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Ambiguous genitalia



See also: Genetics

Alternative Names:

Genitals - ambiguous



Normally, an infant inherits one pair of sex chromosomes -- one X from the mother and one X or one Y from the father. Thus, it is the father who "determines" the genetic sex of the child. A baby who inherits the X chromosome from the father is a genetic female (two X chromosomes). A baby who inherits the Y chromosome from the father is a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome). The male and female reproductive organs and genitals both arise from the same tissue in the fetus.

If the process that causes this fetal tissue to become "male" or "female" is disrupted, ambiguous genitalia can develop. This genitalia makes it difficult to classify the infant as male or female. The extent of the ambiguity varies. In very rare instances, the physical appearance may be fully developed as the opposite of the genetic sex. For example,  a genetic male may have developed the appearance of a normal female.


  • An enlarged clitoris that has the appearance of a small penis .
  • The labia may be fused, resembling a scrotum .

In a genetic male (one X and one Y chromosome), ambiguous genitalia typically include the following features:

  • A small penis (less than 2-3 centimeters or 0.8-1.2 inches) that resemble an enlarged clitoris (the clitoris of a newborn female is normally somewhat enlarged at birth).
  • There may be a small scrotum with any degree of separation, resembling labia.
  • Undescended testicles commonly accompany ambiguous genitalia.

Ambiguous genitalia is usually not life threatening (see Causes section for exceptions ), but can create social  problems for the child and the family. For this reason, a team of experienced specialists, including neonatologists, geneticists, endocrinologists, and psychiatrists or social workers will be involved.

Common Causes:
  • True hermaphrodism. A very rare condition in which both ovarian and testicular tissue is present. The child may have parts of both male and female genitalia.
  • Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD). An intersex condition in which there appears some male structures (gonad, testis), as well as a uterus, vagina, and fallopian tubes.
  • Chromosomal abnormalities, includingKlinefelter's syndrome (XXY) andTurner's syndrome (XO).
  • Maternal ingestion of certain medications (particularly androgenic steroids) may make a genetic female look more male
  • Lack of production of specific hormones can cause the embryo to develop with a female body type regardless of genetic sex
  • Lack of testosterone cellular receptors. So even if the body makes the hormones needed to develop into a physical male, the body is unable to respond to those hormones, and therefore, a female body-type is the result even if the genetic sex is male.

Home Care:

Because of the potential social and psychological effects of this condition, the decision to raise the child as male or female should be made early after diagnosis, preferably within the first few days of the infant's life.

Call your health care provider if:
  • You are concerned about the appearance of your child's external genitalia.
  • Your baby takes more than 2 weeks to regain his/her birthweight, is vomiting, looks dehydrated (dry inside of mouth, no tears when crying, less than 4 wet diapers per 24 hours, eyes look sunken in), has decreased appetite, has blue spells, or has trouble breathing (these can all be signs of congenital adrenal hyperplasia).


What to expect at your health care provider's office:

The doctor will perform a physical examination, which may reveal a genital structure that is not "typical male" or "typical female," but somewhere in between.


  • Is there any family history of miscarriage ?
  • Is there any family history of stillbirth ?
  • Is there any family history of early death?
  • What other symptoms are present?

Genetic testing can determine if the child is a genetic male or female. Often a small sample of cells can be scraped from inside the cheeks (this is called a buccal smear ); examination of these cells is often sufficient to determine the genetic sex of the infant. Chromosomal analysis is a more extensive cell study that may be needed in more questionable cases.

Endoscopy , abdominal x-ray , abdominal or pelvic ultrasound, and similar tests may be needed to determine the presence or absence of internal genital structures (such as undescended testes).

Laboratory tests may help determine the functioning of reproductive structures, including tests for 17-ketosteroids .

In some cases, laparoscopy , exploratory laparotomy , or biopsy of the gonads may be necessary to confirm disorders associated with ambiguous genitalia.

Depending on the cause, surgery, hormone replacement, or other treatments are used to treat conditions associated with ambiguous genitalia.

Sometimes, the ambiguity is such that a choice must be made whether to raise the child as male or female (regardless of the child's chromosomes). This choice can have tremendous social and psychological impact on the child, so counseling is usually recommended.

Note: It is often technically easier to treat (and therefore raise) the child as female (it is easier for a surgeon to make female genitalia than it is to make male genitalia), so in some cases this is recommended even if the child is genetically male. However, this is a difficult decision and should be discussed with your family, your doctor, and the surgeon involved.



Review Date: 5/12/2009

