience?

Answer: American Civil Rights Movement

Answer: American Civil Rights Movement

Answer: American Civil Rights Movement

Answer: Civil Rights Movement

Answer: American Civil Rights Movement


Question: Sophocles demonstrated civil disobedience in a play that was called?

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone


Question: Who is Antigone's father in the play?

Answer: former King of Thebes

Answer: Oedipus

Answer: Oedipus

Answer: Oedipus

Answer: King of Thebes


Question: What is the name of the current King of Thebes in the play?

Answer: Creon

Answer: Creon

Answer: Creon

Answer: Creon

Answer: Creon


Question: What character in the play portrays civil disobedience?

Answer: Oedipus

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone


Question: What is Creon trying to stop Antigone from doing in the play?

Answer: giving her brother Polynices a proper burial

Answer: trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial

Answer: giving her brother Polynices a proper burial

Answer: giving her brother Polynices a proper burial.

Answer: from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial


Question: What play showed an early depiction of civil disobedience?

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone

Answer: Antigone


Question: Antigone was a play made by whom?

Answer: Sophocles

Answer: Sophocles

Answer: Sophocles

Answer: Sophocles

Answer: Sophocles


Question: In Antigone, who was the target of civil disobedience?

Answer: Creon, the current King of Thebes

Answer: Creon

Answer: Creon, the current King of Thebes

Answer: Creon

Answer: Creon


Question: What was the protest in Antigone about?

Answer: giving her brother Polynices a proper burial

Answer: giving her brother Polynices a proper burial

Answer: the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial

Answer: Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial

Answer: giving her brother Polynices a proper burial


Question: How was the civil disobedience shown in Antigone?

Answer: obey her conscience rather than human law

Answer: She gives a stirring speech

Answer: She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law

Answer: a stirring speech

Answer: She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law


Question: After the Peterloo massacre what poet wrote The Massacre of Anarchy?

Answer: Percy Shelley

Answer: Percy Shelley

Answer: Percy Shelley

Answer: Percy Shelley

Answer: Percy Shelley


Question: His poem is considered the first kind of what type of protest?

Answer: nonviolent

Answer: political poem

Answer: nonviolent

Answer: nonviolent

Answer: nonviolent


Question: Inspired by Shelley what was the name of Gandhi's doctrine?

Answer: Satyagraha

Answer: Satyagraha

Answer: Satyagraha

Answer: Satyagraha

Answer: Satyagraha


Question: Gandhi often referenced Shelley's poem in his efforts to do what?

Answer: free India

Answer: free India

Answer: campaign for a free India

Answer: protest and political action

Answer: during the campaign for a free India


Question: What famous author used similarity and likeness of Percy Shelly in his writing?

Answer: Henry David Thoreau

Answer: Gandhi

Answer: Henry David Thoreau

Answer: Henry David Thoreau

Answer: Gandhi


Question: Who wrote the poem The Mark of Anarchy?

Answer: Percy Shelley

Answer: Percy Shelley

Answer: Percy Shelley

Answer: Percy Shelley

Answer: Percy Shelley


Question: The Mark of Anarchy was written to protest against what?

Answer: unjust forms of authority

Answer: Peterloo massacre

Answer: unjust forms of authority

Answer: the unjust forms of authority

Answer: Peterloo massacre


Question: What was the principle shown in The Mark of Anarchy?

Answer: principle of nonviolent protest

Answer: nonviolent protest

Answer: nonviolent protest

Answer: nonviolent protest

Answer: nonviolent protest


Question: What was Ghandi's work called?

Answer: doctrine of Satyagraha

Answer: Satyagraha

Answer: Satyagraha

Answer: Satyagraha

Answer: Satyagraha


Question: Which famous Indian practiced civil disobedience?

Answer: Gandhi

Answer: Gandhi

Answer: Gandhi

Answer: Gandhi

Answer: Gandhi


Question: Vice President Agnew describes Civil disobedience in what activities?

Answer: muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins

Answer: civil disobedience

Answer: muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins

Answer: muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins

Answer: activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins


Question: What person argues that civil disobedience is used to describe everything?

Answer: Marshall Cohen

Answer: Marshall Cohen

Answer: Marshall Cohen

Answer: Marshall Cohen

Answer: Marshall Cohen


Question: Civil disobedience has been argued in more recent times to have suffered from what?

Answer: ambiguity

Answer: debased

Answer: ambiguity

Answer: ambiguity

Answer: ambiguity


Question: More in the present prevalence of civil disobedience has turned and said to be?

Answer: utterly debased

Answer: debased

Answer: everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official

Answer: utterly debased


Question: In modern times, what is said about civil disobedience?

Answer: become utterly debased

Answer: utterly debased

Answer: in modern times, become utterly debased

Answer: become utterly debased

Answer: become utterly debased


Question: Who noted the different current uses of civil disobedience?

Answer: Marshall Cohen

Answer: Marshall Cohen

Answer: Marshall Cohen

Answer: Marshall Cohen

Answer: President Agnew


Question: How has civil disobedience evolved in current times?

Answer: code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders

Answer: utterly debased

Answer: become utterly debased

Answer: become utterly debased

Answer: become utterly debased


Question: Who gave a negative connotation to civil disobedience in recent history?

Answer: Vice President Agnew

Answer: Vice President Agnew

Answer: Vice President Agnew

Answer: Vice President Agnew

Answer: Marshall Cohen


Question: What issue has been plaguing the civil disobedience movement.

Answer: ambiguity

Answer: ambiguity

Answer: ambiguity

Answer: ambiguity


Question: Who wrote that it is difficult to produce an all inclusive definition of civil disobedience?

