Upload MergedDataSet.csv

MergedDataSet.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+SN,Question,Options,Correct Options
+1,EIA is study of probable change in socio economic and characteristics of environment due to proposed action.,"A. biophysical, B. geological, C. hydrological, D. Potential",A
+2,EIA is __ and __ environmental impacts.,"A. beneficial and adverse, B. social and benefit, C. adverse and economical, D. None of above",A
+3,"___ is evident that order to identify, assess and predict the environmental impacts.","A. Environmental attributes, B. Environmental impact, C. Complex system, D. Variable parameter",A
+4,"EIA is including mechanisms for monitoring, and evaluation.","A. specification, B. auditing, C. reporting, D. concluding",B
+5,EIA is study to delineate between beneficial and detrimental impacts.,"A. micro, B. action, C. proposed, D. macro",D
+6,Which are environmental attributes?,"A. Detailed attributes, B. Review level attributes, C. Economic attributes, D. Ecology attributes","A,B"
+7,The baseline studies in EIA pertain to _____________.,"A. Collection of demographic data only, B. prediction of significant residual environmental impact, C. existing environmental settling of proposed development area, D. selection of best project option available",C
+8,EIA may define formal process used to predict environmental consequences of ___________,"A. identify project, B. any development projects, C. reduced cost, D. impact of laws",B
+9,EIA is supporting the goals of environmental protection and __________.,"A. sustainable development, B. economic growth, C. involvement of public, D. proposed activities",A
+10,"EIA is provided for of public, government agencies to review proposed activities.","A. beneficial, B. mitigation, C. involvement, D. adverse",C
+11,EIA is necessary because …………,"A. development is bad for the environment, B. there is growing interest in sustainability, C. environmental impacts of developments are of public interest, D. none of the above",C
+12,The primary reason for Environmental Impact Assessment is to,"A. mitigate existing environmental impacts of development, B. predict the size of impacts of developments, C. describe proposed developments, D. identify the environmental consequences of development in advance",D
+13,The process of burning municipal solid waste at high temperature is called ____________,"A. Incineration, B. Composting, C. Land filing, D. Shredding",A
+14,"In which method of disposal of municipal solid waste, the waste is dumped in the soil?","A. Incineration, B. Composting, C. Land filing, D. Shredding",C
+15,The density of ash produced in the municipal solid waste is ___________,"A. 100 kg/m3, B. 450 kg/m3, C. 700 kg/m3, D. 1000 kg/m3",C
+16,______ is a liquid that passes through solid waste and extracts suspended impurities from it.,"A. Leachate, B. Sludge, C. Distilled water, D. Municipal waste",A
+17,Which of the following temperature is optimum for incinerators?,"A. 900-1100°C, B. 100-110°C, C. 90-110°C, D. 100-11000°C",A
+18,Which of the following is not a waste treatment method for biomedical wastes?,"A. Incineration, B. Chemical disinfecting, C. Autoclaving, D. Sieving",D
+19,Which of the following can be used to produce marketable compost from dry solid wastes?,"A. Aerobic composting, B. Vermicomposting, C. Anaerobic digestion, D. Anaerobic composting",A
+20,Which of the following is correct regarding disposal of waste by land filling?,"A. Economical method, B. Preferred in low lying areas, C. Foul gases are not produced, D. Separation of different types of waste not required",C
+21,The waste produced in cotton mills are ___________,"A. Municipal solid waste, B. Non biodegradable waste, C. Hazardous waste, D. Non hazardous waste",D
+22,What plan should we make to the disposal of solid waste?,"A. Integrated waste management plan, B. Recycling of waste management plan, C. Reducing of waste management plan, D. Use of waste management plan",A
+23,Which of the following is an important part of the natural release of biogas in the environment?,"A. Biogeochemical cycle, B. Environment pollution, C. Afforestation, D. Deforestration",A
+24,"Which of the following organism degrade the organic matter thereby, transfer the matter to the environment?","A. Methanogens, B. Manganese, C. Carbon dioxide, D. Methane",A
+25,Which of the following resembles the rich topsoil in context to solid waste composting?,"A. Humus, B. Bed rock, C. Sub soil, D. Weathered rock",A
+26,Why mismanagement of battery waste can be harmful?,"A. Texture, B. Heavy metals, C. Plastics, D. Odor",B
+27,Which of the following factors leads to Eutrophication?,"A. Excessive use of fertilizers, B. Increase of plant nutrients, C. Soil Pollution, D. None of the above","A,B"
+28,What are 'keystone' species in an ecosystem?,"A. The species whose elimination can seriously affect the ecosystem., B. The species whose elimination can benefit the ecosystem., C. The species whose elimination would not affect the ecosystem., D. None of the above",A
+29,What are the two forms of alcohol are included in biofuels?,"A. Ethanol and methanol, B. Ethanol and propanol, C. Methanol and propanol, D. None of the above",A
+30,Environmental studies is defined as the branch that deals with the:,"A. Design, study, and discovery of new materials., B. The study of humanities, social, biological, and physical sciences., C. Incorporate the information and physical sciences., D. Approach about the natural world and the impact of humans on its integrity.",D
+31,Risk is best defined as,"A. A physical injury, B. The probability that an action will lead to an injury, damage or loss, C. Behavior that is unhealthy, D. None of the above",B
+32,The purpose of a Risk Management decision-making process is to,"A. Reduce all risk, B. Allow people to decide for themselves whether they will accept the risk, C. Reduce the probability and magnitude of a negative outcome, D. Create new laws",C
+33,The health measure that assesses the loss of quality of life due to illness or disability is called _______.,"A. morbidity, B. disability-adjusted life year, C. life expectancy, D. risk assessment",B
+34,Which of the following is NOT part of risk assessment?,"A. exposure assessment, B. dose-response assessment, C. hazard identification, D. none of the above",D
+35,A statement about how likely it is that a certain event will occur is called,"A. probability, B. possibility, C. risk assessment, D. risk analysis",A
+36,Potable water is best described as,"A. Freshwater that is suitable for drinking, B. Freshwater that can be transported by pipes for distribution, C. Freshwater that is safe for swimming, D. All of the above",A
+37,Approxmately what percent of the world's water is fresh water?,"A. 3, B. 9, C. 15, D. 18",A
+38,The vadose zone is an area below the ground that is,"A. A source of groundwater, B. Confined above and below by impervious layers, C. Unsaturated, D. All of the above",C
+39,Major sources of groundwater contamination include,"A. Agriculture, B. Underground storage tanks, C. Landfills, D. All of the above",A
+40,Sewage treatment that provides water purification using physical settling of large particles is best defined as,"A. Primary sewage treatment, B. Secondary sewage treatment, C. Tertiary sewage treatment, D. None of the above",A
+41,Groundwater mining may cause,"A. Habitat loss, B. Nutrient runoff, C. Land subsidence, D. All of the above",C
+42,Improvements to landfill design include,"A. Larger size, B. Reducing the amount of yard clippings allowed, C. Leachate collection systems, D. All of the above",C
+43,In Japan and Switzerland the most common waste disposal methods are,"A. Landfills and incineration, B. Landfills and recycling, C. Recycling and incineration, D. None of the above",C
+44,Incinerator ash usually contains which of the following chemicals,"A. Heavy metals, B. Organic compounds, C. VOCs, D. All of the above",A
+45,Composting uses _________ processes to transform organic material into compost,"A. Industrial, B. Chemical, C. Natural, D. None of the above",C
+46,Banning the sale of one-time-use beverage containers would,"A. Reduce litter, B. Save energy, C. Save money, D. All of the above",D
+47,One technological problem with plastic recycling is that,"A. People do not like to recycle, B. Different types of plastics cannot be recycled together, C. The technology to recycle plastics does not exist, D. All of the above",B
+48,The LD50 refers to the,"A. Last dose administered before a test organism is killed, B. Lethal dose that will kill 50% of a test population, C. Probability of killing a test organism 50% of the time, D. None of the above",B
+49,The term threshold level describes the concentration of a chemical at which,"A. Industrial exposure is expected to occur, B. Industrial exposure is allowed by law, C. Exposure to the chemical does not affect the test animals, D. None of the above",C
+50,DDT is an example of a,"A. Non-persistent chemical, B. Persistent chemical, C. Biodegradable chemical, D. None of the above",B
+51,Which of the following produces the greatest percent of toxic waste material released to the environment in the US?,"A. Chemical industry, B. Paper industry, C. Electric utilities, D. Metal mining",D
+52,Each discarded computer contains approximately 2 kg (4 lbs) of which metal?,"A. Cadmium, B. Lead, C. Mercury, D. Arsenic",B
+53,Which of the following is true about confined aquifers?,"A. they contain surface water, B. they are bordered by either an aquiclude or an aquitard, C. they are made up of the shallowest part of the water table, D. they are chiefly affected by transpiration",B
+54,A major in-stream use of water is for,"A. producing hydroelectric power, B. dissolving industrial wastes, C. agricultural irrigation, D. domestic use",A
+55,Municipal and industrial discharge pipes are examples of,"A. nonpoint sources of pollution, B. violations of the Clean Water Act, C. point sources of pollution, D. irrigation",C
+56,High coliform counts in water indicate,"A. contamination by human wastes, B. phosphorus contamination, C. decreased biological oxygen demand, D. hydrocarbon contamination",A
+57,Water use planning involves all of the following issues except,"A. wastewater treatment, B. water diversion projects, C. storm sewer drainage, D. water use planning considers all of the above issues",D
+58,The stage in wastewater treatment plants that uses biological processes to purify water is called,"A. secondary sewage treatment, B. primary sewage treatment, C. wastewater reduction, D. none of the above",A
+59,Groundwater mining in coastal areas can,"A. increase the salinity of groundwater, B. decrease the toxicity of groundwater, C. decrease the salinity of groundwater, D. increase the water table",A
+60,The principle source of infectious waste material in water is,"A. industrial waste., B. surface runoff, C. animal feces, D. agricultural pesticides",C
+61,Which of the following statement about the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) is true?,"A. It was established in 1890 at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta., B. t is the first crocodile conservation breeding center in Asia., C. It was established in 1916 to do an organized survey of fauna in India., D. It was established in 1982 for research in Wildlife Management.",C
