Species Limit Expressions for Order-Disorder Solution Models To compute the equilibrium speciation of order-disorder models (solution model types 6 and 8) efficiently, Perple_X requires limits on the physically realizable fractions of the ordered species. In this context, physically realizable means that the site fractions of every atom possible on a particular lattice site are greater than or equal to zero. The limits are entered as a list within a section of the solution model demarked by "begin_limits" and "end_limits" keywords. The fully disordered speciation of an order-disorder solution in a c-component composition space with s-ordered species is uniquely defined by the site populations and stoichiometry of the c+s endmembers chosen to represent the solution. The fractions of the species for the disordered composition will be designated p0(1..c+s), while the equilibrium speciation will be designated p(1..c+s). The bulk composition of each of the s-ordered species can be described in terms a stoichiometric relationship between c-disordered species (disordered is a little misleading in this context because it may refer to species in which no configurational entropy is possible) of the form ordered_endmember(j) = sum(c(j,i) * disordered_endmember(i), i=1..c), (1) where ..._endmember(k) denotes the bulk composition of endmember k, and c(j,i) is the stoichiometric coefficient of the disordered_endmember(i) "in" the ordered_endmember(j). From (1), for the disordered species (1..c) p(i) = p0(i) - sum[c(j,i)*[p(j,i) - p0(j,i)], j=c+1..c+s). (2) Given the known atomic site fractions of every endmember species, the site fraction of atom k on site l can be expressed z(k,l) = sum(p(i)*z(k,l,i), i=1..c+s), (3) where z(k,l,i) is the site fraction of atom k on site l of endmember i. Substituting (2) into (3) and collecting the stoichiometric factors c(j,i) and z(k,l,i) on a particular fraction into the coefficient d(k,l,i) yields z(k,l) = sum(d(k,l,i)*p0(i), i=1..c) + sum(d(k,l,i)*p0(i), i=c+1..c+s) + sum(z(k,l,i)*p(i), i=c+1..c+s) (4) Solving z(k,l) = 0 and z(k,l) = 1 for p(c+1) gives upper and lower, not necessarily respectively, physically realizable bounds on p(c+1). In Perple_X type 6 and 8 solution models, the lower bound on the ordered endmember p(c+1) from atom k on site l is written p(c+1) = f(k,l,c+1) - d(k,l,1)/z(k,l,c+1)*p0(1) .... - d(k,l,c)/z(k,l,c+1)*p0(c) - d(k,l,c+1)/z(k,l,c+1) * p0(c+1) - d(k,l,c+2)/z(k,l,c+1) * p(c+2) - d(k,l,c+2)/z(k,l,c+1) * p0(c+2) .... - d(k,l,c+s)/z(k,l,c+1) * p(c+s) - d(k,l,c+s)/z(k,l,c+1) * p0(c+s), (5) where f(k,l,c+1) is a collection of stoichiometric constants, it being assumed that: 1) if the endmember is disordered (i < c + 1), the endmember name represents p0(i). 2) if the expression is for ordered species m, its name occurs only once and represents p0(m) 3) if the endmember is ordered (i > c) and not the mth ordered species, its name occurs twice, the first occurence corresponds to p(i) and the second to p0(i). Because the site fractions are linear in p(i..c+s) the upper and lower abounds differ by a constant, delta(k,l). Only the expression for the lower bound and the value for delta(k,l) are specified in Perple_X solution model input. For example for the Chl(W) (chlorite) solution model with the following endmembers and site occupancies: M1 M2+M3 M4 T2 ________________________________ Mutliplicity 1 4 1 2 ________________________________ daph Fe Fe Al Al_Si disordered f3clin Mg Mg Fe3+ Al_Si disordered ames Al Mg Al Al_Al disordered afchl Mg Mg Mg Si_Si disordered clin Mg Mg Al Al_Si disordered mnchl Mn Mn Al Al_Si disordered _______________________________ och1 Mg Fe Fe Si_Si ordered och2 Fe Mg Mg Si_Si ordered The site fraction of Mg on lattice site M1 is: z(Mg,M1) = p(f3clin) + p(afchl) + p(clin) + p(och1) = p0(f3clin) + p0(afchl) + p0(clin)+ p(och1) - 4/5*p(och2) + 4/5*p0(och2) and solving Z(Mg,M1) = 1 for p(och2) yields a lower bound of p(och2) as p(och2) = -5/4 + 5/4*p0(f3clin) + 5/4*p0(afchl) + 5/4*p0(clin) + 5/4*p(och1) + p0(och2) and in Perple_X input this bound (and the corresponding upper bound) is written och2 = -5/4 + 5/4 afchl + 5/4 f3clin + 5/4 clin + 5/4 och1 + 1 och2 delta = 5/4 For additional information on the formulation of order-disorder/speciation/compound formation models refer to chapter 11 of http://www.perplex.ethz.ch/thermo_course/thermo_course.pdf