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Given the following text description, write Python code to implement the functionality described below step by step
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Description:
 %matplotlib inline
Example 
Step1:  Backpropagation
Now that feedforward can be done, the next step is to decide how the parameters should change such that they minimize the cost function. 
Recall that the chosen cost function for this problem is 
$$
c(x, P) = \sum_i  \big(g_t'(x_i, P) - ( -\gamma g_t(x_i, P) \big)^2
$$
In order to minimize it, an optimalization method must be chosen. 
Here, gradient descent with a constant step size has been chosen. 
Before looking at the gradient descent method, let us set up the cost function along with the right ride of the ODE and trial solution.
Step2:  Gradient Descent
The idea of the gradient descent algorithm is to update parameters in direction where the cost function decreases goes to a minimum. 
In general, the update of some parameters $\vec \omega$ given a cost function defined by some weights $\vec \omega$, $c(x, \vec \omega)$, goes as follows
Step3:  An implementation of a Deep Neural Network
As previously stated, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) follows the same concept of a neural network, but having more than one hidden layer. Suppose that the network has $N_{\text{hidden}}$ hidden layers where the $l$-th layer has $N_{\text{hidden}}^{(l)}$ neurons. The input is still assumed to be an array of size $1 \times N$. The network must now try to optimalize its output with respect to the collection of weigths and biases $P = \big{P_{\text{input} }, \ P_{\text{hidden} }^{(1)}, \ P_{\text{hidden} }^{(2)}, \ \dots , \ P_{\text{hidden} }^{(N_{\text{hidden}})}, \ P_{\text{output} }\big}$.
Feedforward
The feedforward step is similar to as for the neural netowork, but now considering more than one hidden layer. 
The $i$-th neuron at layer $l$ recieves the result $\vec{x}j^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }$ from the $j$-th neuron at layer $l-1$. The $i$-th neuron at layer $l$ weights all of the elements in  $\vec{x}_j^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }$ with a weight vector $\vec w{i,j}^{(l), \ \text{hidden} }$ with as many weigths as there are elements in$\vec{x}_j^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }$, and adds a bias $b_i^{(l), \ \text{hidden} }$
Step4:  Backpropagation
This step is very similar for the neural network. The idea in this step is the same as for the neural network, but with more parameters to update for. Again there is no need for computing the gradients analytically since Autograd does the work for us.
Step5:  Solving the ODE
Finally, having set up the networks we are ready to use them to solve the ODE problem. 
If possible, it is always useful to have an analytical solution at hand to test if the implementations gives reasonable results. 
As a recap, the equation to solve is
$$
g'(x) = -\gamma g(x) 
$$
where $g(0) = g_0$ with $\gamma$ and $g_0$ being some chosen values. 
Solving this analytically yields
$$
g(x) = g_0\exp(-\gamma x)
$$
By making the analytical solution availible in our program, it is possible to check the persomance of our neural networks.
Step6:  Using neural network
The code below solves the ODE using a neural network. The number of values for the input $\vec x$ is 10, number of hidden neurons in the hidden layer being 10 and th step size used in gradien descent $\lambda = 0.001$. The program updates the weights and biases in the network num_iter times. Finally, it plots the results from using the neural network along with the analytical solution. Feel free to experiment with different values and see how the performance of the network is!
Step7:  Using a deep neural network
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Python Code:
# Autograd will be used for later, so the numpy wrapper for Autograd must be imported
import autograd.numpy as np
from autograd import grad, elementwise_grad
import autograd.numpy.random as npr
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
def sigmoid(z):
    return 1/(1 + np.exp(-z))
def neural_network(params, x):
    
    # Find the weights (including and biases) for the hidden and output layer.
    # Assume that params is a list of parameters for each layer. 
    # The biases are the first element for each array in params, 
    # and the weights are the remaning elements in each array in params.   
    