+62,Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone responsible for the absorption of UV (Ultra-Violet) light?,"A. Stratosphere, B. Troposphere, C. Mesosphere, D. None of these",A
+63,Which two countries of the world constitute about 57% of the large dams?,"A. India and China, B. India and Brazil, C. China and Brazil, D. India and Japan",A
+64,Integrated Crop Management is defined as a process to:,"A. Use the traditional methods for growing crops., B. Using alternatives to inorganic fertilizers and pesticides., C. Increase production of crops, D. None of the above","A,B"
+65,Which element is considered the largest source of world's commercial energy consumption?,"A. Coal, B. Oil, C. Natural gas, D. Nuclear",B
+66,Which human activity can decreases the oxygen levels present in the atmosphere?,"A. Deforestation, B. Animal hunting, C. Mining, D. Both (a) and (c)",A
+67,Which of the following is not a reason for the forest loss?,"A. Increasing use of wood, B. Extinction of species, C. Extensive use of fuel woods, D. Mining and building dams",B
+68,Which of the following factors leads to Eutrophication?,"A. Excessive use of fertilizers, B. Increase of plant nutrients, C. Air Pollution, D. None of the above","A,B"
+69,What are the numbers of biodiversity hotspots in the world?,"A. 18, B. 28, C. 32, D. 36",D
+70,The worst sufferers of environmental destruction are:,"A. Rich, B. Moderate class, C. Poor, D. All of the above",C
+71,The 3R principle is in which of the following order:,"A. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, B. Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, C. Recycle, Reuse, Reduce,, D. None of the above",A
+72,Which of the following is used in the production of Plastic?,"A. Mercury, B. Lead, C. Vinyl chloride, D. None of these",C
+73,what is the PH value of normal rain?,"A. 1, B. 5.6, C. 8, D. 7",B
+74,"For the survival of fish in a river stream, the minimum dissolved oxygen is prescribed.","A. 3 PPm, B. 5 PPm, C. 4 PPm, D. 10 PPm",C
+75,Making new containers from crushed glass helps to…..,"A. Save materials, B. Save fuel, C. Both of these, D. None of these",C
+76,Problem of solid waste disposal can be reduced through…….,"A. Recycling, B. Lesser pollution, C. More timber, D. Population control",A
+77,The most serious environmental effect posed by hazardous wastes is ……….,"A. Air pollution, B. Contamination of groundwater, C. Increased use of land for landfills., D. None of these",B
+78,Which was the first city to an established system of waste removal?,"A. Lahore, B. Athens, C. Paris, D. London",B
+79,The term ISWM refers to:,"A. International Solid Waste Management, B. Integrated Solid Waste Management, C. Integrated Solid Waste Machine, D. International Solid Waste Mechanism",B
+80,How does organic material in the buried solid waste will decompose?,"A. By the action of oxidation, B. By the action of microorganisms, C. By the flow of water, D. By the soil particles",B
+81,Which planet is also known as blue planet?,"A. Mercury, B. Venus, C. Earth, D. Mars",C
+82,What is the cause of the soil pollution?,"A. Acid rain, B. Ozone, C. Aerosol, D. None of the above",A
+83,Which of the following is the cause of Melanornia (skin cancer)?,"A. Acid rain, B. Allergens, C. Ozone depletion, D. None of the above",C
+84,Assessment of risk posed by natural hazard to the project is part of EIA.,"A. TRUE, B. FALSE, C. Not stated, D. Varies",B
+85,The term ‘ecosystem’ was enunciated by,"A. A.G. Tansley, B. E.P. Odum, C. G. Mendal, D. C.C. Park",A
+86,Which of the following gas is present in the air in maximum amount?,"A. Nitrogen, B. Oxygen, C. Carbon dioxide, D. Methane",A
+87,Which of the following energy is stored in the earth?,"A. Mechanical energy, B. Solar energy, C. Chemical energy, D. Geothermal energy",D
+88,Hepatitis A is what kind of disease?,"A. Food contamination, B. Water-borne disease, C. Air-borne disease, D. Soil-borne disease","A,B"
+89,On which day the world environment day is celebrated?,"A. 5th April, B. 15th May, C. 5th June, D. 25th April",C
+90,Which of the following is the hottest planet on ecosystem?,"A. Venus, B. Mercury, D. Uranus",A
+91,"If in any water body, there is high BOD value then it is generally?","A. Very clean, B. Very polluted, C. highly productive, D. highly unproductive",B
+92,Acid rain is caused by?,"A. SO2 and O2, B. SO2 and NO2, C. NO2 and O2, D. CO2 and O2",B
+93,The number of atmospheric layers present above earth is?,"A. 2, B. 3, C. 4, D. 5",D
+94,Which of the following is the main reason for producing the atmospheric greenhouse effect?,"A. Absorption and re-emission of ultraviolet radiations by the atmosphere, B. Absorption and re-emission of infrared radiations by the atmosphere, C. Absorption and re-emission of visible light by the atmosphere, D. None of the above",B
+95,The salinization can be defined as -,"A. Accumulation of salts in the body, B. Accumulation of salts in water, C. Accumulation of salts in animals, D. Accumulation of salts in the soil",D
+96,The main reason for blueness of the sky is -,"A. Due to the presence of water vapor, B. Due to the absorption of blue light due to the air, C. Due to the scattering of sunlight by air molecules, D. None of the above",C
+97,Which of the following is the cause of soil pollution?,"A. Ozone, B. Aerosol, C. Acid rain, D. None of the above",C
+98,What is the water vapor?,"A. It is the gaseous phase of water, B. It is a rain droplet, C. Water vapor is the cloud droplet, D. None of the above",A
+99,Which of the following is the cause of Melanornia (skin cancer)?,"A. Acid rain, B. Allergens, C. Ozone depletion, D. None of the above",C
+100,The yellowness of the Taj Mahal is an effect of -,"A. Acid rain, B. Allergens, C. Ozone depletion, D. None of the above",A
+101,What is Waste Water Engineering?,"A. use of engineering approaches to enhance the cleanliness of human populations, B. removing and disposing of human waste, C. providing safe drinking water, D. all of the mentioned",D
+102,How is Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) calculated?,"A. Waste water is oxidised chemically using strontium in acid solutions, B. Waste water is oxidised chemically using bromine in acid solutions, C. Waste water is oxidised chemically using dichromate in acid solutions, D. Waste water is oxidised chemically using sodium in acid solutions",C
+103,The pH value of sewage is determined with the help of,"A. Imhoff Cone, B. Turbid meter, C. Potentiometer, D. None of these",C
+104,Traditional environmental issues include which of the following? Please select all that apply.,"A. Natural resource conservation., B. Climate change., C. Pollution., D. Exploitation of maritime resources.","A,C,D"
+105,What is the tragedy of the commons?,"A. It results from an inherent tension between collective and individual responsibility., B. It can always be resolved through privatization and nationalization of the commons., C. It is independent of the carrying capacity of the common., D. All of the options given are correct.",A
+106,What are realist approaches to environmental politics?,"A. ealist theories emphasize the role of institutions in regulating the environment., B. Realist theories focus on questions of state power and interest., C. Realist theories emphasize the role played by epistemic communities of scientists., D. Realist theories focus on the dissemination of environmental norms.",B
+107,What does capacity building involve?,"A. Arrangements for the transfer of funds, technology, and expertise., B. Environmental projects in developed countries., C. It is disseminated through epistemic communities., D. Prior informed consent.","A,B"
+108,What is the influence of scientific knowledge?,"A. It is disseminated through epistemic communities., B. It has played a key role in the creation of framework conventions and control protocols., C. It has particularly influenced the discourse of climate change., D. Environmental projects in developed countries.","A,B,C"
+109,Which of the following statements about the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are true?,"A. Was set up in 1988 under the auspices of WMO and UNEP., B. Focuses on climate science, impacts, and economic and social dimensions of climate change., C. Has concluded that warming of the climate system is unequivocal, D. Environment is not responsible for life","A,B,C"
+110,Supplemental means of aeration are often employed with an equalization basin to provide better mixing.,"A. TRUE, B. FALSE",A
+111,"In rotating biological contractors, what percent of corrugated plastic discs are submerged?","A. 20, B. 50, C. 80, D. 40",D
+112,Screening and comminution are preliminary treatment processes.,"A. TRUE, B. FALSE",A
+113,Partial sewers carry a part of stormwater to sanitary sewers.,"A. TRUE, B. FALSE",A
+114,"When only one set of sewers are used to carry both sanitary sewage and storm water, it is called as __________ system.","A. Partial, B. Direct, C. Combined, D. Separate",C
+115,In which kind of cities are combined systems used?,"A. Less Population, B. High population, C. High residences, D. High storm",A
+116,The EIARC is prohibited from providing guidance to the Proponent and other government agencies in integrating critical EIA findings and recommendations in the project plans and other government requirements.,"A. TRUE, B. FALSE, C. not stated, D. varies",B
+117,The Case Handler is the EMB’s representative in providing guidance and clarification on EIA policy and procedures and may undertake an internal review of the EIA Report.,"A. TRUE, B. FALSE, C. not stated, D. varies",A
+118,Which of the following can be considered to be the primary source of pathogens in the water bodies?,"A. Domestic Sewage, B. Industrial wastage, C. Petroleum, D. All of the above",A
+119,What causes permanent hardness of water?,"A. Sodium sulphate, B. Gypsum, C. Magnesium Sulphate, D. Manganese",C
+120,Which of the following is considered a water pollutant?,"A. organic waste, B. Sediments, C. Heat, D. none","A,B,C"
+121,What are the main roles of carbohydrates in the body?,"A. Providing immediate energy for cells, especially in the brain., B. Serving as the main structural component of cell membranes., C. Storing energy in the form of glycogen in liver and muscles., D. Acting as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.","A, C"
+122,Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?,"A. Vitamin A, B. Vitamin K, C. Vitamin E, D. Vitamin C",D
+123,Which of the following are primary components of cell membranes?,"A. Phospholipids with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail structurE., B. Polysaccharides formed through dehydration synthesis., C. Proteins that facilitate transport and communication across the membranE., D. Nucleotides that store genetic information.","A, C"
+124,Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?,"A. Triglyceride, B. Steroid, C. Glycogen, D. Phospholipid",C
+125,"When discussing carbohydrates, which of the following statements are true regarding their types and functions?
