Chanos chanos, Milkfish : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish, bait

Chanos chanos (Forsskål 1775)

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Chanos chanos   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Chanos chanos
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> Gonorynchiformes (Milkfish) > Chanidae (Milkfish)
Etymology: Chanos: Greek, chanos, -eos, ous, and chasma, -atos = abyss, mouth opened, inmensity (Ref. 45335).  More on author: Forsskål.


; marinhas; Água doce; estuarina bentopelágico; anfídromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 1 - 30 m (Ref. 6898), usually ? - 15 m (Ref. 89972).   Tropical; 15°C - 43°C (Ref. 43081); 46°N - 52°S, 19°E - 77°W


Indo-Pacific: along continental shelves and around islands, where temperatures are greater than 20°C. Red Sea and South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, north to Japan, south to Victoria, Australia. Eastern Pacific: San Pedro, California to the Galapagos.

Length at first maturity / Tamanho / Peso / Idade

Maturity: Lm 91.8, range 68 - 70 cm
Max length : 180 cm SL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 9710); 124.0 cm SL (female); common length : 100.0 cm SL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 9814); peso máx. Publicado: 14.0 kg (Ref. 9814); Idade máx. registada: 15 anos (Ref. 9814)

Descrição breve Morfologia | Morfometria

Espinhos dorsais (total): 2; Raios dorsais moles (total): 13-17; Espinhos anais 2; Raios anais moles: 8 - 10; Vértebras: 46. This species is characterized by the following: body elongate and somewhat compressed; mouth small and toothless; single dorsal about mid-level of the body; pectoral fins falcate; caudal fin large and deeply forked; no scutes on belly; branchiostegal rays 4. Colour of the body olive green dorsally; flanks silvery; unpaired fins with dark margins (Ref. 49, 117228).

Biologia     Glossário (ex. epibenthic)

Adults are found in offshore marine waters and shallow coastal embayments, but also frequently enter estuaries and occasionally penetrate freshwater streams (Ref. 44894, 52331). They occur in small to large schools near the coasts or around islands where reefs are well developed. Eggs and larvae are pelagic up to 2-3 weeks. Older larvae migrate onshore and settle in coastal wetlands (mangroves, estuaries) during the juvenile stage, or occasionally enter freshwater lakes. Juveniles and sub-adults return to sea where they mature sexually. Mature adults spawn only in fully saline water. Larvae eat zooplankton; juveniles and adults eat cyanobacteria, soft algae, small benthic invertebrates, and even pelagic fish eggs and larvae. Larvae are collected from rivers and are grown in culture ponds into juveniles which are marketed fresh, smoked, canned or frozen. Brood stocks can be raised and spawned in captivity to produce larvae in the hatchery (Ref. 12868). This species can thrive and grow in water as hot as 32° C (Ref. 9987).


Spawns in clear shallow waters above a bottom of sand or coral and at a distance of not more than 30 km from the shore. Females spawn up to 5 million eggs which hatch in about 24 hr. The larvae seek out clear coastal and estuarine waters warmer than 23°C with 10-32 salinity and abundant phytoplankton. Spawning and fertilization take place at night.

Referência principal Upload your references | Referências | Coordenador | Colaboradores

Bagarinao, T., 1994. Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanos chanos. Environ. Biol. Fishes 39(1):23-41. (Ref. 9814)

Categoria na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 123251)

  Preocupação menor (LC) ; Date assessed: 23 June 2016

CITES (Ref. 123416)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Ameaça para o homem


Utilização humana

FAO(Aquacultura: produção, perfil da espécie; pescarias: produção; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us


Relatórios especiais

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Fontes da internet

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 20.7 - 29.2, mean 28.2 °C (based on 4182 cells).
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00654 - 0.01108), b=3.06 (2.98 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref. 69278):  2.4   ±0.20 se; based on food items.
Resiliência (Ref. 120179):  Baixo, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 4,5 - 14 anos (tm=4-8; tmax=15; Fec=200,000).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.49, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Vulnerabilidade (Ref. 59153):  Very high vulnerability (76 of 100) .
Categoria de preço (Ref. 80766):   Unknown.