Do fish have personalities? So asks Alla Katsnelson in an article in this monthâ€™s issue of The Scientist.

Oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau)â€”Roman Vishniac.

Even to use such an anthropo-morphizing term would have branded a scientist a heretic not so very long ago, but, she notes, it is a matter of record that there is considerable variability in the behavior of individual creatures, from sticklebacks to squids, from insects to birds, that lends explanatory power to the idea of personality. Says one scientist, Alison Bell, â€œthe key thing to personality is that there is individual variation and individual consistency,â€ so that an individual learns about its environment differently from another. That variety is what makes the world go around—and it gives us all that much more ground to think that the interior worlds of animals are much more complex than we have been accustomed to imagining for so many centuries now.

* * *

Long accustomed themselves to direct democracy, citizens of Switzerland have taken up an interesting question: Do animals have legal rights? Not only that, do they have the right to legal representation? Those who turned out to vote on the second matter decided not, and by a very large majority, an outcome that the BBC explains thus: â€œVoters were almost certainly swayed by worries about how much such a system might cost taxpayers, and by objections from Switzerland’s farmers already struggling with reduced subsidies and falling milk prices.â€

Reassuringly, the BBC report adds that Switzerland has strict animal welfare laws on the books, some of the toughest in the world, requiring that some kinds of social animals not be left alone and mandating regular exercise and owner education for many companion and working animals. Yet, in ZÃ¼rich, one lawyer, Antoine F. Goetschel, is appointed by the cantonal court to represent animals there, and he has been vigorous in doing so. Explaining why he prosecuted a fisherman for torture for taking ten minutes to kill a pike, reports the New York Times, Goetschel replies, â€œItâ€™s the same reason why a prosecutor goes after a murderer: to make sure that people are suitably punished for their crimes.â€

* * *

There is a strong correlation, long noted, between people who would do harm to animals and those who would do harm to humans: a teenager who shoots a dog or tortures an animal is likely to become an adult who commits those crimes upon another person. It is for this reason, as Ian Urbina reports, also in the New York Times, that courts around the United States have been stiffening the penalties for animal cruelty and closely monitoring their behavior following convictions to be certain that they do not come into contact with animals—paralleling, in many instances, the requirements imposed on sex offenders.

At a time when so many states are strapped for cash, it is good to see that this movement is growing, not waning: as Urbina notes, 27 states now impose this ban on contact, and more are considering following suit.

We owe much of the evidence providing a material basis for these new laws to our friend Dr. Randall Lockwood, a vice president of the ASPCA and contributor to Advocacy for Animals, who has recently been honored as one of the â€œBark 100 Advocatesâ€ by Bark Magazine. Writes Bark, â€œAn expert in the human-canine bond, Randall Lockwood gave everybody a reason to care about cruelty to animals. His groundbreaking research identified links between pet and domestic abuse, and demonstrated that early animal cruelty predicts later violence against people.â€ His work protects humans and animals as well, and he deserves our thanks. Congratulations, Randy.

Gregory McNamee