    w_hidden = params[0]
    w_output = params[1]
    # Assumes input x being an one-dimensional array
    num_values = np.size(x)
    x = x.reshape(-1, num_values)
    
    # Assume that the input layer does nothing to the input x
    x_input = x
    ## Hidden layer:
    
    # Add a row of ones to include bias
    x_input = np.concatenate((np.ones((1,num_values)), x_input ), axis = 0)
    
    z_hidden = np.matmul(w_hidden, x_input)
    x_hidden = sigmoid(z_hidden)
    ## Output layer:
    
    # Include bias:
    x_hidden = np.concatenate((np.ones((1,num_values)), x_hidden ), axis = 0)
    z_output = np.matmul(w_output, x_hidden)
    x_output = z_output
    return x_output
Explanation: %matplotlib inline
Example : Exponential decay in one dimension
In this notebook we will see how a neural network performs when solving the equation 
$$
\label{eq:ode}
g'(x) = -\gamma g(x) 
$$
where $g(0) = g_0$ with $\gamma$ and $g_0$ being some chosen values. This equation is an ordinary differential equation since the function we have to solve for, $g(x)$, is of one variable.
In this example, $\gamma = 2$ and $g_0 = 10$ but feel free to change them and see how the neural network performs.
Trial solution
To begin with, a trial solution $g_t(t)$ must be chosen. A general trial solution for ordinary differential equations could be
$$
g_t(x, P) = h_1(x) + h_2(x, N(x, P))
$$
with $h_1(x)$ ensuring that $g_t(x)$ satisfies some conditions and $h_2(x,N(x, P))$ an expression involving $x$ and the output from the neural network $N(x,P)$ with $P $ being the collection of the weights and biases for each layer. It is assumed that there are no weights and bias at the input layer, so $P = { P_{\text{hidden}},  P_{\text{output}} }$. If there are $N_{\text{hidden} }$ neurons in the hidden layer, then $P_{\text{hidden}}$ is a $N_{\text{hidden} } \times 2$ matrix. The first column in $P_{\text{hidden} }$ represents the bias for each neuron in the hidden layer and the second column represents the weigths for each neuron. If there are $N_{\text{output} }$ neurons in the output layer, then $P_{\text{output}} $ is a $N_{\text{output} } \times (1 + N_{\text{hidden} })$ matrix. Its first column represents the bias of each neuron and the remaining columns represents the weights to each neuron. 
It is given that $g(0) = g_0$. The trial solution must fulfill this condition to be a proper solution of \eqref{eq:ode}. A possible way to ensure that $g_t(0, P) = g_0$, is to let $F(N(x,P)) = x\cdot N(x,P)$ and $A(x) = g_0$. This gives the following trial solution:
$$
\label{eq:trial}
g_t(x, P) = g_0 + x \cdot N(x, P)
$$
Reformulating the problem
Often, the role of a neural network is to minimize its parameters with respect to some given error criteria. This criteria, the cost or loss function, is a measure of how much error the output of the network has compared to some given known answers. A reformulation of \eqref{eq:ode} must therefore be done, such that it describes the problem a neural network can solve. 
The neural network must find the set of weigths and biases $P$ such that the trial solution in \eqref{eq:trial} satisfies \eqref{eq:ode}. The trial solution has been chosen such that it already solves the condition $g(0) = g_0$. What remains, is to find $P$ such that 
$$ 
\label{eq:nnmin}
g_t'(x, P) = - \gamma g_t(x, P) 
$$
is fulfilled as best as possible. The left hand and right side of \eqref{eq:nnmin} must be computed seperately, and then the neural network will choose which weights and biases in $P$ makes the sides as equal as possible. Having two sides of an equation as equal as possible, means that the absolute or squared difference between the sides must be as close to zero as small. In this case, the difference squared is an appropiate measurement of how errorneous the trial solution is with respect to $P$ of the neural network. Therefore, the problem our network must solve, is
$$
\min_{P}\Big{ \big(g_t'(x, P) - ( -\gamma g_t(x, P) \big)^2 \Big}
$$
or, in terms of weights and biases for each layer:
$$
\min_{P_{\text{hidden} }, \ P_{\text{output} }}\Big{ \big(g_t'(x, { P_{\text{hidden} }, P_{\text{output} }}) - ( -\gamma g_t(x, { P_{\text{hidden} }, P_{\text{output} }}) \big)^2 \Big}
$$
for an input value $x$. 
If the neural network evaluates $g_t(x, P)$ at more avalues for $x$, say $N$ values $x_i$ for $i = 1, \dots, N$, then the total error to minimize is 
$$ \label{eq:min}
\min_{P}\Big{\sum_i  \big(g_t'(x_i, P) - ( -\gamma g_t(x_i, P) \big)^2 \Big} 
$$
Letting $c(x, P) = \sum_i  \big(g_t'(x_i, P) - ( -\gamma g_t(x_i, P) \big)^2$ denote the cost function, the minimization problem of which our network must solve, is
$$
\min_{P} c(x, P)
$$
or in terms of $P_{\text{hidden} }$ and $P_{\text{output} }$
