Anatomy Unit 3 Part 2

Anatomy Unit 3 Part 2 Chap 11 Muscl Es Unit
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Universal Characteristics of Muscle (5)
- responsiveness - conductivity - contractability - extensibility - elasticity
- (excitability) - capable of response to chemical signals, stretch or other signals, and responding with electrical changes across the plasma membrane
local electrical charge triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber
shortens when stimulated
capable of being stretched
returns to its original resting length after being stretched
Myofibers (muscle fibers)
- voluntary striated muscle attached to bones - as long as 30 cm
Muscle fiber drawing
page 406
T tubule and 2 terminal cisternae
Active Site
region of a protein that binds to a ligand
plasme membrane tunnel like T-tibules that penetrate the cell carry electric current to cell interior
cytoplasm contains myofibrils, glycogen, myoglobin, mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum network around each myofibril
bundles of parallel protein microfilaments called myofilaments
3 types: thick, thin, elastic
Terminal Cisternae
dilated end sacs that store calcium
Thick filaments
made up of ab. 500 myosin molecules 2 intertwined polypeptides (golf clubs) arranged in a bundle with heads directed outward in a spiral array around the bundled tails
Bare Zone
central area with no heads
Thin Filaments
2 intertwined strands of fibrous actin (string of golf balls) have active site for tropomyosin and troponin
G Actin (globular)
a subunit of fibrous actin with an active site (individual golf ball)
a "bar" that blocks the active sites for G actin
"pad-lock" calcium binding molecule stuck to each tropomyosin molecule
Elastic Filaments
keeps thick and thin filaments aligned with each other resists overstretching helps the cell recoil to its resting length
huge springy protein runs through core of each thick filament connects thick filament to Z disc
Contractile Protein
does the work ex: myosin and actin
Regulatory Protein
ex: troponin and tropomyosin act like a switch that starts and stops shortening of muscle cell
Accessory Protein
ex: dystrophin links actin of outermost myofilament to peripheral protein
myosin and actin organized in a precise way to produce dark and light bands due to overlapping
A Band
dark band of striation think and thin filaments overlap
I Band
light band of striation thin and elastic filaments overlap
the segment of the myofibril from one Z disc to another
Motor Unit
motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
Small Motor Unit
fine degree of control ex: writing tiny letters
Large Motor Unit
more strength than control powerful contractions supplied by large motor units ex: kicking a door
point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell
Neuromuscular Junction
when target cell is a muscle fiber
Neuromuscular Junction Drawing
p. 411
Synaptic knob
swollen end of a nerve fiber contains synaptic vessicles with acetylcholine ACh released through exocytosis
synaptic cleft
tiny gap between synaptic knob and muscle sarcolemma
Schwann Cell
envelops and isolates all of the NMJ from surrounding tissue fluid prevents leakage
Basal Lamina
thin layer of collagen and glycoprotein separates schwann cell and entire muscle from surrounding tissues contains acetylcholinesterase
having a charge
Resting Membrane Potential
due to Na outside of cell and K and other anions inside of cell -90 mV maintained by the sodium potassium pump
moving away from -90 mV ion gates open allowing Na to rush into cell makind ICF briefly positive
going back towards -90 mV K rushes out of cell making ICF negaitve again
Action Potential
quick up and down voltage shift
4 Actions involved in muscle contraction and relaxation
1) excitation 2) excitation 3) contraction 4) relaxation
1st step of contraction
arrival of nerve signal nerve signal stimulates voltage gated calcium channels that result in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing ACh
2nd step
ACh is released
3rd step
ACh binds to a receptor on muscle cell
4th step
ligand gate opens and causes an end-plate potential
End Plate Potential
when Na and K channels open voltage blips from -90 to 75 quickly
5th step
opening of voltage-regulated ion gates action potentials are created
6th step
action potentials spreads down into T tubules
7th step
terminal cisternae release calcium
8th step
calcium binds to troponin
9th step
tropomyosin shifts and active sites on actin are exposed
10th step
myosin ATPase in myosin head hydrolyzes an ATP molecule, activating the head and cocking it in an extended position (causes myosin to bend and come in contact with actin at active site)
11th step
myosin-actin cross bridge is formed (binds to active site on actin)
12th step
power stroke (sliding of thin filament over thick filament)
13th step
with the binding of more ATP, myosin head releases the thin filament and extends to attach to a new active site further down the thin filament (binding of new ATP, breaking of cross-bridge)
14th step
nerve stimulation ceases and acetylcholinesterase removes ACh from receptors so stimulation of the muscle cell ceases
15th step
ACh breaks down acteylcholinesterase
16th step
reabsorption of calcium ions by sarcoplasmic reticulum * calsequestrin
isolates calcium
17th step
loss of calcium ions from troponin this moves over the active sites which stops the production or maintence of tension
18th step
return of tropomyosin to position blocking active sites of actin
Muscle TOne
partial contraction (makes it not flabby)
Length Tension Relationship
amount of tension generated depends on length of muscle before it was stimulated
minimum voltage necessary to produce action potential
a single brief stimulus at that voltage produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation
Latent Period
2 msec delay between the onset of stimulus and onset of twitch response
6 Reasons a twitch will vary in strength
1) stimulus frequency 2) concentration of Ca in sarcoplasm 3) how stretched a muscle was before it ws stimulated 4) temperature of muscles 5) lower pH 6) hydration of muscles
the process of bringing more motor units into play
multiple motor unit (recruitment) ex: jug of milk, big box
each twitch develops more tension than the one before staircase
Temporal Summation
results from 2 stimuli arriving close together
Wave Summation
results from one wave of contraction added to another
Incomplete Tetanus
each stimulus arrives before the previous twitch is over
Complete Tetanus
no time to relax between stimuli so twitches fuse into smooth prolonged contractions
Isometric Muscle Contraction
develops tension without changing length ex: the muscle tension right before you pick up something heavy
Isotonic Muscle Contraction
"keep same tone" concentric and eccentric
tension development while shortening ex: curls, lifting the book
tension development while lengthening ex: curls, letting it back down
How a muscle meets immediate demand for energy
- short, intense exercise - 2 enzyme systems control these phosphate transfers - phosphagen system
Immediate demand for energy in short, intense exercise
Oxygen need is briefly supplied by myoglobin (stored) muscles get ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from other molecules and transfering them to ADP
transfers phosphate group from one adp to another
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
phosphate-storage molecule
Creatine Kinase
obtains phosphate group from CP fast-acting system that helps maintain the ATP level while other ATP-generating mechanisms are being activated
Phosphagen System
ATP and CP collectively provides nearly all energy used for short bursts of intense activity
Muscle meets Short Term demand for Energy
as phosphagen system is exhausted, muscles shift to anaerobic fermentation - muscles get glucose from blood and stored glycogen - glycogen lactic acid system - produces enough atp for 30-40 sec. of activity
Glycogen Lactic Acid System
converts glucose to 2 ATP and lactic acid (toxic) in the absense of oxygen
Muscle meets Long Term demand for Energy
after a few seconds, respiratory and cardio systems catch up and deliver oxygen to the muscles fast enough for aerobic respiration to meet ATP demands - aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP per glucose
progressive weakness and loss of contractility from prolonged use
Causes of Fatigue
- ATP synthesis declines as glycogen is consumed (run out of glucose) - ATP shortage - lactic acid lowers pH of sarcoplase making enzymes not work - extra K lowers membrane potential and excitability - motor nerve fibers use up ACh - brain fatigues by unknown process
Oxygen Debt
the difference between the resting rate of oxygen consumption and the elevated rate following exercise
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption- when heavy breathing continues after strenous exercise - 11 extra liters of oxygen is needed after strenous exercise
4 purposes of extra oxygen
1) replease oxygen reserves of myoglobin depleted in the first minute of exercise 2) replenish the phosphagen system 3) oxidizing lactic acid 4) keep the metabolic rate elevated
Slow Oxidative muscle fibers
slow-twitch, red, or type I abundant mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries (blood) adapted for aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance
Fast Glycolytic muscle fibers
fast-twitch, white, or type II fibers well adapted for quick responses, bur not fatigue resistance rich in enzymes... causing fatigue (fast borrowing) poor in mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries- pale apperance
Factors that affect muscle strength
1) muscle size 2) fascicle arrangement 3) size of motor units 4) multiple motor unit summation- recruitment 5) temporal summation 6) length-tension relationship 7) fatigue
Resistance Exercise
weightlifiting stimulates cell enlargement due to synthesis of more myofilaments myofibrils gorw thicker
Endurance Training
aerobic exercises produces an increase in mitochondria, glycogen, and density of capillaries
Skeletal vs. Smooth vs. Cardiac muscles
table 11.5 page 431
Smooth Muscles response to stretch
stretch opens calcium gate stress-relaxation response necessary for hollow organs that gradually fill must contract forcefully when greatly stretched ex: bladder, esophagus
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