text
stringlengths 7
1.65k
| category
stringclasses 16
values | url
stringlengths 38
44
| title
stringlengths 3
158
|
|---|---|---|---|
Abell 2390 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35046077 | Abell 2390 |
Cation diffusion facilitator Cation diffusion facilitators (CDFs) are transmembrane proteins that provide tolerance of cells to divalent metal ions, such as cadmium, zinc, and cobalt. These proteins are considered to be efflux pumps that remove these divalent metal ions from cells. However, some members of the CDF superfamily are implicated in ion uptake. All members of the CDF family possess six putative transmembrane spanners with strongest conservation in the four N-terminal spanners. The Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) Superfamily includes the following families: The CDF family (TC# 2.A.4) is a ubiquitous family, members of which are found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. They transport heavy metal ions, such as cadmium, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper and mercuric ions. There are 9 mammalian paralogues, ZnT1 - 8 and 10. Most proteins from the family have six transmembrane helices, but MSC2 of "S. cerevisiae") and Znt5 and hZTL1 of "H. sapiens" have 15 and 12 predicted TMSs, respectively. These proteins exhibit an unusual degree of sequence divergence and size variation (300-750 residues). Eukaryotic proteins exhibit differences in cell localization. Some catalyze heavy metal uptake from the cytoplasm into various intracellular eukaryotic organelles (ZnT2-7) while others (ZnT1) catalyze efflux from the cytoplasm across the plasma membrane into the extracellular medium. Thus, some are found in plasma membranes while others are in organellar membranes such as vacuoles of plants and yeast and the golgi of animals | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35049854 | Cation diffusion facilitator |
Cation diffusion facilitator They catalyze cation:proton antiport, have a single essential zinc-binding site within the transmembrane domains of each monomer within the dimer, and have a binuclear zinc-sensing and binding site in the cytoplasmic C-terminal region. A representative list of proteins belonging to the CDF family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins cluster separately but may function with the same polarity by similar mechanisms. These proteins are secondary carriers which utilize the proton motive force (pmf) and function by H antiport (for metal efflux). One member, CzcD of "Bacillus subtilis" (TC# 2.A.4.1.3) "," has been shown to exchange the divalent cation (Zn or Cd ) for two monovalent cations (K and H ) in an electroneutral process energized by the transmembrane pH gradient. Another, ZitB of "E. coli" (TC #2.A.4.1.4), has been reconstituted in proteoliposomes and studied kinetically. It appears to function by simple Me:H antiport with a 1:1 stoichiometry. Montanini et al. (2007) have conducted phylogenetic analysis of CDF family members. Their analysis revealed three major and two minor phylogenetic groups. They suggest that the three major groups segregated according to metal ion specificity: X-ray structure of YiiP of "E. coli" represents a homodimer. Coudray et al. (2013) used cryoelectron microscopy to determine a 13 Å resolution structure of a YiiP homolog from "Shewanella oneidensis" within a lipid bilayer in the absence of Zn | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35049854 | Cation diffusion facilitator |
Cation diffusion facilitator Starting from the x-ray structure in the presence of Zn, they used molecular dynamic flexible fitting to build a model. Comparison of the structures suggested a conformational change that involves pivoting of a transmembrane, four-helix bundle (M1, M2, M4, and M5) relative to the M3-M6 helix pair. Although accessibility of transport sites in the x-ray model indicates that it represents an outward-facing state, their model was consistent with an inward-facing state, suggesting that the conformational change is relevant to the alternating access mechanism for transport. They speculated that the dimer may coordinate rearrangement of the transmembrane helices. Involved in metal tolerance/resistance by efflux, most CDF proteins share a two-modular architecture consisting of a transmembrane domain (TMD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD) that protrudes into the cytoplasm. A Zn and Cd CDF transporter from the marine bacterium, "Maricaulis maris," that does not possess the CTD is a member of a new, CTD-lacking subfamily of CDFs. The generalized transport reaction for CDF family members is: Me (in) H (out) ± K (out) → Me (out) H (in) ± K (in). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35049854 | Cation diffusion facilitator |
Characteristic number (fluid dynamics) Characteristic numbers are dimensionless numbers used in fluid dynamics to describe a character of the flow. To compare a real situation (e.g. an aircraft) with a small-scale model it is necessary to keep the important characteristic numbers the same. Names of these numbers were standardized in ISO 31, part 12. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35066988 | Characteristic number (fluid dynamics) |
NGC 1721 is a lenticular galaxy (S0) located in the constellation Eridanus. It was discovered on the 10th of Nov 1885 by Edward Emerson Barnard. This galaxy is a member of the NGC 1723 Group—consisting of NCG 1723 (the brightest member, 11.7-mag) and a close triplet of NGC 1721, NGC 1725 and NGC 1728. is a Dreyer Object (a now archaic astronomical term), meaning that it was included in the original New General Catalogue by JLE Dreyer. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35081362 | NGC 1721 |
NGC 1723 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. The galaxy is listed in the New General Catalogue. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35081527 | NGC 1723 |
NGC 1725 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. The galaxy is listed in the New General Catalogue. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35081616 | NGC 1725 |
NGC 1728 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. The galaxy is listed in the New General Catalogue. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35081649 | NGC 1728 |
Punga Mare is a lake in the north polar region of Titan, the planet Saturn's largest moon. After Kraken Mare and Ligeia Mare, it is the third largest known body of liquid on Titan. It is composed of liquid hydrocarbons (mainly methane and ethane). Located almost adjacent to the north pole at 85.1° N, 339.7° W, it measures roughly 380 km (236 mi) across, greater than the length of Lake Victoria on Earth. Its namesake is Punga, in Māori mythology ancestor of sharks, rays and lizards and a son of Tangaroa, the god of the sea. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35088019 | Punga Mare |
Endre Krolopp (1935–2010) was a Hungarian malacologist, who published over 200 scientific papers and books, mainly on Quaternary molluscs. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35092504 | Endre Krolopp |
Abell 665 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue in the constellation Ursa Major. It is also known as the only cluster in his 1989 catalog to receive Abell's highest richness class of 5. This means that it contains "at least" 300 galaxies in the magnitude range of m to m+2, where m is the magnitude of the third-brightest member of the cluster. The clusters in all other richness classes contain less than 300 such galaxies. Abell 665's combination of high brightness and large distance, made it an excellent candidate along with 37 other clusters to help determine the Hubble constant using the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect in 2006. Member velocity, cluster velocity dispersion, and X-ray data suggest that is composed of two similar-mass clusters which are at or very close to core crossing, give or take ≲ 0.5 gigayears. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35093839 | Abell 665 |
Jingpo Lacus is a lake in the north polar region of Titan, the planet Saturn's largest moon. It and similarly sized Ontario Lacus are the largest known bodies of liquid on Titan after the three maria (Kraken Mare, Ligeia Mare and Punga Mare). It is composed of liquid hydrocarbons (mainly methane and ethane). It is west of Kraken Mare at 73° N, 336° W, roughly 240 km (150 mi) long, similar to the length of Lake Onega on Earth. Its namesake is Jingpo Lake, a lake in China. On 8 July 2009, "Cassini"'s Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed a specular reflection in 5 µm infrared light off at 71° N, 337° W. (This has sometimes been described less accurately as at the southern shoreline of Kraken Mare.) Specular reflections indicate a smooth, mirror-like surface, so the observation corroborated the inference of the presence of a large liquid body drawn from radar imaging. The observation was made soon after the north polar region emerged from 15 years of winter darkness. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35105378 | Jingpo Lacus |
George Kenneth Green George Kenneth Green, also called Kenneth Green, (1911 – August 1997) was an American accelerator physicist. Green studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he belonged to the group of Ernest Lawrence. Later, he worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) with Milton Stanley Livingston. After the discovery of Strong focusing by Ernest Courant et al., Green implemented the idea into the design of the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, collaborating with John Blewett. He was later working on the proposal for the National Synchrotron Light Source, which construction was begun in 1978. Collaborating with Renate Chasman, he developed the Chasman-Green lattice, which was later used for storage rings of synchrotron light sources. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35111617 | George Kenneth Green |
Ananda Chandra Dutta () (8 February 1923 – 16 January 2016) was an Indian botanist of Assam. He was born at Chekonidhara village of Jorhat. He started his career as a teacher in Mariani Middle English High School in 1944-45 and then joined the Tocklai Tea Research Institute in 1947. Dutta played a major role in the establishment of a tea museum at Jorhat in 1977. He has also prepared a list of 10,000 trees for the Tocklai herbarium. He was awarded "Degree of Doctor of Science" by Dibrugarh University. He died on 16 January 2016 at his own residence in Jorhat. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35118873 | Ananda Chandra Dutta |
