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Seneca Falls in Seneca County, New York — The American Northeast (Mid-Atlantic)
The Chamberlain House
Rescuing the Past
Later archeological and historic structure investigations revealed that the Chamberlain home, built in 1815, is the oldest remnant of early flour-milling enterprises in Seneca Falls.
Chamberlain’s importance to early village history and his business connections to the Stanton family make the home an important part of this neighborhood, village, and the early women’s rights movement. For more information please contact:
Superintendent, Women’s Rights National Historical Park, 136 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, NY 13148 or email [email protected].
Jacob P. Chamberlain lived with his family in this home from 1844 until 1851. Farmer, miller, industrialist, and politician, Chamberlain was one of thirty-two men and sixty-eight women to sign the controversial Declaration of Sentiments at the 1848 First Women's Rights Convention.
Erected by Department of the Interior.
Topics. This historical marker is listed in these topic lists: Civil RightsIndustry & Commerce • Waterways & Vessels. A significant historical year for this entry is 1996.
Location. 42° 54.797′ N, 76° 47.295′ W. Marker is in Seneca Falls, New York, in Seneca County. Marker is at the intersection of Seneca Street and Washington Street, on the right when traveling west on Seneca Street. This marker is literally across the street from the Elizabeth Cady Stanton house. You cannot see one from the other, however, due to the steep incline between the two. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Seneca Falls NY 13148, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Stanton's Busy World (within shouting distance of this marker); Stanton's Grassmere (within shouting distance of this marker); Elizabeth Cady Stanton (within shouting distance of this marker); We Will Accomplish Wonders (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); Welcome to Seneca Falls (about 300 feet away); The Stanton House: Shaping a Reformer (about 300 feet away); Fourth Ward School (approx. 0.2 miles away); Mynderse Academy (approx. 0.3 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Seneca Falls.
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. It was originally submitted on May 14, 2013, by Yugoboy of Rochester, New York. This page has been viewed 399 times since then and 9 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on May 14, 2013, by Yugoboy of Rochester, New York. • Bill Pfingsten was the editor who published this page. |
An electric field (sometimes E-field) is the physical field
that surrounds each electric charge
and exerts force on all other charges in the field, either attracting or repelling them. Electric fields originate from electric charges, or from time-varying magnetic fields
. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic force
, one of the four fundamental force
s (or interactions) of nature.
Electric fields are important in many areas of physics
, and are exploited practically in electrical technology. In atomic physics
, for instance, the electric field is the attractive force holding the atomic nucleus
s together in atoms. It is also the force responsible for chemical bonding
between atoms that result in molecule
Other applications of electric fields include motion detection via electric field proximity sensing
and an increasing number of diagnostic and therapeutic medical uses.
The electric field is defined mathematically as a vector field
that associates to each point in space the (electrostatic or Coulomb
) force per unit of charge
exerted on an infinitesimal positive test charge
at rest at that point.
The derived SI
units for the electric field are volts
(V/m), exactly equivalent to newtons
The electric field is defined at each point in space as the force (per unit charge) that would be experienced by a vanishingly small
positive test charge
if held at that point.
As the electric field is defined in terms of force
, and force is a vector
(i.e. having both magnitude
), it follows that an electric field is a vector field
[ Vector fields of this form are sometimes referred to as force fields. The electric field acts between two charges similarly to the way the gravitational field acts between two masses, as they both obey an inverse-square law with distance.] This is the basis for Coulomb's law, which states that, for stationary charges, the electric field varies with the source charge and varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source. This means that if the source charge were doubled, the electric field would double, and if you move twice as far away from the source, the field at that point would be only one-quarter its original strength.
The electric field can be visualized with a set of lines whose direction at each point is the same as the field's, a concept introduced by Michael Faraday, whose term 'lines of force' is still sometimes used. This illustration has the useful property that the field's strength is proportional to the density of the lines. The field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would follow as it is forced to move within the field, similar to trajectories that masses follow within a gravitational field. Field lines due to stationary charges have several important properties, including always originating from positive charges and terminating at negative charges, they enter all good conductors at right angles, and they never cross or close in on themselves. [ The field lines are a representative concept; the field actually permeates all the intervening space between the lines. More or fewer lines may be drawn depending on the precision to which it is desired to represent the field.] The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called electrostatics.
Faraday's law describes the relationship between a time-varying magnetic field and the electric field. One way of stating Faraday's law is that the curl of the electric field is equal to the negative time derivative of the magnetic field. In the absence of time-varying magnetic field, the electric field is therefore called conservative (i.e. curl-free). This implies there are two kinds of electric fields: electrostatic fields and fields arising from time-varying magnetic fields. [ While the curl-free nature of the static electric field allows for a simpler treatment using electrostatics, time-varying magnetic fields are generally treated as a component of a unified electromagnetic field. The study of time varying magnetic and electric fields is called electrodynamics.
Electric fields are caused by electric charges, described by Gauss's law, and time varying magnetic fields, described by Faraday's law of induction. Together, these laws are enough to define the behavior of the electric field. However, since the magnetic field is described as a function of electric field, the equations of both fields are coupled and together form Maxwell's equations that describe both fields as a function of charges and currents.
In the special case of a steady state (stationary charges and currents), the Maxwell-Faraday inductive effect disappears. The resulting two equations (Gauss's law and Faraday's law with no induction term ), taken together, are equivalent to Coulomb's law, which states that a particle with electric charge at position exerts a force on a particle with charge at position of:
:where is the unit vector in the direction from point to point , and is the electric constant (also known as "the absolute permittivity of free space") with units C2 m−2 N−1
Note that , the vacuum electric permittivity, must be substituted with , permittivity, when charges are in non-empty media.
When the charges and have the same sign this force is positive, directed away from the other charge, indicating the particles repel each other. When the charges have unlike signs the force is negative, indicating the particles attract.
To make it easy to calculate the Coulomb force on any charge at position this expression can be divided by leaving an expression that only depends on the other charge (the ''source'' charge)
This is the ''electric field'' at point due to the point charge ; it is a vector-valued function equal to the Coulomb force per unit charge that a positive point charge would experience at the position .
Since this formula gives the electric field magnitude and direction at any point in space (except at the location of the charge itself, , where it becomes infinite) it defines a vector field.
From the above formula it can be seen that the electric field due to a point charge is everywhere directed away from the charge if it is positive, and toward the charge if it is negative, and its magnitude decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the charge.
The Coulomb force on a charge of magnitude at any point in space is equal to the product of the charge and the electric field at that point
The units of the electric field in the SI system are newtons per coulomb (N/C), or volts per meter (V/m); in terms of the SI base units they are kg⋅m⋅s−3⋅A−1
Due to the linearity of Maxwell's equations, electric fields satisfy the superposition principle, which states that the total electric field, at a point, due to a collection of charges is equal to the vector sum of the electric fields at that point due to the individual charges.
This principle is useful in calculating the field created by multiple point charges. If charges are stationary in space at points , in the absence of currents, the superposition principle says that the resulting field is the sum of fields generated by each particle as described by Coulomb's law:
:where is the unit vector in the direction from point to point .
Continuous charge distributions
The superposition principle allows for the calculation of the electric field due to a continuous distribution of charge (where is the charge density in coulombs per cubic meter). By considering the charge in each small volume of space at point as a point charge, the resulting electric field, , at point can be calculated as
where is the unit vector pointing from to . The total field is then found by "adding up" the contributions from all the increments of volume by integrating over the volume of the charge distribution :
Similar equations follow for a surface charge with continuous charge distribution where is the charge density in coulombs per square meter
and for line charges with continuous charge distribution where is the charge density in coulombs per meter.
If a system is static, such that magnetic fields are not time-varying, then by Faraday's law, the electric field is curl-free. In this case, one can define an electric potential, that is, a function such that . This is analogous to the gravitational potential. The difference between the electric potential at two points in space is called the potential difference (or voltage) between the two points.
In general, however, the electric field cannot be described independently of the magnetic field. Given the magnetic vector potential, A, defined so that , one can still define an electric potential such that:
Where is the gradient of the electric potential and is the partial derivative of A with respect to time.
Faraday's law of induction can be recovered by taking the curl of that equation
which justifies, a posteriori, the previous form for E.
Continuous vs. discrete charge representation
The equations of electromagnetism are best described in a continuous description. However, charges are sometimes best described as discrete points; for example, some models may describe electrons as point sources where charge density is infinite on an infinitesimal section of space.
A charge located at can be described mathematically as a charge density , where the Dirac delta function (in three dimensions) is used. Conversely, a charge distribution can be approximated by many small point charges.
Electrostatic fields are electric fields which do not change with time, which happens when charges and currents are stationary. In that case, Coulomb's law fully describes the field.
Parallels between electrostatic and gravitational fields
Coulomb's law, which describes the interaction of electric charges:
is similar to Newton's law of universal gravitation:
This suggests similarities between the electric field E and the gravitational field g, or their associated potentials. Mass is sometimes called "gravitational charge".
Electrostatic and gravitational forces both are central, conservative and obey an inverse-square law.
220px|thumb|right|Illustration of the electric field between two parallel conductive_plates_of_finite_size_(known_as_a_[[parallel_plate_capacitor)._In_the_middle_of_the_plates,_far_from_any_edges,_the_electric_field_is_very_nearly_uniform..html" style="text-decoration: none;"class="mw-redirect" title="parallel plate capacitor">conductive plates of finite size (known as a parallel_plate_capacitor">conductive_plates_of_finite_size_(known_as_a_[[parallel_plate_capacitor)._In_the_middle_of_the_plates,_far_from_any_edges,_the_electric_field_is_very_nearly_uniform.
A_uniform_field_is_one_in_which_the_electric_field_is_constant_at_every_point._It_can_be_approximated_by_placing_two_conducting_[[Capacitor#Parallel-plate_model.html" style="text-decoration: none;"class="mw-redirect" title="parallel plate capacitor). In the middle of the plates, far from any edges, the electric field is very nearly uniform.">parallel plate capacitor">conductive plates of finite size (known as a [[parallel plate capacitor). In the middle of the plates, far from any edges, the electric field is very nearly uniform.
A uniform field is one in which the electric field is constant at every point. It can be approximated by placing two conducting [[Capacitor#Parallel-plate model">plates parallel to each other and maintaining a [[voltage]] (potential difference) between them; it is only an approximation because of boundary effects (near the edge of the planes, electric field is distorted because the plane does not continue). Assuming infinite planes, the magnitude of the electric field ''E'' is:
where Δ''V'' is the potential difference between the plates and ''d'' is the distance separating the plates. The negative sign arises as positive charges repel, so a positive charge will experience a force away from the positively charged plate, in the opposite direction to that in which the voltage increases. In micro- and nano-applications, for instance in relation to semiconductors, a typical magnitude of an electric field is in the order of , achieved by applying a voltage of the order of 1 volt between conductors spaced 1 µm apart.
Electrodynamic fields are electric fields which do change with time, for instance when charges are in motion. In this case, a magnetic field is produced in accordance with Ampère's circuital law (with Maxwell's addition), which, along with Maxwell's other equations, defines the magnetic field, , in terms of its curl:
where is the current density, is the vacuum permeability, and is the vacuum permittivity.
That is, both electric currents (i.e. charges in uniform motion) and the (partial) time derivative of the electric field directly contributes to the magnetic field. In addition, the Maxwell–Faraday equation states
These represent two of Maxwell's four equations and they intricately link the electric and magnetic fields together, resulting in the electromagnetic field. The equations represent a set of four coupled multi-dimensional partial differential equations which, when solved for a system, describe the combined behavior of the electromagnetic fields. In general, the force experienced by a test charge in an electromagnetic field is given by the Lorentz force law:
Energy in the electric field
The total energy per unit volume stored by the electromagnetic field is
where ''ε'' is the permittivity of the medium in which the field exists, its magnetic permeability, and E and B are the electric and magnetic field vectors.
As E and B fields are coupled, it would be misleading to split this expression into "electric" and "magnetic" contributions. However, in the steady-state case, the fields are no longer coupled (see Maxwell's equations). It makes sense in that case to compute the electrostatic energy per unit volume:
The total energy ''U'' stored in the electric field in a given volume ''V'' is therefore
The electric displacement field
Definitive equation of vector fields
In the presence of matter, it is helpful to extend the notion of the electric field into three vector fields:
[Electromagnetism (2nd Edition), I.S. Grant, W.R. Phillips, Manchester Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ]
where P is the electric polarization – the volume density of electric dipole moments, and D is the electric displacement field. Since E and P are defined separately, this equation can be used to define D. The physical interpretation of D is not as clear as E (effectively the field applied to the material) or P (induced field due to the dipoles in the material), but still serves as a convenient mathematical simplification, since Maxwell's equations can be simplified in terms of free charges and currents.
The E and D fields are related by the permittivity of the material, ''ε''.
For linear, homogeneous, isotropic materials E and D are proportional and constant throughout the region, there is no position dependence:
For inhomogeneous materials, there is a position dependence throughout the material:
For anisotropic materials the E and D fields are not parallel, and so E and D are related by the permittivity tensor (a 2nd order tensor field), in component form:
For non-linear media, E and D are not proportional. Materials can have varying extents of linearity, homogeneity and isotropy.
* Classical electromagnetism
* History of electromagnetic theory
* Optical field
* Teltron tube
* Teledeltos, a conductive paper that may be used as a simple analog computer for modelling fields
Electric field in "Electricity and Magnetism", R Nave
– Hyperphysics, Georgia State University
Frank Wolfs's lectures
at University of Rochester, chapters 23 and 24
– a chapter from an online textbook |
Deep snow, high winds, and equipment glitches didn't stop dozens of observers in New Zealand and Tasmania from recording Pluto's occultation of a bright star on June 29th — just two weeks before New Horizons' close-up flyby.
The stars and planets really were aligned on June 29th. On that date, just two weeks before NASA's New Horizons spacecraft was to dash past Pluto, the celebrated dwarf planet passed directly in front of an obscure 12th-magnitude star in north-central Sagittarius. It's the second-brightest star that Pluto has ever been known to occult, and careful records of the star's disappearance and reappearance could tell researchers a great deal about the state of Pluto's atmosphere at a most opportune time.
Unfortunately, the predicted path of Pluto's "shadow" across Earth was deep in the Southern Hemisphere, largely falling over open water between Australia and Antarctica. But New Zealand and Tasmania were both squarely inside the path limits, so dozens of observers from those countries and elsewhere did their best to make sure this rare celestial opportunity wasn't wasted.
During a stellar occultation by an airless body, such as an asteroid, the star's disappearance and reappearance are very abrupt. But Pluto's extremely tenuous atmosphere creates a more gradual decline and rise, along with nuances that reveal the pressure and temperature of the gas and the presence (or not) of haze layers. This is especially true when the star is bright enough to record its changing light at high speed with a good signal-to-noise ratio.
The effort involved several teams of observers on the ground and a large contingent aboard the SOFIA flying observatory. All of the teams, contacted by Sky & Telescope, report good results.
An especially detailed record came from Mount John Observatory on New Zealand's South Island, where Jay Pasachoff and Bryce Babcock (Williams College) led a team that included resident observers Alan Gilmore and Pam Kilmartin and Williams undergraduates Christina Seeger and Rebecca Durst.
The facility and its 1-meter McLellan Telescope were positioned very near to the occultation's centerline. So the Mount John observers hoped to see a strong central flash, created when the thin atmosphere acts like a lens to refract a concentrated beam of light toward Earth. For this event, it could only occur if the center of Pluto's disk and the star were almost perfectly aligned.
Success was in doubt just one night before, when fierce winds whipped the observatory and the deep snow cover around it at speeds up to 55 miles (85 km) per hour. But the wind abated and the clouds parted when it mattered most. "Yes, we have a central flash! We are oh so pleased," Pasachoff reported afterward. The nearly 2-minute-long event was also captured by Mount John's two 0.6-m telescopes, one operated by Stephen Levine (Lowell Observatory) and the other by Nagoya University observers led by Fumio Abe.
Meanwhile, veteran occultation-chaser Bruno Sicardy (Paris Observatory) had established two observing stations. One was the brand-new, just-opened 1.3-m Harlingten Telescope at Greenhill Observatory near Hobart, Tasmania, where he'd assisted saff astronomers Andrew Cole, Kym Hill, and Barry Giles in recording the event. The other, the robotic 0.6-m Yock-Allen (BOOTES-3) telescope at Lauder, New Zealand, recorded a central flash.
Covering All the Bases
Three groups went to great lengths to make sure the occultation would be seen. John Talbot provided coordination for the Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand, and more than two dozen amateur observers fanned out for the event — some observing an occultation for the first time. "Many observers had cloud, and many had equipment problems of some sort," he tells Sky & Telescope. Despite those issues — and interference from a nearly full Moon only 30° away — Talbot concludes, "I would rate this as a very successful campaign and an excellent demonstration of pro-am cooperation."
On the professional side, a collaboration among Williams College, MIT, and Lowell Observatory established a widespread network within the Pluto occultation zone. "We had people at 12 telescopes in nine locations," notes MIT's Amanda Bosh, who became the go-to person for last-minute prediction updates. (The all-critical astrometry used to calculate Pluto's path came from a 1.1-m telescope at Lowell, a 1.55-m scope at the U.S. Naval Observatory's Flagstaff Station, and the 0.6-m SARA telescope at Cerro Tololo in Chile.)
Some of the collaboration's observers, like those at Mount John, witnessed the occultation, while others did not (due to clouds or mechanical problems). Chris Morley was one of the few to see the event from Australia. He established a mobile station 70 km north of Bairnsdale, Victoria.
Not shy about mounting a big observing effort for such an important occultation, Eliot Young (Southwest Research Institute) dispatched seven teams from the United States to New Zealand, Tasmania, and southeastern Australia. Most of these paired a professional observer with an undergraduate student. Some got to use an existing telescope, but others lugged "portable" 14-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes to desirable locations. And often the original plan didn't work out as anticipated.
For example, Amherst College student Jason Mackie and Lowell Observatory's Larry Wasserman got as far as a cattle farm in Napier, New Zealand, only to find that their scope wouldn't track (stripped gears). So they scrambled to join local amateur John Drummond at his observatory in Gisborne, a 3-hour drive up the coast. "We'd gotten up at 2 a.m. for the event, but it was cold and completely overcast," recalls Mackie. It cleared just in time for the event, which lasted 105 seconds, and they were very lucky: "It completely clouded over just a few minutes later."
Carol Carriazo, also from Amherst, headed with Anne Verbischer (University of Virginia) to Greenhill Observatory outside of Hobart. They piggybacked on the visual observations that Sicardy and the facility's staff had planned by adding a dichroic beamsplitter. This allowed them to obtain a near-infrared light curve simultaneously. It was the first trip that Carriazo, just 19, had ever taken outside the U.S., and it proved eventful.
Because of the use of a special filter, the observatory's CCD required repeated machining to mate properly with the telescope and reach focus. But during one focus check, the camera fell roughly 7 feet and "crunched" onto the observatory floor. After that it wouldn't turn on. Luckily, two of the staff astronomers discovered a dislodged wire inside and soldered it back in place, which got the camera working again in time to record the occultation.
Young, who observed from the Anglo-Australian Telescope but saw no cover-up, thinks a careful analysis of all these light curves will show that Pluto's tenuous atmosphere has no haze, despite earlier occultation results to the contrary. And he thinks the starlight probings at various locations around Pluto's disk will ultimately reveal a fairly uniform global temperature. In any case, the rich results from June 29th's event will get a reality check very soon, since New Horizons will monitor occultations of both the Sun and Earth just after it zips past Pluto. |
Tucson has understood their water issues for years
Tucson relied on groundwater for decades while it grew from a small Mission Town to the second largest city in Arizona. The groundwater table was so depleted they began having sinkholes open up around the city. In the 1960’s the Colorado River was tapped in the Central Arizona Project so that Tucson could have a sustainable(?) source. It took a few years to get there and a billion dollars but we can do almost anything with concrete, steel and money!
Checkout this video about Rainwater Harvesting!
This is what the Tucsonians are up to.
Tucson has a Rainwater Harvesting Manual for the Desert
Read all about the methodologies in this 2006 41 Page Manual.
The ASU School of Sustainability recently published this post on Re-using Water!
This is distasteful to some (no pun intended), but reusing greywater and recycled water for human purposes will need to be looked at seriously one day. We may no longer be able to afford using this type of water on golf courses alone!
Better yet they have made a video of the History of Water in Arizona!
As the introduction states, it’s been a major effort going back to the Native American canals to make a living in the Desert. The only way Arizonans can survive is to find innovative ways to supply water to those who live here!
Whiskey is for drinking, Water is for fighting over!
The story of the American West is a story of water, and of our Herculean efforts to capture and spread that water across an arid landscape. As our western cities continue to grow, however, we need to find ways to curb our thirst. In this mini-documentary, ASU researchers talk about the West’s water history, our current situation, and some social and technological options for the future.
Written, produced and edited by Kirk Davis
Hopefully we don’t get this desperate!
Golf Courses use it, City Parks use it…Why not drink it? |
Metrorail Striker at National Airport 1978
Unidentified striking worker of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) is shown at National Airport in Virginia July 21, 1978.
The strike began after WMATA (often called Metro) failed to pay a cost of living increase due under the labor agreement.
At a July 18 union meeting, President George Davis of Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) Local 689 ruled a motion to strike out of order and when members became unruly, he adjourned the meeting.
A rogue meeting followed that voted to strike on July 19.
The July 19 "sick-out" fizzled everywhere except at the Bladensburg bus shop. However, management at Metro announced they had fired the mechanics and the Washington Star and Daily News reported it.
Metrobus and Metrorail employees quit work in protest and the illegal strike didn't end for another week after Judge Oberdorfer ordered Metro to put the money in escrow while the dispute was arbitrated.
Eight employees were fired for the strike activities but all who filed grievances were eventually returned to work after lengthy suspensions.
This strike was the 2nd of two wildcat strikes by rank-and-file members of Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) Local 689 in 1978.
For a blog post on the turmoil in the D.C. transit union from 1974-80, see washingtonareaspark.com/2020/03/16/george-davis-and-the-t...
For more information and addition images, see the Washington Area Spark flickr set "DC Metro Wildcat Strikes: 1978:" flic.kr/s/aHsjC75vur
For information and photos on the 1974 Metro strike, See set description “Transit Strike 1974:" flic.kr/s/aHsjtLttyR
Photo by Bernie Boston, courtesy of the DC Public Library, Washington Star Collection©Washington Post. It has been photographed from an original 8 x 10 print. This image was not part of the original Washington Area Spark collection and has been added to give context to the time period. |
Children’s brains and bodies grow rapidly in the first five years. We work to guarantee children and families access to quality care that keeps kids healthy and gives them a strong start in life.
All children should receive the supports they need to grow up healthy, curious, happy, and ready to learn. In fact, the foundations for a lifetime of health and learning are built in the first five years of a child’s life. This is the time when children’s brains and bodies grow rapidly and language, cognitive, social, and emotional skills develop. Children learn to form relationships, experience and regulate emotions, and explore the world around them.
During these crucial years, children need a strong circle of caring adults around them who can provide responsive, nurturing relationships and health, developmental, and nutritional support to ensure each child can thrive and reach their full potential.
Both in California and at the national level, we view each touchpoint a family has with the community – including schools, child care programs, doctor’s offices, and other places where they can access resources – as an opportunity to help parents and caregivers give children a strong start. Promoting children’s health and preventing disease must take place throughout the community in which children and families live, work, and play.
To achieve these goals, our children’s health grantmaking strategy includes a diverse set of approaches, all aimed at strengthening this web of support. We invest in federal and state advocacy, research and policy analysis, litigation, and communications to raise the awareness of the importance of health care and nutrition in supporting children’s healthy development. We also support innovation and quality improvement initiatives to improve the way health systems deliver services and promote the health and well-being of children and families.
We are working to:
- Ensure equitable access to comprehensive primary health care services for children in their first five years that are family-centered, coordinated, compassionate, and culturally competent.
- Achieve universal, comprehensive health insurance coverage for children and parents by defending and working to expand access to Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).
- Advance research, policies, and innovations that leverage the health care sector to foster healthy social and emotional development in babies and toddlers and support positive parent-child relationships.
- Improve caregiver understanding of what it means to support optimal child health, as well as social, emotional, physical, and cognitive development.
- Encourage regular preventative health, developmental, and behavioral screenings to learn about and celebrate developmental milestones; identify any delays and challenges early; and provide families with supports and services as needed so all children stay on track for success.
- Support families in accessing healthy food, nutrition education, and other resources through programs like the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
- Create lasting, meaningful partnerships between experts and advocates across a range of fields like early learning, early intervention, family support, and health to support healthy child development.
Supporting state-based advocacy organizations that are defending and advancing policies that support comprehensive health coverage and improve access to quality health care services for children and their families.
Supporting pediatric well-visits as opportunities for pediatricians and parents to partner to promote young children’s social and emotional development and nurture parent-child relationships.
How to Get Support
The Children, Families, and Communities Program is not accepting unsolicited proposals, but welcomes your ideas for funding requests. Before you send a request, please review this page. If your work is aligned with the program strategy and geographic focus, please send your request using the form here. |
Jharsuguda: Joyland Montessori School of Jharsuguda introduces ‘Water Bell’ to create awareness among kids about drinking water. This Water bells are breaks during which children are asked to consume water to prevent dehydration and urinary infections. This novel concept has been borrowed from the initiative taken in Kerala and replicated in Karnataka and Telangana. Even the District administration of Ganjam is introducing this Water Bell concept from 25th November.
Joyland Montessori School, Jharsuguda district, claims to be the first school to implement this concept in Odisha, on Dated 21st November 2019. They arrived at this decision after parents complained of children bringing backwater without drinking it.
Mignonette Maseyk, Principal of Joyland Montessori says, ” We have around 560 students studying at our school and Many parents use to complain us that their wards don’t drink water at all in school and bring back their bottles filled back. After suggested by one of the parents about this ‘Water Bell’ concept, We have implemented at our school from 21st November onwards. We have begun to ring water bells thrice a day during school time and after the bells rings, the teacher announces that it’s time to drink water. This has been appreciated by several parents and even children too. Drinking water is a good habit and due to this even many health issues can be avoided. I think every school should adopt this concept for the benefits of students.”
” My daughter who is studying at Class VI standard, usually come home with a filled water bottle and hardly drank any water. After repeated instruction also she never followed. After which I came across this ‘Water Bell’ Concept, which was being followed in Kerala Schools. Similarly, I suggested this to the School and soon after they had implemented this concept in their school too. Now this school have three water bell introduce and have been appreciated by everyone even the parents too. “said Prashant Nanda, parent |
Introduction To Relay & Different Types Of Relays | Its Terminals, Working & Applications
Relays are the essential component for protection & switching of a number of the control circuits & other electrical components. All the Relays react to voltage or current with the end goal that they open or close the contacts or circuits. This article briefly discusses the relay basics & different types of relays that are utilized for a variety of applications.
What is a Relay?
A switch is a component that opens (turn off) & close (turn on) an electrical circuit. whereas, a relay is an electrical switch that control (switch on & off) a high voltage circuit using a low voltage source. A relay completely isolates the low voltage circuit from the high voltage circuit.
Construction of a Relay
Terminals Of Relay
Generally speaking, there are four types of terminals in a relay.
Control Input or Coil Terminals:
Control input terminals are two input terminals of a relay that controls its switching mechanism.
A low power source is connected to these terminals to activate & deactivate the relay. The source can be AC or DC depending on the type of the relay.
- Related Post: Difference Between Relay and Circuit Breaker
COM or Common Terminal:
COM refers to the common terminal of the relay.
This is the output terminal of the relay where one end of the load circuit is connected.
This terminal is internally connected with either of the other two terminals depending on the state of the relay.
NO or Normally Open terminal is also a load terminal of a relay which remains open when the relay is not active.
The NO terminal becomes closed with the COM terminal when the relay activates.
NC or Normally Closed terminal is the other load terminal of a relay. This terminal is normally connected with COM terminal of the relay when there is no control input.
When relay activates, the NC terminal disconnects from the COM terminal & stays open until the relay is deactivated.
Poles & Throw:
Poles refer to the switches inside a relay.
The numbers of Switches inside a relay is called the poles of the relay.
The number of circuits being controlled per pole is called the throw of a relay.
A single throw relay can control only one circuit i.e. either OFF or ON, while a double throw relay can control two circuits i.e. alternating from one circuit to another by opening one circuit and closing another during switching (ON & OFF).
Assume an SPDT (single pole double throw) relay
When there is no power source, the relay is inactive & the position of its pole remains at NC terminal, which in the above-mentioned case happens to be the upper terminal. This results in an electrically short path between the COM terminal & NC terminal. Thus it allows the flow of current through the circuit connected to COM & NC terminal.
When the relay is powered on using a low voltage source, the pole of the relay shifts to the NO terminal. Thus the NC terminal becomes open & the COM terminal becomes closed or electrically short to NO terminal. Subsequently, allowing the flow of current through the circuit connected with COM & NO terminal.
Types Of Relay:
There are various types of relays & they are classified into different categories according to their properties. Each of these types of relays is used for a specific application & it is necessary to select the appropriate relay before using in any circuit.
Based on Poles & Throw:
These following types of relays are classified by the numbers of poles & throw inside a relay.
SPST refers to single pole single throw relay.
The single pole means that it can control only one circuit while the single throw means its pole has only one position in which it can conduct. SPST diagram is given below.
The SPST relay two states I.e. either Open or Close circuit.
SPDT refers to single pole double throw relay.
The single pole means it can control only one circuit at a time. The double throw means its pole has two positions in which it can conduct.
The SPDT relay has two states & in each state, its one circuit remains closed while the other remains open & vice versa.
DPST refers to double pole single throw.
The double pole means it can control two completely isolated individual circuits. The single throw means that each pole has one position in which it can conduct.
The DPST relay can switch two circuits simultaneously i.e. either providing a close or open circuit.
DPDT refers to double pole double throw.
The double pole means it can control two circuits while the double throw means each pole can conduct in two separate positions.
The DPDT relay can be interpreted as two SPDT relays but their switching is simultaneous.
A relay can have as many as 12 poles.
Forms Of Relay
Types of relays are also classified based on its configuration known as “Forms”.
“Form A” Relay
“Form A” is an SPST relay with normally open (NO) default state.
It has NO terminal that connects the circuit when the relay is activated & disconnects the circuit when the relay deactivates.
“Form B” Relay
Form B relay is SPST relay with normally closed (NC) default state.
The NC terminal connects the circuit while the relay is inactive & it disconnects the circuit when the relay activates.
“Form C” Relay
Form C relay is SPDT relay with double throw contact terminals known as NC & NO.
It controls two circuit i.e. one circuit remain open while the other remains closed. It is also known as “break-before-make” relay because it breaks open one circuit before closing the other circuit.
“Form D” Relay
Form D relay is also an SPDT relay and has the same principle as Form C relay but it is “make-before-break” contact relay.
It closes the next circuit before breaking (opening) the first circuit. It is used for not disrupting the continuity of the circuit.
Based On Operation Principles:
These following types of relays are classified based on their different operation principles.
EMR (Electromechanical Relay)
This type of relay has an electromagnetic coil and a mechanical movable contact.
When the coil is energized it produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field attracts the armature (movable contact). When the coil is de-energized the coil loose magnetic field and a spring retract the armature to its normal position.
The EMR relay is designed for AC or DC source depending on the application it is used for. The structure of AC & DC EMR relay differs from each other by having a slight difference in its coil construction. The DC coil has a freewheeling diode for protection against back EMF & de-energizing the coil.
The polarity of the source in EMR relay does not matter, it energizes the coil in either way but if there is a back EMF diode installed then polarity should be considered.
The main disadvantage of EMR relay is that its contacts produce arc during breaking which leads to increasing its resistance over time & decreasing the lifespan of the relay.
- Related post: Types of Latches – SR & D Latches
SSR (Solid State Relay)
SSR relay is made up of semiconductors instead of mechanical parts and it works on isolating the low voltage circuit from high voltage circuit using an optocoupler.
When the control input is applied to a solid state relay, an LED lights up which produce infrared light. This light is received by a photosensitive semiconductor device which converts the light signal into an electrical signal and switches the circuit.
SSR operates on relatively high speed & has very low power consumption as compared to EMR relay. It has a longer lifespan because there are no physical contacts to burn out.
The main disadvantage of SSR relay is its nominal voltage drop across the semiconductor which wastes power in the form of heat.
- Related Post: Types of Electronic Counters
Hybrid relays are made using both SSR & EMR relays.
As we know that the SSR wastes power in form of heat and EMR has contact arcing problem. The hybrid relay uses both SSR & EMR to overcome their disadvantages.
In Hybrid relay, SSR & EMR are used in parallel. A relay control circuit is used for switching the SSR first. The SSR takes the load current. So it eliminates the arching problem. Then the control circuit energizes the EMR coil & its contact closes but there is no arching since the SSR is taking the load in parallel. After some time, when the EMR contact settles down, the control input of SSR is removed. The EMR conducts the entire load current without any loss. Since there is no current flow throw SSR & the EMR takes the entire load, there is no power loss in form of heat. Thus, it eliminates the heat problem too.
Reed relay is made up of a reed switch & an electromagnetic coil with a diode for back EMF.
A reed switch is made up of two metal blades made up of ferromagnetic material hermetically sealed in a glass tube which also supports the metal blades. The glass is filled with inert gas.
When the coil is energized, the ferromagnetic metal blades attract each other and form a closed path. As there is no moving armature so there is no contact wear-out problem. The glass tube is also filled with inert gas which also prolongs its life.
Electrothermal Relay (Thermal Relay):
An electrothermal relay is made up of bimetallic (made up of two metals having different thermal expansion coefficients) strip.
When the current flow through the conductor, it produces heat. Due to which the temperature of the bimetallic strip rises and expands. The metal having high thermal expansion coefficient expands more than the other metal. Due which the strip bends & closes the contacts to usually activate the trip circuitry.
Thermal relays are usually used for electric motor protection.
- Related post: Types of Circuits, Network & Parts Of Circuit
Polarized & Non-polarized Relay
The polarized relay uses a permanent magnet with an electromagnet. The permanent magnet provides a fixed position for the armature. The electromagnetic coil changes the position of the armature about a fixed pivot. The armature position depends on the polarity of the control input.
The non-polarized relay does not use permanent magnets & their coil can be energized in both ways without affecting its operation. Some relay having back EMF diodes does have polarity since the diode will bypass the coil if the connection is reversed.
Application Of Relay
- Relays are used for isolating a low voltage circuit from high voltage circuit.
- They are used for controlling multiple circuits.
- They are also used as automatic change over.
- Microprocessors use relays to control a heavy electrical load.
- Overload relays are used for protection of motor from overload & electrical failure.
Related Post: Types of Transformers and Their Applications
These are some of other types of relays used in various electrical & electronic circuits. This article provides the necessary knowledge about “the relay & types of relays” to understand their basic principles & differences.
- What is a Solenoid and Solenoid Magnetic Field
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Development of the baby in the womb is one of the most curious topics, especially by mothers. Development of the baby in the womb is quite a ...
Development of the baby in the womb is one of the most curious topics, especially by mothers. Development of the baby in the womb is quite a miraculous process. The answer to a question like when the baby’s hair grows will be from the third month of pregnancy.
Baby’s Hair Condition After Birth
How to know if a baby will be born with hair
It may not be possible to give a clear answer to a question like . Because it is very difficult to see hair on ultrasound due to its fine structure. Ultrasounds that can be seen in detail with today’s technology baby’s hair
Although it gives more detailed information about , the condition of the baby’s hair after birth is not known clearly.
Development of the Baby in the Womb
- Your baby is just the size of a strawberry in the second month of your pregnancy. Hands and feet have just begun to be prominent.
- Your baby’s face begins to become prominent in the third month of your pregnancy. It reaches about 6 centimeters in length. During this period, when the organs begin to take shape, your baby’s hair follicles also begin to form.
- In the fourth month of your pregnancy, the formation of all the organs of your baby, including the ear and nails, is completed. Baby’s hair on ultrasound cannot be seen yet because it started to come out thinly during this period.
- In the fifth month of your pregnancy, your baby will start kicking a lot. Eyelids develop and his brain is seriously developed. During this period, your baby’s fine hair will begin to grow gradually.
- In the sixth month of your pregnancy, your baby’s hair continues to grow and its weight reaches approximately 800 to 900 grams.
- Your baby will reach a length of about 35 centimeters in the seventh month of your pregnancy. During this period, her skin is wrinkled and red.
- Your baby’s movements become more noticeable in the eighth month of your pregnancy. He will start to be able to hear and react to voices. During this period, your baby’s weight may exceed 2 kilograms.
- In the ninth month of your pregnancy, your baby reaches approximately 50 centimeters in length. As he grows well, his range of motion will be limited and he cannot kick as much as before. |
Located just along the underside of the jaw, on either side of the neck, are the submandibular glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva and are susceptible to a variety of maladies, ranging from more manageable infections to the presence of stones. Benign tumors and cancer are also common diseases affecting the submandibular gland.
The severity of the disease or infection is diagnosed through both observation, palpation, and tests including x-ray or CT exam. When antibiotics and other methods of treatment, including minimally invasive sialoendoscopy and laser treatment for breaking up salivary stones, is not able to fully resolve the issue, it may be necessary to recommend a course of treatment for any one of these diagnoses that result in the need for removal of the gland.
Like most outpatient surgeries, the patient will have been given a list of directives for preparation before the surgery. The patient checks in early the morning of the surgery at the medical center where the resection is taking place. Once the patient is in the administrative system, they are prepped for the procedure, including the administration of general anesthesia. Nurses, who are assigned to the patient for the duration of their stay, will handle going over and recording patient history, write down the results of any vitals that need to be taken, make careful note of medications the patient is currently taking and any medications the patient is allergic to, and start an I.V. to administer saline and other medications, as needed. The operating physician will visit briefly with the patient to perform a cursory exam, reverify where the surgery is to take place, and often highlight the area with a marker.
Once the patient is taken into the operating room, sedation will take place. The surgeon will make a small incision in the neck, usually horizontal to the jaw line. Once the patient’s skin has been opened to reveal the inner structures of the neck, the submandibular gland is identified just under the jaw. The surgeon will proceed with the resection using careful, precision strokes with a thin blade to free the gland and as much of the surrounding tissue as has been deemed necessary. The resulting wound is thoroughly cleaned and stitches are used to close the skin with minimal scarring.
After surgery, the patient is taken to recovery where they will stay until the effects of the anesthesia have worn off well enough that they can safely move about and dress themselves. A family member or friend will have accompanied the patient and is responsible for driving the patient home after discharge, usually just a few hours after surgery when things have gone smoothly, with no unexpected complications. The patient will finish recovering at home, finishing any antibiotics or other prescriptions they have been given and will return for scheduled follow-ups at a time deemed appropriate by his or her doctor.
Because of the relatively uncomplicated and straightforward nature of the submandibular gland resection, both surgeon and patient should be confident that there will be no lasting effects, barring unforeseen complications in medication, anesthesia, or recovery. |
Report on Spurr (United States) — 3 November-9 November 2004
Smithsonian / US Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report,
3 November-9 November 2004
Managing Editor: Gari Mayberry
Please cite this report as:
Global Volcanism Program, 2004. Report on Spurr (United States). In: Mayberry, G (ed.), Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 3 November-9 November 2004. Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey.
61.299°N, 152.251°W; summit elev. 3374 m
All times are local (unless otherwise noted)
Elevated levels of seismicity continued to be recorded at Spurr during 29 October to 2 November. An earthquake swarm on 4 November consisted of as many as 10 shallow earthquakes per hour during a 6- to 7-hour period. After that, the level of seismicity declined to an average of 0-2 earthquakes per hour. Airborne measurements of volcanic gas from the volcano on 29 and 30 October indicated no significant change in the amount of carbon dioxide or sulfur-bearing gases compared to previous measurements in September. No unusual activity was observed on satellite or web-camera images. Spurr remained at Concern Color Code Yellow.
Geological Summary. The summit of Mount Spurr, the highest volcano of the Aleutian arc, is a large lava dome constructed at the center of a roughly 5-km-wide horseshoe-shaped caldera open to the south. The volcano lies 130 km W of Anchorage and NE of Chakachamna Lake. The caldera was formed by a late-Pleistocene or early Holocene debris avalanche and associated pyroclastic flows that destroyed an ancestral edifice. The debris avalanche traveled more than 25 km SE, and the resulting deposit contains blocks as large as 100 m in diameter. Several ice-carved post-caldera cones or lava domes lie in the center of the caldera. The youngest vent, Crater Peak, formed at the breached southern end of the caldera and has been the source of about 40 identified Holocene tephra layers. Eruptions from Crater Peak in 1953 and 1992 deposited ash on the city of Anchorage. |
New research suggests that the position you sleep on may affect your risk for Alzheimer’s disease. People that sleep on their sides, instead of their back or front, appear able to clear out more chemical clutter in their brain while asleep. Researchers say that since many animals and people tend to sleep on their sides the most, it could be an evolutionary way of attempting to protect the brain.
While a person sleeps, the brain vigorously works to remove toxins that are produced while we are awake. As the toxins build up and compound, they can result in Alzheimer’s, and other neurological diseases. So sleeping on your side, as opposed to your back or stomach likely removes brain waste more effectively.
According to research from the University of Rochester in New York, the brain has it’s own unique way of removing toxins, unlike the rest of the body. Dr. Maiken Nedergaard, who led that study, claims that sleeping in a side position was “an important practice to help reduce the chances of developing Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other neurological diseases,” and that it was a more “consistent” way to reduce the amount of toxins in the brain. It’s a good thing most people already sleep on their sides, hopefully more people start to do it as well. |
Hierarchical Data Structures; Algorithms in Java. Contribute to aerovulpe/UCSD-Advanced-Data-Structures-in-Java development by creating an account on GitHub. Data structure provide a way to process and store data efficiently. Q6. This assignment covers sorting and light complexity and experimental analysis. Mastering the Software Engineering Interview 5. Learn Advanced Data Structures In Java online with courses like Advanced Data Structures in Java and Using Efficient Sorting Algorithms in Java to Arrange Tax Data. In this post, we will see about various data structures in java. It provides a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently. Capstone: Analyzing (Social) Network Data. In this course, you’ll learn about data structures, like graphs, that are fundamental for working with structured real world data. Advanced Data Structures in Java. Answer: Operations that can be performed on data structures are as below: For example: Imagine you have pile of books on the table and you are going to read these books one by one from the top. Since data structure is a core to any programming language and choosing a particular data structure majorly affects both the performance and functionality of Java applications, therefore it’s worth an effort to learn different data structures available in Java. Advanced Data Structures In Java courses from top universities and industry leaders. en: Programación, Coursera. Java API provides built-in support for common data structures, essential for writing programs like an array, linked list, map, set, stack, and queue. Sorting Algorithms; Searching Algorithms; Data Structures in Java. COSC 2P03 Advanced Data Structures in Java Assignment. You don't need to implement these data structures by yourself, you can directly use it in your program, thanks to rich and efficient implementation provided by Java … Part 2 – Data Structure Java Interview Questions (Advanced) Let us now have a look at the advanced Interview Questions and Answers. A data structure is a way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Describe some of the operations that are performed on different Data Structures? Por: Coursera. You will develop, implement, and analyze algorithms for working with this data to … Data structure is a way of storing and organizing data. Advanced-Data Structures in Java 4. |
Alienation is a term used to describe a condition in which man experiencer a separation from nature; the word used in economics, social and philosophical aspects. As defined by Marx in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (1844), alienation is a specific historical condition in which man experiences a separation from nature, other human beings and especially the products of his labour. Since man creates himself through labour, all these forms of alienation imply an alienation of man from himself.
- Alienation for Hegel had been a philosophical concept expressing one aspect of the process of self-objectification: in the dialectical process, Spirit objectified itself in nature (a stage separated from itself) and then returned to itself.
- Marx regards alienation as a product of the evolution of division of labour, private property and the state: when these phenomena reach an advanced stage, as in capitalist society, the individual experiences the entire objective world as a conglomeration of alien forces standing over and above him. In this sense, alienation only overcome by the revolutionary abolition of the economic system based on private property.
- Alienation has also been a central concept in sociology, a centrality deriving in part from Max Weber’s recognition of the individual’s feeling of helplessness in a ‘disenchanted’ world governed by rational, bureaucratic and impersonal institutions. Existentialists, notably Heidegger and Sartre, have also centralised this concept, viewing it not as the symptom of given historical configurations but as a defining condition of existence. The concept of alienation has also reverberated widely through the various branches of psychology. See corporations, alter-globalization, Eco-Fashion Encyclopedia |
Writing a good essay involves the sort of verbal craftsmanship which can only come from long periods of hard practice.
There is no short-cut to success and no foolproof formula to follow.
Sure, you’ll tell your potential customers about the balcony that leads off the master bedroom, the distance to the beach, and the amenities of the town in which the properties are located.
But your customers will also want to know other details: can they let the property while they’re not using it, for example?
If you’ve been paying attention you may have seen that we’ve already mentioned “rhetoric” a couple of times so far in this post – and this is no accident.
You can’t really talk about essay conclusions without talking about rhetoric.
An essay conclusion needs to use rhetoric to emotionally connect with the reader in some way.
And this is done through the use of certain language and the way the information is presented.
But rhetoric is one of the oldest scholarly disciplines in the world.
In Classical societies – and in fact right up to the beginning of the twentieth century – it was considered one of the most important disciplines throughout Western society. |
Where will the dust storm hit 2020?
In what appears to be the latest biblical plague of 2020, a nearly 4,000-mile-long dust storm from the Sahara Desert is currently headed toward the southeastern coast of the United States.
When did the dust storms take place 2020?
| Monday, June 29, 2020. The massive dust storm that formed over the Sahara Desert in mid-June invaded the southeastern U.S. June 25-28, bringing dangerous levels of air pollution, low visibility, and colorful sunsets.
Has the dust storm hit the US?
Here’s what it looks like. A huge plume of dust and sand, blown by the wind from the Sahara Desert, has finally reached the U.S. mainland. It’s one of the most significant Saharan dust events in decades, forecasters said.
How do you know when a dust storm is coming?
The warning signs that a sandstorm is going to occur, is if the force of the wind is strong and increasing, and the sand is starting to sort of leap off the ground and land again. (The sand can possibly be bouncing along the ground and traveling in suspension in the direction of the wind.)
How long will dust storm last?
Dust storms usually last a few minutes to an hour. You can endure these brief but powerful windstorms if you know how to react. Watches = Be Aware.
Will 2020 be a bad hurricane season?
2020 is shaping up as one of the worst Atlantic hurricane seasons in the last nearly 170 years, on track to produce the most named storms, or their equivalent, of any year other than 2005, forecasters have warned. “2005 saw 28 named storms with no other year exceeding 20.
Why is dust coming from Africa?
The dust behind the recent clouds originates at the convergence of two ecosystems: the Sahara and the Sahel. The hot, dry Sahara in North Africa is the largest desert in the world outside of the poles. The Sahel is the stripe of land just south of the Sahara with a more tropical climate.
Can a sandstorm kill you?
Did you know that sandstorms can really hurt and even kill people? That’s quite scary. It is the number 3 weather condition that can cause serious harm to people in the US. They are also called ‘haboobs’ in the US, which comes from the Arabic word ‘hab’ which means ‘wind.
Is the Sahara dust dangerous?
“Once inhaled, this dust can irritate a person’s airways and cause respiratory issues — especially if that person suffers from an underlying airway or bronchial disease, such as asthma or COPD,” explains Dr. Tim Connolly, pulmonologist at Houston Methodist. In reality, though, Dr.
Where is dust storm?
Dust storms happen in many places around the world. Most of the world’s dust storms occur over the Middle East and North Africa. However, they can also happen anywhere in the United States. In the U.S., dust storms are most common in the Southwest, where they peak in the springtime.
What states will be affected by the dust cloud?
Portions of Texas, Louisiana, Alabama and Florida could see milky-looking skies and an enhanced sunset this evening. “The main impacts of the Saharan dust will be hazy skies during the day, locally reduced visibility and degraded air quality,” the Weather Prediction Center said.
Where is the Godzilla dust cloud?
In June, residents of Puerto Rico woke to a Sun shrouded in a thick haze, and everything outside seemingly coated in reddish dust. Little did they know the phenomenon was connected to winds swept up by the largest African dust storm on record—an event so massive, scientists have dubbed it Godzilla.
Can you breathe in a dust storm?
Depending on the health condition involved, breathing in dust from a dust storm could trigger an asthma attack, allergic reaction, make it difficult to breathe or even cause a heart-related problem. The longer you are exposed to the dust, the more chance that it could have an effect on you.
What state has the most dust storms?
Dust storms, also known as haboobs, usually last up to half of an hour and happen when the front of a thunderstorm cell pushes air downward and forward. They typically occur during monsoon season in the Southwest and are common in states including Arizona, New Mexico, California and Texas.
What is the biggest dust storm in history?
In what came to be known as “ Black Sunday,” one of the most devastating storms of the 1930s Dust Bowl era swept across the region on April 14, 1935. High winds kicked up clouds of millions of tons of dirt and dust so dense and dark that some eyewitnesses believed the world was coming to an end. |
You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near '26,340,'','1618189030')' at line 1. Failed to access hit info.
Did you know that you can drink to much water? Well there is a such thing, and it can be life threating. It is called hyponatremia. This occurs when your kidneys can't get rid of the excess water, the sodium content of your blood becomes diluted. Hyponatremia occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low.
So how much water is to much water? An average health adult human needs about 15.5 cups (3.7 liters) of fluids a day for men and approximately 11.5 cups (2.7 liters) of fluids a day for women. Every cell, tissue and organ in your body needs water to work properly. For example, water:
You might need to modify your total fluid intake based on several factors:
Drinking water is not the only way to keep you body hydrated. Maintaining a healthy diet plays a major role in balancing food and hydration. Many fruits and vegetables, such as watermelon and spinach, are almost 100% water by weight. In addition, beverages such as milk, juice and herbal teas are composed mostly of water. Even caffeinated drinks — such as coffee and soda — can contribute to your daily water intake. But go easy on sugar-sweetened drinks. Regular soda, energy or sports drinks, and other sweet drinks usually contain a lot of added sugar, which may provide more calories than needed.
Hyponatremia signs and symptoms may include:
Seek emergency care for anyone who develops severe signs and symptoms of hyponatremia, such as nausea and vomiting, confusion, seizures, or lost consciousness. Call your doctor if you know you are at risk of hyponatremia and are experiencing nausea, headaches, cramping or weakness.
Want to learn more about hyponatremia WebMD offers some basic information but speak to your doctor if you think you or someone you know maybe experiencing symptoms. |
The important one is that the researcher knows to use the adjusted instruments to find answers to the problem that it has raised. However the people are as much consult who me through this Home Page on this subject, that I decided to add this chapter. What it occurs here seems to be that motto known for the scholars of the educational dynamics: ' ' if we can complicate so that to simplify? ' ' Research is the same that it searchs or it looks for. To search, therefore, is to search or to look reply for some thing. In if treating to Science (knowledge production) the research it is the brainstorming to a problem that somebody wants to know the reply. Taste not to say that science becomes, but that science through a research is produced.
Research is therefore the way to arrive itself at science, to the knowledge. It is in the research that we will use different instruments to arrive itself at a more necessary reply. The ideal instrument will have to be stipulated by the researcher to reach itself ideal results. In a coarse example I could not look to a treasure in a beach digging a hole with a pickaxe; I would need single-blade. In the same way I could not make a hole in the cement with a shovel; I would need a pickaxe. Therefore the importance of if defining the type of research and the choice of the ideal instrument to be used. Science, through the evolution of its concepts, is divided by areas of the knowledge.
Thus, today we have knowledge of Sciences Human beings, Social, Biological, Accurate, among others. Exactly these divisions have other sub-divisions whose definition varies according to concepts of many authors. Social Sciences, for example, can be divided in Right, History, Sociology etc. Trying to descomplicar prefer to define the types of research in such a way: Experimental research: It is all research that involves some type of experiment.
to leave of the alluded conference, carried through in Sweden, many initiatives aiming at to the ambient questions, they start to gain space in the whole world. Important a proposal appears in 1987, intitled Our Common Future, or, as she was known: ' ' Brundtland' report; '. This document was elaborated by the World-wide Commission on Environment and Desenvolvimento (CMMAD), organism consisting of 21 countries, under the presidency of Prime minister of the Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland. According to this report, ' ' the sustainable development is that one that takes care of to the necessities of the gift without compromising the possibility of proper the future generations to take care of its necessidades' ' (CMMAD, 1988, P. 46).
This report also presents aspects on the ambient degradation approaching causes and effect, considers international politics how much to the economic, social and ambient aspects, with objective to search the compatible economic growth with the preservation of the nature. According to Martins (1995, P. 46): ' ' The interests of the underdeveloped countries are identified, where the sustainable development directly appears related with the problems of the poverty, satisfaction of the basic necessities, and a specific approach with regard to the feeding, health and moradia' '. The necessary economic growth to support itself in practical that they conserve and they expand the base of environmental resources. Such growth is absolutely essential to mitigate the great poverty that if comes intensifying for the most part of the world in development. More info: Yael Aflalo. CMMAD (1988, P.
30): The consuming of the environment frequently was considered the result of the increasing demand of scarce resources and of the pollution caused for the improvement of the standard of living of the relatively rich ones. But the proper poverty polui the environment, creating another type of ambient consuming. To survive, the poor persons and hungry the many times destroy its proper environment: they knock down forests, they allow the extreme pasturing, they exaurem lands delinquents and they are a refugee in number each bigger time for the cities already congested.
What is CSS? Spanish CSS means Cascading Style Sheets (Cascading Style Sheets). It is a relatively new technology to style web pages. Drew Houston: the source for more info. So what happened with tables reliable? Before the tables were the only instrument available to Web developers to lay out Web pages. However, with CSS support increasingly, we can forget the old tables. Although both have their strengths and weaknesses, some more than others as we shall see below. Advantages of Tables 1 .- The tables have more time to CSS, so it is now easier to find someone who can lay out a design with tables instead of CSS. 2 .- Most WYSIWYG editors offer code output tables.
3 .- The CSS support may have many faults, especially in older browsers. A related site: Bausch & Lomb mentions similar findings. Therefore web pages in different browsers show different Web. The advantages of CSS 1 .- The tables were never designed for layout designs. Therefore control over tables is very limited. If structured CSS web design. With CSS you can control the pixel-level design. 2 .- CSS separates the layout and content.
Therefore, it makes it easier to comply with a standard look through the website. 3 .- If you then want to change the style of the Web page is as simple as just changing the code a statement through the use of external CSS. 4 .- With CSS nested pages are unnecessarily heavy. In addition to the tables until they are downloaded do not show up. This causes a slow website. So What is better? With the support of CSS becoming more common, there is no reason to continue using the tables. With CSS you get a much more efficient control and flexibility it offers. Unless you're not willing to spend time to learn CSS, still using the old and outdated tables. |
Examination and Measuring Instruments
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Equipment for examining and measuring instruments are used across a wide range of fields. Electronics, research laboratories, material processing, production, and particle analysis all use to test and measuring equipment to measure and analyze various components of the materials with which they are working. Our advancement in medical technology instruments has allowed a much more comprehensive Equipment for examining and measuring instrument conditions to be developed. GerMedUSA brings the topmost Equipment for examining and measuring instruments are designed with the help of professionals. All of the equipment is created with the German Forged stainless steel to maintain the quality. The instruments are all fine, durable, and sharp. That's why after disinfection, they can be used again.
Collin Dynamometer is used to measure muscular pressure. The smaller improved model of this instrume ...
Multiple SKUs Available
Vernier, caliper graduated in mm and inches up to 120 mm/5''
Tape Measure cm/Inches Metal |
A Grammar of Chingoni
Michigan State University
Chingoni, or Ngoni of Tanzania, is a Bantu language (Guthrie’s N.12) spoken in Southern Tanzania by approximately 200,000 people. It is considered part of the Rufiji language group. This study is a grammatical sketch of the language spoken around Peramiho.
The study is divided into four chapters. Chapter One provides introductory remarks including sociolinguistic facts about the language and a brief history of the speech community. It explains why in spite of its South African Nguni name, the language is genetically an Eastern African language. Chapter Two presents the phonological system, describing the sounds, tones, phonotactics and some phonological processes including hiatus resolution, vowel harmony, imbrication and reduplication. The third chapter deals with the morphological structure of Chingoni words. It describes the morphology of nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers and other nominal modifiers, adverbs, pronouns, and ideophones. Bantu features such as noun classes, agreement affixes, tense and aspect marking, and verbal extensions are discussed in this chapter. The syntax of Chingoni is sketched in the fourth chapter. It discusses word order and clause structure, and describes various syntactic phenomena such as agreement, negation, and question formation. Following this description, there is a sample text with interlinear translation and a short Chingoni-English word list appears at the end.
ISBN 9783895868467. Languages of the World/Materials 425. 120pp. 2003. |
Leading a tour of the San Vicente Redwoods, Nadia Hamey hops up onto a four-foot-diameter redwood stump surrounded by other tall trees.
“I didn’t know you were logging trees this big,” I say.
The forest is shady, quiet, and spacious. Hamey sweeps away the fresh red sawdust with her hands and counts more than 100 rings. “This is a crop-size tree,” she says. “Cutting it releases the smaller trees so they can eventually be harvested, too.”
The two organizations that own this property are conservation leaders here in the Santa Cruz Mountains some 50 miles south of San Francisco. And—contradictory as it may seem—they are logging California’s most iconic tree, not for profit, but as part of a long-term rescue strategy for the region’s redwood forests.
According to the nonprofit Save the Redwoods League, only 120,000 acres of unlogged, or “old-growth,” redwood forests are left in the world, mostly ensconced in local, state, and national parks in northern California. That’s an area a little larger than the city of San Jose. But the state also has 1.5 million acres of forest in which almost all the redwoods have been logged at least once. (About 300,000 of those acres are in the Bay Area and Santa Cruz County.) Those forests are a new frontier for redwood conservation organizations, which up to now have mostly focused on saving the old-growth forests.
In 2011 two local conservation organizations, Peninsula Open Space Trust (POST) and Sempervirens Fund, purchased San Vicente, one of California’s “working” redwood forests and also the largest remaining block of privately owned forest in the Santa Cruz Mountains. After several years of planning, they’ve now begun carefully felling some of the medium-size redwoods on one part of the property to finance an innovative restoration and preservation plan on the rest. Eventually, POST and Sempervirens spokespeople say, more than half of San Vicente could look and function like an old-growth forest, with dead trees, natural openings, plenty of healthy, hulking redwoods, and complex layers of plant and animal life—everything from trillium to Townsend’s bats.
This is forest conservation 2.0—a plan for the rest of the redwoods.
A Major Conservation Target
San Vicente’s 8,532 acres have been producing logs and limestone since the early 20th century. Some of the logs were used to rebuild San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake. The limestone was used for making cement. By the 1920s, most of the best redwoods—some more than 250 feet tall—had been hauled away. But logging resumed in the 1950s and continued as a secondary source of income for a succession of cement company owners. Today, the property is crisscrossed by 72 miles of dirt roads. There’s a former train station deep in the forest with tunnels blown out of rock. The deep canyon created by a huge limestone quarry has never been reclaimed.
Yet despite these scars, San Vicente is still biologically rich and wild. Facing the Pacific Ocean, it’s a vast, well-watered chunk of coast that contains, in addition to recovering coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), a field guide’s worth of wildflowers, shrubs, and other trees. Mountain lions, peregrine falcons, and coho salmon are hanging on here, along with some 90 ancient trees that were spared the axe because of remoteness or oddities in their wood.
For years, the threat of McMansions and other development had loomed dangerously close to this property. And for years, conservationists have eyed it for its natural values and as a big chunk of a grander vision: what Sempervirens Fund calls the Great Park, a 125,000-acre expanse of redwood-dominated forest that stretches from Silicon Valley west to the Pacific Ocean and from La Honda south to Santa Cruz.
Shortly after the 2008 recession, POST and Sempervirens raised $30 million to purchase the property from the multinational building materials company CEMEX. In the old days, they might have closed the deal and handed their prize over to the state parks department. But these days the state doesn’t have the capacity to take on new parks. So the two land trusts realized that they would have to hold and manage the land themselves and that they would have to do it together: It’s simply too big a lift for just one organization. If they should ever sell, a conservation easement purchased for $10 million by Save the Redwoods League—a critical part of the complex multiparty deal to acquire the property—ensures that San Vicente will remain undeveloped forever.
“Humans came in and messed things up,” says Sempervirens land conservation director Laura McLendon. “We want to come in and repair the damage.”
The Forest Steward
It’s one thing to say you’re going to sustainably manage a property. It’s another to actually get out on the ground and do it. Enter forester Nadia Hamey. An ecological thinker who cares about fish and flowers as much as trees, she knows these woods like no one else. She’s planned and executed timber cuts on this property since 2008, made hard-hatted descents into its mine shafts and limestone karst caves, led field trips for botanists, and taken researchers out to listen for marbled murrelets.
Pulling up invasive plants as we walk, Hamey describes her evolution from outdoorsy kid to conservation-minded forester. She grew up in British Columbia, where her father was a forester and her mother a habitat protection officer. Near her home on Vancouver Island, she saw ancient forest clear-cuts that extended from ridgelines to the sea. “I couldn’t agree with those practices,” she says.
So she left home to study forestry at the University of California at Berkeley with the goal of learning how to manage forests more sustainably. After school, a stint at the university’s research forest, and a couple of timber company jobs farther north, she moved to Santa Cruz County in 2006. There, working for the Forest Stewardship Council–certified Big Creek Lumber Company, she found “a different attitude about how logging should be conducted.”
Today she’s an independent forester, working on several properties in the region including as property manager at San Vicente. She shows me a thick white binder, two years in the making, that describes the plans developed by POST, Sempervirens, and Save the Redwoods. They’ve divided San Vicente’s 8,500 acres into three categories: “preservation reserves” (11 percent),“working forest” (43 percent), and “restoration reserves” (46 percent). They’ll leave the preservation reserves alone, except for maintenance work like weed control and shoring up roads and culverts. In the working forest, they’ll do extremely careful commercial logging. And in the restoration reserves, they’ll try to coax the hodgepodge of species there today into a thriving redwood forest.
I ask if the goal is to create the old-growth forests of the future. “It’s a little lofty to say that,” Hamey says. “But we can put this land on a trajectory to be better habitat sooner.”
Restoration Reserves: Nudging the Forest Back
Our first stop is in one of the restoration reserves, where some of the project’s toughest decisions are being made. We walk down a shaded road littered with chubby tanoak acorns and framed by the trunks of slim second- and third-growth coast redwoods. Generally redwoods don’t need much help from humans. They’re patient. With their tolerance for shade, their resistance to fire, and their long—sometimes over 2,000-year—life spans, they can outcompete every tree around them.
“They can have 500 years packed into one foot in diameter,” Hamey says. “And then, when conditions are right, [they] start growing rapidly. They can have 40 years’ worth of rings per inch and then three years per inch.”
With all the logging and fire suppression this property has endured, however, the redwoods here could use “a nudge,” Hamey says, back toward conditions that prevailed before European settlement. That’s the goal in the nearly 4,000 acres of the property designated as restoration reserves.
How does she know what those pre-colonization conditions were? “Stumps are a good clue,” Hamey says. She shows us an area with huge redwood and Douglas fir stumps that were likely cut in the early 1900s. Today, about 10 to 30 stumps and about 300 live trees—including tanoak, redwoods, Douglas fir, and Coulter pine—populate each acre. Those 300 trees (with trunks ranging from more than two inches to several feet thick) cover an area a little smaller than a football field. Thinning them will help the rest of the forest grow back more vigorously.
Then there’s the question of which species—and which individual trees of those species—will get the axe. Because loggers have preferred redwoods, that once-dominant species has lost its footing on this part of the property to the less commercially valuable tanoak and Coulter pine, a tree that mostly grows in Southern California. Tall, dark-barked Coulter has spiky cones that weigh up to 11 pounds—the heaviest of any pine’s.
As Hamey points out, the Coulters don’t belong here—they were grown, along with nonnative Bishop pine, in a nursery that used to be adjacent to the property. “They are naturally regenerating, which is a bummer,” Hamey says. “So part of the restoration effort has to be to liquidate the Coulter pine.”
Tanoak may take a hit in the restoration reserves as well. It’s a native species with many ecological benefits, but past logging of redwood has left thick “dog-hair” stands of tanoak just above the road. She plans to cut down some of these trees, dabbing a short-lived herbicide on each stump so it doesn’t resprout. She’ll leave some of the carnage in place, providing the forest with more downed wood and (upright) snags. Rotting wood can shelter a Noah’s ark of birds, lizards, salamanders, and other small animals, organisms that are just as much a part of a healthy redwood forest as the trees themselves.
Another way to deal with overgrown thickets is fire. “This is a fire-adapted plant community,” Hamey says. “If you don’t have fires, the redwoods become incredibly choked.”
The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has agreed to ignite prescribed burns at San Vicente when conditions allow. Hamey happily envisions small fires “skunking along the forest floor,” removing small trees and brush. To protect nearby properties, the landowners have established corridors up to 100 feet wide where large trees loom over a more-or-less naked forest floor. These are “shaded fuel breaks” where CAL FIRE could keep a prescribed burn—or a wildfire—within bounds.
Picking the Winners
Even among the redwoods themselves, the new landowners will be making some life-or-death choices. Hamey points to a six-foot-diameter redwood stump surrounded by a dozen smaller trees—clones sprouting from the root crown of the parent tree. She’ll likely reduce the number of trees in this cluster “and pick some winners.”
Winner-picking is wickedly complicated. As redwoods grow, they tend to lose their lower branches. In a crowded forest, almost all the branches with needles—and therefore all the trees’ photosynthetic capacity—are in little tufts at the top. In restoration reserves, Hamey is trying to space redwoods in ways that would make more room for lower branches with needles and speed up the redwoods’ growth.
As she cranes her neck to look upward, she also considers where a logged tree would fall—how it would affect other trees and plants, and whether the forest needs the wood standing or on the ground. She considers the angle of the sun on a tree’s south side. If sun hits the base, the redwood might sprout, worsening the crowding. She likes big trees with broken tops, which can be a good thing for wildlife.
“Redwoods have all kinds of funkiness,” Hamey says. “They have cavities in the middle of the trunk. They have random platforms and reiterated tops. We even think about launching trees into other trees to create some of that. Or blowing up the tops to get a candelabra shape.”
I raise my eyebrows at the thought of blowing up trees. “We haven’t done any of that,” Hamey says with a grin. “But we’re trying to create complexity.” Which, of course, makes her job more complicated. “I can’t do this work for eight hours a day,” Hamey says. “It hurts my neck and fries my brain, because I’m thinking of so many things.”
Restoration forestry has shown promising results in logged-over redwood forests at Del Norte Redwoods State Park in Northern California and in other kinds of forests around the world. But there’s no oops-proof recipe for bringing back a redwood forest here. So for starters they’ll experiment on a small scale—just 50 acres on their first restoration reserve—see what happens, and adjust accordingly. Where they are making indelible decisions among the trees, “we’ll try three or four different intensities and methods,” Hamey says. “We don’t want to put all our eggs in one basket.”
Earlier, I’d asked one of Hamey’s bosses, Sempervirens’ Laura McLendon, if she’s nervous about the weight on her shoulders. Do we really know enough about natural processes to try to improve a redwood forest with herbicides and chain saws? How is this effort different from those of well-intentioned foresters in earlier eras who made a mess of things by promoting wrongheaded theories like fire suppression? “We’re different because we know that we don’t know,” McLendon says. “We want to learn.”
Not everyone agrees that thinning redwoods is a good idea. “It worries me that people are making decisions for the forest,” says ecologist Will Russell of San Jose State University. Fixing roads and controlling invasive species is essential, but redwood thinning is counterproductive, he says: Given enough time, redwoods can thin themselves. “We don’t know which ones are going to become the dominant ones,” Russell adds. “There may be factors we can’t predict: the opening of a gap in the forest later, a change in the availability of resources.”
Russell acknowledges that thinning redwoods will create bigger trees faster. It’s a standard technique used in timber production. “But why is this important? Sometimes small funky trees end up being the most valuable ecologically.”
A member of Sempervirens’ science advisory committee, Russell has studied parks in the Santa Cruz Mountains where redwoods were cut around the same time as at San Vicente. The parks he surveyed reached tree densities equivalent to those in old-growth redwood forests in 80 years or so. The resulting redwoods weren’t as big as the old-growth trees, but their numbers were about the same.
Given the multiple rounds of logging here, San Vicente hasn’t had 80 years to rest. Would it be wiser to stand back and let nature take its course? It depends on what kind of forest you want, says Emily Burns, director of science at Save the Redwoods. “The species composition at San Vicente has really shifted over time, from redwoods to other species. And with the impediments the younger forests are facing today, we don’t think that they’ll recover into the large, old redwoods that we want.”
Does she think speed is important? “I think about species like marbled murrelets,” Burns says. “One of the things they lack is nesting habitat. If we can get more big trees that are suitable for nesting grounds in the next hundred years, it’s worth the investment.”
Working Forest: Logging with a Light Touch
By afternoon we’re in the working forest, the place that helps pay the bills. While the goal on the rest of the property is to move toward old-growth conditions, the goal here is to do no harm—and, of course, to make enough money to fund the project’s restoration and maintenance work.
Standing beside a medium-size redwood, Hamey whips out a wooden ruler called a Biltmore stick to measure the tree’s diameter. She’s looking for what I’ll call a $400 tree: a straight redwood about 120 feet tall and about 30 inches in diameter that would yield about 1,000 board-feet of lumber. At current prices, that tree might be worth $800 or so. Subtracting expenses for planning the harvest; cutting, transporting, and milling the tree; and mitigating damages, the landowners would net about $400 from the sale of that tree.
In the summer of 2015, POST and Sempervirens contracted with Big Creek Lumber to selectively log 10 percent of the working forest. They spared all the oldest trees (some over 200 years old), while felling some hefty 90- to 120-year-old trees with “a light touch”: retaining key wildlife trees, repairing roads and culverts, leaving ecologically useful woody debris, and expanding buffer areas around streams. While removal of up to 7,000 board-feet per acre would be allowed every 15 years under state and local logging regulations, the landowners have chosen to remove less than half that amount—the equivalent of three 30-inch trees per acre.
For a group like Sempervirens, which has been in the business of preserving redwoods for 116 years, this is a revolutionary way of thinking. Cutting the forest in order to save it? “Context is everything,” says Reed Holderman, who was Sempervirens’ executive director at the time the property was purchased in 2011. “At the bottom of the recession we were trying to protect the largest single property in the Santa Cruz Mountains and also find a way to maintain and steward it. How do you make a living, breathing sustainable redwood forest ecosystem? Our strategy is landscape connectivity—connecting critical pieces—so it can sustain itself like it did before most of it was cut down.”
In the land trust business, money for land acquisition is easier to find than money for land management. After raising $30 million to buy the property, “we knew there wasn’t going to be a lot of help from anyone to restore and steward it,” Holderman says. So Sempervirens and POST decided to think about their role in a new way.
“Huge parts of California are managed as industrial forests,” says Paul Ringgold, formerly of POST and now managing the San Vicente conservation easement at Save the Redwoods League. “If and when the companies that own these lands decide they can no longer profit from them, they’re going to put them up for sale. We think the main issue is to secure these lands as forests that will remain forever.”
To a layperson, San Vicente’s working forest doesn’t look much different from the rest of the property, with its tangle of tanoak, some lofty, furrowed Douglas firs, and the occasional stand of medium-size redwoods. As we walk up a road, I ask Hamey how long it will take to reach the site of last summer’s commercial logging. She points to an ordinary-looking copse of redwoods about 50 yards to our right. “We took one tree over there,” and to the left, “one tree over there.” The answer to my question is clear. I may not be able to see the cut, but I’m in it.
Redwoods for the 21st Century
Our tour never made it to the preservation reserves, the most inaccessible and ecologically intact of all San Vicente’s lands. In these watersheds, I’m told, a few big old trees still stand tall, the understory is a little richer in native plants, and if you get up early enough, you might be able to hear the wingbeats of marbled murrelets. The preservation reserves will serve as a benchmark for measuring the success of activities on other parts of the property. They’ll not be subject to any experimentation.
In setting the boundaries of the preservation reserves, “we wanted to figure out where the best growing conditions for redwoods are,” says Emily Burns. “We looked at things like slope, aspect, and moisture. We gave those areas a higher priority for protection.”
Burns hopes the project’s preservation reserves and, in time, the restoration reserves as well will safeguard a version of Sequoia sempervirens that is well adapted to the Santa Cruz Mountains, which are at the drier, southern end of the redwood range. Since the northern end of the redwood range may be drier in the future, thanks to climate change, these redwoods could also prove vital to the survival of redwoods as a species.
Without a doubt, a healthier redwood forest here would be good news. Wildlife would benefit—and humans too. A healthier redwood forest with larger trees would collect more water from fog and boost the region’s water supply. It would suck up more climate-altering CO2 (a task at which redwoods excel due to their enormous volume of wood and long life spans). And it would mean that a key ecosystem in the Bay Area’s suite of habitats would be around for years to come. “And there’s just the human experience of enjoying the larger forests, the old-growth condition,” Burns says. “People love walking under the tall trees.”
Public access and recreation have been part of the plan from the beginning, and an access plan—still in the works—will lay out ground rules and a trail system. The challenge is to find a balance between visitor enjoyment and the project’s logging, stewardship, and research goals.
And indeed, amid all the logging and restoring, POST and Sempervirens are using the property as a scientific laboratory to better understand how a redwood forest works. Well-concealed camera traps are part of a collaboration with the Puma Project at the University of California at Santa Cruz to track mountain lions and study their behavior. In another study, scientists are using acoustic monitors to document the presence of marbled murrelets. And the Western Cave Conservancy has brought in researchers to study life in some of the property’s karst caves.
Thinning skeptic Will Russell will be working on the land as well. With a grant from Save the Redwoods League, he’ll gather data about the prevalence of western white trillium (Trillium ovatum), a flower that tends to show up (along with sword fern, vanilla leaf, violets, and redwood sorrel) in redwood forests that are recovering from logging.
“I’ve seen some trillium on the property in areas of mature second growth,” Russell says, “which is exciting.” Monitoring the species over time, he says, will suggest if any of POST and Semperviren’s interventions are harmful—and which treatments are doing the most good.
Rumbling homeward in her pickup at the end of the day, I ask Hamey, who is 38, if she’s sad she won’t be around to see the long-term effects of her work. “I do see some results,” she says. “But all forest management decisions last way beyond a human lifetime. I love that. I feel a lot of pride to be making these lasting decisions.” |
Fruits are definitely healthy, full of nutrients and highly recommended for everyone, but certain fruits are considered to be risky for pregnant women. It is better not to take any chances, especially during your first trimester, which is a crucial period.
Being aware of what fruits to avoid when pregnant, helps reduce the chances of miscarriages.
Fruits to avoid when pregnant
Pineapples are not safe for consumption during pregnancy, as these are known to induce contractions. Pineapples contain an enzyme known as bromelain in high quantities, which leads to softening of your cervix and causes contractions in early pregnancy. This may cause a miscarriage. Pineapples are also known to cause diarrhea in pregnancy and it can be very discomforting.
Papaya is known to increase body temperature, as it contains heat and is not good during pregnancy. Raw papaya consists of latex, which can cause uterine contractions and even bleeding. This may lead to a miscarriage in your first trimester. Ripe papaya is full of iron and other essential nutrients and it may be safe to consume it in moderate quantities after the end of first trimester. Ripe papaya is recommended as a remedy for constipation, but if consumed in excess, it can cause bowel movements, adding pressure on your uterus. To be on the safe side, it’s best to avoid papaya in any form throughout your pregnancy.
This fruit is known for high water content that helps you stay hydrated and get rid of toxins from the body. While doing so, it may flush out certain nutrients that are essential during pregnancy and also, there is a risk of exposing these toxins to the baby in the process. If you consume watermelon in excess, your blood sugar levels may go up, because of its sugar content and this may pose a problem to women with gestational diabetes. Watermelon may help your body keep cool, but it is better avoided during pregnancy.
Grapes are not considered safe for consumption during pregnancy, as they generate heat, which may in turn cause contractions. Grape skin consists of a compound which can be toxic to pregnant women. Also, you may face some digestive problems with black grapes, because the hormones slow down the process of digestion.
Dates provide iron, calcium and energy which are necessary during pregnancy, but this dry fruit is considered to be risky. Dates generate a lot of heat which may trigger contractions in expecting women. Having one or two per day is safe, but you must take care not to exceed.
Peach is another fruit that is known to heat up your body during pregnancy. Consuming this fruit in excessive quantities can cause bleeding and miscarriage. In case if you have it, make sure to limit the quantity and remove the skin, as it may cause throat irritation.
7. Frozen fruits
You should avoid canned fruits during pregnancy, because they may have been freeze-dried over a long period of time and may have lost all their nutrient value. Frozen fruits may be poisonous to you and your baby. Better go with fresh fruits to enjoy maximum taste and benefits.
8. Canned fruits
Canned fruits or any other canned food is not a good choice during pregnancy, because of the presence of preservatives. These can be toxic to your baby and may also lead to complications. |
Use views to define how a list of records for a specific form is displayed in the application. A view defines:
- Columns to display
- How wide each column should be
- How the list of records should be sorted
A drop-down list of views is displayed in the application so that users have options for different views of form data.
The records that are visible in individual views are displayed in a list, sometimes called a grid, which frequently provides options so that users can change the default sorting, column widths, and filters to more easily see the data that’s important to them. Views also define the data source for look up records, charts, and pivot grids that are used in the application.
Create a view
1. Make sure you are a member of a team with 'View' security role.
2. Go to form explorer.
3. Select the form you want to create the form rule for, then click on View item from the toolbar.
4. Click 'Add'
5. Enter View name, group and description
6. Define view columns and sorting
Drag up and down to change column order.
7. To save the view, click Save. |
In the 1800s teachers had a lot of struggles to contend with. Teachers in cities had an influx of immigrants from various parts of Europe who spoke different languages and had different customs. Rural teachers had to contend with students who missed school to help with the harvest or do farmwork, as well as drafty one-room school houses. Today, the old schoolhouses are dwindling, and the rules for teachers are perhaps differently strict. But, take a look at the contract terms teachers around the turn of the century had to contend with.
Good Moral Character
Teachers in the 1800s were valued, but were also very low on the economic totem pole. Most teachers were female, owing to the short contracts which male teachers commonly rejected in favor of other work. Those who did teach were not paid well at all and they had a lot of responsibilities. They were expected to be remain unmarried and to be perfectly pure of character.
While some teachers had written rules from the school, many would have had at least some of the basic rules stipulated as part of their contract or their teacher’s license. These rules and duties were listed alongside the teacher’s scores and signed by the county superintendent.
Even the shortest of teaching certificates and contracts would usually mention “outstanding moral character” as a reason for the acquisition of the certificate, this also implied that if a teacher were to do anything at all outside the confines of what the principal or superintendent thought was moral that employment and licensure could be revoked immediately.
Rules and Terms for Teachers
One contract from 1905 stipulated the following: “Said teacher agrees to do all janitor work without extra compensation, No Holidays allowed, and only one Saturday may be taught in each term.” For this the recipient received $38 per month which would be just over $1,000 in today’s money. And as a side note, some of the few one room schoolhouses that were still in operation in the 1980s had dedicated janitors, so we have to wonder when exactly teachers stopped being held liable for cleaning the schoolhouse.
Some sites have listed “rules” for school teachers usually from either 1872 or 1915, but these have not been verified. Since we don’t know where they came from, there’s no testifying to their accuracy.
However, we do have a partial list of school regulations from 1874 from the Ames Historical Society (Iowa). These guidelines show a pretty strict set of codes for teachers to follow as seen below:
“1. Each Teacher Teaching in Independent District No. one is Required to be in the School Room fifteen minutes before the time fixed Nine O’clock AM and one O’clock PM for the Session to begin.
2. the morning Exercises Shall Commence with Reading a Short Portion of the Scriptures without Comment which may be optionally followed by Prayer and Singing.
3. Teachers are Required to be diligent and faithful in Teaching and governing all Pupils under their Care and in case of Repeated absence or Tardiness Report the Same to their Parents or Guardians and no teacher is allowed in any way to appropriate to him or her Self any Portion of time which belongs to School hours.
4. Teachers are to exercise a Kind and Parental discipline and Show no Partiality whatever in School to any Pupil or Pupils nor Change their Seats without their consent after they have occupied the Same for one Week, avoiding Corporal Punishment when good order Can be Preserved by using milder means but they Shall endeavor to correct all misconduct and for Persistent insubordination or flagrant offenses they may be temporarily Suspended or expel Pupils and Report the same to the board of Directors who shall Confirm or Reverse it, but it Shall Stand good until Such action. Teachers Shall also Conform to all other Rules Required by Law.”
Prayer and “parental discipline” are two elements of the expected behavior that you simply would never see mentioned in school guidelines today. A further rule for children and teachers both from the document states this: “And no Pupil or Teacher is Permitted for Perusal to bring any Papers or Periodicals, Books or Novels having no connection with the Branches Taught in School.” So there was certainly no sneaking in a nice book to read during lunchtime.
Other rules for teachers included no smoking, drinking, no dyeing hair or cutting it short, as well as never showing one’s ankles or keeping company with a man (unless he was escorting you to church) or reading the Sunday paper on your day off. This information certainly gives new meaning to the phrase “school marm” since they had no choice but to be prim and proper if they wanted to keep their jobs. |
Natural Ways to Combat a Tooth Infection
Recently, a patient sent me an email regarding a dental problem. During a routine cleaning, she was told that she had a fistula on her upper gum near a tooth. The dentist felt that the tooth looked infected and advised her to have a root canal. Although she understood that a root canal was necessary, she had to postpone the surgery due to a scheduling conflict. In the meantime, she was concerned that an infected tooth would compromise her immune system and asked for my advice.
To help alleviate the discomfort and reduce the risk of infection, I suggested the following remedy:
Advanced Digestive Enzymes: After brushing, open 2 capsules and rub the powder into the border of the inflamed gums and surrounding teeth. Leave the enzyme powder on for 10 minutes or until the powder dissolves. The digestive enzymes help digest small particles and pockets of food or debris around the inflammation. The digestive enzymes also assist in breaking down the bio-film barrier which creates plaque and an environment that harbors infectious organisms. A soft bristle tooth brush can be used to gently push the digestive enzymes into the fistula, as well as the gaps between the teeth and gum.
To support the body’s immune system and fight infection, I advised her to do the following:
Open one capsule each of Advanced ProBiotic Formula and Advanced Immune & Recovery Support. Make a paste with a few drops of water. Using a clean finger or a soft bristle toothbrush, apply liberally to the infected area and leave the paste on until completely dissolved. For additional support and to strengthen the gum tissue, open one capsule of Advanced Energy (CoQ10) to the paste. Apply any extra paste to the rest of your teeth. |
Our Board is a collaborative of activists who were formerly adversaries in the Western Oregon forestry debates. Our goal is to form a large network of Friends with a similarly wide range of outlooks and who support our approach to developing broadly supported policy on how BLM forests should be managed in Western Oregon.
The name“Forest Bridges” and our logo are intended to symbolize this coming together to bring to life a shared vision of long-term forest health and mitigated climate change, for the benefit of all.
Dry and Moist forests:
Dry Forests: Dry forests are generally found in Southwestern Oregon. In a dry forest, the forest floor tends to dry out completely in the summer, and frequent low intensity fires are a natural occurrence every five to fifteen years. These fires keep the fuel load low and promote the development of fire resistant legacy trees. Climax dry forests are typically multi-aged stands of widely spaced fire resistant trees with a low understory of forbs and grasses.
Moist Forests: Moist forests are found more in Northwest Oregon, and all along the Oregon Coast Range mountains. In moist forests, the forest floor is heavily shaded and remains moist or wet even in typical summer conditions. Fires in these forests only happen under extremely dry conditions (every 100-300 years) and are much less frequent but more extreme, due to higher fuel loads.
The Moist and Dry Forests are require different management strategies (click here to learn more). There are also areas where the moist and dry forests are intermingled in a mosaic. Slopes facing north or east are most often moist forests, whereas slopes facing south or west are often dry forests. These mosaic areas create a broad range of habitat types in close proximity and will require special management planning to mimic historical habitat patterns in the absence of fire.
Natural fire, megafires and wildfire:
Natural wildfires have always existed in NW forests and the forests have adapted to thrive in the natural fire regime. Indigenous tribes used fire as their primary tool for landscape management. Frequent, low intensity fires developed the historic fire-resistant forests of Southwest Oregon. The magnificent stands of old growth Douglas Fir in the moist forest were typically initiated by infrequent stand replacement fires.
Many western Oregon forests are now overloaded with fuels after more than 100 years of aggressive fire suppression. The Smokey the Bear campaign and common protocols of the time had the unintended consequence of unnatural fuel buildup. Megafires that burn very hot and rapidly grow thousands of acres across BLM and private lands together because the typical ownership size is 640 acres. These fires not only cause extreme economic hardship, but few trees survive, soil is damaged, habitats are destroyed, carbon is released to the atmosphere, and water quality, lives, and property are placed at risk.
O&C lands in excess of 2 million acres of public lands are located across the 18 Western Oregon counties. Originally, these lands were deeded as private lands to railroad companies in 1866 to encourage the railroads to develop a rail line across Oregon and to encourage settlement. Portions of land were sold to settlers to raise money, the railroads were built, but eventually, the lands were revested to the Federal Government by Congress with the intent to privatize. Under the O&C Act of 1937, the BLM was tasked with managing the lands under what was considered progressive, conservation-oriented, and sustainable timber harvest practices at the time, with a portion of revenues going to the 18 counties of Western Oregon as O&C County Receipts.
O&C County Harvest Receipts:
When a timber sale is sold from western Oregon O&C timberlands, 50 percent of the revenues are divided among the 18 western Oregon O&C Counties in accordance with the O&C Act of 1937. The Forest Bridges Project advises that all timber sales be designed to drive the forest toward overall healthy habitat goals. Continuous, independent monitoring will ensure the goals are being met.
This new source of ecological forestry and monitoring funds recognizes the costs and promotes the actions required in 21st century forestry and the Forest Bridges Project.
The Sustainability receipts are that portion of O&C revenues and any other revenues from BLM timber sales, that have previously gone to the U.S. Treasury, as opposed to the O&C counties. This change in funding allocation recognizes and promotes the actions and costs of ecological forest management. These funds would be in addition to the BLM Congressional appropriations for operations which need to remain at traditional levels for the Sustainability Receipts to meet their intended purposes. The allocation of sustainability receipts would be controlled by statute, and require collaborative approval for dispersing. These BLM funds are dedicated to the following:
- forest restoration on BLM lands and in cooperation with checkerboard neighboring landowners, on their lands, for road systems, forest retention, as well as restoration and thinning of dry forest non-commercial lands
- third party monitoring and reporting of forest actions and the forest condition,
- adaptive management as knowledge and conditions change
- noxious weed removal and control
- law enforcement
Substantial public support will be required to reallocate the Sustainability Receipts to Ecological Forest Management. Please become a Friend of Forest Bridges today. |
The HLA system: structure and function.
The HLA system is the major histocompatibility system of man and was found through a search for blood group-like determinants on white blood cells that would be effective in matching for transplantation. The HLA system has its counterparts in other species of mammals, birds, and reptiles including the much studied H2 system of the mouse. The HLA system started from a series of antigens defined by a combination of relatively crude serology and genetics, supported by extensive statistical analysis. It has turned out to be a complex genetic region determining two major sets of cell surface products which mediate essential functional interactions between cells of the immune system, and so have a major role in the control of the immune response. Polymorphism in the HLA region is thus associated with a wide variety of diseases with an immune aetiology. |
In 1933, there were over 4,500 newspapers in Germany. The Nazi party had been on the rise for several years, but only controlled about 150 papers. Before Hitler took power, the party had not made any organized effort to take over the nation’s media outlets. That quickly changed as the Third Reich gained momentum and established itself as Germany’s new government.
Soon after Hitler emerged as the Third Reich’s dictator and the Nazi party’s posterchild for hatred, the party began a campaign of propaganda and misinformation to fulfill Hitler’s ideals. Early in 1933, die Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda — you do not need to read German to know what the RMVP did — began the necessary task of eroding the effectiveness of the press and media. The RMVP began controlling the news by producing propaganda newsreels to stoke public fears that led to increased public reliance on the new government and ultimately resulted in the rapid erosion of civil liberties.
The RMVP was instrumental in enacting the 1933 Schriftleitergesetz that prohibited non-Aryans from working in the press. The law also imposed strict rules and controls on journalists and mandated that they not report on anything or in such a manner to “weaken the strength of the Reich abroad or at home.” In October 1933, the news in German became what the RMVP said the news would be. Any variance from the Reich’s “guidelines” meant immediate dismissal or a one-way ticket to a concentration camp.
The Nazis did not attempt to limit media outlets. Instead, they controlled very tightly how, when, and what information would be disseminated to the German public. Disagree and the RMVP acted swiftly to revoke licenses and memberships in the German press guild. If Hitler had been a Twitter user, he would have tweeted something to the effect of: “Fake news coming from Ulm is bad for the Reich. License revoked and report to Auschwitz!”
That is what Hitler would have said and it is eerily similar to what Donald Trump tweeted on Wednesday morning.
With all of the Fake News coming out of NBC and the Networks, at what point is it appropriate to challenge their License? Bad for country!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) October 11, 2017
Trump’s statement does not have the force of law and it is not as strongly conceived as the RMVP censorship laws. However, Trump’s statement yesterday is an unnerving step in the same direction of a Third Reich propaganda ministry. The intimation Trump may call upon some federal agency underling to pull the plug on networks is an abomination of Trump’s duty to “preserve protect and defend” the United States Constitution.
If Trump is prepared to revoke FCC licenses for national broadcasters, imagine what he may attempt against private citizens exercising a fundamental right of freedom of expression. Is the American public to assume that, given long enough, the Trump regime will attempt to shut down social media?
In addition to his Wednesday tweet attacking the broadcast news networks, reports have surfaced that Trump hotels have been petitioning the public to boycott another Trump foe: CNN. Hotel guests received flyers upon check-in at Trump properties asking them to sign a petition to prevent CNN from being shown in federal buildings like VA Hospitals. The flyer goes on to endorse Fox News Network as the preferred source of Trump-friendly news.
Trump appeared on Fox News Wednesday night, hosted by Sean Hannity where one pundit suggested Trump’s make-up survived a “tongue bath” from the (likely) paid audience. Using Fox News as the modern-day equivalent of a Third Reich newsreel propaganda film, Trump espoused his views on the NFL and the Electoral College. As to the latter, he suggested that he personally would prefer to revert to the popular vote system — Trump is still in denial that he lost the popular vote to Hilary Clinton, or suggesting that he wishes Clinton was president.
America is entering uncharted territory under the Trump regime. According to The Washington Post and New York Times, Trump has uttered (by mouth or tweet) over 1,000 lies or misleading statements in the past 265 days. It is clear that he is trying to shape America’s opinion of him and his regime without regard for truth or fact. This administration advocates the “alternative facts” much the way Hitler’s Third Reich pushed their versions of Fake News in 1933 to commit millions of murders.
