Question: What sports are Kenyans active in?

Answer: cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing

Answer: cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing

Answer: cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing


Question: What is the country known for?

Answer: its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics

Answer: middle-distance and long-distance athletics

Answer: dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics


Question: Who dominates the world of long distance running?

Answer: Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)

Answer: Kenyan athletes

Answer: Kenya


Question: What countries does Kenya compete with for long distance running?

Answer: Morocco and Ethiopia

Answer: Morocco and Ethiopia

Answer: Morocco and Ethiopia


Question: How many gold medals did Kenya win during the Beijing Olympics?

Answer: six gold

Answer: several

Answer: six


Question: How well did Kenya do in the Beijing Olympics?

Answer: Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics

Answer: Africa's most successful nation

Answer: Africa's most successful nation


Question: What else did Pamela Jelimo win after the Olympics?

Answer: IAAF Golden League jackpot

Answer: IAAF Golden League jackpot

Answer: IAAF Golden League jackpot


Question: Why has there been controversy in Kenyan athletics?

Answer: the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries

Answer: defection of a number of Kenyan athletes

Answer: a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries


Question: Why do these defections occur?

Answer: economic or financial factors

Answer: economic or financial factors

Answer: economic or financial factors


Question: What sport has Kenyan women been a dominate force?

Answer: women's volleyball within Africa

Answer: volleyball

Answer: volleyball


Question: What is the most successful team sport in Kenya?

Answer: Cricket

Answer: Cricket

Answer: Cricket


Question: When did Kenya reach the semi-finals?

Answer: 2003

Answer: 2003

Answer: 2003


Question: Who is the current captian of the cricket team?

Answer: Rakep Patel

Answer: Rakep Patel

Answer: Rakep Patel


Question: When was the suspension by FIFA lifted?

Answer: March 2007

Answer: March 2007

Answer: March 2007


Question: What is Kenya the home of?

Answer: the world famous Safari Rally

Answer: Safari Rally

Answer: world famous Safari Rally


Question: What is the Safair Rally known as?

Answer: one of the toughest rallies in the world

Answer: toughest rallies in the world

Answer: toughest rallies in the world.


Question: Who are some of the best rally drivers that have won the rally?

Answer: Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae

Answer: Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae

Answer: Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae


Question: How many meals a day do normal Kenyans eat?

Answer: three meals in a day

Answer: three

Answer: three


Question: What time do they normally have tea?

Answer: 10 o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 pm tea

Answer: 10 o'clock

Answer: 10 o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 pm


Question: What are some normal breakfast foods?

Answer: tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams

Answer: porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams

Answer: porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams


Question: What is normally eaten for lunch and supper?

Answer: Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew

Answer: Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew

Answer: Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew


Question: What organization is the IPCC a part of?

Answer: the United Nations

Answer: the United Nations

Answer: the United Nations


Question: What UN organizations established the IPCC?

Answer: the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Answer: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),

Answer: the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)


Question: What does the UN want to stabilize?

Answer: greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere

Answer: greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere

Answer: stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere


Question: What is the UN's climate change treaty?

Answer: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Answer: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Answer: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),


Question: What UN resolution endorsed the IPCC?

Answer: Resolution 43/53

Answer: Resolution 43/53

Answer: Resolution 43/53


Question: Who is the chair of the IPCC?

Answer: Hoesung Lee

Answer: Hoesung Lee

Answer: Hoesung Lee


Question: What nationality is Hoesung Lee?

Answer: Korean

Answer: onomist

Answer: Korean


Question: Who is the vice-chair of the IPCC?

Answer: Ismail El Gizouli

Answer: Ismail El Gizouli

Answer: Ismail El Gizouli


Question: Who was the first chair of the IPCC?

Answer: Bert Bolin

Answer: Bert Bolin

Answer: Bert Bolin


Question: When did Pachauri resign as chair of the IPCC?

Answer: February 2015

Answer: February 2015

Answer: February 2015


Question: Who is on the IPCC Panel?

Answer: representatives appointed by governments and organizations

Answer: representatives appointed by governments and organizations

Answer: representatives appointed by governments and organizations


Question: How many people attended the 2003 IPCC meeting?

Answer: 350

Answer: 350

Answer: 350


Question: What kind of people attend the IPCC meetings?

Answer: government officials and climate change experts

Answer: government officials and climate change experts

Answer: government officials and climate change experts


Question: How much of the IPCC attendees are government representatives?

Answer: about seven-eighths

Answer: seven-eighths

Answer: about seven-eighths


Question: When was the IPCC Trust Fund founded?

Answer: 1989

Answer: 1989

Answer: 1989


Question: Who started the IPCC Trust Fund?

Answer: the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

Answer: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

Answer: the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO),


Question: Who funds the IPCC's Deputy Secretary?

Answer: United Nations Environment Programme

Answer: UNEP

Answer: UNEP


Question: What rules does the IPCC have to follow?

Answer: the Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO

Answer: Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO

Answer: Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO


Question: Who funds the IPCC's Secretary?

Answer: World Meteorological Organization

Answer: WMO

Answer: the WMO


Question: What does the IPCC not do?

Answer: does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data

Answer: research

Answer: carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data


Question: Where do IPCC reports get their information?

Answer: available information about climate change based on published sources

Answer: published sources

Answer: peer-reviewed sources


Question: What is 'grey literature'?

Answer: non-peer-reviewed sources

Answer: non-peer-reviewed sources

Answer: non-peer-reviewed sources


Question: What kind of non-peer-reviewed sources does the IPCC use?

Answer: model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals

Answer: model results

Answer: model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals


Question: How many coordinating lead authors does an IPCC report chapter have?

Answer: two

Answer: two

Answer: two


Question: How many lead authors does an IPCC report chapter have?

Answer: ten to fifteen

Answer: ten to fifteen

Answer: ten to fifteen


Question: How many contributing authors does an IPCC report chapter have?

Answer: a somewhat larger number

Answer: a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors"

Answer: a somewhat larger number


Question: Who assembles the authors' contributions?

Answer: The coordinating lead authors

Answer: coordinating lead authors

Answer: coordinating lead authors


Question: Who do coordinating lead authors report to?

Answer: the Working Group chairs

Answer: Working Group chairs

Answer: Working Group chairs


Question: What does the WG I Summary for Policymakers report say human activities are doing to greenhouse gases?

Answer: substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations

Answer: substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases

Answer: substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations


Question: What do increased greenhouse gases cause?

Answer: additional warming of the Earth's surface

Answer: warming of the Earth's surface

Answer: additional warming of the Earth's surface


Question: How much of the greenhouse effect is due to carbon dioxide?

Answer: over half

Answer: over half

Answer: over half


Question: What is the scenario called in which we don't change our greenhouse gas creation practices?

Answer: "business as usual" (BAU)

Answer: enhanced greenhouse effect

Answer: "business as usual" (BAU)


Question: How much has global mean surface air temperature changed in the last century?

Answer: increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C

Answer: 0.3 to 0.6 °C

Answer: 0.3 to 0.6 °C


Question: When was the joint statement on climate change issued?

Answer: 2001

Answer: 2001

Answer: 2001


Question: How many organizations issued the joint statement on climate change?

Answer: 16 national science academies

Answer: 16

Answer: 16


Question: Which journal was the joint statement published in?

Answer: Science

Answer: Science

Answer: Science


Question: How sure did the statement say scientists were that temperatures would keep rising?

Answer: at least 90%

Answer: at least 90%

Answer: at least 90% certain


Question: How much did the statement predict global surface temperature would increase by 2100?

Answer: between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels

Answer: 1.4 and 5.8 °C

Answer: between 1.4 and 5.8 °C


Question: Which IPCC author criticized the TAR?

Answer: Richard Lindzen

Answer: Richard Lindzen

Answer: Richard Lindzen


Question: What did Lindzen criticize about the Summary for Policymakers?

Answer: does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report

Answer: understates the uncertainty associated with climate models

Answer: does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report


Question: Who responded to Lindzen's criticisms?

Answer: John Houghton

Answer: John Houghton

Answer: John Houghton,


Question: What was Houghton's role?

Answer: a co-chair of TAR WGI

Answer: co-chair of TAR WGI

Answer: co-chair of TAR WGI


Question: What did Houghton say is necessary for any changes to the SPM?

Answer: scientific evidence

Answer: must be supported by scientific evidence

Answer: must be supported by scientific evidence


Question: How does the IPCC prepare Special Reports?

Answer: the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports

Answer: follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports

Answer: the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports


Question: When was the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) issued?

Answer: 2011

Answer: 2011

Answer: 2011


Question: When was the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) issued?

Answer: 2011

Answer: 2011

Answer: 2011


Question: Why were the 2011 Special Reports issued?

Answer: requested by governments

Answer: requested by governments

Answer: requested by governments.


Question: What other activities does the UNFCCC require the IPCC to run?

Answer: the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme

Answer: Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme

Answer: Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme


Question: What is used to estimate emissions?

Answer: default emission factors

Answer: default emission factors

Answer: default emission factors


Question: Levels of what things are used to determine emission factors?

Answer: fuel consumption, industrial production and so on

Answer: Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Answer: fuel consumption, industrial production and so on


Question: What councils assign tasks to the IPCC?

Answer: WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council

Answer: WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council

Answer: WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council


Question: What did the IPCC say was mistaken?

Answer: the date

Answer: the date

Answer: the date


Question: What did the IPCC apologize for?

Answer: "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"

Answer: the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures

Answer: poor application of well-established IPCC procedures


Question: What was the source of the mistake?

Answer: the WWF report

Answer: the IPCC from the WWF report

Answer: the WWF report


Question: What report had the correct date?

Answer: "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"

Answer: the IPCC from the WWF report

Answer: the WWF report


Question: What was Robert Watson's role in the IPCC?

Answer: IPCC chairman

Answer: chairman

Answer: chairman


Question: What direction did Watson say the mistake went in?

