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Given the following text description, write Python code to implement the functionality described below step by step
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Description:
 Handling images
We will work with images which are in geotiff format. These are standard image files (i.e. they are .tif files) but they also contain information on the coordinates and the base projection of the image. There are various tools for making and converting these images but one important thing to know is that they are the becoming a standard that you are very likely to encounter as a way to store data and deliver it on the web. If you download tiles of data served up as google earth layers, you may well find that you have a geotiff. 
Here is an example - it uses the gdal library for manipulating geospatial data. The image is a freely available download of the NASA blue marble image set which I retrieved for you.
Step1:  This looks really nice but it is just the original image plotted in its original shape. 
The gdal object can tell you the projection which applies to the original data and various other attributes. This might not seems particularly useful at this point, but it is helpful to realise that there is a lot of information being passed around behind the scenes when you use these tools.
Step2:  Projections
What if we want to use a different projection for the image. For example, we might want to use this as a background to plot some other information. How does this work ?
Let's try what we used before to plot with a different projection. Specifically, let's try an orthographic projection which should wrap the image around a sphere and show us the disk from a particular orientation. Here is one I made earlier ... the output should look like this
Step3:  OK, that didn't look like the sample image that I claimed it should and the reason is that we didn't tell the plotting routines what the original projection for the data was. Here is the fix
Step4:  You can try other projections here, though I have found quite a few do not behave in quite the way you expect !
Feel free to play with these data which are global magnetic intensity, the global etopo database of topography and bathymetry in color format and a black/white (height only) version of the same thing, all of them have the base projection of PlateCarree. Note that we can define a variable which points to this function and pass it into the transform argument of imshow
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Python Code:
%pylab inline
import cartopy
import gdal
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
globalmarble      = gdal.Open("../../Data/Resources/BlueMarbleNG-TB_2004-06-01_rgb_3600x1800.TIFF")
globalmarble_img  = globalmarble.ReadAsArray().transpose(1,2,0)
# Note that we convert the gdal object into an image array - and also have to re-organise the data 
# This is a numpy call that you can look up to see what it does and you can also look
# at the original array data to see what is there.
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12), facecolor="none")
plt.imshow(globalmarble_img)
Explanation: Handling images
We will work with images which are in geotiff format. These are standard image files (i.e. they are .tif files) but they also contain information on the coordinates and the base projection of the image. There are various tools for making and converting these images but one important thing to know is that they are the becoming a standard that you are very likely to encounter as a way to store data and deliver it on the web. If you download tiles of data served up as google earth layers, you may well find that you have a geotiff. 
Here is an example - it uses the gdal library for manipulating geospatial data. The image is a freely available download of the NASA blue marble image set which I retrieved for you.
End of explanation
print "1 - ", globalmarble.GetProjection(), "\n"
print "2 - ", globalmarble.GetDescription(), "\n"
print "3 - ", globalmarble.GetMetadata(), "\n"
print "4 - ", globalmarble.GetGeoTransform()
Explanation: This looks really nice but it is just the original image plotted in its original shape. 
The gdal object can tell you the projection which applies to the original data and various other attributes. This might not seems particularly useful at this point, but it is helpful to realise that there is a lot of information being passed around behind the scenes when you use these tools.
End of explanation
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12), facecolor="none")
ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Orthographic())
plt.imshow(globalmarble_img, zorder=0)
ax.coastlines(color="Yellow", zorder=1)  
plt.show()
Explanation: Projections
What if we want to use a different projection for the image. For example, we might want to use this as a background to plot some other information. How does this work ?
Let's try what we used before to plot with a different projection. Specifically, let's try an orthographic projection which should wrap the image around a sphere and show us the disk from a particular orientation. Here is one I made earlier ... the output should look like this:
<img src="../../Data/Reference/OrthographicProjectionBlueMarble.png" width=30%>
End of explanation
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12), facecolor="none")
ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Orthographic())
plt.imshow(globalmarble_img, zorder=0, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
ax.coastlines(color="Yellow", zorder=1)  
plt.show()
Explanation: OK, that didn't look like the sample image that I claimed it should and the reason is that we didn't tell the plotting routines what the original projection for the data was. Here is the fix: tell the imshow command the transformation of the original data - (this can take a little while to process).
End of explanation
base_projection   = ccrs.PlateCarree() 
globalmag         = gdal.Open("../../Data/Resources/EMAG2_image_V2.tif")
globalmag_img     = globalmag.ReadAsArray().transpose(1,2,0).astype(numpy.float16)
globalmag_img_s   = globalmag_img[::2,::2,::]
del(globalmag)
globaletopo       = gdal.Open("../../Data/Resources/color_etopo1_ice_low.tif")
globaletopo_img   = globaletopo.ReadAsArray().transpose(1,2,0).astype(numpy.float16)
del(globaletopo)
print globalmag_img.shape
print globalmag_img_s.shape
print globalmarble_img.shape
# Global pretty map ... can you make one centred on Australia and save it to an image ?
#projection = ccrs.Orthographic(central_longitude=80.0, central_latitude=30.0, globe=None)
this_projection = ccrs.PlateCarree()
global_extent     = [-180.0, 180.0, -90.0, 90.0]
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12), facecolor="none")
ax = plt.axes(projection=this_projection)
ax.imshow(globalmag_img_s, origin='upper', transform=base_projection, extent=global_extent)
ax.imshow(globalmarble_img, origin='upper', transform=base_projection, extent=global_extent, alpha=0.5)
ax.coastlines(color="yellow")
plt.show()
Explanation: You can try other projections here, though I have found quite a few do not behave in quite the way you expect !
Feel free to play with these data which are global magnetic intensity, the global etopo database of topography and bathymetry in color format and a black/white (height only) version of the same thing, all of them have the base projection of PlateCarree. Note that we can define a variable which points to this function and pass it into the transform argument of imshow
End of explanation
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