+","A. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and include glucose, a primary energy source for cells., B. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together, like sucrose (table sugar. which is composed of glucose and fructosE., C. Polysaccharides like cellulose can be easily digested by human enzymes to provide energy., D. Glycogen, a polysaccharide, is stored in the liver and muscles and is used as a short-term energy reservE.","A, B, D"
+126,Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients. Which of the following are true about their roles and characteristics in the human body?,"A. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K, and they can be stored in the body's fatty tissues., B. Minerals like calcium and magnesium are important for bone health and muscle function., C. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to anemia and neurological problems., D. All of the above",D
+127,Which type of fat is typically solid at room temperature?,"A. Saturated fats, B. Unsaturated fats, C. Trans fats, D. Phospholipids",A
+128,"When considering lipids in the human diet, which of the following are benefits or characteristics of consuming unsaturated fats?","A. They tend to decrease inflammation in the body., B. Unsaturated fats, particularly in fish, are rich in essential fatty acids like omega-3., C. They are typically solid at room temperature and are found in meats and dairy., D. Consuming them can help in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.","A, B, D"
+129,Which of the following are characteristics of saturated fats?,"A. They are typically liquid at room temperaturE., B. They have no double bonds between carbon atoms., C. They are primarily found in plant-based foods., D. They can raise levels of LDL cholesterol in the blooD.","B, D"
+130,The molecule responsible for energy transfer within the cell is...,"A. DNA, B. RNA, C. ATP, D. ADP",C
+131,What are the functions of proteins in the body?,"A. They serve as a primary energy source during intense physical activity., B. They are involved in the transport of oxygen in the bloodstream., C. They catalyze biochemical reactions as enzymes., D. They store genetic information for cell replication.","B, C"
+132,Which statements are true about essential amino acids?,"A. They can be synthesized by the human body in sufficient amounts., B. They must be obtained through the diet because the body can't produce them., C. They play a crucial role in building and repairing tissues., D. They can be stored in the body for long periods without degradation.","B, C"
+133,Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide?,"A. Glucose, B. Fructose, C. Galactose, D. Lactose",D
+134,What are the roles of nucleic acids in cells?,"A. They assist in protein synthesis., B. They store and transmit hereditary information., C. They provide insulation and protection for internal organs., D. They help in digesting dietary fats.","A, B"
+135,What are the primary sources of Omega-3 fatty acids?,"A. Lean meats and poultry., B. Whole grains and legumes., C. Freshwater and saltwater fish., D. Dark green leafy vegetables.",C
+136,Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?,"A. Ribose, B. Glucose, C. Fructose, D. Maltose",D
+137,Which of the following are functions of lipids in the body?,"A. Acting as a source of stored energy., B. Facilitating the synthesis of steroid hormones., C. Assisting in the transport of water-soluble vitamins., D. Speeding up the rate of metabolism.","A, B, C"
+138,Which of the following is a non-essential amino acid?,"A. Valine, B. Tryptophan, C. Leucine, D. Glutamine",D
+139,"Cholesterol, a crucial molecule for cell membranes, is a type of...","A. Protein, B. Nucleic acid, C. Carbohydrate, D. Steroid",D
+140,The bond formed between amino acids is called a...,"A. Glycosidic bond, B. Phosphodiester bond, C. Peptide bond, D. Hydrogen bond",C
+141,Which of the following are true statements about the structural and functional roles of proteins?,"A. Collagen, a protein, provides tensile strength to skin, bones, and tendons., B. Hemoglobin, another protein, is crucial for lipid metabolism., C. Enzymes, which are proteins, act as catalysts and are highly specific in their actions, often working on only one type of substratE., D. Proteins play a minimal role in the repair and regeneration of body tissues.","A, C"
+142,Which of the following foods is rich in unsaturated fats?,"A. Butter, B. Olive oil, C. Beef fat, D. Cheese",B
+143,Which is the primary structural protein found in skin and connective tissues?,"A. Keratin, B. Collagen, C. Hemoglobin, D. Insulin",B
+144,"The safety of which of the following substances must be 
+demonstrated prior to their introduction into food?","A. Pesticide chemicals , B. Substances migrating from food packaging , C. Color additives , D. All of the above ",D
+145,"Toxicity and dose-response data from animal studies, together with data of which of the following types, 
+are used to evaluate the safety of a food substance? ","A. Rates of consumption of the food to which the substance is added, B. The concentration of the substance in food , C. The daily intake of the substance by humans consuming the food , D. The total amount of the substance a person will consume over a lifetime ",C
+146,"Doses of substances used in animal toxicity studies are usually 
+many times greater than those experienced by people because","A. Animals are generally much less sensitive than people , B. Such tests can detect only very large risks because of the fact that only small numbers of animals can be used , C. It is difficult in such studies to determine whether the observed toxic effects were caused by the substance , D. It is the only way to ensure results are applicable to people ",B
+147,"Observational epidemiology studies have produced useful in identifying health effects of many food contaminants, but not for assessing risk, because: ","A. It is never possible to know whether observed effects are caused by the contaminant , B. Human exposure though food is usually much less than exposures that have been studied , C. Controlled animal studies provide more reliable information , D. Reliable dose-response data are difficult to acquire and often unavailable ",D
+148,"Risk assessment is applied to data on 
+toxicity and human exposure to: ","A. Estimate the likelihood, or probability, of a toxic effect on exposed humans , B. To support risk management decisions for food substances , C. To derive Allowable Daily Intakes , D. All of the above ",A
+149,"A food additive is considered
+ to be safe when:","A. No evidence of human toxicity has been observed over the period of its use , B. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI. from its presence in food is less than its ADI , C. Its toxic effects are observed only at doses 100x the EDI , D. Its benefits outweigh its risks ",B
+150,"Risk management for chemical contaminants
+ of food generally relies on:","A. Banning of the contaminant from food , B. Allowing levels of contamination based on what manufacturers believe is achievable , C. Banning any food found to contain detectable amounts of the contaminants , D. Prohibiting the introduction into commerce food containing contaminants at levels greater than a specified level (a risk-based MRL or tolerancE. ",D
+151,Nutrients may pose health risks:,"A. When intakes exceed established ULs (Upper Levels. , B. At any level greater than a recommended dietary intake , C. Only when intakes are less than those required for nutritional benefits , D. Under no known conditions of usual intake ",A
+152,Food allergies: ,"A. Are avoidable if the allergic agents are not allowed to exceed specified limits , B. Are a form of food intolerance , C. Usually occur only after an individual has been sensitized by prior exposure , D. Are uncomfortable but generally of little medical concern ",C
+153,"The two most common causes of foodborne 
+illness in the United States and Europe are: ","A. Salmonella and Campylobacter , B. Listeria and Salmonella , C. Shigella and Staphlococcus , D. E. coli STECs and non-STEC subtypes ",A
+154,"The two parts of HACCP include: 
+
+","A. hazard analysis and critical control points , B. health analysis and critical control points , C. hazard analysis and critical conformation production , D. health analysis and critical conformation production ",A
+155,"Safe methods for thawing foods include
+ all of the following EXCEPT:","A. thawing under cold running water , B. thawing in the refrigerator , C. thawing in a sink of warm water , D. thawing in the microwave ",C
+156,"A virus found in shellfish from contaminated water 
+and foods that are handled by infected individuals then eaten raw is:","A. influenza , B. Hepatitis A , C. Hepatitis C , D. rhinovirus ",B
+157,"One way to prevent food-borne illness
+ from consuming raw fish is to: ","A. carefully examine the fish visually and pick out the parasites , B. freeze the fish at -10 deg F for at least 7 days , C. chill the fish before serving , D. heat the fish, but not so much that is becomes opaque ",B
+158,Listeria monocytogenes is a harmful microorganism found in: ,"A. undercooked meat , B. soft cheeses and unpasteurized milk , C. pork , D. poultry ",B
