Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism 1800-1870

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Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendents ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.


Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constitutuing the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.




"Restructuring" reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to mive civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.


The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.

Young Ottomans



Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic people.


Movement among Russian intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century to identify culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe.

Decembrist revolt

Abotrive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825.

Opium War



Herediatary military servents of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire.

Treaty of Nanking

The treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain.

treaty ports


most-favored-nation status


Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twintieth century. A Christian-inspired rural reellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

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