As Trump’s own propaganda machine begins to shift into high gear, Americans can look to history to figure out the next step. Perhaps when Trump tries to shut down Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram, some of his ardent followers will begin to understand the severity of their beloved leader’s obsession with ratings and control. In an era where Americans can only find outrage over the latest episode of reality television or social media outbursts as their First Amendment birthright, maybe losing the ability to bash a few liberals will make them understand how great America is without Trump. |
An excellent example of a Celtic knife, covered in dark green patina. It features a flat, curved blade that is common in Celtic knife design, and a handle with three holes in it that culminates in a ring. The handle and top ridge of the knife features a linear pattern, while the right side of the blade has a dotted motif runnind along it.
Date: Circa 800-500 BC Period: Bronze Age Condition: Very good condition. Some wear and patination visible.
This dagger is an example of a falcata, the type of sword used by the Celts. A falcata was single-edged, with a blade that bended inwards, and then back outwards at the tip. This shape was thought to distribute the weight of the weapon, allowing both momentum and thrust when used, as well as a long cutting edge.
To discover more about Celtic culture, please visit our relevant blog post: Bronze Age Britain.
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FDA seeks to ban indoor tanning for minors
Washington – The Food and Drug Administration has proposed two rules intended to minimize the risks of skin cancer presented by indoor tanning beds.
The first proposed rule would prohibit anyone younger than 18 from using sunlamp products, and would require adults who use tanning beds to sign a certification every six months to acknowledge they have been informed of the health risks posed by the devices.
The second proposal applies to sunlamp manufacturers and tanning facilities. It would require them to provide:
- Easier-to-read warning labels on devices
- Emergency shut-off switches
- More protective eyewear
About 1.6 million minors use indoor tanning devices every year. According to FDA, indoor tanning is considered a “known contributor” to skin cancer – including melanoma, which federal statistics show killed more than 9,000 people in 2012.
The American Academy of Pediatrics released a statement applauding FDA’s move.
“Tanning beds are dangerous and should not be used by anyone under age 18,” AAP President Dr. Sandra Hassink said in the release.
The rules were scheduled to be published Dec. 22. The public has 90 days to submit comments. |
You plug in your new refrigerator and turn it on. The lights in your kitchen promptly shut off and the digital clocks on your appliances disappear. Is it a power outage?
Nope, it’s probably a tripped breaker. Breakers are the safety switches that automatically shut off power to part of your home when the electrical circuit overloads. Homes have many breakers, and they all live together in the electrical panel — the “brain” of your home’s electrical system.
Here’s our complete guide to home electrical panels:
An electrical panel (a.k.a. breaker panel) is a metal box with a door, usually built into a wall in an out-of-the-way corner of your home. Inside, you’ll find all your home’s breaker switches.
You can toggle breaker switches on and off. They’ll also shut off automatically when there’s too much electrical current running through them — that’s what they’re for.
Within the electrical panel, you’ll find a main circuit breaker that controls the power to the entire house. You’ll also see individual breakers, each responsible for providing the electricity to a specific part of your home. Each breaker should have a label that identifies the area of the house it controls.
Some older homes don’t have breakers; they have fuses instead. If you have a fuse box, you won’t see any switches on your electrical panel; you’ll see screw-in fuses. If your home still uses a fuse box, you may have difficulty getting insurance, or you may have to pay a higher rate. We’ll address fuses and home insurance further down the page.
The power to your home comes through an electrical meter outside, which routes power to your electrical panel. You can shut off this main feed of electricity using the main breaker in your electrical panel. Your main breaker also tells you the amperage of your electrical service (amperage is the strength of the electrical current).
Home electric services in Canada range from 60 to 400 amps. Most electrical codes mandate at least 100-amp service.
Home insurance providers are often interested in your home’s amperage. If it’s less than 100, you might need to update your system. Sub-100 amperage could make it difficult for you to find insurance for your home; at the very least, you’ll need to pay a higher rate.
Electrical panels are metal boxes, typically grey in colour. They’re usually embedded in a wall.
Electrical panels have doors (or at least, they should). Behind the door, you’ll find an assortment of wires and switches — those switches are your breakers.
Electrical panels are normally in an out-of-the-way part of your home. Basements, storage rooms, laundry rooms, or garages are all common places to install an electrical panel. In older homes, you might even have to look outside the house to find your panel.
If you live in an apartment, you’ll usually find your electrical panel right next to the entrance to your unit.
Most homes have just one electrical panel, though some may have subpanels, especially homes that have multiple living units. See the common questions section for more on subpanels.
Circuit breakers trip (that is, shut off) when the circuit is overloaded. They’re safety devices, meant to prevent damage to electrical devices or to the home itself. If the breaker didn’t trip and shut off the power, overloaded circuits could start fires or electrocute someone.
Each breaker controls one circuit; each circuit usually corresponds to a room or an area of the house. Power-hungry devices like electric ranges or air conditioners might have their own breaker.
A breaker is designed to carry a certain electrical load; if the electrical load grows too large for the breaker, it shuts off. This happens if you have too many devices plugged into one circuit, for example.
There are assorted sizes of breakers depending on how much electricity they need to handle. Like the home’s electrical service, individual breakers are divided by what amperage they can handle. Breakers range from 15 to 200 amps; most are either 15, 20, or 30 amps, though.
Breakers also have voltage ratings; a single circuit breaker is normally provides 120 volts — the typical amount needed for lights, TVs, etc. A double circuit breaker is rated for 240 volts. This is for the big appliances that draw a lot of power, such as a stove or electric dryer.
When the breaker trips, all you need to do is flip the switch to reset it. In older homes with fuse boxes, you can’t just reset it; you need to replace the whole fuse if it blows.
The cost to upgrade your home’s electrical panel varies widely depending on the scope of the work, but you should expect to pay (very roughly) $2,000 – $2,500. That’s for 100-amp service; the price will be higher if you need to rewire your home for 200+ amps.
The only way to be sure about the cost is to have an electrician (or better yet: 3 different electricians) give you detailed quotes.
There are two reasons you’d want to upgrade your electrical panel: your service doesn’t provide enough power for your home, or you have fuses instead of breakers.
If your home has a fuse box, or your electrical service is below 100 amps, you should upgrade. Even if you already have 100-amp service, you might need to upgrade to 200- or 400-amp service, as many homes are running at capacity on 100-amp service.
If you’re not sure your electrical panel is enough, you can have an electrician estimate your service usage and tell you if you need an upgrade or not.
Building codes govern electrical panels. For safety reasons, panels need to adhere to many standard requirements.
Building codes in Canada are different in each province and municipality, but generally speaking, they dictate:
There are tons of other technical electric code requirements for breaker boxes. But, unless you’re an electrician, you don’t need to worry; work on breaker boxes and electrical wiring should always be done by a qualified person.
As mentioned earlier, a circuit breaker will trip if the circuit has become overloaded.
For instance, you’re using your blow dryer, while the TV and the microwave are running at the same time. Even if they’re all plugged into different outlets, they could be on the same circuit. This may result in too much power being drawn, and the breaker will trip.
If you’ve tripped a breaker, here’s what you should do:
Now you should be able to use your electrical devices again.
Just remember, don’t use them all at the same time. Or you can move one of them to a different outlet. If you’ve shut off the offending electrical item, and the circuit breaker continues to trip, there could be another problem.
If you have a breaker that trips often (or multiple breakers), it may be a capacity issue.
If it’s just one breaker causing problems, you can solve it by removing some electrical devices from that circuit and putting them on a different circuit. If it’s a case where you don’t have enough circuits (for example, all the outlets in your kitchen are on one circuit), you may need an electrician to rewire your breakers or add more circuits.
In some cases, an electrician can add subpanels or tandem circuits to spread power usage around more effectively.
However, it may also be that you’ve simply reached the limit of your home’s electrical service. If you have breakers tripping often, or you find that your electrical panel and the walls around it are warm to the touch, you might need to upgrade your whole electrical system to 200- or 400- amp service — a big, potentially expensive job (but sometimes a necessary one).
In the short term, you can address capacity issues by not running too many devices at once (especially power hungry devices like HVAC systems, water heaters, or washer/dryer pairs.
Corrosion of electrical panels or the wiring around them is a sign that moisture is present. Moisture and electricity are not a good mix (obviously).
However, if you only find corrosion or rust on the metal door or frame of your panel, it may not be a significant problem — moisture in the air can cause rusting. Just sand the panel down, prime it, and re-paint it.
Corrosion on the breaker switches or electrical wiring is much more serious, though. It can be a sign that moisture is seeping into your electrical system, perhaps from the outdoor meter. If you see corroded wires or switches, call an electrician.
This situation is a bit more serious.
When one electrified wire (called a “hot” wire) touches a neutral or other hot wire, it will cause a short circuit. That can happen when mice or other animals damage the wiring, or when you plug in a device with damaged circuitry. It can be hard to find the cause of a short circuit.
Short circuits should immediately trip a breaker. If you reset a tripped breaker and it instantly trips again, a short circuit is most likely to blame.
If you think an electrical device is causing the short, shut off the breaker that controls power to that outlet. Check the power cord to see if there are any melted areas or other damage. Look at the outlet itself, and check for a burning smell or any dark discoloration. These are all signs of faulty circuitry. If you unplug the device and the breaker resets properly, that device was likely causing the short.
If you can’t find a specific appliance that’s causing the short, there may be some crossed wires in your electrical system. You should call an electrician to find and fix elusive short circuits.
Similar to a short circuit, a ground fault happens when a hot wire touches a ground wire, or any thing else that’s grounded. “Grounded” means electricity can flow through that object to the ground.
Ground faults often happen when electricity meets water. Say, for example, you’re using a hair straightener and you drop it in a filled sink. That would cause a ground fault and trip a breaker.
As is often the case in bathrooms, your outlet may have a ground fault circuit interrupter, or GFCI.
GFCIs are special devices that immediately cut power if they detect a ground fault (even faster than the breaker can).
GFCIs are part of electrical outlets and cut power to anything plugged into that outlet. You can identify a GFCI by the black and red buttons on the outlet. These buttons are for testing and resetting the GFCI.
If you trip your GFCI, unplug everything from it and press the reset button.
You should test your GFCI a few times a year. Just plug something in, turn the device on, and then press the test button on your GFCI outlet; it should immediately cut power to the device. If not, call an electrician to replace your GFCI.
ready for an online quote? Policies start at $12/month if you rent your home and $40/month if you own your home. To see how much you can save with Square One, get a personalized online quote now.
Like everything else in your home, a little maintenance goes a long way.
Always keep the cover on your electrical panel, and make sure it’s kept closed. This will prevent dust from entering, or other damage occurring.
Have an electrician do regular maintenance about once every three years.
They will take the cover completely off the panel and inspect the breakers. They’ll check all the connections and do a thermal check to find unusually high temperatures. Heat and electrical problems often go together.
You can even put your hand on the cover of the electrical panel; it should feel cool. If it’s hot, shut off the main breaker, and call an electrician.
Many people think that the electrical panel will last as long as the house does; that’s not always so.
Connections can loosen, and operating near or over capacity can shorten the electrical panel’s lifespan. In humid locations, your electrical panel can suffer from corrosion. Dust can shorten the lifespan as well, if it gets into the switches and wiring.
Electrical panels have a lifespan of about 20-30 years. Some may last even longer, up to 50 years, if they get regular maintenance.
However, you may need to upgrade your panel well before it dies if your home’s electrical needs change. For instance, if you’re adding a hot tub, pool, or another high energy installation.
DIY tinkering can also reduce the lifespan of an electrical panel. If someone other than a licensed electrician makes changes to the panel, it could cause problems over time. Always get the requisite permits and hire a qualified electrician to do work on your electrical panel.
Labelling the breaker switches inside your electrical panel is important. You need to be able to tell what you’re affecting when you switch the power to a circuit on or off.
Breakers usually don’t have enough room on them to label them directly. Instead, you can either label them with a marker or stickers next to each breaker. You can also draw up a diagram and tape it to the back of the electrical panel door.
When you’re labelling the different circuits, avoid using shorthand or nicknames; the labels should be clear to someone who doesn’t live in the house (or to a future owner, if you ever move). For example, a label that says “Steven’s room” doesn’t mean much to an electrician; “upstairs west bedroom” would be clearer.
Some circuits control only single appliances, like a dishwasher or an air conditioner. You can label these with the name of the device.
Hopefully, whoever installed your home’s electrical panel did some labelling for you. If you’re starting with a totally blank breaker box, though, here’s how you can narrow things down:
If you’re struggling to find what’s connected to which breaker, the amperage ratings on each switch can help you narrow it down:
Your insurance company will want to know what kind of electrical panel you have. If you have an up-to-date panel with circuit breakers and 100-amp service, they shouldn’t take issue.
If you have a fuse box or sub-100-amp service, though, many insurance companies won’t insure your home, or at least will require you to get an electrical inspection before they do.
Why is it difficult to get insurance with fuse boxes?
Fuse boxes are outdated technology, and easily tampered with. For instance, some people may replace a 15 amp fuse with a 30 amp fuse to allow more electricity to run through without blowing it. Overloading circuits like this can cause all sorts of problems, fires being one of the worst.
Wires are limited in how much electricity they can convey; if you force too much juice through a small wire, it’ll start generating heat and become a serious fire hazard.
Another trick is sliding a penny into the fuse box in place of a new fuse. It should go without saying, but don’t do that! Without a fuse to cut power during an overload, there’s an enormous risk of your electrical system causing a fire.
Modern electrical panels have circuit breakers in place to prevent wires from overheating.
This is what insurance companies will want to know. A circuit breaker panel with 100-amp service tells them your home has a modern electrical system that’s likely to be safe.
Insurers take a calculated risk with each home they insure. Outdated electrical panels with 60-amp service or fuses aren’t enough to handle the electrical needs of a modern home.
If you’re not sure whether you have an adequate electrical panel, ask an expert. You should know exactly what you have before shopping around for home insurance.
For more information on electrical panels and house insurance, get a free quote on your home insurance by clicking the button at the bottom of the page.
There are a few warning signs that point to a bad circuit breaker:
If you have a multimeter and you know how to use it, you can test each of your breaker switches to see that they’ve got the right amount of electricity running through them.
Yes, you do need a permit to make any changes to your home’s electrical panel.
Most upgrades to your electrical panel require you to hire an electrician. Sometimes, the electrician can take care of the permit for you. Otherwise, they’re probably not going to start work until you can show them that you’ve got the permits in place.
Rules for permits are set by individual municipalities. Check your town or city’s website to see how they handle electrical permits.
An electrical subpanel is a smaller electrical panel that controls a specific area of the house. They’re also called service subpanels or circuit breaker subpanels. They look pretty much the same as the main electrical panel: a metal box in the wall filled with switches.
Subpanels are connected to the main panel and divide up the main electrical service to the lot. For example, if your house has a separate rental suite in the basement, that suite’s electricity would be on a separate subpanel. If tenants in a home live in a separate suite, they need access to their own breakers in case they trip.
Subpanels have master power switches just like main panels, but it’s also possible to shut off the power to a subpanel from the main panel.
Want to learn more? Visit our resource centres for hundreds of helpful articles created specifically for homeowners, condo owners, landlords, and tenants. Then, get an online quote in under 5 minutes and find out how affordable personalized home insurance can be.
Even when you take precautions, accidents can happen. Home insurance is one way to protect your family against financial losses from accidents. And, home insurance can start from as little as $12/month. |
Of all the skills involved in writing a novel, satisfactory pacing must happen or else it’s highly unlikely that readers will stick around. You, as writer, are a manager. You control the rate that your story is unfolded. Make sure you manage the readers’ time wisely.
Writing Tip for Today: Identifying three important levels where pacing is crucial can help you make your novel much more readable.
Main Plot Forward Movement
In each chapter you write, no matter how many scenes it contains, must advance your main story (what the Main Character wants more than anything, the identified goal or how the journey proceeds) or it will feel repetitive or worse, stagnant. Take a look at every new chapter and analyze it by identifying exactly how the main plot line is acted out therein. Compare this movement (or lack thereof) to both the previous and the following chapters. Think of your novel as a giant board game. Every chapter is a roll of the die to see how many spaces your character moves, if he gets sent back to “Go” or if she’s collecting rent on Boardwalk Ave. Every chapter must advance the story, even if the progress seems backward. Toward the beginning, these “reversals” and “complications” occur more often and after the halfway mark, the character doesn’t encounter many new problems but works to solve the ones which already exist.
At the chapter level, you as writer decide how many scenes to include. A general rule is that you break a chapter at the end of a scene, and not usually in the middle of one. Cliff hangers are best revealed by leaving an important question unanswered until the reader turns the page and a new chapter begins. The pacing of a chapter will vary by genre, but in general, a more literary work might have lengthy chapters, whereas murder mystery chapters are often shorter. Some believe that chapters should all be about the same length. I don’t mind a short chapter unless it’s short for no apparent reason. A brief chapter should signify high tension or drama. My chapters tend to run between 2500 and 4000 words, which is a typical length. Pacing at the chapter level also deals with patterns. Readers look for patterns. If all the chapters except a few are the same length, readers wonder why.
The most important pacing occurs at the scene level. Pacing here involves length of sentences, ratio of action to narrative and range of emotions, to name a few. Be sure you act out the really important and tense moments where there’s something important on the line. This is the reason writers are advised to skip over travel from one place to another, introductions and chit-chat. If you act out tedious or mundane stuff (getting out of bed in the morning, sipping coffee) readers will flee. By skipping or using brief narrative summary (He drove to McDonald’s.), you control the pacing.
I'm an author, speaker, writing coach and mentor. I teach both fiction and nonfiction writing at Lane Community College and in the doctoral program as expert writing advisor for George Fox University. I love helping writers improve their craft and I'm both an avid reader and writer of stories about those with wounded hearts.
Linda has always been a daydreamer, artist and storyteller. In addition to doting on grandbabies, collecting too many cats, gardening and walking on the beach, she loves to write and to help writers develop their skills. [READ MORE…] |
British Dyslexia Association- is my child dyslexic?
Patoss - containing a database of local dyslexia assessors and tutors:
The OT Toolbox - For free occupational therapy support resources for dyspraxia and handwriting, please click here.
Helpful Resources for Dyslexic and Reluctant Readers
Waterstones Booksellers now have a special section on their website detailing 150 books that are in an accessible, super-readable format, with dyslexia-friendly features and are particularly suitable for struggling, reluctant and dyslexic readers aged 9+
Please click on the link below for more details:Books for Dyslexic and reluctant readers
The concept behind Barrington Stokes books was that famous authors should write stories that were truly accessible to dyslexic readers of all ages. The idea is that the story content is aimed at people of particular chronological ages who have a lower reading age, thus they are able to access suitable literature for their age level.
Dyslexic children helped to develop the font, and they are always printed on off-white paper. They are available in many bookshops.
Please click on the link below for more details: |
Investigators at the Stanford University School of Medicine have identified a pattern of gene activity that could help scientists create a blood test for quickly and accurately detecting whether patients are experiencing a deadly immune-system panic attack.
Sepsis is a whole-body inflammation syndrome set off when the immune system wildly overreacts to the presence of infectious pathogens. It is the leading cause of hospital deaths in the United States, accounting for nearly half of the total number, and is tied to the early deaths of at least 750,000 Americans each year. Its estimated annual cost to the health-care system exceeds $24 billion.
The great majority of sepsis cases are caused by bacterial rather than viral infections and are best treated with antibiotics. But antibiotics are unhelpful — and can be counterproductive — when a patient has an outwardly similar but infection-free syndrome called sterile inflammation, an intense, systemic inflammatory response to traumatic injuries, surgery, blood clots or other noninfectious causes.
“It’s critical for clinicians to diagnose sepsis accurately and quickly, because the risk of death from this condition increases with every passing hour it goes untreated,” said Purvesh Khatri, PhD, assistant professor of biomedical informatics research.
Sepsis or sterile inflammation?
In practice, distinguishing sepsis from sterile inflammation is a toss-up. Right now, the only diagnostics that can help do this are too slow or too inaccurate, or both, Khatri said. As a result, hospital clinicians are pressured to treat anybody showing signs of systemic inflammation with antibiotics. That can encourage bacterial drug resistance and, by killing off harmless bacteria in the gut, lead to colonization by pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile.
The inability to easily distinguish sepsis from sterile inflammation makes it tough for pharmaceutical companies to conduct clinical trials of drugs aimed at treating sepsis; patients may be mistakenly assumed to have sepsis when they in fact have sterile inflammation, and vice versa, Khatri said.
“We think we’ve got the makings of a diagnostic blood test that will allow clinicians to distinguish between these two types of inflammation,” he said.
Khatri is the senior author of the new study, published May 13 in Science Translational Medicine, in which a meta-analysis of publicly available data sets allowed him and his associates to tease out a gene-activation pattern that distinguishes septic from sterile systemic inflammation.
“We thought there might be some genes that the body turns on specifically in response to infection, and after sifting through a huge amount of data we found them,” said lead author Timothy Sweeney, MD, PhD, a postdoctoral scholar now doing a residency in general surgery at Stanford.
Numerous studies have been conducted to find differences in the activation levels of immune-response genes between infection-related inflammation and sterile inflammation. But these studies have yielded conflicting or murky results. One big reason is that both infection and noninfectious tissue trauma activate many of the same immune-system components and pathways. At the gene-activation level, the overlap is staggering: More than 80 percent of a person’s roughly 25,000 genes change their activity levels substantially, and mostly in the same direction, in response to massive inflammation, whether due to sepsis or sterile causes. That overlap obscures any easily detectable changes attributable solely to infection.
Needle in a haystack
Further confounding attempts to identify patterns of increases or decreases in gene activity is that fact that some patients are already experiencing sepsis when they’re admitted to the hospital, while others become infected during their hospital stay. So two different sepsis patients admitted at the same time may be at very different stages of a complex inflammation process.
“How do you figure out which tiny fraction of those changes was caused by infection? You’re looking for a needle in a haystack,” Khatri said.
The needle, it turns out, consists of a signature formed by consistent changes in the activity levels of a mere 11 genes amid the chaotic background of the other 20,000-plus genes whose activity levels fluctuate markedly over the course of systemic inflammation and recovery.
The Stanford sleuths analyzed a number of publicly available data sets containing results of studies that had assessed activity levels for the entire human genome in sepsis cases, as well as in cases of sterile inflammation. In all, they looked at more than 2,900 blood samples from nearly 1,600 patients in 27 different data sets containing medical information on diverse patient groups — men and women, young and old, suffering from sterile inflammation or sepsis, including patients who already had sepsis when first admitted to the hospital and patients who were diagnosed with it later — in addition to healthy control subjects.
The analysis consisted of two separate steps. First, the researchers scoured nine data sets containing more than 650 patient samples. They looked for genes whose activity uniformly and substantially increased or decreased, across all nine data sets, in patients within 24 hours of a sepsis diagnosis compared with genes from those not diagnosed with sepsis.
We were able to identify a slight bump in activity of these 11 genes in patients two to five days prior to their clinical diagnosis.
Initially, whatever signal may have been hiding in this group of samples was buried in the surrounding noise of myriad irrelevant gene-activity fluctuations. But the cacophony ceased when the scientists adjusted their analytical approach by taking into account when the patient was injured or operated on. That way, the researchers could account for the changes, following a surgery or injury, in inflammation-related gene activity over time, independent of the presence or absence of infection. Blood samples were therefore time-matched according to how soon a blood sample was drawn after the initial injury or surgery.
After this adjustment, 11 genes jumped out of the haystack as likely sepsis markers. The researchers confirmed this 11-gene signature in an additional 18 cohorts comprising in all more than 1,800 patient samples.
“We were able to identify a slight bump in activity of these 11 genes in patients two to five days prior to their clinical diagnosis,” said Khatri. That could mean getting an earlier diagnosis than can be achieved with current approaches, which is key considering the rapid rate at which sepsis mortality rises once it gets a foothold.
The gene-activation signature showed a sepsis-detecting accuracy surpassing that of methods now in use, Sweeney said. Combining the new technique with other current diagnostic methods is likely to be more accurate than using any one alone, he added. |
Recently, NASA has cautioned about six asteroids, including two which are as big as the Eiffel Tower to pass near the earth
What are asteroids?
- Asteroids are small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun. Although asteroids orbit the Sun like planets, they are much smaller than planets.
- There are lots of asteroids in our solar system. Most of them live in the main asteroid belt a region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Origin of Asteroids
- Asteroids are leftovers from the formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago when a big cloud of gas and dust collapsed.
- After this phenomena, most of the material fell to the center of the cloud and formed the sun.
- Some of the condensing dust in the cloud became planets. The objects in the asteroid belt never had the chance to be incorporated into planets. T
- hey are leftovers from that time long ago when planets formed. As of now the main asteroid belt lies between mars and Jupter.
- Objects in the belt are divided into eight subgroups named after the main asteroids in each group
Key updates on Asteroids that are approaching earth
- 2021 AC: It is the first one of the asteroids. It has already passed the earth just in the beginning of the year. It has an average diameter of 73.5 metres and moved at a speed of 50,652 kmph
- 2016 CO247: It is the second asteroid to pass. It has an average diameter of 340 metres. It went past Earth soon after the 2021 AC at a speed of 60,228 kmph. It was 7.4 million km away from our planet.
- 2021 AJ: It is the smallest of the six asteroids which are not more than 20 metres in diameter will go past the planet in the evening (5 PM IST approx).
- 2018 KP1: Almost two hours later, the 32-metre 2018 KP1 will follow which is can be 41 metres in diameter and will be 3.1 million km away from Earth at a speed of 15,948 kmph.
- 2021 AU: It will be just 1.42 million kms away from Earth. The estimated diameter is around 60 metres
- 2008 AF4: It is the last one and the largest to approach the earth. It will go past Earth around 2:30 AM on January 7.
- It is nearly 500 metres in diameter and if it was to hit Earth, its impact would be the equivalent of the largest nuclear bombs(but is 15 million km away from Earth).
- It is travelling at a speed of 39,654 kmph. |
Q.1: The upper surface of the tongue has small projections called ___________. a) epiglottis b) papillae c) thecodont
Q.1: Match the following: Types Of Simple Epithelium Tissues Found In 1. Squamous Epithelium i. Lining of stomach and intestine 2. Cuboidal Epithelium ii. Inner surface of bronchioles and fallopian tubes 3. Columnar Epithelium iii. Ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons 4. Ciliated Epithelium iv. Walls of blood vessels and air sacs ofContinue reading “Structural Organization In Animals”
Q.1: The roots that arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle are called _________________.
Based on their functions, animal tissues can be classified as: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue Epithelial Tissues:
Plant Tissues are stationary or fixed and most of them are dead. Dead cells provide mechanical strength and needs less maintenance. Some plant tissues divide through out the life while others not. So based on their dividing capacity, plant tissues are classified into: Meristematic Tissues and Permanent Tissues. Meristematic Tissues: The dividing tissues are knownContinue reading “Plant Tissues” |
Working with your breath
Breath: A powerful tool for self-care and self-regulation
"Breath is the bridge which connects life to consciousness, which unites your body to your thoughts.” Thich Nhat Hanh
Introduction to the Breath
Our breath is directly connected to our consciousness and immediately reflects our thoughts and feelings. When we are relaxed and calm we breathe slowly, evenly and deeply into the bigger, bottom part of our lungs. This is called abdominal breathing or belly breathing. Our lungs are shaped like pears – small at the top and big at the bottom. When we breathe into the bottom of our lungs we get much more oxygen from each breath because the lungs are bigger and there are more blood vessels in this large part of the lungs. We use our diaphragm muscle to take deep breaths. The diaphragm is between your chest and abdominal area and in contracts and pulls down on the lungs to bring air in and relaxes and pushes up to expel air out of the lungs. When we are breathing in this way out tummy expands when we inhale and falls when we exhale. Our shoulders and upper chest do not move.
The moment we become anxious, worried, frightened, stressed, alarmed or feel threatened in any way our breathing changes. The diaphragm becomes rigid, and we begin breathing in the upper, smaller part of our lungs. Our breath becomes uneven, shallow, rapid and often we hold our breath as well. This can happen whether there is an external danger or just from thoughts and feelings in our inner world.
As you become more aware of your breath you will begin to notice how even a troubling thought can cause your breath to change.
The breath changes in these ways as part of the Fight or Flight Response, which is the way we are genetically programmed to respond to anything that is frightening, worrying, troubling or a danger, whether that is external, or in our mind.
I am sure you recognize the rush of adrenalin, the butterflies in the stomach, the tightness in your throat, the tense muscles, the rapid heart rate. The Fight or Flight Response produces a lot of energy, quickly, so you can deal with the danger. If you can use that energy in some way, (e.g., by fighting with the danger or running away from it) then your body quickly returns to normal. You are beautifully designed to do just that. The difficulty comes when we perceive a threat and there is no outlet for the energy. There is nobody you can fight with and no where you can run. The Fight or Flight Response stays “on”, and all the energy builds up inside. THAT is what we are experiencing when we feel stress. This can happen many times in a day and we can end up feeling very stressed. It is very common to feel a great deal of anxiety and fear when we are in this state.
Fight or Flight Response Diagram
The diagram below illustrates how we move from a relaxed state (homeostasis) into the Fight or Flight and shows how we are intended to use the energy and return to our relaxed state. The second part of the diagram shows what happens when we are unable to come out of the Fight or Flight, and it keeps building up.
Why your breath is so important
Our bodies consist of many different systems that all work together. Some of these systems we can easily control, like the muscles we use to move our arms and legs. Some we are unable to consciously control, like our endocrine system. Our respiratory system, our breathing, functions automatically, if we don’t pay attention to it, but if we focus our awareness on our breath we can easily begin to change the way we are breathing.
Because we can easily control our breathing, and because our breathing is directly related to our thoughts and feelings, we are able to use our breath to help us regulate the state we are in. In other words, we can use our breath to control the Fight or Flight Response and get ourselves back into a relaxed, calm state.
How to get out of the Fight of Flight
The first step is becoming aware – aware of when the Fight or Flight is triggered, and aware of your breath changing. We can only change what we are aware of.
As soon as you are aware that you are in the Fight or Flight you can begin to change your breathing and start to take slow, deep abdominal breaths. As you take control of your breath, breathing slowly, evenly and deeply, down into our abdomen, a signal goes to your brain to tell it to shut the Fight or Flight Response off. We have years of scientific and medical research which proves that this is so and that abdominal breathing is one of the fastest and most effective ways to control the Fight or Flight Response, anxiety, panic attacks and stress. Remember that when you are doing abdominal breathing your chest and shoulders do not move, just your tummy.
To the Count of 4
What is slow, deep breathing? Slow means to inhale and count to 4, by counting 100, 200, 300, 400. Then exhale counting to 4 in the same way. Don’t hold your breath after you inhale and don’t hold your breath after you exhale, when you are doing abdominal breathing to shut off the Fight or Flight. It is very important to make sure your breath is going right down into the bottom of your lungs and that your tummy is moving out when you breathe in, and your shoulders and chest are not moving. If you are sucking your tummy in when you try to take a deep breath, you are doing the opposite of what you need to do.
What to do if you can’t get a deep breath
Sometimes when the Fight or Flight is triggered, it is really difficult to take a deep breath into your abdomen. This is because the diaphragm is tight and unable to contract and expand in the normal way to enable you to breath deeply into your tummy. So, if that happens there are two things you can do to be able to begin deep breathing.
The first is to inhale, and keep inhaling until you can’t take in any more air. Then hold your breath and keep holding it until you have to breathe out because you can’t hold your breath any longer. As you hold the air in your lungs, your body heats us the air and when it heats up it expands and pushes down on your diaphragm, helping it to begin to start moving again which will enable you to do slow, deep abdominal breathing. You may need to do this twice, but usually once works.
The second thing you can do is use your thumb to massage your diaphragm. Find the space where your ribs curve up and join together, just where your chest and abdomen meet. If you press into that area with your thumb you will probably find a tender area which is the diaphragm. Massage that tender area with your thumb. Don’t press too hard, but make firm, circular motions to help the diaphragm begin go relax. This too, will help you be able to start breathing deeply into your abdomen and shut the Fight or Flight off.
Practicing with a book to loosen the diaphragm
If you have been anxious or stressed for a long time, your body will have been breathing in your upper lungs for a long time and your diaphragm will have become quite stiff. It can be quite helpful to practice slow, deep, even diaphragm breathing to readjust to the normal healthy breathing. An effective way to do this is to lie down on your back on a comfortable but firm surface. Place a book the size of a large dictionary on top of your belly button area. Then begin practicing the 4 – 4 abdominal breath. As you do, push the book up with your tummy when you breathe in and let the book fall back down when you breathe out.
It is helpful to do this 3 times a day for 5 minutes each time. If you practice in this way for a week, your body will be relearning the healthy way to breathe, that keeps you calm and out of the Fight or Flight.
When it becomes really comfortable to breath to the count of 4 you can then stretch that out to 5, then 6 and eventually up to 8.
The goal in working with your breath is to be breathing into your abdomen all the time, except when there is a situation that requires the Fight of Flight. This means becoming aware of your breath and every time you notice that you are not breathing into your abdomen, you then take control of your breath and start breathing deeply, slowly and evenly. For many of us, the shallow, rapid breath that is part of the Fight or Flight (also called hyperventilation) has become “normal”. In other words we breathe that way all the time. Research shows that this contributes to many other health issues. So, again, the goal is to be breathing abdominally pretty much all the time.
The Relaxation Response
When we breathe slowly and deeply into our abdomen we are activating the Relaxation Response. It is the opposite of the Fight or Flight. There are other ways to activate the Relaxation Response including progressive muscle relaxation, in which you move your awareness slowly throughout your body, consciously tensing and then relaxing all your different muscles. There are many CD’s and books to help you learn progressive muscle relaxation.
Some styles of yoga, such as Hatha or Kripalu yoga, which are calm, gentle and include focus on the breath, can be effective.
Becoming aware of and controlling your thoughts can also help you access the Relaxation Response.
Usually a combination of techniques is what is most effective. However, we do know that abdominal breathing is extremely effective and can be used anywhere, anytime.
Alternate Nostril Breathing
As you become comfortable with slow deep breathing, there are some additional breathing techniques that are very helpful. One of the most helpful is called alternate nostril breathing. Throughout the day our body switches the nostril we are using to breathe through every few hours. There are many explanations for why our bodies do this, but we do know that it happens and that it seems important.
When we are feeling not very grounded or centred, using the alternate nostril breathing technique helps us feel calmer, more balanced and more grounded.
To do alternate nostril breathing we use hour thumb and finger to alternately close our nostrils. Using your right hand, bend your index finger and middle finger and tuck them into your palm. This will leave your thumb and ring finger and baby finger sticking out.
- Place your ring finger against your left nostril, closing it. Breathe out completely through your right nostril and then breathe in through your right nostril to the count of 4.
- Place your thumb against the right nostril, closing it. Hold your breath to the count of 4.
- Remove your ring finger from your left nostril, opening it.
- Breathe out through your left nostril to the count of 4.
- Hold your breath for the count of 4, with lungs empty.
- Breathe in through the left nostril.
- Place your ring finger against the left nostril and hold your breath to the count of 4.
- Remove your thumb from your right nostril and breathe out to the count of 4.
- Hold you breath to the count of 4, with lungs empty.
This is one complete cycle of alternate nostril breathing.
Begin again, by breathing in through the right nostril. Hold, and then breathe out through the left. Hold. Breathe in through the left and hold, then out through the right and hold.
Breath and Meditation
Meditation is a very effective way to manage stress and bring about a state of inner calm and peace. There are many different meditation techniques we can use. Most involve some form of relaxation and slow deep breathing. Finding a meditation technique that suits your nature and personality is very helpful.
Mindfulness meditation comes out of a Buddhist tradition and involves developing your awareness and the ability to observe yourself – your thoughts, feelings, perceptions, reactions, your body – without judgment or attachment. Developing this aware self is freeing and empowering and is very helpful in learning to manage stress, anxiety and worry. There are many courses, books, CD’s and on-line resources available to help you learn some form of mindfulness meditation.
This article may not be republished without the permission of the author. Copyright © 2000-2010 Debbie Homewood |
Experience matters for immune cells - discovery of T cells response spectrum could help understand immune diseases
Study could help find better drug targets for asthma and rheumatoid arthritis
The discovery that immune T cells have a spectrum of responsiveness could shed light on how our immune system responds to infections and cancer, and what goes wrong in immune diseases. Researchers at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Open Targets, Biogen, GSK and their collaborators found that T cells responded very differently to immune signals the more ‘training’ they had been exposed to, rather than being a simple switch from naïve to experienced. This could help guide research into finding drug targets for immune diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
Today’s study (14 April), published in Nature Communications, also revealed that even highly trained memory T cells are less rigidly specialised than previously thought, and are able to respond to new immune signals. This has implications for immune research, and could help us understand how the body responds to infections.
T cells are key white blood cells that fight infection and disease, and act like police directing the immune system response. Babies are born with inexperienced – naïve – T cells, which change as they come into contact with bacteria or viruses, to create specific memory T cells that can ‘remember’ fighting against these infections. These memory T cells can then react more quickly the next time they meet the same threat, telling the immune system to remove the infection rapidly. This is how vaccination protects against disease, by delivering a safe form of an invading virus or bacterium, to train our immune system by building up specific memory T cells.
Problems with T cells can result in severe immune deficiencies, leaving people susceptible to infections. Alternatively, in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, the body can mistake some of its own cells as a threat and switch on an inappropriate immune response, leading to the body attacking itself.
To better understand how memory T cells form and respond during disease, researchers took blood from healthy volunteers and analysed their T cells. They identified exactly which genes were switched on in each individual T cell, indicating what the cell was doing. They also tested these T cells with different immune molecules, called cytokines, to mimic how they might behave in the body.
The researchers discovered that instead of having a simple switch, from naïve to memory cell, there appeared to be a whole continuum of T cell development. They revealed that the more often a T cell had been activated by one signal, the further along the line of memory T cell development – its ‘training’ – it was, and the faster it could respond to that specific signal.
“Previously people thought that memory T cells had two stages of development, but we discovered there is a whole spectrum of memory experience. From naïve T cells that have never been activated, to highly trained memory T cells which can react quickly, and many intermediate T cells in between. This spectrum not only affects how fast a cell can respond, but even what signals it can respond to.”
Eddie Cano Gamez, a first author on the paper from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and Open Targets
The study showed the T cells also had a continuum of responsiveness to other chemical signals, revealing they were less specialised than previously thought. They found that even highly trained memory T cells could be triggered by other, new immune signals.
The researchers discovered that some signals created very different responses in memory cells, depending on their experience level. When a specific chemical signal (transforming growth factor -TGF) was added to naïve T cells, they responded by producing regulatory T cells to calm down the immune system. However, the same chemical had the opposite effect on experienced memory cells, triggering them to release more chemicals that cause inflammation.
The collaboration between researchers at the Sanger Institute, GSK, Biogen and other Open Targets partners, will bolster the translation of these research results into new treatments.
“We were surprised to see how flexible and complex the memory T cells’ response could be. Understanding this varied T cell response could help us understand our response to infections such as viruses, and also give clues to what is going wrong in immune diseases such as asthma and type 1 diabetes. By understanding the pathways involved in normal immune response, we aim to find better drug targets for developing new medicines.”
Dr Gosia Trynka, senior author from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and Open Targets
Eddie Cano-Gamez & Blagoje Soskic et al. (2020) Single-cell transcriptomics identifies an effectorness gradient shaping the response of CD4+ T cells to cytokines. Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15543-y
This work was funded by Open Targets, Wellcome, the Gates Foundation and CRUK
Open Targets is a pioneering public-private collaboration that aims to transform drug discovery through the systematic identification and prioritisation of drug targets to improve the success rate for developing new medicines. The consortium is a unique, pre-competitive partnership between pharmaceutical companies and not-for-profit research institutes. The partners are GSK, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, the Wellcome Sanger Institute and the EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). Open Targets combines the skills, knowledge and technologies of its partner organisations, offering a critical mass of expertise that does not exist in any single institution. Large-scale genomic experiments and computational techniques developed in the public domain are blended with formal pharmaceutical R&D approaches to identify causal links between targets, pathways and diseases. This enables the partners to systematically identify drug targets, and prioritise them for further exploration. Find more at https://www.opentargets.org/science/ or follow @targetvalidate
The Wellcome Sanger Institute is a world leading genomics research centre. We undertake large-scale research that forms the foundations of knowledge in biology and medicine. We are open and collaborative; our data, results, tools and technologies are shared across the globe to advance science. Our ambition is vast – we take on projects that are not possible anywhere else. We use the power of genome sequencing to understand and harness the information in DNA. Funded by Wellcome, we have the freedom and support to push the boundaries of genomics. Our findings are used to improve health and to understand life on Earth. Find out more at www.sanger.ac.uk or follow us on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and on our Blog.
Wellcome exists to improve health by helping great ideas to thrive. We support researchers, we take on big health challenges, we campaign for better science, and we help everyone get involved with science and health research. We are a politically and financially independent foundation. wellcome.org
12 Apr 2021
New genetic drug target for treatment resistant colorectal cancer
Researchers have identified a new potential drug target for treating some types of advanced colorectal cancers.
7 Apr 2021
‘Patchwork’ tumours prevalent across multiple cancer types
Scientists have confirmed that tumour evolution is driven by changes that benefit the cancer, and these lead to a wide range ... |
After reluctantly waking up on a chilly morning, most people stumble groggily into the kitchen to fix a cup of tea. The brew instantaneously warms you up virtually lifting your spirits and making the chill go away. A recent study reveals the scientific basis behind this and throws light on a few other important insights concerning the humble cuppa.
A simple cup of tea sparks an instant burst of brainpower and creativity, within minutes of drinking a brew, reveals a research study conducted by Yan Huang of Peking University's School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences for the specialist journal Food Quality and Preference.
The researchers conducted two tests on up to 50 students with an average age of 23 who volunteered to participate in it. Half of the participants were given a cup of black tea to drink while the other half were served a glass of water before their cognitive and creative skills were put to the test.
In the first test, participants had to build an “attractive and creative” construction out of building blocks while the second asked them to suggest a “cool” name for a fictional noodle restaurant.
The results were judged on their creativity by other students who had not participated in the study. Tea drinkers scored better than their counterparts.
On average, the tea drinkers scored 6.54 for their building block creations while water drinkers scored 6.03. In the restaurant name test, the tea drinkers scored an average of 4.11 against the water drinkers who achieved 3.78.
The results show that tea helped both divergent thinking - the process of coming up with a number of new ideas around a central theme and what most people would consider to define creativity.
The report said: "This work contributes to understanding the function of tea on creativity and offers a new way to investigate the relationship between food and beverage consumption and the improvement of human cognition."
The findings suggest it could be the antidote to everything, from writer's block to artists seeking inspiration during brainstorming sessions.
They added: "Two biological ingredients, caffeine and theanine, have beneficial effects on attention, which is an indispensable part of cognitive function.
"But the amount of tea ingredients our participants absorbed was relatively small. Also, theanine facilitates long-term sustained attentional processing rather than short-term moment-to-moment attentional processing."
Instead, researchers believe tea works to enhance and create a 'positive' mood which in turn sparks the brain's cognitive regions into life. |
Glaucoma is a disease that can silently steal vision gradually without you noticing, which can result in severe loss of sight. Glaucoma is usually seen in the elder population over the age of 50, but it can occur earlier. This is why it’s recommended to be tested every two years during adulthood. The symptoms that are associated with glaucoma vary depending on the type of glaucoma.
Glaucoma is a disease that relates to a build of intraocular pressure. The pressure in the eye is dictated by the volume of aqueous humor found in the anterior chamber. This aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body and then travels into the anterior chamber; where it drains into the angle/faucet. If this drainage system is impaired at all then there will be a build up of pressure inside the eye; which will then start to damage the optic nerve head. The optic nerve head is the cable that connects the eye to the brain, thus allowing visual information to travel through this nerve to the brain. In glaucoma patients there central vision is fine but their peripheral vision slowly deteriorates as time progresses until it ends up affecting their central vision near the end stage of the disease.
The optic nerve is the cable that connects the brain to the eye. As the retina becomes stimulated by light, it will transmit and carry visual information through the optic nerve to the brain. Fibers that make up the nerve become damaged by increased pressure, decreasing the amount of visual information sent to the brain. In turn, this would result in permanent loss of vision.
The goal in the treatment of glaucoma is to prevent vision loss by lowering the intraocular pressure. Glaucoma is treated with therapeutic eye drops or laser. Occasionally additional drops or multiple laser procedures may be needed to sustain a low intraocular pressure. If these modalities fail then surgery is crucial in order to improve drainage and reduce pressure.
Unfortunately, any vision loss from glaucoma is permanent and cannot be restored. This is why early detection is a necessity in preventing permanent visual loss.
The cause differs depending on the type of glaucoma. Glaucoma can be either primary or secondary. Primary indicates that glaucoma is the main culprit while secondary indicates another disease that lead to glaucoma. Primary glaucoma can occur from either an open or closed angle. In primary open-angle glaucoma the drainage angle (faucet) formed by the cornea and iris remain open, but the trabecular meshwork (drainage channels) in the angle may be partially blocked, causing the fluid to drain out of the eye slowly. Therefore, fluid gets backed up and causes the pressure to increase. In closed-angle glaucoma, the iris is either pushed forward or anatomically situated forward. This causes the drainage angle to be narrow or even blocked, thus increasing the intraocular pressure. Trauma, infection, tumor, dense cataract or certain eye conditions like diabetes can lead to the development of secondary glaucoma. This disease can also occur from a number of pharmaceutical agents that are used for certain health conditions.
Glaucoma is commonly seen with aging but it can be evident in younger individuals. This disease is more prevalent in certain ethnic groups. People of African and Hispanic ethnicities are more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma, whereas people of Asian ethnicity are more likely to develop narrow-angle glaucoma. Additionally, there is a higher risk for developing glaucoma when there is a history of the disease in the family. Diabetes and Hypertension may also lead to developing normal tension glaucoma due to the poor perfusion of blood getting to the optic nerve.
If glaucoma is detected and treated early it can minimize vision loss. If left untreated, peripheral vision and central vision could be destroyed to point that a person can eventually be blind.
Glaucoma cannot be prevented, but early detection and treatment can reduce the chance of damage to the eye and loss of vision.