$$
\min_{P_{\text{hidden} }, \ P_{\text{output} }} c(x, {P_{\text{hidden} }, P_{\text{output} }})
$$
Creating a simple Deep Neural Net
The next step is to decide how the neural net $N(x, P)$ in \eqref{eq:trial} should be. In this case, the neural network is made from scratch to understand better how a neural network works, gain more control over its architecture, and see how Autograd can be used to simplify the implementation. 
An implementation of a Neural Network
Since a deep neural network (DNN) is a neural network with more than one hidden layer, we can first look on how to implement a neural network. Having an implementation of a neural network at hand, an extension of it into a deep neural network would (hopefully) be painless. 
For simplicity, it is assumed that the input is an array $\vec x = (x_1, \dots, x_N)$ with $N$ elements. It is at these points the neural network should find $P$ such that it fulfills \eqref{eq:min}. 
Feedforward
First, a feedforward of the inputs must be done. This means that $\vec x$ must be passed through an input layer, a hidden layer and a output layer. The input layer in this case, does not need to process the data any further. The input layer will consist of $N_{\text{input} }$ neurons, passing its element to each neuron in the hidden layer.  The number of neurons in the hidden layer will be $N_{\text{hidden} }$. 
For the $i$-th in the hidden layer with weight $w_i^{\text{hidden} }$ and bias $b_i^{\text{hidden} }$, the weighting from the $j$-th neuron at the input layer is:
$$ 
\begin{aligned}
z_{i,j}^{\text{hidden}} &= b_i^{\text{hidden}} + w_i^{\text{hidden}}x_j \
&= 
\begin{pmatrix}
b_i^{\text{hidden}} & w_i^{\text{hidden}}
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
1 \
x_j
\end{pmatrix} 
\end{aligned}
$$
The result after weighting the input at the $i$-th hidden neuron can be written as a vector:
$$
\begin{aligned}
\vec{z}{i}^{\text{hidden}} &= \Big( b_i^{\text{hidden}} + w_i^{\text{hidden}}x_1 , \ b_i^{\text{hidden}} + w_i^{\text{hidden}} x_2, \ \dots \, , \ b_i^{\text{hidden}} + w_i^{\text{hidden}} x_N\Big)  \
&= 
\begin{pmatrix}
 b_i^{\text{hidden}}  & w_i^{\text{hidden}}
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
1  & 1 & \dots & 1 \
x_1 & x_2 & \dots & x_N
\end{pmatrix} \
&= \vec{p}{i, \text{hidden}}^T X
\end{aligned}
$$
It is the vector $\vec{p}{i, \text{hidden}}^T$ that defines each row in $P{\text{hidden} }$, which contains the weights for the neural network to minimize according to \eqref{eq:min}. 
After having found $\vec{z}_{i}^{\text{hidden}} $ for every neuron $i$ in the hidden layer, the vector will be sent to an activation function $a_i(\vec{z})$. 
In this example, the sigmoid function has been used:
$$
f(z) = \frac{1}{1 + \exp{(-z)}}
$$
but feel free to chose any activation function you like. 
The output $\vec{x}_i^{\text{hidden} }$from each $i$-th hidden neuron is:
$$
\vec{x}i^{\text{hidden} } = f\big(  \vec{z}{i}^{\text{hidden}} \big)
$$
The outputs $\vec{x}_i^{\text{hidden} } $ are then sent to the output layer. 
The output layer consist of one neuron in this case, and combines the output from each of the neurons in the hidden layers. The output layer combines the results from the hidden layer using some weights $ w_i^{\text{output}}$ and biases $b_i^{\text{output}}$. In this case, it is assumes that the number of neurons in the output layer is one. 
The procedure of weigthing the output neuron $j$ in the hidden layer to the $i$-th neuron in the output layer is similar as for the hidden layer described previously. 
$$
\begin{aligned}
z_{1,j}^{\text{output}} & = 
\begin{pmatrix}
b_1^{\text{output}} & \vec{w}_1^{\text{output}}
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
1 \
\vec{x}_j^{\text{hidden}}
\end{pmatrix}
\end{aligned}
$$
Expressing $z_{1,j}^{\text{output}}$ as a vector gives the following procedure of weighting the inputs from the hidden layer:
$$
\vec{z}_{1}^{\text{output}} = 
\begin{pmatrix}
b_1^{\text{output}} & \vec{w}_1^{\text{output}}
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
1  & 1 & \dots & 1 \
\vec{x}_1^{\text{hidden}} & \vec{x}_2^{\text{hidden}} & \dots & \vec{x}_N^{\text{hidden}}
\end{pmatrix}
$$
In this case we seek a continous range of values since we are approximating a function. This means that after computing $\vec{z}{1}^{\text{output}}$ the neural network has finished its feedforward step, and $\vec{z}{1}^{\text{output}}$ is the final output of the network.
End of explanation
# The trial solution using the deep neural network:
def g_trial(x,params, g0 = 10):
    return g0 + x*neural_network(params,x)
# The right side of the ODE:
def g(x, g_trial, gamma = 2):
    return -gamma*g_trial
# The cost function:
def cost_function(P, x):
    
