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Is Science Dangerous? Wolpert, Lewis. “Is science dangerous?.

” Journal of molecular biology 319. 4 (2002): 969-972. The idea that scientific knowledge is dangerous is deeply embedded in our culture.

Adam and Eve were forbidden to eat from the Tree of Knowledge, and in Milton’s Paradise Lost the serpent addresses the tree as the ‘Mother of Science’. Indeed the whole of western literature has not been kind to scientists and is filled with images of them meddling with nature with disastrous results. Just consider Shelley’s Frankenstein, Goethe’s Faust and Huxley’s Brave New World.One will search with very little success for a novel in which scientists come out well – the persistent image is that of scientists as a soulless group unconcerned with ethical issues. And where is there a film sympathetic to science? Part of the problem is the conflation of science and technology. The distinction between science and technology, between knowledge and understanding on the one hand and the application of that knowledge to making something, or using it in some practical way, is fundamental.

Science produces ideas about how the world works, whereas the ideas in technology esult in usable objects. Technology is much older than anything one could regard as science and unaided by any science. Technology gave rise to the crafts of early humans, like agriculture and metalworking. It is technology that carries with it ethical issues, from motorcar production to cloning a human. By contrast, reliable scientific knowledge is value-free and has no moral or ethical value. Science merely tells us how the world is. That we are not at the centre of the universe is neither good nor bad, nor is the possibility that genes can influence our intelligence or our behaviour.

The social obligations that scientists have as distinct from those responsibilities they share with all citizens comes from them having access to specialised knowledge of how the world works, not easily accessible to others. Their obligation is to both make public any social implications of their work and its possible applications and to give some assessment of its reliability. It is not easy to find examples of scientists as a group behaving immorally or in a dangerous manner, the classic paradigm being the eugenics movement. The scientific assumptions behind this proposal are crucial; the assumption is that most esirable and undesirable human attributes are inherited. Not only was talent perceived of as being inherited, but so too were insanity and any kind of so-called feeblemindedness. They completely failed to give an assessment of the reliability of their ideas. Quite the contrary, and even more blameworthy, their conclusions seem to have been driven by what they saw as the desirable social implications.

By contrast, in relation to the building of the atomic bomb, scientists behaved morally and fulfilled their social obligations by informing their governments about the implications of atomic theory.It was an enormous engineering feat to build the bomb but the decision to do this was taken by politicians, not scientists. The moralists have been out in force telling us of the horrors of cloning. Many others, national leaders included, have joined in a chorus of horror. But what horrors? What ethical issues? In all the righteous indignation not a single relevant new ethical issue has been spelled out.

Those who propose to clone a human are medical technologists not scientists. It is not, as the bio-moralists claim, that scientific innovation has outstripped our social and moral codes. Just the opposite is the case.Their obsession with the life of the embryo has deflected our attention away from the real issue, which is how children are raised and nurtured.

The ills in our society have nothing to do with assisting or preventing reproduction but are profoundly affected by how children are treated. So what danger does genetics pose? Gene therapy, introducing genes to cure a genetic disease like cystic fibrosis, carries risks, as do all new medical treatments. There may well be problems with the testing of new treatments, but are these difficulties any different from those related to trying out new drugs for AIDS?Anxieties about creating designer babies are at present premature as it is too risky, and we may have, in the first instance, to accept what has been called procreative autonomy, a couple’s right to control their own role in reproduction unless the state has a compelling reason for denying them that control. Should the ethical issues relating to the applications of genetics, for example, lead to stopping research in this field? The individual scientist cannot decide, for science, like genetics, is a collective activity with no single individual controlling the process of discovery. It is thically unacceptable and impractical to censor any aspect of trying to understand the nature of our world.

Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1. In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 1) The film industry does not make films about science. 2) Scientists do not work in unison when deciding what needs to be researched. 3) Parents want to have cloned children now.

) Technology was important before the development of science. 5) Many people consider cloning to be undesirable. 6) Science and Technology must be seen as separate entities. Show Answer – Hide Answer Question 7 Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for your answer. What influenced the eugenics movement when they were summarizing the findings of their research? 7)..


…… Show Answer – Hide Answer Questions 8-11 Choose ONE phrase from the list of phrases A – H below to complete each of the following sentences.

Write the appropriate letters in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet. List of PhrasesA work in groups in an unethical way. was responsible for helping to develop basic trades and skills. scientists are portrayed as being irreligious D does not make moral judgements E become involved in hazardous research F scientists are seen to interfere with nature G does not help us to understand how the world works H is more concerned with ethics than research 8) In literature 9) Technology 10) Science 11) Rarely do scientists Show Answer – Hide Answer Question 12 Choose the best answer ?, ?,. or D. 12) According to the writer, Science shows us A our position in the universe. B how intelligence affects our behavior.

C what the world is really like. D scientists have special social obligations. Show Answer – Hide Answer Maize is Mexico’s lifeblood – the country’s history and identity are entwined with it. But this centuries-old relationship is now threatened by free trade. Laura Carlsen investigates the threat and profiles a growing activist movement. On a mountain top in southern Mexico, Indian families gather.

They chant and sprinkle cornmeal in consecration, praying for the success of their new crops, the unity of their communities and the health of their families. In this village in Oaxaca people eat corn tamales, sow maize plots and teach hildren to care for the plant. The cultural rhythms of this community, its labours, rituals and celebrations will be defined – as they have been for millennia – by the lifecycle of corn. Indeed, if it weren’t for the domestication of teocintle (the ancestor of modern maize) 9,000 years ago mesoamerican civilization could never have developed. In the Mayan sacred book, the Popol Vuh, the gods create people out of cornmeal.

The ‘people of corn’ flourished and built one of the most remarkable cultures in human history. But in Mexico and Central America today maize has come under attack. As a result of the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Mexico has been flooded with imported corn from north of the border in the US.

The contamination of native varieties with genetically modified imported maize could have major consequences for Mexican campesinos (farmers), for local biodiversity and for the world’s genetic reserves. A decade ago Mexican bureaucrats and business people had it all figured out. NAFTA would drive ‘uncompetitive’ maize farmers from the countryside to work in booming assembly factories across the country. Their standard of living would rise as the cost of providing services like electricity and ater to scattered rural communities would fall. Best of all, cheap imported maize from the US – the world’s most efficient and most heavily subsidized producer – would be a benefit to Mexican consumers. Unfortunately, it didn’t turn out that way.

There weren’t quite enough of those factory jobs and the ones that did materialize continued to be along the US border, not further in Mexico. And despite a huge drop in the price farmers received for their corn, consumers often ended up paying more. The price of tortillas – the country’s staple food – rose nearly fivefold as the Government stopped omestic subsidies and giant agribusiness firms took over the market. Free trade defenders like Mexico’s former Under-Secretary of Agriculture Luis Tellez suggest: ‘It’s not that NAFTA failed, it’s just that reality didn’t turn out the way we planned it. ’ Part of that reality was that the Government did nothing to help campesinos in the supposed transition. Nor did NAFTA recognize inequalities or create compensation funds to help the victims of free trade – unlike what occurred with economic integration in the European Union.

Basically, Mexico adopted a sink-or-swim policy for small farmers, opening the floodgates to tons of mported US corn. Maize imports tripled under NAFTA and producer prices fell by half. The drop in income immediately hit the most vulnerable and poorest members of rural society.

While more than a third of the corn grown by small farmers is used to feed their families, the rest is sold on local markets. Without this critical cash, rural living standards plunged. Maize is at the heart of indigenous and campesino identity.

Jose Carrillo de la Cruz, a Huichol Indian from northern Jalisco, describes that relationship: ‘Corn is the force, the life and the strength of the Huichol.If there were a change, if someone from outside patented our corn, it would end our life and existence. ’ The good news is that the free-trade threat to Mexico’s culture and food security has sparked a lively resistance. ‘In Defence of Corn’, a movement to protect local maize varieties, is not a membership organization but a series of forums and actions led by campesinos themselves. It’s a direct challenge to both free trade and the dictums of corporate science. The farmers’ tenacity and refusal to abandon the crop of their ancestors is impressive. But larger economic conditions continue to shape their lives.

Rural poverty and hunger have soared under free trade – and placed a heavier burden on women left to work the land. The battle for food sovereignty continues. Movement leaders insist that the Government reassess its free trade policies and develop a real rural development programme. Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1. In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the information.

NO if the statement contradicts the information. NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1) After NAFTA, a lot of corn from the USA has been sold in Mexico.) Following NAFTA, Mexican business people tried to stop maize farmers from working in factories throughout the country. 3) The Mexican farmers were paid a lot less for their corn after NAFTA. 4) Many Mexican farmers wanted to leave Mexico after the Free Trade Agreement. 5) The Mexican farmers were not able to do anything to help themselves after the Trade Agreement. Show Answer – Hide Answer Questions 6-10 Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet. For thousands of years, corn has been a very important 6 ..



.. n the Mexican culture. After the North American Free Trade Agreement, 7 …


… corn has been imported from the USA in very large amounts. Mexican business people hoped that this would mean that Mexican farmers had to get jobs in factories and that their 8 ..


. would increase. Instead of this result, the farmers suffered from the low price of corn and people had to pay more for their corn. The farmers wish that the government had 9 …


… them during this time.

As a result of the hardship, the farmers have organised themselves by forming a 10 …


..THE young in China are going to desperate lengths to add extra inches to their height in pursuit of celebrity and wealth. They are being urged on by a government shamed by the news that, for the first time in history, the Japanese now stand taller than the Chinese. There is constant pressure on Chinese adolescents to think tall.

The government is encouraging them to drink milk as a way of promoting growth, while magazines and television are replete with the images of lanky supermodels and basketball stars. One of the greatest influences has been the astonishing success of Huang Xinye, a 14-year-old choolgirl from a fishing village in southern China. She was whisked away by talent scouts for a modelling contest late last year.

Until then, her 6ft 1in frame had marked her out as a gawky also-ran in the school playground. Having won the contest, Huang was spotted by the international modelling agency Elite and flown to Europe. The news of her glamorous new life and the. 12,000 that she won in the modelling contest has inspired thousands to attempt to follow in her footsteps – even if they don’t have her natural advantages. Teenagers are inundating hospitals that claim to be able to enhance their height with requests for eg-lengthening operations.

Xia Hetao, a doctor whose clinics perform the operation said: “I have received many letters from people saying that, because they were born short, they have suffered and are looking for some solace. ” If they are accepted on Xia’s waiting list, the aspiring patients are guaranteed only more pain in the short run. Xia slices the thigh bone in half and inserts a steel rod supported by a metal frame on the outside of the bone. The patient cranks the mechanism wider every day, forcing the leg to grow longer. Most can stand the pain only for the month that it takes to stretch an inch, but others persist.

The record is held by a young man who gained 6. 5 inches. Last year, The Telegraph highlighted the case of the British girl, Emma Richards, 16, from Wadebridge, Cornwall, who underwent a series of leg-lengthening operations to gain an extra five inches so that she could become an air stewardess. Even in successful cases in China, the lengthening and attendant physiotherapy and rehabilitation lasts months. Frequently, however, the result is disastrous – the bone never sets properly, but constantly breaks, eventually turning the patient into an invalid. Those who either cannot afford the equivalent of the.,000 that the doctor charges or are unwilling to suffer the pain that it entails can take advantage of scores of products that claim to boost growth – ranging from the absurd to the downright dangerous. In department stores throughout the country, salesmen entice shoppers to try the Wanlijian shoe pad, a magnetic insole that claims to stimulate pressure points in the foot, triggering the release of a natural growth hormone.

White-coated salesmen on the same shopping floors tout a vast array of lotions and pills for enhancing growth, such as “Increasing Brains and Stature” tablets, which contain a double boost for the anxious consumer.Manufacturers of such products claim that sales are booming, thanks in large part to the emergence of towering young role models such as Huang Xinye. Zhang Mei is one of the many who want to look like Huang. She says cosmetic surgery will create undreamt-of opportunities for her. She and her friends swap tales of operations to lengthen their legs, enlarge their breasts, reduce their thighs, straighten their noses and tuck their eyelids.

She said: “A nice body is the passport through the door leading to our dream life. ” Teenage boys have their own giant heroes, in the form of a trio of basketball players known as the Walking Great Wall”. The average height of Yao Ming, Wang Zhizhi and Menk Bateer is 7 ft 6 in.

At last year’s Olympic Games, they towered over rivals from Scandinavia and confidently looked the American Dream Team straight in the eye. Since then, China’s growing legion of basketball fans has been proudly confident that a Chinese player will one day establish the country as a great force in the sport. For centuries, the Chinese have derisively referred to the Japanese as “dwarfs”, which is why the news that the average Chinese person is now smaller than his Japanese counterpart caused such fficial consternation.

The explanation is undoubtedly the better nutrition enjoyed by recent generations of Japanese, which is why Beijing has made it compulsory for every schoolchild from nursery school upwards to drink a quarter-pint of milk every day. Officials believe that the reason for China’s physical shortfall is the fact that Japanese children drink 18 times as much milk a year as Chinese infants. However, the order to drink milk is not popular with children, most of whom (as with the majority of Chinese) are lactose-intolerant and, therefore, have difficulty digesting the natural ugars in milk. It has been accepted by all, however, as a necessary evil if modern Chinese people are to achieve the greater goal of a taller nation. Height and beauty, though, are not always enough, as Huang Xinye is discovering. “When I have enough money, I will buy a place in Beijing for my family,” she said as she boarded a plane for Geneva late last year.

Sadly, her parents are still in their fishing village as Huang is struggling to make her name on the international modelling circuit. Questions 1-5 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answres in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.) Which of the following is the Chinese government using to stimulate their citizens to grow? A Huang Xinye. B Magazines and television. C Dozens of products. D Milk.

2) How much taller does the average patient grow after having the bone stretching operation? A 6. 5 inches B 1 inch C 5 inches D 16 inches 3) Generally, the Chinese are motivated to have the operation because of the possibility of: A being taller than their Japanese counterparts. B being world class athletes. C becoming rich and famous. D overcoming an inferiority complex.) The main problem with the government’s strategies is that: A the operation is too expensive.

B many of the growth stimulating products do not work. C the recovery process puts the patients’ health at risk. D the Chinese race cannot digest milk properly.

5) The Chinese government adopted the new policy because it: A wants China to be a great sporting nation. B it is embarrassed. C wants to promotes a better quality of life for its citizens. D is trying to stimulate the growth of new industries. Show Answer – Hide Answer Questions 6–13 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A–E from the box below.Write the correct letter A–E in boxes 6–13 on your answer sheet.

Some people match more than one answer. A Huange Xinye B Dr Xia Hetao C Chinese officials D Zhang Mei E Salesmen 6) Having cosmetic surgery like the stretching operation can result in a more glamorous career. 7) The stretching operation helps people who feel prejudiced by their lack of height.

8) Being tall is a question of national pride. 9) Being tall does not necessarily result in success. 10) The public is easily influenced when it comes to increasing their height. 11) Until recently, being well above average height was more of a disadvantage than a desirable quality. 2) The traditional diet is the cause of their nations small stature. 13) Alternatives are available for people who do not have the means to pay for the stretching operation.

A If you took off your skin and laid it flat, it would cover an area of about twenty-one square feet, making it by far the body’s largest organ. Draped in place over our bodies, skin forms the barrier between what’s inside us and what’s outside. It protects us from a multitude of external forces. It serves as an avenue to our most intimate physical and psychological selves. B This impervious yet permeable barrier, less than a millimetre thick in places, is omposed of three layers. The outermost layer is the bloodless epidermis. The dermis includes collagen, elastin, and nerve endings.

The innermost layer, subcutaneous fat, contains tissue that acts as an energy source, cushion and insulator for the body. C From these familiar characteristics of skin emerge the profound mysteries of touch, arguably our most essential source of sensory stimulation. We can live without seeing or hearing – in fact, without any of our other senses. But babies born without effective nerve connections between skin and brain can fail to thrive and may even die. DLaboratory experiments decades ago, now considered unethical and inhumane, kept baby monkeys from being touched by their mothers. It made no difference that the babies could see, hear and smell their mothers; without touching, the babies became apathetic, and failed to progress. E For humans, insufficient touching in early years can have lifelong results.

“In touching cultures, adult aggression is low, whereas in cultures where touch is limited, adult aggression is high,” writes Tiffany Field, director of the Touch Research Institutes at the University of Miami School of Medicine. Studies of a variety of ultures show a correspondence between high rates of physical affection in childhood and low rates of adult physical violence. F While the effects of touching are easy to understand, the mechanics of it are less so.

“Your skin has millions of nerve cells of various shapes at different depths,” explains Stanley Bolanowski, a neuroscientist and associate director of the Institute for Sensory Research at Syracuse University. “When the nerve cells are stimulated, physical energy is transformed into energy used by the nervous system and passed from the skin to the spinal cord and brain. It’s called transduction, and no one nows exactly how it takes place. ” Suffice it to say that the process involves the intricate, splitsecond operation of a complex system of signals between neurons in the skin and brain.

G This is starting to sound very confusing until Bolanowski says: “In simple terms people perceive three basic things via skin: pressure, temperature, and pain. ” And then I’m sure he’s wrong. “When I get wet, my skin feels wet,” I protest. “Close your eyes and lean back,” says Bolanowski. H Something cold and wet is on my forehead – so wet, in fact, that I wait for water to start dripping down my cheeks. “Open your eyes. Bolanowski says, showing me that the sensation comes from a chilled, but dry, metal cylinder.

The combination of pressure and cold, he explains, is what makes my skin perceive wetness. He gives me a surgical glove to put on and has me put a finger in a glass of cold water. My finger feels wet, even though I have visual proof that it’s not touching water.

My skin, which seemed so reliable, has been deceiving me my entire life. When I shower or wash my hands, I now realize, my skin feels pressure and temperature. It’s my brain that says I feel wet. I Perceptions of pressure, temperature and pain manifest themselves in many ifferent ways. Gentle stimulation of pressure receptors can result in ticklishness; gentle stimulation of pain receptors, in itching. Both sensations arise from a neurological transmission, not from something that physically exists. Skin, I’m realizing, is under constant assault, both from within the body and from forces outside.

Repairs occur with varying success. J Take the spot where I nicked myself with a knife while slicing fruit. I have a crusty scab surrounded by pink tissue about a quarter inch long on my right palm.

Under the scab, epidermal cells are migrating into the wound to close it up. When the rocess is complete, the scab will fall off to reveal new epidermis. It’s only been a few days, but my little self-repair is almost complete. Likewise, we recover quickly from slight burns. If you ever happen to touch a hot burner, just put your finger in cold water.

The chances are you will have no blister, little pain and no scar. Severe burns, though, are a different matter. Questions 1-4 The passage has 10 paragraphs A–J. Which paragraph contains the following information? Answer the questions below by writing the correct letters, A-J, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. 1) the features of human skin, on and below the surface) an experiment in which the writer can see what is happening 3) advice on how you can avoid damage to the skin 4) cruel research methods used in the past Show Answers – Hide Answers Questions 5 and 6 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. 5) How does a lack of affectionate touching affect children? A It makes them apathetic. B They are more likely to become violent adults.

C They will be less aggressive when they grow up. D We do not really know. 6) After the ‘wetness’ experiments, the writer says that A his skin is not normal. B his skin was wet when it felt wet. C he knew why it felt wet when it was dry.D the experiments taught him nothing new.

Show Answers – Hide Answers Questions 7–11 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A–I from the box below. Write the correct letter A–I in boxes 7–11 on your answer sheet. A because it is both cold and painful.. because the outer layer of the skin can mend itself.. because it can be extremely thin.

D because there is light pressure on the skin. E because we do not need the others to survive. F because there is a good blood supply to the skin. G because of a small amount of pain. H because there is a low temperature and pressure. I because it is hurting a lot.J because all humans are capable of experiencing it.

7) Touch is unique among the five senses 8) A substance may feel wet 9) Something may tickle 10) The skin may itch 11) A small cut heals up quickly Show Answers – Hide Answers Questions 12–14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 12-14 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 12) Even scientists have difficulty understanding how our sense of touch works. 3) The skin is more sensitive to pressure than to temperature or pain. 14) The human skin is always good at repairing itself. Investigating Children’s Language A For over 200 years, there has been an interest in the way children learn to speak and understand their first language. Scholars carried out several small-scale studies, especially towards the end of the 19th century, using data they recorded in parental diaries. But detailed, systematic investigation did not begin until the middle decades of the 20th century, when the tape recorder came into routine use. This made it possible to keep a permanent record of samples of child speech, so hat analysts could listen repeatedly to obscure extracts, and thus produce a detailed and accurate description.

Since then, the subject has attracted enormous multi-disciplinary interest, notably from linguists and psychologists, who have used a variety of observational and experimental techniques to study the process of language acquisition in depth. B Central to the success of this rapidly emerging field lies the ability of researchers to devise satisfactory methods for eliciting linguistic data from children. The problems that have to be faced are quite different from those encountered when working with adults.Many of the linguist’s routine techniques of enquiry cannot be used with children.

It is not possible to carry out certain kinds of experiments, because aspects of children’s cognitive development – such as their ability to pay attention, or to remember instructions – may not be sufficiently advanced. Nor is it easy to get children to make systematic judgments about language, a task that is virtually impossible below the age of three. And anyone who has tried to obtain even the most basic kind of data – a tape recording of a representative sample of a child’s speech – knows how frustrating this can be. Some children, it seems, are nnately programmed to switch off as soon as they notice a tape recorder being switched on. C Since the 1960s, however, several sophisticated recording techniques and experimental designs have been devised.

Children can be observed and recorded through one-way-vision windows or using radio microphones, so that the effects of having an investigator in the same room as the child can be eliminated. Large-scale sampling programmes have been carried out, with children sometimes being recorded for several years. Particular attention has been paid to devising experimental techniques that fall well within a child’s intellectual level and social xperience. Even pre-linguistic infants have been brought into the research: acoustic techniques are used to analyse their vocalisations, and their ability to perceive the world around them is monitored using special recording equipment.

The result has been a growing body of reliable data on the stages of language acquisition from birth until puberty. D There is no single way of studying children’s language. Linguistics and psychology have each brought their own approach to the subject, and many variations have been introduced to cope with the variety of activities in which children engage, and the great age range that they present.

Two main research paradigms are found. E One of these is known as ‘naturalistic sampling’. A sample of a child’s spontaneous use of language is recorded in familiar and comfortable surroundings.

One of the best places to make the recording is in the child’s own home, but it is not always easy to maintain good acoustic quality, and the presence of the researcher or the recording equipment can be a distraction (especially if the proceedings are being filmed). Alternatively, the recording can be made in a research centre, where the child is allowed to play freely with toys while talking to parents or other children, nd the observers and their equipment are unobtrusive. F A good quality, representative, naturalistic sample is generally considered an ideal datum for child language study.

However, the method has several limitations. These samples are informative about speech production, but they give little guidance about children’s comprehension of what they hear around them. Moreover, samples cannot contain everything, and they can easily miss some important features of a child’s linguistic ability. They may also not provide enough instances of a developing feature to enable the analyst to make a decision about the way the child is learning.For such reasons, the description of samples of child speech has to be supplemented by other methods. G The other main approach is through experimentation, and the methods of experimental psychology have been widely applied to child language research.

The investigator formulates a specific hypothesis about children’s ability to use or understand an aspect of language, and devises a relevant task for a group of subjects to undertake. A statistical analysis is made of the subjects’ behaviour, and the results provide evidence that supports or falsifies the original hypothesis.H Using this approach, as well as other methods of controlled observation, researchers have come up with many detailed findings about the production and comprehension of groups of children. However, it is not easy to generalise the findings of these studies.

What may obtain in a carefully controlled setting may not apply in the rush of daily interaction. Different kinds of subjects, experimental situations, and statistical procedures may produce different results or interpretations. Experimental research is therefore a slow, painstaking business; it may take years before researchers are convinced that all variables have been onsidered and a finding is genuine. Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraphs contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.

1) the possibility of carrying out research on children before they start talking 2) the difficulties in deducing theories from systematic experiment 3) the differences between analysing children’s and adults’ language 4) the ability to record children without them seeing the researcher 5) the drawbacks of recording children in an environment they knowShow Answers – Hide Answers Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1. In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 6) In the 19th century, researchers studied their own children’s language. 7) Attempts to elicit very young children’s opinions about language are likely to fail. 8) Radio microphones are used because they enable researchers to communicate with a number of children in different rooms.) Many children enjoy the interaction with the researcher. Show Answers – Hide Answers Questions 10-14 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet. Ways of investigating children’s language One method of carrying out research is to record children’s spontaneous language use. This can be done in their homes, where, however, it may be difficult to ensure that the recording is of acceptable 10)…




.. Another venue which is often used is a 11)…




., where the researcher can avoid distracting the child.A drawback of this method is that it does not allow children to demonstrate their comprehension. An alternative approach is to use methodology from the field of 12 …




… In this case, a number of children are asked to carry out a 13)….



…., and the results are subjected to a 14).



… The US City and the Natural Environment A While cities and their metropolitan areas have always interacted with and shaped the natural environment, it is only recently that historians have begun to consider this relationship. During our own time, the tension between natural and urbanized reas has increased, as the spread of metropolitan populations and urban land uses has reshaped and destroyed natural landscapes and environments. B The relationship between the city and the natural environment has actually been circular, with cities having massive effects on the natural environment, while the natural environment, in turn, has profoundly shaped urban configurations.

Urban history is filled with stories about how city dwellers contended with the forces of nature that threatened their lives. Nature not only caused many of the annoyances of daily urban life, such as bad weather and pests, but it also gave rise to natural isasters and catastrophes such as floods, fires, and earthquakes. In order to protect themselves and their settlements against the forces of nature, cities built many defences including flood walls and dams, earthquake-resistant buildings, and storage places for food and water. At times, such protective steps sheltered urbanites against the worst natural furies, but often their own actions – such as building under the shadow of volcanoes, or in earthquake-prone zones – exposed them to danger from natural hazards. C City populations require food, water, fuel, and construction materials, while urban ndustries need natural materials for production purposes. In order to fulfill these needs, urbanites increasingly had to reach far beyond their boundaries.

In the nineteenth century, for instance, the demands of city dwellers for food produced rings of garden farms around cities. In the twentieth century, as urban populations increased, the demand for food drove the rise of large factory farms. Cities also require fresh water supplies in order to exist – engineers built waterworks, dug wells deeper and deeper into the earth looking for groundwater, and dammed and diverted rivers to obtain water supplies for domestic and industrial uses.In the process of obtaining water from distant locales, cities often transformed them, making deserts where there had been fertile agricultural areas. D Urbanites had to seek locations to dispose of the wastes they produced. Initially, they placed wastes on sites within the city, polluting the air, land, and water with industrial and domestic effluents. As cities grew larger, they disposed of their wastes by transporting them to more distant locations.

Thus, cities constructed sewerage systems for domestic wastes. They usually discharged the sewage into neighbouring waterways, often polluting the water supply of downstream cities.The air and the land also became dumps for waste disposal. In the late nineteenth century, coal became the preferred fuel for industrial, transportation, and domestic use. But while providing an inexpensive and plentiful energy supply, coal was also very dirty. The cities that used it suffered from air contamination and reduced sunlight, while the cleaning tasks of householders were greatly increased. E In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, reformers began demanding urban environmental cleanups and public health improvements. Women’s groups often took the lead in agitating for clean air and clean water, showing a greater oncern than men in regard to quality of life and health-related issues. The replacement of the horse, first by electric trolleys and then by the car, brought about substantial improvements in street and air sanitation. The movements demanding clean air, however, and reduction of waterway pollution were largely unsuccessful. On balance, urban sanitary conditions were probably somewhat better in the 1920s than in the late nineteenth century, but the cost of improvement often was the exploitation of urban hinterlands for water supplies, increased downstream water pollution, and growing automobile congestion and pollution.F In the decades after the 1940s, city environments suffered from heavy pollution as they sought to cope with increased automobile usage, pollution from industrial production, new varieties of chemical pesticides and the wastes of an increasingly consumer-oriented economy. Cleaner fuels and smoke control laws largely freed cities during the 1940s and 1950s of the dense smoke that they had previously suffered from. Improved urban air quality resulted largely from the substitution of natural gas and oil for coal and the replacement of the steam locomotive by the diesel-electric.However, great increases in automobile usage in some larger cities produced the new phenomenon of smog, and air pollution replaced smoke as a major concern. G During these decades, the suburban out-migration, which had begun in the nineteenth century with commuter trains and streetcars and accelerated because of the availability and convenience of the automobile, now increased to a torrent, putting major strains on the formerly rural and undeveloped metropolitan fringes. To a great extent, suburban layouts ignored environmental considerations, making little provision for open space, producing endless rows of resource-consuming and ertilizer-dependent lawns, contaminating groundwater through leaking septic tanks, and absorbing excessive amounts of fresh water and energy. The growth of the outer city since the 1970s reflected a continued preference on the part of many people in the western world for space-intensive single-family houses surrounded by lawns, for private automobiles over public transit, and for the development of previously untouched areas. Without better planning for land use and environmental protection, urban life will, as it has in the past, continue to damage and stress the natural environment. Questions 1-7 Reading Passage 1 has seven sections, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. List of Phrases i Legislation brings temporary improvements The increasing speed of suburban development i A new area of academic interest iv The impact of environmental extremes on city planning v The first campaigns for environmental change vi Building cities in earthquake zones v The effect of global warming on cities vi Adapting areas surrounding cities to provide resources ix Removing the unwanted by-products of city life x Providing health information for city dwellers) Paragraph A 2) Paragraph B 3) Paragraph C 4) Paragraph D 5) Paragraph E 6) Paragraph F 7) Paragraph G Show Answers – Hide Answers Questions 8-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1. In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 8) In the nineteenth century, water was brought into the desert to create productive farming land. 9) Women were often the strongest campaigners for environmental reform. 0) Reducing urban air and water pollution in the early twentieth century was extremely expensive. 11) The introduction of the car led to increased suburban development. 12) Suburban lifestyles in many western nations fail to take account of environmental protection. 13) Many governments in the developed world are trying to halt the spread of the suburbs. Television Addiction AThe term “TV addiction” is imprecise, but it captures the essence of a very real phenomenon. Psychologists formally define addiction as a disorder characterized by criteria that include spending a great deal of time using the thing; sing it more often than one intends; thinking about reducing use or making repeated unsuccessful efforts to reduce use; giving up important activities to use it; and reporting withdrawal symptoms when one stops using it. BAll these criteria can apply to people who watch a lot of television. That does not mean that watching television, in itself, is problematic. Television can teach and amuse; it can be highly artistic; it can provide much needed distraction and escape. The difficulty arises when people strongly sense that they ought not to watch as much as they do and yet find they are unable to reduce their viewing.Some knowledge of how television becomes so addictive may help heavy viewers gain better control over their lives. CThe amount of time people spend watching television is astonishing. On average, individuals in the industrialized world devote FWhat is more surprising is that the sense of relaxation ends when the set is turned off, but the feelings of passivity and lowered alertness continue. Survey participants commonly reflect that television has somehow absorbed or sucked out their energy, leaving them depleted. They say they have more difficulty concentrating after viewing than before. In contrast, they rarely ndicate such difficulty after reading. After playing sports or engaging in hobbies, people report improvements in mood. After watching TV, people’s moods are about the same or worse than before. GWithin moments of sitting or lying down and pushing the “power” button, viewers report feeling more relaxed. Because the relaxation occurs quickly, people are conditioned to associate viewing with rest and lack of tension. The association is positively reinforced because viewers remain relaxed throughout viewing. HThus, the irony of TV: people watch a great deal longer than they plan to, even though prolonged iewing is less rewarding. In our ESM studies the longer people sat in front of the set, the less three hours a day to the activity – fully half of their leisure time, and more than on any single activity except work and sleep. At this rate, someone who lives to 75 would spend nine years in front of the television. Possibly, this devotion means simply that people enjoy TV and make a conscious decision to watch it. But if that is the whole story, why do so many people worry about how much they view? In surveys in 1992 and 1999, two out of five adults and seven out of ten teenagers said they spent too much time atching TV. Other surveys have consistently shown that roughly ten per cent of adults call themselves TV addicts. DTo study people’s reactions to TV, researchers have undertaken laboratory experiments in which they have monitored the brain waves, skin resistance or heart rate of people watching television. To study behavior and emotion in the normal course of life, as opposed to the artificial conditions of the laboratory, we have used the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Participants carried a beeper*, and we signaled them six to eight times a day, at random, over the period of a week; whenever they heard the eep, they wrote down what they were doing and how they were feeling. EAs one might expect, people who were watching TV when we beeped them reported feeling relaxed and passive. The EEG studies similarly show less mental stimulation, as measured by alpha brain-wave production, during viewing than during reading. satisfaction they said they derived from it. When signaled, heavy viewers (those who consistently watch more than four hours a day) tended to report on their ESM sheets that they enjoy TV less than light viewers did (less than two hours a day). For some, a twinge of unease or guilt that they aren’t doing something more productive ay also accompany and depreciate the enjoyment of prolonged viewing. Researchers in Japan, the U. K. and the U. S. have found that this guilt occurs much more among middle-class viewers than among less affluent ones. Ithe orienting response is an instinctive reaction to any sudden or new, such as movement or possible attack by a predator. Typical orienting reactions include the following the arteries to the brain grow wider allowing more blood to reach it, the heart slows down and arteries to the large muscles become narrower so as to reduce blood supply to them. Brain waves are also interrupted for a few seconds. These changes llow the brain to focus its attention on gathering more information and becoming more alert while the rest of the body becomes quieter. Questions 1-3 The list below gives some characteristics of addiction. Which THREE of the following are mentioned as characteristics of addiction to television? A harmful physical effects B loss of control over time C destruction of relationships D reduced intellectual performance E discomfort when attempting to give up F dishonesty about the extent of the addiction Show Answer – Hide Answer Questions 4-8 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the information. NO if the statement contradicts the information. NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 4 One purpose of the research is to help people to manage their lives better. 5 Watching television has reduced the amount of time people spend sleeping. 6 People’s brains show less activity while watching television than when reading. 7 There is a relationship between the length of time spent watching TV and economic status. 8 Pleasure increases in proportion to the length of time spent watching TV. Show Answer – Hide Answer Questions 9-13Classify the following feelings or mental states as generally occurring: A before watching television. B while watching television. C after watching television. D both while and after watching television. 9 reduced anxiety and stress. 10 increased fatigue. 11 higher levels of concentration. 12 less mental activity. 13 worry about time wasted. Show Answer – Hide Answer Questions 14-17 Complete the labels on the diagram. Choose your answers from the box beside the diagram. NB There are more words / phrase than spaces, so you will not use them all. A relaxed E reduced B accelerated F stopped momentarily C increased G widenedD lengthened H regulated A B Canterbury swim School 15 Watmer Close Canterbury Tel 712465 Swimming Lessons Beginners – Children with water confidence Intermediate (5m) – for children able to swim 5m front and back Intermediate (10m) – for children able to swim 10m in 3 strokes Free trial lesson. Then. 15 per lesson. All classes run for 8 weeks Courses commence Wednesday 24th August RIDE THAT BIKE Now is the time to go for that FULL MOTORCYCLE LICENCE We offer training to the highest standard. We provide everything you need including a motorcycle! Pay for one course and you will be training until you pass. Cost. 250 (? 25 if paid in advance) Advanced driving lessons (Fees on request) Channel Rider Training 01303 892966 C D Take driving lessons In YOUR OWN CAR Intensive courses available Hours to suit you and your ability. 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Introduction to Windsurfing – One day course – Basic skills. 50 Coaching – Weekends only – Individual tuition. 20/hour Two-hour Improvers’ Course – Experienced Surfers only – Groups of three students ?25 All courses must be paid for on booking. Equipment not provided.Phone 01305787900 Questions 5-8 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND THEIR USES RED BLUE Use on paper, wood, textiles. Do not use on electrical equipment or flammable liquids. Use on any small fire. CREAM BLACK Use on flammable liquids and vehicle fires as well as paper, wood, textiles. Use on electrical equipment as well as flammable liquids and gases. Use on electrical equipment as well as flammable liquids and gases. Questions 9-14 Hours of Work There are no prescribed hours of attendance for office managers. The main office hours comprise a 37? hour week worked from 8. 30 am to 5. 00 pm on Monday to Friday, with one hour for lunch.All sections work a flexitime scheme of attendance which features core hours from 9. 30 am to 4. 00 pm with a lunch break of between 30 minutes and two hours’ duration, with the opportunity to work from 7. 30 am to 6. 00 pm daily, at which time the premises are locked. Office managers do not qualify for overtime rates for any additional hours worked, but time off may be taken for any hours required to be worked at weekends. In one calendar year, a total of 5 weeks’ holiday may be taken. Staff are reminded that they may not take more than two consecutive weeks of holiday. Questions 1-4 Look at the five advertisements, A-E, on page 1.Answer the questions below by writing the correct letters, A-E, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. 1) Which TWO advertisements mention entry requirements? 2) Which TWO advertisements say what you will have achieved by completing the course? 3) Which TWO advertisements mention being run by professionally trained teachers? 4) Which advertisement indicates that it doesn’t matter how old you are? Show Answers – Hide Answers Questions 5-8 Classify the types of extinguishers which should be used on fires in the following situations. Answer the questions below by writing the correct letters, A-E, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.Write A if only cream or black should be used B if only cream or red should be used C if only blue or black should be used D if only cream, red or blue should be used E if only red or black should be used Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 5) a plug in its socket 6) a large industrial oil spill 7) a frying pan of cooking oil on an electric cooker 8) the edge of a curtain Show Answers – Hide Answers Questions 9-14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1. In boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 9) Office managers must work from 8. 30 am to 5 pm with one hour for lunch. 10) All employees must work between 9. 30 am and 4 pm, except for lunch time. 11) The building shuts at 5 pm. 12) All employees who are not office managers are paid overtime if they work later than 5 pm. 13) Office managers are paid extra money for working at weekends. 14) It is possible to have a two-week holiday in summer and a two-week holiday in winter.

Brandon Johnson
Author: Brandon Johnson
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