+159,"In the fermentation process, microorganisms produce_____________ 
+which inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms. ","A. alkali and acid , B. acid and alcohol , C. alcohol and alkali , D. water",B
+160,"A person with a food-borne illness
+ should contact a physician if: ","A. blood is present in the stool , B. fever is 102 deg F or greater , C. symptoms persist for more than 2-3 days , D. all of the aboves",D
+161,"A 30-year-old male, who ingested an unknown substance, begins to vomit. You should: ","A. Collect the vomitus and bring it to the hospital , B. Apply a bag-valve mask , C. Analyze the vomitus and try to identify the poison , D. Suction his oropharynx for no longer than 30 seconds ",A
+162,Which of the following can function better at lower pH? ,"A. yeasts and molds , B. bacteria , C. viruses , D. protozoa ",A
+163,"Sometimes ___ beams are used to irradiate foods in place of gamma radiation 
+because the process does not generate radioactive waste.","A. microwave , B. electron , C. magnetic , D. none of the choices ",B
+164,A major fungal genus that produces aflatoxin is:,"A. Rhizopus , B. Aspergillus , C. Claviceps , D. Penicillium ",B
+165,"A major organism considered to cause
+ food-borne infection is: ","A. Salmonella , B. Staphylococcus , C. Pseudomonas , D. Bacillus ",A
+166,Food-borne pathogens are most commonly identified by:,"A. PCR , B. standard culture techniques , C. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis , D. none of the choices ",B
+167,"Which of the following is true about molecular methods of
+ microorganism detection in foods?","A. They can be used to detect the presence of a single specific pathogen , B. They can be used to detect viruses that are not easily culturable , C. They can be used to detect slow growing pathogens , D. all of the choices are correct ",D
+168,Which food analysis techniques fall under the category of Enhanced fluid/solvent extraction? (multiple answers),"A.	Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE., B.	Subcritical water extraction (SWE., C.	Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE., D.	Single short column (SSC.","B,C"
+169,What is not the advantages of ILs (ionic liquids) as green extraction solvents?,"A.	negligible volatility, B.	chemical instability , C.	low flammability, D.	Thermal stability",B
+170,What is the equation used to calculate the carbohydrate content in food analytical techniques?,"A.	%carbohydrates = 100 - %moisture - %protein - %lipid - %mineral, B.	%carbohydrates = 100 - %moisture - %protein - %lipid - %mineral-%ash-%fiber, C.	%carbohydrates = 100 - %moisture - %protein - %lipid - %mineral-%ash-%residue-%inulin, D.	%carbohydrates = 100 - %moisture - %protein - %lipid ",A
+171,"In the sample preparation step for analyzing Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides, which method is most commonly used to extract low molecular weight carbohydrates from foods?","A.	Boil a defatted sample with ionic liquid, B.	Mix a defatted sample with keton solution, C.	Boil a defatted sample with an 80% alcohol solution, D.	Mix a defatted sample with base solvent ",C
+172,Which statement about ion-exchange for sample preparation in Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides analysis is incorrect?,"A.	Non-polar molecules can be removed by passing a solution through a column with a non-polar stationary phase, B.	Many monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are polar non-charged molecules and can be separated from charged molecules by passing samples through ion-exchange columns, C.	Many monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are non-polar molecules and can separate from charged molecules by passing samples through ion-exchange columns, D.	Proteins, amino acids, organic acids, minerals and hydrophobic compounds cannot be separated from the carbohydrates with Ion-exchange method",B
+173,Which are the commonly used powerful chromatographic methods to analyze monosaccharides and oligosaccharides? (multiple answers),"A.	Gas chromatography (GC. , B.	High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC., C.	Ion-exchange chromatography, D.	Super critical fluid chromatography","A,B"
+174,What is the fundamental concept behind separating carbohydrates using the chromatography method?,"A.	differential precipitation characteristics, B.	differential evaporation characteristics, C.	differential adsorption characteristics, D.	differential absorption characteristics",C
+175,Which statements are true regarding the titration method for food analysis? (multiple answers),"A.	the results depend on the precise reaction times, temperatures and reagent concentrations., B.	it can distinguish between different types of reducing sugar by titration volumE., C.	it cannot analyse between different types of reducing sugar ., D.	it cannot directly determine the concentration of non-reducing sugars","A,C,D"
+176,Which is an example of a colorimetric method?,"A.	Aceton-Sodium Hydroxide, B.	Phenol - Sulfuric Acid, C.	Ethanol-Hydrochloric acid, D.	Sodium hydroxide-Sulfuric acid",B
+177,Which chemical is used in the Crude Fiber Method?,"A.	HCl and NaOH, B.	HCl and KOH, C.	H2SO4 and KOH, D.	H2SO4 and NaOH",D
+178,What are the steps in the Kjeldahl method for protein analysis?,"A.	digestion, evaporation, chromatography, B.	extraction, evaporation, titration, C.	digestion, distillation, titration, D.	digestion, distillation, chromatography",C
+179,Which chemical is related to the Kjeldahl method?,"A.	ammonium sulfate, B.	ammonium carbonate, C.	ammonium chloride, D.	ammonium nitrate",A
+180,Which sentence about UV-visible spectroscopy for protein analysis is incorrect?,"A.	Calibration curve of absorbance (or turbidity. versus protein concentration need to be createD., B.	The absorbance (or turbidity. of the solution being analysed is measured at the same wavelength of calibration curvE., C.	Protein concentration determined from calibration curvE., D.	Peptide bonds, aromatic side-groups, basic group in protein type do not affect to absorption or scattering of radiation",D
+181,What is the fundamental concept of the Turbimetric method used to determine protein content?,"A.	Evaporation, B.	Adsorption, C.	Crystallization , D.	Precipitation",D
+182,Which statements are correct? (multiple answers),"A.	UV-visible: The concentration of proteins can be determined by measuring the absorbance of ultraviolet-visible radiation., B.	Proteins cannot absorb IR naturally due to characteristic vibrations, suitable chemical solvent, and temperature, pressure condition need to be set in  rapid online analysis, C.	The protein content is determined by measuring the area under a peak in an NMR chemical shift spectra that corresponds to the protein fraction , D. All for above","A,C"
+183,What are the important properties for fat/lipid analysis? (multiple answers),"A.	Total lipid concentration, B.	Type of lipids present, C.	Physicochemical properties of lipids, E.g., crystallization, melting point, smoke point, rheology, density and color, D.	Structural organization of lipids within a food",ALL
+184,"Is it true or false that ""(i) solvent extraction, (ii) non-solvent extraction, and (iii) instrumental methods"" are the main conventional methods for lipid analysis?","A.	All are true, B.	All are false, C.	only (i. and (iii. are true, B.	only (i. and (ii. are true",A
+185,What is the principle behind selecting a suitable solvent for lipid analysis? (multiple answers),"A.	Non-toxic and nonflammable, B.	Polarity of the lipids compared to the polarity of the solvent, C.	High boiling point solvent for easily evaporation, D.	Inexpensive price","A,B,D"
+186,Which chemical is used in the Supercritical Fluid Extraction method?," A. NH3, B. CO2, C. H2O , D.O2",B
+187,"What does ""Cloud Point"" mean?","A.	The temperature at which liquid begins in a solid, B.	The temperature at which liquid begins in a gas, C.	The temperature at which crystallization begins in a liquid oil, D.	None of the above",C
+188,Are flame or graphite furnace atomizers components of...?,"A.	Gas chromatography, B.	Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, C.	High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC. , D.	Distillation column unit",B
+189,What is the commonly used method to analyze vitamin C in food?,"A.	Redox titration, B.	AAS, C.	Precipitation, D.	Extraction",A
+190,"In the Iodine value method for lipid analysis, what does the iodine value (IV) measure?","A.	Molecular weight of Iodine, B.	Concentrate of iodine compound, C.	Average degree of unsaturation of a lipid, D.	Iodine compound structure",C
+191,What does the Saponification Number mean?,"A.	a measure of the average molecular weight of the triacylglycerols, B.	a measure of triacylglycerols C=C double bonds, C.	a measure of type of triacylglycerols, D.	a measure of concentration of triacylglycerols",A
+192,What is the primary purpose of using chemical food additives in the food industry?,"A. Enhancing nutritional value, B. Improving taste and aroma, C. Extending shelf life, D. Reducing production costs",C
+193,What role do emulsifiers play in food products?,"A. Enhancing color and appearance, B. Improving texture and mouthfeel, C. Increasing shelf stability, D. Adding natural sweetness",B
+194,Which chemical food additive is used to maintain the texture and consistency of processed foods?,"A. Flavor enhancers, B. Stabilizers, C. Sweeteners, D. Acidulants",B
+195,What is the primary purpose of using antioxidants in food products?,"A. Adding color and vibrancy, B. Improving texture and mouthfeel, C. Preventing rancidity and oxidation, D. Enhancing flavor profile",C
+196,Which class of chemical food additives is responsible for giving food products their desired color?,"A. Acidulants, B. Colorants, C. Sweeteners, D. Emulsifiers",B
+197,What role do flavor enhancers serve in processed foods?,"A. Extending shelf life, B. Providing color stability, C. Intensifying taste perception, D. Enhancing structural integrity",C
+198,Which chemical food additive is often used to adjust the pH level of food products?,"A.Sweeteners, B. Acidulants, C. Stabilizers, D. Emulsifiers",B
+199,What is the function of stabilizers in food products?,"A. Enhancing color and vibrancy, B. Preventing microbial growth, C. Maintaining a consistent texture, D. Adding natural sweetness",C
+200,Which class of chemical food additives is used to add sweetness to food without adding calories?,"A. Flavor enhancers, B. Stabilizers, C. Sweeteners, D. Acidulants",C
+201,What is the purpose of using bulking agents as chemical food additives?,"A. Improving texture, B. Enhancing flavor, C. Reducing acidity, D. Increasing volume without adding calories",D
+202,Which chemical food additive class is responsible for enhancing the texture and mouthfeel of food products?," A.Emulsifiers, B. Stabilizers, C. Colorants, D. Acidulants",B
+203,What is the main role of humectants in food products?,"A. Preserving freshness, B. Enhancing color, C. Increasing sweetness, D. Providing structure",A
+204,Which class of chemical food additives is used to enhance the overall appearance and visual appeal of food products?,"A. Acidulants, B. Colorants, C. Sweeteners, D. Stabilizers",B
+205,What do leavening agents primarily contribute to food products?,"A. Preservation of freshness, B. Enhancement of color, C. Texture and volume, D. Sweetness and flavor",C
+206,Which chemical food additive is commonly used to enhance the flavor profile of processed foods?,"A. Colorants, B. Sweeteners, C. Flavor enhancers, D. Stabilizers",C
+207,What is the function of antimicrobial agents in food products?,"A. Enhancing color and vibrancy, B. Improving texture and mouthfeel, C. Preventing microbial growth, D. Increasing shelf stability",C
+208,Which class of chemical food additives is responsible for adding a sour or tangy taste to food products?,"A. Emulsifiers, B. Flavor enhancers, C. Acidulants, D. Stabilizers",C
+209,What role do thickeners play in food products?,"A. Enhancing color stability, B. Providing natural sweetness, C. Increasing viscosity and texture, D. Reducing acidity",C
+210,Which chemical food additive class is used to improve the spreadability of various food products?,"A. Emulsifiers, B. Colorants, C. Sweeteners, D. Stabilizers",A
+211,What is the primary purpose of using anti-caking agents in food products?,"A. Enhancing color and vibrancy, B. Preventing clumping and caking, C. Increasing sweetness, D. Improving shelf stability",B
+212,What role do gelling agents serve in food products?,"A. Enhancing color and vibrancy, B. Increasing acidity, C. Adding natural sweetness, D. Creating a gel-like texture",D
+213,Which chemical food additive is commonly used to enhance the color stability of processed foods?,"A. Flavor enhancers, B. Stabilizers, C. Colorants, D. Acidulants",C
+214,Which class of chemical food additives is responsible for enhancing the elasticity of certain food items?,"A. Emulsifiers, B. Stabilizers, C. Acidulants, D. Texture modifiers",B
+215,"When the diet contains a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which vitamin needs to increase?","A. Vitamin A, B. Vitamin D, C. Vitamin E, D. Vitamin B2, E. Vitamin C",C
+216,"When the protein intake increases in the diet, which vitamin needs to increase?
+","A. Thiamin, B. Riboflavin, C. Ascorbic acid, D. Pantothenic acid, E. Pyridoxine",B
+217,"The primary requirement of a balanced diet is:
+
+","A. Providing sufficient energy according to body needs, B. Providing sufficient essential nutrients, C. Essential nutrients in appropriate proportions, D. Balance between protein/fat/carbohydrates, E. Balance between energy-yielding and non-energy-yielding nutrients",A
+218,"Among the following roles of proteins, which role is the most important?","A. Providing sufficient energy according to body needs, B. Providing sufficient essential nutrients, C. Essential nutrients in appropriate proportions, D. Balance between protein/fat/carbohydrates, E. Balance between energy-yielding and non-energy-yielding nutrients",B
+219,Protein is NOT a structural component of?,"A. Enzymes, B. Antibodies, C. Blood, D. Cell nucleus, E. Reproductive hormones3.",A
+220,"When completely burned, 1 gram of protein in the body provides (Kcal)"," A. 3.0 , B. 3.5 , C. 4.0 , D. 4.5 , E. 5.04",C
+221,Which trio of amino acids is considered the most important in human nutrition?,"A. Leucine, Isoleucine, Lysine , B. Lysine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine , C. Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Valine , D. Lysine, Tryptophan, Methionine , E. Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine5.",B
+222,How many essential amino acids do children require in their diet?,"A. 6, B. 7, C. 8, D. 9, E. 107.",C
+223,How many essential amino acids do adults require in their diet?,"A. 6, B.7, C. 8, D. 9, E. 106",D
+224,"Among the following foods, which type has the highest protein content?","A. Grains, B. Pork, C. Fish, D. Soybeans, E. Peanuts",E
+225,"Which role among the following roles of Lipids is the most important in human nutrition?
+
+","A. Participating in cell structure, B. Providing energy, C. Supplying fat-soluble vitamins, D. Adding delicious flavors to meals, E. Serving as protective and cushioning tissue for organs in the body","A,E"
+226,Which substance among the following is an important factor in regulating cholesterol transport?,"A. Cephalin, B. Lecithin, C. Serotonin, D. Glycerin, E. All four of the above answers are incorrect",D
+227,"When 1 gram of Lipid is completely burned in the body, it provides (Kcal)","A. 5, B. 6, C. 7, D. 8, E. 9",D
+228,"
+A chemical reaction that produces water and salts
+","A. Neutralization, B. Aerobic activity, C. Anaerobic activity, D. Concentration",A
+229,The nutritional value of fats depends on the following factors:,"A. Content of vitamins A, D, E... and phosphatides, B. Content of essential unsaturated fatty acids and phosphatides, C. Content of vitamins A, D, E...; saturated fatty acids and phosphatides, D. Content of vitamins A, D, E...; essential unsaturated fatty acids and phosphatides, E. Content of phosphatides, saturated fatty acids, and good sensory properties.",B
+230,Which of the following foods has the highest fat content?,"A. Pork, B. Soybeans, C. Peanuts, D. Sesame seeds, E. Duck and chicken eggs",D
+231,"A diet is considered appropriate when it:
+","A. Provides sufficient energy according to body needs and sufficient essential nutrients, B. Provides sufficient essential nutrients in appropriate proportions., C. Essential nutrients are in appropriate proportions., D. Provides sufficient energy and essential nutrients in appropriate proportions., E. Provides sufficient energy, vitamins, and minerals.",D
+232,"The daily energy expenditure of the body is used for which of the following activities?
+
+","A. Maintaining the functions of the respiratory and circulatory systems; Receiving fooD., B. Maintaining body temperature; Receiving fooD., C. Basic metabolism; Brain and limb activities., D. Maintaining body temperature; Receiving food; Brain and limb activities., E. Basic metabolism; Receiving food; Brain and limb activities.",E
+233,"After consuming a mixed meal containing Protein, Lipid, and Carbohydrates, what percentage of the total energy intake is recommended for Carbohydrates?
+","A. 5 - 10%, B. 10 - 15%, C. 15 - 20%, D. 20 - 25%, E. 25 - 30%",B
+234,"The main principle of proper nutrition for individuals engaged in mental and sedentary work is:
+","A. Energy intake from diet is always higher than energy expenditurE., B. Maintaining energy intake equal to energy expenditurE., C. Energy intake from diet is always lower than energy expenditurE., D. Increasing physical activity after meals., E. Increasing energy intake combined with physical activity., ",B
+235,"Principles of supplying nutrients for individuals engaged in mental work:
+","A. Limit carbohydrates in the diet., B. Limit fat in the diet., C. Limit carbohydrates and fat in the diet., D. Increase carbohydrates in the diet., E. Increase fat in the diet.",C
+236,"Principles of supplying nutrients for individuals engaged in mental work:
+","A. Sufficient protein, especially animal protein., B. Increase fat in the diet., C. Increase carbohydrates in the diet., D. Limit fiber., E. Increase salt.",A
+237,"Which of the following works with calcium to build strong bones
+","A Vitamin D, B Vitamin C, C Phosphorus, D Iron",D
+238,"Which of the following metals is a constituent of Vitamin B12?
+","A Iron, B Magnesium, C Zinc, D Cobalt",D
+239,"Which of the following contain higher amount of water
+
+ ","A. Meat, , B. Potato, , C. Tomato, , D. Butter",C
+240,Which of the following methods would be used to measure the concentration of bacterial contamination in processed peanut butter?,"A. Turbidity Measurement, B. Total Plate Count, C. Dry Weight Measurement, D. Direct Counting Of Bacteria On A Calibrated Slide Under The Microscope",B
+241,In which phase would you expect to observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture?,"A. Death Phase, B. Lag Phase, C. Log Phase, D. Log, Lag, And Death Phases Would All Have Roughly The Same Number Of Endospores.",A
+242,"During which phase would penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, be most effective?","A. Death Phase, B. Lag Phase, C. Log Phase, D. Stationary Phase",C
+243,Which of the following is the best definition of generation time in a bacterium?,"A. The Length Of Time It Takes To Reach The Log Phase, B. The Length Of Time It Takes For A Population Of Cells To Double, C. The Time It Takes To Reach Stationary Phase, D. The Length Of Time Of The Exponential Phase",B
+244,What is the function of the Z ring in binary fission?,"A. It Controls The Replication Of Dna., B. It Forms A Contractile Ring At The Septum., C. It Separates The Newly Synthesized Dna Molecules., D. It Mediates The Addition Of New Peptidoglycan Subunits.",B
+245,"If a culture starts with 50 cells, how many cells will be present after five generations with no cell death?","A. 200, B. 400, C. 1600, D. 3200",C
+246,Filamentous cyanobacteria often divide by which of the following?,"A. Budding, B. Mitosis, C. Fragmentation, D. Formation Of Endospores",C
+247,Which is a reason for antimicrobial resistance being higher in a biofilm than in free-floating bacterial cells?,"A. The Eps Allows Faster Diffusion Of Chemicals In The Biofilm., B. Cells Are More Metabolically Active At The Base Of A Biofilm., C. Cells Are Metabolically Inactive At The Base Of A Biofilm., D. The Structure Of A Biofilm Favors The Survival Of Antibiotic Resistant Cells.",C
+248,Quorum sensing is used by bacterial cells to determine which of the following?,"A. The Size Of The Population, B. The Availability Of Nutrients, C. The Speed Of Water Flow, D. The Density Of The Population",D
+249,Which of the following statements about autoinducers is incorrect?,"A. They Bind Directly To Dna To Activate Transcription., B. They Can Activate The Cell That Secreted Them., C. N-Acylated Homoserine Lactones Are Autoinducers In Gram-Negative Cells., D. Autoinducers May Stimulate The Production Of Virulence Factors.",A
+250,An inoculated thioglycolate medium culture tube shows dense growth at the surface and turbidity throughout the rest of the tube. What is your conclusion?,"A. The Organisms Die In The Presence Of Oxygen, B. The Organisms Are Facultative Anaerobes., C. The Organisms Should Be Grown In An Anaerobic Chamber., D. The Organisms Are Obligate Aerobes.",B
+251,An inoculated thioglycolate medium culture tube is clear throughout the tube except for dense growth at the bottom of the tube. What is your conclusion?,"A. The Organisms Are Obligate Anaerobes., B. The Organisms Are Facultative Anaerobes., C. The Organisms Are Aerotolerant., D. The Organisms Are Obligate Aerobes.",D
+252,Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen. The bacterium is probably which of the following?,"A. An Aerotolerant Anaerobe, B. An Obligate Aerobe, C. An Obligate Anaerobe, D. A Facultative Anaerobe",B
+253,"Streptococcus mutans is a major cause of cavities. It resides in the gum pockets, does not have catalase activity, and can be grown outside of an anaerobic chamber. The bacterium is probably which of the following?","A. A Facultative Anaerobe, B. An Obligate Aerobe, C. An Obligate Anaerobe, D. An Aerotolerant Anaerobe",D
+254,Bacteria that grow in mine drainage at pH 1–2 are probably which of the following?,"A. Alkaliphiles, B. Acidophiles, C. Neutrophiles, D. Obligate Anaerobes",B
+255,"Bacteria isolated from Lake Natron, where the water pH is close to 10, are which of the following?","A. Alkaliphiles, B. Facultative Anaerobes, C. Neutrophiles, D. Obligate Anaerobes",A
+256,In which environment are you most likely to encounter an acidophile?,"A. Human Blood At Ph 7.2, B. A Hot Vent At Ph 1.5, C. Human Intestine At Ph 8.5, D. Milk At Ph 6.5",B
+257,A soup container was forgotten in the refrigerator and shows contamination. The contaminants are probably which of the following?,"A. Thermophiles, B. Acidophiles, C. Mesophiles, D. Psychrotrophs",D
+258,Bacteria isolated from a hot tub at 39 °C are probably which of the following?,"A. Thermophiles, B. Psychrotrophs, C. Mesophiles, D. Hyperthermophiles",C
+259,In which environment are you most likely to encounter a hyperthermophile?,"A. Hot Tub, B. Warm Ocean Water In Florida, C. Hydrothermal Vent At The Bottom Of The Ocean, D. Human Body",C
+260,Which of the following is the reason jams and dried meats often do not require refrigeration to prevent spoilage?,"A. Low Ph, B. Toxic Alkaline Chemicals, C. Naturally Occurring Antibiotics, D. Low Water Activity",D
+261,Bacteria living in salt marshes are most likely which of the following?,"A. Acidophiles, B. Barophiles, C. Halotolerant, D. Thermophiles",C
+262,The term prokaryotes refers to which of the following?,"A. Very Small Organisms, B. Unicellular Organisms That Have No Nucleus, C. Multicellular Organisms, D. Cells That Resemble Animal Cells More Than Plant Cells",B
+263,The term microbiota refers to which of the following?,"A. All Microorganisms Of The Same Species, B. All Of The Microorganisms Involved In A Symbiotic Relationship, C. All Microorganisms In A Certain Region Of The Human Body, D. All Microorganisms In A Certain Geographic Region",C
+264,Foods packed in plastic for microwaving are,"A. Dehydrated. , B. Freeze-Dried. , C. Packaged Aseptically. , D. Commercially Sterilized. , E. Autoclaved. ",A
+265,Acetobacter is necessary for only one of the steps of vitamin C manufacture. The easiest way to accomplish this step would be to,"A. Add Substrate And Acetobacter To A Test Tube. , B. Affix Acetobacter To A Surface And Run Substrate Over It. , C. Add Substrate And Acetobacter To A Bioreactor. , D. Find An Alternative To This Step. , E. None Of The Above ",B
+266,The spoilage of canned foods caused by Geobacillus stearothermophilus,"A. Bacillus Coagulans , B. Byssochlamys , C. Flat Sour Spoilage , D. Lactobacillus , E. Thermophilic Anaerobic Spoilage ",E
+267,The spoilage of canned foods caused by Geobacillus stearothermophilus,"A. Bacillus Coagulans , B. Byssochlamys , C. Flat Sour Spoilage , D. Lactobacillus , E. Thermophilic Anaerobic Spoilage ",C
+268,A heat resistant fungus that causes spoilage in acidic foods,"A. Bacillus Coagulans , B. Byssochlamys, C. Flat Sour Spoilage , D. Lactobacillus , E. Thermophilic Anaerobic Spoilage ",B
+269,The term 12D treatment refers to,"A. Heat Treatment Sufficient To Kill 12 Bacteria. , B. The Use Of 12 Different Treatments To Preserve Food. , C. A 10^12 Reduction In C. Botulinum Endospores. , D. Any Process That Destroys Thermophilic Bacteria. ",C
+270,Which of the following microbes produces a natural pesticide?,"A. Penicillium Chrysogenum , B. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae , C. Bacillus Thuringiensis , D. Lactobacillus Bulgaricus , E. Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans ",C
+271,Which of the following is utilized by aseptic packaging to sterilize laminated paper or plastic prior to filling with food?,"A. Hot Hcl Solution , B. Gamma Radiation , C. Hot Hydrogen Peroxide , Solution , D. X-Ray , E. Autoclave ",C
+272,Which of the following reactions is performed by yeast in winemaking?,"A. Sugar ➝ Co2 + H2O , B. Ethanol ➝ Acetic Acid , C. Malic Acid ➝ Lactic Acid , D. Carbon Dioxide ➝ Sucrose , E. Sugar ➝ Ethanol ",E
+273,All of the following are industrial products produced using microbial fermentations EXCEPT,"A. Aspartic Acid. , B. Citric Acid. , C. Glutamic Acid. , D. Riboflavin. , E. Saccharin. ",E
+274,"How many phyla are represented in the following list of organisms: Echinococcus, Cyclospora, Aspergillus, Taenia, Toxoplasma, Trichinella? ","A. 1 , B. 2 , C. 3 , D. 4 , E. 5 ",D
+275,The definitive host for Plasmodium vivax is,"A. Human. , B. Anopheles. , C. A Sporocyte. , D. A Gametocyte. ",B
+276,"Put these stages in order of development, beginning with the egg.
+1. Metacercaria 
+2. Redia 
+3. Adult 
+4. Miracidium 
+5. Cercaria ","A. 5,4,1,2,3 , B. 4,2,5,1,3 , C. 2,5,4,3,1 , D. 3,4,5,1,2 , E. 2,4,5,1,3 ",B
+277,"If a snail is the first intermediate host of a parasite with these stages, which would be found in the snail? 
+1. Metacercaria 
+2. Redia 
+3. Adult 
+4. Miracidium 
+5. Cercaria ","A. 1 , B. 2 , C. 3 , D. 4 , E. 5 ",B
+278,"Fleas are the intermediate host for Dipylidium caninum tapeworm, and dogs are the definitive host. Which stage of the parasite could be found in the flea? ","A. Cysticercus Larva , B. Proglottids , C. Scolex , D. Adult ",A
+279,"Which of the following statements about yeasts are true? 
+
+1. Yeasts are fungi. 
+2. Yeasts can form pseudohyphae. 
+3. Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding. 
+4. Yeasts are facultatively anaerobic. 
+5. All yeasts are pathogenic. 
+6. All yeasts are dimorphic. ","A. 1, 2, 3, 4 , B. 3, 4, 5, 6 , C. 2, 3, 4, 5 , D. 1, 3, 5, 6 , E. 2, 3, 4 ",A
+280,Which of the following events follows cell fusion in an ascomycete?,"A. Conidiophore Formation , B. Conidiospore Germination , C. Ascus Opening , D. Ascospore Formation , E. Conidiospore Release ",E
+281,These are obligate intracellular parasites that lack mitochondria ,"A. Apicomplexa , B. Ciliates , C. Dinoflagellates , D. Microsporidia ",D
+282,These are nonmotile parasites with special organelles for penetrating host tissue ,"A. Apicomplexa , B. Ciliates , C. Dinoflagellates , D. Microsporidia ",A
+283,These photosynthetic organisms can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.,"A. Apicomplexa , B. Ciliates , C. Dinoflagellates , D. Microsporidia ",C
+284,"The cell wall is present in: 
+a. animals 
+b. fungi 
+c. algae 
+d. protozoa 
+e. plants 
+f. bacteria  ","A. All Of The Above , B. A, C, And E , C. B, C, And E , D. C And D ",C
+285,"The cell wall is absent in:
+a. animals 
+b. fungi 
+c. algae 
+d. protozoa 
+e. plants 
+f. bacteria  ","A. All Of The Above , B. A, C, And E , C. B And F , D. A And D , E. C And D ",D
+286,All eukaryotes have:,"A. Cell Walls And Cell Membranes , B. Nucleus And Sterols , C. Phospholipid Bilayer And Chitin ",B
+287,The sexual spores of fungi include:,"A. Conidiospores, Sporangiospores And Basidiospores , B. Conidiospores And Chlamydoconidium , C. Zygospores, Ascospores And Basidiospores , D. Fungi Only Reproduce Asexually ",C
+288,Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),"A. It Is Always Pathological To Humans, B. Immunisation Is Available Against All The Virulent Strains, C. It Survives Well Outside The Body, D. It Has A Polysaccharide Capsule, ",D
+289,Herpes simplex encephalitis,"A. This Shows A Predilection For The Occipital Lobe, B. It Typically Has A Rapid Symptom Onset, C. It Is A Mild Self-Limiting Disease, D. It Is Diagnosed By Csf Pcr, ",D
+290,Concerning immunity,"A. Immunity In Newborns Is The Result Of Transplacental Transfer Of Maternal T Cells, B. Elevated Igm Signifies Recent Infection, C. Defects In The Complement Pathway Predispose To Infections With, Neisseria Species, D. Splenectomy Predisposes To Cryptococcal Infections, ","B,C"
+291,The following are notifiable diseases,"A. Hiv, B. Malaria, C. Food Poisoning, D. Chickenpox, ","B,C"
+292,Regarding neutrophils,"A. Most Are Found In The Circulation, B. Adhesion Is Mediated By Opsonin, C. A Neutrophilia With Left Shift Is Due To The Appearance Of Immature Forms, D. A Neutrophilia Occurs Following Exercise, ","A,B"
+293,Miliary tuberculosis (TB),"A. This Is Diagnosed Easily By Examining Sputum For Acid-Fast Bacilli, B. It Is Frequently Diagnosed Only At Post-Mortem Examination, C. It Is Highly Contagious, D. Lumbar Puncture In Meningeal Tb Usually Shows Elevated Protein And Glucose Levels, ",B
+294,Toxic shock syndrome,"A. This Results From A Superantigen Toxin, B. Over 80% Of Cases Are Associated With Tampon Use, C. It Typically Follows Streptococcal Infection, D. It Is Usually Associated With A Petechial Rash, ",A
+295,Clostridium spp.,"A. These Cause Clinical Effects By The Release Of Endotoxins, B. They Are Spore-Forming, Anaerobic, Gram-Negative Bacilli, C. Clostridium Perfringens Causes Gas Gangrene And Food Poisoning, D. Symptomatic Clostridium Difficile Infection Occurs Only After Antibiotic Use, ",C
+296,Malaria,"A. Benign Malaria Is Usually Caused By Plasmodium Ovale, B. It Is Excluded If No Parasites Are Seen On A Blood Film, C. Malaria Occurring In Pregnancy Is Associated With A Poorer Prognosis, D. It May Present More Than 9 Months After Return From An Endemic Area, ","C,D"
+297,In the UK immunisation schedule,"A. Diphtheria, Tetanus And Pertussis Are Given At 2, 3, 4 And 18 Months Of Age, B. Pneumococcal Vaccination Is Given At 2, 4 And 13 Months, C. Chickenpox Immunisation Is Given With The Mmr Immunisation, D. Tetanus And Diphtheria Vaccines Are Live Attenuated Vaccines, ",B
+298,The following causative organisms and disease pairings are correct,"A. Borrelia Burgdorferi – Weil’S Disease, B. Corynebacterium Sp. – Diphtheria, C. Rhabdovirus – Dengue Fever, D. Rotavirus –  Bronchiolitis, ",B
+299,Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),"A. This Usually Results From The Haematogenous Spread Of Organisms, B. Chlamydia Is The Most Frequent Causative Organism, C. When Caused By Gonorrhoea It May Be Accompanied By A Perihepatitis, D. Treatment Should Be Commenced Only Once The Causative Organism Has Been Confirmed, ",B
+300,Bacterial endocarditis,"A. This Is Excluded By A Negative Blood Culture, B. It Is Most Commonly The Result Of Staphylococcal Infection, C. In Intravenous Drug Users It Is Commonly Due To Strep. Bovis, D. It Affects The Tricuspid And Pulmonary Valve More Often In,  Injecting Drug Users, ",D
+301,Myocarditis is associated with infection with,"A. Hiv, B. Borrelia Spp., C. Ebv, D. Strep. Viridans, ","A,B"
+302,Viral meningitis,"A. This Is Usually A Mild, Self-Limiting Disease, B. It Is Most Commonly Caused By Hsv-1 Infection, C. It Occurs Most Commonly In Winter, D. Examination Of The Csf Shows A Lymphocytosis, ","A,D"
+303,The virulence of streptococci is increased by the following,"A. Bacterial Production Of Streptokinase, B. The Presence Of Cell Surface G-Proteins, C. Being An Encapsulated Organism, D. Bacterial Production Of Panton– Valentine Leukocidin, ","A,C "
+304,HIV/AIDS,"A. Aids Is Defined In The Uk By A Cd4 Count  ,200, B. Seroconversion Occurs Within 4 Weeks Of Infection, C. Opportunistic Infections Occur During Seroconversion, D. It Is A Lentivirus, ","C,D"
+305,The following are live vaccines,"A. Measles, B. Hepatitis B, C. Bcg, D. Influenza, ","A,C "
+306,Food poisoning,"A. This Is A Notifiable Disease, B. When Caused By Staph. Aureus, It Occurs 12 – 48 Hours After Ingestion Of Contaminated Food, C. That Caused By Shigella Spp. Is Associated With Acute, Watery, Bloody Diarrhoea, D. Salmonella Food Poisoning Is Most Likely If Accompanied By Severe Abdominal Pain, ","A,C "
+307,Osteomyelitis in children,"A. This Results Mostly From Staphylococcal Infection, B. When Caused By Haemophilus Sp., It Occurs As A Complication Of Sickle Cell Disease, C. It Most Commonly Arises From Overlying Trauma, D. It Most Commonly Affects The Femur, ","A,D"
+308,B lymphocytes,"A. These Are Produced In The Bone Marrow Before Maturing In Thymic Tissue, B. They Are The Predominant Circulating Lymphocytes, C. The Primary Function Is Antibody Production, D. They Act As Antigen-Presenting Cells, ","C,D "
+309,The following virus and method of spread associations are correct,"A. Adenovirus – Faecal– Oral, B. Varicella  –  Airborne, C. Cmv – Blood Borne, D. Hepatitis A – Blood Borne, ","A,B,C"
+310,Defects in the immune response and associated pathogens are as follows,"A. Complement Deficiency – Candida Spp., B. Complement Deficiency – Neisseria Spp., C. T-Cell Deficiency – Cmv, D. Neutropenia – Candida Spp., ","B,C,D"
+311,Tetanus,"A. Cl. Tetani Is A Facultative Anaerobic Bacillus, B. The Neurotoxin Tetanospasmin Blocks Acetylcholine Transmission, C. Tetanospasmin Reversibly Binds To Peripheral Nerve Terminals, D. Recovery From Tetanus Does Not Confer Immunity, ",D
+312,Which of the following zones have considerable rooted vegetation?,"A. Littoral Zone, B. Limnetic Zone, C. Profundal Zone, D. Benthic Zone, ",A
+313,"In regions of the estuary that are nutritionally poor, it is more likely to find which of the following organisms? ","A. Coliforms, B. Appendaged Bacteria, C. Viruses, D. Fecal Streptococci, ",B
+314,Which of the following genus of bacteria is not found in fresh waters?,"A. Pseudomonas, B. Flavobacterium, C. Aeromonas, D. Vibrio, ",D
+315,Rapidly expanding urbanization makes it difficult to generalize upon typical microbial flora of streams.,"A. True, B. False, ",A
+316,The vaporised water is called,"A. Ground Water, B. Atmospheric Water, C. Surface Water, D. Impounded Water, ",B
+317,The study of marine microbes is called,"A. Marine Microbiology, B. Marinology, C. Marine Bacteriology, D. None Of These, ",A
+318,Major faecal contaminant in potable water is,"A. Escherichia Coli, B. Streptococcus Faecalis, C. Both A And B, D. Escherichia Coli Only, ",C
+319,IMVIC test includes,"A. Indole Test And Methyl Red Test, B. Voges Proskauer Test, C. Citrate Test, D. All Of These, ",D
+320,Disinfection include,"A. Chlorination, B. Uv Radiation, C. Ozonation, D. All Of The Above, ",D
+321,Purification strategies in municipal water supplies involves,"A. Sedimentation, B. Filtration, C. Disinfection, D. All Of The Above, ",D
+322,"The moisture contained in clouds and precipitated as snow,hail,rain etc constitutes _________________ ","A. Atmospheric Water, B. Surface Water, C. Groundwater, D. Subterranean Water, ",A
+323,The surface waters are susceptible to contamination with microorganisms from,"A. The Air, B. The Surface Runoff, C. Precipitation, D. Atmospheric Water And The Surface Runoff, ",D
+324,Which of the following is subterranean water?,"A. Atmospheric Water, B. Surface Water, C. Groundwater, D. Rainwater, ",C
+325,Wells less than ___________ deep are considered to be shallow.,"A. 1 Ft, B. 100 Ft, C. 50 Ft, D. 1000 Ft, ",B
+326,"Thermus aquaticus, a common bacterial inhabitant generally prevails in temperatures of ____________","A. 0º C, B. 30º-40ºc, C. 70º-72ºc, D. 80º-85ºc, ",C
+327,Hydrostatic pressure increases the boiling point of water but does not change the solubility of nutrients.,"A. True, B. False, ",B
+328,Primary producers are found growing in which of the following layers of water?,"A. Upper Layer, B. Middle Layer, C. Intermediate Layer, D. Bottom Layer, ",A
+329,The degree of salinity in freshwater is nearly zero,"A. True, B. False, ",A
+330,The microorganisms from lakes and rivers can grow at a salt concentration of _________,"A. 2.5 To 4 Percent, B. 5 Percent, C. Below 1 Percent, D. Above 1 Percent, ",C
+331,Which of the following compounds are required for the growth of saprophytic bacteria and fungi?,"A. Organic Compounds, B. Nitrates, C. Phosphates, D. Mercury, ",A
+332,The biological activity of an aquatic ecosystem is dependent upon which of the following factors?,"A. Number Of Primary Producers, B. Amount Of Chemical Energy Produced, C. Rate Of Primary Production, D. Number Of Deaths Of Organisms, ",C
+333,Which among the following are referred to as the “pasture of the sea”?,"A. Fishes, B. Algae, C. Nematodes, D. Phytoplankton, ",D
+334,Which of the following product is not obtained from dissimilation of organic matter under aerobic conditions?,"A. Ammonium, B. Sulphate, C. Methane, D. Phosphate, ",C
+335,Which of the following organism have siliceous skeletons?,"A. Foraminifera, B. Coccolithophores, C. Radiolaria, D. Cyanobacteria, ",C
+336,Which microorganism is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic?,"A. Influenza Virus, B. Rhinovirus, C. Sars-Cov-2, D. Hiv",C
+337,What type of microorganism is SARS-CoV-2?,"A. Bacteria, B. Virus, C. Fungus, D. Protozoa",B
+338,What is the primary site of SARS-CoV-2 replication in the human body?,"A. Liver, B. Blood, C. Respiratory Tract, D. Kidney",C
+339,What type of test is primarily used to detect an active SARS-CoV-2 infection?,"A. Antigen Test, B. Pcr Test, C. Antibody Test, D. Blood Culture",B
+340,Which part of SARS-CoV-2 is primarily targeted for most vaccine development?,"A. Nucleocapsid, B. Spike Protein, C. Membrane Protein, D. Envelope Protein",B
+341,Which organism is used as a model for studying SARS-CoV-2?,"A. E. Coli, B. Mice, C. Fruit Flies, D. Monkeys",D
+342,Which of the following is NOT a symptom of COVID-19?,"A. High Fever, B. Diarrhea, C. Hair Loss, D. Shortness Of Breath",C
+343,What family of viruses does SARS-CoV-2 belong to?,"A. Flaviviridae, B. Paramyxoviridae, C. Coronaviridae, D. Caliciviridae",C
+344,Which microorganism was responsible for the 2003 SARS outbreak?,"A. Mers-Cov, B. Sars-Cov, C. H1N1, D. Ebola Virus",B
+345,How is SARS-CoV-2 primarily transmitted between humans?,"A. Airborne Droplets, B. Blood Transfusion, C. Mosquito Bites, D. Eating Contaminated Food",A
+346,Which of the following organisms were initially suspected to be intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2?,"A. Bats, B. Pigs, C. Pangolins, D. Chickens",C
+347,What structure does SARS-CoV-2 use to enter human cells?,"A. Hemagglutinin, B. Ace2 Receptor, C. Neuraminidase, D. Cd4 Receptor",B
+348,Which of the following drugs was not extensively studied for treating COVID-19?,"A. Remdesivir, B. Hydroxychloroquine, C. Penicillin, D. Dexamethasone",C
+349,Which of the following is a potential long-term effect of a SARS-CoV-2 infection?,"A. Diabetes, B. Long Covid, C. Parkinson'S Disease, D. Osteoporosis",B
+350,The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in which country?,"A. Brazil, B. Uk, C. South Africa, D. India",D
+351,Why are mutations in SARS-CoV-2 of concern?,"A. They Make The Virus Less Contagious., B. They Can Potentially Change Virus Transmissibility Or Vaccine Efficacy., C. They Cause The Virus To Die Out Faster., D. They Have No Effect On The Pandemic.",B
+352,Which of the following is not a primary route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2?,"A. Fomite Transmission, B. Fecal-Oral Route, C. Respiratory Droplets, D. Direct Contact",B
+353,"What does ""zoonotic"" mean in the context of diseases like COVID-19?","A. Spread Between Humans., B. Originating From Animals And Transmitted To Humans., C. Caused By Zoo Animals., D. Spread Through Water.",B
+354,Which cellular machinery does SARS-CoV-2 use to replicate?,"A. Ribosomes Of The Host, B. Its Own Ribosomes, C. Lysosomes Of The Host, D. Mitochondria Of The Host",A
+355,What role does the spike protein play in the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle?,"A. Replication, B. Protein Synthesis, C. Cell Entry, D. Assembly",C
+356,Which organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic?,"A. Who, B. Cdc, C. Unicef, D. Gavi",A
+357,"What does the ""19"" in COVID-19 stand for?","A. It'S The 19Th Strain Of The Virus., B. It Refers To The Year 2019., C. It'S Named After The 19 Symptoms., D. It'S The 19Th Pandemic.",B
+358,Which of the following best describes the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2?,"A. Single-Stranded Rna, B. Double-Stranded Rna, C. Single-Stranded Dna, D. Double-Stranded Dna",B
+359,Which of the following structures of SARS-CoV-2 facilitates its attachment to host cells?,"A. Endoplasmic Reticulum, B. Spike (S. Protein, C. Hemagglutinin, D. Viral Rna",B