Keith, Sir Arthur  ( born Feb. February 5, 1866 , Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scot.—died Jan. Aberdeenshire, Scotland—died January 7, 1955 , Downe, Kent, Eng. England )  Scottish anatomist and physical anthropologist who specialized in the study of fossil humans and who reconstructed early hominid hominin forms, notably fossils from Europe and North Africa and important skeletal groups from Mount Carmel (now in present Israel).

A doctor of medicine, science, and law, Keith became a professor at the Royal College of Surgeons of England , London (1908), was professor of physiology at the Royal Institution , London of Great Britain (1918–23), and was rector of the University of Aberdeen (1930–33). His major works include The Antiquity of Man (1915), Concerning Man’s Origin (1927), and A New Theory of Human Evolution (1948). In his writings on human evolution, Keith tended to emphasize the competitive factor and interpreted racial and national prejudice as inborn. He was knighted in 1921.