Answer: making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact

Answer: the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious

Answer: making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact


Question: What was Martin Parry's role in the IPCC?

Answer: co-chair of the IPCC working group II

Answer: co-chair of the IPCC working group II

Answer: co-chair of the IPCC working group II


Question: What was the topic of the error?

Answer: Himalayan glaciers

Answer: Himalayan glaciers


Question: What was the verdict on other alleged errors?

Answer: "generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"

Answer: generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment

Answer: generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment


Question: When was the paper published that the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph was based on?

Answer: 1999

Answer: 1999

Answer: 1999


Question: Who wrote the paper that the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph was based on?

Answer: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes

Answer: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes

Answer: Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes


Question: What is the nickname for the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph?

Answer: the "hockey stick graph"

Answer: hockey stick graph

Answer: hockey stick graph


Question: What reconstructions supported the 1999 paper's information?

Answer: Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000

Answer: Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions

Answer: temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England


Question: What range of years was the current warming compared to?

Answer: between 1000 and 1900

Answer: 1000 and 1900

Answer: 1000 and 1900


Question: Who led the Science and Environmental Policy Project?

Answer: Fred Singer

Answer: Fred Singer

Answer: Fred Singer


Question: Where did Singer hold a press conference in May 2000?

Answer: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

Answer: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.

Answer: Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.


Question: When did Singer dispute the graph at a Senate hearing?

Answer: 18 July 2000

Answer: May 2000

Answer: 18 July 2000


Question: What Senate committee did Singer speak to in July 2000?

Answer: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

Answer: Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

Answer: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation


Question: Who was the chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce?

Answer: Rep. Joe Barton

Answer: Rep. Joe Barton

Answer: Rep. Joe Barton


Question: Who was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations?

Answer: Ed Whitfield

Answer: Ed Whitfield

Answer: Ed Whitfield


Question: When did Barton and Whitfield demand climate research records?

Answer: 23 June 2005

Answer: 23 June 2005

Answer: 23 June 2005


Question: Who was chairman of the House Science Committee?

Answer: Sherwood Boehlert

Answer: Sherwood Boehlert

Answer: Sherwood Boehlert


Question: Who said Barton's investigation was "misguided and illegitimate"?

Answer: Sherwood Boehlert

Answer: Sherwood Boehlert

Answer: Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee


Question: When was the IPCC Third Assessment Report published?

Answer: 2001

Answer: 2001

Answer: 2001


Question: When was the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report published?

Answer: 2007

Answer: 2007

Answer: 2007


Question: How many Medieval Warm Period reconstructions covered 1,000+ years?

Answer: Ten

Answer: 14

Answer: Ten


Question: What problem did some tree ring data have?

Answer: divergence

Answer: divergence problem

Answer: divergence


Question: How many Medieval Warm Period reconstructions were used?

Answer: 14

Answer: Ten

Answer: 14


Question: When was a study published confirming the 2001 IPCC projections?

Answer: 1 February 2007

Answer: 1 February 2007

Answer: 1 February 2007


Question: How did the 2001 IPCC report compare to reality for 2001-2006?

Answer: temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates

Answer: temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed

Answer: temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed


Question: How did the 2001 IPCC report compare to reality on temperature levels?

Answer: actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given

Answer: temperature rise was near the top end of the range given

Answer: near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection


Question: How did the 2001 IPCC report compare to reality on sea levels?

Answer: actual sea level rise was above the top of the range

Answer: actual sea level rise was above the top of the range

Answer: the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range


Question: What danger did the IPCC understate?

Answer: projected rises in sea levels

Answer: rises in sea levels

Answer: projected rises in sea levels


Question: How much did the IPCC Third Assessment Report say sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100?

Answer: 9–88 cm

Answer: 0.5–1.4 m

Answer: 9–88 cm


Question: How much do researchers now think sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100?

Answer: 50–140 cm

Answer: 9–88 cm

Answer: 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm]


Question: When was the Third Assessment Report published?

Answer: 2001

Answer: 2001

Answer: 2001


Question: What role did Michael Oppenheimer have in the IPCC's reports?

Answer: coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report

Answer: participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report

Answer: coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report


Question: Who published the State of the Planet 2008-2009 report?

Answer: Science Magazine

Answer: Science Magazine

Answer: Science Magazine's


Question: What approach did Oppenheimer advocate?

Answer: concurring, smaller assessments of special problems

Answer: smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach

Answer: concurring, smaller assessments of special problems


Question: What has successfully dealt with ozone depletion?

Answer: the Montreal Protocol

Answer: Montreal Protocol

Answer: global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol


Question: What did the Kyoto Protocol try to address?

Answer: Climate Change

Answer: Climate Change

Answer: Climate Change


Question: Whose goals often still oppose the IPCC?

Answer: states and governments

Answer: states and governments

Answer: states and governments


Question: Who said people involved in the ozone situation had "a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties"?

Answer: Sheldon Ungar

Answer: Sheldon Ungar

Answer: Sheldon Ungar


Question: What remain unsolved problems with the Kyoto Protocol?

Answer: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions

Answer: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions


Question: What conflicts did the ozone mitigation reduce?

Answer: regional burden sharing conflicts

Answer: regional burden sharing conflicts

Answer: varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions


Question: Who ordered the Stern Review?

Answer: the UK government

Answer: the UK government

Answer: the UK government


Question: What does the IPCC rely on for research?

Answer: other scientific bodies

Answer: scientific papers and independently documented results

Answer: scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies


Question: What can the IPCC's report deadlines cause to be omitted?

Answer: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science

Answer: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding

Answer: significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science


Question: Who is seen as the ultimate climate change authority?

Answer: IPCC

Answer: IPCC

Answer: the IPCC


Question: How many scientists called to change the IPCC in Feb 2010?

Answer: five

Answer: five

Answer: five


Question: Where was the Feb 2010 call for change published?

Answer: the journal Nature

Answer: the journal Nature

Answer: the journal Nature


Question: What was one proposal to let the IPCC respond to new evidence faster?

Answer: turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC

Answer: turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC

Answer: turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC


Question: How was it suggested that the IPCC avoid political problems?

Answer: remove government oversight from its processes

Answer: remove government oversight

Answer: remove government oversight from its processes


Question: What is the primary purpose of chloroplasts?

Answer: to conduct photosynthesis

Answer: conduct photosynthesis

Answer: conduct photosynthesis


Question: What does ATP store?

Answer: energy

Answer: energy

Answer: energy


Question: What does NADPH store?

Answer: energy

Answer: energy

Answer: energy


Question: What is the process of turning CO2 into organic molecules called?

Answer: the Calvin cycle

Answer: Calvin cycle

Answer: Calvin cycle


Question: How many chloroplasts per cell does algae have?

Answer: 1

Answer: 1

Answer: 1


Question: How do chloroplasts reproduce?

Answer: pinch in two

Answer: pinch in two

Answer: pinch in two


Question: What influences chloroplasts' behavior?

Answer: environmental factors like light color and intensity

Answer: environmental factors

Answer: environmental factors like light color and intensity


Question: How are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria?

Answer: contain their own DNA

Answer: contain their own DNA

Answer: contain their own DNA,


Question: What was the ancestor of chloroplasts?

Answer: a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell

Answer: a photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Answer: photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell


Question: How do plants get chloroplasts?

Answer: must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division

Answer: inherited

Answer: inherited by each daughter cell during cell division


Question: Which organisms have chloroplasts?

Answer: plants and algae

Answer: plants and algae

Answer: plants and algae.


Question: What nationality was Konstantin Mereschkowski?

Answer: Russian

Answer: Russian

Answer: Russian


Question: What was Konstantin Mereschkowski's career?

Answer: biologist

Answer: biologist

Answer: biologist


Question: When did Konstantin Mereschkowski suggest the origin of chloroplasts?

Answer: 1905

Answer: 1905

Answer: 1905


Question: Who said chloroplasts are similar to cyanobacteria?

Answer: Andreas Schimper

Answer: Andreas Schimper

Answer: Andreas Schimper


Question: What are chloroplasts descended from?

Answer: Cyanobacteria

Answer: Cyanobacteria

Answer: Cyanobacteria


Question: What type of organism are cyanobacteria?

Answer: prokaryotes

Answer: bacteria

Answer: prokaryotes


Question: What does 'gram-negative' mean?

Answer: they have two cell membranes

Answer: two cell membranes

Answer: they have two cell membranes.


Question: What kind of cell wall do cyanobacteria have?

Answer: peptidoglycan

Answer: peptidoglycan

Answer: peptidoglycan


Question: How are cyanobacteria sometimes wrongly described?

Answer: blue-green algae

Answer: blue-green algae

Answer: sometimes called blue-green algae


Question: What kind of cell did cynaobacteria enter long ago?

Answer: eukaryotic

Answer: an early eukaryotic cell

Answer: eukaryotic


Question: How long ago did cyanobacteria enter a cell?

Answer: around a billion years ago

Answer: a billion years ago

Answer: around a billion years ago


Question: What surrounds chloroplasts?

Answer: two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes

Answer: phagocytic vacuole

Answer: lipid-bilayer membranes


Question: What kind of membrane came from the host?

Answer: phagosomal

Answer: phagosomal

Answer: phagosomal


Question: What happened when cyanobacteria was assimilated?

Answer: many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host

Answer: many of its genes were lost or transferred

Answer: many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host


Question: What does 'plastid' mean?

Answer: almost the same thing as chloroplast

Answer: chloroplast

Answer: chloroplast


Question: How many chloroplast lineages are there?

Answer: three

Answer: three

Answer: three


Question: What does rhodophyte mean?

Answer: red algal chloroplast

Answer: red algal chloroplast lineage

Answer: red algal chloroplast lineage


Question: What does chloroplastidan mean?

Answer: green chloroplast

Answer: green chloroplast lineage

Answer: green chloroplast lineage


Question: Which lineage includes land plants?