Aleksander Kosiba (born 18 January 1901 in Libusza — died 18 September 1981 in Wrocław) was a Polish geographer, geophysicist, glaciologist and climatologist. Kosiba's undergraduate tertiary studies were at the then Jan Kazimierz University. He was an honorary member of Norwegian Geographical Society. Kosiba was involved in a Greenland expedition in 1934 by Denmark. There he worked for five months - May to September. In 1978 he published his last scientific work, "The snow, glaciers — ice sheets." | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35123509 | Aleksander Kosiba |
Gibbons–Hawking ansatz In mathematics, the is a method of constructing gravitational instantons introduced by . It gives examples of hyperkähler manifolds in dimension 4 that are invariant under a circle action. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35132005 | Gibbons–Hawking ansatz |
Walter Sidney Metcalf (18 May 1918 – 25 July 2008) was a New Zealand physical chemist. Walter Metcalf gained a bachelor's degree in music in parallel with his first science degree. He studied for a DPhil degree with E. J. Bowen at Oxford University in England. Metcalf initially worked at Victoria University of Wellington and moved to Canterbury University College (now the University of Canterbury) in 1954. He retired as a Reader in 1975. Metcalf mainly worked on photochemistry and was awarded the T. K. Sidey Medal by the Royal Society of New Zealand for his research in 1966. Towards the end of his career, he worked on calcium metabolism. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35139952 | Walter Sidney Metcalf |
JPL Small-Body Database The (SBDB) is an astronomy database about small Solar System bodies. It is maintained by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and NASA and provides data for all known asteroids and several comets, including orbital parameters and diagrams, physical diagrams, and lists of publications related to the small body. The database is updated on a daily basis. As of August 2013 (planetary ephemeris DE431) close-approach data is available for the major planets and the 16 most massive asteroids. Close approach data is available by adding ";cad=1" to the end of the body's URL. A Java applet is available and provided as a 3D orbit visualization tool. The applet was implemented using unreliable 2-body methods, and hence should not be used for determining accurate long-term trajectories (over several years or decades) or planetary encounter circumstances. For accurate ephemerides use the JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System that handles the n-body problem using numerical integration. The Java applet is available by adding ";orb=1" to the end of the body's URL. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35141200 | JPL Small-Body Database |
Lithospheric flexure The lithospheric flexure (also called regional isostasy) is the process by which the lithosphere (rigid outer layer of the Earth) bends under the action of forces such as the weight of a growing orogen or changes in ice thickness related to (de)glaciations. The lithosphere is the thin, outer, rigid layer of the Earth resting on the asthenosphere, a viscous layer that in geological time scales behaves as a fluid. Thus, when loaded, the lithosphere progressively reaches an isostatic equilibrium, which is the name of the Archimedes principle applied to these geological settings. This phenomenon was first described in the late 19th century to explain the shorelines uplifted in Scandinavia due to the removal of large ice massed during the last glaciation. G. K. Gilbert used it to explain the uplifted shorelines of Lake Bonneville. The concept was not retaken until the 1950s by Vening Meinesz. The geometry of the lithospheric bending is often modeled adopting a pure elastic thin plate approach (sometimes by fitting the gravity anomaly produced by that bending rather than more direct data of it). The thickness of such plate that best fits the observed lithospheric bending is called the equivalent elastic thickness of the lithosphere, and is related to the stiffness or rigidity of the lithosphere. These lithospheric bending calculations are typically performed following the Euler-Bernoulli bending formulation, or alternatively the Lagrange equation (Love-Kirchhoff). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35175245 | Lithospheric flexure |
Max Kleiber (4 January 1893 – 5 January 1976) was a Swiss agricultural biologist, born and educated in Zurich, Switzerland. Kleiber graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology as an Agricultural Chemist in 1920, earned the ScD degree in 1924, and became a private "dozent" after publishing his thesis "The Energy Concept in the Science of Nutrition". Kleiber joined the Animal Husbandry Department of UC Davis in 1929 to construct respiration chambers and conduct research on energy metabolism in animals. Among his many important achievements, two are especially noteworthy. In 1932 he came to the conclusion that the ¾ power of body weight was the most reliable basis for predicting the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of animals and for comparing nutrient requirements among animals of different size. He also provided the basis for the conclusion that total efficiency of energy utilization is independent of body size. These concepts and several others fundamental for understanding energy metabolism are discussed in Kleiber's book, "The Fire of Life" published in 1961 and subsequently translated into German, Polish, Spanish, and Japanese. He is credited with the description of the ratio of metabolism to body mass, which became Kleiber's law. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35178539 | Max Kleiber |
Mycoplasma haemomuris Mycoplasma haemomuris, formerly known as "Haemobartonella muris" and "Bartonella muris", is a Gram-negative bacillus. It is known to cause anemia in rats and mice. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35184684 | Mycoplasma haemomuris |
Veneneia is the second-largest crater on asteroid 4 Vesta, at 52°S latitude. in diameter, it is 70% of the equatorial diameter of the asteroid, and one of the largest craters in the Solar System. It is at least 2 billion years old. However, it is overlain and partially obliterated by the even larger Rheasilvia. It was discovered by the "Dawn" spacecraft in 2011. It is named after "Venēneia", one of the founding vestal virgins. Vesta has a series of troughs in the northern hemisphere concentric to Veneneia. These are believed to be large-scale fractures resulting from the impact. The largest is Saturnalia Fossa, approx. 39 km wide and > 400 km long. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35191826 | Veneneia |
Quality Meat Scotland (QMS) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government. It promotes the red meat sector and markets the Protected Geographical Indication Scotch Beef and Scotch Lamb brands. It was set up in 1990 (originally as the Scottish Quality Beef & Lamb Association) to provide assurance to industry and consumers that animals produced for the food chain met certain standards. It was established on a statutory basis in 2008, replacing the Meat and Livestock Commission. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35207083 | Quality Meat Scotland |
Los Angeles County flood of 2005 The was the first large flood in Los Angeles County since 1938. It affected communities near the Los Angeles River and areas ranging from Santa Barbara County in the north to Orange and San Diego Counties in the south, as well as Riverside and San Bernardino Counties to the east. Large amounts of rain in January caused the Los Angeles River basin to overflow. The Ventura, Santa Ynez, and Santa Clara Rivers also flooded. Over of rain was recorded in downtown Los Angeles for the 2004-2005 rain season, marking the highest rainfall year since 1884. Ski areas in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains also received record amounts of snow. From December 27, 2004 through January 10, 2005, of rain fell on downtown Los Angeles, the wettest 15 day consecutive period on record. Seventeen deaths were attributed to rainfall, and several hundred people were displaced by flooding. The worst incident was a mudslide at La Conchita in Ventura County which destroyed 15 homes and killed 10 people. President Bush declared a state of emergency in Southern California to assist in recovery from flood damages estimated at $300 million or more. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35210899 | Los Angeles County flood of 2005 |
Kathleen C. Taylor (born 1942) is a chemist who won the Garvan–Olin Medal in 1989, and is notable for developing catalytic converters for cars. She currently works at Columbia University and consults for the United States Department of Energy. Taylor attended Douglass College at Rutgers University, earning a bachelor's in chemistry in 1964; she completed her Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1968 at Northwestern University. She did postdoctoral research at the University of Edinburgh and then joined General Motors in 1970. Her work at GM on catalytic converters helped reduce pollution from car exhaust, following work done earlier by Eugene Houdry. Taylor at GM improved on existing catalytic converters to convert nitric oxide into nitrogen, instead of ammonia, a toxin to humans. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35264387 | Kathleen C. Taylor |
Jökull Jökull: The Icelandic Journal of Earth Sciences is an annual peer-reviewed scientific journal published jointly by the Iceland Glaciological Society and the Geoscience Society of Iceland. The journal covers all aspects of the Earth sciences in relation to Iceland, including meteorology, oceanography, petrology and geothermal research. The editor-in-chief is Bryndís Brandsdóttir. It has been a victim of journal hijacking. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35266775 | Jökull |
Raymond John Moore (1918–1988) was a Canadian botanist best known for his researches into "Buddleja" hybridization at the Blandy Experimental Farm in Boyce, Virginia, USA, and later at the Canadian Department of Agriculture Plant Research Institute in Ottawa, where he specialized in cytogenetics. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35272033 | Raymond John Moore |
Discrete debris accumulation (DDA) is a non-genetic term in mountain glacial geology to aid identification of non-lithified sediments on a valley or mountain slope or floor. It is intended that the debris accumulation is discrete such that it can be mapped, in the field and/or from aerial or satellite imagery. The origin or formative process may well not be known clearly or be changed by subsequent investigators it is advisable to have a non-genetic field reference so that discussion can then be used to ascertain, if possible, the origin. Mountain areas may currently have glaciers (glacierized) or have had glaciers (glaciated) or be subject to forms of periglacial activity. A moraine would be an easily identified DDA as would an esker. Although scree (talus) is generally easily identified and mapped, these deposits may be modified by ice, avalanches or downlope movement to create essentially new landforms. Many small slope failures and landslides can give the appearance of moraines or protalus ramparts on slopes. After mapping as a DDA, further investigation might draw light on the origin of the feature. The term was apparently first used by Sven Lukas for a very specific feature in Svalbard. Independently, it was suggested in the literature in W. B. Whalley and subsequently in Whalley, 2012 as relating to the basic definition and usage as above. This book chapter provides several photographic examples. The 'cirque infills' described by Hätterstrand et al | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35273565 | Discrete debris accumulation |
