diff --git a/adam/curriculum/phase1_curriculum.py b/adam/curriculum/phase1_curriculum.py
index 0a54f222..558b8413 100644
--- a/adam/curriculum/phase1_curriculum.py
+++ b/adam/curriculum/phase1_curriculum.py
@@ -71,6 +71,9 @@ from adam.ontology.phase1_ontology import (
     is_recognized_particular,
     on,
     strictly_above,
+    PUSH,
+    PUSH_SURFACE_AUX,
+    PUSH_GOAL,
 )
 from adam.ontology.phase1_spatial_relations import (
     AWAY_FROM,
@@ -1120,6 +1123,90 @@ def _make_go_curriculum():
     )
 
 
+def _make_push_curriculum():
+    pusher = object_variable("pusher", THING, required_properties=[ANIMATE])
+    pushee = object_variable("pushee", INANIMATE_OBJECT, banned_properties=[IS_BODY_PART])
+    push_surface = object_variable(
+        "push_surface", THING, required_properties=[CAN_HAVE_THINGS_RESTING_ON_THEM]
+    )
+    push_goal_reference = object_variable(
+        "push_goal", INANIMATE_OBJECT, banned_properties=[IS_BODY_PART]
+    )
+
+    # push with implicit goal
+    aux_bindings = [
+        (PUSH_SURFACE_AUX, push_surface),
+        (PUSH_GOAL, Region(push_goal_reference, distance=PROXIMAL)),
+    ]
+
+    # this shouldn't need to be expressed explicitly;
+    # we should be able to derive it from the action description
+    # https://github.com/isi-vista/adam/issues/239
+    during = DuringAction(continuously=[on(pushee, push_surface)])
+    push_unexpressed_goal = Phase1SituationTemplate(
+        "push-unexpressed-goal",
+        salient_object_variables=[pusher, pushee],
+        actions=[
+            Action(
+                PUSH,
+                argument_roles_to_fillers=[(AGENT, pusher), (THEME, pushee)],
+                auxiliary_variable_bindings=aux_bindings,
+                during=during,
+            )
+        ],
+        constraining_relations=[
+            bigger_than(push_surface, pusher),
+            bigger_than(push_surface, push_goal_reference),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    # push with implicit goal
+    push_unexpressed_goal_expressed_surface = Phase1SituationTemplate(
+        "push-unexpressed-goal",
+        salient_object_variables=[pusher, pushee, push_surface],
+        actions=[
+            Action(
+                PUSH,
+                argument_roles_to_fillers=[(AGENT, pusher), (THEME, pushee)],
+                auxiliary_variable_bindings=aux_bindings,
+                during=during,
+            )
+        ],
+        constraining_relations=[bigger_than(push_surface, pusher)],
+    )
+
+    # push explicit goal
+    # push_explicit_goal = Phase1SituationTemplate(
+    #     "push-explicit-goal",
+    #     salient_object_variables=[pusher, push_surface],
+    #     actions=[
+    #         Action(
+    #             PUSH,
+    #             argument_roles_to_fillers=[(AGENT, pusher), (THEME, pushee)],
+    #             auxiliary_variable_bindings=[(PUSH_SURFACE_AUX, push_surface)]),
+    #     ],
+    #     constraining_relations=[bigger_than(push_surface, pusher)],
+    # )
+
+    return _phase1_instances(
+        "pushing",
+        chain(
+            *[
+                sampled(
+                    situation,
+                    max_to_sample=25,
+                    chooser=_CHOOSER,
+                    ontology=GAILA_PHASE_1_ONTOLOGY,
+                )
+                for situation in (
+                    push_unexpressed_goal,
+                    push_unexpressed_goal_expressed_surface,
+                )
+            ]
+        ),
+    )
+
+
 GAILA_PHASE_1_CURRICULUM = [
     EACH_OBJECT_BY_ITSELF_SUB_CURRICULUM,
     OBJECTS_WITH_COLORS_SUB_CURRICULUM,
@@ -1142,6 +1229,7 @@ GAILA_PHASE_1_CURRICULUM = [
     _make_move_curriculum(),
     _make_spin_curriculum(),
     _make_go_curriculum(),
+    _make_push_curriculum(),
 ]
 """
 One particular instantiation of the curriculum for GAILA Phase 1.
diff --git a/adam/ontology/phase1_ontology.py b/adam/ontology/phase1_ontology.py
index 92e4fe3f..24e2facc 100644
--- a/adam/ontology/phase1_ontology.py
+++ b/adam/ontology/phase1_ontology.py
@@ -447,6 +447,8 @@ _BODY = OntologyNode("body")
 subtype(_BODY, _BODY_PART)
 _DOG_HEAD = OntologyNode("dog-head", [CAN_MANIPULATE_OBJECTS])
 subtype(_DOG_HEAD, _BODY_PART)
+_BIRD_HEAD = OntologyNode("dog-head", [CAN_MANIPULATE_OBJECTS])
+subtype(_BIRD_HEAD, _BODY_PART)
 