Answer: LeGrande

Answer: LeGrande

Answer: LeGrande

Answer: LeGrande

Answer: LeGrande


Question: Le Grande also wrote that defining the term civil disobedience so difficult it could be described as?

Answer: impossible

Answer: a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties

Answer: impossible

Answer: impossible


Question: Le grand asks for a variance of what three terms?

Answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

Answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

Answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

Answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience

Answer: lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience


Question: Le grand states that students studying civil disobedience will often run into grammatical niceties and what other problem?

Answer: semantical

Answer: semantical

Answer: a maze of semantical problems

Answer: semantical

Answer: semantical problems


Question: Le grand concludes that an author's words offer only what they intended for them to imply regarding this type of terminology?

Answer: specific

Answer: civil disobedience

Answer: specific

Answer: specific


Question: Who said that writing a good description of civil disobedience is hard?

Answer: LeGrande

Answer: LeGrande

Answer: LeGrande

Answer: LeGrande

Answer: LeGrande


Question: How much literature has been written regarding civil disobedience?

Answer: voluminous literature

Answer: voluminous

Answer: voluminous

Answer: voluminous


Question: What issue plagues the literature about civil disobedience?

Answer: semantical problems and grammatical niceties

Answer: maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties

Answer: semantical problems and grammatical niceties

Answer: semantical problems and grammatical niceties


Question: What type of protest falls under civil disobedience without aggression?

Answer: nonviolent civil disobedience

Answer: nonviolent civil disobedience

Answer: nonviolent

Answer: nonviolent

Answer: nonviolent


Question: What type of civil disobedience is accompanied by aggression?

Answer: violent civil disobedience

Answer: violent civil disobedience

Answer: violent

Answer: violent

Answer: violent


Question: If the head of government refuses to enforce a decision of the highest court what terminology could be used?

Answer: constitutional impasse

Answer: her or his capacity as public official

Answer: capacity as public official

Answer: constitutional impasse


Question: Constitutional impasse is different from civil disobedience because does not include what type of person?

Answer: citizen's

Answer: head of government

Answer: private citizen

Answer: private citizen

Answer: private


Question: How is civil disobedience typically defined in connection of the citizen's?

Answer: to the state and its laws

Answer: relation to the state and its laws

Answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws,

Answer: pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

Answer: as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws


Question: When would a person be considered to be excising a constitutional impasse?

Answer: the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official

Answer: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict

Answer: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict

Answer: if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court

Answer: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict


Question: Constitutional impasse is distinct from what key term?

Answer: Civil disobedience

Answer: Civil disobedience

Answer: Civil disobedience

Answer: Civil disobedience

Answer: Civil disobedience


Question: What does civil disobedience relate to?

Answer: the state and its laws

Answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

Answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

Answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws

Answer: a citizen's relation to the state and its laws


Question: What does not constitute as civil disobedience?

Answer: refuse to enforce a decision

Answer: constitutional impasse

Answer: two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.

Answer: a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies

Answer: constitutional impasse


Question: What type of person can not be attributed civil disobedience?

Answer: head of government

Answer: public official

Answer: public official

Answer: public


Question: Civil Disobedience is mainly performed by what population group?

Answer: private citizen

Answer: private citizen

Answer: private citizen

Answer: private


Question: What group of people cannot be part of civil disobedience?

Answer: sovereign branches of government

Answer: public official

Answer: public agencies

Answer: public


Question: What author argues pitching the conscience versus the collective?

Answer: Thoreau

Answer: Thoreau

Answer: Thoreau

Answer: Thoreau

Answer: Thoreau's


Question: What was Thoreau's punishment for not paying his taxes?

Answer: imprisonment

Answer: imprisonment

Answer: imprisonment

Answer: imprisonment

Answer: imprisonment


Question: Thoreau argues that usually majority rules but their views collectively are sometimes?

Answer: not necessarily right

Answer: not necessarily right

Answer: the will of elite politicians

Answer: the will of elite politicians

Answer: not necessarily right


Question: What did Thoreau ask a public figure the taxman to do?

Answer: Resign

Answer: refusal to pay

Answer: Resign

Answer: Resign

Answer: Resign


Question: Thoreau mentions what type of person could corrupt a government system?

Answer: elite politicians

Answer: elite politicians

Answer: individuals

Answer: elite politicians

Answer: individuals


Question: Who is the final judge of right and wrong?

Answer: The individual

Answer: individuals

Answer: The individual

Answer: The individual

Answer: individual


Question: Who is to blame for acting unjustly?

Answer: individuals

Answer: individuals

Answer: an individual

Answer: individuals

Answer: individuals


Question: Who was famous for disobedience against a tax collector?

Answer: Thoreau

Answer: Thoreau

Answer: Thoreau

Answer: Thoreau

Answer: Thoreau


Question: What advise did Thoreau give the tax collector when unable to perform his duty?

Answer: Resign

Answer: Resign

Answer: Resign

Answer: Resign

Answer: Resign


Question: What did Thoreau claim about the majority?

Answer: not necessarily right

Answer: may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

Answer: The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

Answer: The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right

Answer: may be powerful but it is not necessarily right


Question: Some theories argue that civil disobedience is justified in regard to?

Answer: governmental entities

Answer: against governmental entities

Answer: governmental entities

Answer: governmental entities

Answer: governmental entities


Question: Brownlee argues disobedience can be justified toward what institutions?

Answer: trade unions, banks, and private universities

Answer: non-governmental agencies

Answer: decisions of non-governmental agencies

Answer: non-governmental agencies

Answer: non-governmental agencies


Question: Brownlee justifies civil disobedience toward what branch of the government?

Answer: legal system

Answer: foreign

Answer: legal system

Answer: international organizations and foreign governments