Discrete debris accumulation (2008) in the Khibiny Mountains, Kola Peninsula could be described as discrete debris accumulations, although their origin is postulated by these authors as being moraine remnants of an ice sheet pushing into these cirques rather than as rock glaciers formed within the cirques. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35273565 | Discrete debris accumulation |
List of biogeographical puzzles This is a list of taxa whose location or distribution is notably difficult to explain; e.g., species which came to occupy a range distant from that of their closest relatives by a process or history that is not understood, or is a subject of controversy. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35277745 | List of biogeographical puzzles |
Transstadial transmission occurs when a pathogen remains with the vector from one life stage ("stadium") to the next. For example, the bacteria "Borrelia burgdorferi", the causative agent for Lyme disease, infects the tick vector as a larva, and the infection is maintained when it molts to a nymph and later develops as an adult. This type of transmission is seen in other parasites like viruses or "Rickettsia". In addition to ticks, mites are another common vector. Some sources consider transstadial transmission a type of horizontal transmission, whereas other sources consider it vertical or partial vertical transmission. Transstadial blockage could be considered the opposite of transstadial transmission, where the parasite cannot be carried over from one life stage to the next. For example, viruses that undergo transstadial blockage will have decreased infectivity in molting insects. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35291570 | Transstadial transmission |
NGC 4980 is a spiral galaxy in the southern constellation of Hydra. The shape of appears slightly deformed, something which is often a sign of recent tidal interactions with another galaxy. In this galaxy's case, however, this appears not to be the case as there are no other galaxies in its immediate vicinity. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35300215 | NGC 4980 |
Kai-Ming Ho is a Senior Physicist at Ames Laboratory and distinguished Professor in Department of Physics and Astronomy at Iowa State University. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35314773 | Kai-Ming Ho |
Edwin Hennig (27 April 1882 – 12 November 1977) was a German paleontologist. was one of five children of a merchant who died when Hennig was 10 years old. Starting in 1902, Hennig studied natural sciences, anthropology, and philosophy at the University of Freiburg in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany where earned a doctorate in 1906 with Otto Jaekel. This is where Hennig significantly contributed to research on the extinct genus Gyrodus. Afterwards, he was an assistant to Wilhelm von Branca at Berlin’s Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, where he attained his habilitation and became a private lecturer. During World War I, he was a military geologist until 1917 where he became a professor at the University of Tübingen and later an academic rector and director of the geological paleontology institute. Hennig later joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party in 1937. In 1945, he was relieved of office and submitted to denazification. Hennig retired in 1951. is well known for joining expeditions with Werner Janensch to the Tendaguru Beds in what is now Tanzania, East Africa. He is also known for describing discoveries of Australopithecus afarensis from East Africa, collected by Ludwig Kohl-Larsen. Much like Othenio Abel, Hennig was a supporter of orthogenesis theories of evolution as was his assistant, Karl Beurlen. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35316733 | Edwin Hennig |
Flow meter error In flow measurement, flow meter error is typically reported by a percentage indicating non-linearity of the device. This can be expressed as either a +/- percentage based on either the full range capacity of the device or as a percentage of the actual indicated flow. In practice the flow meter error is a combination of repeatability, accuracy and the uncertainty of the reference calibration. http://www.flowmeters.co.uk/liquid-flow-meter-performance-specification-glossary/ If a meter’s accuracy is based on a percentage of its full reading capability, the error is a fixed value. For example; an error of 0.5% of full scale, in a 100-gallon per minute (gpm) device is +/- 0.5 gpm. This is the uncertainty all of the time, so as you move away from the full scale capability, the 0.5 gpm error becomes a much larger percentage. At 50 gpm, you are risking a 1% error. At 10 gpm you have a potential 5% error. If the device has an error expressed as a percentage of the actual flow, then a 0.5% error of 10 gpm is only +/-0.05 gpm; a 10 times better result. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35337586 | Flow meter error |
Deyrolle During the 20th century, was a Parisian institution for natural sciences and pedagogy. It is one of the best known companies of entomology and taxidermy of Paris. Today, is a shop and a cabinet of curiosities open to the public, a reference in the field of taxidermy, entomology and natural sciences, whose vocation is to show the beauty of Nature. is also involved in pedagogy and art. was created in 1831 by Jean-Baptiste Deyrolle, who was soon succeeded by his son Achille, at 46 rue du Bac in a building constructed in 1697-1699 by Jean-Baptiste Voille for a member of the Bruand family (Libéral Bruand). It was deeply transformed in 1739 by Samuel-Jacques Bernard, son of the banker of Louis XIV, Samuel Bernard (7 arrondissement). Beyond its scientific material, minerals collections, seashells, fossils, mounted animals and prehistoric tools, provides pedagogical charts to schools and universities in France, made to illustrate teacher’s lessons. ("Musée scolaire Deyrolle"). In 1995, the world famous painter Richard Marolle bought before selling it to Louis Albert de Broglie In 2001 Louis Albert de Broglie bought and he restored the shop. On February the 1st 2008, the Cabinet of Curiosities was destroyed by a big fire. The cause was probably a short-circuit. A big part of the rooms and of the collections has been destroyed: butterflies, insects, and animals (zebras, alligators, gazelles, bears, lions, shellfish and turtles) | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35353877 | Deyrolle |
Deyrolle On May the 15th 2008, the building was already cleaned and the two rooms of the first floor reopened. Some artists who contributed to save Deyrolle: Jan Fabre - Nan Goldin - Jacques Grange - Karen Knorr - Marie-Jo Lafontaine - Claude Lalanne - François-Xavier Lalanne - Pierre Alechinsky - Yann Arthus-Bertrand - Miquel Barcelo - Pascal Bernier - Laurent Bochet - Sophie Calle - Johan Creten - Marc Dantan - Nicolas Darrot - Mark Dion - Bettina Rheims - Bernar Venet - Huang Yong Ping. is well known for its pedagogical charts. It all starts around 1871, when Emile developed everything that concerns the educational material, anatomical models in staff, biology pieces, and most of all, the creation of coloured wall charts, published under the name "Musée scolaire Deyrolle". They are meant to teach the "Leçons de choses" ("Lessons of things") but also Botany, Zoology, Entomology, Geography, Anatomy, Civics, Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Mineralogy, Biology, etc. « "Visual instruction is the least tiring for the mind, but this education can have good results only if the ideas engraved in the children’s mind are rigorously exact." » Émile In 2007, Louis Albert de Broglie restarts the publishing activity with the creation of new educational charts, to tackle contemporary environmental and societal issues. It is the start of a new collection of educational charts published under the name of pour l’Avenir (DPA). There are charts on sustainable development, climate changes, endangered species, renewable energy, etc | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35353877 | Deyrolle |
Deyrolle is a reference in the field of taxidermy. We can find birds, beasts and mammals from all over the world. At Deyrolle, with only a few exceptions, no animal was killed to be mounted: the non-domestic species come from zoos, parks, where they died of old age or illness. They are traceable, and protected species are held and delivered in accordance with the Washington Convention (CITES). is also known for its entomological collections. The drawers of the entomological room are filled with colourful butterflies, beetles, and other insects. It is possible to see the experts of the entomology team working on the mounting of insects. The first aim of was to teach natural sciences to children and students, but was a point of interest also for artists: the surrealists André Breton and Salvador Dalí, the painters Jean Dubuffet and Mathieu, the writers Louise de Vilmorin and Théodore Monod, Raymond Queneau and many others stopped regularly at the shop. Today, continues its proximity with artists and the shop welcomes a lot of exhibitions and events during the year: Bettina Rheims, Éric Sander or also Charwei Tsai was exhibited at Deyrolle. Woody Allen used the rooms of in July 2010 for his movie "Midnight in Paris", and Wes Anderson is a huge fan of the shop. also develops collaborations with artists. We can mention Aurèle or Damien Hirst, for example. In 2005, French singer Nolwenn Leroy shot the artwork for her album "Histoires Naturelles" at Deyrolle, as well as the music video for the single "Histoire Naturelle" | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35353877 | Deyrolle |
Deyrolle Some exhibitions: | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35353877 | Deyrolle |
Masao Kitagawa Masao Kitagawa | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35368123 | Masao Kitagawa |