 # Verbs
 
@@ -637,7 +639,7 @@ _BOOK_SCHEMA = ObjectStructuralSchema(BOOK)
 _HAND_SCHEMA = ObjectStructuralSchema(HAND)
 _HEAD_SCHEMA = ObjectStructuralSchema(HEAD)
 _DOG_HEAD_SCHEMA = ObjectStructuralSchema(_DOG_HEAD)
-
+_BIRD_HEAD_SCHEMA = ObjectStructuralSchema(_BIRD_HEAD)
 
 # Hierarchical structure of objects
 _TORSO_SCHEMA = ObjectStructuralSchema(_TORSO)
@@ -811,7 +813,7 @@ _DOG_SCHEMA = ObjectStructuralSchema(
 )
 
 # schemata describing the sub-object structural nature of a bird
-_BIRD_SCHEMA_HEAD = SubObject(_HEAD_SCHEMA)
+_BIRD_SCHEMA_HEAD = SubObject(_BIRD_HEAD_SCHEMA)
 _BIRD_SCHEMA_TORSO = SubObject(_TORSO_SCHEMA)
 _BIRD_SCHEMA_LEFT_LEG = SubObject(_LEG_SCHEMA)
 _BIRD_SCHEMA_RIGHT_LEG = SubObject(_LEG_SCHEMA)
@@ -1018,37 +1020,56 @@ _PUT_ACTION_DESCRIPTION = ActionDescription(
     ],
 )
 
-_PUSH_AGENT = SituationObject(THING, properties=[ANIMATE])
-_PUSH_THEME = SituationObject(INANIMATE_OBJECT)
-_PUSH_GOAL = SituationObject(THING, debug_handle="push_goal")
-_PUSH_MANIPULATOR = SituationObject(THING, properties=[CAN_MANIPULATE_OBJECTS])
+_PUSH_AGENT = SituationObject(THING, properties=[ANIMATE], debug_handle="push-agent")
+_PUSH_THEME = SituationObject(INANIMATE_OBJECT, debug_handle="push-theme")
+PUSH_GOAL = SituationObject(THING, debug_handle="push_goal")
+_PUSH_MANIPULATOR = SituationObject(
+    THING, properties=[CAN_MANIPULATE_OBJECTS], debug_handle="push-manipulator"
+)
+PUSH_SURFACE_AUX = SituationObject(
+    THING, properties=[CAN_HAVE_THINGS_RESTING_ON_THEM], debug_handle="push-surface"
+)
 
