---
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- moe
- llm
- efficient-inference
pipeline_tag: text-generation
---

# TC-MoE: Augmenting Mixture of Experts with Ternary Expert Choice

## Model Description

TC-MoE is a novel Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture that enhances traditional MoE models through expert space expansion. By applying the ternary set {-1, 0, 1} to each original expert, TC-MoE achieves:

- ​**9% reduction** in activated experts compared to Top-K routing
- ​**1.1% average performance gain** on language understanding benchmarks
- Flexible efficiency-effectiveness trade-off via reward mechanism

Key innovations:
- 🎯 ​**Ternary Expert Expansion**: Creates parameter-sharing expert variants (-1, 0, +1) without significant computational overhead
- ⚖️ ​**Adaptive Load Balancing**: Novel load balance loss for expert workload distribution
- 🎮 ​**Reward-Driven Routing**: Dynamic control of expert activation ratios

## Model Overview

- ​**Architecture**: Decoder-only transformer based on LLaMA
- ​**Pretraining Data**: 
  - RedPajama (100B tokens)
- ​**Model Size**:
  - Base (681M/2.3B params) 

## Usage

```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("stiger1000/TC-MoE")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("stiger1000/TC-MoE")

inputs = tokenizer("The capital of France is", return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_length=50)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))
```

## Training Details

- **Optimizer**: AdamW (β₁=0.9, β₂=0.95)
- **Learning Rate**: 1e-4 with cosine decay
- **Batch Size**: 4M tokens
- **Loss Components**:
  - Language Modeling Loss
  - Load Balance Loss (α₁=0.01)
  - Reward Loss (α₂=0.0)

## Citation
```bibtex
@inproceedings{yan2025tcmoe,
  title={TC-MoE: Augmenting Mixture of Experts with Ternary Expert Choice},
  author={Yan, Shen and Bin, Xingyan and Zhang, Sijun and Wang, Yisen and Lin, Zhouchen},
  booktitle={The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year={2025}
}
```

📚 **Repository**: [GitHub](https://github.com/stiger1000/TC-MoE)