Answer: the green chloroplast lineage

Answer: the green chloroplast lineage

Answer: green chloroplast lineage


Question: What chloroplast lineage is Cyanophora in?

Answer: glaucophyte

Answer: glaucophyte

Answer: glaucophyte chloroplast group


Question: What kind of organism is Cyanophora?

Answer: alga

Answer: alga

Answer: glaucophyte


Question: What are muroplasts?

Answer: glaucophyte chloroplasts

Answer: glaucophyte chloroplasts

Answer: glaucophyte chloroplasts


Question: What do concentric unstacked thylakoids surround?

Answer: a carboxysome

Answer: carboxysome

Answer: carboxysome


Question: What kind of structure is a carboxysome?

Answer: icosahedral

Answer: icosahedral

Answer: icosahedral


Question: What kinds of pigments do rhodoplasts have?

Answer: chlorophyll a and phycobilins

Answer: phycobilin

Answer: phycobilin


Question: What are rhodoplasts' phycobilin pigments combined into?

Answer: phycobilisomes

Answer: phycobilisomes

Answer: phycobilisomes


Question: What makes red algae red?

Answer: the phycobilin phycoerytherin

Answer: phycobilin phycoerytherin

Answer: phycobilin phycoerytherin


Question: What is the benefit of red algae being red?

Answer: catch more sunlight in deep water

Answer: catch more sunlight in deep water

Answer: catch more sunlight in deep water


Question: What is floridean?

Answer: a form of starch

Answer: a form of starch

Answer: a form of starch


Question: What do red algal chloroplasts have that green chloroplasts don't?

Answer: phycobilisomes

Answer: phycobilisomes

Answer: phycobilisomes


Question: Why aren't some forms of Hæmatococcus pluvialis green?

Answer: accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors

Answer: accessory pigments

Answer: accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors


Question: What don't chloroplastidan chloroplasts have?

Answer: the peptidoglycan wall

Answer: the peptidoglycan wall

Answer: peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane


Question: What have some plants repurposed the peptidoglycan layer genes for?

Answer: chloroplast division

Answer: chloroplast division

Answer: chloroplast division


Question: What do green chloroplasts have instead of phycobilisomes?

Answer: chlorophyll b

Answer: chlorophyll b

Answer: chlorophyll b


Question: What kind of membrane do primary chloroplasts have?

Answer: double

Answer: double membrane

Answer: double membrane


Question: What differs about secondary chloroplasts' membranes?

Answer: additional membranes outside of the original two

Answer: additional membranes

Answer: have additional membranes outside of the original two


Question: What was the secondary endosymbiotic event?

Answer: a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it

Answer: a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it

Answer: nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it


Question: What additional membranes do secondary chloroplasts have?

Answer: sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane

Answer: sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane

Answer: the two cyanobacterial membranes, sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane


Question: What was left when engulfed algae was broken down?

Answer: its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus

Answer: its chloroplast

Answer: chloroplast


Question: What kind of chloroplasts do Euglenophytes have?

Answer: chloroplasts derived from a green alga

Answer: green alga

Answer: green alga


Question: What kind of protists are Euglenophytes?

Answer: common flagellated

Answer: common flagellated

Answer: common flagellated


Question: How are the pyrenoid and thylakoids arranged?

Answer: stacked in groups of three

Answer: groups of three

Answer: stacked in groups of three


Question: What does paramylon store?

Answer: Starch

Answer: Starch

Answer: Starch


Question: Which membrane was lost in euglenophyte chloroplasts?

Answer: the membrane of the primary endosymbiont

Answer: the primary endosymbiont

Answer: primary endosymbiont


Question: What is another word for cryptophytes?

Answer: cryptomonads

Answer: cryptomonads

Answer: cryptomonads


Question: What kind of chloroplasts do cryptophytes have?

Answer: red-algal derived chloroplast

Answer: red-algal

Answer: red-algal derived


Question: What part of cryptophyte chloroplasts is similar to chlorarachniophytes?

Answer: nucleomorph

Answer: nucleomorph

Answer: nucleomorph


Question: Where do cryptophyte chloroplasts store starch?

Answer: in granules found in the periplastid space

Answer: granules

Answer: in granules found in the periplastid space


Question: How do cryptophyte chloroplasts arrange their pyrenoid and thylakoids?

Answer: stacks of two

Answer: stacks of two

Answer: in stacks of two


Question: What are Apicomplexans similar to?

Answer: helicosproidia

Answer: helicosproidia

Answer: helicosproidia


Question: What are Apicomplexans a type of?

Answer: chromalveolates

Answer: chromalveolates

Answer: chromalveolates


Question: What is Plasmodium?

Answer: the malaria parasite

Answer: apicomplexans

Answer: malaria parasite


Question: What is an apicoplast?

Answer: a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast

Answer: a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast

Answer: red algal derived chloroplast


Question: Where do Apicomplexans store energy?

Answer: in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm

Answer: amylopectin starch granules

Answer: amylopectin starch granules


Question: What do apicoplasts synthesize?

Answer: fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters

Answer: fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters

Answer: fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters


Question: What kind of diseases do drugs target apicoplasts for?

Answer: apicomplexan-related diseases

Answer: apicomplexan-related diseases

Answer: apicomplexan-related


Question: What is the most important thing apicoplasts do?

Answer: isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis

Answer: isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis

Answer: isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis


Question: What are apicoplasts missing?

Answer: photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids

Answer: photosynthetic function

Answer: all photosynthetic function


Question: How many membranes do apicoplasts have?

Answer: four

Answer: four

Answer: four


Question: What is only found in peridinin-type chloroplasts?

Answer: Peridinin

Answer: peridinin

Answer: peridinin


Question: Where is Peridinin found?

Answer: peridinin-type chloroplast

Answer: chloroplasts

Answer: chloroplasts


Question: How are peridinin-type chloroplasts' thylakoids arranged?

Answer: triplet-stacked

Answer: triplet-stacked

Answer: triplet-stacked


Question: What have peridinin-type chloroplasts lost?

Answer: the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane

Answer: the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane

Answer: red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane


Question: What lineage is Karlodinium in?

Answer: fucoxanthin dinophyte

Answer: fucoxanthin dinophyte

Answer: fucoxanthin dinophyte


Question: What lineage is Karenia in?

Answer: fucoxanthin dinophyte

Answer: fucoxanthin dinophyte

Answer: fucoxanthin dinophyte


Question: How many membranes does the haptophyte chloroplast have?

Answer: four

Answer: four

Answer: four


Question: What is tertiary endosymbiosis of haptophyte chloroplasts expected to create?

Answer: a six membraned chloroplast

Answer: a six membraned chloroplast

Answer: six membraned chloroplast


Question: Where did Dinophysis get its chloroplasts from?

Answer: a cryptophyte

Answer: cryptophyte

Answer: cryptophyte


Question: What have the Dinophysis chloroplasts lost?

Answer: its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes

Answer: its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes

Answer: nucleomorph and outermost two membranes


Question: What is the chloroplast of Dinophysis?

Answer: a phycobilin-containing chloroplast

Answer: phycobilin-containing chloroplast

Answer: phycobilin-containing


Question: What is left of the Dinophysis chloroplasts?

Answer: a two-membraned chloroplast

Answer: a two-membraned chloroplast

Answer: a two-membraned chloroplast


Question: What is another word for diatom?

Answer: heterokontophyte

Answer: heterokontophyte

Answer: heterokontophyte


Question: What is Durinskia's chloroplast?

Answer: a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast

Answer: diatom (heterokontophyte) derived

Answer: diatom (heterokontophyte) derived


Question: How many membranes does Durinskia's chloroplast have?

Answer: up to five

Answer: up to five

Answer: five


Question: What is sometimes but not always counted regarding Durinskia's chloroplast membranes?

Answer: the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast

Answer: the entire diatom endosymbiont

Answer: diatom endosymbiont


Question: Where does the diatom endosymbiont store starch?

Answer: granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm

Answer: in the dinophyte host

Answer: granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm


Question: Where do nucleomorph genes transfer to?

Answer: the dinophyte nucleus

Answer: the dinophyte nucleus

Answer: dinophyte nucleus


Question: What is the only dinophyte that has a non-rhodoplast chloroplast?

Answer: Lepidodinium

Answer: Lepidodinium

Answer: Lepidodinium


Question: What did Lepidodinium viride lose?

Answer: their original peridinin chloroplast

Answer: nucleomorph

Answer: their original peridinin chloroplast


Question: What did Lepidodinium viride replace their original chloroplast with?

Answer: a green algal derived chloroplast

Answer: prasinophyte

Answer: green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte)


Question: What is a prasinophyte?

Answer: a green algal derived chloroplast

Answer: a green algal derived chloroplast

Answer: green algal derived chloroplast


Question: Where did most chloroplasts come from?

Answer: first set of endosymbiotic events

Answer: first set of endosymbiotic events

Answer: first set of endosymbiotic events


Question: What is different about Paulinella chromatophora?

Answer: acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently

Answer: acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently

Answer: acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently


Question: How many base pairs are there in Chromatophore DNA?

Answer: about a million

Answer: about a million

Answer: about a million


Question: How many protein-encoding genes are there in Chromatophore DNA?

Answer: around 850

Answer: 850

Answer: 850


Question: How many base pairs are there in Synechococcus DNA?

Answer: three million

Answer: 150,000

Answer: three million


Question: What is chloroplast DNA abbreviated as?

Answer: ctDNA, or cpDNA

Answer: ctDNA

Answer: ctDNA, or cpDNA


Question: What is a synonym for chloroplast DNA?

Answer: the plastome

Answer: cpDNA

Answer: plastome


Question: When was the plastome discovered?

Answer: 1962

Answer: 1962

Answer: 1962


Question: When was the first plastome sequenced?

Answer: 1986

Answer: 1986

Answer: 1986


Question: Who sequenced the first plastome?

Answer: two Japanese research teams

Answer: two Japanese research teams

Answer: two Japanese research teams


Question: What seldom mutates?