Natural History Society of Northumbria The (NHSN) is a voluntary organization to promote the study of natural history and protect the wildlife of North East England. Its offices and library are in the Great North Museum: Hancock, whose building, land and collections it owns. It leases them to Newcastle University, on whose behalf they are administered by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums. It possesses a substantial natural history library and archive and maintains the Gosforth Nature Reserve, one of the oldest designated nature reserves in North East England. It also carries out research and provides talks, field trips and educational courses, as well as publishing scientific papers. NHSN has managed Gosforth Nature Reserve since 1929. This 1 km x 1 km wildlife refuge north of Newcastle upon Tyne includes a shallow lake with extensive reed bed, mixed woodland and small areas of wildflower meadow. The reserve is scientifically important for its uncommon flora and fauna, which includes bittern, kingfisher, otter, red squirrel, coralroot orchid and purple hairstreak butterfly. The reserve has hides and boardwalks that enable visitors to view waterfowl, waders and reed bed birds at one of the most popular birdwatching sites in the Newcastle area. Woodland trails and a feeding station provide an opportunity to see a wide range of woodland birds, mammals and flowers. Access to the reserve is restricted to NHSN members or those who purchase a day-pass from the information hut upon arrival | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35372106 | Natural History Society of Northumbria |
Natural History Society of Northumbria The Northumbrian Naturalist (known as the Transactions until 2009) has been published by NHSN since 1831. This journal contains scientific papers, research and observations about the natural world of Northumbria and is the only journal of its kind in the North East. Northumberland Coastal Wildlife is published in partnership with various conservation organisations who manage designates sites along the Northumberland coast. This annual report records the numbers of pairs of breeding birds on the islands, a bird ringing report and an account of all the rarities observed during the time the wardens are in residence. The latter also includes details about cetacean sightings, information on the Farne Islands grey seal colony, and an account of butterfly and moth records. NHSN continues to provide a range of field trips, events and education courses designed to inspire wonder in the natural world, as well as informative public talks throughout the winter period. More recently, the organisation launched its 1829 Talks – delivered by early-career scientists studying at local universities. NHSN remains active in conservation and research in North East England, advising on various committees concerned with the protection of the region's wildlife. Through bird ringing, biological recording and the giving of small grants in sponsorship of local environmental studies, it continues to be actively involved in monitoring the fortunes of local wildlife | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35372106 | Natural History Society of Northumbria |
Natural History Society of Northumbria The organisation continues to support the development of young naturalists through its Student Naturalist Award Scheme and support via its Lantern Fund. The key events in the history of the NHSN are as follows. In chronological order (by date of demise): William Loftus (c.1821–1858) was an English archaeologist and traveller. Joshua Alder (1792–1867) was an amateur zoologist and malacologist specialising in tunicates and gastropods. Albany Hancock (1806–1873) was brother of the ornithologist John Hancock and specialised in the anatomy of sea creatures especially sea slugs or nudibranchs, depicting them in minute detail. His watercolour drawings are held in the Society's archives. William Chapman Hewitson (1806–1878) was a wealthy collector, particularly of beetles, lepidopterans, bird's nests and eggs. He built up an extensive collection of butterflies of the world and was an accomplished illustrator. Grace Hickling (1908–1986) had a long association with the Farne Islands as a researcher and conservationist. She became the public face of the islands and played a key role in ensuring that they were recognised nationally for their importance as a habitat for seals and seabirds. John Hancock (1808–1890) was an ornithologist, producing his Catalogue of the Birds of Northumberland and Durham in 1874. His greatest talent, however, was taxidermy and his collection of mounted British birds can still be seen today in the Bird Gallery of the Great North Museum: Hancock | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35372106 | Natural History Society of Northumbria |
Natural History Society of Northumbria Mary Jane Hancock (1810–1896) was an amateur botanist and enthusiastic watercolour painter, and the youngest sister of John and Albany Hancock. The holds over 60 of her paintings and more than 300 botany specimens from her personal collections. Dr Marie Victoire Lebour (1876–1971) studied the life cycles of many aquatic organisms, rearing them from eggs to larvae and on through metamorphosis to adulthood, using the newly invented plunger jars which kept water flowing and full of oxygen. Her knowledge has contributed to our understanding of marine organisms from herring fish to single-cell diatoms. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35372106 | Natural History Society of Northumbria |
Raymond Laurent Raymond Ferdinand Louis-Philippe Laurent (16 May 1917 – 3 February 2005) was a Belgian herpetologist, who specialized in African and South American amphibians and reptiles. He published more than 200 scientific articles and book chapters. Several species have been named after him, most recently "Phymaturus laurenti" in 2010. Additional species of reptiles named in his honor include "Chironius laurenti", "Liolaemus laurenti", and "Mehelya laurenti". | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35389165 | Raymond Laurent |
Biomanufacturing is a type of manufacturing or biotechnology that utilizes biological systems to produce commercially important biomaterials and biomolecules for use in medicines, food and beverage processing, and industrial applications. products are recovered from natural sources, such as blood, or from cultures of microbes, animal cells, or plant cells grown in specialized equipment. The cells used during the production may have been naturally occurring or derived using genetic engineering techniques. There are thousands of biomanufacturing products on the market today. Some examples of general classes are listed below: A partial listing of unit operations utilized during biomanufacturing includes the following: Equipment and facility requirements are dictated by the product(s) being manufactured. Process equipment is typically constructed of stainless steel or plastic. Stainless steel equipment can be cleaned and reused. Some plastic equipment is disposed of after a single use. Products manufactured for medical or food use must be produced in facilities designed and operated according to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations. Cleanrooms are often required to control the levels of particulates and microorganisms. Sterilization and aseptic processing equipment are required for production of injectable products | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35438992 | Biomanufacturing |
Biomanufacturing Skilled professionals are required for positions throughout the life cycle of a biomanufacturing product, which includes: Details for some of these positions are listed in “The Model Employee,” published by the North Carolina Biotechnology Center. In addition, the North Carolina Association for Biomedical Research (NCABR) maintains the website "About Bioscience" that offers free online videos on various careers. Several academic institutions have developed curricula and built facilities to provide education and training in biomanufacturing to students from community colleges, universities, and/or industry. NCBioImpact, established in 2004, is an example of a comprehensive state-wide training network. Member institutions Golden LEAF Training and Education Center (BTEC) at North Carolina State University, (BRITE) at North Carolina Central University, and North Carolina Community College System’s BioNetwork operate multidisciplinary centers dedicated to workforce development for the biomanufacturing industry. MiraCosta College and Solano College in California developed the first bachelor of science degree in biomanufacturing. The degree is largely lab-based and is built on a contextualized science and statistics backbone. The upper division classes recognize the unique environment of biological production where the process sciences and technology thrive in partnership with quality and regulatory compliance. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35438992 | Biomanufacturing |
Magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) describes a class of fusion devices which combine aspects of magnetic confinement fusion and inertial confinement fusion in an attempt to lower the cost of fusion devices. MIF uses magnetic fields to confine an initial warm, low-density plasma, then compresses that plasma to fusion conditions using an impulsive driver or "liner." approaches differ in the degree of magnetic organization present in the initial target, as well as the nature and speed of the imploding liner. Laser, solid, liquid and plasma liners have all been proposed. begins with a warm dense plasma target containing a magnetic field. Plasma's conductivity prevents it from crossing magnetic field lines. As a result, compressing the target amplifies the magnetic field. The starships in Mike Kupari's novel "Her Brother's Keeper" are propelled in part by magneto-inertial fusion rockets. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35461390 | Magneto-inertial fusion |
David Hirst (arachnologist) David B. Hirst is an arachnologist previously based at the South Australian Museum in Adelaide. He left the Museum on 22 February 2011. He has described more than 40 species and genera in the Sparassidae (huntsman spider) family, and was regularly called on by New Zealand authorities to identify huntsman spiders that entered their country. Hirst's work includes revision of many Sparassid genera including Delena, Holconia, Isopeda, Isopedella, Keilira, Pediana, Rhacocnemis, Thomasettia and Typostola. Hirst has been a consultant in cases where spiders were said to have been found in bottles of wine from South Australia. The finders of the spiders were from the United Kingdom. In some cases he was able to rule out the bottles as the source of the spider because the specimens presented were not found in Australia. He however found a "Clubiona" sac spider more likely to have been in the bottle when filled because he was able to find the species present in wine growing areas. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35466480 | David Hirst (arachnologist) |