 
-_PUSH_ACTION_DESCRIPTION = ActionDescription(
-    frame=ActionDescriptionFrame(
-        {AGENT: _PUSH_AGENT, THEME: _PUSH_THEME, GOAL: _PUSH_GOAL}
-    ),
-    during=DuringAction(
-        continuously=flatten_relations([contacts(_PUT_MANIPULATOR, _PUT_THEME)]),
-        objects_to_paths=[(_PUSH_THEME, SpatialPath(TO, _PUT_GOAL))],
-    ),
-    enduring_conditions=[
+def _make_push_descriptions() -> Iterable[Tuple[OntologyNode, ActionDescription]]:
+    during: DuringAction[SituationObject] = DuringAction(
+        objects_to_paths=[(_PUSH_THEME, SpatialPath(TO, PUSH_GOAL))]
+    )
+    enduring = [
         partOf(_PUSH_MANIPULATOR, _PUSH_AGENT),
         bigger_than(_PUSH_AGENT, _PUSH_THEME),
-    ],
-    preconditions=[
+        bigger_than(PUSH_SURFACE_AUX, _PUSH_THEME),
         contacts(_PUSH_MANIPULATOR, _PUSH_THEME),
-        Relation(IN_REGION, _PUSH_THEME, _PUSH_GOAL, negated=True),
-    ],
-    postconditions=[Relation(IN_REGION, _PUSH_THEME, _PUSH_GOAL)],
-    # TODO: encode that the THEME's vertical position does not significantly change,
-    # unless there is e.g. a ramp
-    asserted_properties=[
+        on(_PUSH_THEME, PUSH_SURFACE_AUX),
+    ]
+    preconditions = [Relation(IN_REGION, _PUSH_THEME, PUSH_GOAL, negated=True)]
+    postconditions = [Relation(IN_REGION, _PUSH_THEME, PUSH_GOAL)]
+    asserted_properties = [
         (_PUSH_AGENT, VOLITIONALLY_INVOLVED),
         (_PUSH_AGENT, CAUSES_CHANGE),
         (_PUSH_THEME, UNDERGOES_CHANGE),
-    ],
-)
+    ]
+    # explicit goal
+    yield PUSH, ActionDescription(
+        frame=ActionDescriptionFrame(
+            {AGENT: _PUSH_AGENT, THEME: _PUSH_THEME, GOAL: PUSH_GOAL}
+        ),
+        during=during,
+        enduring_conditions=enduring,
+        preconditions=preconditions,
+        postconditions=postconditions,
+        asserted_properties=asserted_properties,
+    )
+    # implicit goal
+    yield PUSH, ActionDescription(
+        frame=ActionDescriptionFrame({AGENT: _PUSH_AGENT, THEME: _PUSH_THEME}),
+        during=during,
+        enduring_conditions=enduring,
+        preconditions=preconditions,
+        postconditions=postconditions,
+        asserted_properties=asserted_properties,
+    )
+
 
 _GO_AGENT = SituationObject(THING, properties=[SELF_MOVING])
 _GO_GOAL = SituationObject(THING)
@@ -1473,7 +1494,6 @@ _FLY_ACTION_DESCRIPTION = ActionDescription(
 
 _ACTIONS_TO_DESCRIPTIONS = [
     (PUT, _PUT_ACTION_DESCRIPTION),
-    (PUSH, _PUSH_ACTION_DESCRIPTION),
     (COME, _COME_ACTION_DESCRIPTION),
     (GIVE, _GIVE_ACTION_DESCRIPTION),
     (TAKE, _TAKE_ACTION_DESCRIPTION),
@@ -1490,6 +1510,7 @@ _ACTIONS_TO_DESCRIPTIONS.extend(_make_sit_action_descriptions())
 _ACTIONS_TO_DESCRIPTIONS.extend(_make_move_descriptions())
 _ACTIONS_TO_DESCRIPTIONS.extend(_make_spin_descriptions())
 _ACTIONS_TO_DESCRIPTIONS.extend(_make_go_description())
+_ACTIONS_TO_DESCRIPTIONS.extend(_make_push_descriptions())
 
 GAILA_PHASE_1_ONTOLOGY = Ontology(
     "gaila-phase-1",

diff --git a/tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py b/tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py
index 55a489ec..dfa5e351 100644
--- a/tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py
+++ b/tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from adam.curriculum.phase1_curriculum import (
     _make_move_curriculum,
     _make_spin_curriculum,
     _make_go_curriculum,
+    _make_push_curriculum,
 )
 
 
@@ -80,3 +81,7 @@ def test_spin():
 
 def test_go():
     _test_curriculum(_make_go_curriculum())
+
+
+def test_push():
+    _test_curriculum(_make_push_curriculum())

Handle core vocabulary verb: Push
Push (~240): bare (~20), rest with NP almost always with PP/ADVP

Push: V (NP) location

tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_instantiate_curriculum tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_instantiate_fly_curriculum tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_roll_curriculum tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_jump_curriculum tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_drink_curriculum tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_eat_curriculum tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_fall_curriculum tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_transfer_of_possession tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_sit tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_put tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_take tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_move tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_spin tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_go tests/curriculum/phase1_curriculum_test.py::test_push