﻿ adyghe people : définition de adyghe people et synonymes de adyghe people (anglais)

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Adyghe people

Flag of Adygea.svg
Flag of Adygea
Total population
Regions with significant populations
 Turkey 138,652 - 2,000,000 [1][3][4][5]
 Russia 709,003 [1]
 Syria 100,000 (1987) [6]
 Jordan 65,000 [7]
 Germany 40,000 [7]
 Libya 35,000 [8]
 Iraq 30,000 [9]
 United States 9,000 [1]
 Israel 3,595 [7]
 Bulgaria 573 (1992) [10]
 Netherlands 500 [7]

Circassian and the language of the country of birth (e.g. Turkish, Russian, Arabic, etc.)


Predominantly Sunni Muslim

Related ethnic groups

Abkhazians (Abaza, Abazin) and Ubykh


Adyghe people mainly speak Circassian (called Adyghe in the west and Kabardin in the east), and most practise Sunni Islam. There remain about two million speakers of Circassian, mostly in the republics of Kabardino-Balkaria, Adygea, and Karachay–Cherkessia, as well as a number in the Russian Federation outside these republics.

The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimates that there are as many as 3.7 million "ethnic Circassians" outside of the Circassian republics (meaning that only one in seven "ethnic Circassians" is a speaker of the Circassian language), of whom about 2 million live in the Republic of Turkey, 700,000 in the Russian Federation, about 150,000 in the Levant, and about 50,000 in western countries (Europe and USA).




The usual[clarification needed] etymology presented for the name is Circassian[disambiguation needed] atté "height" to signify a mountaineer or a highlander, and ghéi "sea", signifying "a people dwelling and inhabiting a mountainous country, a region near the sea coast, or between two seas".[17][18][19]


The exonym Cherkess is applied to the Adyghe by the Turkic peoples (principally Kyrgyz,[20] Tatar[23][24][25][26] and Turkish[27]) and the Russians. The name Cherkess was usually explained to mean "Warrior Cutter" due to how fast they were able to cut down Russian and Turkish forces,[dubious ][28] but is derived from the circumstance of the Circassians never permitting the march of a foreign invader, or foreign soldier through their lands and is considered by some and is applied indirectly to the strenuous defense against invaders.[dubious ][29] By others, the name is supposed to refer to the predatory habits among Adyghe tribes and Abazin. The Russians gave the collective name of Cherkess to all the mountaineers of Circassia who are divided into many tribes.[30]



  Circassian dolmen near the Zhane river

The Adyghe people originate in the North Caucasus region and they are considered to be one of the most ancient nations in the world. The Adyghe people were of the largest and most eminent nations in the North Caucasus[citation needed], and are considered to be the first known settlers in the Caucasus[citation needed]. The Caucasus was occupied by the Adyghe people as early as the Stone Age period and traces of them date back as far as 8000 BC. In about 4000 BC the Maykop culture existed in the North Caucasus region, which influenced all subsequent cultures in the North Caucasus region as well as other parts of the region which is now southern Russia. Archaeological findings, mainly of dolmens in North-West Caucasus region, indicate the existence of a megalithic culture in the region.[31] The Adyghe kingdom was established in c. 400 BC.[31]


Genetically, the Adyghe population has shared ancestry with European, Central as well as South Asian populations.[32]

  Mamluk period


Most of the Mamluks were originally Adyghe and Turkish slaves which were gathered by the Arab sultans to serve their kingdoms as a military force. Others say that the Mamlukes were mostly Cumans and Kipchaks. During the 13th century the Mamluks seized power in Cairo, and as a result the Mamluk kingdom became the most influential in the Muslim world. The majority of the leaders of the Mamluk kingdom were of Adyghe origin.

Even after Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, the Adyghes continued to rule in Egypt until the 18th century. With the rise of Muhammad Ali Pasha, almost all the senior Mamluks were killed and the remaining Mamluks fled to Sudan.

Today, several thousand Adyghes reside in Egypt and they are the descendants of these Mamluks. Until the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt the Adyghes were an elite group in the country.

  Russian conquest of the Caucasus and the exile of the Adygs

  Map of the expulsion of Circassians to the Ottoman Empire



The Conquest of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire in the 19th century during the Russian-Circassian War, led to the destruction and killing of many Adygs—towards the end of the conflict, the Russian General Yevdokimov was tasked with driving the remaining Circassian inhabitants out of the region, primarily into the Ottoman Empire. This policy was enforced by mobile columns of Russian riflemen and Cossack cavalry.[33][34][35] "In a series of sweeping military campaigns lasting from 1860 to 1864… the northwest Caucasus and the Black Sea coast were virtually emptied of Muslim villagers. Columns of the displaced were marched either to the Kuban [River] plains or toward the coast for transport to the Ottoman Empire… One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse"[35] This expulsion, along with the actions of the Russian military in acquiring Circassian land,[36] has given rise to a movement among descendants of the expelled ethnicities for international recognition that genocide was perpetrated.[37] In 1840, Karl Friedrich Neumann estimated the Circassian casualties to be around one and a half million.[38] Some sources state that hundreds of thousands of others died during the exodus.[39] Several historians use the term 'Circassian massacres'[40] for the consequences of Russian actions in the region.[41]



  The Adyghes in the Middle East in modern times

  Adygs from the Adyghe village of Kfar Kama in Israel


  • Syria. Most of the Adygs who immigrated to Syria settled in the Golan Heights. Prior to the Six Day War, the Adygs people were the majority group in the Golan Heights region - their number at that time is estimated at 30,000. The most prominent settlement in the Golan was the town of Quneitra. The total number of Circassians in Syria is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.[42] The Syrian Circassians are exploring returning back to Circassia as tensions between the Bashar al-Assad regime and opposition forces escalates.
  • Israel. The Adygs initially settled in three places—in Kfar Kama, Rehaniya and in the region of Hadera. Due to a Malaria epidemic, the Adyghe settlement near Hadera was eventually abandoned. Though Sunni Muslim, Circassians are seen as a loyal minority within Israel, who serve in the armed forces.[47][48]







Christianity reached and spread throughout the Caucasus and was first introduced between the 4th century[49] and the 6th century[50] under Greek Byzantine influence and later through the Georgians between the 10th century and the 13th century. During that period, Circassians began to accept Christianity as their national religion, but did not fully adopt Christianity as elements of their ancient indigenous pagan beliefs still survived.





  Ancient Adyghe alphabet



  Adyghe Xabze


Circassians consider the host to be like a slave to the guest in that the host is expected to tend to the guest's every need and want. A guest must never be permitted to labour in any way, this is considered a major disgrace on the host.


Circassian Xabze is well known amongst their neighboring communities.

  Traditional clothing

Traditional Adyghe clothing



  Traditional cuisine

  One of the Adyghe Snacks (Haliva)

The Adyghe Cuisine is rich with different type dishes,[51][52] in the summer, the traditional dishes consumed by the Adyghe people were mainly dairy products and vegetable dishes. In the winter and spring it was mainly flour and meat dishes. An example of the latter is known as ficcin.




On holidays the Adyghe people traditionally make Haliva (fried triangular pasties with mainly Circassian cheese or potato), from toasted millet or wheat flour in syrup, baked cakes and pies.

In the Levant there is a famous Circassian dish which called Tajen Alsharkaseiah.[53]

  Traditional mats

The Adyghes were famous in making mats (Adyghe: П1уаблэхэр) or rugs worldwide for thousands of years, and they were making their mats from the Cortaderia selloana (Adyghe: 1ут1эн, Arabic: نبات الحلفا‎) like other Caucasian nations.



The mats were used for different reasons due to their characteristic resistance to humidity and cold, and in retaining heat. Also, there was a tradition in Circassian homes to have two mats hanging in the guest room, one used to hang over rifles (Adyghe: Шхончымрэ) and pistols (Adyghe: Къэлаеымрэ), and the other used to hang over musical instruments.

The mats were used to pray upon, and it was necessary for every Circassian girl to make three mats before marriage; a big mat, a small mat, and the last for praying as a Prayer rug. These mats would give the grooms an impression as to the success of their brides in their homes after marriage.[54]

  The twelve Adyghe tribes

The main Adyghe tribes are:

Many Adyghe allocated in the Caucasus region are Bzhedug and Temirgoy, while the majority of those in the diaspora (see next section) are Abadzeh and Shapsug.

  The Adyghe diaspora

  Adyghe horsemanship in Transjordan, April 1921




Significant communities live in Jordan,[55][56] Iraq, Syria, and Israel. Iraq,[9][55] Syria (in Beer ajam and many other villages),[55] Lebanon,[57] Egypt, Israel (in the villages of Kfar Kama and Rehaniya—for more information see Circassians in Israel),[55] Libya,[58] and Macedonia.[59][dubious ] A number of Adyghe were introduced to Bulgaria in 1864-1865 but most fled after it became separate from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. On May 20, 2011 the Georgian parliament voted in a 95 to 0 declaration that Russia had committed genocide when it engaged in massacres against Circassians in the 19th Century.[60]


The small community from Kosovo expatriated to Adygea in 1998.


  Controversy surrounding alleged desecration of Adyghe mass graves

The Olympic facilities in Sochi (once the Circassian capital)[61] are being built in areas that contain mass graves of Adyghe who were killed during ethnic cleansing by Russia in military campaigns lasting from 1860 to 1864.[62]


  Depictions in popular culture




  See also


  1. ^ a b c d Circassia, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, http://www.unpo.org/members/7869 .
  3. ^ Ülkü Bilgin: Azınlık hakları ve Türkiye. Kitap Yayınevi, Istanbul 2007; S. 85. ISBN 975-6051-80-9 (Turkish Language)
  4. ^ Milliyet, Anadil kontrolüyle sağlanan dolaylı bilgininde katılmasıyla ortaya çıkan tabloda Türkiye'de yetişkinlerin (18 yaş ve üstündekilerin) etnik kimliklerin dağılımı ... 0.3 Kafkas kökenli
  5. ^ KONDA Research and Consultancy, Social Structure Survey 2006
  6. ^ "Syria" Library of Congress
  7. ^ a b c d Zhemukhov, Sufian, Circassian World: Responses to the New Challenges, http://www.circassianworld.com/new/general/1217-circassian-world-zhemukhov.html .
  8. ^ http://www.jamestown.org/programs/nca/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37779&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=24&cHash=0080bc52dc79241fd4e3a5a295d72c4c Via Jamestown Foundation
  9. ^ a b Adyghe by country
  27. ^ Guthrie, William, James Ferguson, and John Knox. A New Geographical, Historical and Commercial Grammar and Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World ... Philadelphia: Johnson & Warner, 1815. Pp. 549
  28. ^ Reclus, Élisée, and A. H. Keane. The Earth and Its Inhabitants, Asia: Asiatic Russia. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions, 1891, p. 55
  29. ^ Spencer, Edmund. Turkey, Russia, the Black Sea, and Circassia. London: G. Routledge &, 1855. Pp. 347-348
  30. ^ Golovin, Ivan. The Caucasus. London, 1854. Pp. 81
  31. ^ a b http://www.circassianmuseum.co.il/history.php
  32. ^ Li,, Jun; Devin M. Absher, Hua Tang, Audrey M. Southwick, Amanda M. Casto, Sohini Ramachandran, Howard M. Cann, Gregory S. Barsh, Marcus Feldman, Luigi L. Cavalli-Sforza, Richard M. Myers (2008), "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation", Science 319 (5866): 1100–1104, Bibcode 2008Sci...319.1100L, DOI:10.1126/science.1153717, PMID 18292342. 
  33. ^ Levene 2005:297
  34. ^ Richmond, "4" .
  35. ^ a b King 2008:94–6.
  37. ^ UNPO 2006.
  38. ^ Neumann 1840
  39. ^ Shenfield 1999
  40. ^ Levene 2005:299
  41. ^ Levene 2005:302
  42. ^ Long Lost Brethren
  43. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9Q6yf0sCC4 Via Youtube (Jordanian Television)
  44. ^ http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=36032&CatID=13&Type=Home&GType=1 Via Jordan News Agency (PETRA)
  45. ^ http://www.edintattoo.co.uk/news-and-press/jordan-the-tattoo
  46. ^ http://www.echoesfromjordan.com/performing-group/circassian-honour-guard Via EchoesfromJordan Website
  47. ^ http://www.kafkas.org.tr/english/diaspora/israil.html
  48. ^ http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs081/1101836033194/archive/1101949370460.html
  49. ^ The Penny Magazine. London: Charles Knight, 1838. p. 138
  51. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yHeq6UZxf8 Circassian Cousine by YouTube
  52. ^ http://www.circassianworld.com/AdygheCuisine.pdf (English Language)
  53. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ju90EXQUKY0 Via Youtube (Arabic Language)
  55. ^ a b c d Significant numbers of Adyghe speakers reside in Turkey, Jordan
  56. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9Q6yf0sCC4 His Majesty King Abullah II and the Circassians ,Via YouTube
  57. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wq2q7oPcA2s Circassians in Diaspora(Lebanon) via Youtube
  58. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDd80jyLptI Al-Gaddafi speech about the Circassians- Via YouTube
  59. ^ Adyghe - ethnologue
  60. ^ Ellen Barry, "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century" New York Times, May 20, 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21georgia.html?scp=1&sq=circassians&st=cse
  62. ^ Abkhazians added pebbles to Circassian graves for free
  64. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szFdV1AinNc Via YouTube
  65. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1635429/

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