Answer: The inverted repeat regions

Answer: inverted repeat regions

Answer: inverted repeat regions


Question: What have some inverted repeats become?

Answer: direct repeats

Answer: direct repeats

Answer: direct repeats


Question: What could inverted repeats help do?

Answer: stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome

Answer: stabilize the rest of the chloroplast

Answer: help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome


Question: How is chloroplast replication observed?

Answer: electron microscopy

Answer: via electron microscopy

Answer: electron microscopy


Question: How many major chloroplast replication models have been suggested?

Answer: two

Answer: two

Answer: two


Question: What is a Cairns replication intermediate?

Answer: a theta intermediary form

Answer: theta intermediary form

Answer: a theta intermediary form


Question: What is a D-loop?

Answer: a Cairns replication intermediate

Answer: double displacement loop

Answer: double displacement loop


Question: How does the D-loop finish replicating?

Answer: with a rolling circle mechanism

Answer: a rolling circle mechanism

Answer: with a rolling circle mechanism


Question: What kind of gradients does cpDNA have?

Answer: A → G deamination

Answer: A → G deamination gradients

Answer: A → G deamination


Question: What makes DNA vulnerable to deamination?

Answer: when it is single stranded

Answer: when it is single stranded

Answer: replication forks form


Question: How does the secondary theory say most cpDNA is structured?

Answer: linear

Answer: linear

Answer: linear


Question: How does the secondary theory say most cpDNA replicates?

Answer: homologous recombination

Answer: homologous recombination

Answer: through homologous recombination


Question: Where does the secondary theory say most genes are kept?

Answer: in branched, linear, or other complex structures

Answer: branched, linear, or other complex structures

Answer: in branched, linear, or other complex structures


Question: What is cpDNA's replication similar to?

Answer: bacteriophage T4

Answer: bacteriophage T4.

Answer: bacteriophage T4


Question: What kind of cpDNA does maize have?

Answer: linear

Answer: linear

Answer: linear


Question: How is most plants' cpDNA arranged?

Answer: circular

Answer: circular

Answer: circular


Question: How does most plants' cpDNA replicate?

Answer: via a D loop mechanism

Answer: via a D loop mechanism

Answer: via a D loop mechanism


Question: What shows us lost chloroplasts?

Answer: Endosymbiotic gene transfer

Answer: Endosymbiotic gene transfer

Answer: Endosymbiotic gene transfer


Question: What do donated genes give evidence of?

Answer: the lost chloroplast's existence

Answer: for the lost chloroplast's existence

Answer: the lost chloroplast's existence


Question: What kind of chloroplasts do diatoms have?

Answer: a red algal derived chloroplast

Answer: red algal

Answer: red algal derived


Question: What kind of chloroplasts did diatoms have but lost?

Answer: green algal derived chloroplast

Answer: green algal

Answer: green algal derived


Question: What is the status of most chloroplast genes in the mitochondrion?

Answer: nonfunctional pseudogenes

Answer: nonfunctional

Answer: most became nonfunctional pseudogenes


Question: How much of the protein products of transferred genes don't go back to chloroplasts?

Answer: around half

Answer: half

Answer: half


Question: What new tasks do the protein products of transferred genes take on?

Answer: participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance

Answer: cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance

Answer: cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance


Question: What do you have to cross to reach the chloroplast in many secondary plastids?

Answer: the cell membrane

Answer: the cell membrane

Answer: the cell membrane


Question: What is the chloroplast polypeptide synthesized on?

Answer: a ribosome

Answer: a ribosome

Answer: ribosome


Question: Where is the chloroplast polypeptide synthesized?

Answer: in the cytosol

Answer: in the cytosol

Answer: cytosol


Question: What does Phosphorylation do?

Answer: helps many proteins bind the polypeptide

Answer: helps many proteins bind the polypeptide

Answer: helps many proteins bind the polypeptide


Question: What is the benefit of polypeptide binding?

Answer: keeping it from folding prematurely

Answer: keeping it from folding prematurely

Answer: prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place


Question: How are chloroplasts in land plants usually shaped?

Answer: lens-shaped

Answer: lens-shaped

Answer: lens-shaped


Question: How large across are chloroplasts in land plants?

Answer: 5–8 μm in diameter

Answer: 5–8 μm

Answer: 5–8 μm in diameter


Question: How thick are chloroplasts in land plants?

Answer: 1–3 μm

Answer: 1–3 μm

Answer: 1–3 μm


Question: What shape is Oedogonium's chloroplasts?

Answer: a net

Answer: a net

Answer: net


Question: What shape is Chlamydomonas's chloroplasts?

Answer: a cup

Answer: a cup

Answer: cup


Question: What is evidence chloroplasts descended from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria?

Answer: a double membrane

Answer: surrounded by a double membrane

Answer: surrounded by a double membrane


Question: What is incorrectly thought about the outer chloroplast membrane?

Answer: the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium

Answer: is the product of the host's cell membrane

Answer: is the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium


Question: How do both chloroplast membranes compare to cyanobacterium's original double membranes?

Answer: homologous

Answer: homologous

Answer: homologous


Question: What is the chloroplast double membrane sometimes compared to?

Answer: the mitochondrial double membrane

Answer: the mitochondrial double membrane

Answer: mitochondrial double membrane


Question: What does the inner mitochondria membrane do?

Answer: run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation

Answer: to run proton pumps

Answer: run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy


Question: What does oxidative phosphorylation do?

Answer: generate ATP energy

Answer: generate ATP energy

Answer: generate ATP energy


Question: What chloroplast structure is similar to the inner mitochondria membrane?

Answer: the internal thylakoid system

Answer: the internal thylakoid system

Answer: internal thylakoid system


Question: What part of chloroplasts isn't similar to mitochondria?

Answer: the inner chloroplast membrane

Answer: the inner chloroplast membrane

Answer: inner chloroplast membrane


Question: What are more common in other plastids than chloroplasts?

Answer: Stromules

Answer: Stromules

Answer: Stromules


Question: What is a stromule?

Answer: stroma-containing tubule

Answer: stroma-containing tubule

Answer: stroma-containing tubule


Question: Why do stromules exist?

Answer: to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport

Answer: to increase the chloroplast's surface area

Answer: to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport


Question: When were stromules discovered?

Answer: 1962

Answer: 1962

Answer: 1962


Question: Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum usually found?

Answer: in the chloroplasts of C4 plants

Answer: in the chloroplasts of C4 plants,

Answer: chloroplasts of C4 plants


Question: Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum less commonly found?

Answer: in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms

Answer: C3 angiosperms

Answer: C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms


Question: What is a maze of membranous tubes?

Answer: The chloroplast peripheral reticulum

Answer: The chloroplast peripheral reticulum


Question: What does the chloroplast peripheral reticulum do?

Answer: increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport

Answer: to increase the chloroplast's surface area

Answer: increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm


Question: Where do transport vesicles move between?

Answer: the thylakoids and intermembrane space

Answer: thylakoids and intermembrane space

Answer: thylakoids and intermembrane space


Question: What do chloroplasts use their ribosomes for?

Answer: synthesize a small fraction of their proteins

Answer: to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins

Answer: synthesize a small fraction of their proteins


Question: How large are Chloroplast ribosomes?

Answer: 17 nm

Answer: around 17 nm

Answer: 17 nm


Question: How large are Cytoplasmic ribosomes?

Answer: 25 nm

Answer: 25 nm

Answer: 25 nm


Question: What are some Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts missing?

Answer: motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition

Answer: motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition

Answer: motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition


Question: Why is shine-dalgarno sequence recognition important?

Answer: is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes

Answer: translation initiation

Answer: essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes


Question: What is a single Plastoglobuli called?

Answer: plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)

Answer: plastoglobulus

Answer: plastoglobulus


Question: What shape are Plastoglobuli?

Answer: spherical bubbles

Answer: spherical

Answer: spherical


Question: What are Plastoglobuli made of?

Answer: lipids and proteins

Answer: lipids and proteins

Answer: lipids and proteins


Question: How large are Plastoglobuli?

Answer: 45–60 nanometers across

Answer: 45–60 nanometers across

Answer: 45–60 nanometers across


Question: What surrounds Plastoglobuli?

Answer: a lipid monolayer

Answer: lipid monolayer

Answer: a lipid monolayer


Question: What are Plastoglobuli attached to?

Answer: either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid

Answer: a thylakoid

Answer: thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid


Question: What do Plastoglobuli exchange contents with?

Answer: the thylakoid network

Answer: the thylakoid network

Answer: thylakoid network


Question: How are green chloroplasts' Plastoglobuli arranged?

Answer: singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid

Answer: singularly

Answer: singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid


Question: When do Plastoglobuli occur in linked groups?

Answer: In old or stressed chloroplasts

Answer: In old or stressed chloroplasts

Answer: In old or stressed chloroplasts


Question: Where are pyrenoids found?

Answer: The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae

Answer: some hornworts and algae

Answer: chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae


Question: What shape are pyrenoids?

Answer: roughly spherical

Answer: roughly spherical

Answer: spherical


Question: What do pyrenoids look like?

Answer: highly refractive

Answer: highly refractive

Answer: roughly spherical and highly refractive


Question: What do pyrenoids store?

Answer: starch

Answer: starch

Answer: starch


Question: How can pyrenoids replicate?

Answer: divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"

Answer: divide

Answer: divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"


Question: In what model do grana look like pancakes?

Answer: the helical thylakoid model

Answer: the helical thylakoid model

Answer: helical thylakoid


Question: What shape are granal thylakoids?

Answer: flattened circular

Answer: flattened circular

Answer: flattened circular


Question: How many granal thylakoids can be in each granum?

Answer: anywhere from two to a hundred

Answer: two to a hundred

Answer: two to a hundred


Question: How many granal thylakoids are usually in each granum?

Answer: 10–20

Answer: 10–20

Answer: 10–20


Question: What are frets?

