Important Points for JNCIA Preparation

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Important Points for JNCIA Preparation

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Chapter1: Part 2: Routing Fundamentals

The router, which functions as the gateway device for the user and data center networks, requires sufficient routing infor m ation to determine the proper next hop for the traffi c sent between the connected networks. In this example, the router learns the required information by way of the interface configuration. The router adds the networks, in which the interfaces are participating, to the route and forwarding tables. The router consults its forwarding table to determine the actual next hop for received traffic.

Routing Information Sources

The Junos OS routing table consolidates prefixes from multiple routing information sources including various routing protocols, static routes, and directly connected routes.

When a device running the Junos OS receives multiple routes for a given prefix, it selects a single route as the active route. With additional configuration, the Ju nos OS supports multiple, equal-cost routes.

The router uses the active route for each destination prefix to populate the forwarding table. The forwarding table determines the outgoing interface and Layer 2 rewrite information for each packet forwarded by a device running the Junos OS.

Multiple Routing Tables

The following is a summary of the common predefined rout ing tab l es you might see on a device running the Junos OS: inet.0 : Used for IPv4 unicast routes; inet.1 : Used f or the multicast forwarding cache; inet.2 : Us ed for Multicast Border Gateway Protocol (MBGP) routes to provide reverse path forwarding (RPF) checks; inet.3 : Us e d for MPLS path information; inet.4 : Us e d for Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) route entries; inet6.0: Us e d for IPv6 unicast routes; and mpls.0 : Us e d for MPLS next hops.

Preferred Routing Information Sources

The Junos OS uses route preference to rank routes received through the various route information sources and as the primary criterion for selecting the active route.

Routing preference values can range from 0 to 4,294,967,295.You can modify the default preference value for most routing information sources to make them more or less desirable. The exception is with direct and local routes, which are always preferred regardless of the modified route preference value associated with other routing information sources.If equal-cost paths exist for the same destination, the ro uting proto col daemon (rpd) randomly selects one of the available paths. This approach provides load distribution among the paths while maintaining packet ordering per destination.

The show route command displays a summary of active, holddown, and hidden routes. Active routes are the routes the system uses to forward traffic. Holddown routes are routes that are in a pending state before the system declares them as inactive. Hidden routes are routes that the system cannot use for reasons such as an invalid next hop and route policy.

Chapter 5: Operational Monitoring and Maintenance

The primary monitoring tool for avid Junos users is the Junos command-line interface (CLI). The Junos CLI includes severalshow and monitor commands that facilitate system monitoring.

In addition to the Junos CLI, a number of secondary monitoring tools exist such as the J-Web, SNMP, hardware LEDs, andfront-panel displays or LCDs.

You can obtain most system information using show system argument commands. The followingthe most common: alarms: This argument displays current system alarms; boot-messages: This argument displays the messages seen during the last system connections: This argument displays the status of local TCP and UDP connections; statistics: This argument provides options for viewing various protocol statistics; storage: This argument displays the status of the file system storage space.

You can monitor the chassis and obtain chassis information using show chassis argument commands. The followingarguments are some of the most common: alarms: This argument displays current chassis alarms; environment: Thishardware: This argument displays an inventory of the installed hardware components along with the serialnumber of each component; androuting-engine: This argument provides operational status and utilization details for the Routing Engine (RE).

To view real-time usage statistics for all interfaces, use the monitor interfacetraffic command.

You can use various arguments with the ping and traceroute commands,such as source IP address and packet size, to further assist in problem isolation.

The CLIs monitor traffic command provides access to the tcpdump utility.

You use the CLIs file copy command to transfer files to and from devices running the Junos OS.

Use the request system software add path/image name CLI command to upgrade the Junos OS.

You candelete Junos images stored in the /var/tmp directory when you perform the file system cleanup operation using the requestsystem storage cleanup CLI command. To determine which files are cleanup candidates, you can issue the requestsystem storage cleanup dry-run command.

You can view compact-flash device storage details with the CLI show system storage command.

A unified in-service software upgrade (unified ISSU) enables you to upgrade between two different Junos OS Releases with nodisruption on the control plane and with minimal disruption of traffic. Unified ISSU is only supported on dual Routing Engineplatforms. In addition, the graceful Routing Engine switchover (GRES) and nonstop active routing (NSR) must be enabled.

Password Recovery Requires Console Connection

root# set system root-authentication plain-text-password

Chapter 1: Junos Operating System Fundamentals

The Junoskernel is based on the FreeBSD UNIX operating system, which is an open-sourcesoftware system.

Single Source Code BaseAll platforms running the Junos OS usethe same software source code basewithin their platform-specific images.This design ensures that core featureswork in a consistent manner across allplatforms running the Junos OS.

Another aspect of Junos modularity is the separation of the control plane and the forwarding or data plane. The processes thatcontrol routing and switching protocols are cleanly separated from the processes that forward frames, packets, or both throughthe device running the Junos OS.

The graphic illustrates a basic view of the Junos architecture and highlights the control and forwarding planes. The controlplane, shown above the dashed line on the graphic, runs on the Routing Engine (RE). The RE is the brain of the platform; it isresponsible for performing protocol updates and system management. The RE runs various protocol and management softwareprocesses that reside inside a protected memory environment. The RE is based on an X86 or PowerPC architecture, dependingon the specific platform running the Junos OS. The RE maintains the routing tables, bridging table, and primary forwarding tableand connects to the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE) through an internal link.

The PFE, shown below the dashed line on the graphic, usually runs on separate hardware and is responsible for forwardingtransit traffic through the device. In many platforms running the Junos OS, the PFE uses application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs) for increased performance.

The PFE receives the forwarding table (FT) from the RE by means of an internal link. FT updates are a high priority for the JunosOS kernel and are performed incrementally.

The RE handles all protocol processes in addition to other software processes that control the devices interfaces, the chassiscomponents, system management, and user access to the device. These software processes run on top of the Junos kernel,which interacts with the PFE. The software directs all protocol traffic from the network to the RE for the required processing.

Controls and Monitors ChassisThe RE provides the CLI in addition to the J-Web GUI. These user interfaces run on top of the Junos kernel and provide useraccess and control of the device.

Manages Packet Forwarding EngineThe RE controls the PFE by providing accurate, up-to-date Layer 2 and Layer 3 forwarding tables and by downloading microcodeand managing software processes that reside in the PFEs microcode. The RE receives hardware and environmental statusmessages from the PFE and acts upon them as appropriate.

Forwards TrafficThe PFE is the central processing component of the forwarding plane. The PFE systematically forwards traffic based on its localcopy of the forwarding table. The PFEs forwarding table is a synchronized copy of the information created on and provided bythe RE. Storing and using a local copy of the forwarding table allows the PFE to forward traffic more efficiently and eliminatesthe need to consult the RE each time a packet needs to be processed. Using this local copy of the forwarding table also allowsplatforms running the Junos OS to continue forwarding traffic during control plane instabilities.

Implements ServicesIn addition to forwarding traffic, the PFE also implements a number of advanced services. Some examples of advanced servicesimplemented through the PFE include policers that provide rate limiting, stateless firewall filters, and class of service (CoS).Other services are available through special interface cards that you can add to the PFE complex. We cover interfaces in asubsequent chapter.

Transit Traffic

Transit traffic consists of all traffic that enters an ingress network port, is compared against the forwarding table entries, and isfinally forwarded out an egress network port toward its destination.

A forwarding table entry for a destination must exist for a device running the Junos OS to successfully forward