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<|image_1|> What is the man by the bags awaiting?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_0.jpg
cab
train
Represent the given image with above question in one word
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<|image_1|> Where does this man eat pizza?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_1.jpg
office
cafe
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is the occupation of the person driving?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_2.jpg
farmer
musician
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<|image_1|> How were the drivers of the cars able to park here?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_3.jpg
airport workers
postal workers
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<|image_1|> How many people can ride this motorcycle at a time?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_4.jpg
two
three
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<|image_1|> Where would one most likely see the show advertised in the poster?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_5.jpg
theater
tv
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<|image_1|> What mood do the cows seem to be in?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_6.jpg
happy
scared
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What type of rain is this called?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_7.jpg
downpour
drizzle
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<|image_1|> What is the man putting on the bus?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_8.jpg
bow
rag
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<|image_1|> If the cameraman were driving what do they have to do from this position?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_9.jpg
turn right
drive straight
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<|image_1|> How did these frisbee throwers get to this location?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_10.jpg
bike
motorcycle
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<|image_1|> What animal will most likely eat this meal?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_11.jpg
human
elephant
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<|image_1|> In which country is this bus located?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_12.jpg
uk
mexico
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<|image_1|> When did the namesake of this theater die?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_13.jpg
2009
2020
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<|image_1|> What animals are these?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_14.jpg
horse
donkey
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<|image_1|> What kind of cake has been served?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_15.jpg
carrot
red velvet
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<|image_1|> What kind of computer is near the woman in blue?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_16.jpg
macintosh
hp
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<|image_1|> What job do the people shown here share?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_17.jpg
flying
movie stars
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<|image_1|> Who last gave force to the ball shown?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_18.jpg
pitcher
catcher
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<|image_1|> What type of gathering is this?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_19.jpg
barbeque
wedding
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What song mentions the animal under the desk?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_20.jpg
baby shark
cat people
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<|image_1|> What letter appears twice in a row on the train?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_21.jpg
b
d
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<|image_1|> Which object is in the greatest danger?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_22.jpg
cyclist
blue car
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<|image_1|> What type of race is this?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_23.jpg
horse racing
dog racing
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<|image_1|> What period of the day is depicted in the photo?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_24.jpg
morning
evening
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<|image_1|> What is the cat growling at?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_25.jpg
mirror
passenger
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<|image_1|> What sort of building is seen behind this amusement?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_26.jpg
financial
school
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<|image_1|> What do these pilots hope for?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_27.jpg
higher wages
wings
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<|image_1|> What is the name of this dog breed?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_28.jpg
poodles
retriever
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<|image_1|> Which direction is this meter pointing towards?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_29.jpg
right
up
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<|image_1|> Which team won this sport's championship in 2019?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_30.jpg
washington nationals
toronto jays
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<|image_1|> According to its nickname this city never does what?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_31.jpg
sleeps
cheats
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<|image_1|> What number comes after the number on the top of the bus?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_32.jpg
ten
23
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<|image_1|> One of the umbrellas is inspired by which country's flag?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_33.jpg
usa
denmark
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<|image_1|> What time of the day are people exploring the beach?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_34.jpg
low tide
mixed tide
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<|image_1|> How does this dog's fur feel at this time?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_35.jpg
wet
fluffy
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> The food on the plate that is farthest away from the woman is usually attributed to what country?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_36.jpg
italy
germany
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<|image_1|> The shade is causing the motorcyclists to turn what on?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_37.jpg
headlights
radio
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<|image_1|> What type of contest is being held?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_38.jpg
eating
spelling
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<|image_1|> Where are these people located?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_39.jpg
home
hospital
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<|image_1|> What do people put in that black tank?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_40.jpg
water
seeds
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<|image_1|> Why is the man wearing a yellow vest?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_41.jpg
visibility
camouflage
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is the man looking down at?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_42.jpg
tennis balls
cue balls
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<|image_1|> Why is the bike here?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_43.jpg
storage
speed
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<|image_1|> How was this room secured by the group using it?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_44.jpg
rented
sit in
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is the likely temperature of the lady's beverage?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_45.jpg
hot
cool
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Why are all these people here?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_46.jpg
fighting fire
invited
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<|image_1|> What word is directly under the word Sony on the phone?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_47.jpg
sky
baby
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Why are they chasing the ball?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_48.jpg
to kick
to grab
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<|image_1|> What does he do for a living?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_49.jpg
farming
lawyer
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What role is being fulfilled by the kneeling gray shirted person?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_50.jpg
catcher
referee
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What will the child try to do first?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_51.jpg
flip board
rest
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What direction will the beige car travel in after the light turns green above the intersection?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_52.jpg
straight
reverse
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Why are the people lined up outside the silver vehicle?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_53.jpg
buying food
getting in
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<|image_1|> What kind of transportation is this?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_54.jpg
air
rail
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<|image_1|> This airline company is headquartered in which country?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_55.jpg
japan
china
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is the cat on the toilet lid staring at?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_56.jpg
upper cat
sink
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is not unique about this animals?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_57.jpg
four legs
have husks
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What are the two men looking at?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_58.jpg
phone
book
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<|image_1|> What is the name of the painting on the outside of the blue train?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_59.jpg
graffiti
fine art
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What can people do here besides skateboarding?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_60.jpg
swim
play basketball
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Why is the brown object placed near the fence?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_61.jpg
to inform
to disguise
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What are people watching the elephant likely to use to shoot it?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_62.jpg
camera
darts
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Where is the man sitting?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_63.jpg
dugout
bike
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> If the person here falls off the board what might help them retrieve their board?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_64.jpg
leg rope
dog
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> The technician on the sidewalk is in the process of repairing what item next to the SUV?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_65.jpg
parking meter
ticket kiosk
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What should they have worn before starting the activity?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_66.jpg
life jacket
helmet
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is the boy on the right holding?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_67.jpg
sword
pumpkin
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<|image_1|> What kind of item is the man very likely to be carrying in the case?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_68.jpg
stringed instrument
clothing
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is the silver vehicle by the building used for?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_69.jpg
transport luggage
shuttle
Represent the given image with above question in one word
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<|image_1|> What powers the boat farthest away?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_70.jpg
motor
oars
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What toy is held by more children?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_71.jpg
teddy bear
ez bake
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What color is the long haired man's vest?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_72.jpg
green
red
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What base is he on his way to?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_73.jpg
first
second
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Why is he inside the wave?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_74.jpg
showing off
swam there
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What type of stand is holding up the motorcycle?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_75.jpg
display stand
grand stand
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Which item that is missing would help complete the home office setup?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_76.jpg
microphone
mouse pad
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What kind of outfit is the statue dressed in?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_77.jpg
suit
pajamas
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> At which event do these people pose?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_78.jpg
exhibition
office meeting
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What occupation does the person with the loaded bike beside them?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_79.jpg
florist
fortune teller
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> How did this man get to this location?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_80.jpg
via horseback
walk
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is the purpose of the umbrellas?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_81.jpg
sun protection
decorative
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> The person who uses this space likes to collect what?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_82.jpg
key chains
cleaning supplies
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What bathroom fixture is to the left of the towel rack?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_83.jpg
toilet
sink
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> A car turning which way is a hazard to this man?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_84.jpg
right
left
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What is he doing to the tie?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_85.jpg
tying it
stealing it
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What action will he take with the ball?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_86.jpg
swing
roll
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What animal produced the food on the tray?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_87.jpg
chicken
pig
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What type feet do these birds have?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_88.jpg
webbed
talons
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> WHich is a chain burger restaurant sign?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_89.jpg
mcdonalds
disney
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Why is the woman touching the woman's belly?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_90.jpg
baby moving
joking around
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Which bird can grind their own calcium supplements?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_91.jpg
parrot
dove
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> Why is he carrying the surfboard?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_92.jpg
no wheels
found it
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What state is the computer most likely in?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_93.jpg
starting up
processing video
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<|image_1|> Which of the bowls of food is a side dish of the main meal?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_94.jpg
bottom left
bottom right
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<|image_1|> These animals are known to do what?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_95.jpg
gallop
hibernate
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What can you check out from that van?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_96.jpg
books
games
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Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> The red metal marker attached to the fire hydrant is most useful during which season?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_97.jpg
winter
summer
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What type of rolls are in the wicker basket?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_98.jpg
toilet
jelly
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
<|image_1|> What job does the person with the larger item on their head hold?
images/A-OKVQA/Train/A-OKVQA_image_99.jpg
mascot
janitor
Represent the given image with above question in one word
Represent above text in one word
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Massive Multimodal Embedding Benchmark

The training data split used for training VLM2Vec models in the paper VLM2Vec: Training Vision-Language Models for Massive Multimodal Embedding Tasks (ICLR 2025).

MMEB benchmark covers 4 meta tasks and 36 datasets meticulously selected for evaluating capabilities of multimodal embedding models.

During training, we utilize 20 out of the 36 datasets.

For evaluation, we assess performance on the 20 in-domain (IND) datasets and the remaining 16 out-of-domain (OOD) datasets. Please refer to TIGER-Lab/MMEB-eval for the test split of MMEB.

News

[2025-01]: We have updated our training data. Each subset now contains two splits: original and diverse_instruction. The original split is provided to support the reproduction of our paper results. The diverse_instruction split includes paraphrased instructions for each task, designed to enhance instruction diversity and improve the model's robustness to unseen instructions and tasks. Moving forward, our future releases will primarily use the diverse_instruction split.

Dataset Usage

For each dataset, we have 1000 examples for evaluation. Each example contains a query and a set of targets. Both the query and target could be any combination of image and text. The first one in the candidate list is the groundtruth target.

Statistics

We show the statistics of all the datasets as follows: abs

Cite Us

@article{jiang2024vlm2vec,
  title={VLM2Vec: Training Vision-Language Models for Massive Multimodal Embedding Tasks},
  author={Jiang, Ziyan and Meng, Rui and Yang, Xinyi and Yavuz, Semih and Zhou, Yingbo and Chen, Wenhu},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.05160},
  year={2024}
}
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