Answer: helicoid stromal thylakoids

Answer: helicoid stromal thylakoids

Answer: helicoid stromal thylakoids


Question: What does chlorophyll absorb?

Answer: light energy

Answer: light energy

Answer: light energy


Question: What do carotenoids absorb?

Answer: light energy

Answer: light energy

Answer: light energy


Question: What does chlorophyll use light energy to do?

Answer: energize electrons

Answer: to energize electrons

Answer: energize electrons


Question: What does the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons for?

Answer: pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space

Answer: pump hydrogen ions

Answer: pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space


Question: What is ATP synthase similar to?

Answer: a dam turbine

Answer: a dam turbine

Answer: a dam turbine


Question: How many types of thylakoids are there?

Answer: two

Answer: two

Answer: two


Question: What distinguishes granal thylakoids?

Answer: are arranged in grana

Answer: arranged in grana

Answer: arranged in grana


Question: What distinguishes stromal thylakoids?

Answer: are in contact with the stroma

Answer: in contact with the stroma

Answer: helicoid sheets


Question: What shape are granal thylakoids?

Answer: pancake-shaped circular disks

Answer: pancake

Answer: pancake-shaped


Question: How large are granal thylakoids?

Answer: about 300–600 nanometers in diameter

Answer: 300–600 nanometers

Answer: 300–600 nanometers in diameter


Question: How many photosynthetic carotenoids are there?

Answer: about thirty

Answer: about thirty

Answer: thirty


Question: What do photosynthetic carotenoids do?

Answer: help transfer and dissipate excess energy

Answer: transfer and dissipate excess energy

Answer: help transfer and dissipate excess energy


Question: Why do carotenoids make leaves change color in the fall?

Answer: their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green

Answer: override the chlorophyll green

Answer: override the chlorophyll green


Question: What is beta carotene?

Answer: a bright red-orange carotenoid

Answer: a bright red-orange carotenoid

Answer: bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts


Question: What is the most common Xanthophyll?

Answer: orange-red zeaxanthin

Answer: zeaxanthin

Answer: orange-red zeaxanthin


Question: What are Phycobilins?

Answer: e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria

Answer: a third group of pigments

Answer: a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts


Question: What color is phycoerytherin?

Answer: red

Answer: red

Answer: red


Question: What does phycoerytherin appear in?

Answer: red algae

Answer: red algae

Answer: algae


Question: What are phycobilisomes?

Answer: relatively large protein complexes

Answer: large protein complexes

Answer: large protein complexes


Question: How big are phycobilisomes?

Answer: about 40 nanometers across

Answer: about 40 nanometers across

Answer: 40 nanometers across


Question: What do chloroplasts use to fix carbon dioxide into sugar?

Answer: an enzyme called rubisco

Answer: an enzyme called rubisco

Answer: enzyme called rubisco


Question: What is rubisco's flaw?

Answer: it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen

Answer: trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen

Answer: has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen


Question: What effect does rubisco's flaw have?

Answer: at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors

Answer: at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors

Answer: at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors


Question: What process down the line does rubisco's flaw interfere with?

Answer: the Calvin cycle

Answer: Calvin cycle

Answer: Calvin cycle


Question: What is wasted by rubisco's flaw?

Answer: ATP energy

Answer: ATP energy

Answer: ATP energy


Question: What are chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized for?

Answer: light reactions

Answer: each stage of photosynthesis

Answer: light reactions


Question: What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells lack?

Answer: rubisco

Answer: rubisco

Answer: rubisco


Question: What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized use to make ATP?

Answer: normal grana and thylakoids

Answer: normal grana and thylakoids

Answer: grana and thylakoids


Question: What do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells store carbon dioxide in?

Answer: a four-carbon compound

Answer: a four-carbon compound

Answer: a four-carbon compound


Question: What do bundle sheath chloroplasts specialize in?

Answer: to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar

Answer: the Calvin cycle

Answer: cyclic electron flow


Question: What parts of plants have chloroplasts?

Answer: All green parts

Answer: green parts

Answer: All green parts


Question: What makes plants green?

Answer: the chlorophyll in them

Answer: chlorophyll

Answer: chlorophyll


Question: What plant cells have chloroplasts in them?

Answer: parenchyma cells

Answer: photosynthetic

Answer: parenchyma cells


Question: Where can chloroplasts sometimes be found?

Answer: collenchyma tissue

Answer: in collenchyma tissue

Answer: collenchyma tissue


Question: What is a chlorenchyma cell?

Answer: A plant cell which contains chloroplasts

Answer: cell which contains chloroplasts

Answer: plant cell which contains chloroplasts


Question: Where do cacti have chloroplasts?

Answer: in the stems

Answer: stems

Answer: stems


Question: Where do most plants have chloroplasts?

Answer: concentrated in the leaves

Answer: the leaves

Answer: leaves


Question: How many chloroplasts are in stomatal guard cells?

Answer: 8–15 per cell

Answer: around 8–15

Answer: 8–15


Question: How many chloroplasts are in a square mm of a leaf?

Answer: half a million

Answer: half a million

Answer: half a million


Question: What layers of a leaf have chloroplasts?

Answer: the mesophyll layers

Answer: mesophyll

Answer: mesophyll


Question: When do chloroplasts spread out flat?

Answer: low-light conditions

Answer: low-light conditions

Answer: In low-light conditions


Question: When do chloroplasts arrange in vertical columns or turn sideways?

Answer: Under intense light

Answer: intense light

Answer: Under intense light


Question: What does turning sideways protect chloroplasts from?

Answer: photooxidative damage

Answer: photooxidative damage

Answer: photooxidative damage


Question: Why do land plants have more and smaller chloroplasts?

Answer: to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out

Answer: they can take shelter behind each other

Answer: so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out


Question: What sometimes follows moving chloroplasts?

Answer: Mitochondria

Answer: Mitochondria

Answer: Mitochondria


Question: How many major immune responses do plants have?

Answer: two

Answer: two

Answer: two


Question: What is the hypersensitive response of a plant immune system?

Answer: infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death

Answer: programmed cell death

Answer: infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death


Question: What is the systemic acquired resistance response of a plant immune system?

Answer: infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence

Answer: cells release signals

Answer: infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence


Question: How do chloroplasts trigger the plant's immune system?

Answer: by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system

Answer: purposely damaging their photosynthetic system

Answer: purposely damaging their photosynthetic system


Question: What does damaging photosynthesis systems create?

Answer: reactive oxygen species

Answer: reactive oxygen species

Answer: reactive oxygen species


Question: What molecules act as defense signals?

Answer: salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species

Answer: salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species

Answer: reactive oxygen species


Question: When do chloroplasts produce defense signals?

Answer: After detecting stress in a cell

Answer: After detecting stress in a cell

Answer: After detecting stress in a cell


Question: What happens to reactive oxygen species signals since they don't leave the chloroplast?

Answer: pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule

Answer: pass on their signal

Answer: pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule


Question: What is retrograde signaling?

Answer: signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus

Answer: signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression

Answer: signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus


Question: What is the most important role of chloroplasts?

Answer: photosynthesis

Answer: photosynthesis

Answer: its role in photosynthesis


Question: What is the process of changing light into chemical energy?

Answer: photosynthesis

Answer: photosynthesis

Answer: photosynthesis


Question: What is chemical energy used to produce in plants?

Answer: food in the form of sugars

Answer: light

Answer: food in the form of sugars


Question: What are the molecular inputs for photosynthesis?

Answer: Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Answer: Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Answer: Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)


Question: What are the molecular outputs for photosynthesis?

Answer: sugar and oxygen (O2)

Answer: sugar and oxygen (O2)

Answer: sugar and oxygen (O2)


Question: What do chloroplasts do like mitochondria?

Answer: generate ATP energy

Answer: use the potential energy stored in an H+

Answer: use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy


Question: Where do chloroplasts pump hydrogen?

Answer: into the thylakoid space

Answer: thylakoid space

Answer: into the thylakoid space


Question: How concentrated do the hydrogen ions get in the thylakoid space?

Answer: up to a thousand times

Answer: up to a thousand times as many

Answer: (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma


Question: What does ATP synthase change into ATP?

Answer: phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate

Answer: phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate

Answer: energy from the flowing hydrogen ions


Question: What does ATP mean?

Answer: adenosine triphosphate

Answer: adenosine triphosphate

Answer: adenosine triphosphate


Question: What usually takes reenergized electrons?

Answer: NADP+

Answer: photosystem I

Answer: NADP+


Question: In what process are electrons recycled?

Answer: cyclic photophosphorylation

Answer: cyclic photophosphorylation

Answer: cyclic photophosphorylation


Question: Where is cyclic photophosphorylation common?

Answer: in C4 plants

Answer: in C4 plants

Answer: in C4 plants


Question: What do C4 plants need?

Answer: more ATP than NADPH

Answer: more ATP than NADPH

Answer: more ATP than NADPH


Question: What cycle starts with rubisco?

Answer: The Calvin cycle

Answer: The Calvin cycle

Answer: Calvin cycle


Question: What is the result of the Calvin cycle?

Answer: unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down

Answer: unstable six-carbon molecules

Answer: unstable six-carbon molecules


Question: What do unstable 6-carbon molecules become?

Answer: three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid

Answer: three-carbon molecules

Answer: three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA


Question: How many G3P molecules leave the cycle?

Answer: one out of every six

Answer: out of every six

Answer: one out of every six


Question: What is an alternate way to make starch?

Answer: glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together

Answer: glucose monomers

Answer: glucose monomers in the chloroplast


Question: When might starch grains become overly large?

Answer: Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Answer: high atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Answer: Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations,


Question: What happens when starch grains become overly large?

Answer: distorting the grana and thylakoids

Answer: distorting the grana and thylakoids

Answer: displace the thylakoids, but leave them intact.


Question: What root problem can cause starch buildup?

Answer: Waterlogged roots

Answer: Waterlogged

Answer: Waterlogged roots


Question: What might starch grains be a side effect of?

Answer: another photosynthesis-depressing factor

Answer: another photosynthesis-depressing factor

Answer: another photosynthesis-depressing factor


Question: What can rubisco do by mistake?

Answer: add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP

Answer: add O2 instead of CO2

Answer: add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP


Question: When does photorespiration happen?

Answer: when the oxygen concentration is too high

Answer: when the oxygen concentration is too high

Answer: when the oxygen concentration is too high


Question: Why is using O2 instead of CO2 less efficient?

Answer: it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar

Answer: it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar

Answer: consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar


Question: How much carbon gets wasted by using O2 instead of CO2?

Answer: up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle

Answer: up to half

Answer: half


Question: What is unusual about C4 plants' chloroplasts?

Answer: they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism

Answer: exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism

Answer: exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism


Question: Where do chloroplasts make amino acids?

Answer: in their stroma

Answer: stroma

Answer: in their stroma


Question: Which amino acids contain sulfur?

Answer: cysteine and methionine

Answer: cysteine and methionine

Answer: cysteine and methionine


Question: What is the problem with cysteine?

Answer: it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed

Answer: it has trouble crossing membranes

Answer: has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed


Question: What are we unsure of about how chloroplasts make methionine precursors?

Answer: whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol

Answer: whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway

Answer: whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol


Question: What is sometimes used interchangeably with 'plastids'?

Answer: Chloroplasts

Answer: Chloroplasts

Answer: Chloroplasts


Question: What do a plant's chloroplasts descend from?

Answer: undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg

Answer: undifferentiated proplastids

Answer: undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote


Question: Where are Proplastids usually found?

Answer: in an adult plant's apical meristems

Answer: zygote

Answer: adult plant's apical meristems


Question: What is more often seen in root tip maristems?

Answer: the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts

Answer: amyloplasts

Answer: starch-storing amyloplasts


Question: What happens if angiosperm shoots don't get enough light?

Answer: proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts

Answer: proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts

Answer: proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts


Question: What is an etioplast?

Answer: a plastid that lacks chlorophyll

Answer: plastid that lacks chlorophyll

Answer: plastid that lacks chlorophyll


Question: What do etioplasts' internal membranes have?

Answer: invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma

Answer: invaginations

Answer: lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body


Question: What do etioplasts have instead of chlorophyll?

Answer: a yellow chlorophyll precursor

Answer: yellow chlorophyll precursor

Answer: yellow chlorophyll precursor


Question: What plants don't need light to make chloroplasts?

Answer: Gymnosperms

Answer: Gymnosperms

Answer: Gymnosperms


Question: What can chloroplasts change into?

Answer: chromoplasts

Answer: chromoplasts

Answer: chromoplasts


Question: What are chromoplasts?

Answer: pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit

Answer: pigment-filled plastids

Answer: pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit


Question: What can amyloplasts become?

Answer: chromoplasts

Answer: chromoplasts

Answer: chromoplasts


Question: What can proplastids become?

Answer: chromoplasts

Answer: chromoplasts

Answer: chromoplasts


Question: When a plant is injured, what can become proplastids?

Answer: chloroplasts and other plastids

Answer: chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids

Answer: chloroplasts and other plastids


Question: What do FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 combine into?

Answer: filaments

Answer: filaments

Answer: filaments


Question: What are FtsZ1 and FtsZ2?

Answer: proteins

Answer: proteins

Answer: proteins


Question: What do FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 plus ARC6 form?

Answer: a structure called a Z-ring

Answer: a Z-ring

Answer: Z-ring


Question: Where is the Z-ring?

Answer: within the chloroplast's stroma

Answer: within the chloroplast's stroma

Answer: within the chloroplast's stroma


Question: What gets the Z-ring in the right place?

Answer: The Min system

Answer: The Min system

Answer: Min system


Question: What are PD rings?

Answer: plastid-dividing rings

Answer: plastid-dividing rings

Answer: plastid-dividing rings


Question: How many PD rings are there?

Answer: two

Answer: two

Answer: two


Question: How large are the outer PD ring's filaments?

Answer: about 5 nanometers across

Answer: about 5 nanometers across

Answer: 5 nanometers across


Question: How far apart are the outer PD ring's filaments?

Answer: 6.4 nanometers

Answer: 6.4 nanometers

Answer: 6.4 nanometers


Question: What is different about Cyanidioschyzon merolæ?

Answer: chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring

Answer: chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring

Answer: chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space


Question: What is necessary for chloroplasts to replicate?

Answer: Light

Answer: Light

Answer: Light


Question: What kind of light is important for chloroplasts to divide?

Answer: bright white light

Answer: white light

Answer: bright white light


Question: What do chloroplasts look like in spinach grown in green light?

Answer: large dumbbell-shaped

Answer: dumbbell-shaped

Answer: dumbbell-shaped


Question: What kind of light is inadequate for chloroplasts to divide?

Answer: poor quality green light

Answer: green light

Answer: poor quality green light


Question: Why are chloroplasts of interest in GMO crops?

Answer: transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen

Answer: chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent

Answer: transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen


Question: What is reduced by using plastid transformation for gene modification?

Answer: environmental risks

Answer: environmental risks

Answer: environmental risks


Question: What was the containment failure rate in a tobacco plant study using plastid transformation?

Answer: 3 in 1,000,000

Answer: 3 in 1,000,000

Answer: 3 in 1,000,000


Question: What are plants with plastid gene transformations called?

Answer: transplastomic

Answer: genetically modified crops

Answer: genetically modified plants


Question: What is the only divisor besides 1 that a prime number can have?

Answer: itself

Answer: itself

Answer: itself

Answer: itself

Answer: itself


Question: What are numbers greater than 1 that can be divided by 3 or more numbers called?

Answer: composite number

Answer: composite number

Answer: composite number

Answer: primes


Question: What theorem defines the main role of primes in number theory?

Answer: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Answer: arithmetic

Answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic


Question: Any number larger than 1 can be represented as a product of what?

Answer: a product of primes

Answer: product of primes that is unique up to ordering

Answer: primes

Answer: primes

Answer: primes that is unique up to ordering


Question: Why must one be excluded in order to preserve the uniqueness of the fundamental theorem?

Answer: because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

Answer: one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

Answer: can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

Answer: one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization

Answer: because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization


Question: What is the name of the property that designates a number as being prime or not?

Answer: primality

Answer: primality

Answer: primality

Answer: primality

Answer: primality


Question: What is the name of the process which confirms the primality of a number n?

Answer: trial division

Answer: trial division

Answer: trial division

Answer: trial division

Answer: trial division


Question: What is the name of one algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers?

Answer: the Miller–Rabin primality test

Answer: Miller–Rabin primality test

Answer: Miller–Rabin primality test

Answer: Miller–Rabin primality test

Answer: Miller–Rabin primality test


Question: What is the name of another algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers?

Answer: the AKS primality test

Answer: AKS primality test

Answer: AKS primality test

Answer: AKS primality test

Answer: AKS primality test


Question: As of January 2016 how many digits does the largest known prime consist of?

Answer: 22,338,618 decimal digits

Answer: 22,338,618

Answer: 22,338,618

Answer: 22,338,618

Answer: 22,338,618


Question: How many prime numbers exist?

Answer: infinitely many

Answer: infinitely

Answer: infinitely many

Answer: infinitely

Answer: infinitely many


Question: Who established the amount of prime numbers in existence?

Answer: Euclid

Answer: Euclid

Answer: Euclid

Answer: Euclid

Answer: Euclid


Question: What type of behavior in primes is it possible to determine?

Answer: the statistical behaviour

Answer: distribution

Answer: statistical

Answer: statistical

Answer: statistical


Question: What theorem states that the probability that a number n is prime is inversely proportional to its logarithm?

Answer: the prime number theorem

Answer: prime number theorem

Answer: prime number

Answer: prime number theorem

Answer: prime number theorem


Question: When was the prime number theorem proven?

Answer: at the end of the 19th century

Answer: end of the 19th century

Answer: end of the 19th century

Answer: end of the 19th century

Answer: end of the 19th century


Question: What is the name of the supposition that any number larger than 2 can be represented as the sum of two primes?

Answer: Goldbach's conjecture

Answer: Goldbach's conjecture

Answer: Goldbach's conjecture

Answer: Goldbach's conjecture

Answer: Goldbach's conjecture


Question: What is the name of the supposition that there are infinite pairs of primes whose difference is 2?

Answer: the twin prime conjecture

Answer: twin prime conjecture

Answer: twin prime conjecture

Answer: twin prime conjecture

Answer: twin prime conjecture


Question: Besides the analytic property of numbers, what other property of numbers does number theory focus on?

Answer: algebraic aspects

Answer: algebraic

Answer: algebraic

Answer: algebraic

Answer: algebraic aspects


Question: What is the application of prime numbers used in information technology which utilizes the fact that factoring very large prime numbers is very challenging?

Answer: public-key cryptography

Answer: public-key cryptography

Answer: public-key cryptography

Answer: cryptography

Answer: public-key cryptography


Question: What is the name of one algebraic generalization prime numbers have inspired?

Answer: prime ideals

Answer: prime elements

Answer: prime elements

Answer: prime elements


Question: Any even number larger than what cannot be considered prime?

Answer: 2

Answer: 2

Answer: 2

Answer: 2

Answer: 2


Question: What are the specific divisors of all even numbers larger than 2?

Answer: 1, 2, and n

Answer: 1, 2, and n

Answer: 1, 2, and n

Answer: 1, 2, and n

Answer: 1, 2, and n


Question: What name is given to any prime number larger than 2?

Answer: odd prime

Answer: odd prime

Answer: odd prime

Answer: odd prime

Answer: odd prime


Question: Besides 1,3 and 7, what other number must all primes greater than 5 end with?

Answer: 9

Answer: 9

Answer: 9

Answer: 9

Answer: 9


Question: What type of numbers are always multiples of 2?