At Dr. D’Orio Eyecare we have optometrists that are experienced and specialized in treating glaucoma. Contact one of our clinics today to book an appointment with one of our eye care professionals. |
In your answers be sure to draw on the assigned material to show us that you’ve mastered it. If you quote from a source, be sure to use quotation marks and to cite what you borrow. (Give source, author, page number or website address – in a parenthetical citation). Keep all quotations brief — no longer than one short sentence. Use quotations to clinch your main claim. Your words are what matter most. Please do not plagiarize.
- What three features set Jacksonian America apart from the period of the first three or four presidents? Discuss each feature separately and show us your knowledge of the textbook.
- Who was Alexis de Tocqueville? Why is he mentioned in chapter 10? And why might a Frenchman be an ideal observer of the young American Republic of the 1830s?
- What was the ‘crisis’ in the Missouri Crisis? How was it resolved?
- What caused the U.S.-Mexico War (1846-48)? Discuss three significant consequences of the war for the U.S.
- What was the impact of U.S. cotton production both internationally and domestically in the period from 1800 to 1860? List three and discuss each impact separately.
- In the cotton kingdom of the South, what restrictions limited the freedom of African-American slaves? Discuss several. In what ways did slaves resist these limitations?
Textbook included :https://cnx.org/contents/a7ba2fb8-8925-4987-b182-5… |
Why Kratom Farming Disrupting The Palm Oil Industry Is A Good Thing
- December 7, 2020
Throughout Southeast Asia, as the land is rich and climate ideal, valuable plant species can thrive. These conditions have attracted the eyes of large industries around the world, primarily timber and oil palm. Oil palm plantations are spreading like wildfire throughout these parts, wiping out vast portions of rainforest in their wake. Dense, biodiverse jungles are sacrificed to create monoculture plantations that destroy the communities and wildlife populations in the areas.
Kratom farming is also increasing in these areas, but its environmental impact is much less destructive and can benefit the forests where it is planted. Some people believe that Kratom farming could be the key to help reverse some of the detrimental effects caused by oil palm plantations.
Palm oil is used in thousands of food products around the globe. Many processed food items include palm oil, and it is estimated that 17 pounds per person are consumed each year. This demand is what continues to drive the spreading of new plantations.
As palm oil has become a staple ingredient in health and beauty products, various cooking recipes, and packaged food, the crops are now seen as one of the most valuable globally. Unfortunately, for this demand to be met, ancient ecosystems are eliminated.
Identifying The Issue
The issue with oil palm plantations is their resource requirements. For these plantations to adequately meet demand, they must starve the land of natural resources, including water and soil. As demand continues to increase, wild farming techniques that preserve the ground are unable to keep up. Industrial farming methods that require vast land areas are becoming necessary, but unfortunately, the land in question is already home to thousands, if not millions of plant and animal species.
Often people do not realize the importance of rainforests and their role in combating climate change. As these jungles are home to carbon-consuming plant species, they help lower atmospheric carbon, which is a primary concern among environmentalists. Since they are also home to rare and endangered species like the Sumatran Tiger and orangutan, wiping out these forests could render many species extinct.
Unfortunately, large companies only see profits, and they are quick to ignore the many indigenous communities that also dot the landscape. As this land is their home and has been for generations, the spread of mono-crop plantations drives them to relocate, and in some cases, many of them do not survive these invasive operations.
Kratom, a substance refined from the mitragyna speciosa tree leaves, grows throughout Southeast Asia, often in proximity to oil palm trees. For hundreds of years, indigenous populations throughout these areas have been using the leaves to relieve minor aches and pains, heighten focus, and reduce stress. These accounts have triggered further research by Westerners looking to find out more about the substance. The substance is sold for educational purposes in capsule, powder, and extract forms.
When the plant is harvested, only leaves at an ideal level of maturation are plucked, while the remainder of the tree remains, continuing to grow, helping the land prosper. Often the trees grow wildly throughout the jungle, or small family-run crops are planted. These two methods of farming Kratom could potentially help curb the effects of oil palm plantations.
How The Crops Are Competing
Companies that aim to plant mono-crop plantations in Southeast Asia will promise the communities vast sums of money in exchange for the land. Unfortunately, these promises are often not fulfilled, but many of the communities agree as the offers are so alluring. Kratom farms, on the other hand, are now posing as competition to these industries because they can also bring in cash for these communities and often more.
As Kratom farming is both ethical and sustainable, the communities do not have to worry about their resources being drained or compensation not being given. Kratom businesses will often sign fair trade agreements with these communities, promising that they will receive generous payment and that their land will remain healthy and profitable for many more generations.
3 Essential Differences Between Kratom & Oil Palm Crops
1. Support For Indigenous Communities
When large corporations plant monoculture oil palm crops, they will often wipe out entire land portions, leaving indigenous communities that live off the land to relocate. Relocation efforts are rarely successful, and many of the communities are driven to starvation and poverty. Kratom farming, in contrast, ensures these communities can sustain their current life while also gaining more income from the crops.
2. Preservation Of Wildlife
As oil palm crops require rainforest to be removed before planting, many animals’ natural habitats are removed. As these animals are responsible for fertilizing the land and supporting biodiversity, when their habitats are removed, there is a low chance the ecosystems will replenish. Kratom, planted wildly or in backyard farms, helps to keep these habitats intact and thriving. As the trees are never wholly removed, there is no risk of wildlife habitats being ruined.
3. Land Health
The soil in the rainforests is exceptionally nutrient-dense, but when the plants are removed to plant oil palm trees, the soil’s nutrients are sucked dry. As there are no plants or animals to replenish the nutrients, the land can be left barren after being harvested. Kratom crops thrive among the other plant species and do not require invasive farming techniques, which means the soil can naturally replenish itself.
Always Purchase Ethical Kratom
As a Kratom enthusiast, researcher, or educator, you can help support sustainable farming by ensuring the products you buy are ethically sourced. Always check with the supplier about the source and find out how they benefit the communities where it is farmed. These practices are the key to helping preserve the rainforests of Southeast Asia. |
Montgomery Ward Department Store “Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer” Book, 1939
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer first appeared in 1939 when Montgomery Ward department store asked one of its copywriters, 34-year-old Robert L. May, to create a Christmas story the store could give away to shoppers as a promotional gimmick.
The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year; and it was decided that creating its own book would save money. In the first year of publication, 2.4 million copies of Rudolph’s story were distributed by Montgomery Ward.
May’s brother-in-law, songwriter Johnny Marks, decided to adapt the story of Rudolph into song. Marks’ musical version of “Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer” was recorded by Gene Autry in 1949.
For more info see Holidays on Display on the National Museum of American History website. |
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Why do we get old and how can we stop it? There are many factors which contribute to aging. The pathogenesis of aging is based on each cell of the body being able to repair itself, through cell division, a certain number of times before the cell’s function deteriorates. This is genetically determined. Each cell has a part of its DNA called a telomere. It is located at the end of the DNA strand and each time the cell requires repair, it divides, and a small piece of the telomere is cleaved. As the telomere gets shorter, the cell function becomes less effective. Further repair, rebuilding and healing increasingly becomes poor in quality and slower. The cell becomes “old”. Natural Marine Extract™ seems to reset the number of times that each cell can divide, thus the metamorphosis back to youth.
Inflammation is the single largest environmental factor to cell damage which requires repair and cell regeneration, thus cell division and more cleavage of that cell’s telomere. Damage from inflammation of the skin is caused by sun, wind, dryness, “rashes”, chemicals and trauma, including cuts, scrapes and bruises. The first key component of stopping the aging process is to stop and/or avoid inflammation. The second component is to minimize the damage from the inflammation .
Sixteen years ago Marine Biology & Environmental Technologies, LLC™ started the research to develop cutaneous and systemic compounds to treat some of the most “untreatable” and “intractable” conditions and diseases in dermatology and medicine. MBET, LLC has assembled an incredible team of medical doctors from multiple disciplines, marine biologists, biologists and pharmacists. They researched thousands of substances from completely edible plants and animals of the oceans which were reported in dozens of journals to have a healthy benefit. Through extensive testing and the help of hundreds of patients/volunteers, a distillation process established about a hundred substances. When they are combined in specific concentrations, they provide solutions to many of medicines’ most difficult problems. Five of these specific combinations are presently patent-pending and are positioned to solve many of the most recalcitrant problems in medicine. Marine Biology and Environmental Technologies, LLC expects that this is only the start of uncovering the rejuvenating and healing powers of the ocean.
This website has been dedicated to showing how Natural Marine Extract™ has completely reversed the aging process of the skin. Now Marine Biology and Environmental Technologies, LLC has successfully tested Natural Marine Extract ™II on bed sores and diabetic ulcers. Similar to NME™, NME™II is showing complete resolution of these “sores” and “ulcers” after other traditional treatments had failed. This healing phenomenon seems to occur because of regeneration of new fibrocytes and capillaries. MBET has started the process for FDA approval of NME™II for general prescription usage. MBET, LLC is also doing research and development to rejuvenate the entire body through nutriceuticals. |
1945 – Grace Hopper is forever immortalized in the computer world as the first person to find a bug in a computer system. Litterally. The bug was a moth in between Relay #70 on Panel “F” of the Harvard Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator.From there on end, “Bug” meant a problem in a computer system. I guess once the moth was removed, the word “Debug” was also added.BTW – The relay functioned properly after the moth was removed.
1947 – It sounds like that same relay finally failed 2 years later.
- The first TRS-80 is sold
- Sony releases the Playstation
- 9/9/99 (in 1999 that is)
- Script Kiddies hack NBC News |
Researchers have developed a simple and versatile method for making artificial anti-cancer molecules that mimic the properties of one of the body's natural defence systems.
The chemists, led by Professor Peter Scott at the University of Warwick, UK, have been able to produce molecules that have a similar structure to peptides which are naturally produced in the body to fight cancer and infection.
Published in Nature Chemistry, the molecules produced in the research have proved effective against colon cancer cells in laboratory tests, in collaboration with Roger Phillips at the Institute for Cancer Therapeutics, Bradford, UK.
Artificial peptides had previously been difficult and prohibitively expensive to manufacture in large quantities, but the new process takes only minutes and does not require costly equipment. Also, traditional peptides that are administered as drugs are quickly neutralised by the body's biochemical defences before they can do their job.
A form of complex chemical self-assembly, the new method developed at Warwick addresses these problems by being both practical and producing very stable molecules. The new peptide mimics, called triplexes, have a similar 3D helix form to natural peptides.
"The chemistry involved is like throwing Lego blocks into a bag, giving them a shake, and finding that you made a model of the Death Star" says Professor Scott. "The design to achieve that takes some thought and computing power, but once you've worked it out the method can be used to make a lot of complicated molecular objects."
Describing the self-assembly process behind the artificial peptides Professor Scott says: "When the organic chemicals involved, an amino alcohol derivative and a picoline, are mixed with iron chloride in a solvent, such as water or methanol, they form strong bonds and are designed to naturally fold together in minutes to form a helix. It's all thermodynamically downhill. The assembly instructions are encoded in the chemicals themselves."
"Once the solvent has been removed we are left with the peptide mimics in the form of crystals", says Professor Scott. "There are no complicated separations to do, and unlike a Lego model kit there are no mysterious bits left over. In practical terms, the chemistry is pretty conventional. The beauty is that these big molecules assemble themselves. Nature uses this kind of self-assembly to make complex asymmetric molecules like proteins all the time, but doing it artificially is a major challenge."
Whilst the peptide mimics created by the process have been successful in laboratory tests on colon cancer cells they will require further research before they can be used in clinical trials on patients. Nevertheless they are made of simple building blocks and in early tests the team have shown that they have very low toxicity to bacteria. "This is very unusual and promising selectivity," says Professor Scott.
Notes for Editors:
- The work was funded by the EPSRC and the University of Warwick.
- The National Crystallographic Service provided assistance by recording x-ray data used in the research.
Tom Frew: International Press Officer, University of Warwick.
- Email: [email protected]
- Phone: +44 (0) 2476575910
- Mobile: 07785433155
Professor Peter Scott:
- Email: [email protected]
- Phone: +44 (0)24 7652 3238
- Skype: peter.scott.1965
- Twitter: @peterscott1965 |
Traumatic injuries dominate late night television drama but the seriousness and complications of these injuries have a profound impact on those injured and on loved ones. Injuries sustained in this way instantaneously, and usually forever changes, the lives of all involved. Unlike television, the physical injuries are real and are usually accompanied by psychological consequences which affect day to day activities. It is perhaps the most difficult and challenging conditions to treat in all of medicine.
Post traumatic injuries can affect the central nervous system (brain and spine) as well as the peripheral nervous system (nerve endings). Traumatic brain injuries can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe. It can be further defined as penetrating and non-penetrating injuries. Traumatic brain injury specialists and Neurosurgeons treat penetrating brain injuries in a hospital setting, whereas, neurologist treat non-penetrating injuries usually on an out-patient basis. Trauma to the head can result in diffuse axonal injury to hemorrhages in the brain. Trauma to the head can range from paralysis, coma, and seizures to the subtle neurocognitive abnormalities. Such abnormalities may include: headaches, vertigo people often complain of headaches, dizziness, problems concentrating, nausea, vision complaints, and fatigue. Behavioral symptoms include: depression, anxiety, irritability, cognitive disorders: dysfunctions of memory and concentration and perceptual symptoms: tinnitus, phonophobia and photophobia.
Traumatic spine injuries can affect the cervical, thoracic and/or lumbar spine ranging from disc bulges, disc herniations, extrusions or even fractures. More sever conditions include paralysis and quadriplegia. Paresthesia (tingling and numbness) in an extremity and/or radiating pains may indicate nerve damage caused by “pinched nerves.”
Traumatic injuries can result in movement disorders, cognitive disorders, headaches and more. If you have a traumatic injury it is best to consult with your doctor or seek the expertise from a traumatic injury specialist.
These descriptions are not all inclusive nor are meant to give a diagnosis. Every person is unique as are the complexities of traumatic injuries. Traumatic injuries affect a person in a variety of ways, manifesting slightly differing sets of symptoms. Many factors can affect the prognosis and sequelae of work injuries and post traumatic injuries. Therefore, traumatic injury treatment will depend on the circumstances surrounding each individual.
Despite outward appearances, many people around you may be suffering from traumatic injuries. Many victims who survive trauma display little or no physical stigmata but still greatly suffer the frailties of their injuries. If you would like to speak with a traumatic injury specialist, please contact us. Call 1.516.364.4484 to learn more about our traumatic injury treatment facility located in Nassau County, New York. |
Entering the workforce is a rite of passage for most youth, but it can be a considerable challenge for people with developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities or Autism Spectrum Disorder. In fact, these two groups represent the most unemployed or under-employed category of citizens in Canada.
In an effort to improve this scenario, the BC Transitioning Youth with Disabilities and Empowerment (TYDE) project is working to empower youth with developmental disabilities to understand their aspirations and better articulate their abilities to future employers. The project involves creating an accessible and interactive online curriculum with innovative learning modules, focused on enabling participants to expand their career prospects and sense of self-determination.
“The research is very clear,” says Dr. Rachelle Hole, UBC Okanagan School of Social Work Associate Professor and TYDE lead. “Supporting self-advocates as they transition from school to adult life and giving them opportunities to contribute through meaningful work has enormous benefits for both the individual and the businesses they work for.”
The initiative counts on the support of researchers from three universities, 11 community organizations, three B.C. ministries, and several paid self-advocate consultants. Through a collaborative, innovative and research-based approach, TYDE is supporting the translation of research into action through Strategy 9: Knowledge Exchange of UBC’s strategic plan.
Check out Innovation UBC to learn more about how TYDE is empowering both youth and employers while also supporting the province’s goal of making B.C. a truly inclusive place for people with disabilities by 2024. |
We have created intelligent machines to work on our commands. Other AI-related services you might have been in touch with for quite some time are: Back to AI as an autonomous process automation that makes our life easier. Man invented computers to ease his tasks. Ib extended essay spanish topics, essay on religious education essay on himalaya in gujarati language, essay about culture of nepal. Artificial Intelligence has a lot of benefits and disadvantages, which would increase in the coming years. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. With Artificial Intelligence, machines perform functions such as learning, planning, reasoning and problem-solving. Or what about Alexa or Siri as your very personal life assistant. And that’s also one of the drawbacks if you consider machine learning as a single concept. To bring the AI discussion to reasonable deliberations. It will happen! And then, consider AI as autonomous process automation that provides us with more convenience and thus makes our life easier. ... the idea that artificial intelligence poses a threat to humanity or that machines will develop consciousness and attack human … How Progressive took its IT internship program virtual, 10 future trends and how CIOs can keep ahead in 2021, 11 old-school IT principles that still rule, How to build a successful data science training program, 7 tips for leading multiple IT projects at once, Top 17 project management methodologies — and how to pick the best for success, Supporting the future of work: A key CIO challenge, 9 IT projects primed for machine learning, AI at work: Your next co-worker could be an algorithm, Sponsored item title goes here as designed. The longer-term effect is more of an open question and is very hard to predict. Ima case study competition 2020. Seriously, are you not bored of people like Elon Musk or Stephen Hawking, who are frequently claiming that artificial intelligence (AI) is a big threat to human society? Whether on television, in books or real life, technology encompasses the daily lives of nearly every person on the planet, and for good reason. “Relay” from Savioke is an autonomous delivery robot that is used in some hotels for room service purposes. The person in the photo that sits to the left of this paragraph does not exist. The assistant simply follows the entire process you would usually go through: from taking the phone out of your pocket, opening the app, searching for the target location and then ordering the ride. After that it is delivered to the customer. By Kelsey Piper Feb 12, 2019, 11:10am EST Dating websites use algorithms to provide an indication of how likely two people are a match and would probably go out on a date. Essay: Artificial Intelligence: Boon or ... for Artificial Intelligence we are not yet sure whether in the long-term positive effects will always keep outweighing ... Is humanity under threat from . However, in my recent conversation with Bostrom, he also acknowledged there’s an enormous upside to artificial intelligence technology. better, it is how we can create a ‘general A.I.’, which has the same parameters as us — humans. Sometime in the foreseeable future, he said, the human race could divide into two: those with an average intelligence level by today’s standards and those with super intelligence. This man is seen as having obvious credibility, given his role as a pioneer in the area of information technology and Microsoft's part in the invention of the personal computer. Or if the autopilot has to decide which person should survive. The above is how a highly advanced AI product might have looked like in the era before the computer was invented. I've been looking at the topic of artificial intelligence in some of my recent lessons. And when some ingredients for a dish are missing it could ask for permission to order them online. Is Artificial Intelligence Really a Threat? In the idea of artificial intelligence, it was proposed to make the machines that would operate like human beings. It was generated using Artificial intelligence (AI), which can now generate pictures of imaginary people (and cats) that look real.While this technology may create a bit of social havoc, the truly massive disruption will occur when AIs can match or exceed the thinking power of the human brain. Air conditioners, cameras, video games, medical equipment ,were traffic lights, refrigerators, etc work on a “smart” technology . The virtual assistant just sends you the details of the pickup location which is right in front of the conference venue. Artificial intelligence a threat to humanity essay. 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By Pr1n5o3T0no3. Toddler Worksheets. At Monday, August 10th 2020, 07:33:24 AM.
Home schooling can be expensive and difficult to implement, especially on a tight budget. If money is tight, homeschool worksheets that you can get for free can take the place of a textbook. The worksheet will be able to teach pretty much the same things that a textbook will, and yet you will not have to spend hundreds of dollars on books. Although some worksheet resources charge a small fee, you will be able to access thousands of printable worksheets that you can use for homeschooling.
When you are teaching your student to write, there are a whole host of worksheets online that you can use. Many of these include clipart that will help the students learn the sounds of letters and letter combinations. There are other sheets that help the student learn to write his or her numbers. Itis helpful having printable worksheets for something like this, because parents often go through quite a few of these before the child masters writing the numbers or letters correctly.
Most volumes begin with an explanation of basic arithmetic operations namely: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Reference tables are supplied to provide clues for quick mental arithmetic and mastery of math facts. When ready to be tested, the student can select a drill, which has 10 questions and are selected from a database of number pairs for calculation. The Basic Level volumes use simple single digit numbers and the interactive math software at the Advanced Level uses mostly double digit numbers for math practice problems. Each drill is then scored and timed with the results saved. With the test records, students can follow their own progress and adults who may be supervising can monitor progress and assess if there are any learning issues that require intervention. |
The city of Paris is old, and one of its mysterious aspects is its underground, part of which evolved into the catacombs. That term literally means ‘underground cemetery,’ deriving from Greek (cata or beneath) and Latin (tumba, or tomb). In the first three centuries AD, Romans, Etruscans, Jews and Christians used existing underground galleries to inter their dead. Early Christian martyrs in particular were inhumed that way. In Paris Roman repression drove Christians to practise their faith underground into caverns and galleries that were the unintended consequence of quarrying gypsum and limestone from beneath the surface of the city. Those galleries run about 60 feet below the surface and they extend into most of the Left Bank, between Odeon and Montsouris, as well as up to northeast Paris, beneath Montmartre, Belleville and Menilmontant. The combined length is 280 kilo-meters! Eventually, they became the resting place of about six million corpses, including the contents of the main Paris cemetery, which was called ‘The Holy Innocents.’ By 1786 that cemetery was so filled beyond capacity that people in its neighbourhood were nauseated by its stench and toxic odours. The collapse of a cellar wall exposed a large number of corpses, and spurred the authorities into evacuating the contents into the catacombs and new cemeteries beyond the city limits (Montmartre, Pere Lachaise and Montparnasse). Today you can visit the central ossuary, starting from Denfert Rochereau plaza in the 14th district. To see that very unusual place, you need to be patient: expect up to a one hour queue during peak periods for a visit that lasts 45 minutes. Be warned: once you start the guided tour, passing under the ominous inscription, “Here begins the kingdom of the dead,” there is no turning back. You have to complete the entire 2 kilo-meter underground circuit to exit. The path is often dark, sometimes quite narrow, in close proximity with skulls and bones, and not for the claustrophobic or the faint of heart. The walk, otherwise, is easy.
Bones of the ancient cemetery of the Madeleine
The circuit represents half of one percent of the total underground galleries, some of which is still unexplored. Moreover, most of the ensemble is not an ossuary, although there are numerous small ones. The public circuit will be closed from January 9, 2017, for repairs. CATACOMBS OF PARIS: 1 av. du Colonel Henri Rol-Tanguy – 75014 Paris – Metro 6 Denfert-Rochereau/ RER B Entrance: 12euros, 5 euros for children aged 4-17. Adult with audio guide: 27 euros Opening hours : Tuesday to Sundays 10am to 8:30pm, last entries at 7:30pm. Open July 14th, November 1st and November 11th. Closed on Mondays, also May 1st and August 15th D.A |
Table Of Contents
Long Term Effects Of Badly Managed Diabetes: Of the many people who know they have diabetes, a small number do very little to control it, even though they know it is a serious health risk. Unfortunately these people don’t understand the long term damage that badly managed diabetes can produce within the body much of which, if left untreated, can quickly become a life threatening condition.
Increased Blood Glucose Causes Dehydration
The high levels of blood glucose (sometimes as high as 8 to 10 times the normal level in severe untreated diabetes) can cause widespread and serious cell dehydration throughout the body. In addition to this direct dehydrating effect of excessive glucose, the loss of glucose in the urine causes a condition known as osmotic diuresis.
In osmotic diuresis, the high level of glucose in the renal tubules of the kidney has the effect of attracting water, so as to dilute the concentration. Unfortunately this means that less water is reabsorbed by the kidneys, and while the amount of urine produced increases, the amount of water left in the body decreases, thus leading to serious dehydration.
Dehydration, excessive urine production and excessive thirst are three of the most common symptoms of untreated or badly managed diabetes. Severe dehydration can go on to cause major problems within many of the body’s major organs.
Chronic High Glucose Concentration Causes Tissue Injury
When blood glucose is poorly managed over long periods of time, the blood vessels in multiple tissues throughout the body start to show abnormal functioning and can even undergo structural changes. These changes often result in an inadequate blood supply reaching the tissue, and depending on which type of tissue is affected can lead to heart attack, stroke, d-stage kidney disease, retinopathy, blindness, ischemia and occasionally gangrene of the limbs.
Other complications can involve the peripheral nerves and the autonomic nervous system which can result in heart arrhythmia, impaired bladder control, decreased sensation in the extremities i.e. hands and feet and a number of other symptoms associated with peripheral nerve damage.
There are various secondary illnesses that are commonly linked with diabetes such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, and when diabetes is poorly managed, these secondary illnesses can severely amplify the tissue damage caused by the elevated glucose levels.
Increased Utilization Of Fats Causes Metabolic Acidosis
Sufferers of diabetes mellitus metabolise fats in preference to carbohydrates and this results in the release of high levels of keto acids. These are normally taken up and used by the tissue cells but because of the increased amounts being produced the cells can’t use them up quick enough, thus they accumulate in the blood plasma.
This excess of keto acids leads to metabolic acidosis, which, if combined with dehydration due to excessive urine production (in turn due to bad management of diabetes) can quickly result in severe acidosis and even diabetic coma.
Untreated Type 1 Diabetes Causes Depletion Of The Body’s Proteins
Because diabetics can not utilize glucose for energy, their bodies use stored fats and proteins. Therefore a person with severe untreated or very badly managed diabetes can suffer from rapid weight loss and asthenia (lack of energy) even though they eat huge amounts of food. Without treatment these abnormalities can cause severe wasting of the body tissues and death within 2-4 weeks.
The correct management of diabetes is essential for a healthy life and if things are allowed to slip, a whole range of complications can arise, some of which are not reversible and may even result in a truly life threatening condition. |
I would love to get some feedback on our second version of the form we use while on instructional rounds at our school. To see the PDF of our form, please click the following link.
So far we have only had one set of formal instructional rounds. Our math department has common planning time as an administrative support from our administrators and counseling department, something for which we are eternally grateful. Our department went to visit two language arts classrooms and one science classroom during our first instructional rounds session. Below is a scanned image of the revisions made to the original form as a result of our conversation after rounds took place.
I collaborated with a social studies teacher at our alternative school while constructing the form. We drew from the works of both Charlotte Danielson and Robert Marzano. Our math department has spent some time together in our PLC (Professional Learning Community) meetings revising the form prior to its initial use.
What we have found with both novice and experienced teachers observing expert teachers is that it is really, really easy to be dazzled and get lost in the instruction and action in the classroom. Teachers often forget the reason why they came in the room in the first place. Filling out the form has three purposes:
- Keep the participating teacher focused on observing the actions of the students and the observed teacher. This minimizes the chance the participant is passively captivated.
- Provide a basis for the conversation afterwards. Almost like an autopsy, what did the teacher do that facilitated learning? What did the students do that facilitated the learning?
- Scaffold the experience of being evaluated by an administrator for the participating teacher. The participating teacher learns what it feels like for an administrator to go into someone else's classroom looking for particular things. This in turn reduces the anxiety the teacher has towards having a formal evaluation.
Here's some background information about us. Our math department has nine teachers. One of these teachers spends her day at our alternative high school. The other eight of us are in the same building. One of our eight in the building is on a different floor, but roughly speaking, we are geographically located in the same area in our school building.
We have worked really hard to establish a culture that engages in cross observation on a consistent basis. Our math teachers know that, to improve their own instruction, they must learn from the instruction of others. For a year and a half, our department members have spent portions of class periods observing their peers in the act of teaching about once every two to three weeks. The frequency of the observations usually depends on how busy the teachers are, time of year, etc. But our conversations are always positive and lead back to supporting one another.
I have spent a lot of time visiting with Angela Mosier at Omaha Westside and followed the example set by Kristi Bundy at Ashland-Greenwood within our own state (Nebraska). They have established great cultures within their schools using this as an in-house professional development strategy. After observing the teaching of others, we send out a "positive blast" email to the observed teachers. This email highlights the positive actions and learning we observed in the classroom. Everyone involved learns something about teaching as well as learning in the classroom.
Our goal at SHS is to participate in instructional rounds on a once per month basis this spring.
Here's a video that explains different types of collaborative structures in a middle school setting. Administrative support is essential to creating a culture of collaboration and trust. Cross observation is featured as a professional development tool at the [2:05] time signature. |
1. Megafauna Conservation Index Recognises Seven Countries in Africa as Best in Wildlife Conservation: The Index produced by Oxford University's Wildlife Conservation Research Unit in partnership with Panthera assesses the spatial, ecological, and financial contributions of 152 different countries towards the conservation of the world's terrestrial megafauna - large land animals. Botswana, Central African Republic, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Tanzania, and Rwanda have been recognized among the top 10. In other great news for Africa’s Biodiversity, a new Analysis combining the most important places for biodiversity with areas where forests are still relatively intact identified sites in Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea as the most Important Forests for Biodiversity and Conservation Remaining in Central Africa. This research by WCS will guide conservation efforts to focus on these places, and help forest management, infrastructure, and other land-use planning to avoid impacting biodiversity. This coincides with the first of its kind “Guidelines for Conserving Connectivity through Ecological Networks and Corridors” calling for greater connectivity between protected areas.
2. Celebrating World Elephant Day with a New Tool to Crack Down Illegal Ivory Trade: As Governments and businesses look to crack down on the illegal ivory trade, CITES Secretariat, TRAFFIC, and WWF have updated a guide meant to make it easier for law enforcement and e-commerce monitors to identify ivory and determine what species it originated from. At least 20,000 elephants have been killed in the past decade in Africa to supply the global trade in ivory. There is some good news though. WWF has been supporting the Government of Central Africa Republic to preserve the last remaining forest elephants in Dzanga Sangha National Reserve and progress is being made. See more in this video by PBS’s Monica Villamizar and videographer Phil Callershining (National Geographic Channel). And read more about more in this magnificent Photo essay by The Atlantic.
3. On World Lions Day - Africa steps up efforts to save approximately 25,000 lions in the wild. African lions have lost 90 percent of their historic range and lion numbers have crashed from as many as 200,000 lions just 100 years ago to approximately 25,000 according to a recent CITES report. To celebrate #LionsDay, Blood Lions in partnership with World Animal Protection launched the 800 Voices for 800 Lions campaign to mobilize global action toward ending illegal wildlife trade. See how WWF is supporting lion conservation - here and here. Also, check out this video on how technology is helping researchers study the behavior of lions in the Serengeti national park.
4. Chimpanzees Get Reprieve as Cameroon Halts Logging Plan. Tool-wielding chimpanzees and lowland gorillas in Cameroon received a reprieve after the government suspended a plan to allow logging in a forest that’s their home. WWF-Cameroon and other local organizations lobbied the state to withdraw a July decree that made part of the area the private property of the state and would have opened it up for logging. The Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee endemic to the area uses sticks to fish for termites and hammer-like stones and wooden clubs to crack open nuts, according to Global Wildlife Conservation. While those actions have been observed among other chimpanzee subspecies, Ebo Forest is the only place where the apes display both skills. The 141,706-hectare (350,163-acre) reserve was designated as a proposed National Park in 2006 and is rich in biodiversity, with elephants, gray parrots as well as the unique chimpanzees. The Government had said July 14 it would declare almost half the Ebo Forest a so-called Forest Management Unit, opening it up for logging. The decision to bring 68,385 hectares of the forest under direct state control was withdrawn on the orders of President Paul Biya, and the procedure to convert it into a forest management unit has been suspended, according to an Aug. 11 statement from the prime minister’s office. ( (Bloomberg-Africa).
5. Climate Change could create up to 86 million additional migrants in sub- Saharan Africa. This is according to the 2020 Global Peace Index which for the first time includes a special focus on the Ecological Threat Register (ETR). The ETR combines a set of ecological risks with Positive Peace and economic coping capacity. Climate change-induced ecological threats are strongly correlated with Positive Peace, suggesting that high peace countries have a greater capacity to adapt to climate change and deal with its adverse impacts. (2020 Global Peace Index). In other news, Climate Finance to developing countries increased by 67 percent according to the latest report on the MDB Climate Finance. Sub-Saharan Africa was among the regions with the largest proportions of adaptation finance. African countries are already making bold moves to address Climate Change. For example, Uganda has launched Africa’s first electric buses to promote industrialization while fighting pollution and in a ‘landmark’ ruling, South Africa has tightened restrictions for new coal power plants. A top tribunal scrapped water licenses for the 600MW Khanyisa coal plant, saying the developer had failed to consider the impact of climate change. (Climate Change News).
6. Mauritius ecological disaster worsens as wrecked ship breaks up: Rescue authorities said they had already been able to siphon most of the remaining oil from the vessel’s fuel tanks but the breakage of the ship will further complicate rescue efforts. While the cause of the accident is still being investigated and compensation is being sought from Nagashiki Shipping, which owns the vessel, the damage to the country’s reputation as an island paradise is hard to quantify. More people — 1.4 million — visit the nation every year than live on it. Resorts ring its coast and tourism account for a third of foreign-exchange earnings. Reports suggest the oil may now be spreading north, threatening the most popular hotels. And the protracted legal proceedings that may follow will be of little comfort to the islanders, who have endured months without the visitors that allow them to make a living and have now had their hopes of a quick recovery snuffed out. Greenpeace Africa, the environmental group, has called for an independent investigation into why the ship came so close to the reef as it crossed the island’s waters, which are on an international route connecting Asia to the southern tip of Africa. (Financial Times).
7. Globe Scan 2020 Survey recognizes WWF among Sustainability Leaders for the second year in a row with a spike in recognition since last year. WWF and other 9 NGOs were recognized for advancing sustainable development through collaboration. The 2020 survey also revealed that Climate change, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity remain the most urgent sustainability challenges according to the survey results, with climate change generating strong concern almost universally. In the wake of the global pandemic and economic recession, concern about poverty, economic inequality, access to healthcare, and food security – along with the spread of infectious disease – are increasingly seen as very urgent. The challenge of diversity and inclusion also receives increasing attention among sustainability professionals in 2020.(Globescan).
8. Impact Investing increases possibilities for young girls in Africa. This year’s international youth day, held on August 12, highlights the importance and value of young people’s contributions to business and politics and draws lessons on how their representation and engagement in formal institutional politics can be significantly enhanced. A new report published last month — in a partnership between UNICEF, the GenderSmart Investing Summit, and Volta Capital — has outlined the opportunities to reach more adolescent girls and young women by increasing private capital investment and impact in this area. The proportion of adolescent girls and young women that are not in education, employment or training in sub- Saharan Africa, is twice as high for female youth - 24% among adolescent girls and young women (aged 15 to 29) and 13% among males. Moringa School in Kenya and Rwanda, a social enterprise built with a blended private and philanthropic financing partnership is a great example. The school has spent the last five years developing a bespoke curriculum for young adult students, both in the classroom and online, that combines skills in software development and data science with essential transferable skills for work. With a 90% job placement rate for the predominantly female graduates, it’s a bold example of what’s possible and a clear statement of change for the next generation of tech leaders. Michele Obama and Melinda Gates have been strong opinion shapers and champions of the rights of girls and young women. In their latest opinion piece they shine a light on the successes some organizations in Africa have made toward championing the rights girls and young women, stating that even as we continue to work together to solve the challenges posed by Covid-19 we must take strong action to make sure girls everywhere have a chance to learn, to stay healthy and to stay safe - not just for their sake, but for all of ours.
9. Africa COVID 19 News Roundup: New COVID-19 Action Fund for Africa launched on Tuesday August 10th brings more than 30 members together in “the largest mobilization of private resources to deliver PPE to 1 million frontline health workers. A new report from UNCTAD shows Africa’s Natural resource-dependent Economies exposed as FDI reduces due to COVID: The total value of greenfield investments in Africa in the first three months of 2020 fell 58 percent. Prices of exports, including oil and copper, slumped and investors pulled funds from frontier markets in search of safer investments. The African Union aims to drive growth by focusing on domestic production and intra-African trade through the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement, which will create a single tariff-free $3tn market. The first commercial deal under an Africa-wide free trade zone is set to take place on Jan. 1 Negotiation for the AfCFTA will be finalized through a new African Virtual Trade-Diplomacy Platform that is being developed as a public-private partnership between the African Union Commission and more than 20 African multinational companies. (Bloomberg).
10. WWF launches one of a kind Top 100 Young Conservation leaders Award. The prestigious award is part of ongoing efforts to partner with brilliant young innovators and conservation leaders across the African continent who are already using their own initiative to transform communities. The award invites networks and conservation organizations to submit nominations before September 30, 2020. More information on the eligibility criteria and the nomination process can be found here: (Africa Top 100 Young Conservation Leaders). |
What was the impact of the alleged vaccine-autism connection?
What the public didn't know in 1998 was that the now-retracted study, which involved just 12 children, would turn out to have some serious flaws—and even to contain apparently falsified data. The 12 years between its publication and its retraction, however, left a lot of time for the unfounded and never-confirmed vaccine-autism link to take hold in the minds of worried parents—and thus for vaccination rates to suffer.
In 1997, the year before the paper was published, measles vaccination rates in the United Kingdom were over 91%. They started to fall in 1998 and in 2003-2004 reached a nadir of just 80%, although rates were even lower than that in specific areas. Only in recent years have MMR vaccination rates started climbing again in the U.K., reaching about 90% in 2013.
The vaccine-autism question: A timeline
Here are some highlights along the scientific journey the vaccine-autism hypothesis made from its 1998 publication in The Lancet to today. The American Academy of Pediatrics has compiled an expanded list of relevant studies.
1998-The Lancet publishes a paper by Wakefield et al. titled "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children." A press conference and interview in which Wakefield says it is his "feeling that the…risk of this particular syndrome developing is related to the combined vaccine, the MMR, rather than the single vaccines" set off a media storm.
1999—A U.S. Food and Drug Administration review of the vaccine preservative thimerosal, which contains mercury, finds no evidence of its causing neurological harm, but the agency recommends the precautionary removal of the agent from vaccines administered to infants.
2001—Thimerosal is removed from childhood vaccines on the U.S. market.
—The Journal of the American Medical Association publishes "Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California" by Dales et al. These authors looked for and found no association between MMR vaccination rates in young children and increased autism occurrence.
—Pediatrics publishes "No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism." by Fombonne et al. In this study of 96 children with pervasive developmental disorders, the authors found no evidence of a specific syndrome being related to whether or not they had received the MMR vaccine.
2002—The British Medical Journal publishes "Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study" by Taylor et al. This study of 473 children with autism who were born between 1979 and 1998 offered "further evidence against a link between MMR and autism." The authors found no differences in regression or bowel symptoms in those born before and after the introduction of the MMR vaccine.
—Pediatrics publishes "Neurologic disorders after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination" by Makela et al. This study of 535,544 children in Finland found no link between MMR vaccination and autism.
—The New England Journal of Medicine publishes "A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism" by Madsen et al. These authors describe "strong arguments" against the hypothesis that the MMR vaccine causes autism, based on an analysis of data from 537,303 children in Denmark, 82% of whom had received the MMR vaccine.
2003—The Journal of the American Medical Association publishes "Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism" by Hviid et al. These authors, using data from 467,450 children born in Denmark, found no link between autism risk and vaccines containing thimerosal.
2004—Of the 13 authors on the 1998 Wakefield paper, ten formally retract its interpretation, stating a wish to make clear that the paper established "no causal link" between the MMR vaccine and autism.
—The Institute of Medicine of the United States' National Academies issues a report from its Immunization Safety Review Committee, which concludes that vaccines don't cause autism.
2007—The New England Journal of Medicine publishes "Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years" by Thompson et al. These authors looked for links between early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes in a group of 1,047 children aged seven to ten years and found no association.
2010—The Lancet, after an extensive investigation, including investigative work by journalist Brian Deer, issues a formal retraction of the 1998 Wakefield paper.
—The U.K,'s General Medical Council strikes Andrew Wakefield from the medical register (the U.K. equivalent of stripping a medical license), concluding, according to reports, that he had been "dishonest, irresponsible, and showed callous disregard for the distress and pain of children" in conducting the MMR-autism study.
—Pediatrics publishes "On-time vaccine receipt in the first year does not adversely affect neuropsychological outcomes" by Smith et al. This study of more than 1,000 children born between 1993 and 1997 found that on-time vaccination was associated with better performance on a number of neuropsychological tests.
—Pediatrics publishes "Prenatal and infant exposure to thimerosal from vaccines and immunoglobulins and risk of autism" by Price et al. This study of over 1,000 children found no increase in autism outcomes among children who had received thimerosal-containing vaccines, compared to those who had not.
2013—A major measles outbreak in Wales is linked to regional response to the 1998 Wakefield paper, which led to reduced measles vaccination rates in the region affected by the outbreak.
—The Journal of Pediatrics publishes "Increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in vaccines is not associated with risk of autism" by DiStefano et al. This study of more than 1,000 children found no link between the number of antigens in vaccines and autism, and thus no support for the "too many, too soon" school of thought.
2014—Vaccine publishes "Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies" by Taylor et al. This meta-analysis of ten studies covering more than 1.2 million children finds no links between autism and MMR vaccination, mercury, thimerosal, or vaccination generally.
Why has the myth persisted?
Two fears powered the unfolding of these events. One was a fear of the unfamiliar ingredients in vaccines, including the mercury-containing preservative thimerosal, which as of mid-2014 was still used in some multidose flu shots but was otherwise phased out of routine childhood vaccines in the United States starting in 2001. The other was a fear of autism, an anxiety fostered by media stories pitting emotional appeals by high-profile anti-vaccine advocates against statistically based reports by medical researchers.
No link with autism—not to mercury, not to thimerosal, not to any vaccines, including the MMR—has been found.
These fears persisted even as evidence mounted that they were completely unfounded. Scientific verification relies on a process of testing and confirmation, not on a single observation. Researchers sincerely grappled with the question of a vaccine-autism link in numerous studies following publication of the 1998 Lancet paper. Some of these studies analyzed data from millions of people, in the quest to see if vaccines and autism might be linked. The overwhelming scientific consensus is that they are not. The Lancet paper specifically addressed a possible association between the MMR vaccine and autism, but later studies also looked at other vaccine-related factors, such as the mercury-containing preservative thimerosal, which is not used in the MMR vaccine. Thimerosal initially raised concerns because mercury is neurotoxic. However, no link with autism—not to mercury, not to thimerosal, not to any vaccines, including the MMR—has been found.
In some fraction of the American population, however, the belief in a link remains. One reason is a coincidence of timing: children are routinely vaccinated just as parents begin to observe signs of autism. Most vaccines are administered during the first years of life, which is also a period of rapid developmental changes. Many developmental conditions, including autism, don't become apparent until a child misses a milestone or loses an early skill, a change that in some cases can't help but be coincident with a recent vaccination.
Adding to such concern is the fact that, sometimes, vaccinations can lead a child to develop a high fever and accompanying febrile seizures. Such seizures are temperature-related and don't cause lasting damage. A tendency to experience febrile seizures runs in families, and about one in 20 young children will have one at some point. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, most febrile seizures happen when a child is sick rather than after a vaccination, though the MMR vaccine is associated with a slightly increased risk for febrile seizures. Children with and without autism have these febrile responses, but since their timing may coincide with emerging signs of autism, that can link the two incidents in a parent's mind, even though there is no causal relationship.
What do we know about what contributes to autism?
Largely ignored during this prolonged vaccine-autism controversy was clear evidence of a strong genetic influence on autism. For example, if one identical twin has been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the other twin is from 60% to 90% more likely to also be diagnosed with an ASD. Also known is that males are more likely than females to be diagnosed with autism and that the older a father is, the higher the likelihood of a diagnosis of autism in his offspring.
Nonetheless, autism has proven to be very difficult to pin down genetically in the way that single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease, have been traced. The reasons for this difficulty have recently become clearer thanks to advances in DNA sequencing technology that have made it possible to compare the genomes of individuals with autism to those of individuals without autism, as well as to those of their parents. It is now evident that there are many genetic paths to autism, and that some mutations leading to autism are not inherited but arise spontaneously in reproductive cells or during development. These mutations help to explain how autism can appear in families that previously had no history of the condition.
Some mutations associated with autism are single changes in the DNA code that make up genes. Other kinds of mutations include extra copies or deletions of larger stretches of chromosomes that include multiple genes.
When investigators have homed in on specific genes, they have identified numerous candidates, many of them associated with the formation or function of the brain. These include genes that play roles in neural development and structuring, nerve signaling, and speech and language processing. Still, because of the rapid proliferation of genetic data regarding autism, scientists are still discovering the ways in which many other mutations lead to autism—a task that will likely take years.
It is now very clear that vaccines are not among the environmental factors that cause autism. But scientists are eager to understand how genetic and environmental influences may interact and to explain how these factors play a role in the broad spectrum of symptoms manifest in different people with autism. |
Percentage of Element in Compound
The following example shows how the percentage of an element in a compound can be calculated.
EXAMPLE - Calculating the Percentage of an Element in a Compound:
First, we need to decide what units we want in our answer. Chemists assume a percentage is a mass percentage unless otherwise stated. We could use any mass units, but it is easiest to use grams. Remember too, that percentage is a ratio of the number of units of the part to 100 units of the whole. Thus, we can calculate the percentage carbon in glucose by dividing the mass in grams of carbon by the mass in grams of glucose and multiplying by 100.
Because we want a ratio of units of carbon over units of glucose when we are done, we need to begin with a value on the right side of our ratio that has a comparable arrangement (units of carbon over units of glucose). There are no values given in the question, but the chemical formula provides us with a ratio of moles of element to moles of compound. The formula, C6H12O6, tells us that there are six moles of carbon for each mole of glucose.
To convert this information to a ratio of grams of carbon to grams of glucose, we use the molar masses of carbon and glucose.
= 40.002% C in C6H12O6
The following general formula provides a shortcut for determining the percentage of an element in a compound.
Applying it to the example above gives:
Sample Study Sheet: Calculating the Percentage of an Element in a Compound
Tip-off - You want to calculate the percentage of an element in a compound.