Birks' law (named after British physicist John B. Birks) is an empirical formula for the light yield per path length as a function of the energy loss per path length for a particle traversing a scintillator, and gives a relation that is not linear at high loss rates. The relation is: where "L" is the light yield, "S" is the scintillation efficiency, "dE/dx" is the energy loss of the particle per path length, and "k" is Birks' constant, which depends on the material. "k" is 0.126 mm/MeV for polystyrene-based scintillators and 1.26–2.07 × 10 g/(MeV cm) for polyvinyltoluene-based scintillators. Birks speculated that the loss of linearity is due to recombination and quenching effects between the excited molecules and the surrounding substrate. has mostly been tested for organic scintillators. Its applicability to inorganic scintillators is debated. A good discussion can be found in "Particle Detectors at Accelerators: Organic scintillators". A compilation of Birks' constant for various materials can be found in "Semi-empirical calculation of quenching factors for ions in scintillators". A more complete theory of scintillation saturation, that gives when only unimolecular de-excitation is included, can be found in a paper by Blanc, Cambou, and De Laford. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35475501 | Birks' law |
Herbert Gleiter (born 13 October 1938 in Stuttgart) is a German researcher in physics and nanotechnology. In 1966, he received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Stuttgart in Germany. He received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize in 1988 for contributions to the field of nanotechnology. He became the Chair Professor of the Institute of Material Science at Saarland University, Germany in 1979. He has also held positions at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of Bochum. Since 2012, he is Director and Chair Professor of the 'Institute of Nanoscience' of 'Nanjing University of Science and Technology' of Nanjing in China. In 2019, he received the Advanced Materials Laureate during the 30th IAAM Award Assembly. In 2019, he received the Advanced Materials Laureate during the 30th IAAM Award Assembly. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35487375 | Herbert Gleiter |
Gravitational soliton A gravitational soliton is a soliton solution of the Einstein field equation. It can be separated into two kinds, a soliton of the vacuum Einstein equation generated by the Belinski-Zakharov transform, and a soliton of the Maxwell-Einstein equations generated by the Belinski-Zakharov-Alekseev transform. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35489100 | Gravitational soliton |
Einstein–Rosen metric The is an exact solution of Einstein's field equation. It was derived by Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen in 1937. It is the first exact solution of Einstein's equation that described the propagation of a gravitational wave. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35489153 | Einstein–Rosen metric |
Anatoly Rusanov Anatoly Ivanovich Rusanov () (20 April 1932, Leningrad) is a Russian chemist. He is a member of the Russian Academy of Science since 1990. He is graduated from Leningrad State University and currently is the head of the Colloid Chemistry Department of St. Petersburg State University. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35493063 | Anatoly Rusanov |
Dmitry Kharitonov Dmitry Evstratievich Kharitonov (; 1896-1970), also spelt Charitonov, was the first native Russian arachnologist. In 1916 he founded the arachnological school of Perm State University, the oldest arachnology research group in Russia. The culmination of his work was the comprehensive "Katalog der russischen Spinnen" (en: "Catalogue of Russian spiders"), published bilingually in 1932, with an addition published in 1936. He grew up under the supervision of Dmitry Mikhailovich Fedotov, an arachnologist from St. Petersburg. One of his postgraduates, T.S. Mkheidze, has been working in Georgia since the 1930s. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35502498 | Dmitry Kharitonov |
Cabled observatory Cabled observatories are seabed oceanographic research platforms connected to the surface by undersea cables. Such cables supply both power and telecommunications to instruments. By removing the limitations of undersea power sources and sonar or RF communications, cabled observatories allow persistent study of underwater phenomena. A single cable can support multiple observation sites via individual "drops;" multiple or branching cables may then provide data in 2D or 3D. The extent of coverage is limited by the high cost of laying dedicated undersea cable. Initial experiments used abandoned communications cables; efforts are in progress to extend observations at lower cost by accessing more such cables. Despite their advantages, cabled observatories can (and do) relay compromised data to scientists, particularly when located in remote parts of the ocean. Factors such as instrumental malfunction and biofouling are often responsible for this. Systematic improvements, to lessen the impacts of such factors, are currently being studied by groups such as Ocean Networks Canada. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35509452 | Cabled observatory |
Photometeor In atmospheric optics, a photometeor is a bright object or other optical phenomenon appearing in the Earth's atmosphere when sunlight or moonlight creates a reflection, refraction, diffraction or interference under particular circumstances. The most common examples include halos, rainbows, fogbows, cloud iridescences (or irisation), glories, Bishop's rings, coronas, crepuscular rays, sun dogs, light pillars, mirages, scintillations, and green flashes. Photometeors are not reported in routine weather observation. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35516605 | Photometeor |
S. T. Satyamurthi S. Thomas Satyamurthi was an Indian zoologist who served as Superintendent of the Government Museum, Chennai and the Connemara Public Library from 1960 to 1978. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35525414 | S. T. Satyamurthi |
Pulkovo meridian The Pulkovo meridian, which passes through the center of the main building of the Pulkovo Observatory and is at 30°19,6‘ east of Greenwich, was the point of departure for all former geographical maps of Russia. This meridian was used as the reference in the Russian Empire before the Prime meridian (Greenwich). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35536188 | Pulkovo meridian |
Antônio Brescovit Antônio Domingos Brescovit (born 1959) is a Brazilian arachnologist. His first name, Antônio (the spelling used in Brazil) may also be spelt António (the spelling used in Portugal). He develops academic activities at the 'arthropodae laboratorium' at the Butantan Institute, and he is a specialist in Neotropical Arachnida. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35540806 | Antônio Brescovit |
Repulsive state In quantum mechanics, a repulsive state is an electronic state of a molecule for which there is no minimum in the potential energy. This means that the state is unstable and unbound since the potential energy smoothly decreases with the interatomic distance and the atoms repel one another. In such a state there are no discrete vibrational energy levels; instead, these levels form a continuum. This should not be confused with an excited state, which is a metastable electronic state containing a minimum in the potential energy, and may be short or long-lived. When a molecule is excited by means such as UV/VIS spectroscopy it can undergo a molecular electronic transition: if such a transition brings the molecule into a repulsive state, it will spontaneously dissociate. This condition is also known as predissociation since the chemical bond is broken at an energy which is lower than what might be expected. In electronic spectroscopy, this often appears as a strong, continuous feature in the absorption or emission spectrum, making repulsive states easy to detect. For example, triatomic hydrogen has a repulsive ground state, which means it can only exist in an excited state: if it drops down to the ground state, it will immediately break up into one of the several possible dissociation products. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35548904 | Repulsive state |
John F. Eisenberg (1935–2003) was an American zoologist. Eisenberg was born in 1935, in Everett, Washington. As a boy, he trapped and studied rodents, which intrigued him, so he decided to obtain a scholarship to study zoology at a university. He graduated from Washington State University and earned his master's and doctorate degrees in zoology at the University of California in Berkeley. In 1965, he took a position at the National Zoo and also taught graduate courses at the University of Maryland University of Maryland. He left the zoo in 1982, when he was the zoo's assistant director, to take a position teaching at the University of Florida University of Florida. In 2000, he retired and moved back to Washington State. Even during his retirement, he maintained his passion for mice and other rodents, and even went to Sri Lanka to study mammals of various sizes, including elephants. He was married and divorced 2 times. He died on July 6, 2003 at the age of 68 at his home in Bellingham, Washington. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35553315 | John F. Eisenberg |
Richard E. Grant (paleontologist) Richard E. Grant (1927–1994) was an American paleontologist. Grant was born in 1927. From 1972 till his death he served as a Chairman, Curator, and a Senior Geologist in the Department of Paleobiology and National Museum of Natural History. He is most famous for studying Brachiopods of Permian period in 1979. He died in 1994. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35554613 | Richard E. Grant (paleontologist) |
Sklodowskite is a uranium mineral with the chemical formula: Mg(UO)(HSiO)·5HO. It is a secondary mineral which contains magnesium and is a bright yellow colour, its crystal habit is acicular, but can form in other shapes. It has a Mohs hardness of about 2-3. It is named after the maiden name of Marie Skłodowska Curie. It is the magnesium analogue of the much more common uranium mineral Cuprosklodowskite, which contains copper instead. It was discovered by (1881–1966) in 1924. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571278 | Sklodowskite |
Ramiflory In plant biology, ramiflory is the production of fruit and flowers on the woody branches of a plant, formed in a previous season. The corresponding condition for the trunk of the plant is known as cauliflory. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571378 | Ramiflory |
Hilbrand Boschma (22 April 1893 – 22 July 1976) was a Dutch zoologist and director of the Rijksmuseum of Natural History in Leiden. Boschma studied botany and zoology at the University of Amsterdam. He went to the former Dutch East Indies, where he studied embryology, functional morphology in reptiles and amphibians, and stony corals. He joined a Danish expedition to the Kai Islands in 1922 as an associate of the Danish zoologist Dr. Th. Mortensen and sampled and studied corals. He is taxon author of (among other invertebrate organisms) several different species of fire corals. Thereafter Boschma went back to The Netherlands to take up the post of chief assistant at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University at Leiden. In 1925 he started giving lectures in general zoology for medical students, and in 1931 he became professor of general zoology. In 1934 Boschma became director of the Rijksmuseum of Natural History in Leiden. He was the first director who was specialized in invertebrate animals. He was also a Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1946, Foreign Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, Honorary Foreign Member of the "Société zoologique de France", and member of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. He retired at age 65 in 1958, but continued giving lectures until 1963 and writing scientific articles until 1974 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571520 | Hilbrand Boschma |
Hilbrand Boschma Boschma is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of reptile ("Cryptophis boschmai" and "Draco boschmai"), a lobster ("Metanephrops boschmai"), and a fish ("Lophichthys boschmai"). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35571520 | Hilbrand Boschma |
Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia (SMED) is a rare autosomal-recessive disease which causes skeletal disorders. SMED is thought to be caused by a mutation in the Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) gene. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35594200 | Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia |
Franz Joseph Hugi (1791–1855) was a Swiss geologist and teacher who was called the "father of winter mountaineering," and was author of two pioneer works on glacier phenomena. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35613537 | Franz Joseph Hugi |
Tarpeia (crater) Tarpeia is a crater on the asteroid 4 Vesta located at 69.5°S and 29°E, within the ridged and grooved terrain of Vesta's southern hemisphere. It has a diameter of 41 km. It is irregularly shaped and has a sharp, fresh rim. It contains many small craters less than a kilometer across and its steep slopes shows brilliant layers of minerals. It was named after Tarpeia, a maiden from Roman mythology, on 27 December 2011. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35624344 | Tarpeia (crater) |
Forecast verification is a subfield of the climate, atmospheric and ocean sciences dealing with validating, verifying and determining the predictive power of prognostic model forecasts. Because of the complexity of these models, forecast verification goes a good deal beyond simple measures of statistical association or mean error calculations. To determine the value of a forecast, we need to measure it against some baseline, or minimally accurate forecast. There are many types of forecast that, while producing impressive-looking skill scores, are nonetheless naive. A "persistence" forecast can still rival even those of the most sophisticated models. An example is: "What is the weather going to be like today? Same as it was yesterday." This could be considered analogous to a "control" experiment. Another example would be a climatological forecast: "What is the weather going to be like today? The same as it was, on average, for all the previous days this time of year for the past 75 years". The second example suggests a good method of normalizing a forecast before applying any skill measure. Most weather situations will cycle, since the Earth is forced by a highly regular energy source. A numerical weather model must accurately model both the seasonal cycle and (if finely resolved enough) the diurnal cycle. This output, however, adds no information content, since the same cycles are easily predicted from climatological data. Climatological cycles may be removed from both the model output and the "truth" data | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35632302 | Forecast verification |
Forecast verification Thus, the skill score, applied afterward, is more meaningful. One way of thinking about it is, "how much does the forecast reduce our "uncertainty"?" Christensen et al. (1981) used entropy minimax entropy minimax pattern discovery based on information theory to advance the science of long range weather prediction. Previous computer models of weather were based on persistence alone and reliable to only 5-7 days into the future. Long range forecasting was essentially random. Christensen et al. demonstrated the ability to predict the probability that precipitation will be below or above average with modest but statistically significant skill one, two and even three years into the future. Notably, this pioneering work discovered the influence of El Nino El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on U.S. weather forecasting. Tang et al. (2005) used the conditional entropy to characterize the uncertainty of ensemble predictions of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO): where "p" is the ensemble distribution and "q" is the climatological distribution. The World Meteorological Organization maintains a webpage on forecast verification. For more in-depth information on how to verify forecasts see the book by Jolliffe and Stephenson or the book chapter by Daniel Wilks. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35632302 | Forecast verification |
Vibidia (crater) Vibidia is a crater on the asteroid 4 Vesta located at 26.9°S and 139.9°W. It has a diameter of 7.1 km. There is a distinctive ray-like pattern of bright and dark material, with the bright rays extending circularly for 15 km around Vibidia, and the dark rays mostly restricted to within the crater and on the rim. The rays cut across older craters, whereas a few younger craters have formed on top of them. It was named after the Roman Vestal Virgin Vibidia on 27 December 2011. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35635251 | Vibidia (crater) |
Szymon Syrski (24 October 1824, Łubnie – 13 January 1882, Lwów) was a Polish zoologist. He was a professor of zoology at Lviv University. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35637621 | Szymon Syrski |
Paul Géroudet (1917–2006) was a notable Swiss ornithologist. He was the chief editor of Nos Oiseaux from 1939 to 1994. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35645642 | Paul Géroudet |
Aethrioscope An aethrioscope (or æthrioscope) is a meteorological device invented by Sir John Leslie in 1818 for measuring the chilling effect of a clear sky. The name is from the Greek word for clear – "αίθριος". It consists of a metallic cup standing upon a tall hollow pedestal, with a differential thermometer placed so that one of its bulbs is in the focus of the paraboloid formed by the cavity of the cup. The interior of the cup is highly polished and is kept covered by a plate of metal, being opened when an observation is made. The second bulb is always screened from the sky and so is not affected by the radiative effect of the clear sky, the action of which is concentrated upon the first bulb. The contraction of the air in the second bulb by its sudden exposure to a clear sky causes the liquid in the stem to rise. The device will respond in a contrary fashion when exposed to heat radiation and so may be used as a pyrometer too. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35650011 | Aethrioscope |
Richard Blome (1635-1705) was an engraver, cartographer, and publisher in the Kingdom of England. Richard Blome's cartography flourished in the second half of the seventeenth century. He produced a great number of maps, but none were original, and he was often accused of plagiarism although usually made no attempt to hide his sources. His maps were attractive and quaintly designed, and they still retain their nostalgic look. Blome's series of county maps were combined in the "Britannia", based on the latest editions of mapmaker, John Speed, and was published in 1673 but was not a success. It was followed in 1681 by an issue of smaller maps entitled "Speed's Maps Epitomiz'd". Most of his work was engraved by Wenceslaus Hollar, "Richard Palmer", and "Francis Lamb", and embellished with dedications to county dignitaries which were added or omitted in later editions. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35672193 | Richard Blome |
Orlando Mendes Orlando Marques de Almeida Mendes (Island of Mozambique, August 4, 1916 – Maputo, January 11, 1990) was a Mozambican biologist and writer. He lived the Portuguese decolonisation of Mozambique. In 1944, he moved with his wife and daughter to Coimbra, where he studied biology at the University of Coimbra. He worked as a biologist in Lourenço Marques and wrote for several publications such as: "Tempo", "Itinerário", "Vértice" and "África". In spite of being European, he strongly criticized colonial treatment towards black people and Salazar's administration. During the Portuguese Colonial War, he was with FRELIMO nationalist party. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35681165 | Orlando Mendes |
Extremotroph An extremotroph (from Latin ' meaning "extreme" and Greek ' () meaning "food") is an organism that feeds on matter that is not typically considered to be food to most life on Earth. "These anthropocentric definitions that we make of extremophily and extremotrophy focus on a single environmental extreme but many extremophiles may fall into multiple categories, for example, organisms living inside hot rocks deep under the Earth's surface." Extremotrophs are used as bioremediation and biodegradation agents. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35689039 | Extremotroph |