Answer: even numbers

Answer: even

Answer: even numbers

Answer: even

Answer: even


Question: What number did early Greeks not regard as a true number?

Answer: 1

Answer: 1

Answer: 1

Answer: 1

Answer: 1


Question: Who included 1 as the first prime number in the mid 18th century?

Answer: Christian Goldbach

Answer: Christian Goldbach

Answer: Christian Goldbach

Answer: mathematicians

Answer: mathematicians


Question: In the mid 18th century, who did not concur that 1 should be the first prime number?

Answer: Leonhard Euler

Answer: Leonhard Euler

Answer: Leonhard Euler

Answer: Leonhard Euler

Answer: Leonhard Euler


Question: How many primes were included in Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of prime numbers?

Answer: 10,006,721

Answer: primes up to 10,006,721

Answer: 10,006,721

Answer: 10,006,721

Answer: 10,006,721


Question: What type of number do modern mathematicians consider 1 to be?

Answer: its own special category as a "unit"

Answer: unit

Answer: a "unit"

Answer: unit

Answer: a "unit


Question: Which theorem would be invalid if the number 1 were considered prime?

Answer: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Answer: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Answer: arithmetic

Answer: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Answer: Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic


Question: The sieve of Eratosthenes would not be valid if what were true?

Answer: if 1 were considered a prime

Answer: 1 were considered a prime

Answer: 1 were considered a prime

Answer: if 1 were considered a prime

Answer: if 1 were considered a prime


Question: What is another function that primes have that the number 1 does not?

Answer: Euler's totient function

Answer: sum of divisors function

Answer: sum of divisors function

Answer: the sum of divisors function

Answer: sum of divisors


Question: What is one function that prime numbers have that 1 does not?

Answer: the sum of divisors function

Answer: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

Answer: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

Answer: relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function

Answer: the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function


Question: If 1 were to be considered as prime what would the sieve of Eratosthenes yield for all other numbers?

Answer: only the single number 1

Answer: 1

Answer: only the single number 1

Answer: eliminate all multiples of 1

Answer: eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1.


Question: What is the name of the Egyptian papyrus that suggests that they may have had knowledge of prime numbers?

Answer: the Rhind papyrus

Answer: Rhind

Answer: Rhind

Answer: Egyptian fraction

Answer: Rhind papyrus


Question: What civilization was the first known to clearly study prime numbers?

Answer: the Ancient Greeks

Answer: Ancient Greeks

Answer: Greeks

Answer: Ancient Greeks

Answer: Ancient Greeks


Question: What work from around 300 BC has significant theorems about prime numbers?

Answer: Euclid's Elements

Answer: Euclid's Elements

Answer: Euclid's Elements

Answer: Euclid's Elements

Answer: Euclid's Elements


Question: Who demonstrated how to create a perfect number from a Mersenne prime?

Answer: Euclid

Answer: Euclid

Answer: Euclid

Answer: Euclid

Answer: Euclid


Question: What does the Sieve of Eratosthenes do?

Answer: compute primes

Answer: compute primes

Answer: compute primes

Answer: compute primes

Answer: compute primes


Question: In what year did Pierre de Fermat declare Fermat's little theorem?

Answer: In 1640

Answer: 1640

Answer: 1640

Answer: 1640

Answer: 1640


Question: Besides Leibniz, what other mathematician proved the validity of Fermat's little theorem?

Answer: Euler

Answer: Euler

Answer: Euler

Answer: Euler

Answer: Euler


Question: Of what form do Fermat numbers take?

Answer: 22n + 1

Answer: 22n + 1

Answer: 22n + 1

Answer: 22n + 1

Answer: 22n + 1


Question: Of what form do Mersenne primes take?

Answer: 2p − 1

Answer: 2p − 1, with p a prime

Answer: 2p − 1

Answer: 2p − 1

Answer: 2p − 1


Question: To what extent did Fermat confirm the validity of Fermat numbers?

Answer: up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)

Answer: up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)

Answer: 216 + 1

Answer: n = 4

Answer: n = 4


Question: What is the most elemental way to test the primality of any integer n?

Answer: trial division

Answer: trial division

Answer: trial division

Answer: trial division

Answer: trial division


Question: What makes the method of trial division more efficient?

Answer: if a complete list of primes up to  is known

Answer: a complete list of primes up to  is known

Answer: complete list of primes up to  is known

Answer: if a complete list of primes up to  is known

Answer: if a complete list of primes up to  is known


Question: Trial division involves dividing n by every integer m greater than what?

Answer: greater than 1

Answer: 1

Answer: 1

Answer: is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n

Answer: 1


Question: How many divisions are required to verify the primality of the number 37?

Answer: only three divisions

Answer: only for those m that are prime

Answer: three

Answer: three

Answer: three


Question: What must the integer m be less than or equal to when performing trial division?

Answer: less than or equal to the square root of n

Answer: the square root of n

Answer: square root of n

Answer: the square root of n.

Answer: the square root of n.


Question: How many modern types of primality tests for general numbers n are there?

Answer: two main classes

Answer: two

Answer: two

Answer: two

Answer: two


Question: What is the name of one type of modern primality test?

Answer: probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo")

Answer: probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo")

Answer: probabilistic

Answer: probabilistic

Answer: probabilistic


Question: What is the name of another type of modern primality test?

Answer: deterministic

Answer: deterministic algorithms

Answer: deterministic

Answer: deterministic algorithms

Answer: deterministic algorithms


Question: What type of algorithm is trial division?

Answer: deterministic

Answer: deterministic algorithm

Answer: deterministic

Answer: deterministic

Answer: deterministic


Question: When using a probabilistic algorithm, how is the probability that the number is composite expressed mathematically?

Answer: 1/(1-p)n

Answer: 1/(1-p)n

Answer: 1/(1-p)n

Answer: 1/(1-p)n

Answer: 1/(1-p)n


Question: What is one straightforward case of a probabilistic test?

Answer: the Fermat primality test,

Answer: Fermat primality test

Answer: Fermat primality test

Answer: Fermat primality test

Answer: the Fermat primality test


Question: What does the Fermat primality test depend upon?

Answer: np≡n (mod p)

Answer: np≡n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number

Answer: np≡n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number

Answer: np≡n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number

Answer: the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np≡n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number


Question: What type of numbers demonstrate a flaw with the Fermat primality test?

Answer: composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers)

Answer: Carmichael

Answer: Carmichael

Answer: Carmichael numbers

Answer: Carmichael numbers


Question: What is the name of one impressive continuation of the Fermat primality test?

Answer: Baillie-PSW

Answer: Baillie-PSW

Answer: Baillie-PSW

Answer: Baillie-PSW

Answer: Baillie-PSW,


Question: What is the name of another compelling continuation of the Fermat primality test?

Answer: Solovay-Strassen tests

Answer: Miller-Rabin

Answer: Miller-Rabin

Answer: Miller-Rabin

Answer: Miller-Rabin


Question: Of what form are Sophie Germain primes?

Answer: 2p + 1

Answer: 2p + 1 with p prime

Answer: 2p + 1 with p prime

Answer: 2p + 1

Answer: 2p + 1


Question: Of what form are Mersenne primes?

Answer: 2p − 1

Answer: 2p − 1

Answer: 2p − 1, where p is an arbitrary prime

Answer: 2p − 1

Answer: 2p − 1,


Question: What test is especially useful for numbers of the form 2p - 1?

Answer: The Lucas–Lehmer test

Answer: Lucas–Lehmer

Answer: Lucas–Lehmer

Answer: Lucas–Lehmer

Answer: Lucas–Lehmer test


Question: What is the name of one type of prime where p+1 or p-1 takes a certain shape?

Answer: primorial primes

Answer: Fermat

Answer: Sophie Germain

Answer: Sophie Germain

Answer: Sophie Germain


Question: What is the name of another type of prime here p+1 or p-1 takes a certain shape?

Answer: Fermat primes

Answer: Mersenne

Answer: primorial primes

Answer: primorial primes

Answer: primorial primes


Question: What is the name of one type of computing method that is used to find prime numbers?

Answer: distributed computing

Answer: distributed computing

Answer: distributed

Answer: distributed computing

Answer: distributed computing


Question: In what year was the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project conducted?

Answer: In 2009

Answer: 2009

Answer: 2009

Answer: 2009

Answer: 2009


Question: the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, what was the prize for finding a prime with at least 10 million digits?

Answer: US$100,000

Answer: US$100,000

Answer: US$100,000

Answer: $100,000

Answer: US$100,000


Question: What organization offers monetary awards for identifying primes with at least 100 million digits?

Answer: The Electronic Frontier Foundation

Answer: Electronic Frontier Foundation

Answer: Electronic Frontier Foundation

Answer: . The Electronic Frontier Foundation

Answer: $150,000


Question: In what interval are some of the greatest primes without a distinct form discovered in?

Answer: [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1]

Answer: [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1]

Answer: [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1]

Answer: [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1]

Answer: [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1].


Question: What is name of the function used for the largest integer not greater than the number in question?

Answer: the floor function

Answer: floor

Answer: floor

Answer: floor function

Answer: floor function


Question: Who first proved Bertrand's postulate?

Answer: Chebyshev

Answer: Chebyshev

Answer: Chebyshev

Answer: Chebyshev

Answer: Chebyshev


Question: For what size natural number does Bertrand's postulate hold?

Answer: any natural number n > 3

Answer: n > 3

Answer: n > 3

Answer: > 3.

Answer: n > 3


Question: How is the prime number p in Bertrand's postulate expressed mathematically?

Answer: n < p < 2n − 2

Answer: n < p < 2n − 2

Answer: A or μ

Answer: n < p < 2n − 2

Answer: n < p < 2n − 2


Question: On what theorem is the formula that frequently generates the number 2 and all other primes precisely once based on?

Answer: Wilson's theorem

Answer: Wilson's

Answer: Wilson's

Answer: Wilson's theorem

Answer: Wilson's theorem


Question: What is another way to state the condition that infinitely many primes can exist only if a and q are coprime?

