


    National Park & Preserve Alaska


eResource: Mosses and Lichens of Denali
(13 MB swf download)

Mosses and lichens, although small, are a major component of Denali’s plant life. They comprise about half of the diversity with over 800 species and provide many important ecological functions. They cover the ground in many areas of the park, from soggy wetlands to the rocky alpine.

This eResource introduces the viewer to what exactly mosses and lichens are, where they grow, and how they are used by animals and other plants. Explore the intricate beauty of these small organisms with over 30 close-up photographs, and then go outside to find them for yourself.

Lichen on rock.

Lichen on rock.

Lichens are not actually plants at all. Lichens are symbiotic organisms that are the result of an alga becoming associated with a fungal "host". The resulting organism is a partnership that is technically known as a lichenized fungi. This entity generally takes on a form very different than either of the two free-living members of the partnership (the fungus and the algae). Amazingly, this association can involve a combination of three or more partner organisms! In general, the algal symbiont contains photosynthetic pigments that allow the lichen to capture energy from the sun, and in some cases to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into a mineral form usable by the organism. The fungal partner, in turn, supplies the lichen with a home, protects it from desiccation (drying out) and is able to translocate water and nutrients to support life processes.

Lichens are very important components of subarctic and arctic ecosystems due to their role in weathering of rock and minerals and their contribution of nitrogen and other nutrients to the soil. Lichens are often the very first life forms to colonize freshly exposed rock surfaces high in the mountains, and they immediately begin the very slow process of weathering minerals from the barren rock and incorporating them into their bodies. When the lichens subsequently decompose, these nutrients become available to other forms of plant life, literally breaking down rock into its component minerals that are then available for nutrition.

Individual lichens can be more than a thousand years old. These organisms are remarkably resistant to changes in environmental conditions and they can remain dormant for long periods of time if conditions are not favorable to their growth. Some lichens are able to persist in places where fog and dew are the only sources of water (as in the Atacama desert of Peru and Chile).

The lichenized fungi are separated into four groups based on general body morphology (or shape): Foliose lichens (leaf-like body parts that are generally flat in cross section); Fruticose lichens (body form is that of a miniature shrub, with numerous branches that are generally not flat in cross-section); Crustose lichens (crust-like forms that are often small and very difficult to recognize for the non-specialist); and Squamulose lichens (scaly lichens that are formed from many small, rounded lobes that are flat – this form is somewhat intermediate between foliose and fruticose lichen body forms)

Unfortunately, we do not have a complete inventory of the lichen flora of Denali National Park and Preserve, although we are working to change that. At the present time, we have documented the occurrence of at least 340 separate species of lichenized fungi in the Park. We do have a decent list of the lichens for the Park Road corridor, an area which is accessible to scientists and where a fair amount of work has been done cataloging lichens.

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