    # Evaluate the trial function with the current parameters P
    g_t = g_trial(x,P)
    
    # Find the derivative w.r.t x of the neural network
    d_net_out = elementwise_grad(neural_network,1)(P,x) 
    
    # Find the derivative w.r.t x of the trial function
    d_g_t = elementwise_grad(g_trial,0)(x,P)  
    
    # The right side of the ODE 
    func = g(x, g_t)
    err_sqr = (d_g_t - func)**2
    cost_sum = np.sum(err_sqr)
    
    return cost_sum
Explanation: Backpropagation
Now that feedforward can be done, the next step is to decide how the parameters should change such that they minimize the cost function. 
Recall that the chosen cost function for this problem is 
$$
c(x, P) = \sum_i  \big(g_t'(x_i, P) - ( -\gamma g_t(x_i, P) \big)^2
$$
In order to minimize it, an optimalization method must be chosen. 
Here, gradient descent with a constant step size has been chosen. 
Before looking at the gradient descent method, let us set up the cost function along with the right ride of the ODE and trial solution.
End of explanation
def solve_ode_neural_network(x, num_neurons_hidden, num_iter, lmb):
    ## Set up initial weigths and biases 
    
    # For the hidden layer
    p0 = npr.randn(num_neurons_hidden, 2 ) 
    # For the output layer
    p1 = npr.randn(1, num_neurons_hidden + 1 ) # +1 since bias is included
    P = [p0, p1]
    print('Initial cost: %g'%cost_function(P, x))
    
    ## Start finding the optimal weigths using gradient descent
    
    # Find the Python function that represents the gradient of the cost function
    # w.r.t the 0-th input argument -- that is the weights and biases in the hidden and output layer
    cost_function_grad = grad(cost_function,0)
    
    # Let the update be done num_iter times
    for i in range(num_iter):
        # Evaluate the gradient at the current weights and biases in P. 
        # The cost_grad consist now of two arrays; 
        # one for the gradient w.r.t P_hidden and 
        # one for the gradient w.r.t P_output
        cost_grad =  cost_function_grad(P, x)
    
        P[0] = P[0] - lmb * cost_grad[0]
        P[1] = P[1] - lmb * cost_grad[1]
    print('Final cost: %g'%cost_function(P, x))
    
    return P
Explanation: Gradient Descent
The idea of the gradient descent algorithm is to update parameters in direction where the cost function decreases goes to a minimum. 
In general, the update of some parameters $\vec \omega$ given a cost function defined by some weights $\vec \omega$, $c(x, \vec \omega)$, goes as follows:
$$
\vec \omega_{\text{new} } = \vec \omega - \lambda \nabla_{\vec \omega} c(x, \vec \omega)
$$
for a number of iterations or until $ \big|\big| \vec \omega_{\text{new} } - \vec \omega \big|\big|$ is smaller than some given tolerance. 
The value of $\lambda$ decides how large steps the algorithm must take in the direction of $ \nabla_{\vec \omega} c(x, \vec \omega)$. The notatation $\nabla_{\vec \omega}$ denotes the gradient with respect to the elements in $\vec \omega$. 
In our case, we have to minimize the cost function $c(x, P)$ with respect to the two sets of weights and bisases, that is for the hidden layer $P_{\text{hidden} }$ and for the ouput layer $P_{\text{output} }$ .
This means that $P_{\text{hidden} }$ and $P_{\text{output} }$ is updated by
$$
\begin{aligned}
P_{\text{hidden},\text{new}} &= P_{\text{hidden}} - \lambda \nabla_{P_{\text{hidden}}} c(x, P)  \
P_{\text{output},\text{new}} &= P_{\text{output}} - \lambda \nabla_{P_{\text{output}}} c(x, P)
\end{aligned}
$$
This might look like a cumberstone to set up the correct expression for finding the gradients. Luckily, Autograd comes to the rescue.
End of explanation
def deep_neural_network(deep_params, x):
    # N_hidden is the number of hidden layers  
    N_hidden = np.size(deep_params) - 1 # -1 since params consist of parameters to all the hidden layers AND the output layer
        
    # Assumes input x being an one-dimensional array
    num_values = np.size(x)
    x = x.reshape(-1, num_values)
    
    # Assume that the input layer does nothing to the input x
    x_input = x
    
    # Due to multiple hidden layers, define a variable referencing to the
    # output of the previous layer:
    x_prev = x_input 
    
    ## Hidden layers:
    
    for l in range(N_hidden):
        # From the list of parameters P; find the correct weigths and bias for this layer
        w_hidden = deep_params[l]
        
        # Add a row of ones to include bias
        x_prev = np.concatenate((np.ones((1,num_values)), x_prev ), axis = 0)
        z_hidden = np.matmul(w_hidden, x_prev)
        x_hidden = sigmoid(z_hidden)
        # Update x_prev such that next layer can use the output from this layer
        x_prev = x_hidden 
    ## Output layer:
    
    # Get the weights and bias for this layer
    w_output = deep_params[-1]
    
    # Include bias:
    x_prev = np.concatenate((np.ones((1,num_values)), x_prev), axis = 0)
    z_output = np.matmul(w_output, x_prev)
    x_output = z_output
    return x_output
Explanation: An implementation of a Deep Neural Network
As previously stated, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) follows the same concept of a neural network, but having more than one hidden layer. Suppose that the network has $N_{\text{hidden}}$ hidden layers where the $l$-th layer has $N_{\text{hidden}}^{(l)}$ neurons. The input is still assumed to be an array of size $1 \times N$. The network must now try to optimalize its output with respect to the collection of weigths and biases $P = \big{P_{\text{input} }, \ P_{\text{hidden} }^{(1)}, \ P_{\text{hidden} }^{(2)}, \ \dots , \ P_{\text{hidden} }^{(N_{\text{hidden}})}, \ P_{\text{output} }\big}$.
Feedforward
The feedforward step is similar to as for the neural netowork, but now considering more than one hidden layer. 
The $i$-th neuron at layer $l$ recieves the result $\vec{x}j^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }$ from the $j$-th neuron at layer $l-1$. The $i$-th neuron at layer $l$ weights all of the elements in  $\vec{x}_j^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }$ with a weight vector $\vec w{i,j}^{(l), \ \text{hidden} }$ with as many weigths as there are elements in$\vec{x}_j^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }$, and adds a bias $b_i^{(l), \ \text{hidden} }$:
$$
\begin{aligned}
z_{i,j}^{(l),\ \text{hidden}} &= b_i^{(l), \ \text{hidden}} + \big(\vec{w}{i}^{(l), \ \text{hidden}}\big)^T\vec{x}_j^{(l-1),\text{hidden} } \
&= 
\begin{pmatrix}
b_i^{(l), \ \text{hidden}}  & \big(\vec{w}{i}^{(l), \ \text{hidden}}\big)^T
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
1  \
\vec{x}_j^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }
\end{pmatrix} 
\end{aligned}
$$
The output from the $i$-th neuron at the hidden layer $l$ becomes a vector $\vec{z}_{i}^{(l),\ \text{hidden}}$:
$$
\begin{aligned}
\vec{z}{i}^{(l),\ \text{hidden}} &= \Big(  b_i^{(l), \ \text{hidden}} + \big(\vec{w}{i}^{(l), \ \text{hidden}}\big)^T\vec{x}1^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }, \ \dots \ , \  b_i^{(l), \ \text{hidden}} + \big(\vec{w}{i}^{(l), \ \text{hidden}}\big)^T\vec{x}{N{hidden}^{(l-1)}}^{(l-1),\text{hidden} } \Big) \
&= 
\begin{pmatrix}
b_i^{(l), \ \text{hidden}} & \big(\vec{w}{i}^{(l), \ \text{hidden}}\big)^T
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1 & \dots & 1 \
\vec{x}{1}^{(l-1),\text{hidden} } & \vec{x}{2}^{(l-1),\text{hidden} } & \dots & \vec{x}{N_{hidden}^{(l-1)}}^{(l-1),\text{hidden} }
\end{pmatrix}
\end{aligned}
$$
End of explanation
# The trial solution using the deep neural network:
def g_trial_deep(x,params, g0 = 10):
    return g0 + x*deep_neural_network(params,x)
# The same cost function as for the neural network, but calls deep_neural_network instead.
def cost_function_deep(P, x):
    
    # Evaluate the trial function with the current parameters P
    g_t = g_trial_deep(x,P)
    
    # Find the derivative w.r.t x of the neural network
    d_net_out = elementwise_grad(deep_neural_network,1)(P,x) 
    
    # Find the derivative w.r.t x of the trial function
    d_g_t = elementwise_grad(g_trial_deep,0)(x,P)  
    
    # The right side of the ODE 
    func = g(x, g_t)
    err_sqr = (d_g_t - func)**2
    cost_sum = np.sum(err_sqr)
    
    return cost_sum
def solve_ode_deep_neural_network(x, num_neurons, num_iter, lmb):
    # num_hidden_neurons is now a list of number of neurons within each hidden layer
    # Find the number of hidden layers:
    N_hidden = np.size(num_neurons)
    
    ## Set up initial weigths and biases 
    
    # Initialize the list of parameters:
    P = [None]*(N_hidden + 1) # + 1 to include the output layer
    P[0] = npr.randn(num_neurons[0], 2 ) 
    for l in range(1,N_hidden):
        P[l] = npr.randn(num_neurons[l], num_neurons[l-1] + 1) # +1 to include bias 
    
    # For the output layer
    P[-1] = npr.randn(1, num_neurons[-1] + 1 ) # +1 since bias is included
    print('Initial cost: %g'%cost_function_deep(P, x))
    
    ## Start finding the optimal weigths using gradient descent
    
    # Find the Python function that represents the gradient of the cost function
    # w.r.t the 0-th input argument -- that is the weights and biases in the hidden and output layer
    cost_function_deep_grad = grad(cost_function_deep,0)
    
    # Let the update be done num_iter times
    for i in range(num_iter):
        # Evaluate the gradient at the current weights and biases in P. 
        # The cost_grad consist now of N_hidden + 1 arrays; the gradient w.r.t the weights and biases
        # in the hidden layers and output layers evaluated at x.
        cost_deep_grad =  cost_function_deep_grad(P, x)
        
        for l in range(N_hidden+1):
            P[l] = P[l] - lmb * cost_deep_grad[l]
    print('Final cost: %g'%cost_function_deep(P, x))
    
    return P
Explanation: Backpropagation
This step is very similar for the neural network. The idea in this step is the same as for the neural network, but with more parameters to update for. Again there is no need for computing the gradients analytically since Autograd does the work for us.
End of explanation
def g_analytic(x, gamma = 2, g0 = 10):
    return g0*np.exp(-gamma*x)
Explanation: Solving the ODE
Finally, having set up the networks we are ready to use them to solve the ODE problem. 
If possible, it is always useful to have an analytical solution at hand to test if the implementations gives reasonable results. 
As a recap, the equation to solve is
$$
g'(x) = -\gamma g(x) 
$$
where $g(0) = g_0$ with $\gamma$ and $g_0$ being some chosen values. 
Solving this analytically yields
$$
g(x) = g_0\exp(-\gamma x)
$$
By making the analytical solution availible in our program, it is possible to check the persomance of our neural networks.
End of explanation
npr.seed(15)
## Decide the vales of arguments to the function to solve
N = 10
x = np.linspace(0, 1, N)
## Set up the initial parameters
num_hidden_neurons = 10
num_iter = 10000
lmb = 0.001
P = solve_ode_neural_network(x, num_hidden_neurons, num_iter, lmb)
res = g_trial(x,P) 
res_analytical = g_analytic(x)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.title('Performance of neural network solving an ODE compared to the analytical solution')
plt.plot(x, res_analytical)
plt.plot(x, res[0,:])
plt.legend(['analytical','nn'])
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('g(x)')
plt.show()
Explanation: Using neural network
The code below solves the ODE using a neural network. The number of values for the input $\vec x$ is 10, number of hidden neurons in the hidden layer being 10 and th step size used in gradien descent $\lambda = 0.001$. The program updates the weights and biases in the network num_iter times. Finally, it plots the results from using the neural network along with the analytical solution. Feel free to experiment with different values and see how the performance of the network is!
End of explanation
npr.seed(15)
## Decide the vales of arguments to the function to solve
N = 10
x = np.linspace(0, 1, N)
## Set up the initial parameters
num_hidden_neurons = np.array([10,10])
num_iter = 10000
lmb = 0.001
P = solve_ode_deep_neural_network(x, num_hidden_neurons, num_iter, lmb)
res = g_trial_deep(x,P) 
res_analytical = g_analytic(x)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.title('Performance of a deep neural network solving an ODE compared to the analytical solution')
plt.plot(x, res_analytical)
plt.plot(x, res[0,:])
plt.legend(['analytical','dnn'])
plt.ylabel('g(x)')
plt.show()
Explanation: Using a deep neural network
End of explanation
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