Particle deposition is the spontaneous attachment of particles to surfaces. The particles in question are normally colloidal particles, while the surfaces involved may be planar, curved, or may represent particles much larger in size than the depositing ones (e.g., sand grains). Deposition processes may be triggered by appropriate hydrodynamic flow conditions and favorable particle-surface interactions. Depositing particles may just form a monolayer which further inhibits additional particle deposition, and thereby one refers to "surface blocking". Initially attached particles may also serve as seeds for further particle deposition, which leads to the formation of thicker particle deposits, and this process is termed as "surface ripening" or "fouling". While deposition processes are normally irreversible, initially deposited particles may also detach. The latter process is known as "particle release" and is often triggered by the addition of appropriate chemicals or a modification in flow conditions. Microorganisms may deposit to surfaces in a similar fashion as colloidal particles. When macromolecules, such as proteins, polymers or polyelectrolytes attach to surfaces, one rather calls this process adsorption. While adsorption of macromolecules largely resembles particle deposition, macromolecules may substantially deform during adsorption. The present article mainly deals with particle deposition from liquids, but similar process occurs when aerosols or dust deposit from the gas phase | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition A particle may diffuse to a surface in quiescent conditions, but this process is inefficient as a thick depletion layer develops, which leads to a progressive slowing down of the deposition. When particle deposition is efficient, it proceeds almost exclusively in a system under flow. In such conditions, the hydrodynamic flow will transport the particles close to the surface. Once a particle is situated close to the surface, it will attach spontaneously, when the particle-surface interactions are attractive. In this situation, one refers to "favorable deposition conditions". When the interaction is repulsive at larger distances, but attractive at shorter distances, deposition will still occur but it will be slowed down. One refers to "unfavorable deposition conditions" here. The initial stages of the deposition process can be described with the rate equation where Γ is the number density of deposited particles, "t" is the time, "c" the particle number concentration, and "k" the deposition rate coefficient. The rate coefficient depends on the flow velocity, flow geometry, and the interaction potential of the depositing particle with the substrate. In many situations, this potential can be approximated by a superposition of attractive van der Waals forces and repulsive electrical double layer forces and can be described by DLVO theory. When the charge of the particles is of the same sign as the substrate, deposition will be favorable at high salt levels, while it will be unfavorable at lower salt levels | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition When the charge of the particles is of the opposite sign as the substrate, deposition is favorable for all salt levels, and one observes a small enhancement of the deposition rate with decreasing salt level due to attractive electrostatic double layer forces. Initial stages of the deposition process are relatively similar to the early stages of particle heteroaggregation, whereby one of the particles is much larger than the other. When depositing particles repel each other, the deposition will stop by the time when enough particles have deposited. At one point, such a surface layer will repel any particles that may still make attempts to deposit. The surface is said to be "saturated" or "blocked" by the deposited particles. The blocking process can be described by the following equation where "B"(Γ) is the surface blocking function. When there are no deposited particles, Γ = 0 and "B"(0) = 1. With increasing number density of deposited particles, the blocking function decreases. The surface saturates at Γ=Γ and "B"(Γ) = 0. The simplest blocking function is and it is referred to as the Langmuir blocking function, as it is related to the Langmuir isotherm. The blocking process has been studied in detail in terms of the "random sequential adsorption" (RSA) model. The simplest RSA model related to deposition of spherical particles considers irreversible adsorption of circular disks. One disk after another is placed randomly at a surface. Once a disk is placed, it sticks at the same spot, and cannot be removed | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition When an attempt to deposit a disk would result in an overlap with an already deposited disk, this attempt is rejected. Within this model, the surface is initially filled rapidly, but the more one approaches saturation the slower the surface is being filled. Within the RSA model, saturation is referred to as jamming. For circular disks, jamming occurs at a coverage of 0.547. When the depositing particles are polydisperse, much higher surface coverage can be reached, since the small particles will be able to deposit into the holes in between the larger deposited particles. On the other hand, rod like particles may lead to much smaller coverage, since a few misaligned rods may block a large portion of the surface. Since the repulsion between particles in aqueous suspensions originates from electric double layer forces, the presence of salt has an important effect on surface blocking. For small particles and low salt, the diffuse layer will extend far beyond the particle, and thus create an exclusion zone around it. Therefore, the surface will be blocked at a much lower coverage than what would be expected based on the RSA model. At higher salt and for larger particles, this effect is less important, and the deposition can be well described by the RSA model. When the depositing particles attract each other, they will deposit and aggregate at the same time. This situation will result in a porous layer made of particle aggregates at the surface, and is referred to as ripening | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition The porosity of this layer will depend whether the particle aggregation process is fast or slow. Slow aggregation will lead to a more compact layer, while fast aggregation to a more porous one. The structure of the layer will resemble the structure of the aggregates formed in the later stages of the aggregation process. can be followed by various experimental techniques. Direct observation of deposited particles is possible with an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, or the atomic force microscope. Optical microscopy has the advantage that the deposition of particles can be followed in real time by video techniques and the sequence of images can be analyzed quantitatively. On the other hand, the resolution of optical microscopy requires that the particle size investigated exceeds at least 100 nm. An alternative is to use surface sensitive techniques to follow particle deposition, such as reflectivity, ellipsometry, surface plasmon resonance, or quartz crystal microbalance. These techniques can provide information on the amount of particles deposited as a function of time with good accuracy, but they do not permit to obtain information concerning the lateral arrangement of the particles. Another approach to study particle deposition is to investigate their transport in a chromatographic column. The column is packed with large particles or with a porous medium to be investigated | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Particle deposition Subsequently, the column is flushed with the solvent to be investigated, and the suspension of the small particles is injected at the column inlet. The particles are detected at the outlet with a standard chromatographic detector. When particles deposit in the porous medium, they will not arrive at the outlet, and from the observed difference the deposition rate coefficient can be inferred. occurs in numerous natural and industrial systems. Few examples are given below. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696465 | Particle deposition |
Ernst Suffert (fl. 1900) was a German entomologist who specialised in studies of Lepidoptera. He is not to be confused with Fritz Süffert, who was also a German lepidopterist. described many new species of African butterflies and moths, including "Papilio chrapkowskii", "Papilio filaprae", "Mylothris ertli" and "Mylothris schumanni". His collection was purchased by James John Joicey. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35706568 | Ernst Suffert |
Fritz Süffert (1891–1945) was a German entomologist who specialised in studies of butterflies. He is not to be confused with Ernst Suffert, who was also a German lepidopterist. was an expert on adaptive colouration. He died in the Battle of Berlin. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35706608 | Fritz Süffert |
Anton Polenec (7 October 1910 – 30 October 2000) was a Slovene zoologist and specialist arachnologist. Polenec was born in Puštal near Škofja Loka in 1910. He studied at the University of Ljubljana and later taught zoology and was head of the Natural History Museum of Slovenia from 1955 to 1980. He studied and described over 500 species of spiders including a new genus "Centrophantes". The spider genus "Polenecia" is named after Polenec. Apart from scientific contributions he also wrote numerous popular science books for young readers and won the Levstik Award twice, in 1950 for his book "Iz življenja žuželk" (The Lives of Insects) and in 1952 for "Iz življenja pajkov" (The Life of Spiders). | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35715592 | Anton Polenec |
Chirp mass In astrophysics the chirp mass of a compact binary system determines the leading-order orbital evolution of the system as a result of energy loss from emitting gravitational waves. Because the gravitational wave frequency is determined by orbital frequency, the chirp mass also determines the frequency evolution of the gravitational wave signal emitted during a binary's inspiral phase. In gravitational wave data analysis it is easier to measure the chirp mass than the two component masses alone. A two-body system with component masses formula_1 and formula_2 has a chirp mass of The chirp mass may also be expressed in terms of the total mass of the system formula_4 and other common mass parameters: In general relativity, the phase evolution of a binary orbit can be computed using a post-Newtonian expansion, a perturbative expansion in powers of the orbital velocity formula_20. The first order gravitational wave frequency, formula_21, evolution is described by the differential equation where formula_23 and formula_24 are the speed of light and Newton's gravitational constant, respectively. Integrating equation () with respect to time gives: where C is the constant of integration. Furthermore, on identifying formula_27 and formula_28, the chirp mass can be calculated from the slope of the line fitted through the data points (x, y). To disentangle the individual component masses in the system one must additionally measure higher order terms in the post-Newtonian expansion. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35733284 | Chirp mass |
Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry In chemistry, the capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where nine atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a gyroelongated square pyramid. The gyroelongated square pyramid is a square pyramid with a square antiprism connected to the square base. In this respect, it can be seen as a "capped" square antiprism (a square antiprism with a pyramid erected on one of the square faces). It is very similar to the tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry, and there is some dispute over the specific geometry exhibited by certain molecules. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35740250 | Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry |
Incyte Corp is an American pharmaceutical company based in Alapocas, Delaware. The company was founded in Palo Alto, California in 1991 and went public in 1993. has one drug, Jakafi, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has been prescribed to patients in the United States. As of 2014, the company was developing baricitinib, an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor drug for rheumatoid arthritis in partnership with Eli Lilly. It gained EU approval in February 2017. In April 2017, the US FDA issued a rejection, citing concerns about dosing and safety. As of 2016 epacadostat, an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibitor, was in development for various cancers and was in combination trials with Merck's pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and Bristol Myers Squibb's nivolumab (Opdivo). Novartis acquired Incyte's c-Met inhibitor capmatinib (INC280, INCB028060), which is in Phase II clinical trial as monotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. In 2014, named Hervé Hoppenot president and CEO. Hoppenot had previously served as the president of Novartis Oncology; he had been with Novartis since 2003. In September 2015, the company announced it had gained exclusive development and commercial right pertaining to Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd's anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, SHR-1210, in a deal worth $795+ million. In January 2020, signed a collaboration and license agreement for the global development and commercialization of tafasitamab with MorphoSys | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741235 | Incyte |
Incyte On March 3, 2020, the agreement received antitrust clearance and thus became effective. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741235 | Incyte |
Bioconcentration is the accumulation of a chemical in or on an organism when the source of chemical is solely water. is a term that was created for use in the field of aquatic toxicology. can also be defined as the process by which a chemical concentration in an aquatic organism exceeds that in water as a result of exposure to a waterborne chemical. There are several ways in which to measure and assess bioaccumulation and bioconcentration. These include: octanol-water partition coefficients (K), bioconcentration factors (BCF), bioaccumulation factors (BAF) and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). Each of these can be calculated using either empirical data or measurements as well as from mathematical models. One of these mathematical models is a fugacity-based BCF model developed by Don Mackay. factor can also be expressed as the ratio of the concentration of a chemical in an organism to the concentration of the chemical in the surrounding environment. The BCF is a measure of the extent of chemical sharing between an organism and the surrounding environment. In surface water, the BCF is the ratio of a chemical's concentration in an organism to the chemical's aqueous concentration. BCF is often expressed in units of liter per kilogram (ratio of mg of chemical per kg of organism to mg of chemical per liter of water). BCF can simply be an observed ratio, or it can be the prediction of a partitioning model | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration A partitioning model is based on assumptions that chemicals partition between water and aquatic organisms as well as the idea that chemical equilibrium exists between the organisms and the aquatic environment in which it is found can be described by a bioconcentration factor (BCF), which is the ratio of the chemical concentration in an organism or biota to the concentration in water: formula_1 factors can also be related to the octanol-water partition coefficient, K. The octanol-water partition coefficient (K) is correlated with the potential for a chemical to bioaccumulate in organisms; the BCF can be predicted from log K, via computer programs based on structure activity relationship (SAR) or through the linear equation: formula_2 Where: formula_3 at equilibrium Fugacity and BCF relate to each other in the following equation: formula_4 where Z is equal to the Fugacity capacity of a chemical in the fish, P is equal to the density of the fish (mass/length), BCF is the partition coefficient between the fish and the water (length/mass) and H is equal to the Henry's law constant (Length/Time) Through the use of the PBT Profiler and using criteria set forth by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), a substance is considered to be not bioaccumulative if it has a BCF less than 1000, bioaccumulative if it has a BCF from 1000–5000 and very bioaccumulative if it has a BCF greater than 5,000. The thresholds under REACH are a BCF of > 2000 l/kg bzw | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration for the B and 5000 l/kg for vB criteria. A bioconcentration factor greater than 1 is indicative of a hydrophobic or lipophilic chemical. It is an indicator of how probable a chemical is to bioaccumulate. These chemicals have high lipid affinities and will concentrate in tissues with high lipid content instead of in an aqueous environment like the cytosol. Models are used to predict chemical partitioning in the environment which in turn allows the prediction of the biological fate of lipophilic chemicals. Based on an assumed steady state scenario, the fate of a chemical in a system is modeled giving predicted endpoint phases and concentrations. It needs to be considered that reaching steady state may need a substantial amount of time as estimated using the following equation (in hours). formula_5 For a substance with a log(K) of 4, it thus takes approximately five days to reach effective steady state. For a log(K) of 6, the equilibrium time increases to nine months. Fugacity is another predictive criterion for equilibrium among phases that has units of pressure. It is equivalent to partial pressure for most environmental purposes. It is the absconding propensity of a material. BCF can be determined from output parameters of a fugacity model and thus used to predict the fraction of chemical immediately interacting with and possibly having an effect on an organism. If organism-specific fugacity values are available, it is possible to create a food web model which takes trophic webs into consideration | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration This is especially pertinent for conservative chemicals that are not easily metabolized into degradation products. Biomagnification of conservative chemicals such as toxic metals can be harmful to apex predators like orca whales, osprey, and bald eagles. factors facilitate predicting contamination levels in an organism based on chemical concentration in surrounding water. BCF in this setting only applies to aquatic organisms. Air breathing organisms do not take up chemicals in the same manner as other aquatic organisms. Fish, for example uptake chemicals via ingestion and osmotic gradients in gill lamellae. When working with benthic macroinvertebrates, both water and benthic sediments may contain chemical that affects the organism. Biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and biomagnification factor (BMF) also influence toxicity in aquatic environments. BCF does not explicitly take metabolism into consideration so it needs to be added to models at other points through uptake, elimination or degradation equations for a selected organism. Chemicals with high BCF values are more lipophilic, and at equilibrium organisms will have greater concentrations of chemical than other phases in the system. Body burden is the total amount of chemical in the body of an organism, and body burdens will be greater when dealing with a lipophilic chemical. In determining the degree at which bioconcentration occurs biological factors have to be kept in mind | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration The rate at which an organism is exposed through respiratory surfaces and contact with dermal surfaces of the organism, competes against the rate of excretion from an organism. The rate of excretion is a loss of chemical from the respiratory surface, growth dilution, fecal excretion, and metabolic biotransformation. Growth dilution is not an actual process of excretion but due to the mass of the organism increasing while the contaminant concentration remains constant dilution occurs. The interaction between inputs and outputs is shown here: formula_6 The variables are defined as: Cis the concentration in the organism (g*kg). t represents a unit of time (d). k is the rate constant for chemical uptake from water at the respiratory surface (L*kg*d). C is the chemical concentration dissolved in water (g*L). k,k,k,k are rate constants that represent excretion from the organism from the respiratory surface, fecal excretion, metabolic transformation, and growth dilution (d). Static variables influence BCF as well. Because organisms are modeled as bags of fat, lipid to water ratio is a factor that needs to be considered. Size also plays a role as the surface to volume ratio influence the rate of uptake from the surrounding water. The species of concern is a primary factor in influencing BCF values due to it determining all of the biological factors that alter a BCF. Temperature may affect metabolic transformation, and bioenergetics | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Bioconcentration An example of this is the movement of the organism may change as well as rates of excretion. If a contaminant is ionic, the change in pH that is influenced by a change in temperature may also influence the bioavailability The natural particle content as well as organic carbon content in water can affect the bioavailability. The contaminant can bind to the particles in the water, making uptake more difficult, as well as become ingested by the organism. This ingestion could consist of contaminated particles which would cause the source of contamination to be from more than just water. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741423 | Bioconcentration |
Kantowski–Sachs metric In general relativity the Kantowski-Sachs metric (named after Ronald Kantowski and Rainer K. Sachs) describes a homogeneous but anisotropic universe whose spatial section has the topology of formula_1. The metric is: The isometry group of this spacetime is formula_3. Remarkably, the isometry group does not act simply transitively on spacetime, nor does it possess a subgroup with simple transitive action. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35752296 | Kantowski–Sachs metric |
Subsets and Splits