Bellevue House

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Bellevue House
Established Early 1840s[1]
Location Kingston, Ontario.
Website Parks Canada - Bellevue House
Designated 1995

Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada was the home to Canada's first Prime Minister Sir John Alexander Macdonald from 1848 to 1849.[2] The house is located in Kingston, Ontario. Coordinates: 44°13′22″N 76°30′12″W﻿ / ﻿44.22278°N 76.50333°W﻿ / 44.22278; -76.50333

Bellevue House was constructed around 1840 by Charles Hales, a wealthy Kingston merchant who profited greatly from the prosperous decade of the 1830s. The house, which is located at 35 Centre St. between Union and King streets, is one of the first and finest examples of Italian Villa architecture in Canada.[citation needed] Sir John A. Macdonald moved into the house with his wife Isabella Clark and their son John Alexander in 1848.

Architecture and layout[edit]

Bellevue House is notable for the non-symmetrical Italian Villa style of its architecture. Features of Italianate architecture at Bellevue House include an L-shaped layout with two wings extending from a square central tower; different varieties and shapes of windows and roof gables; and multiple small balconies.[3]

The house has three main floors, but is further divided by seven levels. The first floor is notable for the very large drawing room, containing a parlour piano manufactured in London, England in about 1820 and two oil paintings whose subjects are unknown. The first floor of the house also contains the formal dining room and a room that is currently interpreted as Isabella's bedroom (though this would likely have been a morning room for other families living at Bellevue in the 19th Century).[4]

A kitchen is located in the cellar. The basement contains both a storage area (used for the storage of fruits, vegetables, and preserves) and a laundry room. On the top floor of the house, several rooms are interpreted. These include a guest room, maid's bedroom, nursery, study, dressing room and master bedroom. The observation floor of the central tower looks out upon Lake Ontario.[4]


Occupancy by John A. Macdonald, 1848–1849[edit]

Much of what is known about the stay of Sir John A. Macdonald and his family at Bellevue has been gleaned from both general historical knowledge of the 19th century in Kingston and from five letters that Macdonald himself wrote while living at Bellevue. The Macdonalds rented Bellevue from Charles Hale in the hope that the fresh air of what were then the outer suburbs of Kingston would assist in Isabella's recovery. The experiment was a failure, and Isabella did not recover from her chronic malady. In addition to this burden, tragedy further struck the young family when their first-born son, John Alexander Jr., died in the house a month after his first birthday.

As a lawyer and a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, Macdonald was often absent from Bellevue House, visiting his second law office in Toronto or attending parliamentary sessions in Montreal. This seems to have upset the health of Isabella, who regularly had bad spells[clarification needed] while her husband was away. Despite her frail condition, however, Macdonald reports in his letters that she kept a watchful eye on the servants and the day-to-day affairs of the house.

While entertaining was expected of prominent lawyers and politicians like Macdonald in the 19th century, Isabella's frail condition prevented her from fulfilling this part of her responsibility as a politician's wife. For this reason, the drawing room and the back parlour would likely not have been used while the Macdonald family stayed at Bellevue House. The only guest that is known to have stayed at Bellevue House between 1848 and 1849 while the Macdonalds lived at the villa was Lt. Col. John Clark, an officer in the British military who was Isabella's brother and a trusted member of the family.

Given the expenses associated with renting Bellevue and the fact that Isabella continued to suffer from chronic illness, the Macdonald family moved from Bellevue House in 1849 to another house in Kingston.[5]

Family home and restoration, 1849–1967[edit]

Bellevue circa 1891

Bellevue House continued to be inhabited by middle-class Kingston families until it was purchased by Parks Canada in 1964 with the intention of commemorating Sir John A. Macdonald.[6] Significant renovations had been performed in the intervening century, including the addition of electricity, indoor plumbing, and central heating, as well as changes to the floor plan. Parks Canada historians and archaeologists did significant research to determine how the home would have appeared in the late 1840s, and it was restored both indoors and outdoors to its original colours and wallpaper patterns. Furnishings from the 1820s–1840s were purchased from antique dealers in Kingston and surrounding areas to lend as much authenticity as possible to the site. The site also received a few items that would have belonged to Macdonald in the late 1840s, including a portion of his library. Bellevue House opened as a "national historic park" in 1967, to coincide with the centennial of Canadian Confederation.[7]

List of known inhabitants of Bellevue House[edit]

  1. 1839–41: Charles Hales
  2. 1841–42 : Tenant
  3. 1842–45 : Charles Hales
  4. 1845–48 : a variety of tenants, including Col James Harvey & William Ermatinger
  5. 1848–49 : John A. and Isabella Macdonald
  6. 1849–51 : unoccupied
  7. 1853–69 : Mr. & Mrs. Ferguson
  8. 1869–79 : James Davis
  9. 1870–77 : Thomas Baker
  10. 1877–87 : Lt. Col. P W Worsley
  11. 1887–1905 : James Wilson
  12. 1905–06 : Herbert Howard
  13. 1906–07 : unoccupied
  14. 1907–23 : John Nathan Gilbert
  15. 1923–27 : unoccupied
  16. 1927–59 : F.W. Atack
  17. 1959–64 : Dr. JMR Beveridge, professor at Queen's University.[8]

Current use[edit]

Bellevue House is a National Historic Site of Canada owned and operated by Parks Canada. It is the only national park system unit commemorating Macdonald as first Prime Minister, and is one of the main attractions in Kingston. Admission lets visitors watch an informational video, browse artifacts and experience interpretative techniques meant to bring alive what life was like for the Macdonalds as a middle-class family in Kingston in the 1840s.

The visitor centre, located on the site of what was the old coach house beside Bellevue, welcomes visitors with an introductory multilingual video, a display area filled with artifacts related to Sir John, and a gift shop. Visitors are welcome to look around, take a photo with a life-size Sir John, and then continue to the historic house where guided and self-guided tours are available from interpreters dressed as gentlemen and maids from the 1840s.


  1. ^ "Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada". 2012-09-05. Retrieved September 26, 2013. 
  2. ^ "Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada". 2006-05-01. Retrieved September 26, 2013. 
  3. ^ "Architecture". Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada. Parks Canada. Retrieved 13 March 2015. 
  4. ^ a b "Bellevue House Floor Plans". Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada. Parks Canada. Retrieved 13 March 2015. 
  5. ^ "History". Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada. Parks Canada. Retrieved 13 March 2015. 
  6. ^ "Bellevue House". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 13 March 2015. 
  7. ^ Angus, Margaret (1967). Bellevue House: A national historic park : administered by Canadian Historic Sites Division, National and Historic Parks Branch, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 
  8. ^ Coleman, John (2012). Inhabitants of Bellevue House. Parks Canada.