General Steps - This type of problem can be solved with dimensional analysis or with a shortcut. |
This Article examines the operation of the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms system ("European Convention on Human Rights" or "Convention") (i.e., the Council of Europe's system for human rights protection, based on the European Convention on Human Rights and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, as distinct from the unique system of the European Union). The system is examined in an effort to discern the enhanced impact the Convention may have on Community law under the Lisbon Treaty, and the difficulties this may present.
John L. Murray,
The Influence of the European Convention on Fundamental Rights on Community Law,
33 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1388
Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol33/iss5/3 |
Diet for Keeping Cavities Away
One of the best ways to promote proper oral health is by eating a healthy diet. There are certain vitamins and minerals that are especially good at fortifying your teeth. There are also certain foods you should try and avoid in order to keep your teeth free of cavities.
Foods and drinks that contain calcium are especially good foods for your teeth. Teeth, like bone, require calcium in order to keep their strength. Our body constantly takes the calcium from our bones and teeth, so it is important to restore it with the right foods. Milk, cheese, and yogurt are great sources of calcium. Leafy vegetables are also good sources. In order for your body to be able to absorb calcium, though, Vitamin D is required. Fish and certain kinds of orange juice are good sources of Vitamin D. So is sunlight. Our body is able to naturally create Vitamin D by using the energy from the light of the sun. Eating foods that are rich in Vitamin C is also important. That is because Vitamin C is particularly good for your gums. Citrus fruits are a great source of Vitamin C.
In order to avoid cavities, it is always best to avoid sugar. That is because the bacteria in our plaque actually feed off of sugar. They create an acid byproduct that is the cause of the tooth decay that creates cavities. It is important to remember that starch breaks down into sugar when it is digested by our body. That is why it is best to brush and floss after eating any sugary or starchy foods.
If you have experienced cavities due to an improper diet, contact our expert in root canal in Los Angeles to set up a consultation.
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Dendrochronology Analysis Fails to Pinpoint Exact Dates of TLH Building Campaigns
We know from documentary evidence brought to light by Sandra Rux’s history that the TLH was initially built sometime between 1731 and 1738. A gaggle of old house detectives — looking at architectural styles, wood trim molding profiles, construction methods, surviving hardware, and old nails — date the expansion of the house more speculatively to the 1760’s. To nail down those dates scientifically, we contracted dendrochronolgist Bill Flynt to come to the house and practice his art.
Dendrochronology is the science of dating wood material, typically architectural timbers, to a specific year by analyzing the pattern of tree rings, or the annual growth rings within a tree trunk. A usable sample is a piece of wood (lumber, framing, etc.) that contains a bit of bark or goes to the edge of the bark so that the full growth history can be ascertained. The samples are then analyzed microscopically and compared to a database of other samples taken in the region that have been linked to a date certain. Thus, for example, you take a good sample of northern white pine from a joist under the attic floor in a Portsmouth colonial house, decipher the tree ring pattern under a microscope, then look for a match for that pattern in other samples of that wood in the region that have been dated.
Having been through this process before many times and intimately familiar with the house, TLH project manager John Schnitlzer prepared the way for Bill Flynt by identifying wood elements that would be good candidates for dendro analysis. He found what he thought was a good number of candidates. When Bill Flynt came by in January to take his samples, he agreed. The prospects for getting some specific dates for the house looked promising. We were hoping for a conclusion that might read: “dendro analysis shows that the house was likely built in 1733 from timber felled in 1732, and expanded to its current size between 1764 and 1766, as evidenced by several framing elements from trees felled in 1763 and 1764.”
Back in Bill’s lab – or, rather, inside his computer – in Dummerston, Vermont, however, our dendro dating hopes were dashed. The samples taken were good –getting to the edge of the bark – but there was insufficient material in the existing dendro database to match to a previously dated sample. In other words, looking at a sample of northern white pine from the TLH, there was nothing in the database from samples taken in the region – say, coastal New England from Newburyport, Massachusetts to York, Maine, and inland from there — to match to our sample. Bill’s dendro report, with its frustrating struggle to find a match for TLH samples that included white pine, hemlock and spruce, is posted on this website.
Not all is lost, however. If and when the database of existing dendro samples in the region — say, coastal New Hampshire and inland, from where timber would have been sourced — is expanded, the TLH dendro samples can be re-examined. So New Hampshire, and Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in particular, needs more dendro. To that end, John Schnitzler and Sandra Rux, two stalwart students of the TLH and of 18th-century buildings in Portsmouth in general, are looking for ways to build up the New Hampshire dendro database. Sandra Rux says the idea is to persuade several house museums with good documentation on the ages of their properties to participate. These include the usual suspects — the Warner House (built 1716-1718), the Moffat-Ladd House (1760), the Wentworth-Gardner House (1760-1762) and the John Paul Jones House (1757-58) – but there are other candidates as well, Sandra says. Grant money would help pave the way. |
Our grade 4/5 class has been studying biomes and we used this 3-D diorama idea to create mini biomes. The students used a variety of materials, including beads, Plasticine and lots of paper to create their biomes. Before we started this project, we did a lot of research on the features and inhabitants of each biome. Some of the biomes included:
The students were thrilled with their work and enjoyed the project. |
You may have noticed that as the seasons change, birds begin to look different. What was a bright eastern goldfinch in the spring becomes a duller hue in the winter. A duck that had vibrant breeding feathers earlier in the year now looks a little drab.
That is because birds molt. Their feathers wear out due to the natural elements and bacteria and have to be replaced regularly or the birds wouldn't survive.
We wouldn't wear the same clothes every day, would we? Those clothes would wear out. Well, the same things happens to birds' feathers.
Molt is the growth of new feathers, not necessarily just the loss of old feathers. When birds get their first feathers it is also called molt, even though they don't lose any feathers in the process. The loss of feathers occurs when the new feathers that are growing push the old feathers out.
Molting timetables are different for every bird species and usually occur during times when food supply is at its greatest since most birds will be unable to fly for about two weeks as they molt. All birds molt annually, but some also molt parts of their body feathers more than that. Only two North American bird species have been found to undergo two complete molts per year --- Franklin's gull and the bobolink.
What stimulates molt is quite unknown to scientists and can have to do with bird hormones following breeding season or even a decrease in daylight length as summer ends and fall begins. Birds wouldn't molt their main wing feathers during migration because it could be harmful to their travels, but whether they molt before or after migration depends. According to "Molt in North American Birds" by Steven N.G. Howell, birds that migrate a short distance tend to molt at their breeding grounds before heading south, and those with a longer distance to travel will wait until they arrive in their overwintering areas. However, some do buck the trend and molt at a certain site during migration where they expect ample food will be.
You may not have ever seen a bird in molt, because those who can't fly or can't fly well, feel vulnerable and will keep to themselves during this time. You may have seen a bird in molt and not even realized it though.
There are two keys to identifying a bird in molt. The first is by gaps in wing feathers, which can be seen well when a bird is in flight. Another way is by the differences between feather colors. A bird in active molt may have clean and crisp feathers that contrast with drab, dirty, old feathers.
You might start seeing migrating birds even when it seems winter still has its grip on the world. Different species of birds decide to migrate based on different factors, such as day length, temperature, food availability and genetics predisposition. For waterfowl, it begins with daylight. Over the winter, waterfowl eat plenty of high-fat foods to Read More »Read More
The Iowa Great Lakes and the smaller lakes and wetlands in the area are starting to melt. That means that birds that flew south to warmer areas for the winter are now flying back north to their summer breeding grounds. Waterfowl are definitely on the move this month, and it’s fun to see the birds Read More »Read More |
PHE5020 Biostatistical Methods SU01 Week 3 Discussion
Week 3: Discussion Assignment
The discussion assignment provides a forum for discussing relevant topics for this week based on the course competencies covered.
To support your work, use your course and text readings and also use the South University Online Library. As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format.
Start reviewing and responding to the postings of your classmates as early in the week as possible. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ initial posting. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with a rationale, challenging an aspect of the discussion, or indicating a relationship between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Cite sources in your responses to other classmates.
Statistics for Contingency Tables
The purpose of this assignment is to learn about categorical data and the statistics used to analyze this type of data.
You can expect to research and provide your own definitions of these concepts. You will also discuss in what situations to use each statistic, how these statistics are used to test for significance of relations among the data, and how to interpret each statistic. The takeaways from this assignment are an understanding of contingency tables as a representation of categorical data, two statistics used to analyze this type of data, and an understanding of how to interpret these statistics in the context of a public health analysis.
Using the South University Online Library, the Internet, and your text readings, research the following statistical topics:
- Contingency tables
- The chi-square
- Fisher’s exact test (FET)
On the basis of your research, respond to the following:
- Find and state a definition of a contingency table that you feel is easy to understand.
- In your own words, explain what contingency tables are and what they are used for.
- Explain what type of data is displayed in contingency tables.
- Explain how contingency tables and their related statistics are used to test for significance of relations among the data.
- Two statistics that can be used in contingency tables are chi-square and FET. Distinguish between the two statistics.
- Explain when you would use the chi-square and when you would use the FET.
- Explain how you would interpret each statistic.
- Post your response to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Respond to at least two posts by the end of the wee |
The following is a conclusion of the above video interview.
Businesses need cash to grow. Small firms usually depend on banks for their external borrowing. But large banks tend to be reluctant to work with small or medium sized businesses as it is often more efficient for them to provide loans to big businesses only. The banking system will ultimately shape your economy. If it is dominated by a small number of large banks, then in most industries there will be strong pressure to end up with a small number of large firms. By contrast, with many small local banks, also many small local firms will thrive. This results in greater employment, as small firms hire more staff per pound invested, and a thriving local economy. If banking is dominated by few big banks however, the small firms will wither, unable to secure loans.
The crucial role of banks in shaping the economy cannot be overstated, because banks have one critical advantage: they create money and allocate it as they see fit. Their crucial role will have a long-term impact on the economic landscape.
So one might ask: is there something wrong with the UK banking system? It has long been recognised that it is too concentrated and there is a lack of meaningful competition. A different type of banks is needed.
In many ways the UK is an extreme case – compared to another major economy, Germany, the differences become clear: the top 5 banks in Germany only have about 12% market share. The majority of banking consists of about 1,500 small banks with headquarters in smaller towns. Because each bank is smaller, they want to deal with smaller companies, often family-owned.
There are two types of banks that make up for the majority of the economy: the over 1,000 local community-based co-operative banks, locally owned by their members (holding about 30% of all deposits), and the local public savings banks owned (holding almost 40% of all deposits in Germany).
The local banking model functions differently from what is happening in the UK, where concentrated big banks use automated and anonymous credit scoring systems to arrive at loan decisions. Instead, community banks are based on trust between customer and the bank. The customer knows the bank and the bank staff (who do not constantly change or get rationalised away); the bank knows the customers (and their families, where they live and what they do).
Another important aspect of the local community banking model is that it avoids the unsustainable excesses of the big banks. The boom-bust cycles and banking crises are due to banks creating credit for asset transactions and speculation (this is true in the UK as much as in Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Greece, the US or Japan). In Germany there have been fewer such problems – no significant asset bubble and subsequent banking crisis in the entire post-war era – because of the dominance of local community banks. Large banks often lend to large-scale asset purchasers, fuelling asset bubbles and hardly contributing to national income. Locally headquartered banks tend to lend more for productive purposes, contributing to GDP, instead of fuelling asset transactions.
A banking system consisting of many small banks leads to more economic growth, fewer economic cycles and greater stability in the system. In the UK, there is a distinct lack of local community banks, while the US and Canada as well as Germany have benefitted from having diverse banking sectors with a large number of local community banks.
Often regulations favour large banks and encourage concentration in banking, however. It seems the regulators are not learning from the positive example seen in Germany.
To make the local economy thrive and make it more sustainable, we need local community banks, which are authorised full-service banks, but aimed at the benefit of the local community. Locally headquartered banks will serve local needs much better, and the problem of out-of-control large banks that are unaccountable for their actions can be avoided. |
Evolution is caused by the differential reproduction of individuals with certain features. So surely IVF, which enables people to reproduce who are unable to do so naturally, must be having an effect upon human evolution.
This tricky but important question was tackled by Norwegian scientists in a recent article in the journal Human Reproduction. “Assisted reproduction is redefining human society and biology and, in the face of profound ethical issues, it is important to understand the technical and conceptual principles that underlie this new paradigm,” they write.
They point out that IVF systematically changes selection pressures, involving “a combination of artificial environments and selection criteria that are distinctively different from those of natural reproduction”.
The human eggs which survive the selection process are different from normal eggs. IVF favours sperm that swim fast for a short distance while nature “favours long-distance swimmers that are able to navigate the female reproductive tract”. IVF embryos have to survive freezing and the culture media in a Petri dish. There may be differences in how IVF embryos survive implantation and miscarriage. And even the couples come from a distinct subgroup: “Overall, the limited availability of IVF favours healthy sub-fertile couples in stable relationships who live in high-income societies over other sub-fertile couples”.
The authors stress that much of what they say is speculative, but they point out that “The most extreme evolutionary scenario is a subpopulation in which reproduction is entirely dependent on IVF … Overall, it seems clear that IVF facilitates the propagation of genetically heritable traits of sub-fertile couples, and we suspect that ongoing studies of IVF offspring will show an increased risk of subfertility for this group.”
The views, opinions and positions expressed by these authors and blogs are theirs and do not necessarily represent that of the Bioethics Research Library and Kennedy Institute of Ethics or Georgetown University. |
(All Scripture is from the New King James Version unless otherwise indicated)
Although they are in the Hall of Faith, we don’t learn the names of Moses’ parents in Hebrews 11:23:
By faith Moses, when he was born, was hidden three months by his parents, because they saw he was a beautiful child; and they were not afraid of the king’s command.
Their names are also left out of the Exodus story that Hebrews 11:23 references. We finally are introduced to them by name in Exodus 6:20: “Now Amram took…Jochebed, his fatther’s sister, as wife; and she bore him Aaron and Moses.” But there is also an older unnamed sister mentioned in Exodus chapter 2 (seven years older than Moses, and four years older than Aaron), and we don’t’ learn her name is Miriam until Exodus 15:20.
But first, we need a bit of background: Joseph had died long before, and…
...there arose a new king over Egypt who did not know Joseph. And he said to his people, “Look... the children of Israel are more and mightier than we....” So Pharaoh commanded all his people... “Every son who is born you shall cast into the river, and every daughter you shall save alive.” (Exodus 1:8, 9, 22).
Now to the (shortened) Exodus story of Moses’ birth, in chapter 2, verses 1 through 3, 5 through 8, and 10:
And a man of the house of Levi went and took as wife a daughter of Levi. So the woman conceived and bore a son. And when she saw that he was a beautiful child, she hid him three months. But when she could no longer hide him, she took an ark of bulrushes for him...put the child in it, and laid it in the reeds by the river's bank....Then the daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe at the river...and when she saw the ark among the reeds, she sent her maid to get it. And...she...opened it... and behold, the baby wept. So she had compassion on him, and said, “This is one of the Hebrews' children.” Then his sister said...“Shall I go and call a nurse for you from the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for you?” And Pharaoh's daughter said...“Go.” So the maiden went and called the child's mother. Then Pharaoh's daughter said to her, “Take this child away and nurse him for me, and I will give you your wages.” ...And the child grew, and she brought him to Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son. So she called his name Moses... “Because I drew him out of the water.”
Amram and Jochebed where rewarded for obeying God’s leading rather than Pharaoh’s murderous directive!
- Jochebed was actually paid to raise her own son!
- They saw Moses receive the best education available! Stephen tells us in Acts 7:22 that “…Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians….”
- They saw their son become a leader, “…mighty in words and deeds.” (Acts 7:22).
- In Exodus 6:20 we learn that, “…the years of the life of Amram were one hundred and thirty seven.” Moses was 80 years old when he was called of God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt (see Exodus 7:7). If Amram had fathered Moses before he was 57 years old, he could still have been living when his son performed the miracles of the ten plagues that led to Israel’s departure! We don’t know about Jochebed because the Scripture record does not give the length of her life.
These parents of Moses have a rightful place in the Hall of Faith because it took a lot of faith and courage do what they did at the birth of their third child!
But this series is called Heroes With Feet of Clay! And I have been hard put to find clay feet in Amram and Jochebed! But I think we can see their clay feet by implication and generalization.
In God’s creation account in Genesis 1, seventeen times it says that plants, animals, aquatic creatures, all were to reproduce “…according to their kind…,” or “…according to its kind…”! The same applies to human beings, for in Genesis 5:3 it says, “And Adam…begot a son in his own likeness, after his own image, and named him Seth.” It is also written in the Ten Commandments of Exodus 20:5, “…God [will] visit…the iniquities of the fathers on the children to the third and fourth generation….” I know this is true by experience! For I have had to battle in my own life the tendencies toward specific kinds of sins that both my father and mother dealt with, which they also inherited from their parents!
All this to say, the shortcomings in Moses’ and his sibling’s lives, I reasonably think we can assume some of the same shortcomings to be in the lives of their parents!
- Moses, at forty years old, acted out of his own wisdom and will, in that he murdered and Egyptian slave driver when he saw him beating a fellow Hebrew! In Stephen’s testimony in Acts 7:25, he said, “…he supposed that his brethren would have understood that God would deliver them by his hand….”
- He feared for his life when the murder was found out!
- When God called him at the burning bush, He did not have great confidence in himself to lead the children of Israel our of Egypt!
✡ Exodus 3:11 – “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, and that I should bring the children of Israel out of Egypt?” ✡ Exodus 4:1 – “But suppose they will not believe me or listen to my voice; suppose they say, ‘The LORD has not appeared to you.’ ” ✡ Exodus 4:10 – “O my Lord, I am not eloquent, neither before nor since You have spoken to Your servant; but I am slow of speech and slow of tongue.” ✡ Exodus 4:13 (Easy-to-Read Version) – “My Lord, I beg you to send someone else, not me.”
It is only when God got angry with Moses, and included Aaron in the deal, that he finally obeyed (see Exodus 4:14).
- There are several times that Moses got angry with the Israelites as they wandered in the desert for forty years. But the most significant time he lost his temper is recorded in Numbers 20. The people complained (again) that there was no water for them or their livestock when they were camped in Kadesh. The LORD specifically said in verse 7, “Take the rod; you and your brother Aaron gather the assembly together. Speak to the rock before their eyes, and it will yield its water….” In anger…
...Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation before the rock; and...said...‘Hear now, you rebels! Must we bring water for you out of this rock?’ Then Moses lifted his hand and stuck the rock twice with his rod; and water came out abundantly....
This selfish action of disobedience cost Moses and Aaron dearly!
Then the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron, “Because you did not believe Me, to sanctify Me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore you shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given them.”
If nothing else can convince us that Amram and Jochebed had clay feet, listen to the words of the wisest man who ever lived, Solomon (recorded three times in the Old Testament – I Kings 8:46; II Chronicles 6:36; Ecclesiastes 7:20): “Surely there is no one righteous on the earth who continually does good and never sins.” (Ecclesiastes 7:20 – Lexham English Bible).
So, even if we can’t definitely say Moses’ sinful tendencies were inherited from his parents, Amram and Jochebed are simply human beings, and, as Saint Paul wrote in Romans 3:23, “…all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.” But if we try our best as we follow our Lord…
…we, and our children can be greatly used of God! |
Brad Latzke, former Middle School Principal, Shanghai American School
HundrED has selected this innovation to
What is Microcampus?
Children benefit from time away from the introspective 'bubble' of school campus life. This is particularly the case for students living in very rural areas or international schools, as they may feel distanced from the ‘real world’. To live and work as adults in an increasingly globalised world, young people need an opportunity to explore the world around them, experience other cultures and meet people from diverse backgrounds.
Adolescence is a time of rapid social, emotional and personal growth as young people explore their place in the world. Travel away from home and engagement in purposeful projects give young people the chance to push beyond their usual boundaries and challenge their understanding of themselves and others.
The Shanghai American School began the Microcampus project in 2012 to help students growing up in an expatriate ‘bubble’ see a different side of their host country. Students have the opportunity to embark on a month-long trip to Xizhou, a village in Southwest China that the school has partnered with. For many students, this is the first time they have spent any significant time away from home. The programme focuses on experiential learning, personal growth and intercultural understanding, with the aim of having a positive impact on places and people.
On the trip, students complete two main projects. The first is an inquiry-based project, within which students investigate a topic of their choice that relates to the host region. The second is called Service Learning, which involves students capturing oral histories from elderly citizens in a short film project. Both projects require students to interact with local residents and therefore they are provided with an opportunity for intercultural dialogue and a chance to understand the experiences of others.
HundrED Academy Review
Students discover for themselves what they can do. Sometimes this means taking a step back from their usual routines in order to make true discoveries. Microcampus places students in an environment where change can happen.Impact
Following the trip there has been evidence of students and parents reporting personal growth, broader understanding of themselves & the world as well as a notable sense of responsibility emerging in those who undertake the experience.Scalability
This programme has been running successfully for 5 years, with over 250 students attending it to date. Whilst the project has its own unique link to a certain village in China, the concept itself can be applied to any school's own context. The website to track the experience is also viewed & explored by hundreds around the world. |
Ledger Nano S How Many Crypto – A Cryptocurrency, as specified by Wikipedia is “a digital currency developed to work as a legal tender for the transfer of digital assets “. It was created as an option to conventional currencies such as the US dollar, British pound, Euro, and Japanese Yen. Nowadays, more companies and people are recognizing the potential of utilizing a cryptocoin as a payment technique. A good example of such an organization is the online payments business PayPal, who has actually now integrated cryptocoin payments into their web-based payment system.
No central bank is involved in the management of these currencies. The distribution of the cryptocoin is usually done through a procedure called “minting ” in which a particular quantity of the digital possession is produced in order to increase the supply and subsequently reduce the demand. In the case of the Cryptocurrency ledger, this transaction is done by cryptographers, which are groups that specialize in creating the needed proofs of credibility required for correct transaction to happen.
While the majority of Cryptocurrencies are open-source software solutions, some exist that are proprietary. This remains in contrast to the open source software that defines most cryptocurrencies, which are established by any variety of private contributors. If a change is needed, a major distinction in between the two is that open source software can alter its underlying code and cause problems. On the other hand, a central authority does not need to change its underlying code to permit a modification in the supply or demand of the cryptocoin.
The creator of Litecoin, Robert H. Jackson, was attempting to develop a safe and safe option to Cryptocurrency when he was required to leave the business he was working for. He developed an alternate variation of Litecoin called DarkNET. By developing this version of Litecoin, which has a much lower trading volume than the original, he wanted to offer a trustworthy however protected kind of Cryptocurrency. With the aid of ingenui, a team of cryptographers had the ability to successfully develop an enhanced version of Litecoin with increased personal privacy security and stronger file encryption than before.
One of the most promising applications for the future of Cryptocurrency is the principle of “blockchain. ” A “blockchain ” is just a big collection of encrypted files that are recorded and preserved on computers around the world. As soon as tampered with, each block of details is protected by mathematical algorithms that make it impossible to reconstruct the info. The cryptography used in the chain is also mathematically protected, which permits transactions to be personal and seamless. Due to the fact that each transaction is safeguarded by a highly protected encryption algorithm, there is no possibility of impersonating owners of residential or commercial properties, hacking into computer systems, or leaking details to 3rd parties. All transactions are taped and encoded using complex mathematics that secures info at the same time as guaranteeing that it is accessible only to licensed participants in the chain.
Encrypted journals have actually been utilized as a kind of ICO that tracks the ownership history of a particular possession. The significant problem with conventional ledgers is that they are vulnerable to hacking which allows somebody to take control of a company ‘s funds. This makes it challenging for companies to trace where their cash has actually gone. By using crypto innovation, a business ‘s ledger can be encrypted while keeping all the information of the deal personal, guaranteeing that just they know where the cash has gone.
A “virtual currency ” is simply a stock or digital commodity that can be traded like a stock on the exchanges. Virtual currencies can be traded online simply like any other stock on the standard exchanges, and the benefit of this is that the same incentives and guidelines that apply to genuine markets are also relevant to this type of Cryptocurrency deal.
As more Crypto currencies are produced and made available to consumers the advantages become clear. There are already several successful tokens being traded on the major exchanges and as more enter the market to the competition will reinforce the strength of the existing ones.
Cryptocurrency trading is definitely an interesting investment. It requires the getting and trading of various currencies with various coins. In general, if you acquire cryptographic currencies, you ‘re basically purchasing Crypto currency. It ‘s essentially similar to trading in shares.
Now, if you ‘re not familiar with how to purchase and trade crypto currencies, this can be quite scary stuff. Well, it truly isn ‘t that frightening.
You will likewise desire to set up a “small account “. When you trade in the open market with real money, there is no such thing as a mini account. Given that you ‘re trading in the crypto market with ” cryptocoins “, it ‘s completely acceptable.
The MegaDroid goes one action further and allows you to start trading with your preferred coins at any time. It also enables you to do things like buy or sell your limits. Some individuals might be a little hesitant of this feature. It does provide you the capability to do some “quick ” trades, however that ‘s about the limit.
If you ‘re leery of quick trades, maybe you ought to be! Some traders still declare that it ‘s an inconvenience to manually handle a project. I understand that it ‘s simpler than by hand managing several campaigns on your PC, but it does have a couple of advantages over the others.
They can then deposit funds into their account and immediately use them to trade. Instead, they can manage their funds using their own wallets. Given that all deals are held digitally, you don ‘t need to deal with brokers or dealing with trading exchanges – whatever is kept strictly within your own individual computer system.
This indicates that you will have to download and set up the software application on your own computer if you desire to trade on these 2 large exchanges. All you ‘ve got to do is visit their websites and you ‘ll be able to see their cost quotes.
Although this may not seem crucial to someone new to the marketplace, but it is extremely essential if you are thinking of using cryptos for everyday trading. When you do choose to trade, you require to know how the market will move so that you can be prepared. This is done through viewing the short-term charts on these 2 significant exchanges. If you do this properly, you will know precisely when you must get in and leave the marketplace – for this reason you can make better decisions with your trades.
Now that we ‘ve reviewed the advantages and disadvantages, let ‘s have a look at some technical analysis techniques. I ‘ll be sincere, as a new trader, you may wish to skip this part. If you are a technical expert and are familiar with the market trends, then it shouldn ‘t be a problem. However, if you aren ‘t familiar, then you may want to follow along for a short time just to get a feel for what might take place.
With this information, you ought to be able to interpret the cost action on the 2 exchanges extremely quickly and make great trades. There are a number of various ways to perform this buy and offer action, so you ‘ll desire to choose one that you ‘re comfortable with.
A Cryptocurrency, as defined by Wikipedia is “a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange for the transfer of digital possessions “. ” A “blockchain ” is just a large collection of encrypted files that are taped and maintained on computers around the world. A “virtual currency ” is merely a stock or digital product that can be traded like a stock on the exchanges. Because you ‘re trading in the crypto market with ” cryptocoins “, it ‘s perfectly acceptable.
It does give you the capability to do some “quick ” trades, but that ‘s about the limitation. Ledger Nano S How Many Crypto |
A new study on reactions to the fatal shooting of Michael Brown has been conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. The study finds that reactions are sharply divided between blacks and whites, with black people twice as likely to say that the shooting "raises important issues about race that need to be discussed."
44 percent of those polled believe that the case raises important issues about race, while 40 percent think race is getting more attention than it deserves. Among these respondents, 80 percent of African Americans say that issues of race are worth discussing, while 47 percent of whites think it is getting too much attention.
While two-thirds of African Americans polled believe that the police response has been excessive, only a third of white respondents agree, with 32 percent saying the response is about right and 35 percent declining to respond to the question.
Respondents were also divided along age and party lines. According to the Pew Research Center:
Fully 68 percent of Democrats (including 62 percent of white Democrats) think the Brown case raises important issues about race that merit discussion. Just 21 percent of Democrats (including 25 percent of white Democrats) say questions of race are getting more attention than they deserve. Among Republicans, opinion is almost the reverse -- 61 percent say the issue of race has gotten too much attention while 22 percent say the case has raised important racial issues that need to be discussed.
By a wide margin (55 percent to 34 percent), adults under 30 think the shooting of the unarmed teen raises important issues about race. Among those 65 and older, opinion is divided: 40 percent think the incident raises important racial issues while about as many (44 percent) think the issue of race is getting more attention than it deserves.
The study was conducted from Aug. 14-17 among 1,000 adults aged 18 or older via telephone. |
Historic day for climate actionClimate Change
New Zealand now has one of the world’s most ambitious frameworks for tackling the climate crisis, the Minister for Climate Change James Shaw said after the Emissions Trading Reform Bill passed through Parliament this afternoon.
The legislation fixes the Emissions Trading Scheme and turns it into one of the most effective tools New Zealand has for reducing climate-polluting emissions.
“In a single term we have taken more action on climate change than the past 30 years of governments combined. Today we have reached another significant milestone in our plan to reduce New Zealand’s emissions.
“There is a long way to go, but we are starting to bend the curve towards a climate-friendly future in New Zealand. Alongside the Zero Carbon Bill, which was passed unanimously by Parliament last year, this Bill means that we now have the foundations in place for long-term meaningful climate change action in New Zealand,” James Shaw said.
The changes made by the Bill include setting a cap on the total emissions allowed within the ETS. This is something the previous government had failed to do, leaving the scheme too weak to have any real impact on reducing our emissions.
The Bill also includes a range of necessary rule changes that will incentivise New Zealand’s biggest polluters to invest in the transition to a clean, climate-friendly economy.
“Until now, the ETS has not fulfilled its primary purpose, which is to reduce emissions. Taking action to fix this puts us further ahead on climate action than many other parts of the world – and that’s even before you consider the huge progress we have made over the last three years,” James Shaw said.
Over the last three years, this Government has:
- Set a long-term legal framework for New Zealand to reduce its emissions in line with the global goal of limiting global warming to 1.5˚C above pre‑industrial levels
- Established the independent Climate Change Commission to guide all future governments with the transition towards a low emissions economy
- Adopted the first ever all of government Climate Action Plan
- Invested billions of dollars in clean transport options like bike lanes, buses, and trains
- Started replacing coal boilers in schools and hospitals with clean energy alternatives
- Funded hundreds of new electric vehicle chargers to be built all over Aotearoa
- Created the Green Investment Fund
- Started work with the agricultural sector to put a price on farming emissions
- Ensured that all major government decisions consider their impact on climate
- Moved toward mandatory reporting of climate risks for major companies
- Banned default KiwiSaver funds from investing in fossil fuels
- Banned new offshore oil and gas exploration
“When we came into government we had a choice. Continue down the carbon-intensive path toward climate breakdown, leaving our kids to suffer the consequences, or create something better: an economy that is more equitable, more prosperous, and more innovative – all within planetary limits.
“This Bill, and every action we have taken that preceded it, is a result of that choice – the choice we made to build a better future. Today, that future is closer within reach than it has ever been before,” James Shaw said. |
How can we create the future together?
Combining latest academic research with incredible objects, the exhibition looked at heritage as the building blocks of the future, through four themes:
Profusion explored what we should pass on to future generations in an age of mass production and consumption.
Diversity reflected on how diversity in nature and in cultural traditions can help people and nature cope with future uncertainty.
Transformation lookded at heritage as something that is not fixed, but that changes over time.
Uncertainty considered what should we pass on to future generations, when we can’t be sure what they will want or need.
We can’t be certain what the future will be like, but through Heritage Futures, we can at least try to ensure that the decisions we make today help provide people with the things they might need and want in the future.
In our Heritage Futures Studio we asked people to help us imagine, design and begin to create the future together.
Alongside the exhibition, artist Shelley Castle from Encounter Arts created an installation; the Human Bower, she took inspiration from the extraordinary craftwork of the Bowerbird. These amazing birds gather, display, and exhibit the things they appear to hold of high value outside their twig constructions.
The work encouraged conversations around what we hope the future would look like, what we could hold onto to make that happen, and what we need to let go of.
The exhibition was inspired by work being undertaken by the “Heritage Futures” research programme, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Professor Rodney Harrison (UCL) acted as principal academic consultant on the exhibition, drawing on contributions from its team of academic researchers. For further information see www.heritage-futures.org |
People who witness notable historic moments, either in real time or on film, remember forever how they felt at the time. American History in Video includes 2,000 total hours of streaming video content. More than half is contemporaneous video from the 1890s to the 1980s. The early newsreels, including the complete series of United Newsreel and Universal Newsreel, available online in their entirety only in this collection, capture history as it was made and reported to viewers of the time.
This collection also includes hundreds of the documentaries most frequently used in history classrooms, from leading video content producers such as PBS, California Newsreel, Bullfrog Films, Documentary Educational Resources, Pennebaker Hegedus Films, The History Channel®, and others. Featuring dramatic reenactments and engaging analysis from prominent scholars and experts, these documentaries bring history alive. Learn about the Battle of Gettysburg from Pulitzer Prize-winning historian James McPherson. Understand the scope and legacy of the American Civil War with Ken Burns’s riveting PBS series. Grasp the zeitgeist of an era through PBS’s Summer of Love, Ken Burns's The West, and Africans in America.
• Search power: Fifteen combinable search fields—including subject, event, era, date, place, historical figure, and speaker—let
users quickly find what they’re looking for.
• Browse tools: In addition to the browse fields, the visual tables of contents let users scan what’s in a 30-minute video within seconds.
• Synchronized transcripts scroll along with the videos and are keyword searchable, letting students and researchers jump
around within the video quickly.
• Linking and sharing: Permanent, per-second URLs allow users to cite, bookmark, link, embed, and share either entire videos or
custom clips. Organize clips in playlists by theme, research topic, or course unit.
• Embed video directly in your online syllabus, course management system, library Web site, and online subject guides. Show
clips or entire videos without worrying about permissions or copyright infringement—you’re automatically covered by the
terms of your library’s subscription. |
Individuals Skilled Through Alternative Routes are individuals at least 18 years old who graduated from high school and have skills but don’t hold a four-year college degree. Many STARs enrolled in college but didn’t complete their degree due to family or financial circumstances. Others have a two-year community college degree or received technical training through workforce programs, online credentialing services, or certification programs. Still others are self-taught or developed their skills on the job or military service.
STARs reflect our country’s racial and regional diversity. They hail from cities, suburbs, and small towns across America. STARs fill myriad jobs in our economy, from drivers to warehouse packers; retail clerks to caregivers; medical technicians to software developers and more. They include entrepreneurs and veterans. STARs are people of all ages and at all life stages, from 20-year-olds just starting their careers to workers with 20 years of on-the-job experience.
Over the past 40 years, we have seen the steady and unprecedented erosion of the American Dream for millions of workers. In fact, Americans without a four-year degree have seen a 12% decline in wages since 1979.
This decline is in part driven by an “opportunity gap” in which access to the good jobs required for upward economic mobility often depends less on people’s skills and more on whether and where they went to college, who they know professionally and socially, or even how they look.
Bridging the opportunity gap and rewiring the American labor market starts by changing the way employers across the country identify, assess, and hire talent. Too often today, employers screen out job candidates with potential but without a traditional pedigree, leaving millions of people who are Skilled Through Alternative Routes stuck in low-wage jobs where they earn little, learn less, and are denied the opportunity to apply their skills, creativity, and motivation to the fullest.
And as we bridge the opportunity gap, we will also help employers bridge the skills gap and put qualified workers in critical jobs. To learn more, visit our Initiatives page here.
The loss of income and career opportunity due to unfair barriers that prevent workers in America from translating their learning into earning. To learn more about what causes the Opportunity Gap and how we’re trying to bridge that gap, click here.
To see a full list of our funders, partners and supporters, please click here. |
How can uric acid be high without drinking beer or eating seafood? The probability of developing kidney disease is increasing.
Some patients will ask, I don’t smoke or drink, nor eat seafood, how is uric acid so high?
High uric acid is the “fourth high” emerging after the “high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high blood fat”. Normally, the uric acid content in the human body has always been in a “dynamic equilibrium” state, but if it is generated If the amount is too much and the amount is too low, it will cause “hyperuricemia.”
Many of us know that about 10% of patients with high uric acid develop gout, but few people know that as uric acid levels rise, the probability of developing kidney disease increases.
When uric acid is at a high level, urate can precipitate crystals. When crystals are deposited in the kidneys, kidney stones can form, and even renal tubules can be blocked to cause kidney damage.
The main cause of hyperuricemia is increased or decreased uric acid production, and studies have found that sputum metabolism disorder is the main cause of elevated uric acid.
In addition to medical treatment, it is also important to “control your mouth” and know how to eat. Patients who are usually hyperuricemia will be told a low-calorie diet, quit smoking, drink alcohol, and drink plenty of water.
In addition, these two kinds of foods are equally “harmful!”
1, animal internal organs
Affected by the “shape-complement”, many people think that eating glutinous rice can help the kidneys. In fact, animal internal organs such as animal liver and kidney are all sorghum foods. According to 100g, duck liver contains 301.5 mg, chicken liver contains 293.5 mg, and pig small intestine contains 262.2 mg.
Once the intake is excessive, it will increase uric acid and even cause complications. In clinical practice, there is no such thing as “shape-complementing”.
Many people think that soup is the essence, nutrition is better than ingredients! However, for patients with high uric acid, the incorrect method of soup and soup can not only save the students, but cause great trouble.
Usually in the soup, put chicken or duck or pork, beef and mutton in a saucepan, then add some medicinal soup (such as angelica, medlar, red dates, etc.), simmer for 2 hours, and the soup is delicious. It is mouth watering.
The main ingredient in the animal food we eat is muscle fiber. In this muscle fiber, in addition to a large amount of protein and water, there is a nucleus, and the nucleus contains a large amount of strontium. In the process of simmering, most of the nutrients such as protein remain in the meat, but the cockroach in the meat dissolves in the meat. Inside the soup.
100g of pork contains mg130mg, while 100g of pork soup contains 500mg, so the soup does not eat meat, although the meat is eaten less, but the meat is not eaten, the uric acid is naturally high.
Regarding how to avoid uric acid patients, here is a song:
Do not eat seafood and offal,
Don’t drink or drink soup,
Eat less livestock and fish,
Fruit and vegetable milk supplement nutrition,
Keep your mouth shut, open your legs,
Reduce weight loss and drink plenty of water.
Food to avoid
Animal internal organs: such as pig liver, pig kidney, beef liver and so on.
Shelled seafood: such as oysters, lobsters, hazelnuts, scallops, etc.
Thick broth and gravy: such as chicken soup, fish soup, pork ribs soup, etc.
Need to limit the food you eat
Animal foods with high strontium content: such as beef, lamb, pork, etc.
Fish food: such as grass carp, yellow croaker, and octopus.
Foods containing fructose-containing sucrose: such as honey, preserved fruit, cakes, sweet drinks, and the like.
Alcoholic beverages: such as beer, white wine, yellow wine.
Choose recommended food
Low-fat milk and dairy products: such as low-fat milk, goat’s milk, yogurt, etc.
Eggs: eggs, duck eggs, quail eggs, goose eggs, etc.
Fresh vegetables: more than 500g per day, choose more vegetables such as cucumber, melon and other water.
Staple food mix: such as millet, oatmeal, brown rice, etc., and fine white rice, noodles to eat.
Adequate drinking water: 2000-3000ml per day, evenly distributed throughout the day, boiled water is best.
At the same time, obese people also need to lose weight and control energy intake. Maintaining normal body weight helps stabilize blood uric acid. Choose mild aerobic exercise, such as tai chi, jogging, brisk walking and other aerobics programs, more than half an hour a day, after which you can gradually increase your exercise time. |
Cities, empires and religions have risen and fallen around these unique underground havens once used by early Christians to hide from Roman armies, yet they remains occupied to this day – 100 square miles with 200+ underground villages and tunnel towns complete with hidden passages, secret rooms and ancient temples and a remarkably storied history of each new civilization building on the work of the last.
The fields of architecture and urban design would do well to center their sustainable sights on this unique site – few structures outside of this area in Cappadocia have survived for so long. Some of these buildings go up to five full stories underground and date back to Roman times or beyond, though many caves were carved out by human hands long before their empire arrived. (Images via AlaskanDude)
The fantastic rock formations used as shells for these dwellings date back millions of years, and much of the more recent architecture has survived for hundreds or even thousands of years – despite being laid siege to many times over and housing everything from armies to explosive weapons factories.
Centered in modern day Turkey, this region has passed between hands many times. The contemporary residents speak a hybrid of Greek and Turkish and, unsurprisingly, bus tours, hotels and other visitor-oriented services comprise much of their current economic system Built up over time for defense as much as shelter, narrow passageways have made it notoriously difficult for invaders to penetrate the perimeters of many of these underground cave complexes.
In part due to their secret locations and the naturally temperature-controlled nature of the cave interiors, many religious artifacts and artworks have survived for over a thousand years. All the while, surface structures have been erected and destroyed while modern architecture mixes in strange hybrids with historic temples and above-ground houses.
While many buildings remain occupied, many more are now deserted – from homes to entire churches and underground cathedrals. For all we know, some rooms and structures are forever lost and buried, hidden so well they will never be found again. (Images via Mekiares) |
Beagles are a breed of dog that are growing in popularity.
They are a small hound dog that share similarities with another breed, the Foxhound, while their sense of smell make Beagles great hunting companions or detection dogs.
However, their appearance make them attractive house pets with their large ears and small stature, while they’re sociable temperament means they’ll usually get along with other dogs.
Their ancestors first appeared around 2,500 years but Great Britain and Ireland is responsible for producing the popular Beagles that we know and love today.
Beagles were used as a hunting companion for the English gentry in centuries gone by. In particular, they were used as scent hounds to track rabbits and hares.
The world’s most famous Beagle is Snoopy, Charlie Brown’s pet Beagle who featured in the comic strip Peanuts for the first time in 1950.
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An Introduction To Beagles
Beagles don’t merely look adorable but these small hound dogs have lovable personalities, which understandably makes them a popular family pet.
They are small but sturdy dogs, boasting a square muzzle and a muscular frame. Their tails are usually raised up, which makes them look alert.
While this wasn’t the initial purpose of the breed, Beagles make great companion dogs, which is responsible for their surge in popularity.
Unsurprisingly given their roots, Beagles are a pack-driven breed and excel as part of a house with plenty of company, both human and dog.
However, this breed requires a lot of exercise given their energy levels and intelligence to avoid becoming destructive in the household.
Like Alaskan Klee Kai, Beagles have a reputation for being escape artists. This shouldn’t come as a surprise given their history of following the scent of small animals, such as rabbits and hares.
Owners are advised to keep them on a leash to temper this tendency, while long walks or games of fetch with help to keep Beagles stimulated.
They can be taught tricks due to their ability to learn and willingness to follow the commands of their owner.
A Brief History Of The Beagle
According to Wikipedia, “dogs of a similar size and purpose can be traced back to Ancient Greece” in 5th century BC. England’s William the Conqueror was thought to have used the Talbot Hound, which is believed to be an early ancestor of the Beagle. Queen Elizabeth 1 was rumoured to have had a Pocket Beagle, which was a dog small enough to fit into a saddlebag and chase under the brush during hunts.
With the breed threatening to die out due to the growing popularity of the Foxhound and other larger hunting dogs, Reverend Phillip Honeywood started a Beagle pack in Essex, United Kingdom in 1830, which is believed to have started the breed as we know it today. Thomas Johnson was responsible for refining the hunting dogs into a more attractive breed. The Beagle Club was formed in 1890 before the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles was formed.
Beagles were exported to the United States in 1840s and the American Kennel Club recognised the breed in 1885 before the breed became popular worldwide in the 20th century. Perhaps surprisingly, Beagles would go on to prove more popular in the United States and Canada rather than their native United Kingdom.
It remains unclear where the name Beagle came from, but Wikipedia suggests that the breed was named after the French word, begueule.
There are two varieties of Beagles. The smaller size are no taller than 13 inches (30cm) and tend to weigh 20 to 30 pounds (9 to 13.6 kg). The larger Beagle tend to be between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 40cm) and can weigh up to 35 pounds (15.8kg). Males tend to weight a couple pounds more than their female counterparts.
Beagles are compact hunting dogs which are smaller versions of the Foxhound, but they differ from their relatives due to their wider head and shorter muzzle. They have big, brown eyes that gives them a “begging look”. Their big pendant, hanging ears are another characteristic. Beagles have a short, clean coat and their colour is usually a version of white, black and tan. Their coat makes them easy to groom but they do have a reputation for shedding a lot. They shed moderately throughout the year.
Their tale is known as the stern, which stands tall with a little curl at the top – but doesn’t curl over the top. The tail usually has a white tip, which is called the flag, and plays a vital role in terms of visibility when it comes to the dog following the scent during a hunt. The tail remains upright when a Beagle is active.
Beagles are companion dogs and are happiest with company. Considering they’re pack dogs, they can become very attached to their human pack, making them loyal and loving pets.
Given their role as scent dogs, Beagles love to follow their nose but this can lead to these dogs straying away from the property, which is why it is vital to keep the loveable pets in a fenced yard or on a leash.
Leaving your food in a place accessible to Beagles is not advisable given these dogs are known for raiding trash cans or eat food off a plate.
Beagle Health Problems
It is always advisable to do your research into what type of ailments can affect a particular breed of dog to be prepared for future problems. As a whole, Beagles are considered a healthy breed. However, like a lot of breeds, they do have some issues that are unique to this dog. One genetic disorder is Beagle Dwarfism, otherwise known as chondrodystrophy. This tends to manifest itself as short legs, while their intervertebral discs in their spines can prematurely degenerate. It is good practice to check with the breeder to see if the parents of the Beagle suffered from chondrodystrophy.
Another issue known to affect some Beagles is Cherry Eye, which is when the dog’s third eyelid slips out of place or prolapses. A pink or red sack will become visible in the eye and your dog will start to rub or itch the protruding gland. Glaucoma is an ailment that has been known to cause the breed problems. This is a result of too much pressure on the inner eye and can result in canine blindness if not addressed in a timely manner.
Continuing the eye theme, Distichiasis is another condition that Beagles can suffer from. This issue is a result of an abnormal growth of the eyelashes, resulting in eyelashes that eventually bend and grow in the eyelid. As a result, the cornea will become irritated and the dog will start to itch its eye.
Chinese Beagle Syndrome, otherwise called Musladin Lueke Syndrome (MLS), occurs when a Beagle walks on its toes, which leads to comparisons to a ballerina. The problem will become apparent within their first month of life and it will gradually worsen. Unfortunately there is no remedy to this issue.
Other more common ailments include diabetes, epilepsy and hip dysplasia.
We recommend consulting with a vet if you have further questions about the overall health of Beagles.
Are Beagles Lazy?
Snoopy may have brought the Beagle international fame, but this breed are not lazy dogs. As one might imagine given their primary function in hunting in years gone by, Beagles require a lot of exercise. Multiple walks a day are recommended to allow this adorable breed to burn some energy and keep their mind and senses stimulated. If these scent dogs don’t get the necessary exercise, they can quite easily pile on the pounds and become lazy. Remember, it is important to keep Beagles on the leash as they’re a flight risk. Another form of exercise could be a trip to the dog park given this breed generally do well with other breeds.
Here’s what Beagle experts Beagle Universe told us when we asked him about the exercise requirements of the breed.
Yes – you’ve got to make sure they are tired by the end of the day or they will get naughty.
Do Beagles Bark A Lot?
While Beagles don’t have a reputation for being dogs that bark a lot, they will do if there is movement within their territory from an unknown source. Their senses make them great watchdogs and it doesn’t take much for these dogs to alert an owner to a potential disturbance.
As a rule, this breed will bark if their is a new visitor on the property, a wild animal in the garden or there are cats teasing these scent-driven pets. However, their sharp senses could cause unwanted noise pollution, which could cause problems with neighbours. They will also bark when excited.
Some Beagle breeders believe that these dogs will be less likely to bark if they are “House Beagles”, as they become lazy. They will also howl, which shouldn’t come as a surprise as their initial purpose was to help humans to hunt.
A good dog trainer can help to curtail barking and howling if this becomes a problem with your Beagle.
Beagle Universe told hellobark.com:
If you walk them, play with them and make sure they don’t get bored then they don’t bark a lot. If they get bored, they can bark all day long.
Are Beagles Expensive?
You should always be careful about purchasing puppies online or in person. Research is recommended and it is a good idea to ask your breeder plenty of questions before bringing a Beagle pup home to their forever home.
According to Beaglepro, the normal price range for a Beagle puppy in the United States is between $800 and $1500. The website adds that potential buyers should be wary of paying less than $800 for a Beagle, while these hunting dogs should not cost more than $2000. However, the price can vary depending on where you live and other factors such as the time of year, the age of puppy/dog and the breeder.
You can also adopt a Beagle from a shelter, where many purebreds can be found.
Do Beagles Make Good House Pets?
Hound dogs, such as Beagles, have a reputation for being hard to train and stubborn. However, the biggest issue is finding a method that works best for each particular dog. As a rule, Beagles do tend to be food motivated, which can help when it comes to house training this cute breed. On a positive note, their intelligence and ability to work out problems means that the breed makes them good learners.
Beagles are good family pets given their affection for young children. But this breed does require socialisation from a young age to avoid any potential problems developing. Of course, you should never leave a dog alone with a baby or young children.
The same can be said of this breed, particularly given the Beagles can be quite boisterous when it comes to playtime. They like to chew things and can nip in an affectionate way that could be misconstrued as biting and cause fear.
Best Dog Food For Beagles
Just like any breed of dog, Beagles require a balanced and complete diet. Based upon our experience, we really believe in dog food delivery companies who provide freshly prepared meals delivered direct to your doorstep. You can check out our top dog food delivery recommendations.
Do Beagles Shed?
While Beagles have short coats, they do shed a lot. In fact, given their hair is shorter than other dogs, it can prove difficult to detect. The shedding is seasonal. A Beagle’s coat will tend to get thicker during the winter months due to the lack of sunlight, not because of the cold. This breed will start to shed in the spring and their coat requires some brushing once a week to remove dead hair.
Their ears require some care, too. Due to their low hanging nature, Beagles are susceptible to infections in their ears and they need to be checked once a week to ensure no problems are allowed to develop. If their ears aren’t checked, there could be a build up of wax and yeasts, leading to an unpleasant smell.
Beagle Universe provided helloBARK! readers with an insight into Beagle shedding based upon their experience.
Yes – short and easy to clean hairs but they shed all year round.
What Other Problems Do Beagles Have?
Beagles need regular exercise and a backyard suitably fenced with room to roam can help to keep this breed stimulated. However, they are not suitable for apartments if the owner is unwilling to take their dog for daily walks or trip to the dog parks. Furthermore, a Beagle may need training if they tend to howl when their owners are out of the apartment.
Some Examples Of Famous Beagles
Snoopy is world’s most famous Beagle, earning international recognition as Charlie Brown’s faithful companion in the comic strip, Peanut.
However, he isn’t the only Beagle to have garnered attention on a worldwide scale.
Odie achieved fame as Garfield’s sidekick, making his first appearance alongside the cat in 1978.
Underdog was another celebrity Beagle that featured in 124 episodes on American television channel NBC between 1964 and 1973.
Proving their undoubted popularity with children, Gromit was a hit in the United Kingdom and worldwide alongside his owner Wallace in the popular show, Wallace and Gromit.
Famous Beagle Owners
Former US President Lyndon B. Johnson had two Beagles, called Him and Her.
Singer Barry Manilow is also the proud owner of two Beagles, named Bagel and Biscuit.
Malcom In The Middle actor Frankie Munoz has a Beagle mix – Cooper.
Beagles On Instagram TO Follow
On social media, there are number of Beagle accounts that have achieved notoriety on Instagram.
What Do Owners Have To Say About Beagles
Beagle Universe told helloBARK! in an interview:
Beagles are really loving and friendly dogs, they don’t have family related diseases so they don’t get sick fast. They love to play with everyone. Every dog , child or even a burglar that jumps over your fence will be greeted with love. That’s how welcoming they are. Take them for a walk, give them some exercise and you have the best dog ever. Read everything about them and watch lots of videos because a Beagle owner is some kind of special human!
If you want a caring and loving dog, a Beagle could be the one for you. These small hound dogs have adorable brown eyes and make great companions, but they also require a responsible owner. This breed require a lot of exercise and need to be kept on leash. For families with young children, Beagles generally do well with infants but as with every dog, should never be left alone unattended with kids. |
High Street in the UK. Main Street in the U.S. A simple, one-syllable word conveys the importance a thoroughfare has for an entire community. Rochester’s Main Street intersects Clinton Avenue, named for the New York governor who masterminded the development of the Erie Canal, key to Rochester’s emergence as a pre-eminent city in the first half of the 19thcentury.
It is this stretch of Main Street that became Rochester’s main business district, until suburbanization hollowed out the city’s inner core. It was here that the city and business leaders decided to develop Midtown Plaza in 1958. Opening in 1962, it immediately attracted international attention.
This was an era when our community was more integrated. The city’s neighborhoods were showing signs of segregation after the influx of African Americans during the Great Migration and arrival of waves of transplants from Puerto Rico. But residents of all ethnic backgrounds shopped together and walked the same sidewalks. Midtown Plaza was public and open to the entire community in ways that, unfortunately, feel unfamiliar today. Nostalgic traditions, like visiting the Clock of Nations or taking the kids for a monorail ride during Christmas, were enjoyed by all members of our community.
After years of neglect, our downtown is reemerging, almost phoenix-like. (In this case, it’s rising from gravel, not ashes.) The plaza was demolished and the main section of Midtown is now known as Parcel 5. The volume of activity around the vacant lot is increasing. New city residents occupy neighboring buildings converted from office space to residential units; professionals work at innovative companies relocating downtown; and fashionable restaurants are opening to cater to a clientele that is returning to the city it shunned for decades.
As we negotiate this transformation, we must remember the city residents who never left. The city of Rochester’s population is majority “people of color” and disproportionately impoverished. As we decide how to redevelop Parcel 5, we have an opportunity to make a statement by embracing diversity and nurturing greater understanding between races and classes.
One of Rochester’s great historical legacies is Frederick Law Olmsted’s park system, including Highland, Genesee Valley and Seneca parks. He even designed Washington Square Park, only two blocks from Parcel 5. Olmsted was born nearly 200 years ago to an affluent Northern family. He began his career as a journalist, traveling to the pre-Civil War south, writing about slavery and the Southern economy. He became an abolitionist and wrote extensively about social class and egalitarian ideals. He also partnered with Calvert Vaux in response to a request for proposal to design New York’s Central Park in 1858. They won. And, with this masterpiece he enunciated the principles that influenced his work as our country’s greatest landscape architect.
Olmsted understood the role that public space could play in nurturing a more democratic society that is based on freedom and equality. He endeavored to create a natural environment conducive to pleasure and accessible to all—rich and poor alike. Using a modern idiom, his parks embraced “social equity.”
Mayor Lovely Warren recently obtained City Council approval to seek financial support for a project entitled “Parcel 5 Public Space.” The state funding mechanism involves a multistep process that will require detailed public disclosures. It is my understanding that the Finger Lakes Regional Economic Development Council will determine if the proposal is presented to the state funding authorities in Empire State Development. Some of their deliberations will be held in sessions open to the public. Presently, it is difficult to form any specific response to the concept because so little information has been shared.
I have been advocating for a transparent and inclusive approach for several years. We can learn from other post-industrial cities similar to our own, such as Buffalo, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Columbus, to identify best practices applicable to designing Parcel 5. We can incorporate the work of leading contemporary urbanists, some of whom are already familiar with, or even live in, Rochester. We can use contemporary techniques to integrate public opinion and ideas in ways that were not available to Olmsted. These might include charrettes or public forums similar to those conducted with the ROC the Riverway project. Or an online voting process, as New York recently used to determine the design of our new license plate. I am confident public input will deliver the best result for the entire community. It is the most democratic approach.
Rochesterians are again displaying their deep connection to this one-acre lot near the corner of Main Street and Clinton Avenue. Workers enjoy lunch at one of the several food trucks parked there throughout the week; pedestrians stroll through the open space on their way to a destination; and vast crowds congregate to enjoy a festival event. We shouldn’t be surprised, given its history as the city center. Let’s reacquaint ourselves with our past. Let’s perpetuate the magnificent elements and, most importantly, prevent repeating our past errors. Parcel 5 belongs to the public. Let’s reclaim it.
Richard A. Glaser is co-founder of RocGrowth and People for Parcel 5. |
Choosing Your Phlox
If you’re going to use phlox plants in your garden, choose the color and height that fits best with your landscaping plan. Some low-growing varieties make a lovely ground cover, while taller plants can be used as a backdrop for shorter ones. If you’re buying phlox from a home and garden store, it’s best to pick a plant that has more buds than blooms.
- Botanical Name: Phlox paniculata
- Varieties: Creeping phlox or Moss phlox (Phlox subulata), Woodland phlox or Blue phlox (Phlox divaricata), Annual phlox or Drummond’s phlox(Phlox drummondii), Garden phlox (Phlox paniculata)
- Flower colors: white, pink, red, purple, blue
- Design Ideas: Phlox can be grown in gardens as a hedging or edging, containers or window boxes.
- Life-Cycle: Perennial and annual species
- Height: 10 inches to 1 feet.
- Width/Spread: 6-36 inches
- Flowering season: spring to summer
- Flower: Star-shaped, colorful delicate flowers. They are pale blue, violet, pink, bright red to white and most of them are fragrant.
- Foliage: Evergreen to semi-evergreen needle-like foliage which is either linear or awl-shaped and densely arranged, creating a prickly effect.
- Sunlight: Although phlox flowers best when given full sun but doesn’t mind a bit of shade. As a general rule, aim for about 6 hours of sun exposure daily.
- Water: Phlox doesn’t like drought and should be watered during dry spells or whenever you see the foliage begin to wilt. Ideally, phlox should receive about an inch of water per week during the growing season. To keep the foliage healthy, water at the root zone rather than overhead.
- Soil: Grow in moist, fertile, well-drained soil enriched with compost or other organic matter. Phlox prefers slightly alkaline soil.
- Pruning and deadheading: Phlox doesn’t normally require pruning, but if you want to delay blooming and get bushier plants with more flower heads, pinch or cut back the stems by one-third to one-half in early summer. Deadheading the spent flowers may also extend the bloom period and prevent unwanted reseeding.
- Keep soil moist by watering thoroughly on a regular basis
- Water the soil rather than phlox foliage to aid in disease prevention.
- If you must water overhead, water early in the morning so plants will dry rapidly in the sun.
- Spread two to three inches of mulch after the soil warms in mid- to late June to keep the soil cool and damp, and to reduce weed growth.
- Once stems are about six inches tall, eliminate all but five or six stems per plant, then pinch back the growing tips of those remaining stems (you’ll find they become more robust, produce larger clusters of flowers, and are less bothered by powdery mildew.)
Pests and Diseasse: Pests feeding on phlox include aphids, beetles, caterpillars, spider mites and whiteflies. Most of these pests can significantly injure garden phlox as it is susceptible to pathogens like powdery mildew. Cutting back stems after flowering can also help to reduce the spread of powdery mildew, as can choosing mildew-resistant varieties.
Harvest: A few phlox flowers should be allowed to remain on the plant to allow their petals to drop off and the seed pod to mature till it turns brown. Then, the seed pods can be snipped from the plant and the pod needs to be cracked open to collect the seeds.
By seed: Phlox seeds can plant it directly in the ground or in a container. You can also start it indoors and later can transplant. To enjoy the spring bloom, start it indoor the 6 -8 weeks before the last frost. You can transplant young plants in permanent places in the garden.
By division :The easiest way to clone your garden phlox is by division. Simply dig up the plants in early spring or late summer and separate the clumps into sections with a sharp knife and replant immediately. Each division should contain at least 3 or 4 shoots and a portion of the root system. It’s also possible to propagate phlox from stem cuttings taken in early summer.
Are phlox growing in your garden? Consider these tips for Growing Phlox in your garden and see how beautiful it can be!
In the comment section below, tell us about your experience with this elegant and beautiful phlox. |
Vaccination is a hot-button issue – and that's not a new thing. By the 18th century, smallpox was a disease that had been ravaging Europe for centuries, and a man named Edward Jenner set out to eradicate the deadly disease that killed one third of its victims.
In 1796, Edward Jenner, a country doctor, discovered a way to vaccinate (a term he himself coined) people against smallpox using the cowpox virus, a disease found in cows that could be transferred to humans – but that was much less harmful than smallpox. Jenner's cowpox vaccine and his insistence on the powers of the vaccination, despite ridicule from others (similar to the anti-vaxxer movement today), led to the complete eradication of smallpox in Europe.
Jenner Used An Eight-Year-Old Boy As His Guinea Pig
On May 14, 1796, Edward Jenner injected an eight-year-old boy with cowpox he took from lesions on a milkmaid's hand. Jenner's test didn't just come to him from out of the blue; he knew that dairymaids seemed to be protected from smallpox, and he theorized that their near-constant exposure to cowpox must be the reason for this. The boy, James Phipps, developed a slight fever and discomfort, and after a week's time, he felt cold and had lost his appetite. It was a small price to pay for immunity to a deadly disease. Two months later, when Jenner bravely (or foolishly) injected Phipps with live smallpox, the boy did not contract the disease at all. He was entirely immune, and Jenner had laid the foundation for modern vaccination.
Jenner wasn't entirely sure why this worked, and in order to prove it wasn't a fluke, he continued his experiments... on more children.
Inoculation, Vaccination's Predecessor, Was Made Popular In Europe By An Aristocratic Lady
Before vaccination, people protected themselves against smallpox using a method called inoculation. This involved placing pus from the disease into a small cut on the limb of someone not immune to smallpox – they would get a less lethal form of the disease and then be immune to it going forward. Inoculation, also known as variolation, was practiced all over the world, and in the 18th century, an aristocrat named Lady Mary Wortley Montague became responsible for introducing the practice to England.
In 1715, Lady Montague came down with a mild case of smallpox, which permanently scarred her once beautiful face. When, on a trip to Istanbul with her husband, she noticed the use of variolation at the Ottoman Court, she decided to inoculate her five-year-old son in Istanbul. She did so to her four-year-old daughter years later in front of the court physicians back in England.
After numerous tests on prisoners and orphans (because this was 18th century England, after all), the practice was deemed safe and soon spread rapidly across Europe.
The Difference Between Vaccination And Inoculation Has To Do With The Disease You're Exposing A Person To
On the surface, inoculation and vaccination seem quite similar. They both involve infecting a healthy person with the disease they are trying to become immune to. However, the reason vaccination is much safer and more effective than inoculation has to do with the disease you are infecting a person with.
Inoculation involved infecting the patient with actual smallpox, usually by rubbing powdered smallpox scabs or pus from a smallpox pustule into a small scratch made on the healthy person's skin. The person would then develop a less-severe disease, and henceforth be immune to smallpox. However, inoculation came with the danger of the patient actually developing full-blown smallpox, or other transmittable diseases such as syphilis.
Vaccination, on the other hand, involved injecting a patient with a completely different disease than the one they were trying to protect against. Jenner discovered cowpox provided complete immunity against smallpox.
People Had Been Trying To Protect Themselves From Smallpox Since The 11th Century
One of the most well known traits of smallpox was that, if you were lucky enough to survive getting the disease, you were completely immune for the rest of your life. In 11th-century China, people inoculated others by blowing the dust from a smallpox scab up the nose of a healthy patient. As early as 430 BCE, smallpox survivors were the ones who nursed the newly infected. Before it reached Europe in the 18th century, inoculation was practiced in Africa, India, and China, proving that the disease truly was a worldwide epidemic. |
Italian Renaissance Art … Working in the early 1900s he was a part of the 'nabi' movement. In 1904, when Cézanne was sixty-five, he wrote a letter to his painter friend Émile Bernard. This tonal treatment is particularly pronounced in his landscapes, like his r… Influence of Cézanne on Cubism* The importance of Cezanne's influence at this stage cannot be overestimated. He fell out with Emile Zola in 1886 because of his interpretation of Zola's novel, L'Oeuvre, and the two never saw each other again. However, he also had a long-term mistress - Hortense Fiquet - and in the Prussian war Cézanne and Fiquet absconded from the Paris and stayed in L'Estaque, France, until 1871.Middle years: In 1872 Paul Cézanne was living in Pontoise, France with Hortense Fiquet and his newborn son Paul (whom his father did not know about). Paul Cezanne, the greatest Post-Impressionist master, was born in Aix-en Provence where he received his formal education as a classmate of Emile Zola. It breaks off into more blue shadow, blue-gray tablecloth, and dark blue contour; the red patch seems to sit on top of the apple rather than being part of the apple. Many painters cite Cézanne as one of their biggest influences and his work can today sell for millions of dollars. The exhibition, which has only one venue, explores the influence of Paul Cézanne on succeeding generations of artists. These were among the ideas and influences that Cézanne brought back to Paris with him after the fall of the Paris Commune, in the spring of 1871, and the end of the privation that had begun with the Siege of Paris the year before. francia festő, a 19. századi festészeti irányzatokat radikálisan átalakító, a modernizmust megelőlegező posztimpresszionizmus jeles alakja. Cezanne's work became mostly landscapes featuring lighter brushstrokes and the vibrant colors of the sun-washed landscape. One fruit’s spatial relationship with the one next to it makes perfect sense, but one side of the table does not seem to line up with the other. Through his art, he endeavoured to display the ‘simple beauty’ of the South of France using innovative, avant-garde techniques which captured the shapes and colours of the landscape. But, in contrary to the legend of the neglected artist who was discovered due to his shining “genius,” Cézanne was very aware of … His subtle homage to Chardin, however, reminds us that at the least this modernist painter did not reject the Old Masters, but wrestled with his predecessors on the way to transforming them. The red wine appears in the bowl of the glass, and in the stem of the goblet that reflects it. Cézanne noticed a bit of craftiness in how Chardin painted the light hitting his nose. On the apple at far right, an orange-red segment of a circle lies just above the fruit itself. The collection received wide critical acclaim and was extremely popular.In 1922 Henry Moore was enormously impressed with Cézanne's The Large Bathers and said that the moment he saw the painting was one of the most significant in his life.Cézanne is frequently cited as the precursor of modern painting and is seen to have influenced the Cubism and Fauvism movements. Paul Cézanne (1839 – 1906) Cézanne, in his mature period, reduces the naturalism and materialism of what he represents to a set of interlocking often geometric forms. The contrasts and relations of tones - there you have the secret of drawing and modeling". Visit Paul Cézanne’s Atelier. Although he was close with the Impressionist Camille Pissarro, and influenced by Pissarro's en plein air style of painting Cézanne was not an Impressionist. Bloom quotes Jorge Luis Borges to the effect that “artists create their precursors”: We see the earlier work differently as a result of the later work, and this is as true of Cézanne and Chardin as it is of Picasso and Cézanne. Paul Cézanne (n. 19 ianuarie 1839, Aix-en-Provence, Franța – d. 22 octombrie 1906, Aix-en-Provence, Franța) a fost un pictor francez, considerat în prezent cel mai mare înnoitor al picturii la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea. After a classical education in Aix-en-Provence Paul Cézanne's father wished him to become a lawyer. Hours: Open daily 10h – 12h and 14h – 17h Until 18h in April-June and September July and August 10h – 18h Closed December 25, January 1-3 and May 1st Cézanne exhibited a couple of times with the Impressionists in the 1870s, and he adopted many ideas about modern art from them. For one thing, painting in front of the motif was paramount: The artist set up an easel directly in view of his or her subject, whether a landscape, portrait, or still life. ... his inspiration came from the artist paul cezanne their main inspiration came from cezannes apples. When looking at Cézanne's late work, it is impossible to miss the emergence of a unique artistic approach. Perhaps he notices an upper-class Parisian woman and her female companion. As a result his style and technique became more structured although his brushstrokes were still thick and heavy. At the turn of the twentieth century, a mature artist who was already attracting a pilgrimage of young painters who traveled to Aix to seek him out—that aging artist nevertheless continued to humble himself before the masters in the Louvre. But Cézanne refused to be rushed. Thames & Hudson, 1994 • Rewald, John. After five months of trying to work as a painter in Paris, France, to no critical success, Cézanne returned to Aix-en-Provence at his father's request.In his home town Paul Cézanne enrolled at the local art school and attempted to work as a banker but was also unsuccessful in this venture. Even so the show was particularly hard for Cézanne because even the other artists were unable to understand his painting methods.Unlike many of the Impressionist artists every single painting Cézanne submitted to the jury was instantly rejected. Paul Cézanne (Aix-en-Provence, 19 January 1839 – died October 22, 1906) was a French painter. Consequently, Cezanne's brush … A friend of Matisse, Camoin's works have been shown extensively in France.Not only did Paul Cézanne inspire younger painters but he also influenced writers and later painters such as Pablo Picasso. His father, Philippe Auguste, was the co-founder of a very successful banking firm, which pretty much meant Cézanne never in … But, in contrary to the legend of the neglected artist who was discovered due to his shining “genius,” Cézanne was very aware of … His “fabrications” of Chardin and other masters, however, became the foundation on which Picasso, Matisse, and so many others forged an art we see as making a radical break with the past. If it clashes, it is not art. Although Edgar Degas collected Old Master paintings and drawings, he too concentrated on modern subjects, especially the racetrack and the ballet, once he began to exhibit with the Impressionists. If a curve of red sits atop one of Cézanne’s apples, that shape resembles the swirl of paint atop one of Chardin’s grapes. The kidney form is there to suggest the grape’s convexity as the light passes through it. His works and ideas influenced the aesthetic development of 20th-century artists and art movements like Cubism and Fauvism.Cézanne was born on January 19, 1839, in Aix-en-Provence, France to a well-off bourgeois family. Even as a mature artist, he continued to rethink his own artistic decisions in light of passages of painting by masters such as Chardin. His compositions were usually dark in tone and he often chose to work inside rather than en plein air.Cézanne didn't receive critical acclaim until very late in his life and after his first solo exhibition. This form almost bulges as it exceeds the boundaries of the grape itself. SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION Browse all issues Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter. No doubt Cézanne exaggerated Chardin’s distortions. Its ramifications on successive generations down to the present are still in effect. In his career he only had one painting accepted into the Salon through remaining nameless and declaring himself a student of one of the jury's artists.Compounding Paul Cézanne's poor critical reception was his good friend Emile Zola who believed that Cézanne was a failure who would never amount to anything. Before he became friends with Camille Pissarro Cézanne worked mainly within his studio, painting from his imagination. This technique became such a problem that Cézanne was unable to use real flowers because they would wilt before he was able to finish his painting.Although Cézanne did use drawings and sketches before he placed his paintbrush to canvas a lot of the work was done on the canvas itself. Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) was a French artist and post-impressionist who was influential to both impressionists and later fauvists, romanticists and cubists. He is no stranger to Paris: A few years back, he saw the last Impressionist exhibition with Georges Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. He said he needed to return to the museum for more study. Cézanne’s evident struggles with an optical truth, in painting what was in front of him, have come to stand for his modernism. Two small apples and a pear sit astride a knife that projects forward from the stone ledge, and the fruit is arranged in front of a faience water pitcher. Still Life with a Curtain, c.1895 by Paul Cezanne Cézanne’s art was pivotal for the development of modernist movements such as Fauvism and Cubism, yet Cézanne went on studying the art of the past even while he painted from nature. In 1907 a posthumous exhibition was held at the Salon d'Automne and 56 of his works were exhibited. Is it too much to suggest that our visitor recognizes the artist, whose work he could have seen at Vollard’s gallery? Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) is certainly as great an artist as any that ever lived, up there with Titian, Michelangelo, and Rembrandt.Like Manet and Degas, and also Morisot and Cassatt, he came from a wealthy family -- his was in Aix-en-Provence, France.His banker father seems to have been an uncultivated man, of whom his highly nervous and inhibited son was afraid. Through his art, he endeavoured to display the ‘simple beauty’ of the South of France using innovative, avant-garde techniques which captured the shapes and colours of the landscape. His influence on modern painting cannot be easily measured. Younger artists began to cite Cézanne as one of their major influences and his work was exhibited throughout Europe. Cezanne's Watercolors: Between Drawing and Painting. One fruit’s spatial relationship with the one next to it makes perfect sense, but one side of the table does not seem to line up with the other. 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Free and open markets are the foundation of a vibrant economy. Aggressive competition among sellers in an open marketplace gives consumers — both individuals and businesses — the benefits of lower prices, higher quality products and services, more choices, and greater innovation. The FTC's competition mission is to enforce the rules of the competitive marketplace — the antitrust laws. These laws promote vigorous competition and protect consumers from anticompetitive mergers and business practices. The FTC's Bureau of Competition, working in tandem with the Bureau of Economics, enforces the antitrust laws for the benefit of consumers.
The Bureau of Competition has developed a variety of resources to help explain its work. For an overview of the types of matters investigated by the Bureau, read Competition Counts. This Guide to the Antitrust Laws contains a more in-depth discussion of competition issues for those with specific questions about the antitrust laws. From the table at the bottom, you will find Fact Sheets on a variety of competition topics, with examples of cases and Frequently Asked Questions. Within each topic you will find links to more detailed guidance materials developed by the FTC and the U.S. Department of Justice.
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Small Green Steps - Level Two
About this training
The Small GREEN Steps program involves four levels ranging from Basic, Intermediate, Advanced and Best Practice. Each level contains 10 steps to introduce sustainability at your Centre. Completion of each level will earn your Centre a Small GREEN Steps certificate for that level.
Level 2 concentrates on monitoring and managing your main carbon emissions – electricity, gas and waste. We take you through a range of energy efficiency and waste management tips. Water conservation advice is also provided for indoor and outdoor areas. Sustainability information for Educators is included in Level 2, covering the key topics of Plastic Pollution and Energy Efficiency.
Learning Outcomes of this course include:
- Learner will be able to discuss and implement structured curriculum and informal interaction in carbon emissions;
- Learners will be able to implement change management practices to introduce sustainability practices surrounding carbon emissions;
- Learners will be able to implement energy efficiency practices;
- Learners will be able to implement waste management practices;
- Learners will be able to implement water conservation practices
Course duration: 1 hours
Learning Assessment: Multiple choice questions through the course. No further study or assessment.
Certificate: Available for download at the time of successful completion of the online learning.
IACET CEU’S – (In Safe Hands educators In Safety are currently making application for IACET accreditation. On successful attainment of this accreditation this course will carry 0.1CEU)
Cost: Individuals cost $10.00 If you are part of a Service / Centre please contact us for multiple course discount.
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How many times have you been walking down the street and watched someone flick a cigarette butt out into the street? Or seen someone smoking on the highway and toss their lit cigarette onto the highway, inevitably joining the millions of other cigarette butts from smokers doing the exact same thing?
You’ve probably seen this hundreds of times and thought nothing of it, because it’s done that frequently. But cigarette butt littering is a huge problem, cluttering our streets, polluting our air, and ultimately, destroying our planet.
Let’s take an in-depth look at cigarette butt littering, and why they’re so dangerous.
What are Cigarette Butts Made Of?
Cigarette butts might look like they’re packed with soft cotton, but they’re actually packed with thousands of tiny plastic fibers. Since plastic is not biodegradable, it takes cigarette butts over 2 years to finally decompose in a landfill.
If that’s what the butts are made of, what chemicals are in cigarette filters? The cigarette filters are made of a different type of plastic, with 95% being cellulose acetate and the remaining 5% are rayon and paper.
Cigarettes contain anywhere from 9mg-30mg of nicotine (depending on the brand). If that’s in the entire cigarette, how many mgs are in a cigarette butt? The unusable cigarette butts contain anywhere from 5-7mg, meaning all that extra nicotine is seeping into whatever surface it lands on, including the arsenic, lead, and other poisons that are found in cigarettes.
Why are Cigarette Butts Harmful for the Environment
Cigarette butts are harmful to the environment for several reasons. Cigarette butts are harmful to plant growth, as the chemicals leak into the soil and rob the plant of vital nutrients. Cigarettes can flow into precious waterways, poisoning the water and harming marine wildlife as the chemicals poison their bodies.
Field researchers commonly find cigarette butts in dead sea turtles, fish, sea birds, and even dolphins! Even one cigarette butt in a single liter of water has the ability to poison and kill a fish. And with so many cigarette butts found in dead marine wildlife, it really makes you stop and wonder if that littered cigarette butt had anything to do with that animal’s death.
Lit cigarettes also have the potential to start wildfires. Over 90,000 fires are started by carelessly tossed cigarettes every year, specifically roadside fires.
For those of you who conscientiously throw your cigarette butt in the trash, the small size of the cigarette butt makes it very easy to fall out and pollute the environment any way. That recycled butt can get blown away, swept away, carried away (by an animal), and end up miles away from where it was originally thrown away.
How to Recycle Cigarette Butts?
If you do recycle your cigarette butts, we’d like to humbly thank you for your conscientious effort. If you don’t currently recycle your cigarette butts but would like to start, there’s a helpful app called the Recycle Coach Network. This app provides information on various local waste and recycling practices, as well as ways to continue reducing your cigarette waste output.
What Happens When You Litter a Cigarette
Cigarette butt littering is actually the only form of legal littering with nearly 4.5 trillion cigarette butts littered every year. However, that littered cigarette costs cities millions of dollars in active cleanup, anywhere from $3m to $16m.
San Francisco alone spends over $7.5 million dollars to rid their streets of cigarette litter. Some statistics even show that since the 1980s, cigarette butts have comprised between 30% and 40% of all littered items (among urban and internal coastal cleanups), making them the most littered item for the longest amount of time.
Top Cigarette Litter Facts
Here are some more alarming statistics and facts about cigarette litter:
How many pounds of cigarette butts are littered each year?
Since about 4.5 trillion cigarette butts are littered per year, you might wonder how many pounds of litter that is per year. According to Tobacco Free CA, nearly 1.69 billion pounds of cigarette butts end up as waste every year.
How much area would 537 million cigarette butts take up?
The average cigarette is about 10 centimeters long. Let’s say that on average, people smoke ⅔ of the cigarette, and toss that remaining ⅓ butt away. Roughly 3 centimeters, right? Now multiply that by 537 million… that’s about 1.6 billion centimeters, or 4.75 million feet. The average size of a football field is 100 yards. That means you’d need over 47,000 football fields to cover the amount of area that 537 million cigarette butts take up...that’s a lot of area!
How long does it take for a cigarette butt to deteriorate on the side of the road?
On average, cigarette butts take up to 2 years to decompose in a landfill. However, a cigarette butt on the side of the road can be blown away, kicked, eaten, or left for days without touching anything. This single cigarette butt can take over 10 years to deteriorate, meaning that the cigarette butt you glanced at while crossing the street could have been there for as little as five minutes or as long as five years.
How long does it take for a cigarette butt to decompose in the ocean?
Just like cigarettes on the side of the ocean, cigarette butts can take up to 10 years to decompose in the ocean. The ocean has a way of preserving things, due to salt water and limited sunlight exposure, meaning your tossed cigarette from a fishing boat or party yacht may still be drifting around in the ocean for nearly a decade after you tossed it.
What are the effects of a turtle swallowing a cigarette butt?
Remember the whole “save the sea turtles by using a metal straw instead of a plastic one?” Turns out that cigarette buts can be just as harmful. Once a turtle ingests tobacco in the cigarette butts, they can experience respiratory failure, weakness, convulsions, tremors, vomiting, lack of coordination, and even death.
What animals are affected by cigarette butt litter?
Every animal has the potential to be affected by cigarette butt litter. Raccoons and possums are known to be trash-raiders and are especially curious creatures, meaning they are able to access cigarette butts easier than other animals. If your dog roots around in your trash bag that you left by the side of the house, your dog might swallow a cigarette butt nestled in the remnants of last night’s dinner. Fish and marine wildlife can perish by the consumption of a cigarette butt, whether it was deliberately thrown in the water or blown in by the wind. Animals don’t know what a cigarette butt is and may innocently eat it if it is covered in trash or smells like food.
Is it better to flush a cigarette butt than to throw it in the trash?
It might seem like an easy solution to simply flush your cigarette butt down the toilet, but did you know you can clog your toilet by doing this? Plumbers often chuckle when unclogging a toilet caused by tossed cigarette butts. And since some countries dump sewage water back into the ocean, your cigarette butt has the potential to harm more than just your toilet plumbing. Always toss your cigarette butt in the trash or designated cigarette ashtray.
How to Clean Up Cigarette Litter
One of the best ways to clean up cigarette litter is to recycle it! Thanks to a company called Terracycle, you can now recycle used cigarette butts.
According to Earth 911, Terracycle will accept and recycle cigarette filters, plastic and foil packaging, rolling paper, extinguished cigarettes, and even cigarette ash! As long as you provide your own containers, Terracycle will send you a prepaid label and instructions on how to package your recycled cigarette products.
You can also volunteer to clean up cigarette recycle as part of community service and neighborhood volunteer cleaning services. Since cigarette butts are not fully biodegradable, a service like Terracycle is immensely valuable for keeping our environment, wildlife, and fellow humans safe.
Cigarette Butt FAQ
Where did the term cigarette butt come from?
The term “cigarette butt” was first used in 1847. While it might seem like a posterior joke reference, it actually refers to the thicker lower end of a weapon, such as the butt of a gun. And since it’s also the “rear end” of the cigarette, the term cigarette butt becomes extremely amusing in today’s terminology.
What is the cigarette butt rule under PLCB Law?
As you may be aware, the Clean Indoor Air Act of 2008 was established to eliminate smoking in public places, such as restaurants, amusement parks, concerts, and any large public gathering. However, the PCLB (which stands for Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board) states that some places that sell less than 20% of the business’s annual sales do not have to enforce the smoking ban of public places. For example, if you’re in a bar that doesn’t serve food, you’re allowed to smoke in it. There are other exemptions, so those residing in Pennsylvania should check with the Pennsylvania Department of Health.
Is the tip or butt of a cigarette worse?
The tip of the cigarette is actually biodegradable, as the tip is designed to be burned as it is used. The leftover part of the cigarette, also called the butt, contains tiny plastic fibers that can take up to a decade to fully degrade. Discarded cigarette butts that have become completely cold can actually give off up to 14% of the same amount of nicotine that smoldering cigarettes emit.
What happens if you eat the toxins from a cigarette butt?
Earlier in this article, we mentioned the symptoms of what happens when a sea turtle eats a cigarette butt. Many of those same symptoms are present when humans eat a cigarette butt. The toxins in the cigarette butt can result in poisoning, salivation, nausea, and vomiting. More severe symptoms can include respiratory depression, cardiac arrhythmias, and bradycardia with hypertension. That being said, please do not ever consume a cigarette, either on purpose or by accident.
What happens if your pet eats cigarette butts?
You can be as cautious as possible in keeping cigarette butts away from your pet. Dogs specifically are famous for rooting through the trash. If your dog does ingest a cigarette butt, take him to a vet immediately. Your dog can experience vomiting, drooling, weakness, diarrhea, constricted pupils, and agitation. If your dog starts to tremble or twitch, this can lead to seizures, heart failure, and even death.
Can you put cigarette butts in kitty litter?
While it’s recommended you put kitty litter in your ashtray to soak up moisture, it is strongly advised that you do not extinguish your cigarette butts in kitty litter. The smoldering ash from cigarette butts can actually catch fire in your litter box, resulting in flames that might threaten to burn your house down! If you’re looking for a safe place to toss your cigarette butts, use an ash tray until you can send out the used cigarette products to Terracycle for proper recycling.
How long can germs survive on a cigarette butt?
In an article from ABCnews.com, germs can indeed be present on cigarette butts. That being said, germs are literally on everything we touch. The harmfulness of these germs is what is unclear, as well as how long these germs can survive on a burning cigarette. However, since the tip of a cigarette is the part that remains hot, it is possible that germs may remain on the cooler part of the cigarette, such as the tip.
Can you really get herpes from picking up a cigarette butt?
Oral herpes are transmitted via several forms of secretion, including lipstick, lip balm, cigarettes, and anything that comes in contact with the sore. However, you would need to smoke the herpes-infected cigarette butt, which is absolutely disgusting to even think of. There is literally no reason to be picking up a random cigarette butt with your bare hands. If you are taking part in a cleanup or recycling program, make sure you wear proper protective gear, such as gloves and masks.
How hot are sparks from a cigarette butt?
Cigarette tips can reach a temperature of 900℃, also 1652℉. That’s a lot of heat! As the cigarette burns, the nicotine, flavor, and aroma are released, creating the desirable smoking experience that smokers crave.
This article has highlighted some of the most detrimental effects of cigarettes on the environment, on animals, and even humans. It covers how to properly recycle your cigarette butts, as well as why you should not toss your cigarettes into kitty litter, flush them down the toilet, or flick them into the ocean.
You also learned how some establishments allow smoking indoors, as well as what happens if your pets or other animals happen to ingest a cigarette butt. You should never share your cigarettes, pick up loose cigarette butts with bare hands, or consume a cigarette butt (whether on purpose or by accident). This exhaustive article has covered many topics, and yet there are many other questions you may be curious to know the answers to. You can always reach out to us via email or social media, and we’d be happy to share our knowledge with you, to the best of our abilities! |
How Konek Indonesia raises awareness about the importance of inclusivity in the disabled community
Equal treatment rings hollow for many people with disabilities in Indonesia. Sometimes, we perceive people with disabilities as victims or objects of pity. Conversely, we talk about people with disabilities who are inspirational simply because they experience disability. Little do we know that we are no different. If everyone gets the right kind of environmental opportunities, we can all achieve many great things.
Meet Marthella Rivera Roidatua.
Marthella completed her master's degree at the University of Birmingham, UK, later returned to her homeland in Indonesia. Marthella completed her master's degree at the University of Birmingham, UK, later returned to her homeland in Indonesia. After finishing her studies in 2013, she spent one year in a remote area of Westeast South Maluku Regency, in Adodo Molu village, teaching elementary students for ‘Indonesia Mengajar’ Program. During her tenure as a teacher, she found 3 of her students were having disabilities, yet left untreated because of the lack of knowledge of the local teacher and the parents, and inadequate learning materials for their special needs. The lack of proper care for people with disabilities faced by many children in the rural areas of Indonesia. In some cases, children with disabilities in the village dealing with parents who think that their children are just not smart enough, or not study well enough.
At that time, because there was no internet service inside the village, Marthella would go back and forth to the city to find more information about their disabilities and how to make their lives better by giving them the proper tools to live in society. She realized that there was not enough awareness and appropriate teaching techniques for people with disabilities, especially those from the isolated areas of Indonesia. She was determined to change that condition. After she spent a year teaching in Adodo Mulu village, she finally found her call.
After she returned home to Jakarta, Indonesia's capital city, Marthella worked as an Expert at the Ministry of National Development Planning of the Republic of Indonesia. Doing what she does best, her task is to compile Government Regulations and the Master Plan for Disability Inclusive Development for residents of Indonesia.
Working closely with government officials and people with disabilities, Marthella was intrigued by the idea of inclusiveness in disabilities that still seems foreign in Indonesian society.
Loosely 'translated' as equal opportunity, inclusivity is full participation and equitable access for all. An inclusive definition of disability means extending good things and fairness to more people, regardless of their physical or even mental abilities.
Intended to raise inclusivity in disability, Marthella starts a social startup with the sole purpose of connecting the disabled community and the non-disabled community through the right kind of information, participation, and collaboration.
Aiming to remove barriers such as physical, communicational, and attitudinal that hamper the ability of a person with disabilities to have full participation in society, Marthella established an organization called the Indonesian Connections Inclusive (Konekin). Konekin functions as a liaison or hub that brings together people with and without disabilities in various exciting collaborations.
Marthella and her team in Konekin created fun monthly events that gather people with and without disabilities to share knowledge and understanding of inclusive culture, whether through discussions, concerts, or other fun activities.
Many disability organizations and communities are divided through their various disabilities. For instance, there are deaf community, blind community, or developmental and intellectual disabilities community establishing well in Indonesia. But those communities are segregated through its various disabilities. As a result, there are not many extensive dialogues and projects to unite people with disabilities in Indonesia. This has also resulted in 'less exposed' disabilities being less prioritized.
Konekin tries to break down barriers with the knowledge and understanding needed to welcome an inclusive culture. Not only share the knowledge between people with disabilities and non-disabilities but to connect all the people between various disabilities as well.
Konekin also advocates the idea that all people should take action to accommodate people with a physical, mental, cognitive, and/or developmental disability and build public facilities that are accessible for all range of disabilities and limitations as basic human rights.
Discrimination against people with disabilities in a lot of aspects in public facilities happens everywhere, even in Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta. This happens due to the lack of public awareness about the fundamental rights of people with or without disabilities.
However, we still have a long way to go before people with disabilities aren't just seen as charity cases but as individuals who have the same right to be treated just like any other people.
But again, Konekin was not built to hand out special privileges for a selected few. They have made dialogues, concerts, and have even lobbied policymakers to do what is right and build better access for everyone.
Though it is very easy to get caught up with the semantics of disabilities issue, focus on building fundamental rights for all, by not singling out every single person.
A story about Marthella Rivera Roidatua and Indonesian Connections Inclusive (Konekin). Interviewed and written by Apsy Soerjodibroto for #PerempuanSeries. |
Former Congresswoman Martha Griffiths, leading co-sponsor of the sex discrimination language in the 1964 Civil Rights Act and a leader in the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment, died on Tuesday at 91. “Her commitment and determination to advance opportunities for women will be felt by generations of young women who will never know her, but are living the dreams she fought so long and hard for,” Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) said in a statement the Associated Press reported.
Griffiths, always a pioneer, established her own law firm in 1946, served three years in the Michigan State House of Representatives, served two years as the first female judge on the Detroit Recorder’s Court, served 20 years in the US House of Representatives beginning in 1954, and served two terms as Michigan’s Lieutenant Governor. Griffiths is the only woman who has served in all three branches of Michigan government, Michigan Democratic Party Executive Chairman Mark Brewer told WOTV 41.
Griffiths’ most notable accomplishments include successfully amending the 1964 Civil Rights Act to include sex discrimination language and managing to gain passage of the Equal Rights Amendment after it had languished for almost 50 years. Passed overwhelmingly in 1972, the ERA ultimately fell just three states short of the 38 needed for ratification when the 1982 deadline expired.
The ERA has been reintroduced every Congress, and currently there is a renewed movement in several states to ratify the ERA. Eleanor Smeal, president of the Feminist Majority Foundation, was one of the leaders of the drive to ratify the ERA from 1972-1982. “We must keep introducing the ERA until women win equality,” Smeal said. “As the Bush administration continues to turn back the clock on women’s rights, the ERA is needed now more than ever. Without a constitutional guarantee, the progress women have made over the past 30 years is endangered.”
TAKE ACTION: Get Involved in the Fight for ERA Ratification |
A group of researchers identified the ability of antibodies to control chemical reactions. And they were able to use this opportunity by developing a strategy for the synthesis of functional molecules with specific diagnostic antibodies. What are antibodies? First of all, these are exceptional biomarkers, indicating many diseases and how the human immune system can resist them.
The experts from the Tor Vergata University of Rome said they found a way to change the purpose of biomarkers so that they can form a specific chemical reaction. Professor Francesco Ricci noted that a strategy for using specific antibodies has already been demonstrated.
They were able to manipulate certain chemical reactions, and these, in turn, formed a wide range of molecules from imaging to therapeutic agents. This scientific and unusual approach to biomarkers made it possible to synthesize a functional molecule from its inactive predecessors. Moreover, it happens only when there is a specific antibody in the reaction mixture.
To achieve that goal, the scientists had to take advantage of the versatility of synthetic DNA oligonucleotides and the predictability of DNA interactions. Amazing synthetic molecules can be modified with certain reactive groups and some recognition elements.
As a result, they can be redirected to specific antibodies. Graduate student Lorena Baranda says that during the research, they rationally designed and synthesized a pair of modified DNA sequences.
And in the end, this pair of sequences was able to recognize a particular antibody and bind to it, forming a reaction. In the process, reactive groups that attach to the other ends of the DNA strands are in close proximity, triggering a reaction.
This ultimately leads to the formation of a chemical product. The scientists plan to use and apply this strategy to control the formation of functional molecules, for example, therapeutic agents in order to determine antibodies to biomarkers with their help. |
10 Landscape and Visual
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This chapter considers the landscape and visual effects of the proposals. It describes the existing landscape of the road corridor, considers the sensitivity of the area to development and defines the extent to which the proposals would be visible both in the short and the long term.
Proposals to mitigate the potential impacts of the proposed scheme were developed as the landscape and visual assessments were carried out. The mitigation includes landform and planting proposals and, where appropriate, controls on the design development of the road geometry by a future design and build contractor. The assessments are based on the complete outline scheme design including the mitigation proposals.
The landscape assessment considers the changes to the fabric and character of the landscape likely to result from the proposed scheme, whilst the visual assessment is concerned with the views that are actually available to the people affected, their perception and responses to changes in these views.
Landscape and visual impacts can be beneficial or adverse, and how they are considered can depend on the attitude of the observer or assessor. The impact of introducing a new road is normally considered to be of an adverse nature. Beneficial effects may arise in some areas where the introduction of a new road allows the removal of substantial amounts of traffic from the existing road. The methodology used in the assessment is set out in Section 10.5.
10.2 Sources of Information
Information has been gathered primarily from a structured site survey but also by desk study and from consultations with relevant consultees.
Preliminary assessment was undertaken, and initial mitigation proposals developed, in site visits over the summer of 2006. Detailed landscape and visual site survey work was carried out in the winter of 2007/8, as far as practical choosing days when visibility was good. A further landuse check was undertaken in July 2009. The field survey was designed to collect data for both the landscape and visual impact assessments, and therefore covered:
- landscape character;
- vegetation of landscape value;
- areas of important features of cultural heritage or local importance;
- visual receptors; and
- identification of possible mitigation measures for discussion with the team.
Relevant publications that have been taken into consideration include:
- Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Plan (adopted 2007);
- Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park Landscape Character Assessment.150
Consultations about the landscape and visual impacts of the scheme have been undertaken with LLTNP and SNH. The main points arising from these consultations were:
- the site is within an Area of Great Landscape Value and the National Park. An assessment of impacts on landscape character should be included (LLTNP, 2006);
- visualisations should be undertaken to show:
- actual visual impacts from significant visual receptors;
- design principles (LLTNP, 2006); and
- the West Highland Way runs close by and a spur descends down Creag Bheannain into Crianlarich which is used by walkers to access hotel and transport. This will therefore be important in terms of general access provision and landscape considerations (SNH, 2006).
10.4 Baseline Conditions
10.4.1 Study area
The study area for visual assessment is defined by the extent to which the new road and traffic on it may be visible (see 10.5.2, below). This is shown on the visual envelope maps151 (VEM, Figures 10.1 and 10.2).
The study area for the landscape assessment is also based on this VEM but widened out to put the proposed road corridor in context.
10.4.2 Landscape Designations and Policies
The site lies within the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park. The National Park Authority inherited the local landscape designations from its predecessor authorities and the Crianlarich area is designated as an Area of Great Landscape Value (AGLV), a regional (as opposed to national) landscape designation (see Figure 10.3).
The first listed of the four aims of the National Park152 is: ‘To conserve and enhance the natural and built heritage of the area’.
Similarly, the first guiding principle of the National Park Plan is:
Guiding Principle 1 Conserving and Enhancing the Special Qualities
All policies, actions and initiatives promoted in the Plan must be compatible with the long-term conservation and enhancement of the Park’s special qualities, with decisions based wherever possible on sound knowledge and science and an understanding of the impacts on the special qualities. Where there is uncertainty or a lack of knowledge over the nature of potentially damaging impacts, the Precautionary Principle153 will be applied, reflecting the Sandford Principle154.
Policy LS2 Landscape Character of the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Plan states:
The character of the Park’s landscapes, particularly in relation to uplands, open landscapes, forests, woodlands and trees, lochs, sea lochs and rivers, farmed and historic landscapes, will be conserved and enhanced in accordance with the objectives and guidelines set out in Schedule 1, and alongside other relevant Park Plan policies relating to biodiversity, land and water management and built heritage.
Policy LS3 Landscape Experience of the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Plan states:
The landscape experiences of the Park will be conserved and enhanced through:
- Safeguarding the visual and scenic qualities of the landscape from inappropriate or insensitive development or land use change.
- Safeguarding important views, viewpoints and landmarks from development or land use change that would detract from their visual integrity, contribution to the identity of the place and scenic quality and, where appropriate, encouraging access to and opening up of new views.
- Enhancing the experience of travelling the Park’s routes, particularly the views from road, rail and long distance routes.
- Safeguarding the unspoilt, wild and tranquil qualities of the Park’s landscapes by resisting development or land use activities that have adverse effects on these qualities.
- Conserving the experience of the night sky in less developed areas of the Park through design solutions with low light impact.
Neither the National Park nor the AGLV designation prohibit development but both require high standards of design and most particularly respect for the character, environment and amenity of the surrounding area.
10.4.3 Landscape Description
Crianlarich lies at the intersection of the broad glaciated valleys of Strath Fillan and Glen Dochart, and the narrower valley of Glen Falloch. Glen Dochart and Glen Falloch appear once to have been a single valley but glaciation favoured Strath Fillan, carving this out broader and deeper such that it and Glen Dochart form a continuous whole whilst Glen Falloch hangs some 20m above the Strath, sloping down from a shallow col about a kilometre to the south.
The village occupies a triangular site on the south side of the Strath Fillan / Glen Dochart valley on the gentler slopes above flood level and below the start of the mountainsides, and extending a short way south up Glen Falloch.
The broad valley floor of Glen Dochart / Strath Fillan (some 500m across) contains the meandering channel of the River Fillan, flowing towards Loch Tay and the east coast, part of the River Tay catchment. The short section of Glen Falloch that slopes towards the village contains only minor burns, with the bulk of the flow off the hillsides to the south running into the River Falloch and hence south and west to Loch Lomond and the Clyde catchment.
The valley floor sits just below the 160m contour, To the north, on the inside of the bend in the Strath, the land rises steadily but comparatively gently for some 2km to rounded summits around the 500m level. Overall these slopes and summits to the north look relatively smooth and rounded, although in close-up they are hummocky and include a few rocky outcrops.
To the south, either side of Glen Falloch, the land rises more abruptly and more ruggedly to a series of mountain ridges and peaks. These culminate at about 650m to the west of the village but over 900m to the south and over 1000m to the southeast.
These summits include a number of Munros155, most notably the dramatic and shapely peaks south and southeast of the village, Cruach Adrain, Stob Binnien and Ben More.
Figure 10.4 Crianlarich occupies a small triangular site on the south side of the Strath Fillan / Glen Dochart valley, enclosed to the south by forestry plantations.
There are two large conifer plantations dominating and more locally enclosing the village to the south: Inverardran Forest to the southeast, and Ewich Forest to the southwest. Both are predominantly monocultures of Sitka spruce with some Norway spruce and larch.
To the southeast of the village, on land which rises above the settlement and is bounded by the start of the commercial plantation, there is a small community woodland which has been planted with a mixture of native woodland and moorland species (see Section 6.4.4). This has a small but well-used network of short walks and sitting spots which give good views over the village and across the valley.
Strath Fillan contains sporadic groups of deciduous trees and Glen Falloch contains some remnant Caledonian Pine (Scots pine) woodland. More locally, and generally throughout the area there are scrubby clumps and belts of birch and willow woodland on locally steeper or less grazed land. These are particularly noticeable on the railway embankments and close around the village.
Outside the wooded areas, the vegetation is mostly the usual Scottish hillside mosaic of rough grass, sedge and heather, with rushes and mosses in wetter areas. Grass predominates on the lower and more grazed slopes whilst heather predominates on the higher and less grazed slopes. There are some areas of improved pasture in the valley bottom.
The village, which appears to have grown up here as the intersection between two important transport corridors, occupies a constrained site. It is limited to a small triangle of moderately sloping land between the flood level of the River Fillan to the north and the steeper slopes of the mountains to the south.
It is a large scale landscape in which the village of Crianlarich forms a small feature. The impact of man is clearly evident in the form of the village itself, the roads and railways, as well as farming and associated field boundaries and other features. It is also present, but less obvious to the lay observer, in the substantial conifer plantations to the south and the open grazed moorland nature of the mountainsides to the north. Overall however it is a landscape in which nature, in the form of the mountains and the mountain weather, predominates.
The road corridor forms a small part of this landscape, a narrow band of rough moorland and a small area of conifers on the edge of the village. To the west it is bounded by the conifer plantation of Ewich Forest, the corner of which is cut into by the road. To the east it is bounded by the village and particularly by the houses on Tyndrum Terrace, Willow Brae and Glen Falloch Road.
10.4.4 Landscape Character Areas
The study area is covered by the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs: Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) carried out on behalf of SNH in 2005.
This study distinguishes four local landscape character areas in the study area: ‘Farmed Strath Floor’ at the bottom of the Strath Fillan / Glen Dochart valley;
‘Open Glen Sides’ and ‘Forested Upland Glens’ above this, merging into ‘Open Upland Hills’ on the higher slopes.
Figure 10.5 is an extract from the LCA Figure 6.1 showing the local landscape character types.
The following paragraphs highlight the key characteristics of these four local landscape character types, using the description phrases from the LCA.
10.4.4.1 Farmed Strath Floors
- Marginal farmland used predominantly for sheep grazing.
- Flat land, often wet as it forms part of floodplain, enclosed by steep hillsides.
- Field boundaries tend to be a mixture of post and wire fences, some hedgerows, degraded dykes and ditches.
- Settlement occupies higher mounds and hillocks above the wetter areas.
- Transport corridors (road and rail) often follow the edges of strath floors, on the dryer land, forming strong man-made edges, above which the hills rise.
- Historic features can be highly visible, for example St Fillan’s Priory, but other features can be less obvious, such as cropmarks within farmed fields.
- Features such as pylons frequently follow strath floors as these are easy routes through the hills.
Figure 10.6 Farmed Strath Floor: the Strath Fillan / Glen Dochart valley.
10.4.4.2 Open Glen Sides
- Steep open glen/strath-sides, often craggy with rock outcrops, rising from the glen floor to the hilltops.
- Scattered trees and shrubs punctuate vegetation comprising moorland grasses and herbs, often with bracken on the lower, drier grazed slopes.
- Glen sides are better drained than glen bottoms. Spring lines are a common feature, and are often associated with flushes of bright green vegetation.
- Settlement and infrastructure is sparse. Some roads and railway lines are aligned high on glen sides for example above Strath Fillan.
Figure 10.7 Open Glen Sides: there is a narrow strip of this landscape character type between the village and the surrounding forest.
10.4.4.3 Forested Upland Glens
- Upland glens and glen sides planted with dense commercial plantations. The better examples exhibit a mosaic of forests and open space.
- Native woodland (if present) follows the watercourses, with plantation species on the higher glen sides.
- Underlying landform is diverse, with steeply falling burns, rock outcrops and screes, but forests can give a uniform appearance.
- Forests are shaded and damp, with woodland herbs thriving in glades and openings where the light penetrates, and a bare forest floor where shade is too deep to allow colonisation. Forests provide shelter and useful habitats, having a damper, warmer, more sheltered micro-climate than open areas beyond.
- Forest edges are sometimes straight. Recently ameliorated edges grade more naturally into open landscapes, with the density of tree planting becoming lower towards the edges.
- Where forestry is present on both sides of the glen and trees reach roadsides the glens can feel dark and enclosed to travellers.
- Forest tracks are often intrusive in the landscape, with erosion scars and over-deepened drainage ditches. Recolonisation of vegetation is difficult on cut faces.
- Forest areas are often open to public access, and are popular with walkers and mountain bikers. Car parks and trails are provided by the Forestry Commission.
- Archaeological features and abandoned buildings are often hidden within forests. Features are likely to include former field systems as these are seen on open glen-sides.
Figure 10.8 In the foreground, a narrow strip of ‘Open Glen Side’; in the background, ‘Forested Upland Glen’ and ‘Open Upland Hills’
10.4.4.4 Open Upland Hills
- Open upland hills rising to 1174m AOD at Ben More, but typically lower in the west.
- The majority of the open upland hills are underlain by Dalradian age metamorphic rocks.
- A diverse landform of peaks, smooth moorland, rocky outcrops, gullies and screes.
- A branched system of fast flowing burns, waterfalls and lochans drains the uplands. Much of the land is wet, with peat soils.
- Vegetation comprises heather, typical moorland herbs, grasses, sedges and mosses. There are small areas of native woodland and scattered trees on lower slopes. Typical species include birch and oak.
- Harsh climatic conditions prevail. Exposed, often windy, wet, with winter snows.
- Land is open and largely unenclosed, the few fences and dykes confined to the lower slopes. It is used for sheep grazing, deer stalking and grouse shooting.
- Infrastructure such as roads and railways, is rare, the uplands are largely inaccessible except by foot, mountain bike and ATV, via paths and stalking tracks.
- Footpaths follow ridgelines and are most evident on the Munros and popular accessible peaks that receive most recreational pressure.
The level of detail at which the landscape can be subdivided is dependent on the scale at which it is studied. In the LCA, which is addressing the whole National Park, ‘Open Glen Sides’ are identified as separate landscape character types when they are of a substantial scale and the ‘Forested Upland Glens’ landscape appears to directly abut the village. At the scale of Crianlarich village there is a narrow strip of ‘Open Glen Side’ landscape between the edge of the village and the edge of the adjacent forestry. This strip of land would be substantially taken up by the proposed road and the associated mitigation landform. The road would also clip a corner and an edge of the ‘Forested Upland Glens’ landscape.
10.4.5 Potential for Landscape Change
The LLTNP landscape character assessment considers the various forces for change which apply to the National Park as a whole as well as those which apply to local landscape character types.
It specifically recognises the pressure for upgrading of the A82 north of Tarbert and highlights that serious work would be required here to avoid major landscape impacts.
It notes ‘Improvements to sections of the A82 that have already been implemented have created a standard ‘roadscape’ which arguably detracts from the landscape experience.’
Under the heading ‘key issues’ it states, inter alia:
‘Forces for change include … insensitive upgrading or maintenance of works to existing roads including intrusive new roundabouts, road widening, detention features, signage, lighting etc. to meet engineering and safety requirements for increased traffic flows on roads in the study area.’
Observation of the Crianlarich area suggests that the other major potential for landscape change is in the long-term restructuring of the commercial forestry plantations that dominate the village to the south. Smaller but potentially significant potential for landscape change also arises from the pressure for housing development in the village.
Schedule 1 of the National Park Plan lists objectives and guidelines for landscape character by landscape components within the various landscape character types. The site of the proposed road lies partly within ‘open landscape spaces’ and partly within ‘commercial plantations’. The objectives for these are respectively:
‘Safeguard important open landscape components of the glens and lowland areas such as fields and meadows, parkland, deltas and clearings’
‘Enhance the contribution that commercial forests and woodlands make to the quality of the Park’s landscapes.’
10.4.6 Landscape Guidelines
The LLTNP: LCA gives general guidelines for the key issues that it identifies. For road upgrading it states156:
‘5.4.1 Road upgrading
It is important to respect the existing landscape setting to major roads and ensure that upgrades do not detract from the landscapes through which they pass. The A82 north of Tarbet is an example where future upgrading may have significant landscape and visual impacts unless carefully designed. National policy provides guidance for integrating roads within the landscape.
Development of new roads and widening of existing roads to be avoided in the remoter, wilder areas, such as the open upland hills and upland glens LCTs.
Within small scale lowland landscapes, road improvements should be sympathetic to the existing, small scale landscape and be visually anchored into the landscape through the planting of trees and hedgerows, using species such as beech, ash and oak which are present in existing hedgerows.
Lighting, signage, road lining and concrete kerbs etc. to be kept to a minimum as these are urban features in rural landscapes.
Routes to keep to lower elevations and follow breaks of slope as far as possible avoiding straight alignments against the natural grain of the land.
Any new roads and improvements to existing roads should integrate with the surrounding landscape, responding to the landform where the new works are proposed and avoiding the use of inappropriate elements, such as pre-split rock cuttings where an unnaturally smooth and even angled rock face with regularly cut grooves is created.
Engineering solutions such as reinforced earth structures that can be vegetated should be considered in preference to the use of concrete or gabions in retaining structures in appropriate situations. Irregularly pitched stone slopes may be an acceptable solution for smaller structures if carefully detailed to reflect the local use of drystone dyke construction techniques. Consistency of design throughout is desirable.
Special consideration to be given to the design of the landscape of roads at the entrance to settlements.
The use of characteristic elements such as drystone dykes, hedgerows and tree planting on verges can help to announce arrival and partially screen developments such as petrol stations. Gateway features enhance local distinctiveness and should be encouraged.
New planting is desirable to emphasise existing landscape patterns, strengthen and tie into field boundaries and extend areas of woodland. Avoid creating linear corridors of new planting that would over emphasise infrastructure development.’
This chapter has been prepared with reference to Volume 11 of the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), supplementary guidance published by the Scottish Government in February 2002157, and to the Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment published by the Landscape Institute and IEMA (2nd edition, 2002).
It assesses two distinct but closely related areas of impacts: landscape and visual.
The character of the landscape derives from a combination of physical factors, natural processes and human intervention.
The landscape assessment considers the changes to the character of the landscape likely to result from the proposed scheme. It synthesises the effect of the scheme on the landscape as a whole, effects on significant individual elements of the landscape, and effects on characteristic combinations or patterns of elements.
Landscape character is generally considered to be a resource in its own right, which exists whether or not there are people present to experience it.
Visual impact assessment is concerned with the views that are available to people affected by the proposed road, and their perception and responses to changes in these views.
Visual impacts can arise from new elements in the landscape that viewers may find intrusive, from new features that obstruct views, or from the removal of existing elements in the view. The assessment considers the response of the people who experience these effects, and it considers the overall consequence of these effects on the visual amenity - the pleasantness, or otherwise, of the view or outlook — that they enjoy.
For the purposes of assessment, whilst it is the people living, working and recreating in the area who actually see the views and enjoy the visual amenity, it is the places they may occupy that are mapped and described as the ‘receptors’ of the views.
Where mitigation proposals include planting, this would take time to develop. The impact is therefore assessed both for a notional winter day in the year of opening, when the planting would have little effect, and for a summer day fifteen years later when vegetation growth would have made a difference to the degree of visual impact experienced.
10.5.2 Limits to Visibility
The area of study for visual impact assessment is the area from which the proposed road, including side-roads, or the traffic on them may be seen (by definition, visual effects can only occur where at least some part of the development is visible). The first step in the assessment is therefore to establish this area, the ‘visual envelope’.
The visual envelope was produced by computer modelling. A three dimensional model of the road was overlain on to the Ordnance Survey’s digital terrain model.
Computer generated ‘lines of sight’ were then generated from points at frequent intervals along the road to show where can be seen from the road and thus where can see the road.
The exercise was then repeated with a notional line 4m above the road centreline to allow for the height of typical lorry.
The end result is two Visual Envelope Maps (Figures 10.1 and 10.2), which show both where the road may be visible from and where a 4m high vehicle on the road may be seen although the road itself is screened.
Figure 10.1 shows the potential visibility over the wider area. No allowance was made for any local screening such as woodland or buildings, so this shows not only where the road could be seen from now but also where it may be visible when the forestry plantations are eventually felled.
Figure 10.2 shows the potential visibility in the vicinity of the village. For this figure, key items that might block the view such as areas of plantation woodland, buildings and the railway embankment were factored in to improve accuracy. Smaller screening factors such as individual or small groups of trees were ignored.
In all the modelling, the small area of plantation between the new road and the village was ignored on the assumption that this could be susceptible to windthrow and felled for safety reasons.
Both for the landscape and visual assessments significance of the various effects of the proposed road derives from the combination of the magnitude of change and the sensitivity of the site or of those human receptors who benefit from a given view.
The magnitude of change to the landscape can be categorised as follows:
- High: a noticeable change to the landscape over a wide area or an intensive change over a limited area.
- Medium: small changes to the landscape over a wide area or noticeable change over a limited area.
- Low: very minor changes to the landscape over a wide area or minor changes over a limited area.
The sensitivity to change of a landscape varies with the type of change being considered and how it affects the landscape. Sensitivity is a function of how much the landscape is able to accommodate the changes caused by the new road and the value ascribed to the landscape by the public and by public authorities.
Landscape sensitivity can be broadly categorised as:
- Highly sensitive: areas of landscape that are highly valued, particularly rare or distinctive, or considered susceptible to small changes.
- Moderately sensitive: areas of landscape that are valued more locally and/or are tolerant of moderate levels of change.
- Slightly sensitive: areas of landscape that are generally more commonplace, considered potentially tolerant of noticeable change, or undergoing substantial development such that their character is one of change.
There is no precise link between landscape sensitivity and landscape quality but in general, areas that are considered of higher quality tend to be more highly valued.
The magnitude of change is a function of the scale and type of change to the landscape in the view under consideration. This includes the distance to the changed parts of the view, the type of change to the landscape (whether the changes are well integrated or stand out in contract or above the horizon), the location of the proposals in relation to the direction of the view (i.e. central to the view, or off to one side) and the extent of the view affected by the change.
Magnitude can be broadly categorised as follows:
High: the proposed development dominates the view and substantially changes its character and quality. Examples of this might be:
- a road junction in full view; or
- a high embankment cutting across a currently open view.
Medium: the proposed development is clearly noticeable in the view and affects its character or quality. Examples of this might be:
- the new road extensively visible in the middle-ground of a rural view;
- lighting from a partially screened junction in a rural landscape where there was previously no road lighting.
Low: the proposed development does not affect the character and quality of the view, or it is a minor element likely to be overlooked by the casual observer. Examples of this might be:
- the new road visible in the background of a wide view;
- a new cutting is visible but does not form an obviously intrusive notch in the skyline; and
- temporary loss of vegetation which is only partially visible.
The sensitivity of the receptors of visual effects is a function of their expectations and reasons for being there, the importance and value of the landscape viewed, and the nature and context of the viewpoint and the importance of the view.
Visual sensitivity can be broadly categorised as follows:
Highly sensitive: receptors for whom or from which the view is important and where changes would be particularly noticed. For example:
- residential properties where the road is seen in the main outlook;
- regularly used or locally valued public open spaces or outdoor recreation sites; and
- well used or locally valued footpaths or public viewpoints.
Moderately sensitive: receptors for whom or from which the change in the view is a small element in the overall view, not critical to the visual amenity, or where the nature of the view is of secondary importance to the user. For example:
- residential properties where the road is seen from a side window;
- hotels and restaurants;
- lightly used public open spaces or outdoor recreation sites;
- lightly used footpaths or public viewpoints; and
- people travelling on roads and railways.
Slightly sensitive: receptors for whom or from which the change is unimportant or irrelevant, or where their attention can reasonably be expected to be focussed on their work or activity, for example:
- indoor recreation centres.
10.5.3.3 Significance Categories
The significance of the visual and landscape impacts has been categorised as set out below, on the basis of the professional judgement of skilled observers, working in the field. It must be emphasised, however, that there is a continuum of impacts and that the steps in the categories are guideline thresholds. Assessments of magnitude and sensitivity, as well as the choice of the significance category into which a given effect should be placed, are all matters of professional judgement (see also Section 1.6.4).
Table 10.1: Guideline Landscape Impact Significance Categories
No detectable change to the environment
No discernible change to the landscape
A detectable but non-material change to the environment
Minor changes to a landscape considered tolerant of change
A material but non-fundamental change to the environment
Noticeable change to a landscape tolerant of moderate levels of change
A fundamental change to the environment
Noticeable change to a sensitive or nationally valued landscape, or intensive change to less sensitive or regionally valued landscape
Table 10.2: Guideline Visual Impact Significance Categories
No detectable change to the environment
Neither the road and its structures nor traffic on it can normally be perceived.
A detectable but non-material change to the environment
The changes caused by the development are a minor element in a view and/or the view is of minor importance to the viewer
A material but non-fundamental change to the environment
The changes caused by the development are
clearly noticeable and affect the quality of a view and/or the view is incidental or of secondary importance to the viewer
A fundamental change to the environment
The changes caused by the development dominate and substantially alter the character of the view, and/or the view is considered important to the viewer
10.5.3.4 Assumptions and Technical Deficiencies
For the landscape assessment, the significance assessed is that of the effect of the proposed road on the landscape character zone as a whole. This can tend to under-record the significance perceived within a localised area. For example an embankment across a small valley may have a major adverse impact on the landscape of that valley, whilst the road as a whole may result in only a moderate effect on the landscape character zone as a whole.
For the visual assessment, all places from which it was considered there could be a significant impact were considered. However, in order to keep this assessment comprehensible, groups of receptors with similar impacts, particularly groups of houses with similar views, have been treated as one receptor.
The expected changes to views from buildings were assessed from outside the buildings in question. The views assessed are therefore not exactly those which are experienced by the receptor, although every effort was made to envisage what the view would be.
The VEM was used as a working tool for the purposes of selecting the receptors to be assessed and as so it was deliberately designed to err on the side of caution. There may be receptors outwith the VEM which have not been assessed but if there are, it is unlikely that they would be subject to any significant impacts.
The views of the professional carrying out the assessment may not necessarily be those of other professionals or of people using the area; however the nature of the assessment has been made as objective as possible in order to reduce inconsistencies and anomalies.
The assessment is based upon the views of the professional carrying out the field survey work and is consistent over the study area.
10.6 Potential impacts
The proposals are described in full in Chapter 3. This section highlights the aspects of the development that may have landscape or visual impacts.
10.6.2 Potential Landscape Impacts
The new road may affect the landscape in a number of ways, including:
10.6.2.1 Permanent Impacts
- Introducing a large linear feature into a rural area;
- direct loss of landscape features such as trees, woodlands and knolls;
- altering an individual landform with a cutting or an embankment;
- altering the pattern of the landscape by introducing a strong line that cuts across the ‘grain’ of the landscape;
- altering the pattern of field boundaries; and
- altering features of natural or cultural heritage interest.
10.6.2.2 Construction Impacts
There may be localised landscape impacts from the presence of construction compounds and temporary spoil heaps. Overall however, the impacts on the landscape during the construction period would be the same as the permanent impacts, although generally of slightly greater significance because of the presence of these construction compounds and spoil heaps, together with large machinery moving about. The landscape impacts would also be somewhat greater immediately after construction, before the raw scars of new cuttings and embankments have had a chance to ‘green up’ from the landscape works.
Changes to the landscape are also likely to be more noticed by local residents or regular passers-by during the construction period because of the short time-scale over which they take place. On the other hand, construction impacts may be considered to be less significant due to their temporary, short term nature.
10.6.2.3 Operational Impacts
- Introducing the movement and noise of vehicles into a comparatively tranquil landscape;
- the introduction of vehicle lights and road lighting at night into previously dark areas.
10.6.3 Potential Visual Impacts
The likely visual effects of building the new road include the following.
10.6.3.1 Permanent Impacts
- The intrusion of the road into a comparatively undisturbed landscape;
- new embankments which intrude into people’s views, such the view from Glenfalloch Road;
- cuttings which create notches on the skyline or scars on the hillside, such as behind Tyndrum Terrace;
- structures that stand out in the landscape, such as roundabout approach signs;
- the increased visual presence of the road in addition to the existing built-up area, such that development forms a larger part of the view ; and
- felling of trees that leads to the opening of new views.
10.6.3.2 Construction Impacts
- The installation of a large construction compound;
- the movement and activity of large construction machinery, usually with flashing hazard lights;
- views of cranes;
- new embankments and cuttings, particularly noticeable because of changes over a short time-scale, and the extent of bare earth visible;
- temporary spoil heaps and potentially borrow pits and disposal areas;
- temporary traffic management; and
- floodlighting of areas for evening and morning working during the winter.
10.6.3.3 Operational Impacts
- The introduction of movement (of traffic) into the quiet side of the village; and
- new road lighting changing the night-time view.
A scheme for a Crianlarich was first considered in 1985. In 1993 six options were considered with three taken forward to Stage 2 in 1994. From this work a western bypass was taken through the DMRB process to Stage 3, detailed environmental assessment. When the scheme was revived in 2006, the process was re-started at Stage 2, with the three 1994 options re-considered, concluding with the proposal for the western bypass which is here being assessed (see Section 2.4).
This section outlines the design strategy for the road which was developed through the Stage 2 Addendum and the Stage 3 design process and sets out the general and specific mitigation commitments arising from this assessment.
10.7.2 Stage 2 Addendum Report (2007)
The Stage 2 Addendum report identified the western alignment as the preferred alignment for the bypass (see Section 2.4).
Consideration of mitigation was an integral part of the design strategy developed during the Stage 2 Addendum process.
10.7.3 Design Strategy
Once a final route corridor was selected, the design was worked up and adjustments to line and level were made to improve its detailed ‘fit’ to the landform and to optimise the cut and fill balance. An example of this is in the realignment of the West Highland Way spur, where this footpath has been diverted to pass under the road at the lowest point in the landscape in order to reduce the embankment height required (see Figure 10.9a).
The road landscape design and mitigation strategy which flows out of this ES, and which forms part of the environmental commitments, aims to reduce the effects on the landscape caused by the construction of the new road, and to create where appropriate new landscape features to help integrate the road into the landscape. Through the whole length of the road, the key part of the design strategy would consist of shaping and grading the cutting and embankment slopes to help integrate the shape of the new landform into the existing.
The visual mitigation strategy includes where possible and appropriate the creation of landform and planted screening to reduce the visibility of the road and of traffic from sensitive visual receptors.
The experience of the road user was taken into account during the development of the landscape mitigation strategy (see Chapter 16), however given the proximity of houses to the new road, the mitigation of visual or other impacts on existing residents or receptors was given priority over the views from the road.
The fundamental aims of the design throughout have been:
- to sit the road as low as reasonably practical and to generally follow the lie of the land;
- to create the screening necessary to protect the existing residential receptors;
- to minimise the loss of woodland;
- to set back the new road from the existing houses as much as reasonably possible; and
- to create a roadside landscape that merges with the existing landscape of the area.
The following paragraphs set out a general description of the landscape mitigation adopted in the road design. This is illustrated in Figures 10.9 (a, b and c) and 10.10 (a, b and c).
The southern roundabout cuts into a hummocky area of moorland with birch and willow scrub. The cutting slopes would be shaped in a naturalistically irregular manner to help integrate new and existing landforms, then planted with clumps of birch and willow scrub. A bund or knoll would be created to the northeast of the roundabout to reduce the visibility of traffic and lighting from the houses at the southern end of the village.
Immediately east of the existing road, a mature conifer forms a distinct feature at the entrance to the village. The position of the roundabout was adjusted slightly to ensure that this would be retained. However, since the design was developed this tree has started to show signs of die-back.
Ch 200 to 500
This section of road runs mainly on embankment above the level of the existing road and houses.
The road embankments would be kept as low as reasonably practical to minimise the impact on the landscape and on views.
A bund would be created on the southbound side of the road to, as far as possible, block views of the road and traffic from the existing houses and to visually ‘lose’ the road into a new landscape. This bund would be irregular in both long and cross section, effectively a line of linked knolls to reflect the existing landscape character and to help visually integrate the new road.
Irregular clumps of birch and willow scrub would be planted to replace that lost to the road, positioned to maximise their screening value to the existing houses. The areas of planting considered most important for screening would be protected by deer fencing,
Additional clumps of birch and willow scrub would also be planted outwith the fenced enclosures although it is accepted that these would be likely to be subject to a degree of browsing loss.
A SUDS detention basin would be created by hollowing out the existing marshy ground at an existing low spot in the landscape roughly opposite ‘Northumbria’ B&B.
This section ends at a short rock cut through the spur of hill that is currently followed by the West Highland Way spur to Crianlarich.
Chainage 500 to 1050
This section of road would run across the slope of the hill, mainly in cut and, from ch730 onwards, close to the rear of existing houses.
The first 80m or so of this section is on embankment. This would be eased substantially to help visually integrate the landform with the existing hillside, but it would be left unplanted to allow views out from the new road.
Beyond ch580, the road is in cutting and beyond ch680 a landform would be created on the southbound side of the road to help screen the road and traffic from the existing houses.
This landform would be steep on the side towards the road but comparatively wide to allow the creation of irregular landform on the side towards the houses, in order to integrate the new landform into the existing by mimicking the existing landscape character of knolls and hollows.
This landform also acts as a noise bund and for this reason it would rise slightly higher than required for purely visual mitigation in a few locations such as at the rear of Tyndrum Terrace in order to achieve significant noise reduction.
Irregular clumps of birch and willow scrub would be planted to replace that lost to the road, positioned to maximise its screening value to the existing houses. The areas of planting considered most important in providing screening would be enclosed by deer fencing to protect them from browsing damage. Other areas outwith the fencing would also be planted but it is accepted that these might be subject to damage and have a lower success rate.
On the northbound side of the road the cuttings would be made irregular in a manner that suits the nature of the ground as found, which is anticipated to be in the order of 1/3rd rock cut to 2/3rd soft slopes. The aim would be to create a cut that looks natural and which has opportunities for soiling, seeding and scattered planting.
The forestry above the road would be cut back to a wind-firm line, generally varying from about 15m to about 50m from the edge of the road corridor. In agreement with the Forestry Commission it is proposed that this area would be planted with scattered clumps of birch and rowan, covering some 25% of the area.
At the northern roundabout, the design strategy would consist of shaping and grading the cutting and embankment slopes to help integrate the shape of the new landform into the existing, replacing the birch and willow scrub lost to the road and adding new planting to reduce the visibility of traffic and lighting.
A short avenue of trees would be planted along the slip road into Crianlarich to give a semi-formal entrance to the village.
The area between Tyndrum Terrace and the roundabout would be reshaped to form a SUDS basin. This would be partially screened from the village side by a palisade fence in the style used throughout the village, reinforced by scrub birch and willow around the basin.
10.7.4 General Mitigation
The landscape mitigation is shown in plan form on Figures 10.9 a, b and c.
The mitigation commitments in this section apply generally to the entire scheme.
LV1. Soft cut and embankment slopes would be rounded off both top and bottom to the largest radius practical and generally shaped to create as naturalistic landform as possible within the constraints of the land made available.
LV2. Rock cuts would be cut to the natural grain of the rock (no pre-splitting) to create an aesthetically pleasing naturalistic landform — within the constraints of geotechnical safety requirements.
LV3. Peat or topsoil would be loose-tipped over the cutting to provide pockets into which plants could establish.
LV4. Bunds and false cuttings would be tapered out at a gradient of not more than 15% along the road line in order to avoid sharp and un-natural transitions between landforms.
LV5. Bunds and false cuttings would be substantially widened on the side away from the road to allow the creation of a ‘knolls and hollows’ landform to mimic the existing and ensure the long-term landscape integration of the new road. (generally 1:2 slopes to the road side, 9m radius crest rounding, average 1:4 slope away from road, minimum 1:7 slopes parallel to the road).
LV6. The relationship between bund height, viewpoints at receptors, and road heights would be taken into account in any design development that amends road levels, so that the screening effect described in this assessment is not reduced to a significant degree.
LV7. All planting would be carried out using plant material of local provenance (the closest provenance that is available in commercial quantities) in order to ensure maximum benefit for local biodiversity.
LV8. Turfs from the areas stripped for the works would be safeguarded for use in restoration wherever practical.
LV9. All areas of land disturbed by the works would be lightly cultivated or graded to allow natural recolonisation by local species. Where there are questions of slope stability and anywhere where a good sward fails to develop within a few months would be sown with a low-vigour grass-seed mix (70% Festuca spp., 30% Agrostis capillaris). Bunds in proximity to houses would be seeded if natural recolonisation was slow.
LV10. New woodland would consist primarily of birch and willow planted in loose irregular clumps to mimic that found naturally. Small quantities of rowan, oak, elm and gean would be introduced locally where ground conditions are suitable in order to increase biodiversity or add local interest. The slopes facing the gardens at the rear of Tyndrum Terrace would be planted with a wider range of species to reflect the more domestic situation, including a percentage of evergreens and semi-evergreens to improve screening in winter. Species used would be selected from the following:
Table 10.3: Species used in New Woodland Mitigation Planting
Birch and willow scrub158
Salix caprea agg.
Salix cinerea agg.
Additional species that may be used to the rear of Tyndrum Terrace
Rosa canina agg.
Tree species that may be used selectively
LV11. In agreement with the Forestry Commission the area between the new road and the edge of the forest outwith the road corridor would be planted with scattered clumps of birch and rowan, covering some 25% of the area.
LV12. Deer fencing would be used to protect those areas of new planting considered most important for visual mitigation screening (to the rear of Tyndrum Terrace; between Willow Brae / Square and the new road; between Gleann Fiadh Lodge and the new road; east of the road between chainages 600 and 650 approximately and; between the south roundabout and the West Highland Way underpass on the side towards the houses). It may also be used to protect some other areas of planting and to control deer movement (see Section 3.4.2). Lines of deer fencing are shown on the outline landscape proposals drawings, although these would be subject to review once the final landform was complete.
LV13. Any engineering structures would be faced with materials or with patterns sympathetic to the rural environment. This would include avoiding the use of plain facing to wing-walls, unsympathetic geometric patterns such as hexagonal reinforced earth panels and gabions.
LV14. Culvert headwalls would be faced with local stone and designed to resemble dry-stone walls in random rubble brought to courses.
10.7.5 Mitigation during Construction
The mitigation commitments in this section apply generally to the entire scheme.
LV15. Construction compounds would be located away from residential areas as far as practical.
LV16. Lighting of compounds and construction areas would be restricted to the minimum necessary for safe working and site security.
LV17. Materials and machinery would be stored tidily during the works. Tall machinery including cranes would not be left in place for longer than required for construction purposes, in order to minimise its impact in views.
LV18. Roads providing access to site compounds and works areas would be maintained free of dust and mud.
LV19. On completion of construction, all remaining construction materials would be removed from the site.
10.7.6 Specific Mitigation
The sections following contain more specific local mitigation commitments, but the general commitments above (such as the wildflower seeding, or the rounding off of earthworks) are not repeated. These commitments are shown in plan form in Figures 10.9 a, b and c and in cross section in Figures 10.10 a, b and c.
LV20. Road and junction alignments would be designed to retain the existing prominent conifers at the entrance to the village, providing that these are in good health immediately prior to construction.
LV21. Mounding would be formed northeast of the junction to screen the road and reduce the visibility of traffic on the roundabout from the houses on Glenfalloch Road north of the junction.
LV22. Clumps and groups of scrub woodland would be planted around the junction and on the new landforms to enhance the screening and to help visually integrate the new road in the landscape.
Ch200 to 490
LV23. From Ch200 to 415, mounding would be formed on the east side of the road to reduce the visibility of the road and traffic from the houses on Glenfalloch Road.
LV24. A SUDS area would be formed at an existing low spot approximately opposite ‘Northumbria’ B&B. This would be designed to look like a large depression in the existing marshy ground, with natural slopes and an irregular form. The extent of marginal planting around this SUDS basin would be defined after construction. If it holds water, it would be planted with native marginal and aquatic species. If it remains as boggy ground it would be allowed to recolonise naturally.
LV25. From ch250 to 415 and from 420 to 440, the slopes on the west side of the road would be eased out substantially to help merge the new slopes into the existing form of the land.
LV26. The mounding and slope easing would taper out at about ch 415 and recommence at about ch420 in order to minimise the length of the West Highland Way spur underpass.
LV27. From ch420 to 450, the slopes on the east side of the road would be eased out substantially to help merge the new slopes into the existing form of the land.
LV28. The line of the West Highland Way spur would continue in the line of the underpass for a short distance either side of the underpass so that the route on was clearly visible through the underpass.
LV29. West of the road, the realigned West Highland Way spur climbs a steep and rugged slope to rejoin its existing alignment. The design of this section would be carefully developed at the detailed design stage by a mountain path specialist. It would be designed and constructed as a mountain path, with finishes and gradients that match the adjacent existing path or suit the existing terrain to ensure that it visually integrates into the landscape and that the mountain experience is maintained for users of the West Highland Way spur. Timber edgings and timber step risers would be avoided.
LV30. East of the road the realigned West Highland Way spur would take advantage of an old track bed to create a visually sympathetic and virtually level route to the car park and existing path start.
LV31. Throughout this section, clumps and groups of scrub woodland would be planted on the new embankments and mounding to enhance the screening and to help visually integrate the new road in the landscape. On average, planting would cover between 15% and 20% of the land available. Clumps and groups would be sized and distributed in a manner similar to the existing scattered scrub woodland in the area, and positioned where appropriate to maximise its screening benefit whilst retaining a naturalistic distribution.
LV32. The detailed design of this area might lead to changes in the road levels. In any design development, the relationship between the screen mounding, the road levels and the view from the houses on Glenfalloch Road would be maintained to ensure that the eventual screening effect is not substantially different from that shown in the mitigation design.
Ch490 to 700
LV33. From ch490 to 570 on the west side and from ch510 to 560 on the east side, embankments would be eased out substantially to help merge the new slopes into the existing form of the land.
LV34. Clumps and groups of scrub woodland would be planted on the new landforms to enhance the screening and to help visually integrate the new road in the landscape.
LV35. From ch530 to 700 on the west side and ch560 to 680 on the east side, the road would cut through existing plantation woodland. This would be felled back to the nearest wind-firm edge and the area between the road corridor and the new forest edge planted with clumps of birch and rowan in agreement with the Forestry Commission. The areas within the road corridor would be planted with birch and willow scrub as LV31, above.
LV36. Clumps and groups of scrub woodland would be planted on cutting slopes in soft material (as LV31) to help visually integrate the new road in the landscape.
Ch700 to 1050
LV37. From ch700 to 1040 mounding would be formed on the east side of the road to reduce the visibility of the road and traffic from the adjacent houses. This mounding would also serve as a noise barrier.
LV38. The detailed design of this area might lead to changes in the road levels. In any design development, the relationship between the screen mounding, the road levels, the view from the adjacent houses and the predicted noise attenuation would be maintained to ensure that the eventual screening is not substantially different, and the noise reduction effect is not significantly different, from that shown in the mitigation design.
LV39. Throughout this section, clumps and groups of scrub woodland would be planted on cutting slopes in soft material and on landscape and noise bunding (as LV31, but with the proportion of woodland cover increased between the road and houses to an average of 40% of the area affected) to help visually integrate the new road in the landscape and reinforce screening.
LV40. Throughout this section the plantation woodland would be at risk from windthrow so it would be felled back to the nearest wind-firm edge. The area between the road corridor and the new forest edge would be planted with clumps of birch and rowan in agreement with the Forestry Commission. The areas within the road corridor would be planted with birch and willow scrub as described above.
LV41. Redundant parts of the existing road in front of The Shieling would be grubbed up and integrated into the adjacent landform, then planted with birch and willow scrub (subject to visibility requirements for road safety).
LV42. Wherever the top of the road cutting affects the edge of the existing plantation woodland it would be felled as necessary and replanted as a continuation of LV40.
LV43. Cutting slopes in soft material would be planted as a continuation of LV41.
LV44. A short avenue would be created along the spur to Crianlarich to provide an informal gateway to the village and reinforce the urban structure. These would be planted as advanced extra-heavy standard trees to ensure that they had sufficient clear stem height to avoid the visibility envelope for the junction.
LV45. A SUDS area would be formed at approximately ch1050. This would be designed to look like a large depression with natural slopes and an irregular form. The extent of marginal planting around this SUDS basin would be defined after construction. If it holds water, it would be planted with native marginal and aquatic species. If it remains as boggy ground it would be allowed to recolonise naturally.
LV46. To reinforce local character, where fencing is required at the SUDS basin this would be, at least in part, a timber vertical board fence in the style used throughout the village as part of previous environmental improvement works.
10.8 Landscape Impact Assessment
10.8.1 Existing Character
Crianlarich is a small village at the intersection of three valleys, surrounded by mountains. The village is seen in a setting of the broad valley of Glen Dochart / Strath Fillan and the ring of mountains around the village, higher and closer to the south and lower and more distant to the north. It is a large scale landscape in which the village forms a small feature. The hand of man is clearly evident but nature, in the form of the mountains and weather dominates the character.
The strip of land directly affected by the road is the lower mountain slopes of an outlier of the Ben Lui/Beinn Dubchraig massif. Overall this hillside is moderately159 sloping and at first glance appears quite evenly graded with few crags or outcrops. Looked at more closely however it is rugged and covered in small knolls and hollows.
Most of the area on this side of the village is covered by Ewich Forest. This coniferous plantation, which is poorly designed and out of character with the wider landscape, blankets the small scale irregularities of landform to produce a large patch of somewhat bland and boring landscape within the dramatic mountain scenery of the district as a whole.
The forest edge lies between 50m and 150m of the village, closer on the Strath Fillan side, slightly further on the Glen Falloch side. This leaves a narrow strip of a more natural landscape where the small scale ruggedness — knolls and hollows with small outcrops and boulders — is apparent. This area is mainly covered in a typical mountainside mosaic of wet heath and bog, according to aspect and drainage, with a substantial scatter of birch and willow scrub. The area is traversed by a deer fence and a low voltage overhead line.
In terms of the local landscape character types distinguished by the Loch Lomond LCA (see Section 10.4.4), the Ewich Forest is ‘Forested Upland Glen’ and the narrow strip between this and the village is ‘Open Glen Side’.
10.8.2 Nature of Change
The new road cuts across the toe of the mountainside just above the village. It introduces a strong smoothly curving linear feature, reinforcing the linear edge to the forestry, and it evens out the small-scale irregularities of landform. The line of the road may be emphasised by a line of rock cutting from approximately ch550 to ch 1050.
The road and its associated mitigation landform primarily occupies the strip of ‘Open Glen Side’ but it also cuts through the corner of the forest closest to the village and affects the edge of the forest behind Tyndrum Terrace and at the northern roundabout.
By definition, the landscape of a National Park is considered highly sensitive because it is highly valued. The area is also designated as an AGLV, emphasising the landscape aspect of its value. However, within this context it could be argued that the blanket of the Ewich Forest and the small scale changes from village development render the area affected by the road somewhat less sensitive than many parts of the Park.
Magnitude of Change
The construction of the new road would involve intensive change to the landscape, albeit over a limited area. It is therefore a high magnitude of change locally. However, in the context of the two landscape character areas as a whole, and in the context of the landscape setting of Crianlarich, contained as it is by the surrounding mountains, the degree of change is moderate.
Effect during Construction
During the construction period the activity of large earth-moving and construction machinery, the obvious changing shape of the landscape and the bare earth of the developing road would combine to create an effect on the landscape character that was adverse in nature and of moderate significance.
Effect during the Winter in the Year the New Road is Opened
Cessation of construction activity and the final grading out and reshaping of the new cuttings and embankments would reduce the landscape impact more than the introduction of moving traffic would increase it. The effect on the character of the in the immediate vicinity of the road, the area overlooked by the local residents would be major adverse, but in the context of the landscape setting of Crianlarich, it would be minor adverse.
Effect in the Summer 15 Years after Opening
It is anticipated that the new planting would have developed sufficiently to soften and blend the new road into the landscape. Overall, whilst a moderate adverse effect on the very local landscape there would be a minor adverse effect on the landscape character areas as a whole or on the landscape setting of Crianlarich.
10.9 Visual Impact Assessment
The visual effects anticipated at the identified receptors are set out in the form of a long table, the Visual Effect Schedule, in Appendix 10.1 and as series of drawings (Figures 10.18 and 10.19, the Visual Impact Drawings). Photomontages from selected viewpoints (Figure 10.20) are shown in Figures 10.21, 10.22, 10.23 and 10.24.
The Visual Effect Schedule is a table giving the location, distance from the road, current view and visual effect, for every receptor or group of receptors likely to receive a visual impact.
The following paragraphs give an overview of the impacts, assessed both ‘as new’ — in the winter of the year of opening, and ‘when mitigation planting has established’ — in the summer fifteen years after opening.
10.9.2 Permanent Effects
The construction of the new road and junctions would have visual effects which can be grouped into three types:
- effects on the village;
- effects from local recreational receptors: the Community Woodland and the West Highland Way spur; and
- effects from more remote recreational receptors: the West Highland Way and the surrounding hills, which include several popular Munros and their approach routes.
The southern junction would be visible partially or in the distance from the few scattered houses to the south of the village, giving rise to a slight adverse effect in the short term, becoming negligible over time as screen planting develops.
Figure 10.11 View from the A82 approaching the village from the south. The new road would sweep to the left in this view, to a new roundabout slightly cut in to the rising ground. The existing road would be grubbed up and the land gently mounded, seeded and planted with birch/willow scrub similar to that visible in the left of the photo. Once established, the road would be on a new line, and slightly wider because of the 1m hard-strip either side beyond the white line, but the roadside landscape would be similar to that shown. The conifer in the centre the photo is a strong feature at this entrance to the village but is showing signs of die-back. It would be retained if it is healthy at the time of construction
Between the southern junction and ch450, the road would be visible on embankment from some half dozen houses on Glenfalloch Road, however, as these houses already have the existing road and traffic in their immediate foreground, the net effect of the new road would be moderate adverse in the short term, falling to minor adverse as planting matures and the ‘rawness’ of the road construction recedes. In some places the degree of screening provided by the new road landscape would give a minor beneficial effect as it matures.
Between about ch450 and 600 the road and traffic would be visible in the middle distance from Crianlarich Station (where the heavily touristed West Highland Line trains lay over for about ten minutes) and from Station House and Dunvegan Block. The new A82 and traffic would be visible, further away than the existing but at a higher elevation, giving rise to a moderate adverse effect in the short term, falling to minor negligible as new planting develops to obscure views of traffic.
Figure 10.12 View from Glenfalloch Road, looking south. The new roundabout would be cut into the rising ground to the right of the prominent conifer. The new A82 would run parallel to the existing about 60m to the right in this view. The new road and roundabout would be screened by mounding shaped and planted up as larger versions of the hummocky ground in the right of this view. Cars on the new road would be out of sight. The marshy ground in the foreground would be excavated slightly to form a SUDS basin
Figure 10.13 View from Crianlarich Station, looking west. The existing A82 is behind the picket fence across the middle of the view. The new road would run across the view, cutting into the edge of the conifer plantation on slight embankment. To the right, new planting would eventually reduce the visibility of the road but in the centre of the view a section of embankment would be left unplanted to allow drivers a glimpse of the village
The same section of road would be clearly visible from the footpaths in the Community Woodland to the east of the village (see Section 6.4.5). Little development is visible from much of these paths, so the effect if the above-mentioned corner of forestry is lost would be major adverse, falling to moderate in the longer term.
From ch670 to the western roundabout the road would run mainly in cut close behind the houses on Willow Brae, Willow Square and Tyndrum Terrace. The mitigation design creates a series of bunds which would screen the road from view. The visual impact from the ground floor and gardens would therefore be primarily that of the mitigation landform which would foreshorten views. The existing overhead power line across the are would be undergrounded, removing a degree of visual clutter. The visual impact from the ground floor and gardens would therefore be primarily that of the mitigation landform. This would foreshorten views, giving a moderate adverse effect in the short term on Willow Square, but major on Willow Brae, Tyndrum Terrace and on Gleann Fiadh Lodge.
Figure 10.14 View of the rear of Tyndrum Terrace, looking north west. The existing A82 is on the far side of the houses. The new road would run in a deep cutting through the centre of the view, parallel to the line of houses. The conifer plantation on the left would be cut back and a new deciduous woodland edge planted. A substantial mound would be formed between the houses and the road for visual and noise screening, seeded and planted in a naturalistic manner
In the longer term planting and seeding would develop to give these landforms a more natural appearance. This would reduce the permanent effect to minor at Willow Square and moderate elsewhere.
The western roundabout would be visible through open woodland from The Shieling and obliquely from Ardlea. In both cases the existing road sits in their existing view, so the net effect would be moderate adverse in the short term when the cutting scars are fresh, falling to minor adverse or minor neutral over time.
The West Highland Way runs approximately parallel to the A82, passing through Ewich Forest higher on the hillside. Topography and the forestry effectively screen all potential views of the new road, so there would be no visual effect.
A spur path runs from the West Highland Way to Crianlarich village, emerging from the plantation some 150m west of the village. This last section of the spur path is currently a pleasant walk through open birch woodland. This path would be diverted to pass under the road in a box culvert at approximately ch420. The diversion would have a major adverse effect, reducing to moderate over time as the mitigation planting matures but the underpass would have a permanent major adverse visual effect on a short section of this footpath.
Figure 10.15 View from the West Highland Way spur where it emerges from the conifer plantations. The new road would run parallel to the existing, diagonally across the middle ground of this view. The footpath would be diverted down the slope in front, to a culverted underpass
The road as a whole would be visible from a distance from the flanks of the hills to the north of the village (including the usual approach to Ben Challum) and from large parts of the hills to the east and south-east of the village, including Ben More, Cruach Adrain and An Caisteal. There would be views of the road from the summits or approaches to five Munros160 and three Corbetts161.
In all of these mountain views, the road would be a small addition to a large scene, immediately adjacent to the existing developed area: it would be visible but would not stand out in the view. Depending on the distance from the viewpoint and the elevation of the viewpoint, the visual effect would be minor adverse or negligible.
Figure 10.16. View from the summit of Ben More
Figure 10.17. View from the normal route to Ben Challum. The new road would be clearly visible in both these views but would be a negligible addition in such a large-scale landscape
10.9.3 Construction Period Effects
As a general rule, the visual impacts during the construction period would be similar in nature and slightly greater in magnitude to those at the date of opening. The greater magnitude of impact is caused partly by the ‘shock of the new’ — where the viewer perceives the actual change in progress. It is also caused by the nature of the construction process: cutting and embankment sides raw earth scars before they are properly shaped up and grassed over or planted; temporary road diversions and materials heaps visible; large machinery moving, with orange flashing lights; and a site compound (or compounds), where there would be a concentration of activity, and the physical presence of Portacabin style temporary buildings, working areas, car parking and security fencing and lighting.
10.9.4 Operational Effects
The visual operational impacts of the proposed road are caused by the presence of moving traffic, and headlights and road lighting at night.
The only road lighting proposed is associated with the two roundabouts. As the existing road is lit, this would only have a visual effect at the rear of Tyndrum Terrace where there would be two lighting columns in an area currently unlit. The impact of this would be minor, particularly in comparison with the overall visual effect of the scheme.
Those receptors which experience permanent visual effects from the proposed road are likely to experience additional visual impacts from both views of moving traffic during the day and of headlights at night.
False cuttings have been created along much of the route in order to reduce as far as possible the view of moving traffic or headlights from properties along the line of the road. Similarly, much of the mitigation planting is designed to screen or filter views of traffic from specific properties. At the rear of Tyndrum Terrace, there would be views of moving vehicles from the upper floor. At Willow Square, the tops of high sided vehicles would be visible. In both cases, the net result is to increase the overall visual effect of the road.
On Glenfalloch Road, the existing traffic passes directly in front of the houses. The proposed road would take most of this traffic further from the houses, onto a road with a substantial degree of visual mitigation designed in. The result would be a moderately beneficial visual effect. The net result of the permanent and operational impacts here would be moderately adverse when the road was newly opened and the earthworks still fresh, improving to a slight beneficial effect in the long term as the landscape matures and viewers habituate to the change.
In some situations, particularly in mountainside views, the main impact of the road is the operational impact — the view of moving traffic— where the view of the empty road would only be a slight line or break in the landscape.
10.10.1 Findings of the Assessment
- The proposed road runs through the woodland fringe and narrow open landscape along the south-western edge of Crianlarich. At the larger scale the line of the road respects the topography, curving round the toe of the hillside, although it smoothes out the small-scale irregularities, introduces a smooth line in a generally irregular scene and reinforces the artificial nature of the current forestry edge.
- Visual effects occur particularly at either end of the village, where the road runs close to houses. There are lesser effects around the station area but none from the centre of village.
- More widely, there are slight, almost negligible visual effects in views from surrounding hill slopes and tops, including five Munros and three Corbetts.
10.10.2 Significant Effects
- At the scale of the landscape character areas as a whole, the new road would have a moderate adverse effect on the landscape during the construction period.
- At a more local scale, there would be a major adverse effect on the landscape of the narrow strip open glen side traversed by the road.
- These effects would all reduce over time as the mitigation matures, such that the eventual overall landscape effect would be minor, although locally they would remain moderate.
- The road and traffic together would have a major adverse visual effect at the time of opening on the group of houses at Tyndrum Terrace, on Willow Brae and Willow Square and Gleann Fiadh Lodge. They would also have a major adverse effect on parts of the Community Woodland and on part of the West Highland Way spur to the village.
- Over time these effects would be reduced by the development of the mitigation planting and the general roadside landscape. The effects on Tyndrum Terrace would remain major because of the views of traffic from the upstairs rear, and at Gleann Fiadh Lodge the effect would remain major because of views of the road and traffic to the south of the house. They would also remain major at the West Highland Way spur where this crosses under the new road. Elsewhere major adverse visual effects would fall to moderate averse or, for Willow Square, from moderate adverse to minor adverse.
- There would be moderate adverse visual effects at the time of road opening from The Shieling and Ardlea, from Carna Cottage, from Station House and from the two groups of houses on Glenfalloch Road. Mitigation planting would generally reduce this effect over time to minor adverse and, at the southern group of houses on Glenfalloch Road to minor beneficial. |
General how to write a good informational essay rules for each mla in-text citation:. in-text citations. other contributors – add other field contributors. the format is commonly used in humanities and social sciences studies. in-text citations: sometimes an author of a book, article or website will mention another person’s work research paper mla format sample by using a quotation or paraphrased idea from that source. the question masters of grammar to cite a translated book in best online writing programs a reference entry in mla style 8th edition include the following elements:. revised mathematics solving problems on mla in work citation mla in work citation march 4, 2021. (smith 163). mla (8th ed.) style requires the use of parentheses (in-text citations) to cite if there was no internet essay sources rather than footnotes or endnotes. published on july 17, 2019 by shona mccombes. susan rosegrant, leadership failure at mla in work citation wal-mart: an annotation is more than just a brief how fast can i write summary of an article, book, web site or other type scholarship essays for college students of publication. dissertation in a week. |
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has pledged to offer free treatment for 378 children in a northern village who were diagnosed with lead poisoning.
“In mid-December, the children will be treated with Pectin complex made in Ukraine,” said the agency director Doan Ngoc Hai.
“This is the first batch of drug treating lead and heavy metal poisoning imported into Vietnam.”
Earlier, health authorities have diagnosed hundreds of children at Dong Mai Village in Hung Yen Province with lead poisoning.
Tests in mid-2015 found serious lead contamination in air, water, soil and crops at the village, with the highest levels of more than 1,000 times the level deemed safe being found in surface water.
Local residents of the village, about 27 km (17 miles) east of Hanoi, began to recycle lead from used batteries in the 1970s.
More than 400 households have been involved in the business and most of them have been relocated to a nearby industrial zone in recent years.
According to Hung Yen Health Department, the last 13 households involving the business has been relocated out of the village.
“However, lead pollution remains at alarming levels,” the department director Nguyen Van Dong said.
The provincial authorities said they are facing financial difficulty for removing garbage out of a dumped site in the village.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lead is a cumulative toxicant that affects multiple body systems and is particularly harmful to young children. Lead in the body is distributed to the brain, liver, kidney and bones and is stored in the teeth and bones, where it accumulates over time.
Globally, lead exposure is estimated to account for 143,000 deaths per year with the highest burden in developing regions.
Childhood lead exposure is estimated to contribute to about 600,000 new cases of children developing intellectual disabilities every year, according to WHO. |
Django ORM is a powerful abstraction that lets you store and retrieve data from the database without writing sql queries yourself.
Let's assume the following models:
class Author(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) class Book(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) author = models.ForeignKey(Author)
Assuming you've added the above code to a django application and run the
migrate command (so that your database is created).
Start the Django shell by
python manage.py shell
This starts the standard python shell but with relevant Django libraries imported, so that you can directly focus on the important parts.
Start by importing the models we just defined (I am assuming this is done in a file
from .models import Book, Author
Run your first select query:
>>> Author.objects.all() >>> Book.objects.all()
Lets create an author and book object:
>>> hawking = Author(name="Stephen hawking") >>> hawking.save() >>> history_of_time = Book(name="history of time", author=hawking) >>> history_of_time.save()
or use create function to create model objects and save in one line code
>>> wings_of_fire = Book.objects.create(name="Wings of Fire", author="APJ Abdul Kalam")
Now lets run the query
>>> Book.objects.all() [<Book: Book object>] >>> book = Book.objects.first() #getting the first book object >>> book.name u'history of time'
Let's add a where clause to our select query
>>> Book.objects.filter(name='nothing') >>> Author.objects.filter(name__startswith='Ste') [<Author: Author object>]
To get the details about the author of a given book
>>> book = Book.objects.first() #getting the first book object >>> book.author.name # lookup on related model u'Stephen hawking'
To get all the books published by Stephen Hawking (Lookup book by its author)
>>> hawking.book_set.all() [<Book: Book object>]
_set is the notation used for "Reverse lookups" i.e. while the lookup field is on the Book model, we can use
book_set on an author object to get all his/her books. |
Taking the Indiana road signs test is one of the first milestones in your driver’s education. To receive a learner’s permit and start practicing your driving skills behind the wheel, you must pass both the road rules test and the road signs test on the same day, at your local BMV office. Here on this page, you will find all the information and resources required to study for the road signs portion of the Indiana permit test. Every essential road sign and pavement marking you could be questioned on during the exam is listed below and sorted by category, in accordance with the information in the official 2021 driver’s manual.
It is important not to cut corners when studying road signs and pavement markings. The road signs permit test in Indiana contains just 16 multiple-choice questions, however, there are hundreds of road signs and pavement markings which could be addressed during the exam. As you cannot predict which road signs you will be asked about, it is essential to make sure you are ready for anything. Moreover, memorizing road signs and pavement markings is not just about passing the initial Indiana DMV written test. You must be equipped to recognize road signs instantly, at a distance, when the time comes to start driving a car on public roadways. If you cannot identify a road sign or spend too long trying to figure one out while driving, you will put yourself and all other road users nearby in danger.
Looking at the sheer number of road signs listed on this page, it may be difficult to imagine a time when you can recognize them all instantly. The truth is that you do not have to memorize every road sign individually. Instead, focus on learning to identify road signs based on their category and general function first. Every road sign included here - and addressed during the Indiana DMV test – is categorized as a warning sign, regulatory signs, guide sign or work zone sign. The signs in each category are similar in shape and color. During the permit test, you can accurately guess the meaning of an unfamiliar road sign by first identifying the category it belongs to, then looking at the symbol or lettering it contains. For example, if a yellow diamond-shaped road sign comes up, you will instantly be able to identify it as a type of warning sign. Working out the exact meaning of the sign is then easy, as you need only compare the symbol featured on the sign with the options in the multiple-choice answer list, to find a likely match. We recommend working through the “Signs, Signals & Markings” chapter of our free driver’s education course for Indiana applicants, to learn more about road sign categories.
If you answer any more than two road sign questions incorrectly during the Indiana BMV written test, you will fail the assessment and be asked to re-sit both sides of the exam. To make sure this does not happen, it is essential to dedicate some of your study time to answering realistic permit test questions – like those included in the permit book. When you inevitably run out of DMV practice test questions in the handbook, you can continue your preparation for the permit test using the free Indiana BMV practice permit test we provide. There are a variety of free, authentic quizzes available here on ePermitTest.com, all of which will be helpful in the weeks preceding the test. While you are studying road signs and pavement markings, we suggest focusing on the dedicated road signs practice permit test. Why not give it a try right now? |
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Playtime is part of the learning process and a gateway to fascinating discoveries for children. But having too much of a good thing can also diminish its benefits.
Read on to find out the recommended playtime duration to ensure they get the most out of it!
- Screen time
Moderate screen time is proven to be beneficial as it stimulates children’s minds and improves learning, but spending too long on the screen could take a toll on their social skills as it takes away time for social interaction. Children tend to become addicted to phones, tablets, video games and television (not to mention adults too), which is why it is wise to place strict limits for screen time.
Recommended duration: Not more than 1 hour per day
- Physical play
Physical activity is great for children’s physical and mental growth because it helps them to discover the outside world as they climb, jump and roll around while getting muddy and wet. It could also be done indoors where children can learn to draw, play an instrument or even play dress up where they can let their imagination run free. Bottom line is, anything that involves exploring gets a thumbs up!
Recommended duration: At least 3 hours per day
- Play group
Children develop social skills such as the habit of sharing and practicing their P’s and Q’s through social interaction. Socialising includes arranged play dates, playing outside with peers or even casual sleepovers at a friend’s house. However, it’s also best to let them become used to individual playtime to encourage independence.
Recommended duration: Between 2 to 4 hours per session
It is safe to say the general rule of thumb when determining children’s play time limit is moderation!
Since you’re here, take a look at our comprehensive learning programmes where children are given ample time to learn, play and socialize to equip your child with the right skills needed for an excellent learning path. Visit us at q-dees.com or call us now at 1700-81-5077 to find a centre near you!
“Children and video games: A parent’s guide”. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/11/children-video-games-parents-guide-screentime-violence
“Your Complete guide to Playdates”. Retrieved from https://www.parents.com/toddlers-preschoolers/development/friendship/playdates/?slideId=slide_e5dd06f5-fb8d-4737-95a1-e0d698522f0d#slide_e5dd06f5-fb8d-4737-95a1-e0d698522f0d
“Let them play! Toddlers need 3 hours of physical activity per day”. Retrieved from https://www.mother.ly/child/let-them-play-toddlers-need-3-hours-of-physical-activity-per-day
At Q-dees, our award-winning best preschool programs offer subjects in Math, Science, Bahasa Malaysia, English, Mandarin, Gymflex, Art and Music.
Q-dees, be the best that you can be! Visit https://goo.gl/qZKd1e and sign your child up today! |
While some assessment components do not need significant adjustment in the move to online (including at-distance) learning, others require some additional thought and may need to be replaced/significantly adjusted. In support of the move to online/remote assessment in March 2020, this resource provides some indication of the kind of modifications that could be made for these common assessments. It is not an exhaustive list, but we hope it may be helpful in considering some of the available options.
Students can learn through many different but equitable assessment methods. An alternative online assessment is not a lesser form of assessment, but a different assessment to achieve the same aim. Some of the ideas in this Insight are worth considering in the design of alternative assessment methods for the online environment to ensure the quality and equity of the assessment. Developed to support the Irish higher education community in the initial weeks of the move to online/remote teaching and learning in March 2020.
Many of students have been doing a good deal more online and remote learning since March 2020. These tips, developed in partnership with the Union of Students in Ireland, outline some of the ways to make the most of online learning.
Many of those who teach in Irish higher education were faced with the challenge of creating online assessments for the first time in March 2020. These tips, developed in partnership with AHEAD, outline some of the ways you can ensure, as far as possible, that the online assessments you plan are accessible to and inclusive of all your students. Developed to support the Irish higher education community in the initial weeks of the move to online/remote teaching and learning in March 2020.
The 40 sources summarised in this document each have an explicit focus on impact and provide useful insights for those wishing to explore the topic
The DELTA Framework provides a structure which can be used by institutions, disciplinary groups or institutions to plan and prioritise their efforts to enrich understandings and practices within disciplinary contexts.
There is a wide range of thinking in terms of how impact can be identified, captured and communicated effectively. This Forum Insight introduces some key evidence-based considerations regarding impact within the context of teaching and learning in higher education. The Insight is based on an extensive review of the literature related to impact, key examples of which have been included.
The dataset presented in this report comprises the recorded perceptions of approximately 4,000 students in Irish higher education regarding the characteristics, behaviours and skills associated with exceptional teachers; it also provides evidence of the impact of exceptional teachers on their students. The report includes a dialogue between insights from the student data and insights from the teachers they view as exceptional.
This publication looks at student success through three lenses. Firstly, it explores the concept of student success from the key perspectives of national policy, the explicit strategic missions of our higher education institutions (HEIs), our students and international literature. It then explores a range of themes that have been pivotal to our understanding of student success and how it can be supported. Finally, it looks at the development of an Irish national understanding of student success.
The purpose of this Forum Insight is to give a concise overview of the development of a national understanding of student success in Irish higher education. This development is charted through national policy, institutional strategic priorities, insights from students and through ongoing discussions that capture the growing focus on student success as a driver of higher education over recent years. The overview is underpinned by a review of the current literature. |
What is starch used for in confectionery?
Starch-based products have many uses in the confectionery industry:
a. Both modified and unmodified starches act as gelling agents in confectionery applications.All starch, regardless of the starch source -- i.e. corn, potato, tapioca, rice, sago, wheat, etc. -- is basically long polymers of glucose (a.k.a. dextrose) units that are arranged into discrete, highly organized, semi-crystalline aggregates called “starch granules”. These starch polymers within the “granule” are either straight-chain/linear (called AMYLOSE) or highly branched (called AMYLOPECTIN); starches vary by source in their amylopectin-to-amylose ratios.
In order to form a starch gel, the starch granules must be “gelatinized” (i.e. must be cooked (heat + water) to their “gelatinization temperature”, after which the crystalline structure of the granules is lost, and the granules begin to swell/take up water/increase in size and increase the viscosity of the aqueous system) and fully cooked out in the candy-making process to the point where the granules lose integrity/fragment/ rupture; when this cooked starch cools, the solubilized straight-chain amylose polymers re-align tightly to form a gel (a process known as retrogradation); you see these gelling starches most often used in jelly-type candies with a firm but tender, shorter/cleaner-breaking bite, i.e. jelly bean centers, gum drops, orange slices, spearmint leaves, licorice bites, etc.; “waxy” starches (100% amylopectin) are not used in starch jelly confectionery since they do not form a gel when cooked and cooled; typically all the starches used in jelly confectionery are the amylose-containing varieties; the higher the amylose content in the starch, the stronger the resulting gel; as you would expect, the high amylose corn starches form much stronger and much more rapidly setting gels versus starches containing less amylose.
Besides being used as the sole gelling agent in jelly confectionery, some of these gelling starches can also be used to partially replace/complement gelatin in gummy-type candies where a softer, less chewy/ less elastic texture is desired; potato starch is particularly suitable for this due to its higher degree of clarity and elasticity in the cooked form versus starches from other sources, such as corn or wheat.
b. Starches and starch-based products (such as low-DE maltodextrins), can also be used as texturizing agents in chewy-type candy; these types of products can be used to replace or complement more expensive and/or harder-to-source ingredients such as gelatin or gum arabic; these starches and maltodextrins can help to modify the chew characteristics of the candy (i.e. increasing the structure/body, softness, chewiness, and elasticity of the candy while reducing “toothstick”); they also help by inhibiting sugar recrystallization and reducing “cold flow”.
c. Modified starches and starch hydrolysis products, such as maltodextrins and dextrins, can be used for gum arabic/ gum tragacanth replacement in pan coating applications, as well as in hard candies/ cough drops/ lozenges and compressed tablet confectionery, due to their low hot viscosity at high solids, excellent film-forming, adhesion, and binding properties.
d. Starch (typically unmodified cook-up corn starch) with added mineral oil or high stability vegetable oil (typically corn starch with 0.03-0.10% mineral oil) functions as a moulding medium; the added oil allows the moulding starch to accept and hold impressions, into which molten/hot candy slurry can be deposited; the moulding starch also helps to absorb moisture from the deposited candy and it dries, cools, and sets.
e. In extruded marshmallows, starch can be added as an ingredient in the formulation to aid in the cutting and forming operation and helps the final product retain its shape (prevents “pillowing”); Starch (typically re-dried unmodified corn starch) also finds wide use as a dusting aid for marshmallows and other confections to prevent them from sticking together.
How have starches evolved over the years?
Starches have mainly evolved based on starch hybrid technology over the years.In an effort to increase production rates, candy manufacturers have moved away from using only traditional acid-thinned (thin-boiling) corn, wheat, and potato starches, etc., and toward using new, unique products employing combinations of traditional thin-boiling starches with hybrid corn starches containing 55-70% amylose (high amylose corn starches); this way, manufacturers can take advantage of the very low hot viscosity ( for ease of processing and depositing ) of the thin boiling starch coupled with the stronger and faster gelling of the high amylose corn starches after the candy has been deposited; this has enabled manufacturers to more easily and more rapidly turn around product; however, due to the opacity and firm/short set of these types of starches, it has not offered them a viable solution for gelatin replacement. Now starches are being developed based on potato that offer more gelatin-like qualities in terms of higher clarity and higher elasticity - areas where starches such as corn, high amylose corn, sago, and wheat have typically fallen short in the past.
Please explain the different kinds of starches. What are their pros/cons? What applications are they used in?
a. Unmodified (native) cook-up starches:Typically regular corn starch.Pros: Inexpensive, easily sourcedCons: noneApplications: Moulding and dusting starches
b. Thin-boiling (acid-thinned) starches:These types of starches go by several names that you may have heard of (“acid-thinned”/”thin-boiling”/”acid-converted”/”fluidity” starches), but they all mean the same thing -- the starch granules in their uncooked state have been treated with acid in a process designed to reduce the molecular weight (i.e. chop down the chain length) of the amylose and amylopectin backbones within the granule without disrupting the integrity of the uncooked granule itself -- i.e. this treatment does not cook out/disrupt the granule at all; it remains in the “cook-up” (insoluble) state after the treatment.The truly beneficial effect of acid treatment lies in the fact that it lowers the hot paste viscosity to a greater extent than it reduces gel strength (molecular weight is decreased but amylose content remains unchanged). This enables the use of acid-thinned starches at much higher levels than possible with the non-acid-treated (unhydrolyzed) parent starch. This low hot viscosity at high starch solids is critical in jelly gum processing since it enables the concentrated high-starch, high-sugar solution to be rapidly and efficiently cooked without difficulty in handling (i.e. pumping and deposition into moulds).Typically thin-boiling starches in the range of 60-75 fluidity (60-75 WF) are most commonly used in the jelly gum industry. “Fluidity” or “Water Fluidity (WF)” is a term which describes the inverse of viscosity. The higher the WF number, the lower the hot viscosity (i.e. the more FLUID it is), but also lower the gel strength (since the starch chains are more reduced in length). The trick is to balance out low hot viscosity with relatively high gel strength -- which can be achieved in the 60-75 WF range. Unmodified (non-acid-treated) starch has a WF=0, and would be too thick to process/deposit at the high concentration you would need in the jelly gum. Starches at higher fluidity (i.e. WF=90) would have very low hot viscosity at higher solids, but the gel strength would likely be reduced too greatly at this higher fluidity.
Pros: low hot viscosity; require lower cooking temps to fully cook vs. high amylose starches; can either use a “kettle-cooking” process or a continuous cooking (i.e. “jet cooking” or “tube cooking” process at 285°F); relatively inexpensive.
Cons: typically weaker gelling/slower gelling/ less gelling & acid stability vs. high amylose starches; with the exception of some of the modified potato starches, tend to give more opaque gels with less elasticity vs. gelatin
Applications: Gummy and jelly confectionery
c. High amylose corn starch:Hybrid corn variety containing 55-70% amylose; can be used either unmodified or chemically modified (i.e. acid-thinned and/or substituted by esterification or etherification to control retrogradation properties)
Pros: Give much stronger gels with faster setting times vs. acid-thinned starches with lower amylose content; increased drying rate for faster product turnaround.
Cons: Due to high amylose content and the higher bonding forces inside the granule, typically require higher cooking temps in the range of 330-340°F to gelatinize and fully cook (cannot use “kettle-cooking” process, typically only continuous cookers can be used); cannot be used by themselves at high levels since fast setting causes viscosity increase that creates “tailing” problems during depositing; typically need to be combined with lower-amylose-containing thin-boiling starches with lower hot viscosity; faster gelling rate requires more sophisticated handling; gives opaque gels vs. gelatin.
Applications: Gummy and jelly confectionery
d. Starch-hydrolysis products such as low-DE maltodextrins and dextrins:Starch backbone is reduced in length by acid or enzyme to reduce molecular weight and viscosity/ increase DE; dextrins have varying solubilities and solution stabilities.
Pros: Texture modification in chewy candy; replacement of more expensive hydrocolloids such as gelatin, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth; have low viscosity at high solids, excellent binding properties, and form glossy, resilient films for use in pan-coating and in hard candies/lozenges/cough drops/ compressed tablet confectionery.
Cons: since some of these products are instantized, may require good mixing in order to properly disperse these products.
Applications: Chewy candy; Pan-coating; Hard candies/ Lozenges/ Compressed Tablet Confectionery
e. Pregelatinized or Cold-Water-Swelling instant viscosifying starches:Both modified and unmodified starches which have been made into instant powders through drum-drying or spray-cooking processes; these do not require cooking and will give cold viscosity.
Pros: Do not need to be cooked in the process, but can withstand further heating based on the starch’s process tolerance; gives structure, body, viscosity, and moisture-binding properties to the system.
Cons: Since they are instant and will give cold viscosity, need good mixing in order to properly disperse these products and avoid lumping.
Applications: Cold-extruded chewy candy; fudge; marshmallows
Which starches does your company provide?
Main confectionery lines:-FLOJEL® line of thin-boiling corn starches; ELASTIGEL® 1000J thin-boiling sago starch.-HYLON®, HI-SET®, SUPERSET®, ULTRA-SET® starches - line of unmodified or modified high amylose corn starch-containing products.-PERFECTAMYL® GEL/ PERFECTAGEL®/ AMYLOGUM® - lines of modified potato starches.-NU MOULD™ -moulding starch
What kinds of requests do you get from confectioners?
Most of the recent requests from confectioners have been about gelatin (and to a lesser degree, pectin) replacement in gummy candies, for the following reasons: cost savings, labeling (vegetarian, kosher, halal), and/or for texture modification; there have also been requests for both gelatin and gum arabic replacement, and for texture modification, in chewy candies; additionally confectioners have been requesting alternatives for gum arabic and gum tragacanth in pan coating and hard candy applications, due to either to pricing and/or difficulty in sourcing these hyrocolloids.
What is the difference between starches and natural starches?
Although “all-natural” is not a well-defined term, typically “all-natural starches” refer to either cook-up or instantized starches that have not been modified at all using chemical reagents -- and that label according to just their base starch, i.e. Corn Starch, Potato Starch, Tapioca Starch, Rice Starch, etc.
In jelly and gummy candies, chemically modified (i.e. acid-thinned) starches are almost exclusively used since they allow for a low enough hot viscosity (for easy depositing and handling) at the high solids levels needed to form a strong starch gel in the candy. If you were to use a non-acid-thinned starch for a jelly candy, you would likely be unable to deposit the candy due to the extremely high viscosity at higher use levels.
Are many gummy and jelly manufacturers using starch versus gelatin in their products for the vegetarian claim? How can starches replace other texturizing ingredients?
For vegetarian/halal/ kosher products, manufacturers are turning to starch and pectin as alternative gelling agents.
Mostly manufacturers are turning to starch to help them reduce gelatin usage for cost-savings purposes, especially in the case of kosher gelatin, which is very expensive. Others are looking to use starch as a way to modify the texture of a 100%-gelatin gummy candy, in order to make it less firm, chewy, and elastic, and to make it slightly more tender and soft, with a cleaner-breaking bite.
Potato starches, with their increased clarity and elasticity over other starches, are typically the starch-of-choice when it comes to gelatin replacement applications.
How do you expect starches to change for the future?
I think as far as traditional jelly candies go, manufacturers will mostly continue to stick with the “tried-and-true” traditional thin-boiling and high-amylose-corn-based starches that have worked best in their established processes and that offer the textures that consumers have come to know and love.
I believe areas of starch innovation in the near future will likely focus on developing starches that more closely approach and clarity and elasticity/texture of gelatin in gummy and chewy candy, due to the high demand from manufacturers to reduce their overall gelatin usage -- due mostly to cost and/or labeling issues. From what I have seen, potato starches currently offer the most promise in this area; as we learn more and more about how to manipulate their texture and clarity, we should be able to develop starch products that can more ably function as true gelatin replacers. |
You have possibly been told by now that looking through publications is probably the best ways to improve your cleverness. This is correct since reading is wherein energizes the mental faculties and it also allows you to for you to learn issues quicker and. In addition, it permits you to emphasis so you are not derailed because of the issues surrounding you. Another reason why why looking at is very critical is that it may help you so as to understand the many different dialects which can be available. While you might not feel that you will need to become familiar with a terminology besides the first language, this is a excellent thing to do for many good reasons.
To begin with, there are a variety of kinds of browsing textbooks in existence in the marketplace. Among they said for having having a Kindle is that you could get almost any arrange that you want. If Dog Man https://funtoread.com.hk want to start off browsing books in a different terminology then all you want do is start up the amazon kindle and begin reading. That is quite simple to carry out and once you receive the kindle reader you can expect to question how you will performed without them for so long. For anybody who is someone who needs to do things serious job and enjoy doing analysis, you then will enjoy having the capacity to get electronic books on the kindle, there are millions of books in a variety of different languages about the amazon kindle and the probability is that there is a publication prepared within your language you would like to read.
. Downloading an guide is quite simple and you will probably do not ever worry about buying your hands tacky. The very last thing for you to do will be to fall your Kindle in the desk or anywhere and have to search for it in a lot of distinct sites while you make an attempt to study anything. That is just not a good thing to do and that is why should you use your Kindle to manage your quest as an alternative to your telephone.
One more reason why looking at books in the kindle reader is significant is because it could possibly support your thoughts to operate much faster and. Your thoughts purposes 100’s of neurons to strength every one of the features within you, and also as yourself gets older, these neurons decrease. This may lead to very poor memory space and in addition standard frustration which might be something you will not want happen to you.
However, excellent publications are the ultimate way to energize your mind so that it will work effectively and doesn’t reduce speed. A very good guide will assist you to improve your terminology and all at once, transform your publishing techniques on top of that. Writing Scholastic are necessary for the reason that you need to know creating a very good e-book evaluation. Writing reserve evaluations is significant since it is now required to write down a review of any reserve you prefer men and women to go through. So if navigate to this web-site are intending to begin publishing product reviews then you will want to just remember to make this happen prior to starting looking through everything else.
A final reasons why reading guides in the kindle reader is really good is because they are easily transportable. You can actually bring them along anywhere and you could also examine them anywhere. The key reason why this can be so excellent is really because in case you go a place so you don’t feel like studying you can easily consider your Kindle with you and browse 1. Therefore it is the final mobile unit that is designed for anyone who would like to understand as much as possible.
One more reason why reading through textbooks about the kindle is really a good idea is because have a huge library. I have got considering that advanced to studying information products instead, despite the fact that whenever i had been a young child, my mom would usually deliver property a new e-book and would sit me downwards and skim it with me. But my level is that you could effortlessly receive an infinite degree of looking at materials straight from your Kindle. This can be wonderful simply because you don’t have got to look forward to a selection to possess time for you to browse one more good e-book.
All of these purposes are wonderful reasons why you ought to seriously consider using an electronic reading through system such as the Kindle. It is possible to better your composing capabilities, boost your vocabulary, and you will probably even strengthen your remembrance. So if you are searching for a way to become familiar with a new skill such as recalling terminology as well as just boosting your vocabulary, then a Kindle is the way to go. It really is new things as well as something incredible. |
Cefas is an executive agency of the UK’s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Cefas is UK’s largest and most diverse applied marine science centre. Its broad capability covers shelf sea dynamics, climate effects on the marine environment, ecosystems and food security. Cefas has organised its work into six key themes:
- observing and modelling the marine environment (oceanography and numerical modelling, using a range of technology and tools)
- climate – predicting marine impacts and adapting to change (our evidence and potential mitigation measures)
- the ecosystem approach and biodiversity (habitat mapping and understanding connections)
- assessing human impacts on the marine environment (marine planning, emergency response and specific impacts)
- promoting healthy aquaculture and mariculture (food safety, plus aquatic animal diseases and impacts on animal health)
- sustainable fisheries management (marine, migratory and freshwater fisheries information to support management)
As the UK’s most diverse applied marine science centre, Cefas helps to shape and implement policy through internationally renowned science and collaborative relationships that span the EU, UK government, non-governmental organisations, research centres and industry. |
Let’s talk about how many words you need to know to feel confident.
According to different sources 1000 Russian words cover 60% of every day speech demands. So the first 3000 most frequently used words comprise about 80% everyday dialogues and written texts. Knowing these words lets us understand the remaining from the context. Let’s consider that number fundamental and make it your first big goal. It’s important! These 3000 words must be the «right» ones and in most frequent use. Linguists make lists of such words regularly and you can easily find them for any language.
We have determined the number of words and found them, now let’s move to the most exciting part. So, how to learn new Russian words fast and remember them forever?
Method of Associations
Our memory tends to capture for long those words that arouse bright emotions and associations. It’s the essence of association method. And let’s see how it works — for example, you need to remember the word «лук» — «onion». You build an association with familiar language: «лук» — «look», and support it with a bright story — it’s impossible to «look» (at smth) when you’re cutting «лук».
Method of Interval/Spaced Repetition
It was created by a German scientist Sebastian Leitner. Experience of my students proves it to be the most effective method. It implies repeating words in certain time intervals. Recommended time intervals: 15 minutes, 60 minutes, the next day, in 3 days, in 10 days, in 30 days, in 90 days.
As for practicing. Prepare flash cards — on one side write the word in your native language, on the other side — the word in Russian. On the first day you study the list of 100 words, repeat them in 15 and 60 minutes. You may put the words that you remember well enough into box number 1. The words that you struggle with stay in the box «New words». The next day you first repeat the words from box 1. The procedure is the same. If you remember the word quickly, you may put the card into box 2, and repeat it next time. If not, put it into «New words» box. And so on.
One repetition takes up about 10% of time that you spend on learning. It’s very important not to miss repetitions. Because if you miss even one word it will drastically lower the percentage of words, that you will be able to remember. And you will have to spend time for learning again. The worst part is that you’re losing motivation as well.
If you don’t have desire to bother with cards, there’re two other options:
- Buy cards with suggested words.
- Use apps with interval repetitions. The best are Anki, Memrise and LinguaLeo.
Why is this method so good?
The point is when people complain about “bad memory”, not everybody understands how it works. Memory is not only about taking in new information, it’s also about the ability of rendering and keeping that information the right way. The goal of repetition is to advance quick rendering of a new word and make it automatiс.
A few more tips
- Learn words in phrases or sentences.
- Group words in themes. Draw your very own mind maps.
- Take with you word cards that are waiting to be learned, or use apps. Let the new words be available anytime anywhere.
- Use new words in speech.
- Think in Russian.
- Engage your friends and family — the more, the merrier.
- Read as many text as you can for your level.
- Watch films and cartoons in Russian.
Our brain operates in such a way that every word not being used is forgotten. Let your brain understand that you need it. More often you address a certain word in your memory, the easier it would be each time.
An average Russian teenager graduates from school with word-stock of about 1500 words, now you know HOW to complete 11 year program in two weeks.
Best wishes on your journey of learning and enriching your Russian vocabulary! |
About Nikolai Kondratieff
The Russian scientist Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kondratieff (1892-1938) is considered the founder of the long wave theory. During his economic research between 1919 and 1921, he discovered that besides short cycles lasting up to three years and medium-term cycles lasting up to eleven years in duration, there are also long wave cycles lasting between 45-60 years. In 1926, he published his findings in the German language publication “Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik” (“Archive for Social Science and Social Politics“). He was the Director of the Economic Research Institute in Moscow at that time. He demonstrated in the article that the economic development in the Western industrialized countries since the end of the 18th century was governed by three large wave upswing and downswing phases.
Even though Kondratieff was a communist from the outset, during Stalin’s dictatorship, he advocated for the preservation of market-oriented structures in Russian agriculture. This led to his downfall. In 1930, he was arrested for alleged anti-communist agitation, deported to Siberia, sentenced to die on 09-17-1938 and executed the same day (Maier, 1993). Freeman and Louca provide a good overview of Kondratieff’s life, work and method.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the methods of proving the Kondratieff cycle were revised at the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University of Sussex (UK), under Christopher Freeman and by Cesare Marchetti at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. The new methods do not just factor in macroeconomic time series data, but are also based on technological, economic, social and institutional data and trends. Due to this expansion, the evidence of a Kondratieff cycle was put on a broader scientific foundation. At the same time, it became evident that the long wave theory yields far better results, if it is not just recognized as a business cycle theory, but as a social theory.
While the long wave theory has enjoyed new popularity since the 1990s, the interest in Kondratieff as a person has also increased. To be fair however, the following needs to be noted about his outstanding pioneering work:
1. Kondratieff has proven the existence of long waves in 1925/26, but he was not the first person to do so. Two Dutchmen, van Gelderen in 1913 and de Wolff in 1921, have shown the existence of long waves before him. They published their findings in Dutch publications and therefore remained internationally unknown for a long time.
2. Kondratieff has shown the existence of long waves and brought this knowledge to a broad scientific public. This was the crucial impulse for the development of the long wave theory and remains his special merit. However, one must not overlook the fact that Kondratieff was a passionate macroeconomist. He never mentioned a word about the groundbreaking innovations of the 18th and 19th century – the steam engine, steel, railway, electricity and chemical technology. Due to his obsession with macroeconomics, the fact that there are two different types of long waves escaped him: long waves at the macroeconomic level and long waves at the innovation level. This will be discussed in more detail in the next Appendix.
3. Kondratieff discovered the existence of long waves through historical time series analysis. His method is retrospective and presumes that the long cycle has already taken place or has at least reached an advanced state. A completed cycle can be analyzed this way. This method is not suitable for a forecast. Appendix 3 introduces a method with which a new Kondratieff cycle can already be predicted in an early stage.
Kondratieff focused on describing the long waves he discovered in a macroeconomic manner. He wanted neither to establish a long wave theory nor make a universal statement on the causes of long waves. This clearly emanates from his publications in 1926 (page 599) and 1928 (pgs. 35 et seq.).
In his work “Business Cycles“, Joseph Schumpeter was the first to highlight the key importance of innovations. He also coined the term “Kondratieff cycle“ and thus tied the name to the phenomenon of the long waves.
Irrespective of van Gelderen and de Wolff, Kondratieff has built his own framework, which was renovated, expanded, stabilized and developed by other scientists into the solid structure of the long wave theory and in doing so, has enriched science with another gem. His pioneering work entitles him to a place of honor in science.
Translation by Elena O´Meara |
Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning To Kill a Mockingbird is a twentieth century classic. Find out how you can use the no
'Amnesty Academy' app launches to teach human rights to new generation of activists
Topics include freedom of expression, digital security and Indigenous Peoples’ rights Free app is available on iOS and Android, and in more than 20 languages ‘Our overall goal is to ensure that people worldwide know and can claim their human rights’ - Krittika Vishwanath Amnesty International has launched a free human rights learning app which aims to educate the next generation of human rights defenders on a host of topics including freedom of expression, digital security and Indigenous Peoples’ rights. Called Amnesty Academy, the app enables people around the world to access courses ranging
We have put together a selection of resources produced by us and other organisations which you can use in your contexts to explore Human Rights Education.
A resource for ages 14-19 to learn about human rights under threat and how to be an activist in your community.
A resource for ages 7-13 to learn about human rights and how to show solidarity with key workers in their community.
This Amnesty endorsed book for ages 2+ explores themes of migration, refuge and acceptance.
London marks 31st anniversary of #TiananmenMassacre #June4倫敦悼念 #天安門大屠殺 #六四31周年 #6431truth #八九六四 #StandWithHongKong
Celebrate our right to play with a scavenger hunt. What are your favourite things to do? Make a list of what you need for these activities. With a friend, swap lists. |
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