Answer: their greatest common divisor is one

Answer: greatest common divisor is one

Answer: their greatest common divisor is one

Answer: their greatest common divisor is one


Question: If a and q are coprime, which theorem holds that an arithmetic progression has an infinite number of primes?

Answer: Dirichlet's theorem

Answer: Dirichlet's

Answer: Dirichlet's theorem

Answer: Dirichlet's theorem


Question: What is the density of all primes compatible with a modulo 9?

Answer: 1/6

Answer: 1/6

Answer: 1/6

Answer: 1/6


Question: If q=9 and a=3,6 or 9, how many primes would be in the progression?

Answer: at most one prime number

Answer: one

Answer: one

Answer: at most one


Question: If q=9 and a=1,2,4,5,7, or 8, how many primes would be in a progression?

Answer: infinitely many prime numbers

Answer: infinitely many

Answer: infinite

Answer: infinitely many


Question: What function is related to prime numbers?

Answer: The zeta function

Answer: zeta

Answer: zeta function

Answer: zeta function


Question: What type of value would the zeta function have if there were finite primes?

Answer: a finite value

Answer: finite

Answer: finite

Answer: finite


Question: What property of the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... shows that there is an infinite number of primes?

Answer: diverges

Answer: diverges

Answer: exceeds any given number


Question: What does it mean when a harmonic series diverges?

Answer: exceeds any given number

Answer: exceeds any given number

Answer: exceeds any given number

Answer: exceeds any given number


Question: Of what mathematical nature is the Basel problem?

Answer: identity

Answer: algebraic

Answer: modern algebraic number theory

Answer: modern algebraic number theory


Question: When was the Riemann hypothesis proposed?

Answer: 1859

Answer: 1859

Answer: 1859

Answer: 1859


Question: According to the Riemann hypothesis, all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 except for what values of s?

Answer: s = −2, −4, ...,

Answer: −2, −4, ...,

Answer: −2, −4

Answer: s = −2, −4


Question: What does the Riemann hypothesis state the source of irregularity in the distribution of points comes from?

Answer: random noise

Answer: random noise

Answer: random noise

Answer: random noise


Question: What type of prime distribution does the Riemann hypothesis propose is also true for short intervals near X?

Answer: asymptotic distribution

Answer: asymptotic

Answer: asymptotic distribution

Answer: asymptotic distribution


Question: What type of prime distribution is characterized about x/log x of numbers less than x?

Answer: asymptotic distribution

Answer: asymptotic

Answer: asymptotic distribution

Answer: asymptotic distribution


Question: Which conjecture holds that every even integer n greater than 2 can be expressed as a sum of two primes?

Answer: Goldbach's conjecture

Answer: Goldbach's

Answer: Goldbach's

Answer: Goldbach's


Question: When did Landau propose his four conjectural problems?

Answer: 1912

Answer: 1912

Answer: 1912

Answer: 1912


Question: As of February 2011, how many numbers has Goldbach's conjecture been proven to?

Answer: all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017

Answer: n = 2 · 1017

Answer: n = 2

Answer: n = 2


Question: Which theorem states that all large odd integers can be expressed as a sum of three primes?

Answer: Vinogradov's theorem

Answer: Vinogradov's

Answer: Vinogradov's theorem

Answer: Vinogradov's theorem


Question: Which theorem states that every large even integer can be written as a prime summed with a semiprime?

Answer: Chen's theorem

Answer: Chen's

Answer: Chen's theorem

Answer: Chen's theorem


Question: What conjecture holds that there is an infinite amount of twin primes?

Answer: twin prime conjecture

Answer: twin prime conjecture

Answer: twin prime conjecture

Answer: Polignac's


Question: What is a twin prime?

Answer: pairs of primes with difference 2

Answer: pairs of primes with difference 2

Answer: pairs of primes with difference 2

Answer: pairs of primes with difference 2


Question: Which conjecture holds that for any positive integer n, there is an infinite amount of pairs of consecutive primes differing by 2n?

Answer: Polignac's conjecture

Answer: Polignac's

Answer: Polignac's conjecture

Answer: Polignac's


Question: Of what form is the infinite amount of primes that comprise the special cases of Schinzel's hypothesis?

Answer: n2 + 1

Answer: n2 + 1

Answer: n2 + 1.

Answer: n2 + 1


Question: What conjecture holds that there are always a minimum of 4 primes  between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2?

Answer: Brocard's conjecture

Answer: Brocard's

Answer: Brocard's conjecture

Answer: Brocard's


Question: Besides the study of prime numbers, what general theory was considered the official example of pure mathematics?

Answer: number theory

Answer: number theory

Answer: number theory

Answer: number theory


Question: What British mathematician took pride in doing work that he felt had no military benefit?

Answer: G. H. Hardy

Answer: G. H. Hardy

Answer: G. H. Hardy

Answer: G. H. Hardy


Question: When was it discovered that prime numbers could applied to the creation of public key cryptography algorithms?

Answer: the 1970s

Answer: 1970s

Answer: 1970s

Answer: 1970s


Question: Besides public key cryptography, what is another application for prime numbers?

Answer: hash tables

Answer: hash tables

Answer: hash tables and pseudorandom number generators

Answer: hash tables and pseudorandom number generators


Question: What type of number generators make use of prime numbers?

Answer: pseudorandom number generators

Answer: pseudorandom

Answer: pseudorandom

Answer: pseudorandom


Question: Assuming p is a prime other than 2 or 5, then, according to Fermat's theorem, what type of decimal will 1/p always be?

Answer: a recurring decimal

Answer: recurring

Answer: recurring

Answer: recurring

Answer: recurring


Question: According to Fermat's theorem, what period does 1/p always have assuming p is prime that is not 2 or 5?

Answer: p − 1

Answer: p − 1

Answer: p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1

Answer: p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1

Answer: p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1


Question: According to Wilson's theorem, what factorial must be divisible by p if some integer p > 1 is to be considered prime?

Answer: (p − 1)! + 1

Answer: (p − 1)! + 1

Answer: (p − 1)! + 1

Answer: (p − 1)! + 1

Answer: (p − 1)! + 1


Question: According to Wilson's theorem, what factorial must be divisible by n if some integer n > 4 is to be considered composite?

Answer: (n − 1)!

Answer: (n − 1)!

Answer: (n − 1)!

Answer: (n − 1)!

Answer: (n − 1)!


Question: What condition what must be satisfied in order for 1/p to be expressed in base q instead of base 10 and still have a period of p - 1?

Answer: p is not a prime factor of q

Answer: p is not a prime factor of q

Answer: p is not a prime factor of q

Answer: p is not a prime factor of q.

Answer: p is not a prime factor of q.


Question: What is one type of public key cryptography algorithm?

Answer: RSA

Answer: RSA

Answer: RSA

Answer: RSA


Question: What is another type of public key cryptography algorithm?

Answer: the Diffie–Hellman key exchange

Answer: Diffie–Hellman

Answer: Diffie–Hellman key exchange

Answer: Diffie–Hellman key exchange


Question: How many bits are often in the primes used for RSA public key cryptography algorithms?

Answer: 512-bit

Answer: 512

Answer: 512

Answer: 512


Question: On what type of exponentiation does the Diffie–Hellman key exchange depend on?

Answer: modular exponentiation

Answer: modular

Answer: modular

Answer: modular


Question: How many bits are typically used in the primes for the Diffie–Hellman key exchange?

Answer: 1024-bit

Answer: 1024

Answer: 1024

Answer: 1024


Question: What type of insect employs the use of prime numbers in its evolutionary strategy?

Answer: cicadas

Answer: cicadas

Answer: cicadas

Answer: cicadas


Question: Where do cicadas spend the majority of their lives?

Answer: as grubs underground

Answer: underground

Answer: underground

Answer: underground


Question: Other than 7 and 13, what other year interval do cicadas pupate?

Answer: 17 years

Answer: 17

Answer: 17

Answer: 17


Question: What is the logic behind the cicadas prime number evolutionary strategy?

Answer: make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators

Answer: difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas

Answer: the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas

Answer: the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve


Question: How much larger would cicada predator populations be if cicada outbreaks occurred at 14 and 15 year intervals?

Answer: up to 2% higher

Answer: 2%

Answer: 2%

Answer: 2%


Question: What does the word prime generally suggest?

Answer: indecomposability

Answer: minimality

Answer: minimality or indecomposability

Answer: minimality or indecomposability


Question: For a field F containing 0 and 1, what would be the prime field?

Answer: the smallest subfield

Answer: the smallest subfield

Answer: Q or the finite field with p elements

Answer: the smallest subfield


Question: How can any knot be distinctively indicated?

Answer: as a connected sum of prime knots

Answer: as a connected sum of prime knots

Answer: as a connected sum of prime knots

Answer: as a connected sum of prime knots


Question: What is an additional meaning intended when the word prime is used?

Answer: any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components

Answer: any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components

Answer: any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components

Answer: any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components


Question: What does it mean for a knot to be considered indecomposable?

Answer: it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots

Answer: cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots

Answer: cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots

Answer: it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots


Question: What is the name of an algebraic structure in which addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined?

Answer: commutative ring R

Answer: commutative ring

Answer: ring R

Answer: commutative ring R


Question: What is one general concept that applies to elements of commutative rings?

Answer: prime elements

Answer: prime elements

Answer: prime elements

Answer: prime elements


Question: What is another general concept that applies to elements of commutative rings?

Answer: irreducible elements

Answer: irreducible elements

Answer: irreducible elements

Answer: irreducible elements


Question: What is one condition that an element p of R must satisfy in order to be considered a prime element?

Answer: it is neither zero nor a unit

Answer: neither zero nor a unit

Answer: it is neither zero nor a unit

Answer: it is neither zero nor a unit


Question: Under what condition is an element irreducible?

Answer: cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units

Answer: not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units.

Answer: it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units

Answer: it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units


Question: What theorem remains valid in unique factorization domains?

Answer: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Answer: theorem of arithmetic

Answer: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Answer: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic