True Story of Indian Science

Dr Raj Vedam will be participating
in a session on ‘Unravelling the layers of History and Kavya’ organized by the
Center for Soft Power, Indic Academy and Heritage Trust, at Bangalore on August

Like many of his generation, Dr Raj Vedam grew up in an India with little TV and a lot of reading. It was a time when people read voraciously on a range of subjects – ‘Indic and Western, and reacted incredulously to the history presented in our textbooks’. It took Dr Vedam several years of reading to track down the roots of narratives to get to a position of reasonable deconstruction. He co-founded the think-tank, Indian History Awareness and Research and to work on the Scientific Validation of Indian History. In this interview he explores commonly ignored and misinterpreted facts of Indian history

old is the Indian ‘civilisation’?

Academics identify “civilization”
when a culture shows “urbanism” and has a script, implying diversification of
professions and the ability to communicate knowledge to its present and future
generations. David Frawley calls out the paradox of the Vedic people who show
large literary works but with no archaeological record of urbanism, and Harappa
which shows high urbanism but with apparently no literary works. The word
“civilization” is thus applied rather narrowly in an academic sense.

The facts are that there is great antiquity
of the Indian people as attested by astronomical references in literary works, their
long gestation with knowledge systems in a wide variety of areas, evidence of
high thinking in the corpus of literary works, evidence of archeological finds
in Bhiranna dating back 8000 years, several finds in the Sindhu-Saraswati
basin, and an interesting find of an underwater structure in Dwarka 8500 years
ago as all indicative of an advanced complex society, with an emphasis on the
oral record rather than a written record.

If we admit these as indicative of
“civilization”, then we have an Indian civilization from at least 10,000 years
ago. If we insist on a written script, then Harappa would qualify for
civilization status from 5000 years ago, though there are critics such as
Witzel who claim that Harappa was an illiterate society by showing the paucity
of literary records from Harappa that are lengthier than 10 signs. If we insist
on a phonetic script encoding language such as Brahmi and urbanism then Magadha
dating to 300 BCE would qualify for civilization.

I tend to see the debate as
pedantic, denying the importance of the oral record that has been a hallmark of
the Indic civilization for the longest time, and favor earlier timelines for
the Indian civilization. I am hopeful that future generation archeologists will
uncover evidence that can help to better resolve the question of antiquity of
the Indian civilization.

Who or what would you say are the
main people/events responsible for the distortion of Indian history. Why do you
say so?

Several forces inimical to the Indic
civilization are responsible for the distortion of Indian history.

The colonial Indologists tried to
bring the chronology of the Indian king lists down to fit a Biblical chronology
of creation at 4004 BCE which they subscribed to. In reducing the Indian
chronology, they distorted the Puranic king lists by a questionable
synchronization of “Sandracottos” with Chandragupta Maurya (see K.V Challam’s
works). They also engineered the distancing of Indians from their ancient
educational systems, by alienating Indians from their own heritage with English
education, placing them in awe of the Western world by a process of deep mind-colonization.

The second inimical force was
Eurocentric scholars of the 1800s who attempted to find a “linguistic homeland”
for the “Indo-Aryans” in Central Asia, which led to the proposal of an “Aryan
Invasion Theory”, and all of its attendant corollaries such as “Dravidianism”.

Obsequiously following Western
gate-keepers of the colonial/Euro-centric Indian narrative, the liberal
academic bias of present times constitutes the third inimical force. With their
obligatory overuse of ill-fitting Western models such as post-modernism,
feminism, subaltern studies as the only way to view all of Indian history, they
position all social-dynamics with an “oppressor-oppressed” view, thereby
greatly distorting Indian history.

Several powerful vested interests
ranging from international agencies, organized religions, opportunistic
political parties to media have a strong desire to split the Indian nation by
emphasizing maliciously manufactured fault-lines, and form the fourth inimical
force on Indian history. Their powerful presence in governance, public-policy, print,
digital and mass media has ensured that the population has internalized a
horrendous perversion passed off as Indian culture and history.

The Marxists control the education
sector in India and in conjunction with the works of their cohorts above, form
the fifth inimical force and are the unchallenged gate-keepers of Indian
history. Several distorted identities are clearly sported by various sections
of society. The most visible one is the alien identity called “caste”, in
complete discordance with the Jati-Varna system. The second is the manufactured
identity called “Dravidianism”. Distortions include north and south being
racially different, Indian civilization is recent, Indians got knowledge from
Babylon and Greece, and so on.

Given no strong ownership from Indic
people of their heritage and history, these five lobbies have carried out their
criminal distortion of the Indian history. We have failed as a society, because
we have not been successful in recognizing, isolating and stamping out the
inimical forces. The common Indian sees the impact of the great distortions
listed above, but feels powerless to change the narrative. I believe people
should become empowered by consciously deconstructing our thought processes,
reject the deep mind-colonization upheld by the inimical forces, and take
ownership of our heritage and past.

Distorters of History

Example of how linguistic construction of hypothetical PIE is made from the only real data - Sanskrit, others being academic reconstructions

How can we validate Indian history using modern science? How did Indian knowledge go out of India?

An evidence-based narration based on
our best understanding of the facts can help to validate the narratives on
Indian history. By deconstructing the methodologies of linguistics, genetics
and archaeology, by understanding their limitations and strengths, and by
understanding how claims are constructed using these methodologies, we can
critique the existing narratives. By judicious understanding of scientific
evidence from multi-disciplinary fields, and by bringing in the neglected
internal evidence from our large corpus of Vedic works, we can advance factual
narratives of Indian history.

There are at least 9 knowledge
transmission routes that took information from India to the rest of the world.

(1) Vedic texts talk of the tribes Anu/Dryhu and their movement westwards out of India. We also know of a 200-year drought around 2000 BCE caused a mass migration out of India. This formed the earliest conduits for knowledge transmission.

(2) Greek travelers to India prior to Alexander, such as
Pythagoras and Democritus.

(3) Indo-Greek kingdoms

(4) Buddhist and Hindu outflows to SE Asia.

(5) The Silk route that connected India and China with
Mediterranean lands.

(6) Roman trade as noted in Periplus of Erythrean sea.

(7) Medieval transmissions to Europe and pre-Islamic Arab

(8) Muslim period from 700 thru 1700.

(9) Colonial period from 1700 to 1947

How has the West used Genetics to
distort Indian history?

The current claims made in genetics
are that there were two major waves of migrations to India. The first migration
is claimed around 7000 BCE by “Iranian pastoral farmers” who spread pervasively
across north and south India. The second migration is claimed around 2000 BCE
to the northern part of India, effectively constituting the Aryan
Invasion/Migration theory. They base these opinions by performing statistical
methods on limited samples and limited populations, using questionable models
and methods. That there are concerns in the claims of genetics is apparent by
the wide variability of results in different published works. In one paper by
David Reich, they claim a 4200 year old common ancestor for the northern Indian
and Central Asian, while a different work by Lucotte shows a 15,000 year old
common ancestor for the same, using the high-resolution R1a-Z93 marker, by
using a different sampling method. The issues of concern are: (a) use of
circular logic by using models from linguistic analysis, (b) sample populations
admitted; (c) sample sizes for the studies; (d) algorithmic methods used and
their initializations; (e) limitations of the mathematical models to provide a
global result, and other concerns. There is a tendency to conflate results from
narrow studies to global applicability to a 1.3 billion population.  Perhaps in the distant future, as sample
sizes approach 1.3 billion (from the present few-hundreds), then with
probability 1, we can infer the presence/absence of markers in the Indian
populations and their concentrations in various regions.

Confidence level in Results from Genetics

Why is archaeological evidence not
seen as being convincing enough to establish antiquity? Why are history
textbooks lagging behind?

The narratives in history textbooks
are perhaps more than 30 years behind archaeological finds. As an example,
India’s most famous archaeologist, B.B.Lal, published a paper on the continuity
of the Indian civilization establishing fundamental facts on how there does not
appear to be distinct periodizations between Harappa and Vedic, but rather a
continuity of practices. Many settlements in Saraswati-Sindhu have been
uncovered in the past few years, but NCERT textbooks are loathe to even mention
the river Saraswati by name. One would expect the people in charge of state and
central textbooks in India to be aware of the findings in archaeology and move
to update the content. One would expect the chairpersons of the textbook
publications committees across the country to be evidence-driven, using
fundamental facts from archaeology.

Keezhadi is a fascinating
archeological find outside of Madurai, showing an urban settlement. Upto 4.5
meters of excavation was done and artifacts recovered. Carbon dating from the 2
meter depth showed a date of 200 BCE. However, if we argue that each meter in
depth is approximately equal to 1100 years using a linear approximation, we
notice that the earliest layers at the 4.5 meters depth should be dated to 5000
years ago, or about 3000 BCE. This would go against the conventional thinking
that southern Indian settlements should be 500 BCE and later, if the Aryan
Invasion/Migration with the attendant displacement of Dravidians should be
true. One awaits further information from Keezhadi to ascertain more facts.

Continuation of Civilisation - BB Lal

Epoch of Kali 3102 BCE

What evidence has been found through
oceanography? A sculpture has been found older than the Harappan civilisation.
What does it point to?

The National Institute of
Oceanography, Chennai, sent a ship equipped with sonar to map the sea-bed off
the coast of Dwarka. They reported finding a 9km long feature about 40m below
the sea, which appeared to be a city fortification wall. They further dredged
up a piece of wood, which they sent for carbon dating to labs in Hyderabad and
Germany, which came back with dates of about 9000 years before present.
Findings such as these suggest the possibility of sunken coastal civilizations.
We know that the sea level went up by as much as 120 meters following the late
glacial maximum ice-age melting. This could have caused the sinking of this
place, approximately 9000 years ago.

How do we date history with an
Indian astronomical sense?

Ancient Indians divided the sky into
27 segments of 13 and1/3 degrees each, the Nakshatra model. They were well
aware of the cardinal points of astronomy, i.e., the winter and summer solstice
points and the two equinoxes. Several observations of the nakshatras that were
present at the cardinal points are mentioned in several ancient texts. Now the
Earth is experiencing a 26,000 year precession cycle, due to which the
nakshatras at the cardinal points slowly change. By understanding this
phenomenon, and computing the Precession rate at 963 years/nakshatra. For
example, the Vedanga Jyotisa notes the Winter Solstice at Dhanista Nakshatra.
We are approximately 4 Nakshatras away in the present times Winter solstice.
The Vedanga Jyotisa can be dated precisely to 1440 BCE. This way, using ancient
astronomical observations, we can date the time precisely using the celestial

What are India's greatest contributions to Math. What is Pythagoras' connection to India?

From the decimal number system
mentioned in the Vedas to an enumeration of very large numbers, ancient Indians
developed deep works in geometry, algebra, positional arithmetic, the concept
of zero, trigonometry, spherical geometry, approximations of functions,
solutions of equations and infinite series, the precursor of calculus. Some
important works were Baudayana’s Sulba Sutras, Aryabhatiya, Surya Siddhanta,
Mahabhaskariya, Brahmasputa Siddhanta, Siddhanta Shiromani, Yuktibhasa among
others. Astronomy was the main application that gave impetus for applied mathematics.

Pythagoras is well-known to have
come to India around 500 BCE, and returned to Greece with a deep understanding
of Vedanta, Indian mathematics that included the right-angled triangle theorem,
and music. Pythagoras founded a gurukulam style of school, advocated a
vegetarian lifestyle, believed in reincarnation, and that the goal of life was
to better oneself to merge with Brahman. His successors Socrates, Plato and
Aristotle continued in the tradition of Pythagoras. Pythagoras is an important link
in our understanding of early transmission of knowledge from India to Greece.