विकिपीडिया, मुक्‍त ज्ञानकोशातून
(लग्नासाठी पेहराव या पानावरून पुनर्निर्देशित)
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साचा:Close Relationshipsसाचा:Family law

"विवाह" हे व्यक्तिंममधील नाते संबध (नाते) निर्माण करणारे सामाजिक बंधन अथवा कायदेशीर करार होय. विवाह संस्था संस्कृती आणि उपसंस्कृतीस अनुलक्षून विवीध पद्धतीने व्य्क्ती अंतर्गत नाते ,सहसा जवळकीचे आणि लैंगिक मान्य करते.अशा संबधास विवाह म्हणतात , आणि जी प्रक्रिया किंवा समारंभ या नात्याची सुरूवात करून देतो त्यास लग्न असे म्हणतात, व या नात्यास लग्न गाठ असे संबोधले जाते.

नागरिक खालील पैकी एक अथवा अनेक कारणांकरिता लग्न करतातः कायदेशिर, सामाजिक भावनिक, अर्थकारण, आध्यात्मिक, व धार्मिक. त्यामध्ये जमवलेले, पारिवारिक दायित्वातुन करणे होय. Marriage is a social union or legal contract between individuals that creates नाते. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found. Such a union may also be called matrimony, while the ceremony that marks its beginning is usually called a wedding and the marital structure created is known as wedlock.


Marriage practices are very diverse across cultures, may take many forms, and are often formalized by a ceremony called a wedding.[३] The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved. In some societies these obligations also extend to certain family members of the married persons. Almost all cultures that recognize marriage also recognize adultery as a violation of the terms of marriage.[४]




मानवविज्ञानींनी लग्नाची व्याख्या अनेक मार्गांनी होणाऱ्या लग्नांना ध्यानात घेउन मांडण्याचा प्रयत्न केलेला आहे.


Confucius, [५]

Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage so as to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures.[६] In his book The History of Human Marriage (1921), Edvard Westermarck defined marriage as "a more or less durable connection between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till after the birth of the offspring."[७] In The Future of Marriage in Western Civilization (1936), he rejected his earlier definition, instead provisionally defining marriage as "a relation of one or more men to one or more women that is recognised by custom or law".[८]

The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries (1951) defined marriage as "a union between a man and a woman such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners."[९] In recognition of a practice by the Nuer of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances, Kathleen Gough suggested modifying this to "a woman and one or more other persons."[१०]








Various cultures have had their own theories on the origin of marriage. One example may lie in a man's need for assurance as to paternity of his children. He might therefore be willing to pay a bride price or provide for a woman in exchange for exclusive sexual access.[१५] Legitimacy is the consequence of this transaction rather than its motivation. In Comanche society, married women work harder, lose sexual freedom, and do not seem to obtain any benefit from marriage.[१६] But nubile women are a source of jealousy and strife in the tribe, so they are given little choice other than to get married. "In almost all societies, access to women is institutionalized in some way so as to moderate the intensity of this competition."[१७] In English common law, a marriage was a voluntary contract by a man and a woman, in which by agreement they choose to become husband and wife.[१८] Edvard Westermarck proposed that "the institution of marriage has probably developed out of a primeval habit".[१९]


युरोपियन विवाहपद्धती[संपादन]

For most of European history, marriage was more or less a business agreement between two families who arranged the marriages of their children. Romantic love, and even simple affection, were not considered essential.[२१] Historically, the perceived necessity of marriage has been stressed.[२२]

In Ancient Greece, no specific civil ceremony was required for the creation of a marriage - only mutual agreement and the fact that the couple must regard each other as husband and wife accordingly.[२३] Men usually married when they were in their 20s or 30s [२४] and expected their wives to be in their early teens. It has been suggested that these ages made sense for the Greek because men were generally done with military service by age 30, and marrying a young girl ensured her virginity.[२५] Married Greek women had few rights in ancient Greek society and were expected to take care of the house and children.[२६] Time was an important factor in Greek marriage. For example, there were superstitions that being married during a full moon was good luck and, according to Robert Flacelière, Greeks married in the winter.[२५] Inheritance was more important than feelings: A woman whose father dies without male heirs can be forced to marry her nearest male relative—even if she has to divorce her husband first.[२७]

Like with the Greeks, Roman marriage and divorce required no specific government or religious approval.[२२] Both marriage and divorce could happen by simple mutual agreement.[२२] There were several types of marriages in Roman society. The traditional ("conventional") form called conventio in manum required a ceremony with witnesses and was also dissolved with a ceremony.[२२] In this type of marriage, a woman lost her family rights of inheritance of her old family and gained them with her new one. She now was subject to the authority of her husband.[२८] There was the free marriage known as sine manu. In this arrangement, the wife remained a member of her original family; she stayed under the authority of her father, kept her family rights of inheritance with her old family and did not gain any with the new family.[२८] A law in the Theodosian Code (C. Th. 9.7.3) issued in 342 CE prohibited same-sex marriage, but the exact intent of the law and its relation to social practice is unclear, as only a few documented examples of same-sex marriage in ancient Rome exist.[२९]

A woodcut of a medieval wedlock ceremony from जर्मनी.



In the twelfth century, aristocrats believed love was incompatible with marriage and sought romance in adultery.[२१] Troubadors invented courtly love which involved secret but chaste trysts between a lover and a beloved.


With few local exceptions, until 1545, Christian marriages in Europe were by mutual consent, declaration of intention to marry and upon the subsequent physical union of the parties.[३१][३२] The couple would promise verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the presence of a priest or witnesses was not required.[३३] This promise was known as the "verbum." If freely given and made in the present tense (e.g., "I marry you"), it was unquestionably binding;[३१] if made in the future tense ("I will marry you"), it would constitute a betrothal. One of the functions of churches from the Middle Ages was to register marriages, which was not obligatory. There was no state involvement in marriage and personal status, with these issues being adjudicated in ecclesiastical courts.

The average age of marriage in the late 1200s into the 1500s was around 25 years of age.[३४] However, the age of consent was lower than today: in the case of England, though at first 12 after the late 1200s, it was lowered to 10 in the late 1500s.[३५] In 1875 it was raised from 12 to 13, and ten years later from 13 to 16, where it now remains.[३६]






In इंग्लंड and Wales, Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act 1753 required a formal ceremony of marriage, thereby curtailing the practice of Fleet Marriage.[३९] These were clandestine or irregular marriages performed at Fleet Prison, and at hundreds of other places. From the 1690s until the Marriage Act of 1753 as many as 300,000 clandestine marriages were performed at Fleet Prison alone.[४०] The Act required a marriage ceremony to be officiated by an Anglican priest in the Anglican Church with two witnesses and registration. The Act did not apply to Jewish marriages or those of Quakers, whose marriages continued to be governed by their own customs.

In England and Wales, since 1837, civil marriages have been recognised as a legal alternative to church marriages under the Marriage Act of 1836. In जर्मनी, civil marriages were recognised in 1875. This law permitted a declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration, when both spouses affirm their will to marry, to constitute a legally recognised valid and effective marriage, and allowed an optional private clerical marriage ceremony.

चीनमधील विवाहपद्धती[संपादन]

मुख्य पान: Chinese marriage



समलिंगी विवाहपद्धती[संपादन]

मुख्य पान: Same-sex marriage

Various types of same-sex marriages have existed,[४१] ranging from informal, unsanctioned relationships to highly ritualized unions.[४२]

While it is a relatively new practice that same-sex couples are being granted the same form of legal marital recognition as commonly used by mixed-sex couples, recent publicity and debate over the past decade gives an impression that civil marriage for lesbian and gay couples is novel and untested. There is a long history of recorded same-sex unions around the world.[४३] It is believed that same-sex unions were celebrated in Ancient Greece and Rome,[४३] some regions of China, such as Fujian, and at certain times in ancient European history.[४४] A law in the Theodosian Code (C. Th. 9.7.3) issued in AD 342 prohibited same-sex marriage in ancient Rome, but the exact intent of the law and its relation to social practice is unclear, as only a few examples of same-sex marriage in that culture exist.[४५]

जोडीदाराची निवड[संपादन]

मुख्य पाने: Arranged marriageForced marriage







विवाह सोहळा[संपादन]

मुख्य पान: Wedding
Couple married in a Shinto ceremony in Takayama, Gifu prefecture.

A marriage is usually formalised at a wedding or marriage ceremony. The ceremony may be officiated either by a religious official, by a government official or by a state approved celebrant. In many European and some Latin American countries, any religious ceremony must be held separately from the required civil ceremony. Some countriesसाचा:Ndash such as Belgium, Bulgaria, France, the Netherlands, Romania and Turkey[४६]साचा:Ndash require that a civil ceremony take place before any religious one. In some countriesसाचा:Ndash notably the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Norway and Spainसाचा:Ndash both ceremonies can be held together; the officiant at the religious and civil ceremony also serving as agent of the state to perform the civil ceremony. To avoid any implication that the state is "recognizing" a religious marriage (which is prohibited in some countries)साचा:Ndash the "civil" ceremony is said to be taking place at the same time as the religious ceremony. Often this involves simply signing a register during the religious ceremony. If the civil element of the religious ceremony is omitted, the marriage is not recognised by government under the law.




See also: Cohabitation

Marriage is an institution which can join together people's lives in a variety of emotional and economic ways. In many Western cultures, marriage usually leads to the formation of a new household comprising the married couple, with the married couple living together in the same home, often sharing the same bed, but in some other cultures this is not the tradition.[४७] Among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, residency after marriage is matrilocal, with the husband moving into the household of his wife's mother.[४८] Residency after marriage can also be patrilocal or avunculocal. Also, in southwestern China, walking marriages, in which the husband and wife do not live together, have been a traditional part of the Mosuo culture.[४९] Walking marriages have also been increasingly common in modern Beijing. Guo Jianmei, director of the center for women's studies at Beijing University, told a Newsday correspondent, "Walking marriages reflect sweeping changes in Chinese society."[५०] A similar arrangement in Saudi Arabia, called misyar marriage, also involves the husband and wife living separately but meeting regularly.[५१]



कामजीवन आणि वंशवृद्धि[संपादन]

Many of the world's major religions look with disfavor on sexual relations outside of marriage.[५३] Many nonsecular states, mostly with Muslim majorities, sanction criminal penalties for sexual intercourse before marriage. Sexual relations by a married person with someone other than his/her spouse is known as adultery and is also frequently disapproved by the major world religions (some calling it a sin). Adultery is considered in many jurisdictions to be a crime and grounds for divorce. On the other hand, marriage is not a prerequisite for having children. In the United States, the National Center for Health Statistics reported that in 1992, 30.1 percent of births were to unmarried women.[५४][५५] In 2006, that number had risen to 38.5 percent.[५६] Until recently, children born outside of marriage were known as illegitimate and suffered legal disadvantages and social stigma. In recent years the legal relevance of illegitimacy has declined and social acceptance has increased, especially in western countries. In the United States, the highest judicial body ruled in the case Griswold v. Connecticut that procreation within marriage could be abridged by artificial insemination. Some married couples choose not to have children and so remain childfree. Others are unable to have children because of infertility or other factors preventing conception or the bearing of children. In some cultures, marriage imposes an obligation on women to bear children. In northern Ghana, for example, payment of bridewealth signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face substantial threats of physical abuse and reprisals.[५७]

विवाह विषयक कायदे[संपादन]

मुख्य पान: Marriage law


Common-law marriage समान नागरी कायदा(सम-कायदा विवाह)[संपादन]


अधीकार आणि कर्तव्ये[संपादन]



  • Giving a husband/wife responsibility for a spouse’s debts.
  • Establishing the second legal guardian of a parent’s child.
  • Establishing a relationship between the families of the spouses.

These rights and obligations vary considerably between societies, and between groups within society.[५९]

विवाह बंधने[संपादन]

मुख्य पान: Marriage law#Marriage restrictions






Restrictions against polygamy have been common. Opposition to the recognition of Deseret as a State by the Federal government was founded on opposition to the once-practised polygamous marriages of Mormons.

शासन वैधता/राजमान्यता[संपादन]

मुख्य पान: Marriage law#State recognition


विवाह आणि धर्म[संपादन]



Christian wedding in Kyoto, Japan.
मुख्य पान: Christian views of marriage

Christians believe that marriage is a gift from God, one that should not be taken for granted. They variously regard it as a sacrament, a contract, a sacred institution, or a covenant.[६६] From the very beginning of the Christian Church, marriage law and theology have been a major matter.[६७] The foundation of the Western tradition of Christian marriages have been the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Apostle Paul.[३७]

Christians often marry for religious reasons ranging from following the biblical injunction for a "man to leave his father and mother and cleave to his wife, and the two shall become one,"साचा:Bibleref2c [६८] to obeying Canon Law stating marriage between baptized persons is a sacrament.[६९]



— Jesusसाचा:Bibleref2c

मरणोत्तर ख्रिस्चानिटी[संपादन]

हेसुद्धा पाहा: Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church

Anglicans, Catholics, and Eastern Orthodox consider marriage termed holy matrimony to be an expression of divine grace, termed a sacrament or mystery. Roman Catholics consider marriage between baptized persons a sacrament.[६९] In Western ritual, the ministers of the sacrament are the husband and wife themselves, with a bishop, priest, or deacon merely witnessing the union on behalf of the church, and adding a blessing. In Eastern ritual churches, the bishop or priest functions as the actual minister of the Sacred Mystery (Eastern Orthodox deacons may not perform marriages). Western Christians commonly refer to marriage as a vocation, while Eastern Christians consider it an ordination and a martyrdom, though the theological emphases indicated by the various names are not excluded by the teachings of either tradition.साचा:Dubious Marriage is commonly celebrated in the context of a Eucharistic service (a nuptial Mass or Divine Liturgy). The sacrament of marriage is indicative of the relationship between Christ and the Church.साचा:Bibleref2c

The Roman Catholic tradition of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries defined marriage as a sacrament.[३७] Marriage is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. According to the Church's Catechism,[७१] "the spouses as ministers of Christ's grace mutually confer upon each other the sacrament of Matrimony by expressing their consent before the Church." In Catholicism, a principle objective of marriage is procreation: "[e]ntering marriage with the intention of never having children is a grave wrong and more than likely grounds for an annulment."[७२] According to current Catholic legislation governing marriage, "The essential properties of marriage are unity and indissolubility; in Christian marriage they acquire a distinctive firmness by reason of the sacrament.[७३]

प्रोटेस्टंट धर्म[संपादन]

Protestant denominations see the primary purpose of marriage to be to glorify[७४] God by demonstrating his love to the world.[ संदर्भ हवा ] Other purposes of marriage include intimate companionship, rearing children and mutual support for both husband and wife to fulfill their life callings. Protestants generally approve of birth control[ संदर्भ हवा ] and consider marital sexual pleasure to be a gift of God.



  • The Protestant Reformationists replaced the Roman Catholic sacramental model.


सेंट लाथर डे[संपादन]

A couple following their marriage in the Manti Utah Temple
मुख्य पान: Celestial marriage


ज्यू धर्म[संपादन]

A Jewish wedding, painting by Jozef Israëls, 1903.
मुख्य पान: Jewish views of marriage

In Judaism, marriage is viewed as a contractual bond commanded by God in which a man and a woman come together to create a relationship in which God is directly involved.साचा:Bibleref2c Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have children.साचा:Bibleref2c The main focus centers around the relationship between the husband and wife. Kabbalistically, marriage is understood to mean that the husband and wife are merging together into a single soul. This is why a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified.[७६]


मुख्य पान: Islamic marital jurisprudence




From an Islamic (Shari'Ah) law perspective, the minimum requirements and responsibilities in a Muslim marriage are that the groom provide living expenses (housing, clothing, food, maintenance) to the bride, and in return, the bride's main responsibility is raising children to be proper muslims.. All other rights and responsibilities are to be decided between the husband and wife, and may even be included as stipulations in the marriage contract before the marriage actually takes place, so long as they do not go against the minimum requirements of the marriage. In Shia Islam marriage must take place in the presence of at least two reliable witnesses, with the consent of the guardian of the bride and the consent of both spouses (including the girl). Following the marriage, the couple is immediately allowed to consummate the marriage. To create a religious contract between them, it is sufficient that a man and a woman indicate an intention to marry each other and recite the requisite words in front of a Muslim priest The wedding party can be held days, or months later, whenever the couple and their families want to announce the marriage in public..[७७][७८][७९][८०]


बहाई धर्म[संपादन]

In the Bahá'í Faith marriage is encouraged and viewed as a mutually strengthening bond, but is not obligatory. बहाई धर्मातील व्यक्तींच्या लग्नासाठी सर्वप्रथम लग्न करणाऱ्या जोडप्याची संमती आवश्यक असते. त्यानंतर हयात असलेल्या आईवडिलांचीही संमती लागते.[८१]

हिंदू धर्म[संपादन]

एक हिंदू राजपूत विवाह सोहळा.
मुख्य पान: हिंदू लग्न

हिंदू धर्मांत विवाह एक पवित्र कर्तव्य आहे. विवाह उपरांत काळ हा गृहस्थाश्रमातील काळ मानला जातो. धार्मिक आणि सामाजिक कार्य या स्वरुपात विवाहाकडे पहिले जाते. जुन्या हिंदू संस्कृत साहित्यात हिंदू विवाहाचे अनेक प्रकार आणि वर्गीकरण केले आहे. "गंधर्व विवाह" (दोघांच्या आपापसातील संमतीने आणि तिसऱ्या व्यक्तीच्या कोणत्याही आवश्यकते शिवाय ताबडतोब विवाह) सोप्या शब्दात (वर्तमानतील) विवाह. "राक्षस विवाह" ("आसुरी" विवाह, अन्य भागीदार, साधारणत: एका भागीदाराच्या अपहरणाद्वारे केलेला, पण नेहमी नाही, अन्य लोकांच्या मदतीने). हिंदू धर्मातील विधवा स्त्रियांना पुनर्विवाहाची मान्यता नाही.[८२]

शीख धर्म[संपादन]

शीख धर्मातील विवाहात जोडपे पवित्र 'गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब' ग्रंथाला चार फेर्या मारतात. सोबतच लग्नविधी करणारा व्यक्ती कीर्तनास्वरुपात गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब मधील शब्दांचे उच्चारण करीत असतो. या संपूर्ण सोहळ्याला 'आनंद कराज' असे म्हटले जाते. आणि हा सोहळा दोन आत्म्याचे एका पवित्र बंधनात एकरूप होतात.

समलिंगी विवाह[संपादन]


For the most part, religious traditions in the world reserve marriage to heterosexual unions, but there are exceptions including Unitarian Universalist, Metropolitan Community Church, Quaker, United Church of Canada, United Church of Christ and Reform Jewish congregations, and some Anglican dioceses.[८३][८४] This model is currently recognized by various jurisdictions[८५] and religious denominations.[८६][८७][८८]

आर्थिक बाजू[संपादन]





मुख्य पान: Dowry


In some cultures, dowries continue to be required today (for example, in Sudan), while some countries impose restrictions on the payment of dowry. In India, nearly 7,000 women are killed annually in disputes over dowries,[८९] and activists believe that figures represent only a third of the actual number of such murders.[९०]

वधुमुल्य आणि हुंडा देणे[संपादन]





Modern customs आधूनिक चालिरीती[संपादन]



Some have attempted to analyse the institution of marriage using economic theory; for example, anarcho-capitalist economist David Friedman has written a lengthy and controversial study of marriage as a market transaction (the market for husbands and wives).[९२]





इतर बाबी[संपादन]



काडीमोड(फारकत, घटस्फोट)[संपादन]




सामाजिक संदर्भ[संपादन]


विवाहोत्तर निवास[संपादन]


In modern societies we observe a trend toward the neolocal residence.[९८]

विवाह विषयक समकालीन विचार[संपादन]


मुख्य पान: Criticism of marriage


विवाद्य दृष्टीकोण[संपादन]

विवाह विषयक काही दृष्टीकोण विवाद्य आहेत.समलिंगी विवाहाचे पुरस्कर्ते कायदेशीर आणि सामाजिक मान्यतेपासून समलिंगी नात्यांचा अंतंर्भाव न केल्या बद्दल टिका करतात. त्याच वेळी ,काही देशातील सामाजिक Social conservatism|social conservatives[मराठी शब्द सुचवा] एक स्त्री आणि एक पुरूष हेच विवाहाचे वैध घटक मानून व्याख्येच्या विस्तारास विरोध करतात

Some views about marriage are controversial. Advocates of same-sex rights criticize the exclusion of homosexual relationships from legal and social recognition and the rights and obligations it provides. At the same time, social conservatives in some countries oppose any attempt to define marriage to include anything other than the union of one man and one woman, claiming that to do so would "deprive the term of its fundamental and defining meaning."[९९] In other countries, polygamy is a "socially conservative" practice.[ संदर्भ हवा ]



हेसुद्धा पाहा[संपादन]


विवाह विषयक दृष्टीकोण[संपादन]

विवाहांचे प्रकार[संपादन]

घटनाEvents and situations related to marriage[संपादन]

कायदेविषयक आणि विवाहाची निहीतार्थ[संपादन]

इतर संबधीत संकल्पना[संपादन]

लेखात प्रयुक्त संज्ञा[संपादन]

शब्दाचा विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा[संपादन]

प्रयूक्त शब्द विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा

इंग्रजी मराठी संज्ञा[संपादन]

इंग्रजी मराठी
इंग्रजी मराठी
इंग्रजी मराठी
इंग्रजी मराठी
इंग्रजी मराठी
इंग्रजी मराठी


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  2. Gallagher, Maggie (2002). What is Marriage For? The Public Purposes of Marriage Law (PDF). Louisiana law review. 2007-01-08 रोजी पाहिले.
  3. Eleanor, Schick (1999). Navajo Wedding Day: A Dine Marriage Ceremony. Cavendish Children's Books. आय.एस.बी.एन. 0761450319. 
  4. ४.० ४.१ Encyclopedia Brittanica "adultery"
  5. Sing Ging Su, (1922) Chinese Family System, p. 54-55. ISBN 0554506351.
  9. (1951) Notes and Queries on Anthropology. Royal Anthropological Institute. 
  12. साचा:Cite Web.
  13. Oxford English Dictionary 11th Edition, "marriage"
  15. Hanlon & White, p. 120.
  16. Hanlon & White, p. 119.
  17. Hanlon & White, p. 116.
  18. Marriage | LII / Legal Information Institute
  19. Westermarck, Edward Alexander (1903). The History of Human Marriage. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London. आय.एस.बी.एन. 1402185480 (reprint). 
  20. साचा:Cite
  21. २१.० २१.१ २१.२ २१.३ psychology today on the history of marriage
  22. २२.० २२.१ २२.२ २२.३ Magnus Hirschfeld Archive of Sexology
  23. history for kids Greek Marriage
  24. historylink102.com Ancient Greek Marriage
  25. २५.० २५.१ richeast.org Greek Marriage
  26. Greek Marriage from ancienthistory.about.com
  27. "Marriage, a History." Psychology Today, May 01, 2005
  28. २८.० २८.१ roman empire.net marriage
  29. Kuefler, Mathew. "The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage Law," Journal of Family History, 32, 343–370. Online http://jfh.sagepub.com/cgi/content/short/32/4/343
  30. St. Ignatius of Antioch to Polycarp (Roberts-Donaldson translation)
  31. ३१.० ३१.१ upenn.edu Excerpt from Marriage, Sex, and Civic Culture in Late Medieval London "the sacramental bond of marriage could be made only through the freely given consent of both parties"
  32. marriage.about.com
  33. ExploreGenealogy.co.uk Marriage Records
  35. Olszewski, Daryl J. Statutory Rape in Wisconsin: History, Rationale and the Need for Reform.
  36. Age of Consent. Spartacus Educational.
  37. ३७.० ३७.१ ३७.२ ३७.३ ३७.४ ३७.५ Witte Jr., John (1997). From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press, पृ. 39–40. आय.एस.बी.एन. 0664255434. 
  40. Gillis, John R. (1985). For Better, for Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present. Oxford University Press, पृ. 92. आय.एस.बी.एन. 019503614X. 
  41. The origins and role of same-sex ... - Google Books
  42. Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia - Google Books
  43. ४३.० ४३.१ (2004) Same-Sex Marriage: The Personal and the Political. Insomniac Press, पृ. 16. आय.एस.बी.एन. 978-1-894663-63-2. 
  44. (1990) Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Reed Business Information, Inc. आय.एस.बी.एन. 0520078691. 
  45. Kuefler, Mathew (2007). "The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage Law". Journal of Family History 32: 343–370. दुवा:10.1177/0363199007304424. 
  47. Rosenblatt, Paul C. (2006). Two in a Bed: The Social System of Couple Bed Sharing. State University of New York Press. आय.एस.बी.एन. 0-7914-6829-1. 
  48. Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2002). Women at the center: life in a modern matriarchy. Cornell University Press. आय.एस.बी.एन. 0-8014-8906-7. 
  49. Lu, Yuan; Sam Mitchell (November 2000). "Land Of The Walking Marriage - Mosuo people of China". Natural History. American Museum of Natural History. 
  50. Gargan, Edward A.. "China's New Brides Put Freedom First / All perks, no work in 'walking marriages'", Newsday, पृ. A.04. 
  51. Karam, Souhail. "Misyar offers marriage-lite in strict Saudi society", Reuters. 
  53. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2006-12-31). Human sexuality and gender topics: Subjects of major concern to many faith groups. Religioustolerance.org. 2007-02-04 रोजी पाहिले.
  54. Jones, Richard E.; Kristin H. Lopez (2006). Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition. Academic Press. आय.एस.बी.एन. 0120884658. 
  55. Ventura, SJ. (1995). Births to unmarried mothers: United States, 1980–92. (PDF), National Center for Health Statistics. आय.एस.बी.एन. 0-8406-0507-2. 2008-12-29 रोजी मिळवले. 
  56. Teenage Birth Rate Rises for First Time Since ’91". New York Times (2007-12-06).
  57. Bawah, AA.; Akweongo P, Simmons R, Phillips JF. (1999). "Women's fears and men's anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana." (PDF). Studies in Family Planning 30 (1): 54–66. Population Council. दुवा:10.1111/j.1728-4465.1999.00054.x. ISSN: 0039-3665. Retrieved on 2008-12-29. 
  58. "Common Law Marriage FAQ." Nolo. July 31, 2009. http://www.nolo.com/article.cfm/objectID/709FAEE4-ABEA-4E17-BA34836388313A3C/118/304/192/FAQ/
  59. Leach, Edmund (1968). Paul Bonannan and John Middleton: Marriage, Family, and Residence. The Natural History Press. आय.एस.बी.एन. 1121644708. 
  60. Smith, Anna Marie. Sex Scandals, 'Responsible Fatherhood' and the 2008 Election Campaign: When 'Sex Talk' Trumps Race and Class.
  63. Richard Conniff. "Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin."
  64. Kershaw, Sarah (November 26, 2009). Shaking Off the Shame.
  65. See Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code and THE FIRST TEN YEARS OF THE KOREAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, Constitutional Court of Korea, p. 242 (p.256 of the PDF), <http://www.ccourt.go.kr/home/english/download/decision_10years.pdf> .
  66. BBC - Religions - Christianity: Marriage and weddings
  67. (1971) New Testament nuptial imagery. Brill Archive, पृ. 1. 
  68. See also साचा:Bibleref2c, साचा:Bibleref2, साचा:Bibleref2, साचा:Bibleref2
  70. BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Marriage
  71. Catechism of the Catholic Church, Second Edition, Paragraph 1623
  72. Sacrament of Holy Matrimony, by P.McLachlan http://www.catholic-pages.com/marriage/sacrament.asp
  73. 1983 CODE c.1056 (Latin-English edition of the Code of Canon Law and English-language transla­tion of the 5th Spanish-language edition of the commentary prepared under the responsibility of the Instituto Martin de Azpilcueta, 1993)
  74. Praise, honor
  75. The Family: A Proclamation to the World
  76. Why Marry?. Chabad.org. 2007-12-19 रोजी पाहिले.
  77. The method of pronouncing the marriage formula
  78. Marriage formula
  79. Conditions of pronouncing Nikah
  80. Women with whom matrimony is Haraam
  81. Smith, Peter (2000). "Marriage". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith (Oxford: Oneworld Publications): 232–233. ISBN 1-85168-184-1. 
  82. "Shunned from society, widows flock to city to die". CNN.com. July 5, 2007.
  84. Affirming Congregations, The Episcopal Church and Ministries of the United Church of Canada
  86. Religious Groups' Official Positions on Same-Sex Marriage. pewforums.org. 2008-10-16 रोजी पाहिले.
  87. Shaila Dewan. "United Church of Christ Backs Same-Sex Marriage", New York Times. 2008-10-16 रोजी तपासले. 
  88. Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations BLGT Community guide. 2008-10-16 रोजी पाहिले.
  89. "India's dowry deaths". BBC News. July 16, 2003.
  91. A translation of some parts of the Civil Code of Iran
  92. The Economics of Love and Marriage
  93. USA Immigration Support.com - Green Card Through Marriage
  94. Immigration to the United States: Fiscal years 1820-2003PDF (2.03 MB)
  95. Ellen McCarthy (2009-10-23). For better or worse:Report says marriage's best days have gone by. Washington Post 10E. Washington Post.
  97. Korotayev A. Division of Labor by Gender and Postmarital Residence in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Reconsideration. Cross-Cultural Research. 2003, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp.335-372 DOI: 10.1177/1069397103253685)
  99. साचा:Cite press release
  100. "Legal Definitions of Marriage in the United States." August 1, 2009. http://www.clgs.org/marriage/state-definitions.

बाह्य दुवे[संपादन]

Look up लग्न in
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लग्न हा शब्द
विक्शनरी, या मुक्त शब्दकोशात पाहा
विकिमीडिया कॉमन्सवर संबंधित संचिका आहेत

साचा:Western kinship साचा:Sex साचा:Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights