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Verbs meaning to appoint, call, choose, consider, make, name, show, and the like, may take a second accusative as a predicate to the direct object.

στρατηγὸν αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε he appointed him general X. A. 1.1.2, πατέρα ἐμὲ ἐκαλεῖτε you were wont to call me father 7. 6. 38, αἱρεῖσθαι αὐτὸν τὸν Ἰνδῶν βασιλέα_ δικαστήν to choose the king of the Indians himself to be arbitrator X. C. 2.4.8, οὐ γὰρ δίκαιον οὔτε τοὺς κακοὺς μάτην χρηστοὺς νομίζειν οὔτε τοὺς χρηστοὺς κακούς for it is not just to consider bad men good at random, or good men bad S. O. T. 609, Τι_μόθεον στρατηγὸν ἐχειροτόνησαν they elected Timotheus general X. H. 6.2.11, τὴν σι_γήν σου ξυγχώρησιν θήσω I shall consider your silence as consent P. Crat. 435b, ἑαυτὸν δεσπότην πεποίηκεν he has made himself master X. C. 1.3.18, ἐὰ_ν ἐμὲ σὸν θεράποντα ποιήσῃ if you make me your servant X. O. 7.42, εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας σαυτὸν σοφιστὴν παρέχων showing yourself a sophist before the Greeks P. Pr. 312a, εὐμαθῆ πάντα παρέχειν to render everything easy to learn X. O. 20.14. Cp. cross1579.


The absence of the article generally distinguishes the predicate noun from the object: ἐπηγγέλλετο τοὺς κόλακας τοὺς αὑτοῦ πλουσιωτάτους τῶν πολι_τῶν ποιήσειν he promised to make his flatterers the richest of the citizens L. 28.4.


Especially in Plato and Herodotus, after verbs signifying to name, to call, the predicate noun may be connected with the external object by (a redundant) εἶναι ( cross911); σοφιστὴν ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι they call the man a sophist P. Pr. 311e, ἐπωνυμία_ν ἔχει σμι_κρός τε καὶ μέγας εἶναι he is called both short and tall P. Ph. 102c. This is due to the analogy of verbs signifying to think or say ( cross1041).


A predicate accusative may stand in apposition to the object: ἔδωκα δωρειὰ_ν τὰ λύτρα I gave them the price of their ransom as a free gift D. 19.170.


This use is the source of many adverbial accusatives ( cross993, cross1606 ff.).


Passive: both the object and the predicate accusative of the active construction become nominative ( cross1743) in the passive construction: αὐτὸς στρα-

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τηγὸς ᾑρέθη he himself was chosen general L. 12.65, αὐτοὶ νομοθέται κληθήσονται they shall themselves be called lawgivers P. L. 681d.

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