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Given the following text description, write Python code to implement the functionality described below step by step
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Description:
 Algorithms Exercise 1
Imports
Step3:  Word counting
Write a function tokenize that takes a string of English text returns a list of words. It should also remove stop words, which are common short words that are often removed before natural language processing. Your function should have the following logic
Step5:  Write a function count_words that takes a list of words and returns a dictionary where the keys in the dictionary are the unique words in the list and the values are the word counts.
Step7:  Write a function sort_word_counts that return a list of sorted word counts
Step8:  Perform a word count analysis on Chapter 1 of Moby Dick, whose text can be found in the file mobydick_chapter1.txt
Step9:  Create a "Cleveland Style" dotplot of the counts of the top 50 words using Matplotlib. If you don't know what a dotplot is, you will have to do some research...
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Python Code:
%matplotlib inline
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
Explanation: Algorithms Exercise 1
Imports
End of explanation
def tokenize(s, stop_words=None, punctuation='`~!@#$%^&*()_-+={[}]|\:;"<,>.?/}\t'):
    Split a string into a list of words, removing punctuation and stop words.
    
    # the following functions were influenced by Dr. Granger's advice in office hours
    # removes punctuation and stop words in the lists
    def remove(c):
        if c in punctuation:
            return False
        else:
            return True
    
    def remove_stop(f):
        if stop_words==None:
            pass
        elif f in stop_words:
            return False
        else:
            return True
        
    a1=s.replace('--',' ').replace('-',' ') #got word count problems with single and double dashes, so this replaces them with spaces
    new_list=a1.splitlines()
    d=[w for m in new_list for w in m.split()] #referenced http://goo.gl/YWCeAS
    r=[]
    for x in d: # got help from James A.
        werd=[]
        for char in x:
            werd=werd+list(filter(remove,char))
        r.append(''.join(werd))
    low=[g.lower() for g in r]
    k=[]
    if type(stop_words)==list:
        k=list(filter(remove_stop,low))
    elif type(stop_words)==str:
        stop_words=stop_words.split()
        k=list(filter(remove_stop,low))
    else:
        k=low
        
    return k
assert tokenize("This, is the way; that things will end", stop_words=['the', 'is']) == \
    ['this', 'way', 'that', 'things', 'will', 'end']
wasteland = 
APRIL is the cruellest month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring
Dull roots with spring rain.
assert tokenize(wasteland, stop_words='is the of and') == \
    ['april','cruellest','month','breeding','lilacs','out','dead','land',
     'mixing','memory','desire','stirring','dull','roots','with','spring',
     'rain']
Explanation: Word counting
Write a function tokenize that takes a string of English text returns a list of words. It should also remove stop words, which are common short words that are often removed before natural language processing. Your function should have the following logic:
Split the string into lines using splitlines.
Split each line into a list of words and merge the lists for each line.
Use Python's builtin filter function to remove all punctuation.
If stop_words is a list, remove all occurences of the words in the list.
If stop_words is a space delimeted string of words, split them and remove them.
Remove any remaining empty words.
Make all words lowercase.
End of explanation
def count_words(data):
    Return a word count dictionary from the list of words in data.
    d={}
    for i in range(len(data)):
        d[data[i]]=data.count(data[i])
    # this creates a dictionary similar to the method used in codecademy
    return d
assert count_words(tokenize('this and the this from and a a a')) == \
    {'a': 3, 'and': 2, 'from': 1, 'the': 1, 'this': 2}
Explanation: Write a function count_words that takes a list of words and returns a dictionary where the keys in the dictionary are the unique words in the list and the values are the word counts.
End of explanation
def sort_word_counts(wc):
    Return a list of 2-tuples of (word, count), sorted by count descending.
    def key_thing(m):
        return m[1] # to make sorted work, I needed to create a function that would return the value of the key
    tuple_list=list(wc.items())
    return sorted(tuple_list, key=key_thing, reverse=True)
assert sort_word_counts(count_words(tokenize('this and a the this this and a a a'))) == \
    [('a', 4), ('this', 3), ('and', 2), ('the', 1)]
Explanation: Write a function sort_word_counts that return a list of sorted word counts:
Each element of the list should be a (word, count) tuple.
The list should be sorted by the word counts, with the higest counts coming first.
To perform this sort, look at using the sorted function with a custom key and reverse
  argument.
End of explanation
f=open('mobydick_chapter1.txt','r')
moby_file=f.read()
swc=sort_word_counts(count_words(tokenize(moby_file, stop_words=['the','of','and','a','to','in','is','it','that','as'])))
len(swc)
# In this cell, I am only able to find 844 unique words in the chapter.
# However, I do know the answer is 848. I have searched through the entire text
# file and my output to determine what words are missing or formatted
# incorrectly, but couldn't find any discrepancies. I know I am not the only 
# with this problem, as indicated by the gitter chat.
assert swc[0]==('i',43)
assert len(swc)==848
Explanation: Perform a word count analysis on Chapter 1 of Moby Dick, whose text can be found in the file mobydick_chapter1.txt:
Read the file into a string.
Tokenize with stop words of 'the of and a to in is it that as'.
Perform a word count, the sort and save the result in a variable named swc.
End of explanation
plt.figure(figsize=(6,9))
q=np.empty(51)
e=[]
for i in range(51):
    q[i]=swc[i][1]
q2=sorted(q,reverse=False)
for i in range(51):
    e.append(swc[i][0])
plt.scatter(q2,range(51),marker='o'),plt.ylim(top=51,bottom=-1)
plt.xlabel('Occurances of Word'),plt.xlim(left=5)
plt.ylabel('Words')
plt.yticks(range(50,-1,-1),e)
plt.title('Words of Moby Dick Chapter 1')
plt.tick_params(axis='x',top='off')
plt.tick_params(axis='y',right='off')
assert True # use this for grading the dotplot
Explanation: Create a "Cleveland Style" dotplot of the counts of the top 50 words using Matplotlib. If you don't know what a dotplot is, you will have to do some research...
End of explanation
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