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<|image_1|> What is the man by the bags awaiting?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_0.jpg | cab | train | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Where does this man eat pizza?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_1.jpg | office | cafe | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the occupation of the person driving?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_2.jpg | farmer | musician | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> How were the drivers of the cars able to park here?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_3.jpg | airport workers | postal workers | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> How many people can ride this motorcycle at a time?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_4.jpg | two | three | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Where would one most likely see the show advertised in the poster?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_5.jpg | theater | tv | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What mood do the cows seem to be in?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_6.jpg | happy | scared | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What type of rain is this called?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_7.jpg | downpour | drizzle | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the man putting on the bus?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_8.jpg | bow | rag | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> If the cameraman were driving what do they have to do from this position?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_9.jpg | turn right | drive straight | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> How did these frisbee throwers get to this location?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_10.jpg | bike | motorcycle | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What animal will most likely eat this meal?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_11.jpg | human | elephant | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> In which country is this bus located?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_12.jpg | uk | mexico | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> When did the namesake of this theater die?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_13.jpg | 2009 | 2020 | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What animals are these?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_14.jpg | horse | donkey | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What kind of cake has been served?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_15.jpg | carrot | red velvet | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What kind of computer is near the woman in blue?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_16.jpg | macintosh | hp | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What job do the people shown here share?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_17.jpg | flying | movie stars | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Who last gave force to the ball shown?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_18.jpg | pitcher | catcher | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What type of gathering is this?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_19.jpg | barbeque | wedding | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What song mentions the animal under the desk?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_20.jpg | baby shark | cat people | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What letter appears twice in a row on the train?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_21.jpg | b | d | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Which object is in the greatest danger?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_22.jpg | cyclist | blue car | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What type of race is this?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_23.jpg | horse racing | dog racing | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What period of the day is depicted in the photo?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_24.jpg | morning | evening | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the cat growling at?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_25.jpg | mirror | passenger | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What sort of building is seen behind this amusement?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_26.jpg | financial | school | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What do these pilots hope for?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_27.jpg | higher wages | wings | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the name of this dog breed?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_28.jpg | poodles | retriever | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Which direction is this meter pointing towards?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_29.jpg | right | up | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Which team won this sport's championship in 2019?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_30.jpg | washington nationals | toronto jays | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> According to its nickname this city never does what?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_31.jpg | sleeps | cheats | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What number comes after the number on the top of the bus?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_32.jpg | ten | 23 | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> One of the umbrellas is inspired by which country's flag?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_33.jpg | usa | denmark | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What time of the day are people exploring the beach?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_34.jpg | low tide | mixed tide | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> How does this dog's fur feel at this time?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_35.jpg | wet | fluffy | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> The food on the plate that is farthest away from the woman is usually attributed to what country?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_36.jpg | italy | germany | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> The shade is causing the motorcyclists to turn what on?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_37.jpg | headlights | radio | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What type of contest is being held?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_38.jpg | eating | spelling | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Where are these people located?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_39.jpg | home | hospital | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What do people put in that black tank?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_40.jpg | water | seeds | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why is the man wearing a yellow vest?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_41.jpg | visibility | camouflage | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the man looking down at?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_42.jpg | tennis balls | cue balls | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why is the bike here?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_43.jpg | storage | speed | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> How was this room secured by the group using it?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_44.jpg | rented | sit in | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the likely temperature of the lady's beverage?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_45.jpg | hot | cool | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why are all these people here?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_46.jpg | fighting fire | invited | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What word is directly under the word Sony on the phone?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_47.jpg | sky | baby | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why are they chasing the ball?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_48.jpg | to kick | to grab | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What does he do for a living?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_49.jpg | farming | lawyer | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What role is being fulfilled by the kneeling gray shirted person?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_50.jpg | catcher | referee | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What will the child try to do first?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_51.jpg | flip board | rest | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What direction will the beige car travel in after the light turns green above the intersection?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_52.jpg | straight | reverse | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why are the people lined up outside the silver vehicle?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_53.jpg | buying food | getting in | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What kind of transportation is this?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_54.jpg | air | rail | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> This airline company is headquartered in which country?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_55.jpg | japan | china | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the cat on the toilet lid staring at?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_56.jpg | upper cat | sink | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is not unique about this animals?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_57.jpg | four legs | have husks | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What are the two men looking at?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_58.jpg | phone | book | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the name of the painting on the outside of the blue train?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_59.jpg | graffiti | fine art | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What can people do here besides skateboarding?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_60.jpg | swim | play basketball | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why is the brown object placed near the fence?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_61.jpg | to inform | to disguise | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What are people watching the elephant likely to use to shoot it?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_62.jpg | camera | darts | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Where is the man sitting?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_63.jpg | dugout | bike | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> If the person here falls off the board what might help them retrieve their board?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_64.jpg | leg rope | dog | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> The technician on the sidewalk is in the process of repairing what item next to the SUV?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_65.jpg | parking meter | ticket kiosk | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What should they have worn before starting the activity?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_66.jpg | life jacket | helmet | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the boy on the right holding?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_67.jpg | sword | pumpkin | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What kind of item is the man very likely to be carrying in the case?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_68.jpg | stringed instrument | clothing | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the silver vehicle by the building used for?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_69.jpg | transport luggage | shuttle | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What powers the boat farthest away?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_70.jpg | motor | oars | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What toy is held by more children?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_71.jpg | teddy bear | ez bake | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What color is the long haired man's vest?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_72.jpg | green | red | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What base is he on his way to?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_73.jpg | first | second | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why is he inside the wave?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_74.jpg | showing off | swam there | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What type of stand is holding up the motorcycle?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_75.jpg | display stand | grand stand | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Which item that is missing would help complete the home office setup?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_76.jpg | microphone | mouse pad | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What kind of outfit is the statue dressed in?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_77.jpg | suit | pajamas | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> At which event do these people pose?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_78.jpg | exhibition | office meeting | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What occupation does the person with the loaded bike beside them?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_79.jpg | florist | fortune teller | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> How did this man get to this location?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_80.jpg | via horseback | walk | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is the purpose of the umbrellas?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_81.jpg | sun protection | decorative | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> The person who uses this space likes to collect what?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_82.jpg | key chains | cleaning supplies | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What bathroom fixture is to the left of the towel rack?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_83.jpg | toilet | sink | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> A car turning which way is a hazard to this man?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_84.jpg | right | left | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What is he doing to the tie?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_85.jpg | tying it | stealing it | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What action will he take with the ball?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_86.jpg | swing | roll | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What animal produced the food on the tray?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_87.jpg | chicken | pig | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What type feet do these birds have?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_88.jpg | webbed | talons | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> WHich is a chain burger restaurant sign?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_89.jpg | mcdonalds | disney | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why is the woman touching the woman's belly?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_90.jpg | baby moving | joking around | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Which bird can grind their own calcium supplements?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_91.jpg | parrot | dove | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Why is he carrying the surfboard?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_92.jpg | no wheels | found it | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What state is the computer most likely in?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_93.jpg | starting up | processing video | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> Which of the bowls of food is a side dish of the main meal?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_94.jpg | bottom left | bottom right | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> These animals are known to do what?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_95.jpg | gallop | hibernate | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What can you check out from that van?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_96.jpg | books | games | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> The red metal marker attached to the fire hydrant is most useful during which season?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_97.jpg | winter | summer | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What type of rolls are in the wicker basket?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_98.jpg | toilet | jelly | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
||
<|image_1|> What job does the person with the larger item on their head hold?
| images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_99.jpg | mascot | janitor | Represent the given image with above question in one word | Represent above text in one word |
Massive Multimodal Embedding Benchmark
The training data split used for training VLM2Vec models in the paper VLM2Vec: Training Vision-Language Models for Massive Multimodal Embedding Tasks (ICLR 2025).
MMEB benchmark covers 4 meta tasks and 36 datasets meticulously selected for evaluating capabilities of multimodal embedding models.
During training, we utilize 20 out of the 36 datasets.
For evaluation, we assess performance on the 20 in-domain (IND) datasets and the remaining 16 out-of-domain (OOD) datasets. Please refer to TIGER-Lab/MMEB-eval for the test split of MMEB.
News
[2025-01]: We have updated our training data. Each subset now contains two splits: original
and diverse_instruction
. The original
split is provided to support the reproduction of our paper results. The diverse_instruction
split includes paraphrased instructions for each task, designed to enhance instruction diversity and improve the model's robustness to unseen instructions and tasks. Moving forward, our future releases will primarily use the diverse_instruction
split.
Dataset Usage
For each dataset, we have 1000 examples for evaluation. Each example contains a query and a set of targets. Both the query and target could be any combination of image and text. The first one in the candidate list is the groundtruth target.
Statistics
We show the statistics of all the datasets as follows:
Cite Us
@article{jiang2024vlm2vec,
title={VLM2Vec: Training Vision-Language Models for Massive Multimodal Embedding Tasks},
author={Jiang, Ziyan and Meng, Rui and Yang, Xinyi and Yavuz, Semih and Zhou, Yingbo and Chen, Wenhu},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.05160},
year={2024}
}
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